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ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021 Volume 2 | Digital Identification Progress & Gaps Anna Metz Claire Casher Julia Clark OTHER TITLES IN THE ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021 SERIES: Volume 1: Global ID Coverage Estimates Volume 3: Trends in Identification for Development CONTENTS ABSTRACT v ABOUT ID4D vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Context 1 Purpose 2 Scope and Limitations 2 2.  MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY 4 Unpacking “Digital ID” 4 Data and Methodology 7 3.  RESULTS & DISCUSSION 12 Digital Data 12 Digital Verification 13 Online Digital Identity 14 4. LIMITATIONS 16 5. CONCLUSION 18 REFERENCES 19 APPENDIX 1. COUNTRY DATA TABLE 21 iii FIGURES Figure 1.  Number of People Without Access to Digital Identification xii Figure 2.  Evolution of ID Ecosystems 5 Figure 3.  Digital Capabilities Across Three Dimensions 7 TABLE Table 1. Summary of Data Sources by Indicator 8 iv | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS ABSTRACT This paper provides a snapshot of the digital capabilities of government-recognized identification (ID) systems across three dimensions: (i) digitally stored records; (ii) digital verification or authentication for in-person transactions; and (iii) digital authentication for online transactions. This paper and data are part of a three-volume series that began with the 2021 ID4D Global Dataset and seek to contribute to a more precise typology and understanding of global trends in the digitalization of ID systems. This analysis is based on primary data collection from ID authorities (2021–2022), data from the 2021 World Development Report’s Global Data Regulation Survey, and desk research. The paper finds that in more than 90 percent of countries globally, ID systems now rely on digital data; identification systems across at least two-thirds of countries offer at least a basic type of digital identity verification or authentication for in-person transactions; and about 40 percent to countries—primarily high-income ones—have a digital ID ecosystem that enables fully remote, secure authentication for online transactions. When combined with data on the number of people without an official proof of identity, these findings suggest that, in addition to the estimated 850 million people globally who do not have official identification, many more do not have official, digitally verifiable identity credentials or credentials that would allow them to securely transact in online contexts. Our analysis suggests that at least 1.1 billion people do not have a digital record of their identity; 1.25 billion people do not have a digitally verifiable identity; and 3.3 billion people do not have access to a government-recognized digital identity to securely transact online. We hope this data provides a useful starting point for further unpacking ID systems’ digital capabilities and how they are used in practice. v ABOUT ID4D The World Bank Group’s Identification for Development (ID4D) Initiative harnesses global and cross-sectoral knowledge, World Bank financing instruments, and partnerships to help countries realize the transformational potential of identification (ID) systems, including civil registration (CR). The aim is to enable all people to exercise their rights and access better services and economic opportunities in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. This is especially important as countries transition to digital economies, digital governments, and digital societies, where inclusive and trusted means of verifying identity are essential to ensure accessibility and data protection. ID4D operates across the World Bank Group with global practices and units working on digital development, social protection, health, financial inclusion, governance, gender, and data protection, among others. To ensure alignment with international good practices for maximizing development benefits and minimizing risks, ID4D is guided by the 10 Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development, which have been jointly developed and endorsed by the World Bank Group and over 30 global and regional organizations (see http://idprinciples.org). ID4D makes this happen through its three pillars of work: 1. Thought leadership, research, and analytics to generate evidence and fill knowledge gaps  2. Global public goods and convening to develop and amplify good practices, foster collaboration across regional and global stakeholders, and support knowledge exchange 3. Country and regional action through financial and technical assistance to realize inclusive and trusted identification and civil registration systems  The work of ID4D is made possible through support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Government, The French Government, The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the Omidyar Network.  To find out more about ID4D and access our other publications, visit www.id4d.worldbank.org. vi | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 2021–2023 Identification for Development (ID4D) Global Dataset update was a significant undertaking that would not have been possible without the support and dedicated efforts of a large team. This work was led by the authors of this report, Anna Metz, Claire Casher, and Julia Clark, under the guidance of Vyjayanti Desai. The authors wish to acknowledge, with deep gratitude, the many people who contributed to the Dataset project as well as this paper on ID system digital capabilities, which is the second in a series to accompany the Dataset release. This includes Rong Chen, Adam Cooper, Jonathan Marskell, and Robert Palacios (World Bank) for their insightful peer reviews and feedback on the methodology and presentation of the analysis for this volume. In addition, we thank Chris Phillips (Circle Graphics) for his excellent work on the data visualizations featured in this report. Many colleagues, including Estefania Calderon, Nay Constantine, Faher Elfayez, Jonathan Marskell, Reina Ntonifor, Vasiliki Papagianni, Ana Quiroz, Aliaksandra Tyhrytskaya, and Emmanuel Vassor, also made significant contributions to the broader administrative data collection, validation, and publication process. Finally, continued improvements to the ID4D Global Dataset would not be possible without continued support from ID4D’s Multi-Donor Trust Fund partners, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Government, The French Government, The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the Omidyar Network. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The ID4D Global Dataset estimates that as of 2021, 850 million people globally do not have official proof of their identity (Clark, Metz, and Casher 2022)—however, this figure only captures one facet of the global identification challenge. Beyond the coverage of civil registration (CR) and identification (ID) systems, good system design and governance are also critical to ensure that systems can maximize their development impact while minimizing risks. The Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development identify several important system characteristics, such as the establishment of a “trusted—unique, secure, and accurate—identity” and creating “a responsive and interoperable platform”, which require a system with robust digital capabilities (World Bank 2022a). Effective digitalization is also critical for enabling people to prove who they are securely, reliably, and conveniently in a multitude of in-person and online settings and to ensure that systems can meet people’s and service provider’s needs in today’s world. The application of digital technologies in the context of identification is frequently referred to as digital ID—however, the variation in system capability is often obscured by this broad term. Digital ID or digital identity have been used in many ways across countries, institutions, and publications, and there is no universally recognized or accepted definition. This note unpacks this concept by focusing on the outcomes that can be achieved with the digitalization of government-recognized ID: (a) records being stored digitally, rather than on paper (“digital data”); (b) digital verification or authentication for in-person transactions (“digital verification”), and (c) digital authentication for online transactions (“online digital identity”)1. This note and data are part of a three-volume series2 that began with the 2021 Global ID Coverage Estimates and contribute a more precise typology and measurement of ID system digitalization. The data was collected using three sources: (i) data provided by ID authorities (2021–2022); (ii) data provided by in-country legal experts as part of the 2021 World Development Report’s (WDR) Global Data Regulation Survey; and (iii) desk research. While every effort was made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the data for this report, ID systems and digital capabilities are rapidly evolving, and this analysis provides only a snapshot as of July 2022. 1 The terms in brackets are the shorthand used in this note to ease readability. For the full definitions, see Section 3. 2 The first volume, “Global ID Coverage Estimates,” uses new data and modeling to estimate the number of globally who do (and do not) have official proof of identity. This second volume, “The Digital Identification Gap,” presents data on the digital maturity and capabilities of the world’s ID systems. The third volume, “Trends in Identification for Development,” enhances that snapshot by exploring many more facets of each country’s ID system. viii | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Digitalization is a two-sided coin. When complemented by policies and practices to ensure inclusivity and trust—as set out in the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development—the digitalization of CR and ID systems can help drive efficiency, transparency, and convenience for users in the public and private sectors. Digitalization can strengthen the security and reliability of identity documents and enable new modes of identity verification and authentication that allow for higher-assurance transactions to be completed quicker and in a more user-friendly way. When digital identification systems are designed as digital public infrastructure—that is, as open resources for the public and private sector to innovate on top of—there is even more scope for benefits to multiply, such as creating new opportunities for digital service delivery and growing the digital economy, including e-commerce and online work (Desai et al. 2023). At the same time, digitalization also introduces new risks, including the potential exclusion of certain vulnerable individuals and groups due to gaps in digital connectivity and skills or technology failures, the potential for data breaches and misuse on an extended scale, excess dependency on or lock-in by vendors, and financially unsustainable investments in high-tech solutions that are not well-suited to local contexts. As systems’ digital capabilities advance, these risks need to be carefully managed (World Bank 2019a).3 THREE DIMENSIONS OF DIGITAL CAPABILITY Yet despite these potential benefits and challenges—and growing recognition that being able to prove your legal or official identity online is important—there has been no commonly accepted understanding of the terms “digital ID” or “digital identity.” Indeed, such terms have been used to describe systems at varying levels of digitalization, development, and capacity, and to refer both to systems designed for in-person and online use. As a step forward, the goal of this note is to unpack and measure various types of digitalization globally, to enable a more nuanced discussion about the current gaps and future directions. This note therefore examines the digital capabilities of official or “government-recognized” ID systems across three dimensions of digitalization:4 a) Digital data: Records are stored in a digital format, rather than in paper records or ledgers. b) Digital verification: Identities and/or identity information (e.g., name, date of birth, etc.) can be verified or authenticated using digital—rather than manual—means in the context of in-person transactions.5 3 See, for example: https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/creating-good-id-system-presents-risks-and-challenges- there-are-common-success-factors 4 For a full definition of these three indicators, see Section 3 below. Note that digital ID or authentication systems used by the private sector but not recognized as official proof of identity (e.g., Facebook, Google, or Apple log-in credentials) are outside the scope of this note. 5 For the purposes of this note, the definition of ‘verification’ and ‘authentication’ follow those laid out in the Glossary of the ID4D Practitioners’ Guide: “Although authentication and verification are related and often used interchangeably, [ . . . ] they can be distinguished by whether the process involves determining the veracity of particular attributes (verification) or ensuring that a person is the “true” owner of an identity or credential (authentication).” For more details, see: https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/glossary. ix c) Online digital identity: Digital credentials provide the ability to securely authenticate identities remotely in order to access online services and transactions. For the first two dimensions (digital data and digital verification), we examine the digital capabilities of each country’s foundational ID system, which is typically the primary system used to provide general proof of identity for a variety of transactions.6 For the third dimension (online digital identity), we look either at the foundational ID system, or, where relevant at the parallel ecosystems of digital ID providers that some countries have built to provide government-recognized forms of digital identity online. Appendix 1 describes the particular ID systems considered for each county. MAIN FINDINGS In recent years, many countries7 have embarked on efforts to modernize their ID systems, with the goal of creating a digital platform and issuing credentials that can support a variety of transactions and services. As a result, almost all countries now have foundational ID systems underpinned by digital data (i.e., electronic identity records), and the number that offer digital identity verification or authentication for publicly administered services and programs, banks, and other service providers is rising rapidly, although their availability in low- and lower-middle income countries remains limited. Digital identity solutions that enable secure authentication for online services and transactions are still a rarity in low- and middle-income countries, but are available in more than 80 percent of high- income ones. • Digital data: As of mid-2022, 186 (out of 198)8 countries have a foundational ID system where identity records are stored in a digital format. While this is a vast majority, it still leaves around 375 million people who live in countries where identity records are predominantly paper-based, making them difficult or impossible to verify or replace, and particularly susceptible to damage, loss, or fraud. • Digital verification (in-person): Foundational ID systems in at least 132 countries— or about two-thirds of countries globally—support some form of digital identity verification or authentication in the context of in-person services and transactions. However, the functionality, availability, and use of digital verification or authentication services—along with the levels of assurance and data privacy and protection 6 A foundational ID system is an identification system primarily created to manage identity information for the general population and provide credentials that serve as proof of identity for a wide variety of public and private sector transactions and services. Common types of foundational ID systems include civil registries, national ID systems, and population registers (https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/glossary). For the 22 countries without a foundational ID system that issues credentials to adults, we measure the digital capability of the civil registration (CR) system. 7 The term country, as used in this note, does not imply political independence but instead refers to any territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. 8 The ID4D Global Dataset covers 198 countries, excluding some smaller territories and jurisdictions. x | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS safeguards they provide—varies substantially. For instance, ID systems in some countries offer a service that allows service providers to digitally verify whether an ID number is valid and that it matches a certain name or date of birth, but there are no digital means to ascertain whether the person claiming that identity (e.g., by presenting an ID card) is its rightful owner. Our ability to provide more in-depth analysis about the quality, including the ease-of-use, of digital verification and authentication is constrained by the lack of reliable cross-country data. • Online digital identity: In 81 countries (51 of which are high-income), people can obtain at least one government-recognized digital identity credential that allows for remote authentication to access online services and transactions. This leaves over 3.3 billion people (or 2.2 billion people over the age of 15) living in countries without an option to prove their official identity online. This capability gap may limit the deployment or security of government services online, as well as private sector services that require higher levels of identity assurance (e.g., in the banking sector). Even in countries where an online digital identity solution is available, their use varies significantly, from very high uptake in Scandinavian countries and Estonia, to far fewer users per capita in much of Latin America, Central Asia, and some European countries like Germany. When combined with data on the number of people without any official proof of identity (Clark, Metz, and Casher 2022),9 these findings suggest that, in addition to the estimated 850 million people globally who do not have official identification, many more do not have digitally verifiable identification. In addition to the 850 million without any ID, we estimate that at least: • 1.1 billion people do not have a digital record of their identity; • 1.25 billion people do not have a digitally verifiable identity; and • 3.3 billion people do not have access to a government-recognized digital identity to securely transact online. 9 See https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset for downloadable data. xi Figure 1.  Number of People Without Access to Digital Identification 3.3+ BILLION people without access to an o cial digital identity for online transactions with no digitally BILLION people verifiable identity with no digitized BILLION people record of their identity 1.25+ with no MILLION 1.1+ people o cial proof of identity 850 DISCUSSION Investing (wisely) in digital systems and capabilities is necessary to serve people, government, and businesses in a rapidly digitalizing world. Moving from paper-based to digitalized ID systems and enabling secure and user-centric modes of digital identity verification and authentication are important for greater trust, security, efficiency, and convenience in transactions. They can generate savings for both the public and the private sector and reduce the time and effort it takes for ordinary people to access a service or transaction (see World Bank 2018a for a detailed analysis). This note provides insight into the scale of this issue—billions of people around the world (as well as governments and firms) can benefit from improved digitalization of ID systems. However, not all digital capabilities and digitalization efforts are created equal when it comes to supporting inclusive and effective access to identification and service delivery. Even if a country has systems that allow for digital identity verification or authentication or can issue digital identity credentials for online transactions, this does not necessarily mean that it is “doing better” in terms of providing legal identity for all or promoting xii | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS efficient and people-centric service delivery. Indeed, digitalized systems that are poorly implemented may be just as problematic as paper-based systems. Even in the 130+ countries where at least basic digital identity verification or authentication services are available, or the 80 with an online digital identity solution, continued improvements are needed to ensure alignment with good practices for inclusion, data protection, and privacy and to ensure that they maximize convenience while being operationally and financially sustainable.10 Although assessing the quality of digital ID systems is outside the scope of this note and dataset (and presents multiple measurement challenges) it is therefore an important area for future research. Furthermore, digital identity—whether in-person or online—is not a panacea, and is not necessary or appropriate in all contexts. Exclusion and privacy risks should be carefully examined, along with practical considerations, such as the availability of internet connectivity, electricity, and capacity to operate and maintain associated devices and systems. The latest technology or even a technology that is widely used may not be the best fit in every context. Similarly, the verification or the authentication mechanism that offers the highest level of assurance may not be the most appropriate in all contexts. For instance, biometric-based digital authentication may offer higher levels of assurance and reduce the risk of a fraudulent identity but it can also increase the cost and inconvenience to ID holders and relying parties. For services where digital identity verification or authentication mechanisms are deployed, it is important that providers consider the requirements and risks carefully, and that appropriate grievance redress and exception handling mechanisms are put in place to ensure that technology failures do not lead to denial of services. Whether in-person or online, digital verification and authentication also require stronger safeguards for personal data protection and privacy, including laws and regulations, independent oversight bodies, and cybersecurity regimes, as well as privacy preserving technologies that make it easier for people to access and correct their data, and to monitor how it is being used by governments and third parties and to hold these actors accountable for misuse.11 Understanding gaps in digital capabilities of ID systems and their impact requires more transparency and concerted monitoring and evaluation efforts. Few identity providers publish detailed information about the digital capabilities of their systems and their use, and even fewer invest in measuring their impact on service delivery and people’s lives. Information about core system capabilities, including how it processes and safeguards personal data, should be readily available. Digitalized systems also offer opportunities for measuring the performance of CR and ID services and can help the entities implementing them to track progress toward their goals and respond more rapidly when something is not working well. To achieve this, countries and identity providers should invest in monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) strategies that facilitate effective data collection on the functioning and impact of new capabilities. 10 For specific recommendations on improving the digital capabilities of ID systems, see the ID4D Practitioners’ Guide (World Bank 2019a; https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide) and other relevant publications under the ‘Tools’ and ‘Knowledge’s section of the ID4D website (https://id4d.worldbank.org/). 11 See, for example: World Bank 2018b; Cavoukian 2011. xiii 1 INTRODUCTION CONTEXT record-keeping with individuals’ identity information recorded in ledgers or other types of physical files. In Official identification (ID) systems and the last 30 years, digital technologies have become widespread in civil registration and ID systems, credentials are used across the globe from the use of computers—and now tablets or to facilitate access to services and mobile phones—for data entry and capture, to transactions. Today, almost all countries the use of sophisticated software and algorithms have put in place at least one foundational to de-duplicate identities and manage electronic ID system (such as a civil registration records, to the issuance of physical credentials with system, national ID system, or a population embedded digital features, such as barcodes or registry) that provides general proof of chips, or digital credentials, such as mobile IDs. “legal” or “official” identity through a These changes reflect emerging needs and drive variety of credentials, such as birth innovation in how people prove who they are and certificates, national ID cards, family how identity claims are verified. In many places, books, etc. These systems and credentials manual processes that rely on comparing a person play a critical role in establishing trust in with the photo printed on their ID card or a similar transactions between and among people, document are being replaced by those relying on government, and businesses. digital data and automation. Such data may be stored locally, e.g., on an ID card with a barcode or chip that The digital capabilities of ID systems are evolving. is read using a special device or mobile phone When civil registration and ID systems were first app, or in a digital database that can be queried introduced in most countries (which in some cases, remotely. Digital identity verification (i.e., validating like Japan or France, was several centuries ago), they the accuracy of certain identity credentials or were “paper-based.” That is, they relied on manual attributes) and authentication (i.e., ensuring that an 1 individual Is the person who they claim to be) can for in-person and online use. While this note does provide a high degree of assurance about a person’s not solve definitional debates, it helps to unpack identity. This added assurance is important for high- and categorize the different types of digital value and high-risk transactions, e.g., when sensitive functionalities and capabilities, which we hope will information or a larger payment is concerned. enable a more nuanced discussion about the current gaps and future directions. As transactions and services are moving online, the demand for solutions that enable people to verify their real-world identity without the need for in-person SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS interactions has increased exponentially. In response, many ID systems now provide digital identity This note provides a global snapshot of the digital credentials and services (such as mobile IDs, digital capabilities of foundational ID systems, and certificates, etc.) that enable automated and remote (where relevant) other systems providing official authentication for access to government services ID for online transactions. It provides global and and entitlements.12 In some cases, countries have economy-level data and insights on the availability of implemented official “digital identity” systems as digital record-keeping, digital identity verification part of existing foundational systems; in others, these and authentication services used in the context of systems have been built on top of or in parallel to in-person transactions, and government-recognized foundational systems. Concerns over centralized digital identity solutions that enable authentication in storage of data have also spurred new models for online contexts. It does not cover “non-official” forms providing and verifying official (and other) digital of online identity that are used primarily by private identities. This includes “federated” models for digital companies (e.g., logging-in with Google, Facebook, identification that involve multiple authorized public or Apple ID), nor does it cover various functional sector and private sector digital identity providers, ID systems provided by governments for specific as well as “decentralized” models such as verifiable purposes (e.g., voter IDs, social security numbers) digitally-enabled credentials (World Bank 2022b). that may also have digital data storage and/or issue credentials for in-person or online transactions. PURPOSE Though beyond the scope of this note, it is important to consider this data and analysis in conjunction with The primary goal of this note is to unpack the accessibility and trust features of identification and measure various dimensions of ID system ecosystems at the country and global level. On its digitalization on a global scale. Despite decades own, a system with more advanced digital capabilities of attention to the digitalization of ID systems, and or a country where such systems operate, does growing recognition of the importance of digital not always imply a better system from a development authentication for trusted online transactions, there perspective. While the digitalization of records and has been no commonly agreed upon definition of identity verification and authentication processes can “digital ID” or “digital identity.” Across or within support multiple development outcomes, it may also governments, development actors, academia, and create or exacerbate risks related to exclusion, data civil society, such terms have been used to describe protection, and sustainability. While such risks are systems at varying levels of digitalization, development, inherent in any system that manages personal and capacity, and to refer both to systems designed information, digitization can increase their scale and 12 For an illustration of the evolution of digital identity credentials, see World Bank 2018c (a case study on Mobile ID in Moldova). 2 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS frequency. Consequently, investments in an ID system’s For this reason, while this note helps to estimate digital capabilities should be accompanied by the the scale of global digitalization, and remaining deployment of appropriate legal, operational, and gaps, it should not be interpreted as implying that technical safeguards; where these are missing, greater any particular digitalized ID system is categorically digitalization may result in suboptimal outcomes.13 “better” than another less digitalized ID system. 13 For examples of relevant safeguards, see World Bank 2019a (specifically https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/assess-risks); Clark and Daly 2019. INTRODUCTION | 3 2 MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY UNPACKING “DIGITAL ID” civil registries and functional ID systems (such as those issuing passports, driver The evolution of ID ecosystems, and the licenses, and voter ID cards) to satisfy basic role that digital capabilities can play across identification needs. each, is illustrated by Figure  2. Initial efforts and investments typically focus For identity records to be easy to retrieve, query, on ensuring that everyone has legally- or quality control, storing information digitally recognized proof of who they are—which (i.e., in a database) is an important pre-condition. includes providing civil registration from Historically, civil registration and identity records were kept in paper registers or ledgers, oftentimes birth, as well as additional credentials with only one copy in the locality of registration. for adults. More than 175 countries have Such paper-based records present a number of established a national ID system, population challenges, including: high risks of loss or damage registry, or other foundational ID system (e.g., floods, fires, intentional destruction); difficulties for this purpose, which typically serves as verifying whether a record exists and the information the “authoritative source”14 of core identity it contains; difficulties in replacing a lost or damaged data. Other countries use a combination of credential;15 difficulties reliably matching the record 14 An authoritative source of identity information is a repository or system that contains attributes about an individual and is considered to be the primary or most reliable source for this information. In the case that two or more systems have mismatched or have conflicting data, the data within the authoritative data source is considered the most accurate. 15 For example, when records are stored in a physical ledger or file, verifying this record or retrieving a copy that would serve as a basis for a new credential would require someone to know the exact physical location of the ledger or file and typically for that person be physically present at that location. 4 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Figure 2.  Evolution of ID Ecosystems DIGITAL IDENTITY FOR ONLINE TRANSACTIONS Enabling people, businesses, and governments to complete trusted transactions online using o cially-recognized digital IDs ENHANCING FACE-TO-FACE SERVICE DELIVERY Leveraging secure identity verification to enhance the e ectiveness, e ciency, and accessibility of services UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE FOUNDATIONAL ID SYSTEMS ID systems, population registries, and civil registries that are inclusive of all and serve as authoritative sources of core identity data to a real-life person; difficulties keeping a trusted documents (often manually) and monitoring fraud. audit trail of when and by whom records were Thus, verification and authentication that rely on created, altered, or removed; and requiring a large manual processing often imply added cost and effort amount of physical space to store. Digital record for individuals, government, and the private sector. management and storage—when thoughtfully and Digital verification of identities or certain attributes responsibly designed and implemented—can address can reduce these costs and enhance the convenience many of these challenges and open the door for and speed for many transactions by providing higher more advanced digital capabilities. levels of assurance or trust. This has the potential to simplify services and transactions, making them faster Similarly, enabling digital identity verification and and easier (e.g., by reducing the number of physical authentication for in-person transactions can have documents to be presented) and decrease the cost of benefits for streamlining service delivery and onboarding for people, government, and businesses. reducing certain types of fraud. When people and service providers exclusively rely on physical A further milestone in the digital evolution is the credentials and manual verification processes, the ability to prove one’s official identity remotely, veracity of the documents and information presented in the context of online transactions. This is usually can be difficult to determine. As a result, people often enabled by two processes. The first is binding a person need to carry multiple documents or obtain recently to a (digital) credential after verifying their legal or issued or certified copies to prove their identity. official identity. The second is the availability of a Service providers must then spend more time and digital authentication mechanism, usually involving resources verifying these claims, cross-checking multiple authentication factors, that allows the person MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY | 5 to authenticate their identity securely and remotely each time they transact. Such forms of digital ID enable For easier readability, people to complete transactions over the Internet we use the following shorthand terms that require some form of government-recognized identification (e.g., applying for social assistance, for the three dimensions of digital registering a business, or opening a bank account). capability throughout this note: Completing these transactions from the comfort of home, without having to visit any office in-person or (1) “digital data”, provide physical documents, can generate significant (2) “digital verification” and savings for users and service providers, and make (3) “online digital identity”. new types of service delivery possible (e.g., for people with limited mobility, or living in remote areas). Importantly, official forms of digital identity for Measuring and distinguishing between these online services need not be provided through a categories is a challenging exercise, and we offer the single system or by a single—or public—entity. For instance, in countries like Canada, Denmark, Sweden, following clarifications and caveats: and Uruguay, high-assurance digital identity credentials and associated digital authentication services are • These dimensions do not necessarily imply provided by multiple government-certified entities, a required sequence. Having digital data is including ones in private sector. Digital verification typically a pre-requisite for digital verification or authentication services for in-person transactions and authentication services. However, having may also rely on multiple data sources and may not digital verification or authentication enabled be provided by the same entity responsible for the for in-person services is not necessarily a pre- foundational ID system. requisite for digital identity solutions for online services. To provide a snapshot of the digital capabilities of ID systems across countries, this note attempts • Multiple systems and architectures may be to categorize countries’ foundational and other represented in these measurements. Although government-recognized ID systems along these three the mechanisms to enable authentication for dimensions, specifically: in-person and online contexts can be similar, they serve very different functionalities/outcomes 1. Digital data: Records are stored in a digital format, in terms of service delivery. Furthermore, the rather than in paper records or ledgers. systems that provide digital authentication for online services (dimension 3) are increasingly 2. Digital verification and/or authentication for different from those providing traditional forms in-person transactions (“digital verification”): of identity credentials and authentication for Identities and/or identity information (e.g., name, in-person transactions (dimensions 1 and 2). date of birth, etc.) can be verified or authenticated using digital—rather than manual—means in the context of in-person transactions. • Additional data is needed to further parse “digital verification” for in-person transactions. While 3. Digital authentication for online transactions available data makes it possible to distinguish (“online digital identity”): Digital credentials systems that provide digital authentication in provide the ability to securely authenticate online contexts, more detailed information is identities remotely and to access online services required to reliably differentiate between countries and transactions. with only basic digital verification capabilities 6 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Figure 3.  Digital Capabilities Across Three Dimensions NO YES People must rely on in-person People can authenticate services and physical credentials. Access to online ONLINE themselves (i.e., prove who they are) remotely to access services — when & where DIGITAL services and transact over the available — relies on multiple, fragmented authentication IDENTITY Internet using a digital identity credential. mechanisms. Identity documents are Identities and/or identity inspected manually. The information (e.g., name, date of ‘verifier’ compares the photo and/or signature on the DIGITAL birth, etc.) can be verified or authenticated using digital— document with the person in VERIFICATION rather than manual—means in the front of them using their own context of in-person transactions. judgement. Records are stored in an Records are stored in electronic database, they are physical, paper ledgers or DIGITAL entered and accessed via a books. Entries are DATA digital device, e.g., a computer, hand-written or type-written. tablet, or mobile phone. vs. those that offer true digital authentication across 80 countries; and (iii) desk research relying for in-person transactions. It is hoped that with on official sources, such as government websites, improving data availability, more granular analysis press releases, reports from UN agencies, and other will become possible in the coming years. development partners. Data collection for this note ended in July 2022; DATA AND METHODOLOGY changes to ID systems and credentials that were enacted after July 2022 are thus outside the scope To determine a system’s digital capabilities along the of this analysis. Identity ecosystems and digital three dimensions described above, data collection capabilities are rapidly evolving, and this analysis relied on three sources: (i) data provided by ID therefore provides only a snapshot. Furthermore, authorities in response to questionnaires, as part of while we believe this is the most comprehensive set of the ID4D Global Dataset data collection (2021–2022) data measuring digital ID on a global scale, obtaining (ID Authority Questionnaire, or “IDAQ”); (ii) the accurate data for all countries can also be challenging 2021 World Development Report (WDR) Global as many countries do not make information on Data Regulation Survey (World Bank 2021), which digital capabilities public. We therefore welcome fielded a questionnaire to in-country legal experts submissions about updates and corrections.16 16 Please send relevant information to id4d@worldbank.org with the subject line “ID4D Global Dataset – Digital Indicators.” MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY | 7 Table 1. Summary of Data Sources by Indicator Indicators System(s) Evaluated Data Sources 1. Digital data Foundational: national ID system or similar (or for 22 countries IDAQ, desk research where no such system exists, civil registry) 2. Digital verification Foundational: national ID system or similar (or for 22 countries where IDAQ, desk research no such system exists, civil registry); for 28 out of 198 economies, there is no data available 3. Online digital identity Foundational and/or other government-recognized systems, IDAQ, World Development if applicable Report (WDR), desk research Note: “IDAQ” is the ID4D ID Authority Questionnaire. Indicator 1: Digital Data CRVS Systems n.d.). Information on the exact share of digitized records (and their quality) can be very Storing records in a digital format (i.e., in a database), difficult to obtain and is often not closely tracked rather than using an analog, paper-based system by ID agencies themselves; as a result, it was not (i.e., ledgers or books), is an important first step in possible to differentiate systematically between digitalization. The digital data indicator was coded countries on a global scale based on the proportion as “Yes” if the country’s established ID system uses of digitized records. Therefore, the digital data electronic storage for new records as of mid-2022. indicator is coded as a “Yes” for some countries For countries where the implementation of a where newly collected data is stored digitally, but digitalized system/database for identity records where some portion of older records may still be was in the pilot stage or otherwise not yet fully stored in paper ledgers or similar analog formats. operationalized as of mid-2022, the indicator was coded as “No.” Where ID and civil registration systems are separate, this indicator codes the ID Indicator 2: Digital Verification system only. Thus, for countries where ID records are stored in a digital format, but civil registration Digital identity verification and authentication records are still paper based (e.g., in Cameroon), the encompass the use of a wide range of electronic digital database indicator is coded as “Yes.” This is 17 processes and credentials to validate certain the same approach taken in previous versions of the identity attributes and to check whether a person ID4D Global Dataset that included a “digitized ID is who they say they are. Although authentication and system” indicator (for example, World Bank 2018d). verification are related and often used interchangeably, they can be distinguished by whether the process Many (but not all) countries that have transitioned involves checking the veracity of certain attributes to digital records are also in the process of digitizing (verification) or ensuring that a person is the “true” their past civil registration and ID records. For owner of an identity or credential (authentication). example, Namibia digitized 4.5 million birth records Traditionally, verification and authentication processes from the 1980s to 2012 to enable easier record retrieval have involved the visual inspection of credentials and identity verification (Centre of Excellence for (commonly ID cards) to determine that they are 17 For additional details on the status of digitization for civil registration systems globally, see, for instance: the Centre of Excellence for CRVS systems: https://crvssystems.ca/country-profiles; UNICEF: https://data.unicef.org/crvs/; UNESCAP/Get in the picture: https:// getinthepicture.org/countries. https://www.unicef.org/esa/reports/review-civil-registration-and-vital-statistics-innovations-eastern- and-southern-africa; UNESCAP/Get in the picture: https://getinthepicture.org/countries. 8 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS genuine and assess whether the person or their being able to verify that an ID number is associated physical signature resembles the photo or signature with a certain name and date of birth can help displayed on the credential. Digital verification and confirm that the identity exists, and that the identity authentication processes can use either: (i) information credential issued is a genuine one. However, the stored in a digital format locally, such as on a card or service provider stills need to manually assess token held by the individual; or (ii) information stored whether the person presenting the ID is its true and accessible in a digital format remotely, such as in owner, or an identity thief. Conversely, using digital a database. Common examples of digital verification authentication mechanisms (e.g., via a PIN + OTP involve scanning a barcode or chip or querying or biometric) provides higher assurance that the a database to obtain or verify identity data (e.g., person is who they claim to be in cases where this name or date of birth). Common examples of digital is required. authentication include providing a credential (such as an ID card or number) in combination with a PIN, one- Countries and systems also differ in terms of how time password (OTP), biometric (such as fingerprint, many and what type of service providers (for face, or iris), or other authentication factor(s) to example, public vs. private sector, specific sectors, ensure that this person is who they claim to be. 18 and so on) can digitally verify or authenticate their users. In some countries, such as Indonesia, Moldova, Given data limitations and the diversity of verification and Peru, more than 1,000 service providers have and authentication mechanisms and modalities, a access to digital verification or authentication services. broad-based approach was adopted for coding the In others, access and use is limited to a handful of “digital verification” indicator. Unfortunately, a lack providers. of publicly available data on the specifications and use of foundational ID systems makes it difficult to More information is needed to validate the extent capture the nuanced spectrum of digital verification to which digital verification or authentication and authentication capability. As a result, we have services are performing in line with needs and coded this indicator broadly as a “Yes” when there is expectations, and with sufficient oversight and at least one public and/or private service provider that safeguards in place. There is very limited data can use the ID system to verify and/or authenticate a available across countries that would allow us to person’s information or identity digitally. Therefore, measure how well and how consistently digital this indicator should be interpreted as a lower bound verification and authentication services are able to for the availability and use of digital identity for meet relying parties’ and peoples’ needs. There are in-person transactions within a country. also differences across systems with respect to the volume of data shared and the oversight or direct Among the systems that fulfil the basic criterion control people will have over the identity verification for this category, there is a wide variation in terms or authentication process. Although ID agencies in of the levels of automation and assurance that the some countries like India, Nigeria, and Peru provide digital verification and authentication mechanisms detailed documentation online about the identity offer. Some systems still require a considerable verification and authentication processes in use, amount of human input and/or discretion while for similar documentation is missing for a majority of others the process is fully automated. For example, countries. 18 For additional discussion on the types and reliability of digital verification and authentication mechanisms, see World Bank (2019a), specifically: https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/credentials-authentication); for specific details on the use of biometrics for authentication, see Dunstone (2020). MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY | 9 Indicator 3: Online Digital Identity proofing) process and the availability of robust subsequent authentication to ensure that the digital Enabling people to prove their identity in a secure identity is being presented by the same individual to and trusted manner remotely, in the context of whom it was issued.20 A more rigorous onboarding online transactions, is increasingly relevant for would typically involve the capture of an individual’s service delivery, public administration, and economic biographic and/or biometric data, checking the opportunities in the digital age. Having an “official” validity of the existing ID, and verifying that the (online) digital identity19—one that is government- individual claiming a digital identity is the same as recognized and able to provide a high level of the individual originally issued with the document. assurance that the person transacting is who they Systems where the binding between the real-life claim to be—is, of course, not necessary for all online user and the online-use digital identity credential was transactions. However, its role is critical for unlocking more limited, e.g., those that relied on self-declared convenient, online access to transactions that identity information or solely on a combination of require higher levels of trust, e.g., applying for social the ID number and an OTP sent to a phone number assistance, registering a business, applying for a loan, associated with that ID, were not counted in this etc. Credentials to underpin such an “official” digital category. identity and enable remote authentication can take many forms, including ID cards with a chip and mobile In terms of operationalization and use, a “Yes” coding IDs containing a cryptographically protected digital also required evidence that digital identity credentials certificate in a secure element, combined with the are not only being issued but are in active use at use of PINs, passwords, and biometrics to offer multi- least by some members of the general population factor authentication. Their purpose is to enable (e.g., not limited to staff within a given agency or people to securely access services and transact over Ministry) to access at least one service or transaction the Internet, the same way as they would in-person. online. Systems in a pilot phase as of mid-2022 were categorized as “No.” Finally, a “Yes” coding The “online digital identity” indicator considers also required that the digital identity credential three criteria. To be coded as a “Yes”, systems can be used (at least by design) by multiple providing online digital identity credentials and different platforms or services, as this is one of associated digital authentication solutions needed the primary requirements for catalyzing innovation to have: (i) strong “binding” between the digital in digital service delivery. For instance, if a country credentials and the real-life identity holder; (ii) the has a system that offers a digital identity credential operationalization and active use of the system; for e-filing taxes that can be used only on the tax and (iii) the ability of the credential to support remote authority’s website—even if the “binding” and digital authentication across multiple platforms or “use” criteria above are satisfied—it would not be services. categorized as offering an online digital identity. In terms of binding the digital identity to the real-life Beyond these three criteria, there is a lot of person, for a “Yes” coding, we looked for evidence variation in how (online) digital identities are of a rigorous initial onboarding (i.e., identity provided and used, but these dynamics are outside 19 The term “digital identity” has been used to convey a number of different meanings, and we note a multitude of uses and definitions even across recent ID4D and World Bank publications. The NIST Digital Identity Guidelines (SP 800-63-3) define digital identity as “the unique representation of a subject engaged in an online transaction”, while recognizing that “a single definition is widely debated internationally” (Grassi., Garcia and Fenton 2017). 20 Ideally, we would be able to measure the actual levels of identity and authentication assurance provided by the digital ID system, however that is not possible at scale due to a lack of comparable technical information across countries, with the exception of countries participating in digital ID federations with clear and public frameworks for evaluation (e.g., Europe’s eIDAS). Hopefully, better and more transparent data will be available in the future. 10 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS the scope of this note. As noted earlier, an “official” more details, see World Bank 2022b). In addition, digital identity for online transactions need not be systems and countries differ in terms of the types of provided through a single system or by a single, services that can be accessed using digital identities. public entity. More recently, models involving Some systems—such as those in Australia, Cyprus, multiple identity providers—including both public Georgia, Ireland, Japan, and Mongolia—limit use to and private sector entities—have emerged for the the public sector, while other are available both to provision of government-recognized online digital public and private sector service providers offering IDs. Such federated digital ID ecosystems have secure transactions and services online. For each been implemented at the national level in multiple country, we coded the primary system used for countries in Europe—for example, Norway, Denmark, online digital identity, whether this is a federation, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and Estonia— or a single provider that also issues foundational and in others such as Australia and Uruguay (for identity credentials. MEASURING DIGITAL ID CAPABILITY | 11 3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Looking at ID (eco)systems globally, a A summary of key results is provided in the sections picture of rapid and continuous digitization that follow. emerges. The use of digital storage for identity records is nearly ubiquitous, and DIGITAL DATA the number of countries with systems that allow for digital verification for in-person • In more than 90% of countries (186 out of 198) transactions is also growing rapidly. globally, ID systems now store data digitally. Increasingly, verification and authentication Of the 177 countries with a national ID system, 170 store identity records in a digital format and services provided by foundational ID out of the 21 countries without a national ID systems are becoming available for private system, 16 have civil registries where data is sector entities such as banks and mobile stored in an electronic format. This marks an network operators, to strengthen customer important first step in the durability, verifiability, onboarding. The development and use and portability of records. At the same time, there are large differences between countries of government-recognized online digital in the level of digital data collection (versus identity solutions—at times involving a mix re-typing data from paper application forms), of public sector and private sector identity how and whether this data is used digitally, providers—are becoming prevalent in high- and the degree of security and data protection income countries, with middle-income safeguards these systems provide. Although countries also increasingly following outside the scope of this paper, other sources and practical experience indicate that digitalization of suit. Unsurprisingly, in low- and lower- civil registration system data lags much further middle income countries where internet behind (APAI CRVS 2019, UNECA 2017). connectivity and availability of smart devices is more limited, investments in online digital • Conversely, in around 12 countries, identity identity solutions remain nascent. records are still stored primarily in physical, 12 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS paper files or books. This includes countries such without a national ID or similar system, 9 have as the DRC, Madagascar, and Niger and certain civil registration systems that offer such Pacific Islands including Palau and Samoa. This capabilities. This implies that a large majority means that approximately 375 million people of countries have recognized the importance globally live in countries where the primary of not only providing proof of legal identity to identity records remain paper-based and thus their population, but of providing the ability to difficult or impossible to verify or retrieve. more securely verify and authenticate identity When combined with the global estimates of when required for transactions. However, while 850 million people without an official proof of digital verification is available in almost all high- identity, these findings suggest that there are at income countries and most upper-middle income least 1.1 billion people in total who do not have countries, this capability does not exist in at least a digital record of their identity. 21 a third of low- and lower-income countries (and potentially up to half, considering countries with Trends point to a rapid decline in the number of missing data). countries and number of people relying on paper- based systems. Many countries that were primarily • Around 635 million people live in countries reliant on paper-based identity records as of mid- where identities cannot be verified or 2022—including Ethiopia and Madagascar—are in authenticated through digital means, and the process of introducing digitized ID systems. 270 million more live in countries where the Thus, the number of people relying on non-digitized availability of such services is unknown. For systems and records for identity management is these people—and many more in countries expected to decline rapidly in the coming years. where the accessibility and use of such services is uneven—the ability to securely verify a person’s legal identity is limited. Of the At least 1.1 billion people globally 170 countries with data on digital verification, do not have a digital record of there are 26 countries where identity records their identity. are stored in a digital database, but with no digital verification enabled. Together with the 12 countries with no or very limited digital records, DIGITAL VERIFICATION this indicates that the verifiability of identities is severely constrained in at least 38 countries, and • ID systems in at least 132 counties —around two- 22 potentially as many as 60 (if also considering thirds of the world—offer at least a basic type countries with missing data). Furthermore, by of digital identity verification or authentication combining the digital verification indicator with for in-person transactions. Of the 177 countries the estimated number of adults without an ID in with a national ID or similar foundational ID these countries, we find that at least 1.25 billion system, 123 offer some digital verification people likely do not have the means of securely capability (with 25 “unknowns”). Of the 21 countries verifying or authenticating their identity.23 21 This is calculated by adding the number of people without any ID to the (lower-bound) number of people who have an ID, but one that is issued based on non-electronic (i.e., paper-based) records. Specifically, the 850 million people without an ID globally are added to the 216 million (out of the 375 million total population) who have an ID and reside in the 12 countries without digital identity records. The true total is likely to be higher as some people in countries that have recently transitioned to digital record-keeping may still hold IDs that are solely underpinned by paper records. 22 Data on digital verification is available for 170 out 198 countries, with 28 unknowns. 23 If countries where the status of digital verification or authentication for in-person transactions is ‘unknown’ were added to this figure, it would be closer to 1.5 billion. RESULTS & DISCUSSION | 13 At least 1.25 billion people likely for digital identity solutions that enable secure do not have the means of securely yet fully remote transactions has expanded verifying or authenticating their significantly, with several digital identity systems identity. being introduced or increasingly relied upon during since 2020. • At the same time, even where digital verification capabilities are available, they may not be • Conversely, there are around 117 countries widely used to support effective service without a government-recognized system that delivery. Based on the broad categorization provides online digital identity. This means at of “digital verification” used for this note least 3.3 billion people globally—or 2.2 billion (see Section 2 above), a “Yes” coding does adults—live in countries with greater not necessarily mean that a system’s digital barriers to digital economy and digital verification or authentication feature is widely government, and without the added accessible to or used by service providers, convenience and opportunities of being nor that it is able to provide a high level of able to access services and transactions that assurance, nor that it is otherwise deployed require higher levels of identity assurance in a way that meets people’s needs or fully remotely, online. Of these 2.2 billion adults, 1.1 protects their data. Modes of digital verification billion are already Internet users,25 suggesting and authentication and good practices in a large untapped potential for the their deployment—e.g., measures to maximize introduction of digital identity solutions to functionality, convenience, data privacy, and facilitate the growth of secure online services. user control—continue to evolve, and continued investment and reform may be needed even in • Even In countries where systems to provide countries where such capabilities already exist online digital identity are available, their use to some degree. varies considerably. In Estonia, where digital ID and online authentication have been in use for two decades, 98  percent of the population ONLINE DIGITAL IDENTITY is believed to use their credentials regularly to access more than 5,000 services online • 81 countries have a digital identity (eco)system (Oyetunde 2022; Enterprise Estonia n.d.). that enables fully remote authentication for Launched in 2018, France’s “FranceConnect” online transactions. This includes 74 countries digital identity solution counted 40 million with a national ID system and 7 countries without users—about 70 percent of the adult population— one.24 Most countries with online digital identity and facilitated access to over 1,400 services solutions—51 out of the 81—are high-income online by 2022 (République française n.d.). countries and another 20 are upper-middle Singapore’s Singpass counts more than income countries. From a regional perspective, 4.5 million users, or about 97 percent of the adult online digital identity solutions are most prevalent population (World Bank 2022c). In Brazil, in Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, and East more than 150 million people have Asia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand registered with gov.br, including 45 million 24 In countries without foundational ID systems that provide authoritative sources of identity information, digital identity solutions may rely on a variety of identity documents and records for identity proofing and onboarding (e.g., birth certificates, passports, and driver’s licenses), assuming these are widely held and trusted. 25 Calculated based on the share of Internet users in the countries without a digital identity solution for online service access, using the latest (2021/2022) data from the World Development Indicators database (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS). 14 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS high-assurance 'gold' accounts that allow An estimated 3.3 billion people–or for secure access to the widest online 2.2 billion adults–do not have access services and transactions. In contrast, while to a government-recognized digital most German ID cards can facilitate remote identity and the number of those authentication for online service who have not effectively used one access, only 7  percent of the population is is even greater. using this function (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2021). RESULTS & DISCUSSION | 15 4 LIMITATIONS These results and analysis are subject to • A certain capability may exist from a design some limitations related to the completeness perspective, but not be used in practice. For instance, a system may issue an ID card with and accuracy of the data and the association a chip that could be used for in-person digital between digital system capabilities and authentication (e.g., via a PIN or biometric), development outcomes. These include: but in practice service providers may not have the necessary software or hardware to utilize • Data on digital system capabilities are not the information stored in the chip. In such always readily available or easy to validate. Few a case, the in-person digital authentication identity providers make detailed information about capability would not exist in a meaningful way. the digital capabilities of their system and/or Similarly, a smart card can technically be used to their use publicly available. As a result, this support digital authentication to access services note is only able to capture the broad strokes online, but in practice there may be no card readers of digital capabilities with potential relevance or online services available to take advantage for development outcomes. There are many of this technology. Despite our best efforts, other aspects of digitalized identity ecosystems discerning whether and how the availability of that matter for inclusion, trust, and the ability certain digital technologies translate into true to support service delivery across sectors. This digital capabilities can be difficult. As a result, includes their degree of interoperability with the digital capability categorizations for certain service providers, ease of use, data security countries may not be fully accurate. and privacy features, financial and operational sustainability, and more, each of which are difficult • ID systems and digital capabilities are rapidly to measure systematically across countries. Even evolving, and this note provides only a snapshot. among the three technical dimensions this note Digitalization is dynamic, with countries regularly seeks to capture, it can be difficult to obtain launching new systems and features. Thus, reliable and timely data. any attempt at measuring technical capabilities 16 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS (as in this note) is likely to become rapidly data sharing can also increase certain risks and outdated. In some cases, a reversal in digitalization harms relative to analog processing, such as may happen as well. For instance, certain data breaches due to cyberattacks, online fraud, systems or features may be discontinued with digital surveillance—although they may reduce insufficient use or (particularly in the case others (Clark and Daly 2019). Such risks need of vendor-dependent systems) certain system to be mitigated through appropriate legal and functionalities may be lost when a contract institutional frameworks, privacy-enhancing with a specific provider ends. ID4D intends to technologies, and appropriate information security periodically update this data to capture the measures. In addition, digitalization can also evolution of digital capabilities and, if possible, increase exclusion risks for certain individuals to provide data on additional aspects of and population groups. These risks should also digitalization. be actively addressed, including by working to ensure the accessibility of ID systems, engaging • Advances in digital ID capabilities do not the public in system design to foster a culture necessarily translate into improved services of trust and reduce information asymmetries, or livelihoods. While digitalization can unlock and implementing appropriate grievance redress many benefits for people, government, and mechanisms and other safeguards (World Bank businesses, digital identity management and 2019a).26 26 See specifically: https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/pillar-1-inclusion. LIMITATIONS | 17 5 CONCLUSION For ID systems to facilitate inclusive service Tracking this evolution at the country and global levels is important for assessing the ability of ID delivery and secure transactions across systems to serve development goals in a digital age, sectors, including as part of a country’s and whether digital safeguards are keeping pace digital public infrastructure, responsible with evolving risks. This note and data collection investments in and improvements of digital effort are one piece of the puzzle, and ID4D intends capabilities are critical. The use of digital to continue updating and improving this work technologies in foundational ID systems is over time. For example, additional research is needed to fully understand whether these verification and now almost ubiquitous and the availability authentication mechanisms can meet people’s and of digital verification and authentication for service providers’ needs in a manner that is people- in-person transactions has expanded rapidly centric, secure, and privacy-preserving. over the last decade. With an estimated Digitalization is not a panacea, but it is the new reality. 5.4 billion people using the internet Continued data collection and analysis about how (ITU 2023) and ever more services and ID systems integrate digital technologies, the digital transactions moving online, the number capabilities they enable, and their impact on people’s of countries with systems that offer access to services, economic opportunities, and online digital identity is also rising rapidly. rights will be important to guide decision-making and An important trend in this space is the investments. Strengthening countries’ own monitoring and evaluation capabilities and promoting a culture of emergence of decentralized or federated transparency and accountability is one important step models, with multiple identity providers towards this goal. It is only through unpacking and offering people greater choice and driving measuring “digital identity” that we can ensure that innovation. billions are not left behind. 18 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS REFERENCES APAI CRVS. 2019. Civil registration and vital statistics digitalization Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2021, October 26). PwC study: and innovation: a perspective from Eastern and Southern Germans want their ID card on their smartphone Africa. 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A Primer on Biometrics for ID Systems, World Bank. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/ Washington, DC: World Bank. https://id4d.worldbank. dataset/0040787/identification-for-development--id4d-- global-dataset org/id-biometrics-primer. World Bank. 2019a. ID4D Practitioner’s Guide. Identification Enterprise Estonia. (n.d.) Cyber security. Invest in Estonia. for Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank https://investinestonia.com/business-opportunities/ Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ cyber-security/#e-identity en/248371559325561562/ID4D-Practitioner-s-Guide. Grassi, P. A., Garcia, M. E., and Fenton, J. L. (2017) NIST Special World Bank. 2019b. Identity Authentication and Verification Publication 800-63-3: Digital Identity Guidelines. National Fees: Overview of Current Practices. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-3 en/945201555946417898/Identity-Authentication-and- ITU. (2023) Statistics. ITU. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ Verification-Fees-Overview-of-Current-Practices Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx World Bank. 2021. Global Data Regulation Diagnostic Survey Oyetunde, B. (2022). The making of a giant: Estonia and its Dataset 2021 [Dataset]. World Bank. https://microdata. worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3866/ digital identity infrastructure. e-Estonia. https://e-estonia. com/the-making-of-a-giant-estonia-and-its-digital- World Bank. 2022a. Principles on Identification for Sustainable identity-infrastructure/ Development. http://idprinciples.org REFERENCES | 19 World Bank. 2022b. Federated Ecosystems for Digital ID: World Bank. 2022c. National Digital Identity and Current Approaches and Lessons, Washington, DC: Government Data Sharing in Singapore: A Case World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ Study of Singpass and APEX. Washington, D.C: publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/ World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank. 099745012232218303/p17159208cf1d501a0a org/curated/en/099300010212228518/pdf/ f6f001e4852997fc P171592079b3e50d70a1630d5663205bf94.pdf 20 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS APPENDIX 1. COUNTRY DATA TABLE Table A1. ID System Digital Capabilities, by Economy Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Afghanistan Tazkira Yes No No — Albania National ID System/Electronic Identity Card Yes Yes No — Algeria National Population Register (RNP)/Biometric, Electronic National Yes Unknown No — Identity Card (CNIBE) Andorra Administrative Identification Number (NIA) Yes Yes Yes Electronic certificate: https://www. signaturaelectronica.ad/certificats- individuals Angola Civil and Criminal Identification Integrated Management Platform Yes No No — (PGIBI)/Integrated ID Antigua and Civil Registry (no national ID or similar) Yes Unknown No — Barbuda Argentina National Registry of Persons System/National Identity Document Yes Yes Yes SID—Digital Identification System: (DNI) https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/ renaper/sid-sistema-de-identidad-digital Armenia National ID System/ID Card Yes Yes Yes eID online authentication: https://www. ekeng.am/en/eid_auth Australia Civil Registry (no national ID or similar) Yes Yes Yes Trusted Digital Identity Framework (www.digitalidentity.gov.au), including MyGovID: https://www.mygovid.gov.au/ Austria Central Civil Status Register (ZPR) Yes Yes Yes The Citizen Card: https://www.bmdw. gv.at/Themen/Digitalisierung/Digitales- Oesterreich/Die-Buergerkarte.html Azerbaijan National ID System/ID Card Yes Yes Yes Asan Imza: https://asanimza.az/en/ Bahamas, The Civil Registry (no national ID or similar) Yes Yes Yes My Gateway SSO: https://services. mygateway.gov.bs/ APPENDIX 1 | 21 Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Bahrain Civil Registration System (CRS)/Bahrain ID Card Yes Yes Yes ekey SSO service: https://www.ekey.bh/ Bangladesh Voter Registration List/National Identity Card (NIC) Yes Yes No — Barbados National Identity Management System27/National Identification No No No — Card Belarus National Automated System/Passport Yes Unknown No — Belgium Population Registry/Belgian Electronic Identity Card (Eid) Yes Yes Yes eID (https://eid.belgium.be/); Itsme (https://www.itsme-id.com/) Belize Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes Unknown No — Benin Physical Persons National Register (RNPP)/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Bhutan Bhutan Civil Registration System/Citizenship Identity Card (CID) Yes Unknown Yes Bhutan Digital Identity Service: https:// sso.dit.gov.bt/ Ciudadania Digital: https://www.agetic.gob.bo/registro- Bolivia Unique Identification Registration System/National ID Yes Yes Yes en-ciu d d d igital/ a ania- Bosnia and MKR Register/Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Herzegovina Botswana National ID System/National Identity Card (Omang) Yes Yes No — Brazil Natural Persons Register (CPF) Yes Yes Yes Conta gov.br: https://www.gov. br/ governodigital/pt-br/conta-gov-br Brunei Darussalam Central Registry/Smart Identity Card Yes Yes Yes e-Darussalam account: https://www.gov. bn/SitePages/Digital%20Identity.aspx Bulgaria Unified System for Civil Registration and Administrative Services Yes Yes No — of the Population/Identity Card 22 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Burkina Faso National Identification System/Burkinabe National Identity Card Yes No No — (CNIB) Burundi National Identification Register/National Identity Card No No No — Cabo Verde National Civil Identification and Authentication System (SNIAC)/ Yes Yes Yes Electronic identity card: https://sniac.cv/mw/ National Identification Card (CNI) Cambodia Khmer National Identity Card Yes No No — Cameroon National Identity Card (CNI) Yes No No — Canada Civil Registry/Passport (no national ID) Yes Yes Yes Pan Canadian Trust Framework (federated digital ID): https://diacc.ca/ 27 Barbados passed a Bill establishing a National Identity Management System in February 2021 and launched a new ID card in mid-2022. As of end-2021, the system was not yet fully operationalized and thus the indicators for digital capabilities were coded as ‘No’ reflecting the capabilities of the previous identity system. Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Central African National ID System/National Identity Card (CNI) Yes No No — Republic Chad National Biometric Population Register (RNBP) & Integrated Yes Yes No — Population and Secured Titles Management System (SIGPTS)/ National Identity Card Chile National ID System/ID Card Yes Yes Yes ClaveÚnica: https://claveunica.gob.cl/ China National Citizen Identity Information Center (NCIIC)/Resident Yes Yes Yes National Government Service Platform Identity Card SSO: https://login.gjzwfw.gov.cn/tacs-uc/ naturalMan/register Colombia Civil Registry Information System (SIRC)/Citizenship Card Yes Yes Yes Cedula digital: https://wapp.registraduria. gov.co/identificacion/cedula-digital/#inicio Comoros National Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Congo, Dem. Rep. Civil Registry (no national ID) No No No — Congo, Rep. The National File/Biometric National Identity Card Yes No No — Costa Rica Civil Registry System/Citizenship Card Yes Yes No — Côte d’Ivoire National Register of Natural Persons (RNPP)/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Croatia National ID System/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes eID: https://www.eid.hr/; Certilia mobile app Cuba Unique National Identity System (SUIN)/Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Cyprus Population Registry/Identity Card Yes Unknown Yes CY Login: https://cge.cyprus.gov.cy/ cyloginregistration/register; Czech Republic National ID System/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes NIA ID: https://info.identitaobcana.cz/ups/ Denmark Civil Registration System (CPR)/Health Insurance Card (card, Yes Yes Yes NemID: https://www.nemid.nu/dk-da/ mobile app) Djibouti National Register of Natural Persons/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Dominica Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes Yes No — Dominican Republic Certificate Administration System/Identity and electoral card (CIE) Yes Yes No — Ecuador System for the Issuance of Identity Documents and Electronic Yes Yes No — Passports (SEDIP)/Unified Registration and Identification System (SURI)/Identity Card Egypt, Arab Rep. National Citizen Database/National ID Card Yes Yes No — El Salvador Systems of the National Registry of Natural Persons/Unique Yes Yes No — Identity Document (DUI) APPENDIX 1 | 23 Equatorial Guinea National ID System/National Identity Document (DNI) Yes Yes No — Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Eritrea National ID Card Yes Unknown No — Estonia e-Identity System Yes Yes Yes Digi-ID, Mobiil-ID: https://e-estonia.com/ solutions/e-identity Eswatini National Population Register/National ID Card Yes Yes No — Ethiopia Kebele ID System/Kebele ID Card No No No — Fiji Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes No No — Finland Finnish Population Information System/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Identity Card/Federated digital ID: https://www.suomi.fi/instructions-and- support/identification/ France Secure Electronic Titles File (Fichier TES)/National Identity Card (CNI) Yes Yes Yes France Connect: https://franceconnect. gouv.fr/ Gabon National ID System/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Gambia, The Gambian National ID Card Yes Unknown No — Georgia Civil Registry/Electronic ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card: https://my.gov.ge/ en-us/account/login Germany Personal Identity Document Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card: https://www. personalausweisportal.de/Webs/PA/ DE/buergerinnen-und-buerger/online- ausweisen/online-ausweisen-node.html Ghana National Identification System (NIS)/GhanaCard Yes Yes No — 24 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Greece Integrated Information System of National Population (OPSED)/ Yes No No — Identity Card Grenada Voter Registry/Voter ID Card Yes Unknown No — Guatemala Person Identification System/Personal Identification Document (DPI) Yes Yes No — Guinea National ID Card Yes No No — Guinea-Bissau Biometric Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Guyana National Register/Guyana Identification Card Yes No No — Haiti National Identification Register/Unique National Identity Card (CINU) Yes Unknown No — Honduras National Identification System (SIN)/National Identification Document Yes Yes No — Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong Identity Card (HKID) Yes Yes Yes iAM Smart: https://www.iamsmart.gov. China hk/en/ Hungary Register of citizens’ personal- and address data/Personal Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card & mobile app: https:// Identification Document eszemelyi.hu/ Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Iceland Population Register/ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card: https://island.is/en/ electronic-id; and IceKey: https://island. is/en/icekey India Aadhaar System/Number Yes Yes Yes MeriPehchaan SSO service (https:// meripehchaan.gov.in) Indonesia Population Administration Information System (SIAK)/Electronic Yes Yes No No Citizen Identity Card (e-KTP) Iran, Islamic Rep. Iranian ID System/National Identity Card Yes Unknown Yes Electronic ID card Iraq The Iraqi National ID Card (INID) System/Iraqi National Identity Yes Unknown No — Card (INID) Ireland Civil Registry/Personal Public Service (PPS) number (no national ID) Yes Yes Yes MyGovID: https://www.mygovid.ie/ Israel Israeli Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Government Identification System – various credentials (biometric ID card, Gov.ID app) Italy National Register of the Resident Population (ANPR)/Electronic Yes Yes Yes “Entra con CIE” authentication application; Identity Card (CIE) CieID mobile app Jamaica Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes Unknown No — Japan Social Security and Tax Number System (“My Number System”)/ Yes Yes Yes My Number: https://myna.go.jp/; Individual Number Card (“My Number Card”) My Number Card Jordan Smart Civil Status Card Yes Yes Yes Sanad app: https://sanad.jo/ Kazakhstan National Register of Identification Numbers/ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card (or login/password): https://egov.kz/cms/kk Kenya National Integrated Identity Management System (NIIMS)/ID Card Yes Yes No — Kiribati National lD Yes No No — Korea, Dem. Resident Register/Citizen Card/Pyongyang City Resident Card Yes Unknown No — People’s Rep. Korea, Rep. Resident Registration System (RRS)/ Yes Yes Yes National Public Key Infrastructure Resident Registration Card (RRC) Authentication Certificate; Internet PIN (I-PIN), and Mobile Network Operator (MNO) IDs Kosovo Civil Status Registration System (CSRS), ID and Passport System Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card (& other methods); (IPS)/ID Card see: https://www.rks-gov.net/Security Kuwait Kuwait ID System/Kuwait Civil ID Yes Yes Yes PACI mobile ID/ eID card: https://hawyti. paci.gov.kw/ Kyrgyz Republic Unified State Register of the Population of Kyrgyzstan/eID card Yes Yes Yes Electronic identity card: https://portal.srs. kg/ru/faq#eid_chto_neobhodimo APPENDIX 1 | 25 Lao PDR National ID Yes No No — Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Latvia Register of Natural Persons/Identity Card (eID) Yes Yes Yes eID card, mobile app, various identity providers: https://latvija.lv/en/ dzivessituacijas/tiesibu-aizsardziba/ elektroniskais-paraksts#show4 Lebanon National ID System/ID Card (bitaaqat al hawiya) Yes No No — Lesotho National Identity Register/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Liberia National Identification Registry (NIR)/National ID Card Yes No No — Libya Personal Card Yes Unknown No — Liechtenstein National ID System/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes “eID.li” mobile app https://www. serviceportal.li/de/privatpersonen/ ausweise-und-rechtliche-hinweise/ identitaetsausweise_/digitale-identitaet_ Lithuania Residents Register/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID Card: https://www.nsc.vrm. lt/default.htm Luxembourg National Registry of Natural Persons (RNPP)/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID Card; GouvID mobile app: https://guichet.public.lu/fr/myguichet.html Macao SAR, China Macao SAR Resident Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Macao Public Services One Account portal (https://www.publicservice.gov.mo/) Madagascar National identification system/National Identity Card (CIN) No No No — Malawi National Registration and Identification System (NRIS)/National Yes Yes No — Identity Card (NIC) 26 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Malaysia National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) Yes Yes No — Maldives Population Registry/National Identity Card Yes Yes Yes eFaas: https://efaas.egov.mv/ Mali Population Database of the Civil Status Administrative Census Yes Yes No — (RAVEC)/NINA Card Malta National Identity Management System (NIDMS)/E-ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card: https://eid.gov.mt/ auth/Account/Login Marshall Islands Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes No No — Mauritania National Population Registry (RNP)/Identification Card Yes Yes No — Mauritius Mauritius National Identity Scheme (MNIS)/Mauritius National ID Card Yes Yes Yes MauPass (https://maupass.govmu.org/ LandingPage) Mexico The Federal Registry of Voters/Voting Card Yes Yes No — Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes No No — Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Moldova State Register of Population (RSP)/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes M-Pass (https://mpass.gov.md/); M-eID mobile ID app Monaco National ID System/Monegasque Identity Card Yes Yes Yes mConnect mobile app & digital ID: https://mconnect.gouv.mc/en Mongolia Civil State Registration/Citizen Identity Card Yes Yes Yes E-Mongolia: https://e-mongolia.mn/home Montenegro Register of Montenegrin Citizens/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card Morocco National Digital Identity System/National Electronic Identity Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card/Mon identite Card (CNIE) numerique app Mozambique Identity Card (BI) Yes No No — Myanmar Citizen Scrutiny Card (Naing Ngan Thar Sisityay Card) No No No — Namibia Electronic National Population Registration System (eNPRS)/National Yes Yes No — Identification Card (NID) Nauru National ID Yes No No — Nepal National Identity Card System Yes Yes No — Netherlands Personal Records Database (BRP)/Dutch Identity Card Yes Yes Yes DigiD (https://www.digid.nl/) New Zealand Civil Registry/Driver Licence (no national ID) Yes Yes Yes RealMe (https://www.realme.govt.nz/) Nicaragua Identity Card Yes Yes No — Niger National ID System/National Identity Card No No No — Nigeria National Identity Management System (NIMS)/NIN slip, National Yes Yes No — Electronic Identity Card (e-ID card) North Macedonia National ID System/ ID Card Yes Yes Yes eID app: https://eid.com.mk/ Norway National Population Register/National ID Card Yes Yes Yes MinID, BankID, Buypass ID, Commfides, and BankID: https://www.norge.no/en/ electronic-id Oman Omani ID Card Yes Yes Yes Tam Pakistan National Identification System/National Identity Card (NIC) Yes Yes No — Palau Civil Registry (no national ID) No No No — Panama Identification System/Personal Identity Document Yes Yes Yes MiCedulaD: https://micedulad.com/ account/user-identity-verification Papua New Guinea National Identity Register System/National Identity Document (NID) Yes No No — APPENDIX 1 | 27 Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Paraguay Identity Card Yes Unknown Yes Identidad Electrónica https://www. paraguay.gov.py/identidad-electronica/ informacion; Peru Unique Registry of Identification of Natural Persons (RUIPN)/ Yes Yes Yes DNI electronico: https://dnielectronico.pe/ National Identity Document (DNI) Philippines Philippine Identification System (PhilSys)/Philippine Identification Yes Yes No — Card (PhilID) Poland Register of Identity Cards (RDO)/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card/Profil zaufany (PZ)/ “trusted profile” login credential: https:// www.gov.pl/web/gov/zaloz-profil-zaufany Portugal Civil ID System/Citizen Card (CC) Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card/mobile ID: https:// eportugal.gov.pt/entrar Autenticacao. gov: https://www.autenticacao.gov.pt/ Qatar Qatari ID Card (QID) Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card: https://hukoomi.gov. qa/en/ Romania National Register of Persons (RNEP)/Electronic Identity Card Yes Yes No — Russian Federation Automated System “Russian Passport”/Internal Passport Yes Yes No — Rwanda National Population Register (NPR)/National Identity Card (NID) Yes Yes No — Samoa Civil Registry (no national ID) No No No — San Marino National ID System/Identity Card Yes Yes No — 28 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS São Tomé and Civil Identification System/Identity Card (BI) Yes No No — Principe Saudi Arabia Automated Central System (ACS)/Saudi National ID Card Yes Yes Yes Absher platform: https://www.absher.sa/ portal/landing.html Senegal National Identification System/Biometric Identity Card (CEDEAO) Yes Yes No — Serbia National ID System/ Biometric ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID Card: https://eid.gov.rs Seychelles National Population Database (NPD)/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Sierra Leone National Civil Registration System (NCRS)/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Singapore National Register/National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) Yes Yes Yes SingPass digital ID: https://www.singpass. gov.sg/home/ui/login Slovak Republic REGOB/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card/mobile app: https:// www.slovensko.sk/en/start-now Slovenia Central Population Register (CRP)/Identity Card Yes Yes No — Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Solomon Islands Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes No No — Somalia Civil Registry (no national ID) No No No — South Africa National Population Register (NPR)/Smart ID Card, Green ID book Yes Yes No — South Sudan National ID System/National Identity Card Yes No No — Spain National Identity Document (DNI) Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card Sri Lanka National Persons Registry/National Identity Card (NIC) Yes Yes No — St. Kitts and Nevis National Registration System/National Identification Card Yes Unknown No — St. Lucia Voter Registration System/National Identification Card Yes Unknown No — St. Vincent and the Voter Registration/National Identification Card Yes Unknown No — Grenadines Sudan National Civil Register (NCR)/National ID Yes Yes No — Suriname Population Register/Identity Card Yes Yes No — Sweden Population Register/National Tax Board’s ID Card Yes Yes Yes Bank ID, Freja eID Switzerland Identity Card Yes Unknown Yes SwissID: https://www.swissid.ch/en/ Syrian Arab Republic Civil Registry/Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Taiwan, China Household Registration/National Identification Card Yes Yes No — Tajikistan ID/Passport Database/National ID Card Yes No No — Tanzania National ID Database/Identity Card Yes Yes No — Thailand Population Identification Number System/Thai Citizen Yes Yes No — Identification (CID) (“SmartCard”) Timor-Leste National Identity Card Yes No No — Togo DGDN Database/National Identity Card Yes Yes No — Tonga National Identity Card Yes No No — Trinidad and National Identification Card Yes Unknown Yes TTConnectID: https://www.ird.gov.tt/ Tobago etax/ttconnect Tunisia National ID System/National ID Card Yes Yes No — Türkiye Central Population Management System (MERNIS)/Republic of Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID Card, mobile ID, other Turkey Identity Card (TCKK) credentials: https://giris.turkiye.gov.tr/ Giris/gir Turkmenistan Database of passportization and registration of the population/ Yes Unknown No — National passport APPENDIX 1 | 29 Tuvalu Civil Registry (no national ID) No No No — Online Online Digital Identity System/ Digital Digital Digital Credential (may be part of, or separate Economy Foundational ID System/Credential Data Verification Identity from, the foundational ID system) Uganda National Identification Register/National ID Card Yes Yes No — Ukraine Unified State Demographic Register/Passport Yes Yes Yes Diia digital ID: https://diia.gov.ua/ United Arab Emirates ID System/UAE ID Card (“Emirates ID”) Yes Yes Yes UAE Pass app: https://selfcare.uaepass.ae Emirates United Kingdom Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes Yes No28 United States Civil Registry (no national ID) Yes Yes Yes Login.gov Uruguay Civic Identification/Identity Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card, Abitab mobile app, other credentials: https://mi.iduruguay. gub.uy/ Uzbekistan Unified Population Register/ID Card Yes Yes Yes Electronic ID card, One ID (https://id.gov. uz), other credentials Vanuatu Register VIZ Database/Vanuatu National ID Card (VNIC) Yes Yes No — Venezuela, RB National Identification System/Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Vietnam Citizenship ID Card Issuance and Management System (IDCIM)/ Yes Yes No — Citizen ID Card (CCCD) West Bank and Palestinian Population Registry/West Bank and Gaza Strip ID Yes Yes No — Gaza Yemen, Rep. Identity Card Yes Unknown No — Zambia National ID System No No No — Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Population Registration System (ZPRS) Yes Yes No — 30 | ID4D GLOBAL DATASET 2021: DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRESS & GAPS Notes Indicator definitions: Digital data: Records are stored in a digital format, rather than in paper records or ledgers. Digital verification: Identities and/or identity information (e.g., name, date of birth, etc.) can be verified or authenticated using digital—rather than manual—means in the context of in-person transactions. Online digital identity: Digital credentials provide the ability to securely authenticate identities remotely, to access online services and transactions 28 At the time of data collection, the UK’s GOV.UK Verify program, which had previously facilitated online digital authentication was being closed down. A new system, called GOV.UK One Login is currently in beta mode.