1 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking 2014/8 88059 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Some 4.3 million deaths each year in the developing world Why is this issue important? To support the achievement of these goals, a starting point are traceable to household must be set, indicators developed, and a framework established to air pollution caused by the Traditional home cooking practices are a major health track those indicators until 2030. The World Bank and International inefficient use of solid fuels for risk across the developing world Energy Agency have led a consortium of 15 international agencies household cooking and other to produce data on access to nonsolid fuel for the SE4ALL Global purposes. Although 1.6 billion The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012 about 4.3 mil- Tracking Framework. Launched in 2013, the framework defines people gained access to lion deaths occurred because of exposure to household air pollution access to modern cooking solutions is as the use of nonsolid fuels nonsolid fuels between 1990 caused by smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels such as for the primary method of cooking. Nonsolid fuels include (i) liquid and 2010, reliance on solid fuels wood, coal, and kerosene. Inefficient energy use in the home also fuels (for example, kerosene, ethanol, or other biofuels), (ii) gaseous expanded in Sub-Saharan Africa poses substantial risks to safety, causing burns and injuries across fuels (such as natural gas, LPG, and biogas), and (iii) electricity. These and Southern Asia. Future the developing world. are in contrast to solid fuels such as (i) traditional biomass (wood, efforts to increase access to Achieving universal access to modern energy services, including charcoal, agricultural residues, and dung), (ii) processed biomass nonsolid fuels could focus on cooking fuel, is one of the three complementary objectives of the (pellets, briquettes); and (iii) other solid fuels (such as coal and 20 countries that account for Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in lignite). The measurement of access to nonsolid fuels is underpinned 85 percent of the global deficit. the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the by several databases, including the WHO Global Household Energy president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, Database (box 1). SE4ALL calls governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges by 2030 (SE4ALL 2012). Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee is a senior economist in the World Box 1. Assembling the data on access to modern cooking fuels Bank’s Energy Practice Elisa Portale is an To arrive at the figures quoted here, various household data sources 1990 and 2010 (Bonjour and others 2012). This model derived solid fuel energy economist in the were leveraged to establish a historical series of data on primary fuel use estimates for 193 countries. For cooking solutions, data are primarily use between 1990 and 2010. For the WHO Global Household Energy from the DHS, national censuses or national household surveys, and same practice. Database, data were collected from nationally representative household MICS. surveys as well as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Living Heather Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys The mixed model used here was developed by the WHO to track progress Adair-Rohani (MICS), and the World Health Survey (WHS). Surveys such as the DHS toward the United Nations Millennium Development Goals—to gauge, and the LSMS/income-expenditure surveys are typically conducted for example, the rates of child malnutrition and access to water and and Sophie every 3–4 years, while most censuses are held every 10 years. Given sanitation access—and for WHO reporting on household solid fuel use. Bonjour are the infrequency and the regional distribution of some surveys, some This model accounts for regions, countries, and time as spline functions technical officers at the World Health countries have gaps in available data. A mixed model was used to obtain only. Spline function estimates are restricted to values ranging from zero Organization. a set of annual access rates to nonsolid fuel for each country between to one. 2 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking What is the current level of access? Figure 2a. Top 20 high-impact countries: home to 2.4 billion of the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel The global rate of access—at 59 percent—masks 705 stark differences between regions India China 613 Bangladesh 135 The share of the global population using primarily nonsolid fuels Indonesia 131 Nigeria 118 “More than two-thirds of for cooking was 59 percent in 2010; the other 2.8 billion people on Pakistan 111 Ethiopia 81 the rural population in the the planet still relied mainly on solid fuels. About 78 percent of that 61 Congo, DR developing world depends population lived in rural areas, and 96 percent was geographically Vietnam 49 Philippines 46 concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Myanmar 44 on solid fuels. The situation 42 Southeastern Asia (figure 1). Tanzania Sudan 35 is particularly stark in Sub- Within the developing world, the rate of access to nonsolid fuel Kenya 33 Uganda 32 Saharan Africa (94 percent), varies from 19 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa to about 95 percent in Afghanistan 27 Oceania (79 percent), Western Asia and 100 percent in Northern Africa. Except in Western Nepal 25 Mozambique 22 Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and Northern Africa, more than Korea, DR 22 Southeastern Asia Ghana 20 two-thirds of the rural population in the developing world depends (77 percent), and Southern on solid fuels. The situation is particularly stark in Sub-Saharan Africa 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Access deficit (millions of people) Asia (73 percent).” (94 percent), Oceania (79 percent), Southeastern Asia (77 percent), and Southern Asia (73 percent). These four regions together account Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 for three-quarters of the total rural use of solid fuel in the world. In urban areas, more than 70 percent of the population has access to nonsolid fuels, except in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rate is just Efforts to increase access to nonsolid fuel should focus on 20 42 percent. “high-impact” countries. These account for 85 percent (2.4 billion people) of the absolute global access deficit (figure 2a). Eleven of the 20 countries are in Asia and nine in Sub-Saharan Africa. India Figure 1. Deficit in access to nonsolid fuel, 2010 (in millions) and China together account for 1.3 billion users of solid fuel. Among another group of 20 low-access countries (figure 2b), 18 are in Sub- Other Saharan Africa. 124 The rate of access to nonsolid fuel spans a wide range. In SSA 690 Sub-Saharan Africa 21 countries show less than 10 percent access Rural to nonsolid fuel. By contrast, near-universal access (greater than Nonsolid fuel, Solid fuel, SA 2,179 95 percent) is found in 73 countries of the world (37 of which are 4.1 billion, 2.8 billion, 1,018 59% 41% developing countries). SEA 308 EA 637 Urban 598 How has access evolved historically? Gains in access to nonsolid cooking fuel between Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 1990 and 2010 were tempered by population growth Note: The regional groupings used in this figure, and in this note generally, are those used The share of the global population with access to nonsolid fuel by the United Nations. SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SA = Southern Asia; SEA = Southeast Asia; EA = East Asia. rose from 47 percent (2.5 billion people) in 1990 to approximately 3 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 2b. Top 20 low-access countries: home to 369 million of Table 1. Regional trends in access to nonsolid fuel, 1990–2010 the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel % of total population with access to nonsolid fuel Timor-Leste 8.0 Congo, DR 7.0 1990 2000 2010 Togo 5.6 Tanzania 5.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 14 17 19 Mozambique 5.0 “The share of the global Somalia 4.7 Oceania 14 24 31 Burundi 4.4 population with access to Niger 4.0 Southern Asia 16 30 40 CAR 3.8 Southeast Asia 29 40 48 nonsolid fuel rose from Lao PDR 3.7 Uganda 3.6 East Asia 37 48 55 47 percent (2.5 billion Malawi 3.4 Guinea 3.2 Caucasus and Central Asia 58 73 85 people) in 1990 to Guinea-Bissau 2.4 Ethiopia 2.2 Latin America and Caribbean 73 81 86 Liberia 2.2 approximately 59 percent Sierra Leone 2.0 Western Asia 83 90 95 Rwanda 2.0 (4.1 billion people) in 2010.” Mali 2.0 Northern Africa 88 96 100 Madagascar 2.0 Industrialized world 95 98 99 0 2 4 6 8 10 Accessrate (% of population) World 47 54 59 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 59 percent (4.1 billion people) in 2010. The access rate in rural areas The growth rate of access to nonsolid fuel in urban areas, at increased over the same period from 26 percent to 35 percent; in 1.7 percent, far outpaced the rural growth rate of 0.6 percent. urban areas, from 77 percent to 84 percent. Dramatic progress was Nevertheless, the rapid pace of urban population growth over this made in the Caucasus and Central Asia and in Southern Asia, which period made it difficult for nonsolid fuel access in urban areas to registered increases of 27 and 24 percentage points, respectively, keep up, with the expansion of access falling short of population over the two decades. Sub-Saharan Africa followed far behind, with growth by 51 million people over the two decades.1 In rural areas, by an increase from 14 to 19 percent during the same period (table 1). contrast, access grew faster than the population by 67 million people. Although the absolute number of people with access to nonsolid The remarkable urban growth story has occurred for the most fuels increased by 1.6 billion between 1990 and 2010, the global part in the Asian regions (Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Southern Asia, population over this period grew by the same amount. Hence the and Southeastern Asia), which together managed to provide 760 mil- increase in the share of the population with access was only modest. lion people—or 38 million people annually—with access to nonsolid In Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, despite modest fuel in urban areas. The rural increment was highest in Western Asia, increases from 1990 in the share of the population relying on Southern Asia, and the Caucasus and Central Asia, where 334 million nonsolid fuels, the number of people still using solid fuels actually people—or 17 million annually—began to use primarily nonsolid fuel increased in both urban and rural areas—because of growth in for cooking. the population. In Southern Asia, while an additional 490 million Most of the 20 countries in which the largest numbers of people gained access to nonsolid fuel as their primary cooking fuel, people have transitioned to primary use of nonsolid fuels are in Asia the population over the same period grew by 508 million. Similarly, (figure 4). As a whole, the 20 countries moved an additional 1.2 billion nonsolid fuel use in Sub-Saharan Africa increased by only 92 million people during a period when population grew by 340 million people 1 Between 1990 and 2010 the rapid rate of urbanization added 1.2 billion people to urban (figure 3). populations; populations living in rural areas increased by only 0.4 billion over the same period. 4 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 3. Global and regional progress in access to nonsolid fuel, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Rural Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 Population without access in 2010 Urban “Most of the 20 countries that have shown the Total largest numbers of people transitioning to primary 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Population(million) use of nonsolid fuels are in Asia.” SA EA DEV SSA SEA LAC Population with access in 1990 WA Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 NA Population without access in 2010 CCA Oceania 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Population (million) Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 Note: SA = Southern Asia; EA = East Asia; DEV = industrialized world; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SEA = Southeast Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; WA = Western Asia; NA = Northern Africa; CCA = Caucasus and Central Asia. Figure 4. The 20 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to nonsolid cooking fuel, 1990–2010 25 Incremental Access (million) Incremental Total Population (million) 3% Annual growth in Access (%) Annual growth in access (%) 20 Population (million) 2% 15 10 1% 5 0 0% an ia m o d t n es uth q bia a sia rea a na ia ina zil y yp rke eri eri xic an Ira Ira Ind es tna Bra pin nti t lay lom Ch Eg Ko kis So ail Nig Alg on Me Tu ge Vie ilip Ma Pa Th Ind Co Ar Ph Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 5 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 5. Number of people without access to modern cooking fewer people will be living in rural areas than today. The urban pop- solutions in rural and urban areas by region, 2010–2030 ulations of Asia and Africa will increase dramatically—by 1.6 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively (UN 2011). Rest of world South-Eastern Asia East Asia and Oceania Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Because of population growth, under the “New Policies Scenario” 2,500 of the IEA’s World Energy Outlook (2012) the number of people “In Sub-Saharan Africa, 2,000 lacking access to modern cooking solutions is projected to remain almost unchanged at around 2.6 billion in 2030—more than 30 per- Millions of people projections by the 1,500 cent of the projected global population in that year (figure 5). This International Energy scenario takes into account the future implementation of new energy 1,000 Agency (2012) reveal a policies to which nations are already committed. 500 worsening situation over In developing Asia, China is projected to show the single biggest 0 improvement, with almost 150 million people gaining access to time, with the number of 2010 2010 2020 2020 2030 2030 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban modern cooking solutions by 2030. That improvement will come from people without modern economic growth, urbanization, and deliberate policy interventions, cooking solutions reaching Source: Based on the “New Policies Scenario” from IEA (2012). such as actions to expand natural gas networks. India will see a small around 880 million by improvement but is still expected to account for nearly 30 percent of 2030.” the world’s total access deficit in 2030. The rest of developing Asia is also projected to see only a marginal improvement by 2030, with half people to nonsolid fuel in 1990–2010, but that figure was 200 million of its population still lacking access to modern cooking solutions at less than their overall increase in population. The greatest growth that time. occurred in India, China, and Brazil, where a total of 783 million In Sub-Saharan Africa, IEA projections reveal a worsening people secured access to nonsolid fuel as their primary cooking fuel situation over time, with the number of people without modern during this period. India charted a remarkable trajectory, providing cooking solutions increasing by more than a quarter, reaching around access to nonsolid fuel to 402 million people over two decades. 880 million in 2030. While more than 310 million people will achieve However, none of the group of fast-moving countries was able to access to modern cooking solutions by 2030, their number will not expand access to nonsolid fuels by more than three percentage keep pace with the growth in population expected over the period. points of population annually, and most remained at around two As in all regions, the lack of access will continue to be concentrated percentage points. in rural areas. The number of people lacking access to modern cooking solu- What will access look like in 2030? tions is much smaller in Latin America and the Middle East. There, Population growth and urbanization will continue to IEA projections show a slight improvement over time, primarily in urban areas. In rural areas, the size of the population without access shape the evolution of access to modern cooking solutions will remain essentially unchanged, The future is increasingly urban. The world population is expected as population growth will offset positive efforts. In Latin America, to increase by 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2050, reaching 9 billion 11 percent of the population is projected still to be without access in 2050. By then, about 6.3 billion people will live in urban areas. The to modern cooking solutions in 2030, while the figure is less than rural population is expected to start slowing in about a decade, and 3 percent in the Middle East. 6 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking References WHO. 2009. Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected MAKE FURTHER Major Risks. Geneva. CONNECTIONS Bonjour, S., H. Adair-Rohani, J. Wolf, N. G. Bruce, S. Mehta, A. Prüss- World Bank. 2013. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for Ustün, M. Lahiff, E. A. Rehfuess, V. Mishra, and K. R. Smith. 2012. All Initiative. Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/ Live Wire 2014/7. “Solid Fuel Use for Household Cooking: Country and Regional curated/en/2013/05/17765643/global-tracking-framework-vol- “Understanding Differences Estimates for 1980–2010.” Environmental Health Perspectives 3-3-main-report. Between Cookstoves,” by 121: 784–90. World Health Organization, 2014. Burden of disease from household Koffi Ekouevi, Kate Kennedy IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. air pollution for 2012. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/ Freeman, and Ruchi Soni. Paris. outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_AAP_BoD_24March2014.pdf SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the Live Wire 2014/9. “Tracking Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services Access to Electricity,” by This note is based on chapter 2 of the Global Tracking Framework prepared by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and by the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative and published by the World .sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. Elisa Portale. Bank in 2013. The GTF underwent Bankwide peer review; reviewers UN (United Nations). 2011. World Urbanization Prospects, 2011 included Dana Rysankova, Jeff Chelsky, Mohua Mukherjee, and Todd Revision. New York. http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_ Johnson. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17765643/ Highlights.pdf. global-tracking-framework-vol-3-3-main-report WHO (World Health Organization). 2006. Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health. Geneva. 7 Get Connected to Live Wire Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires have been designed for easy reading on the screen and for The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is a new initiative of the World Bank Group’s downloading and self-printing “Live Wire is designed Energy Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solutions-oriented in color or black and white. knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank Group. for practitioners inside Professional printing can and outside the Bank. Each Live Wire delivers, in 3–6 attractive, highly readable pages, knowledge that is immediately also be undertaken on relevant to front-line practitioners. 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Once a year, the Energy Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org 1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g C O 2 e m i s s i O n s f r O m t h e g lObal energy seCtOr 2014/5 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Understanding CO2 Emissions from the Global Energy Sector the energy sector contributes about 40 percent of global 2014/4 emissions of CO2. three- Why is this issue important? xas The Case of Te renewable ene rgy T o T h eof quarters r i d : emissions gthose Mitigating climate change requires knowledge of the Figure 2. energy-related CO2 1 TransmiTTing come from six major Figure 1. CO2 emissions sources of CO2 emissions by sector emissions by country economies. although coal-fired LICs plants account for just Identifying opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse gases 0.5% requires a clear understanding of the main sources of those emis- 40 percent of world energy Residential Other were Esions. N E R Carbon G Y P R A C T dioxideICE(CO2) accounts for more than 80 percent of 6% sectors Other MICs production, they S FOR T H E LEDGE NOTE SERIE 10% 15% A KNOW total greenhouse gas emissions globally, primarily from the burning 1 China responsible for more than Other HICs 30% of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The energy sector—defined to include Energy 8% 70 percent of energy-sector Energy to the Grid: fuels consumed for electricity and heat generation—contributed 41 Industry 41% Japan 4% emissions in 2010. if warming is Transmitting Renewable 20% Russia to be limited to two degrees percent of global CO2 emissions in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related 7% USA THE BOTTOM LINE CO2 emissions at the point of combustion make up the bulk of such Other transport Road India 19% Celsius, therefore, steep 7% EU The Case of Texas emissions and are generated by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial 6% transport 11% states reductions will have to be made Texas leads the United 16% waste, and nonrenewable municipal waste to generate electricity with 9,528 mw of installed in the use of coal to generate face? and leakage emissions What challenge did they and heat. Black carbon and methane venting Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy sector at the point wind power capacity—a electricity in the larger bunkers, domestic note. of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine and aviation ? are not included in the analysis presented in this level exceeded by only four Why is this case interesting economies. t was contingent on aviation and navigation, rail and pipeline transport; Other Sectors include commercial/public Transmission investmen yet needed to precede it tion, and other emissions not specified elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and and heat genera- services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity countries. The state needed and accelerate more infrastructure to transmit Texas needed to prioritize Where do emissions generation come ents commitm from? HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, wind sites tremendous needs for trans-heat generation, as defined in the opening paragraph. electricity generated from development of remote EmissionsTexas are faced the challenge of meeting concentrated in a handful of countries from and low-income countries. producer of generation renewable sources, but the century, Texas was a major e triggered by the scale-up Source: IEA 2012a. During much of the twentieth is now taking advantage and primarily mission come infrastructur from burning coal infrastructur e can take longer to regulator could not approve States. The state of petroleum in the United Vivien Foster is sector renewable sources. Transmission projects wind.for the Sus- leads It currently The geographical pattern of energy-related CO2 emissions closely transmission expansion a major renewable energy resource:manager only 0.5 percent by all low-income of power capacity middle-income countries, and in the absence of financially 9,528 MW of installed wind Depart- tainable Energy mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, To solve the United States with ment at the fifth World rank in wind Bank two zones energy with the countries put together. committed generators. were a country, would almost half of all such emissions were associated competitive renewable a (ERCOT 2011) and, if it (vfoster@worldbank.org). Figure 1. Texas’s five Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions the problem, Texas devised largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters quickly generation worldwide. Daron program in 1999, it vowed to were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining Bedrosyan globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). planning process that When Texas reformed its energy works energy mix. It now uses a energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical connects energy systems increase the role of renewables in its Toronto. to increase Economics in utilities power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired to the transmission system. portfolio standard to require energy by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other the renewable Previously, he was renewable sources. an To minimize power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly The system is based on their energy generation from eligible energy analyst with the energy program created more CO2 emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural designation of “competitive the state’s renewable Practice. Greenhouse Gas Inventory costs to the taxpayer, World Bank’s Energy rely on the private sector United Nations Framework Convention 1 on Climate Change, gas. renewable energy zones. energy zones that Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/3800.php competitive renewable and trans- e and operations for generation to provide infrastructur and regulation provides planning, facilitation, mission, while the state (figure 1). electricity pro- standard mandated that The renewable portfolio by 2009. 2,000 MW of additional renewable energy viders generate and was followed Marcelino Madrigal met in just over six years (mmadrigal@worldbank This 10-year target was and mandated 20, which raised the targets .org) is a senior energy up in 2005 by Senate Bill reach 5,880 energy generation must specialist in the World that the state’s total renewable Furthermore, the 2015 and 2025 respectively. Bank’s Energy Practice. MW and 10,000 MW by energy target 500 MW of the 2025 renewable With Rhonda Lenai Jordan legislation required that sources other than wind. (rjordan@worldbank.org) be derived from renewable in is an energy specialist Source: ERCOT 2008. the same practice. 8 D o y o u h av e s o m e t h i n g t o s ay ? S ay i t i n L i v e W i r e ! Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy development in emerging economies have a wealth of Practice in which you are technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but seldom have the time to active write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as Practice’s annual Live Wire possible: series review meeting • Trained writers among our energy sector staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire By communicating directly stories with staff active in operations. with the team (contact • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. Vivien Foster, vfoster@ • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! worldbank.org) Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good 2014/4 Texas d: The Case of rgy To The gri “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, 1 TransmiTTing renewable ene where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE Energy to the Grid: Transmitting Renewable gy sector 2014/6 1 s u lt s o f W o r l d B a n k l e n d i n g i n t h e e n e r M e a s u r i n g t h e r eLINE THE BOTTOM The Case of Texas states Texas leads the United with 9,528 mw of installed face? wind power capacity—a What challenge did they level exceeded by only four G Ethis E S Einteres case ting? was contingent on A KNOW WhyL E D is NOT RIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE Transmission investment countries. The state needed Texas needed to prioritiz e and accelerate yet needed to precede it more infrastructure to transmit generation commitments wind sites for trans- electricity generated from development of remote faced the challenge of meeting tremendous needs Measuring the Results of World Bank Your Name Here THE BOTTOM LINE producer Texas of generation from renewable sources, but the century, Texas was a major mission infrastructure triggered by the scale-up During much of the twentieth e take longer to regulator could not approve States. The state is now taking advantag sion infrastructure can renewable sources. Transmis Lending in the Energy Sector petroleum in the United this note is the first report of leads n projects resource: wind. It currently of energy-sector indicators transmission expansio of a major renewable energy ly power capacity Become an author in the absence of financial 9,528 MW of installed wind reflecting the World Bank’s the United States with rank fifth in wind zones committed generators. To solve were a country, would the effort ive renewable energy to measure broad lending patterns during (ERCOT 2011) and, if it What challenges were faced Figure 1. in Texas’s five competit the problem, Texas is this a Whydevised issue important? fy 2000–13. to compile it, generation worldwide. 1999, it vowed to inresults? energy projects back to fy 2000 planning The need for accountability process that quickly has made When Texas reformed it critical its energyfor the program of Live Wire and energy mix. It now uses a to be retrieved and aligned for connects energy systems results of renewab les in its Data back to FY 2000 had were manually screened Energy Practice to measure increase the role utilities to increase results data comparable with to the transmission system. renewable portfolio standard to require energy with the new CSIs the tracks the outcomes on Bank of its projects in order to le sources. To minimize the standardized indicators The system is ThebasedWorld n from eligible renewab their energy generatio poverty le energy endingrenewab program created project in the energy sector had devised its own “competitive the goals of state’s each contribute to your how well they are advancing Previously, now used in the Bank’s designation of understand costs to the taxpayer, the zones. shared prosperity. For some years now those on the private sector which made it difficult to report the Bank’s corporate scorecard. in the renewable energyand promoting competitive renewab le energy zones that rely indicators of results, Corporate Scorecard s for generatio n and trans- in terms that were both broad and precise. With the outcomes have been reported in a Bank-wide and operation achievements future, automation will make to provide infrastructure that measure and n,of n Corporate Scorecard, however, the clear advantages of regulatio based on a set of so-called core sector indicators (CSIs) provides planning, facilitatio advent the it easier to collect, aggregate, mission, while the state practice and career! impact at the project level and permit aggregation of standardized being able to demonstrate results led the Energy Practice to examine and analyze data on project (figure 1). pro- data across the Bank. Each CSI is anrenewab indicator of output or outcome d that energy projects back to FY 2000 and, to the extent electricity Bank’s outcomes. The le portfolio standard mandate the to a particular sector or theme, such as l renewab le energy possible, to by 2009. retroactively harmonize or align the indicators used in that is strategically relevant MW of additiona Madrigal viders generate 2,000 years and was followed with those devised for the Corporate Scorecard. The Marcelino the energy sector. was met in just over six those projects (mmadrigal@worldba nk This 10-year target Energy Practice, targets and mandated exercise are reported in this note. Three CSIs are particularly central to the Bank’s Bill 20, which raised the results of this “archaeological” .org) is a senior energy up in 2005 by Senate must reach 5,880 here for the fiscal years 2000–13 are the because they reflect its engagement state’s in every step of the energy generationThe results reported specialist in the World that the total renewable energy the value chain—from generation to transmission and distribution (T&D) by 2015 and 2025 respectiv ely. first Furtherm such reportore, of energy-sector indicators reflective of the broad Sudeshna Ghosh With Bank’s Energy Practice. MW and 10,000 MW are: renewable energy target the World Bank during this period. customer connections. The to “last mile”Jordan three indicators that 500 MW of the 2025 lending patterns of Banerjee is a senior Lenai legislatio n required energy specialist in the Rhonda of people provided with access to electricity le sources other than wind. through To compile the report, all World Bank projects approved in the • The number (rjordan@w orldbank.o rg) be derived from renewab World Bank’s Energy specialist in connections energy space between FY 2000 and FY 2013 (approximately 70–80 household is an energy Source: ERCOT 2008. Practice (sgbanerjee@ same practice. projects per year on average) were screened to extract those the• T&D lines constructed or rehabilitated, measured in kilometers worldbank.org) that had adopted indicators similar enough to those used in the (km) Ruchi Soni (rsoni@ Corporate Scorecard that they could be mined for comparable data. worldbank.org) is an • Generation capacity constructed, measured in megawatts (MW). Information was extracted from two types of project documents: energy analyst in the More recently, additional indicators have been developed cov- the Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) for same practice. ering measurement of energy efficiency in heat and power (lifetime closed projects and the most recent Implementation Status and Elisa Portale (eportale@ savings, captured in MWh). Results Report (ISR) for active projects. In some cases, information worldbank.org) is an was referred back to project staff for confirmation or, where energy consultant, also discrepancies had been spotted, for correction. In a few cases in the Energy Practice. where indicators were not explicitly mentioned in the ICR or ISR,