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Publication Road Geohazard Risk Management Handbook(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-10) Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and RecoveryThis handbook outlines an approach to proactively manage the risks of geohazards on roads, road users, and the people living near and affected by road. This handbook is structured to support road geohazard risk management sequentially and systematically: Part I, Framework for Road Geohazard Risk Management, helps users understand the framework for road geohazard risk management, introduces some basic concepts, and provides context to the overall handbook; Part II, Institutional Capacity and Coordination, covers the institutional arrangements that are necessary for the successful implementation of geohazard management; Part III, Systems Planning, covers the systems planning aspects, pertaining to the identification, assessment, and evaluation of risks, along with raising awareness of disasters; Part IV, Engineering and Design, deals with the engineered solutions to address geohazard risks, giving examples of different solutions to particular risk types; Part V, Operations and Maintenance, focuses on the operations and maintenance aspects of geohazard management whether the maintenance of previously engineered solutions or the nonengineered solutions available to mitigate the impacts of geohazard risks; Part VI, Contingency Planning, addresses contingency programming issues, such as postdisaster response and recovery, and the important issue of funding arrangements; and Part VII, References and Resource Materials, contains the reference list and additional online resources. Additionally, this handbook includes standard templates for terms of reference (ToRs) that can be adapted for technical assistance projects for road geohazard risk management (see Appendix A) and an operation manual (OM) for the practitioners involved with road geohazard risk management (see Appendix B).Publication Fukuoka City: Efficient Water Management(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020) Kriss, Paul; Miki-Imoto, Haruka; Nishimaki, Hiroshi; Riku, TakashiThis case study showcases examples where the “G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII)” have been operationalized in Japan`s urban infrastructure projects. It highlights Fukuoka City, one of the most prominent cities in Japan today. It reviews the city’s efficient water management through Economic Efficiency and Infrastructure Governance, two of the six G20 Principles for QII. A key factor for the city’s success was adopting life-cycle costing as an underlying principle; the city upgraded its water distribution pipe network with polyethylene sleeves for life extension and went to great length for leakage reduction. As a recent effort, the city underwent procurement reforms to improve the technical quality of public works. The implications are expected to benefit policymakers and practitioners in developing countries.Publication Incorporating Resilience in Infrastructure Prioritization: Application to the Road Transport Sector(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-09) Marcelo, Darwin; House, Schuyler; Raina, AditiDisruption of infrastructure services can cause significant social and economic losses, particularly in the event of a natural disaster. The World Bank Group and the Government of Japan established the Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership to focus attention on the quality dimensions of infrastructure in developing countries, with a focus on promoting disaster resilience. Moreover, to support infrastructure investment decision making for sustainable and resilient development, the World Bank and Kyoto University have operationalized key resilience concepts at the project level and developed quantitative indicators capturing key aspects of infrastructure resilience related to the road transport sector. These indicators estimate resilience, expressed as functionality loss and recovery time across four dimensions: travel time, economic benefit, provision of life-saving services, and provision of relief goods. The paper applies indicator calculations to three case studies of proposed bypass roads in Japan and provides an example comparison of calculated indicators across the three projects for each resilience dimension. Further piloting of the approach will help refine the indicators, test their relative utility in decision making, and offer a better understanding of the data and analytical demands.Publication Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment: The Case of Japan(World Bank, Tokyo, 2018-05-23) World BankGlobally, up to 1.4 million people are moving into urban areas per week, and estimates indicate that nearly 1 billion new dwelling units will be built by 2050 to support this growing population. The way we build our cities today directly impacts the safety of future generations. Building code and regulation have proven to be cost-effective tools to promote healthy, safe sand resilient cities. Japan’s effective use of building regulations to reduce risk is a compelling success story and provides a number of relevant lessons for low- and middle-income countries. Japan has proven that effective disaster risk reduction is possible, even in the face of highly destructive disasters. Among other measures, its building regulations have played a crucial role.Publication Resilient Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships: Contracts and Procurement – The Case of Japan(Washington, DC, 2017) World BankResilient economic infrastructure plays an increasingly significant role in mitigating natural disaster risks, including hydrometeorological and geophysical hazards, especially in the contexts of climate variability and change. Building on the theoretical approaches to the key challenges in resilient infrastructure public-private partnerships (PPPs) outlined by Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), the World Bank's Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) and the Tokyo Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Hub have initiated a knowledge project on "Resilient Infrastructure PPPs—Contracts and Procurement" to harness the knowledge and expertise gained from PPP projects in selected countries to help the governments of low- and middle-income countries to prepare and structure disaster-resilient infrastructure PPPs. This report presents a case study of infrastructure PPP projects in Japan under the knowledge development component. Japan is highly exposed to natural disaster risks ranging from earthquake, tsunami, cyclone, floods, and landslides to volcanic eruptions. Japan's experience in structuring resilient infrastructure PPPs offers policy recommendations and insights on how disaster and climate risks can be managed under PPPs.Publication Making Schools Resilient at Scale: The Case of Japan(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016) Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and RecoveryJapan's Program for Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings has increased the seismic safety of Japanese schools, and hence increased the safety of Japanese schoolchildren, teachers, and communities. Since 2003, when the program accelerated, the share of earthquake-resistant public elementary and junior high schools has increased, from under half of schools in 2002 to over 95 percent in April 2015. Japan is sharing knowledge from this program with developing countries through its relationship with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), whose Global Program for Safer Schools has been supported by the Japan–World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in Developing Countries and its implementing arm, the Disaster Risk Management Hub, Tokyo.Publication Global Financial Development Report 2014 : Financial Inclusion(Washington, DC, 2014) World BankFinancial inclusion has become a major subject of interest among policymakers, researchers, and other financial sector stakeholders. Many countries, for example, have recently adopted explicit financial inclusion strategies with targets for financial inclusion. The interest reflects an increased recognition that financial inclusion can be a driver of economic growth and poverty alleviation, and that many individuals and firms are excluded unnecessarily from even basic financial services. About half of the world’s adult population— more than 2.5 billion people—have no bank account is one powerful example. Barriers such as cost, travel distance, and amount of paperwork and requirements play an important role. Many of these barriers can be addressed by better policies. Despite the high interest, there are still important gaps in knowledge about financial inclusion, what drives it, and what policies affect it. And while recent years have seen some increases in financial inclusion, there is still much scope to reduce barriers to access. However, one of the challenges is that efforts to increase inclusion, if not implemented well, can backfire. Deeply ingrained social problems cannot be resolved purely with an infusion of debt. If not done properly, it can have the opposite effect, making poor borrowers increasingly dependent on debt, and even contributing to financial instability. Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion is a new report from the World Bank Group. It takes a step back and re-examines financial inclusion from the perspective of new global datasets and new evidence. It builds on a critical mass of new research and operational work produced by World Bank Group staff as well as outside researchers and contributors. The report, the second in this series, follows up on the inaugural issue, the Global Financial Development Report 2013: Rethinking the Role of the State in Finance (http://www.worldbank.org/financialdevelopment). Accompanying the Global Financial Development Report 2014 is a vast body of underlying research and data. Among other things, this includes an expanded and updated version of the Global Financial Development Database, a dataset of over 70 financial system characteristics for 203 economies from 1960 to 2011, which is presented in the report’s appendix.