THE GAMBIA CIRCULAR ECONOMY DIAGNOSTIC © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522- 2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photography: © Louise Twining-Ward / World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Table Executive Summary 2 Introduction 6 The Gambia’s background 8 1.1 The Gambia Tourism Context 8 Circular Economy Gap Analysis 11 2.1 Infrastructure Systems: Materials and Waste 11 2.1.1. Material Waste Management and Challenges in the Tourism Sector 12 2.2 Infrastructure Systems: Energy 12 2.3 Infrastructure Systems: Water 14 2.3.1. Wastewater in the Tourism Sector 16 2.3.2. Water quality in the Tourism Sector 16 2.4 Linkages Between Resource and Infrastructure Systems 16 Circular Economy Initiative Shortlisting 19 Tourism Gap Analysis and Market Sizing 22 4.1 Interview Audit and Online Survey Findings 22 4.2 Survey Findings: Waste Management and Reduction 23 4.2.1 Main barriers to implementation and investment in waste management 24 4.3 Energy 25 4.3.1 Main barriers to energy implementation and investment 26 4.4 Water 27 4.5 Food and Beverage (only audits) 28 4.6 Market Sizing of Circular Economy Opportunities 29 4.7 Scale of Investment Opportunities for a More Circular Tourism Sector 30 4.8 Barriers and Options to Unblock Investment 30 Circular Economy Business Cases 32 5.1 Integrated Waste Management Facility in Kanifing 32 5.1.1 Project outcomes 32 5.1.2 Supporting assumptions 33 5.1.3 Feasibility Results 33 5.1.4 Policy enablers 34 5.2 Sustainable Tourism Cruise Vessels 35 5.2.1 Project outcomes 35 5.2.2 Supporting assumptions 36 5.2.3 Feasibility Results 36 5.2.4 Policy enablers 37 Roadmap for proposed circular economy initiatives 40 Institutional and Regulatory Analysis 43 7.1 Establishing a Circular Economy Governance Framework in The Gambia 44 7.2 Enabling regulatory and institutional reforms for a circular economy in The Gambia 44 7.3 Prioritizing the most relevant regulatory reforms for circular economy and tourism 47 Next steps 52 References 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS List List ACRONYMS Executive Summary Executive Summary • • • • • • Introduction Introduction Section 1 The Gambia’s background 1.1 The Gambia Tourism Context 1 Section 2 Circular Economy Gap Analysis 2.1 Infrastructure Systems: Materials and Waste Figure 1. Solid waste composition by weight Other Plastic 6% 8% Organic Paper Nappies Wood 15% Textile Organic 51% Nappies Textile Plastic 6% Other Wood 3% Paper 11% 2.1.1. Material Waste Management and Challenges in the Tourism Sector • • • • • 2.2 Infrastructure Systems: Energy 7 8 Figure 2. Total energy supply in The Gambia 2015-2020 (Terajoules) Figure 3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector in 2019 (TCO2e) Agriculture 1,250,000 Land-use change and forestry 530,000 Waste 390,000 Electricity and heat 280,000 Manufacturing and construction 150,000 Industry 130,000 Transport 90,000 Other fuel combustion 70,000 Aviation and shipping 50,000 Building 0 Fugitive emissions 0 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 Tons of Carbon Dioxide equivalents (TCO2e) 9 Figure 4. Electricity Access (percent of population) 70.0 62.3% 60.0 50.0 40.0 % 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 • • • 2.3 Infrastructure Systems: Water 10 Figure 5. The Gambia Whole Country Water Balance (Annual) 11 2.3.1. Wastewater in the Tourism Sector 2.3.2. Water quality in the Tourism Sector 2.4 Linkages Between Resource and Infrastructure Systems 12 Figure 6. DPSIR Analysis for The Gambia • • • • • • • 13 14 Section 3 Circular Economy Initiative Shortlisting 15 16 17 18 19 Section 4 Tourism Gap Analysis and Market Sizing 4.1 Interview Audit and Online Survey Findings Figure 7. In-person interviews in hotels or accommodation establishments 13% 20% Large Hotel Medium Hotel 13% Small Hotel/Guest house Restaurants 53% 20 21 Figure 8. Existing sustainability practices in hotels or accommodation establishments Energy certifications 2 24 LED lighting 20 6 Staff awareness 14 12 Signage encouraging saving energy 12 14 Electricity activated by key card 6 20 Lighting with sensors 7 19 Insulation 1 25 Fans 6 20 Natural ventilation 16 10 Double glazing 3 23 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Already invested Have not already invested 4.2 Survey Findings: Waste Management and Reduction Figure 9. Current actions and investment interest in waste management and reduction Community recycling schemes 3 9 Separation of textiles 5 10 Separation of e-waste 6 9 Separation of metals 10 6 Separation of plastics 7 7 Separation of glass 6 8 Anaerobic digestion 5 6 Composting 6 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Already doing this We would like to do this in the next 5 years Figure 10. Current plastic reduction and investment interest Refillable water bottles in restaurants & hotels 9 26 Dispense soft and alcoholic drinks in larger containers 3 12 Refillable bottles for soft and alcoholic drinks 4 11 Reused or recycled packaging for soft and alcoholic drinks 4 11 Alternatives to disposable cutlery and straws 4 10 Compostable cutlery and straws 1 13 Cooking oil in non-plastic containers 1 12 Cooking oil in large containers 6 8 Dispense food from large containers 7 8 Products in refillable containers 8 7 Substitutes for cling film 3 10 Reduced consumption of cling film 4 8 Large dispensers for toiletries 4 9 Refillable bottles for toiletries 3 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Already doing this We would like to do this in the next 5 years Figure 11. Willingness to pay for single-use plastic alternatives (Percentages) Plastic waste bags 1 1 4 14 Bathroom toiletries 1 2 5 12 Cling film wrap 1 1 1 4 13 Plastic food containers 1 2 3 14 Plastic cooking oil containers 1 2 3 14 Disposable cups, plates, bowls and takeaway food trays 1 1 5 13 Cutlery and drinking straws 1 2 5 12 Plastic bottles of soft and alcoholic drinks 1 1 6 12 Plastic water bottles 1 1 4 14 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% No more than double the price No more than 75% more expensive No more than 50% more expensive No more than 25% more expensive Cheaper or no change in price 4.2.1 Main barriers to implementation and investment in waste management Figure 12. Main firm-level barriers to investment in waste management Costs of financing and payment terms 19% Cost of investment 42% Unclear benefits for the business 12% 46% Skills and training of staff Need for investment in new kitchen equipment and storage 23% space Lack of information knowledge on options 19% Level of business commitment to sustainability 27% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure 13. Main economic-level barriers to investment in waste management Improved government support and incentives 58% Improved product standards and labelling 19% Reduced cost of non-plastic alternatives 50% Availability of locally produced goods in non-plastic packaging 62% Availability of imported goods in non-plastic packaging 54% Availability of segregated waste collection and local recycling 54% facilities 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 4.3 Energy Figure 14. Current actions and investment interest in energy efficiency Energy certifications 2 24 LED lighting 20 6 Staff awareness 14 12 Signage encouraging saving energy 12 14 Electricity activated by key card 6 20 Lighting with sensors 7 19 Insulation 1 25 Fans 6 20 Natural ventilation 16 10 Double glazing 3 23 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Already invested Have not already invested Figure 15. Investment interest in energy measures and optimization Electric vehicles 1 2 11 EV charging 1 11 Battery storage 4 4 5 9 Micro-hydro 1 1 2 12 Heat pumps 2 3 12 Biomass 1 1 2 11 Wind 1 1 3 11 Solar powered A/C 3 7 8 Solar water heating 8 10 2 4 Solar PV 7 9 3 4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Already Invested High Likelihood Medium Likelihood Low Likelihood 4.3.1 Main barriers to energy implementation and investment Figure 16. Main systemic-level barriers to energy implementation and investment Lack of support from government 38% Lack of incentives from electricity supplier 35% Current cost of battery storage 19% Regulatory barriers 15% Cost of financing and payment terms 62% Cost of investment 73% Figure 17. Main firm-level barriers to adopt more efficient and renewable energy solutions Unclear benefits for the business 15% Availability of skills and training 50% Lack of information/knowledge on options 27% Level of business commitment to sustainability 31% 4.4 Water Figure 18. Current actions and investment interest to safe water On-site desalination 1 2 3 On-site WWTP 4 2 3 Septic tank 12 3 1 Recycling greywater 5 1 4 1 Reduce frequency of laundry 13 3 1 Signage 11 1 2 Aerator taps 2 3 5 Staff training 12 2 2 1 Rainwater harvesting 2 4 4 Groundwater system 16 1 Water filtering systems 6 1 4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Already Invested High Likelihood Medium Likelihood Low Likelihood Figure 19. Main driver to adopt sustainable water practices Tariff reform 15% Improved quality 8% Improved reliability of supply 4% Staff training 27% Financial assistance 46% Tax incentives 42% Support to establish business case 27% Information on options and cost 31% Connection to sewer network or septic tank 8% Piped connection to local water supply 8% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 4.5 Food and Beverage (only audits)22 22 4.6 Market Sizing of Circular Economy Opportunities 23 24 25 4.7 Scale of Investment Opportunities for a More Circular Tourism Sector 4.8 Barriers and Options to Unblock Investment 26 Section 5 Circular Economy Business Cases 5.1 Integrated Waste Management Facility in Kanifing 5.1.1 Project outcomes 5.1.2 Supporting assumptions • • • • • 5.1.3 Feasibility Results Figure 20. Net present value in central scenario (2023 - 2035) Table 1. Scenario overview for ROI and IRR in the integrated waste management facility for Kanifing business case 5.1.4 Policy enablers 5.2 Sustainable Tourism Cruise Vessels 5.2.1 Project outcomes 5.2.2 Supporting assumptions 5.2.3 Feasibility Results Figure 21. Net present value in central scenario (2023 - 2035) Table 2. Scenario overview for ROI and IRR in the Sustainable River Tourism Cruise Vessels 5.2.4 Policy enablers Section 6 Roadmap for proposed circular economy initiatives Table 3. Shortlist of Circular Economy Investment Projects in The Gambia 27 28 Section 7 Institutional and Regulatory Analysis 29 30 7.1 Establishing a Circular Economy Governance Framework in The Gambia • • • 7.2. Enabling regulatory and institutional reforms for a circular economy in The Gambia Figure 22. Regulatory and Institutional Initiatives in Cabo Verde Table 4. Proposed regulatory and institutional initiatives • • • • • • • • 7.3 Prioritizing the most relevant regulatory reforms for circular economy and tourism 31 Table 5. Priority Regulatory Initiative 1: Green Procurement • • • Table 6. Priority Regulatory Initiative 2: Revision and Enactment of the Waste Bill Section 8 Next steps Table 7. Next steps to support actions in the circular economy and tourism gaps found in this report References References AFD AND THE GAMBIA: FURTHERING POLITICAL STABILIZATION AND GROWTH: https://www.afd.fr/en/page-region-pays/gambia Buro Happold (2023) Climate Watch (2022) Environmental Quality Standards Regulations (1999) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – The Gambia (2015) National Environment Management Act, Cap 72:01 Vol XII of The Laws of The Gambia. Ban On Plastic Bags Order, 2015 https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gam177744.pdf Gambia Electricity Restoration and Modernization Project (worldbank.org) documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- reports/documentdetail/738131610378560079/concept-project-information-document-pid- gambia-inclusive-and-resilient-agricultural-value-chain-development-project-girav-p173070 Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS) https://www.gbosdata.org/ Gambiana (2023) Gambia government and the World Bank funding https://gambiana.com/gambia- govt-secures-60m-world-bank-funding/ Government of The Gambia (2021) Second Nationally Determined Contribution of The Gambia 2021. https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/final_rap_banjul_port_4th_expansion_project_p-gm-db0- 006.pdf International Renewable Energy Agency - IRENA (2023). Energy profile report for The Gambia https://www.irena.org/- /media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Africa/Gambia_Africa_RE_SP.pdf IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, WHO. 2023. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report. World Bank, Washington DC. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=GM Local Government Act (2002) National Agricultural Land and Water Management Development Project. Project Completion Report National Environmental Agency (NEA) (2021) National Water and Electric Company (NAWEC) (2021) Strategic Energy Roadmap 2021-2040. https://nawec.gm/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/The-Gambia-Strategic-Electricity-Sector- Roadmap.pdf National Water and Electric Company (NAWEC) (2023) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2022) Extended Producer Responsibility. https://www.oecd.org/environment/extended-producer- responsibility.htm#:~:text=OECD%20defines%20Extended%20Producer%20Responsibility,of%20a% 20product's%20life%20cycle Our World in Data (2022) Our World in Data (2023) https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/gambia Public Utilities Regulatory Authority (PURA) The Gambia 2050 Climate Vision (2021) https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gam208266.pdf UNCTAD (2023) Policies, Regulations and Laws that Address the Harmful Effects of Single-Use Plastics in the East African Community https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/ditc-ted- 12042023-Single_Use_Plastics_Report_2023.pdf UNDP (2020) Policy Brief 2: Impact of COVID-19 on Gambia's Tourism Sector. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/africa/3166a471bf5fd076d8984f77b e9259459c0ccc3fd27322e6284eb84df5c1f216.pdf WACA (2021) The Gambia https://www.wacaprogram.org/country/gambia WasteAid launches project to boost plastic recycling in The Gambia - WasteAid World Bank Document. (n.d.). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/882781602861047266/pdf/World-COVID-19- Strategic-Preparedness-and-Response-Program-SPRP-using-the-Multiphase-Programmatic- Approach-MPA-Project-Additional-Financing.pdf World Bank, GIEPA (2023). Available at: https://www.giepa.gm/invest-in-gambia/country- profile/#:~:text=The%20tourism%20sector%20accounts%20for,for%20approximately%2030%25%2 0of%20GDP. CONTACT INFORMATION: For further information, please contact Louise Twining-Ward, Senior Private Sector Specialist – World Bank Group at ltwiningward@worldbank.org https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=GM