WPS7078 Policy Research Working Paper 7078 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations Laura Ralston Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group October 2014 Policy Research Working Paper 7078 Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive review of the opera- measurement on outcomes that are particularly relevant for tions that the World Bank has supported to create jobs fragile and conflict-affected situations, such as the develop- and promote employment in fragile and conflict-affected ment of social cohesion, reintegration of those involved or situations. A novel approach to identifying projects is affected by violence, impacts jobs have on the willingness presented that enables searching for projects based on to engage in violence or conflict, perceptions of govern- stated development objectives, regardless of the sector of ment accountability, and equitable access to these economic the project. Of a sample of 2,166 projects funded by the opportunities. Quantitative analysis of the portfolio indi- International Development Association, this resulted in cates that there are also systematic differences in the size and the identification of 98 projects that have specific job cre- resources associated with job creation projects in countries ation and employment generation development objectives. with fragile and conflict-affected situations relative to similar Among these projects, 51 percent of countries appearing projects in other International Development Association– on the list between 2004 and 2012 have implemented proj- borrowing countries. Given the mixed empirical evidence ects. Detailed textual analysis is carried out on the project on the relationship between jobs and conflict, this report descriptions and indicators to evaluate how well projects are calls for more methodological measurement of the impacts aligned to the context. The results suggest there is a lack of of these programs on stabilization outcomes in the future. This paper is a product of the Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at lralston@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Produced by the Research Support Team Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations Laura Ralston, FCV Group and SPL Practice 1 lralston@worldbank.org JEL Codes: O12, J20, J24 1 I thank Jenny Wu and Carlos Garay for excellent research assistance and Sudha Krishnan, Mirey Ovadiya, Nadia Piffaretti, Dena Reingold and Nigel Twose, for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 2 Executive Summary Creating jobs in post-conflict and fragile situations is an oft-stated goal in stabilization and recovery programs. Unemployment can be a source of grievances and a cause of social unrest, limiting the sustainability of peace. Providing gainful employment opportunities, on the other hand, is often seen as a way to disincentivize ex-combatants and potential insurgents. Jobs also have the potential to (re-)build social cohesion in fractured communities through enabling inclusivity and providing common economic objectives to individuals with different ethnic, political and social identities. Furthermore jobs are a catalyst for broader development goals, such as income growth, poverty reduction and improvements in living standards, which are often set back during periods of fragility and conflict. While there are clear motivations for creating jobs and developing employment opportunities in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), little is known about how these objectives are implemented in practice. This may in part be due to the cross-sectoral nature of many job creation projects, which can make their identification difficult. This report develops a novel approach to identifying job creation projects through developing a custom word search algorithm that scans the electronic text of project development objectives for the last thirteen years to identify projects with clearly stated job creation, employment generation and skill development objectives. Of a sample of 2,166 IDA-funded projects, 98 projects have been identified. Among these projects, 51% of countries on the FCS list since 2005 have implemented projects, with Afghanistan making up 17% of the sample. Sector boards commonly leading management of projects in FCS countries include: Social Development (22.0%), Education (17.1%), Financial and Private Sector Development (12.2%). Further analysis on the project development objectives reveals that there are several approaches to job creation. One approach targets short-term employment creation through infrastructure and reconstruction projects that can also function as social safety net programs. These projects include agricultural infrastructure development, targeting rural and more marginalized communities, as well as programs with more nationwide poverty reduction and social protection goals. Another approach focuses on the development of the private sector through increasing access to credit to small enterprises, using value chain development to increase benefits to providers of labor, and encouraging foreign direct investment. A third approach focuses on human capital or vocational skill development, and in some cases job placement. While appealing to the opportunity-cost of labor argument, that increasing the skill level and employability of young men will deter them from engaging in conflict, few have specific reintegration objectives or attempt to evaluate this outcome. With regards to generic project characteristics, there are some systematic differences between projects carried out in FCS countries, relative to other IDA-only borrowing countries. For example, projects in non-FCS countries tend to have longer preparation times, and planned and effective lengths, than job creation projects in FCS countries. Net commitment and lending costs are also much greater in non-FCS countries, while supervision costs are slightly larger for Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 3 projects in FCS countries. In terms of project performance, there is no difference in reported progress from the implementation status reports, with both countries reporting about 90% of projects being at least moderately satisfactory. With the small sample of 41 for which IEG ratings are available, there is divergence in outcome performance at project closure with 83% of projects in non-FCS countries (n=23) rated moderately satisfactory or above vs. 65% in FCS countries (n=18). However, measurement of the impact of job creation on specific stabilization and development goals in FCS countries is often lacking in the project descriptions and their indicators, making it difficult to fully assess their success in this regard. For example, across all categories of job creation projects there is an absence of indicators measuring the impacts employment generation has on social cohesion or individuals’ beliefs regarding government accountability and capability. There are sectors where specific indicators could be helpful in ensuring that projects do not exacerbate underlying tensions given the FCS context. For example, economic policy and FPD projects could benefit from indicators that ensure economic growth is inclusive and that the risk of appropriation by elite groups is being taken into consideration. To evaluate the total impact of projects, indicators tracking the presence of longer-term outcomes, such as shifts in livelihoods or educational attainment of children, would be beneficial. Last, while vocational skill development projects attempt to measure employment outcomes for program recipients, there are no direct attempts to measure the impacts on program recipients’ willingness to engage in violence or conflict. Thus, whether these programs truly shift labor from combat and into production has not yet been assessed. Recent research has called into question the impact employment has on conflict and stabilization. Micro-level data in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Philippines has been used to show that there is a robust negative correlation between unemployment and violence (Berman). In Liberia, intensive reintegration employment programs for at risk youth were only successful at reducing the amount of time spent on illicit activities but not fully stopping engagement in these activities (Blattman). Given these findings, it is clear that much more needs to be understood about how job creation programs support stabilization and recovery outcomes in practice. Increasing the methodological measurement of project impacts on these outcomes would be an important first step to developing a better understanding of how, where and when aid spending in these contexts can be used most effectively. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 4 Contents ........................................................................................ 1 Abstract ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Executive Summary ....................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................... 6 Methods ....................................................................... 10 Sample Generation ....................................................... 10 Figure 1: Sampling Generation ..................................... 11 Scope of Analysis .......................................................... 11 Table 1: Categorization of IDA-only borrowing countries12 General Characteristics of Job Creation Projects........ 13 Temporal Evolution of Projects .................................... 13 Table 2.1 Percentage of Active Projects ....................... 13 Figure 2.1 Temporal Evolution of Job Creation Projects14 Figure 2.2 Temporal Evolution of All Projects............... 14 Distribution of Projects by Country .............................. 15 Table 2.2 Job Creation Projects IDA-only Country Coverage 15 Table 2.3 Number of Job Creation Projects in IDA-only Countries 15 Figure 2.3 Distribution of Job Creation Projects by FCS categories 16 Distribution of Projects by Sector Board ...................... 16 Table 2.4 Distribution of Projects by Sector Board ....... 17 Categorization of Projects by Development Objectives17 Table 2.5 Job Projects Categories ................................. 18 Table 2.6 Number of Projects by Category and FCS Status 19 Job Creation Projects Evaluated by Category ............. 24 Project Length .............................................................. 24 Figure 3.1 Timeline of a typical Project ........................ 24 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 5 Table 3.1 Project Length Average Statistics ................. 25 Table 3.2 Project Length Median Statistics .................. 25 Table 3.3 Project Length Standard Deviation Statistics 26 Project Size, Preparation and Supervision Costs .......... 26 Table 3.4 Project Cost and Size Statistics ..................... 27 Other World Bank Group Resource Inputs................... 27 3.5 Project Per Year Mission Days Statistics ................. 28 Table 3.6 Project TTL Statistics ..................................... 29 Project Performance and Outcome Ratings ................. 30 Table 3.7 Descriptions of Rating Measures .................. 31 Table 3.8 Job Projects Performance Ratings ................ 31 Table 3.9 Availability of Rating Data ............................ 31 Conclusions .................................................................. 33 Bibliography ................................................................. 36 Appendix ...................................................................... 37 Table A1 Number of Job Creation Projects in each IDA-only Country 37 Table A2. Job Creation Projects and Categorization .... 38 Table A3 Summary of PDO text and indicators for FCS projects 0 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 6 Introduction In 2011 the World Development Report on fragility, conflict and violence argued that a lack of employment opportunities to people living in conflict-affected situations presents a threat to post-conflict recovery and stability (World Bank Group). Creating jobs for citizens, alongside providing security and justice, was emphasized as the appropriate development goal given the fragile context. An emphasis on jobs in fragile situations has several theoretical underpinnings. First, in the immediate aftermath of a conflict episode there is an expectation by civilians that peace will bring improved livelihoods and reduce poverty. Without delivery of stronger economic opportunities to citizens, there is concern that peace will not be sustained. Second, by creating jobs and reintegrating for ex-combatants there is hope that this will deter them from engaging in conflict, again promoting the chances of a lasting peace. Third, jobs are seen as a way to promote social inclusion and develop social cohesion in a once fractured environment. Such development of social capital can go on to have important long-term consequences on the ability of a country to achieve a resilient economic growth path and resolve future threats to peace. Fourth, following prolonged periods of fragility countries are often behind their potential economic growth trajectory. Increasing the number of economic opportunities for citizens is important for restarting growth, reducing poverty and raising living standards. How does theory relate to practice? Has the World Bank implemented job creation projects that align with the objectives outlined above? Developing a comprehensive understanding of the operations that the World Bank has supported with regards to creating jobs and promoting employment in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) is a critical first step in learning how to best design operations in the future. This will enable learning about how jobs have been created in the past and which approaches have been more or less successful. Reviewing these operations will also identify gaps in our experience, for example, where theoretical motivations for job creation have not been tested in practice and where there is need for more evidence- based knowledge generation. Last, simply taking stock of job creation and employment generation projects is an important task. With recent World Development Reports pointing to both the importance of jobs for development outcomes globally, as well as specifically in FCS countries, there is a need for a firm understanding of what has been done in previous operations and the parameters of these operations. In particular, where job creation projects have been implemented, through which sector boards and themes, the size of projects and whether there are systematic differences for these projects in FCS countries. This report contributes to these goals by first providing a novel approach to identifying projects that have job creation and employment generation objectives. These projects are identified through developing a custom word search algorithm. This algorithm searches the stated development objectives for all projects occurring in IDA-borrowing countries since fiscal year 2000 selecting projects that use the terms “job OR employment”, “skill AND development”, “(education OR training) AND labor” and “labor market” in their development objective. This enabled searching over 2,166 projects and resulted in a sample of 98 projects, for which further analysis has been carried out. To my knowledge, this is a new method to identify projects from Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 7 the World Bank projects database that demonstrates a transparent approach to searching for projects through their stated development objectives. The paper then discusses in detail the recent trends in job creation projects in FCS countries, taking stock of where projects have occurred, the evolution of projects between 2000 and 2013, the sector boards most commonly overseeing the projects and reviewing the types of projects implemented based on their stated objectives and the indicators used for monitoring. Attention is given to how projects align with job creation and employment generation objectives that are specific to the FCS context, such as the development of social cohesion, reintegration of those involved or affected by violence, building resilience in communities, and catalyzing economic growth through reconstruction and re-investment. The last part of the analysis contributes a more detailed discussion of the design of these projects, taking into consideration the size, length and resources devoted to preparation and design. In this part of the analysis a comparison is made between projects carried out in non-FCS but IDA-borrowing countries to those in FCS countries to provide a benchmark to the discussion and to address the question of whether different resources or approaches are adopted in FCS countries. To aid this analysis, data on project performance from the self-reported implementation status reports is used, as well as the Independent Evaluation Group’s (IEG) ratings of the project at its completion. The results of this analysis find that while there has been an increase in the number of projects in FCS countries with job creation and employment generation objectives since 2000, still only 51% of FCS countries have implemented a project with these specific objectives. Of the projects implemented there has been a large concentration in Afghanistan where 17% have occurred. Sector boards commonly leading management of projects in FCS countries include: Social Development (22.0%), Education (17.1%), Financial and Private Sector Development (12.2%), Urban Development (9.8%), Transport, Agriculture and Rural Development and Social Protection (each 7.3%). Labor intensive public works programs are common in both FCS and non-FCS projects, and have been implemented as both infrastructure and reconstruction projects as well as more general social safety net programs. Both types of projects reference the targeting of disadvantaged groups with employment opportunities, and the former often focus particularly on those living in poor, rural areas, while the latter can have national poverty reduction and social protection objectives. One cluster of projects has a broad set of objectives and focusing on job creation through multiple macroeconomic, private sector development and financial sector development channels. Enterprise development projects, such as access to finance initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and increasing productivity in specific sectors or value chain development, our common in both FCS and non-FCS countries, as is the encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI). Economic and institutional policy development tends to be more advanced in non-FCS countries, including objectives such as reforming state owned enterprises, Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 8 adopting ICT in the public sector to increase government accountability and adjusting trade and tariff regimes. Projects focusing on job creation through improving the quality of education and increasing access to vocational skills programs are common in FCS countries and many have occurred in recent years. Among the 8 projects of this cluster in FCS countries, one (in South Sudan) specifically references skill development for demobilized soldiers and IDPs, while another in Cote D’Ivoire specifically targets youth. However, many do not have specific reintegration objectives, or other FCS-specific job creation goals. Across all categories of job creation projects there is an absence of indicators measuring the impacts employment generation has on social cohesion, one of the stated goals in the recent World Development Report on Jobs (World Bank Group). Economic policy and FPD projects in FCS countries could benefit from developing designs that ensure economic growth will be inclusive and that the risk of appropriation by elite groups is being taken into consideration. Indicators tracking the presence of long-term transformational impacts of social support programs, such as shifts in livelihoods or educational attainment of children, would help to better estimate their overall effectiveness. Last, while vocational skill development projects attempt to measure employment outcomes for program recipients, there are no direct attempts to measure the impacts on program recipients’ willingness to engage in violence or conflict. Thus, whether these programs truly shift labor from combat and into production has not yet been assessed. With regards to generic project characteristics, there are some systematic differences between projects carried out in FCS countries, relative to other IDA-only borrowing countries. For example, projects in non-FCS countries tend to have longer preparation times, and planned and effective lengths, than job creation projects in FCS countries. However, comparing effective length to planned length shows that projects in FCS countries deviate from their planned length more than projects in non-FCS countries. Lending costs are much greater in absolute terms in non-FCS countries, although the average net commitment of projects in these countries is much greater too with this difference being most pronounced for social protection programs. Supervision costs are slightly larger for projects in FCS countries, although the number of mission days does not vary considerably between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries. During implementation, performance reported through the ISR ratings does not differ between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries, with both countries reporting about 90% of projects being at least moderately satisfactory. However, when attention is paid to the IEG ratings there is divergence with 83% of projects in non-FCS countries rated moderately satisfactory or above vs. 65% in FCS countries. The remainder of this report covers an overview of the sampling approach and the scope of the analysis in the second section; a description of the general characteristics of job creation projects, as well as a categorization of projects, in the third section; a description of category- Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 9 specific and FCS-specific characteristics and performance indicators in the fourth section, and a summary of lessons drawn from this exercise in the fifth section. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 10 Methods Sample Generation A data extraction of all the text describing project development objectives (PDOs) for all projects with electronic data available was obtained. This extraction of text data was available for 2,166 projects since FY2000 that have occurred in countries borrowing only from IDA. Next a search algorithm, created in python, was used to search for the PDO text job creation projects. This script implemented whoosh searching to search the PDO text. Whoosh searching allows for the search of single words and phrases, and several words or phrases can be searched for simultaneously through the use of Boolean operators such as AND or OR2. The raw PDO text is first processed to correct spelling and formatting mistakes and then searched by the whoosh search algorithm using a root word dictionary. After this two-step process, the impacts of spelling mistakes and word transformation in the PDO text on search results are mitigated3. To search for job creation projects, the search terms, “job OR employment”, “skill AND development”, “(education OR training) AND labor” and “labor market” were used. Over 100 distinct projects were found in IDA-only borrowing countries. After a further, manual check on the PDO text, 98 projects were identified as projects that had clear job creation and employment generation objectives. This equates to 4.6% of the total sample of projects that had PDO text data and have occurred since FY2000 in countries borrowing only from IDA. For the remainder of this paper the term job creation projects are used to denote this sample of 98 projects. In addition, to the information obtained through the PDO text data, information on other project characteristics was extracted from a variety of data sources, such as Business Warehouse, Business Intelligence, Human Resource Analytics and obtained directly from ITSOP. For example, information regarding the sector board managing the project, the size of the project by its net commitment, the length of the project, the length of time spent preparing the project, the costs of preparing and supervising the project, the identity and location of the task team leader (TTL) in each year of the project and information regarding the performance of the project through ISR, ICR and IEG ratings. PDO indicator data were also obtained where they were available. 2 Documentation for whoosh search term syntax is available at: https://pythonhosted.org/Whoosh/querylang.html. 3 Example PDO text: “the project development objective is to provide the public training system with improved mechanisms for responsiveness toemployment needs, and to enhance the capacity and effectiveness of the skills development fund in articulating and financing thetraining needs of enterprises.” This project will be sorted out using search term ‘employ’ because ‘toemployment’ is corrected as ‘to employment’ and ‘employment’ has the same root as ‘employ’. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 11 Figure 1: Sampling Generation “job OR employment” + ”skill 2,166 Project AND development” 98 projects (4.6%) Development + “(education OR identified Objectives (PDOs) training) AND labor” + “labor market” Scope of Analysis This analysis focuses on IDA eligible countries and job creation projects that closed after 2000. To understand how World Bank Group projects in FCS countries are unique or different, a comparison is made to projects that occur in non-FCS countries that borrow only from IDA, following a similar approach to the recent IEG report on the WBG support to FCS countries (IEG). The IEG report classifies IDA-only borrowing countries into three categories: “Never FCS”, “Partial FCS” and “Always FCS”. For this analysis “FCS” refers to projects occurring in “Partial FCS” and “Always FCS”, while “non-FCS” refers to projects occurring in “Never FCS” countries. Table 14 details these countries, while Table A1, A2 and A3 in the appendix record details of each job creation project identified through the search process. 4 Source: Annual World Bank FCS lists. Note: The categorization is derived from the FCS lists for FY06–13. Partial FCS countries are those classified as FCS in at least two years during this period. Myanmar was left off the list of Always FCS as it received no IDA financing during FY01-12. South Sudan is not covered in IEG report because it declared its independence from Sudan in 2011. In this analysis report, South Sudan is considered as ‘Always FCS’. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 12 Table 1: Categorization of IDA-only borrowing countries Always FCS Partial FCS Never FCS Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Cambodia Bangladesh Mauritania Angola Haiti Cameroon Benin Micronesia, Fed. States Burundi Kosovo Djibouti Bhutan Moldova Central African Liberia Gambia, The Burkina Faso Mongolia Republic Chad Sierra Leone Kiribati Ethiopia Mozambique Comoros Solomon Islands Lao PDR Ghana Nicaragua Congo, Dem. Rep. Somalia Nepal Guyana Niger Congo, Rep. South Sudan São Tomé and Honduras Rwanda Principe Côte d'Ivoire Sudan Tajikistan Kenya Samoa Eritrea Timor-Leste Tonga Kyrgyz Republic Senegal Guinea Togo Vanuatu Lesotho Sri Lanka Yemen, Rep. Madagascar Tanzania Malawi Tuvalu Maldives Uganda Mali Zambia Marshall Islands Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 13 General Characteristics of Job Creation Projects This section provides a description of the temporal evolution of job creation projects since fiscal year 2000, the distribution of projects across countries and sector boards, and provides a categorization based on the projects’ development objectives. Temporal Evolution of Projects Two metrics are used to evaluate the temporal evolution of projects: (1) Percentage of Active Projects: Active Percentage = Number of Active Projects5 / Number of Projects (2) Number of active project in each fiscal year between 2001 and 2013. From Table 2.1, a significantly higher percentage of active job creation projects occur in Always FCS countries than in either Partial or non-FCS countries. This characteristic is not observed in the dataset of all projects.6 It indicates an increasing trend of job creation projects in the countries that are most affected by fragility and conflict. Figure 2.1 and 2.2 show the time series of the number of active projects in countries within the different FCS categories. Figure 2.2 shows that the number of active job creation projects increased for the half-decade starting from 2001, but dropped during the years of financial crisis and then became stable until 2013. The increasing number of job creation projects in the first half-decade was fueled by a rapid growth in always FCS countries, and in recent years job creation projects have recovered to their pre-crisis levels in FCS countries. Compared to Figure 2.2, the incidence of job creation projects appear more sensitive to economic conditions than other projects, as the portfolio size in IDA countries did not decrease in number of active projects between 2006 and 2010 as it did for job creation projects. Table 2.1 Percentage of Active Projects All Projects Job Creation Projects Number of Active Active Number of Active Active projects Percentage projects Percentage Non-FCS 1528 452 30% 57 19 33% FCS 1122 366 33% 41 16 39% Always FCS 709 221 31% 26 11 42% Partial FCS 413 145 35% 15 5 33% Total 2650 818 31% 98 35 36% 5 Active projects refer to projects that are still ongoing when data was retrieved in 2014 Q2. 6 The sample of all projects includes an additional 484 projects for which PDO text data was not available but information on when and where the project occurred was available. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 14 Figure 2.1 Temporal Evolution of Job Creation Projects Number of Active Job Creation Projects Over Time I Number of active projects 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Never FCS 15 17 18 20 33 27 22 20 22 26 28 29 27 Partial FCS 4 4 3 1 3 3 4 4 3 5 7 7 7 Always FCS 2 4 6 7 10 12 9 9 9 11 13 12 13 Number of Active Job Creation Projects Evolve Over Time II Number of active 100% projects 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Figure 2.2 Temporal Evolution of All Projects Number of All Projects Evolve Over Time I 1500 Number of active projects 1000 500 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Never FCS 439 434 440 458 581 587 603 631 652 681 710 704 630 Partial FCS 96 100 107 114 140 141 153 166 175 209 215 218 193 Always FCS 115 124 132 136 183 217 265 315 368 374 383 350 297 Number of All Projects Evolve Over Time II 100% Number of active projects 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 15 Distribution of Projects by Country Job creation projects took place in 40 different countries (see appendix Table A1 for a list of projects per country). Notably, they cover a much higher percentage of non-FCS countries than FCS countries. Table 2.2 shows that only about half of the FCS countries have job creation projects, while 71% of the non-FCS countries have job creation projects. Among the Always FCS countries, Afghanistan (7 projects), Burundi (3), Comoros (3), South Sudan (3) and Timor-Leste (3) have the largest number of job creation projects, while Djibouti (4), Tajikistan (4) and Yemen (3) have the largest number among the Partial FCS countries. For number of projects, it is observed that there are 50% more job creation projects per country in non-FCS than in FCS countries. This is partly due to the fact that job creation projects are performed in 22% more countries in non-FCS category than FCS. Another reason is that there are, on average, 14% more projects in each country with job creation projects for non-FCS than FCS countries. This is shown in Table 2.3. The distribution of projects by FCS status for job creation projects is in line with the distribution for all projects (using the sample of 2650 projects for which any project data is available). About 42% projects are performed in FCS countries for both all projects and job creation projects only. This is shown in Figure 2.3. Table 2.2 Job Creation Projects IDA-only Country Coverage Number of Countries Number of Countries Percentage of countries with Job Creation with no Job Creation with Job Creation Projects Projects Projects Non-FCS 22 9 71% FCS 18 16 53% Always FCS 12 10 55% Partial FCS 6 6 50% Total 40 25 63% Table 2.3 Number of Job Creation Projects in IDA-only Countries Number of Number Average Number of Average Number Job of Number of Countries with of Projects Per Creation Countries Projects Per Job Projects Country with Job Projects Country Projects Non-FCS 57 31 1.84 22 2.59 FCS 41 34 1.21 18 2.28 Always FCS 26 22 1.18 12 2.17 Partial FCS 15 12 1.25 6 2.50 Total 98 65 1.51 40 2.45 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 16 Figure 2.3 Distribution of Job Creation Projects by FCS categories Distribution of projects by FCS categories 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Never FCS 50% Partial FCS 40% 30% Always FCS 20% 10% 0% job creation projects all projects Distribution of Projects by Sector Board A project may be associated to multiple sectors, but one sector will be in charge of managing project. Managing sector board in most cases reflects the primary focus of the project. By analyzing the distribution of projects by sector board, a general picture of the project topics is formed. The distribution of projects by sector board is shown in Table 2.4. In the sample of all IDA projects, they are 23 different sector boards. In contrast, job creation projects are focused on a smaller number of topics, and they are managed under 15 different sector boards. Of the operational sector boards, sector boards without any projects with job creation objectives include: energy and mining, environment, health, nutrition and population, and investment climate practice. Among the projects in non-FCS countries, sector boards leading management of job creation projects include: Financial and Private Sector Development (15.8%), Transport (12.3%), Agriculture and Rural Development (12.3%), Education (12.3%), Economic Policy (10.5%) and Social Protection (10.5%). Among the projects in FCS countries, sector boards leading management of projects include: Social Development (22.0%), Education (17.1%), Financial and Private Sector Development (12.2%), Urban Development (9.8%), Transport, Agriculture and Rural Development and Social Protection (each 7.3%). While there is overlap in the sector boards contributing job creation projects, human and social development orientated projects appear more representative of job creation projects in FCS countries, and private sector or infrastructure orientated appear more representative of projects in non-FCS countries. Of all projects, it is observed that there is higher percentage of projects managed under Social Development and Social Protection in FCS countries than non-FCS countries, while non-FCS countries have larger proportion of projects managed under Environment, Financial and Private Sector Development, Urban Development and Water. Thus, the finding that job creation projects are more focused on human and social development in FCS countries is in line with the general focus of projects in FCS countries, as is the finding that job creation projects are more focused on private sector development in non-FCS countries. However, it is interesting that Agriculture and Rural Development, Economic Policy, and Transport do not contribute more job Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 17 creation projects in FCS countries given their objectives to do so in non-FCS countries, and that they have a large number of projects in FCS countries. Table 2.4 Distribution of Projects by Sector Board All Projects Job Creation Projects Sector Board Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Agriculture and Rural Dev. 15.2% 14.3% 12.3% 7.3% Competitive Industries Practice 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 2.4% Economic Policy 7.6% 9.4% 10.5% 2.4% Education 8.9% 9.4% 12.3% 17.1% Energy and Mining 10.3% 9.4% 0.0% 0.0% Environment 6.7% 3.7% 0.0% 0.0% Financial and Private Sector Dev. 8.0% 5.1% 15.8% 12.2% Financial Inclusion Practice 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 2.4% Financial Management 0.3% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% Financial Systems Practice 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% Gender and Development 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 2.4% Global ICT 1.2% 0.8% 5.3% 0.0% Health, Nutrition and Population 7.6% 8.8% 0.0% 0.0% Investment Climate Practice 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Operational Services 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% Poverty Reduction 3.7% 2.0% 3.5% 0.0% Procurement 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Public Sector Governance 6.3% 7.0% 1.8% 4.9% Social Development 1.9% 4.9% 7.0% 22.0% Social Protection 5.4% 7.8% 10.5% 7.3% Transport 6.3% 6.1% 12.3% 7.3% Urban Development 5.2% 4.9% 8.8% 9.8% Water 5.0% 3.2% 0.0% 2.4% Categorization of Projects by Development Objectives In order to develop a more detailed understanding of the types of projects that have been implemented with job creation and employment generation objectives, the sample of 98 projects has been categorized. This categorization was developed through analyzing the PDO text and considering the mapping of projects to sector boards. The projects are grouped into five categories: 1 – agriculture and rural development projects, 2 – infrastructure and reconstruction projects (mainly led by the transport and urban Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 18 development sector boards), 3 – economic policy and financial and private sector development projects, 4 – education and vocational skills projects, and 5 – general job creation projects (mainly led by the social development and social protection sector boards). Table 2.5 summarizes these five categories, as well as reporting on the number of FCS projects, the number of active projects and the number of projects with indicator data per category. Table 2.5 Job Projects Categories Category Name # of Active/ FCS/ Projects Description Projects Closed Non-FCS with Key (Active %) (FCS %) Indicators 1 Agriculture and 9 1/8 2/7 2 Focus on agriculture Rural development with targets to Development (11%) (22%) create employment for rural poor people, guarantee food supply and increase nutrition levels 2 Infrastructure 18 5/13 7/11 8 Focus on rural and urban and infrastructure construction reconstruction (28%) (39%) including road, water and facilities as well as creating both short-term and long-term employment 3 Economic 30 12/18 10/20 19 Focus on job creation by (1) Policy, Financial macroeconomic environment and Private (40%) (33%) development including labor Sector market, legal system and Development governance service (2) enterprise development in private sectors (3) development in ICT industries and tourism 4 Education and 16 6/10 8/8 10 Focus on improving education Vocational Skills quality, training program Development (38%) (50%) accessibility to prepare sufficient skilled labor and enhance employment 5 General job 25 11/14 14/11 17 Projects with broad targets of creation poverty reduction, state projects (44%)5, (56%) building and social and economic development of disadvantaged groups It can be observed that the percentage of active job creation projects and percentage of projects in FCS countries are in ascending order from category 1 to category 5. This indicates that category 5 projects (general job creation projects) are generally more recent and include more projects in FCS countries, while category 1 projects (agriculture and rural development projects) are older and were mostly executed in non-FCS countries. After the projects’ FCS classification is taken into consideration in parallel to whether their vintage (see table 2.6), we can see that Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 19 category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction projects) tend to be performed mostly in non-FCS countries in recent years, while a higher percentage of projects in category 3 (economic policy and FPD projects) have recently been implemented in FCS countries. The distribution of category 4 and 5 projects’ (education and vocational skills projects, and general job creation projects, respectively) between FCS and non-FCS remains stable. Table 2.6 Number of Projects by Category and FCS Status Category Active Projects Closed Projects Grand Total Non- FCS Partial Always Active Non- FCS Partial Always Closed FCS FCS FCS Total FCS FCS FCS Total 1 0 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 0 8 9 2 4 1 0 1 5 7 6 2 4 13 18 3 7 5 1 4 12 13 5 0 5 18 30 4 3 3 1 2 6 5 5 4 1 10 16 5 5 6 2 4 11 6 8 3 5 14 25 Total 19 15 5 11 35 38 25 10 15 63 98 Beyond this categorization of projects it is useful to consider the how projects align with job creation and employment generation objectives that are specific to the FCS context and whether there are notable differences in these objectives between projects occurring in FCS countries relative to non-FCS countries. Where possible the indicator data for FCS projects has been analyzed to draw out additional information on how projects are being designed and the objectives monitored in this context.7 A summary of the development objectives and indicators specific to job creation for all projects in FCS countries is included for reference in Table A3 in the appendix.8 Category 1: Agriculture and Rural Development There are 9 projects in this category; all led by sector board Agriculture and Rural Development. These projects typically last for 5-6 years. Most projects found took place in earlier years and only 1 project is still active. Indicator data is available for the two most recent projects – both in the Partial FCS country, Tajikistan. Many projects in this category aim at agriculture facilities construction and offer job creation through labor-intensive public works programs in rural areas associated with these activities. Two early projects in Sri Lanka included post-conflict specific objectives targeting the 7 56 out of 98 projects have indicator data available, which limits the conclusiveness of this analysis. 8 The full raw text data for all 98 projects is available on request to the lralston@worldbank.org. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 20 improvements in livelihoods of returning IDPs and conflict affected communities through cash transfers to purchase basic agricultural inputs and employment in small-scale reconstruction activities. Indicators in this category can be classified into three groups: • Increase in agriculture facilities e.g. Improved covered collector and drainage canals (Km), The Water Information Center established, Length of drains cleaned, Rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure; • Increase to agriculture production e.g., through increases in farmed areas and yields • Improvement in living standard e.g. Jobs created by the project (number of workers employed, only for manual cleaning), Number of households with improved income, of which female beneficiaries, of which severely food insecure beneficiaries. From a review of the PDO text data, alongside the indicator data, projects in this category appear most aligned with the goal of delivery economic opportunities to citizens to reduce poverty and promote growth. However, as there are no projects occurring in countries that have very recently been affected by conflict, other channels, such as rehabilitating ex-combatants, promoting social cohesion, integrating IDPs, are not currently present. Category 2: Infrastructure and Reconstruction All projects in this category belong to either the Transport or Urban Development sector board. Projects are typically planned to be 5 years, but the effective lengths are usually 20 months longer. Out of 18 projects in this category, 5 projects are active and 8 projects have indicator data. Among the projects in FCS countries there is a strong emphasis on reconstruction efforts, such as the restoring priority road networks, restoring critical urban services and power, promoting access to basic services and markets in rural areas. Three of the seven FCS projects have occurred in Afghanistan. These socially useful public works projects are often labor intensive and thus also serve to provide employment to vulnerable populations. In the non-FCS countries, these projects often focus on road construction and rehabilitation to reduce transport costs, improve road safety, but also to improve the access of rural populations to markets and basic services, while simultaneously providing employment. Common indicators in this category are: • Improvement in rural and urban infrastructures, e.g. reduction in transportation time, increase in road access, percentage increase of road in good condition; • Number of beneficiaries; share of rural population with access to all-season roads; • Number of jobs created; females employed; number of SMEs trained in works management; number of firms participating in bidding on subprojects; While projects in FCS countries, such as Burundi, reference reconstruction and recovery in the PDO, few have particularly different indicators to projects in non-FCS countries. For example, Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 21 there are no specific indicators aimed at measuring impact on social cohesion, or the economic opportunities delivered to those who may have otherwise been involved in conflict. Projects in both countries promote labor-intensive road and infrastructure projects that aim to provide employment, often in rural areas, which may be more marginalized, while improving market access and promoting equitable economic growth. Category 3: Economic Policy, Financial and Private Sector Development Category 3 projects account for the largest proportion of job creation projects. 11 out of 30 projects are still active. 63% of the projects have indicators available, which provides more data to review than other categories. Projects in this category focus on job creation through (1) multisectoral and macroeconomic development programs including labor market, legal system, governance service and trade reforms (2) enterprise development, access to finance and FDI in private sectors (3) development in ICT industries and tourism. Among projects in FCS countries there is a focus on supporting SMEs, encouraging FDI through investment climate reforms, value chain development and private sector growth into less developed sectors (e.g., non-oil) as well as in natural resources, such as metals and mining. There are several development policy operations (DPOs) that focus on reforming the tariff and trade regimes and developing government capacity to encourage private sector development. Projects in non-FCS countries tend to have slightly more ambitious economic policy objectives, such as developing investment growth centers in manufacturing and services, reforming state-owned enterprises, diversifying exports, adoption of ICT in the public sector to improve accountability and citizen access to services, and developing public-private partnerships. The development of tourism is also only present in non- FCS projects. Common indicators in this category can be classified into the following categories: • Generic metrics: number of beneficiaries • Supported industry metrics: improvement in different kinds of facilities (health, education, sanitation system, transportation, water, public services); • Supported businesses performance and environment metrics: number of businesses supported, number of new startups, increase in business earnings or sales, number of firms receiving licenses, improvements in Doing Business indicators, time to export, private sector satisfaction surveys; • Financial support metrics: value of investment flows, volume of bank support, number of active loan accounts, value of guarantees, amount of FDI from guarantee facility; • Individual benefit metrics: number of jobs created, number of staff trained Projects in this category are most aligned with promoting general economic growth and development, and generating employment through this objective. While economic growth has been strongly linked to a reduced likelihood of conflict through several cross-country empirical studies (Miguel), it appears that projects in this category could incorporate develop more Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 22 context-specific development objectives. For example, ensuring that economic growth will be inclusive and risks of appropriation by elite groups are mitigated. Category 4: Education and Vocational Skills Development There are 16 projects in this category, mainly led by the education sector board. Of the 16, the 10 most recent projects have indicator data. 60% of these 10 projects are at their initial stages. Projects in this category focus on job creation through improving the quality of education and increasing access to training programs. Through skill development employment outcomes, such as getting a job and earnings, are expected to increase. Among the 8 projects in FCS countries, one (in South Sudan) specifically references skill development for demobilized soldiers and IDPs, while another in Cote D’Ivoire specifically target youth. There are a number of projects in FCS countries that have gender targets for women (in Afghanistan and Nepal). Among projects in non-FCS countries, several have specific references to targeting out-of-school youth. Most common indicators in this category are: • Training/professional programs introduced; • Faculty, lecturer qualification improvement; • System, facilities and resources improvement (quality assurance system, learning centers, library, classrooms, textbook to student ratio); • Individual training outcomes e.g., graduation, test scores, student satisfaction; • Employment results e.g. number of students employed, satisfaction of employers. While these projects attempt to measure employment outcomes for program recipients, it would be helpful to also monitor how participation is influencing their willingness to engage in violence and whether it has been successful at disincentivizing at risk youth. Recent research in Liberia has shown that this is very difficult to accomplish at the extensive margin that is program recipients may still engage in conflict, but in some cases to a lesser degree (Blattman). Similarly in the case of reintegration of ex-combatants and IDPs, it would be useful to understand more about how this has influenced social cohesion both from the program recipients’ and the communities’ perspectives. Category 5: General Job Creation Projects This category has the highest percentage of active projects, so the percentage of projects with indicator data is also relatively high. Out of 25 projects in this category, 17 projects have indicator data. These projects are mainly led by the Social Development and Social Protection sector boards, and have broad targets for poverty reduction, state building and social and economic development of disadvantaged groups. Several are short-term employment programs targeted to improve food security and provide social protection. Projects in both FCS and non-FCS countries include objectives to improve social inclusion and reach disadvantaged groups, addressing one of the channels through which employment is hoped to mitigate fragility. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 23 Common indicators in this category are: • Generic metrics e.g. number of beneficiaries; • Individual benefit e.g. increase quality in training program, number of trained individual, net income gain, number of job, number of jobs created; • Improvement in nutrition level e.g. proportion of pre-school children and pregnant women involved in better nutrition practice. A significant amount of indicators explicitly measure projects’ benefit to disadvantaged groups, e.g. pregnant women, youth, adolescent girls etc. Similar to suggestions made above, it would be useful to understand more about how these programs influence social cohesion both from the program recipients’ and non-recipients’ perspectives. It would also be helpful to understand whether there are long-term transformational impacts of these social support programs that enable to program recipients to make permanent improvements to their livelihoods. This would be particularly interesting to understand for those in the most disadvantaged groups. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 24 Job Creation Projects Evaluated by Category This section provides a description of category-specific and FCS-specific characteristics, such as length of projects, size of projects, costs associated preparing and supervising projects, and information about the number of mission days incurred and the experience of the task team leader (TTL) of the project. Project Length Figure 3.1 below shows the timeline of a typical Bank Group project. Prep time is the time interval between the initial project approval date and PCD review date. Plan length is the time interval between approval date and original closing date. Actual closing date can differ from the original planned closing date. Thus, the interval between effectiveness date and actual closing date measures the effective length of a project. Figure 3.1 Timeline of a typical Project Comparing the average and median statistics, we can observe that there are outliers in the dataset so that the two statistics differ a lot. Among the five categories, category 1 projects (agriculture and rural development projects) have generally longest prep time, plan length, effective length and effective delay, while category 3 and 5 projects (economic policy and FPD projects, and general job creation projects, respectively) are the shortest. Between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries the preparation time for category 1 and 2 projects (agriculture and rural development, and infrastructure and reconstruction, respectively) is notably longer in non-FCS countries, suggesting that these projects may be more complex9. 9 However, this comparison between FCS vs. non-FCS should be interpreted with caution as there are only 2 projects in category 1 in FCS countries, while there has been 7 in non-FCS countries. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 25 Among FCS countries there is less variability between categories with regards to preparation time. Category 2 projects have the longest planned and effective lengths in FCS countries. These projects also have the longest effective length in non-FCS countries, but category 1 and 4 have longer planned lengths indicating that category 2 projects tend to run longer than anticipated. With regards to effective delay category 4 projects (education and vocational skills projects) tend to face greatest delays in both FCS and non-FCS countries, while category 2 projects suffer greater delays in non-FCS countries relative to FCS countries. Table 3.1 Project Length Average Statistics10 Category Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay 1 29.44 64.55 74.86 5.24 2 20.72 60.65 79.86 4.24 3 11.80 48.82 47.69 4.02 4 12.99 60.13 69.82 6.94 5 9.99 42.44 47.92 4.84 Overall 14.83 52.66 61.60 4.84 Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 36.11 6.07 71.52 40.15 85.95 13.40 5.57 4.08 2 26.27 12.79 63.81 55.69 91.40 66.38 5.28 2.59 3 12.17 11.07 48.53 49.41 46.70 50.25 3.89 4.28 4 14.10 11.87 69.46 50.79 85.38 54.27 6.00 7.78 5 11.47 8.63 42.57 42.33 46.30 49.14 5.07 4.64 Overall 17.82 10.53 56.09 47.88 67.19 53.09 4.87 4.79 Table 3.2 Project Length Median Statistics Category Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay 1 33.63 69.57 81.25 5.37 2 16.33 63.50 80.70 3.95 3 9.08 62.10 49.35 4.22 4 10.43 62.18 76.33 5.40 5 8.27 48.70 49.65 3.83 Overall 10.13 58.78 70.17 4.22 Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 43.67 6.07 78.17 40.15 91.60 13.40 6.00 4.08 2 19.53 3.07 63.90 53.80 86.07 63.15 4.07 1.13 3 10.10 8.55 64.25 51.83 49.33 49.37 4.23 4.00 4 13.58 9.23 67.82 50.62 88.47 46.20 6.03 4.05 5 11.17 7.22 43.60 49.18 32.07 49.65 3.80 3.87 Overall 13.65 7.77 64.23 50.70 79.52 50.87 4.45 3.92 10 Effective length is calculated based on closed projects, because actual closing date is not available for ongoing projects. Prep time, plan length and effective delay are calculated based on projects with data available. It is the same for Table 3.3 and Table 3.4. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 26 Table 3.3 Project Length Standard Deviation Statistics Category Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay 1 22.15 22.00 30.79 1.92 2 19.81 18.99 21.09 2.93 3 6.72 24.37 33.95 2.77 4 8.96 17.14 25.58 7.04 5 6.36 18.85 34.36 3.82 Overall 13.44 21.90 32.57 4.00 Prep Time Plan Length Effective Length Effective Delay Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS11 Non-FCS FCS 1 20.41 4.67 14.23 33.59 18.40 N/A 1.98 1.53 2 19.68 18.46 9.59 28.66 16.61 18.23 2.74 2.58 3 6.93 6.58 27.04 19.22 36.99 27.97 2.96 2.48 4 8.85 9.53 13.36 15.87 21.03 20.60 2.12 9.67 5 7.73 4.73 22.50 16.34 42.47 30.00 5.16 2.38 Overall 14.95 9.56 22.85 19.80 35.71 25.49 3.28 4.88 Project Size, Preparation and Supervision Costs Net commitment at approval date is used to evaluate the size of projects, while lending costs are used to estimate the costs of preparing a project. Supervision costs are used to measure the costs associated with implementing a project each year the project is active. Lending and supervision costs are computed using the following formulae: (1) Total lending cost = Trust Fund lending cost + Bank Budget lending cost; (2) Supervision cost per year = [Total Bank Budget supervision cost + Total Trust Fund supervision cost] / Number of years project active; Table 3.4 shows high variation of in capital inputs among projects. By comparing different categories, category 4 projects (education and vocational skills) have lowest average and variation for total lending cost. On the other hand, category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) show relatively low supervision cost per year and lowest variation. These are the largest projects by net commitment, although there is significant variation in the amount committed to these projects. By comparing across categories in FCS vs. non-FCS countries we can observe that lending and supervision costs are lowest for category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) in FCS countries, while they are lowest for category 4 projects (education and vocational skills) in non- FCS countries. Interestingly category 4 projects have the highest supervision costs among the projects in FCS countries. Overall lending costs are much greater in absolute terms in non-FCS countries, although the average net commitment of projects in these countries is much greater too with category 5 project (general job creation) showing the biggest relative difference 11 Standard deviation is not available because only one closed project in FCS countries falls in category 1. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 27 between FCS and non-FCS countries. However, supervision costs are slightly larger for projects in FCS countries. Table 3.4 Project Cost and Size Statistics Total Lending Cost Supervision Cost Per Year Net Commitment Category (in thousand $) (in thousand $) (in million $) Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation 1 455.47 519.66 80.23 53.75 30.04 25.92 2 364.40 307.72 82.67 41.48 85.08 82.95 3 374.75 280.16 91.35 48.62 50.52 52.70 4 312.12 185.31 82.96 127.60 25.35 17.46 5 344.34 292.34 106.37 73.70 31.24 39.06 Overall 362.28 300.24 91.20 72.13 45.96 54.37 Total Lending Cost Supervision Cost Per Year Net Commitment (in thousand $) (in thousand $) (in million $) Category Standard Standard Average Average Average Standard Deviation Deviation Deviation Non-FCS 494.03 591.55 68.87 50.83 34.59 27.97 1 FCS 320.53 118.02 120.00 59.56 14.13 5.47 Non-FCS 480.60 329.27 87.95 34.27 109.73 98.44 2 FCS 181.80 154.72 74.39 52.78 46.35 21.93 Non-FCS 428.87 277.20 97.06 46.94 60.43 57.82 3 FCS 266.49 266.75 79.94 52.43 30.69 35.17 Non-FCS 357.44 163.65 42.58 25.03 22.89 13.79 4 FCS 266.81 205.21 123.34 174.75 27.80 21.20 Non-FCS 398.28 346.09 86.66 56.53 57.00 47.43 5 FCS 301.97 247.49 121.86 83.56 11.00 9.18 Non-FCS 430.93 331.10 82.18 47.10 60.84 64.33 Overall FCS 266.84 221.51 103.73 96.10 25.27 24.92 Other World Bank Group Resource Inputs To consider whether there are systematic differences in the resource and management requirements for projects in FCS countries relative to non-FCS countries, as well as in between the different categories of projects, the amount of time spent on mission to implement projects and information about the task team leader (TTL) leading projects is analyzed. Mission Days The total number of mission days per project year is used to evaluate mission days. Since data on mission days is not available before fiscal year 2005 (FY05), mission days per active year after FY05 is calculated for each project. Projects that are closed before FY05 are excluded from this analysis because no data are available. From Table 3.5, we can observe that category 2 and 4 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction, and education and vocational skills, respectively) have lowest number of mission days per year. Interestingly, this is true for both FCS and non-FCS countries, which contrasts the earlier finding that supervision costs are greatest for projects in FCS countries in category 4. Category 5 projects (general job creation) in both FCS and non-FCS countries involve the greatest number of per year mission days, which is in line with their higher supervision costs. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 28 Again, like supervision costs, category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) show least variation within project categories for per year mission days. Table 3.5 Project Per Year Mission Days Statistics Category Average Median Standard Deviation 1 63.81 65.45 54.34 2 41.32 39.30 17.56 3 60.24 50.96 50.88 4 45.47 38.15 38.15 5 69.65 64.92 54.81 Overall 57.13 46.62 46.28 Average Median Standard Deviation Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 43.16 125.77 41.39 125.77 37.61 57.98 2 40.00 43.75 38.10 42.26 17.94 18.21 3 59.14 62.68 52.22 28.65 21.90 88.95 4 43.39 47.30 29.81 41.82 32.18 42.95 5 62.93 75.34 67.73 43.63 26.10 71.51 Overall 52.32 64.10 48.67 43.71 26.29 65.06 Task Team Leader (TTL) Four metrics are used to evaluate the impact of the task team leader (TTL) on projects: (1) TTL quality: TTL quality of a project is calculated by measuring the percentage of satisfactory projects a TTL has led, excluding the project in question. Satisfactory is evaluated in with regards to the IEG rating of the project and as projects can be led by different TTLs for different fiscal years, the percentage of satisfactory projects is weighted by number of fiscal years a TTL leads each project. (2) TTL onsite: TTL onsite has a value of 1 or 0 and is available per fiscal year of active projects. It is an indicator of whether the TTL is located in country of project or not. In the analysis, the average value over active years for a project is used. It is interpreted as percentage of fiscal years when the TTL is located within the country of the project. (3) TTL years of experience: TTL years of experience is calculated as the number of years, previous to the current project, a TTL has led a project. In the analysis, average value over active years for a project is used. (4) TTL project experience: TTL project experience is calculated as number of previous projects a TTL has led. Similar to TTL years of experience, the average value is used for analysis. From Table 3.6 we can see that category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) have highest the TTL quality. Projects in other categories have relatively low and similar TTL quality. Considering whether the TTL is onsite, different categories differ vastly. Category 1 projects (agriculture and rural development) have highest onsite percentage, while category 5 projects Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 29 (general job creation) have lowest onsite percentage (only 3 out of 25 projects have TTL onsite in at least 1 FY). Category 4 projects (education and vocational skills) either have the TTL onsite in all years or never have the TTL onsite, thus shows highest standard deviation. For TTL experience, category 2 projects have highest experience level, but they also show high variance within the category. On the other hand, category 1 projects show relatively more experience and much less variation within the category. Between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries, the TTL quality is higher in job creation projects in FCS countries with TTLs obtaining on average 71% satisfactory rate vs. 63% satisfactory rate in non-FCS countries. TTLs are also slightly more likely to be located in the country of the project. Overall TTLs are not any more experienced in projects in FCS countries, although there is within category variation. Category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) command more experienced TTLs in FCS countries, while TTLs for category 4 projects (education and vocational skills) in non-FCS countries have more years of experience. Table 3.6 Project TTL Statistics Metric Category Average Median Standard Deviation 1 0.65 0.79 0.44 2 0.75 0.76 0.22 TTL quality 3 0.65 0.67 0.21 4 0.65 0.67 0.26 5 0.64 0.67 0.21 1 0.35 0.38 0.34 2 0.21 0.16 0.21 TTL onsite 3 0.34 0.22 0.39 4 0.33 0.00 0.47 5 0.10 0.00 0.27 1 8.13 7.50 2.49 2 10.70 10.36 6.32 TTL years of 3 7.32 5.00 5.28 experience 4 7.76 8.50 4.14 5 7.58 6.00 6.80 1 3.92 4.00 1.18 2 4.56 4.06 3.16 TTL project 3 2.98 2.60 1.60 experience 4 3.48 3.76 1.21 5 3.73 3.17 2.62 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 30 Average Median Standard Deviation Metric Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 0.58 0.84 0.75 0.84 0.52 N/A 2 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.84 0.12 0.33 TTL quality 3 0.57 0.73 0.67 0.71 0.21 0.19 4 0.61 0.70 0.67 0.67 0.29 0.23 5 0.60 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.29 0.20 Overall 0.63 0.71 0.67 0.73 0.25 0.22 1 0.23 0.75 0.20 0.75 0.26 0.35 2 0.22 0.19 0.13 0.20 0.23 0.20 TTL onsite 3 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.50 0.34 0.46 4 0.17 0.46 0.00 0.33 0.41 0.50 5 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.28 Overall 0.22 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.41 1 8.17 8.00 7.50 8.00 2.64 2.83 2 9.75 11.92 9.55 12.67 4.77 8.16 TTL years of 3 7.22 7.48 5.00 5.00 5.75 4.71 experience 4 10.54 5.67 9.85 5.65 3.01 3.70 5 8.51 6.93 9.00 6.00 3.01 5.57 Overall 8.54 7.75 8.41 6.00 5.54 5.66 1 4.18 3.00 4.38 3.00 1.08 1.41 2 3.68 5.68 3.75 4.89 1.67 4.33 3 2.84 3.22 2.38 3.00 1.69 1.50 TTL project 4 3.91 3.16 3.86 3.15 0.56 1.49 experience 5 4.04 3.52 4.00 3.00 0.56 2.01 Overall 3.58 3.73 3.69 3.00 1.99 2.46 Project Performance and Outcome Ratings Implementation Status Report (ISR) ratings, Implementation Completion Report (ICR) ratings and the Independent Evaluation Group’s (IEG) ratings are used to evaluate the success of a project. Table 3.7 shows detailed descriptions of rating measures. Both ICR ratings and IEG ratings are rated after the project is closed, but ISR rating is provided every year during the progress of the project. Thus, multiple ISR ratings are available for each project between the minimum and maximum fiscal year. ISR ratings in the most recent available year are considered in this analysis because it reflects the most updated status of the project, which has closest relation to the ultimate success of the project. Each rating is converted to a binary measure of success or satisfaction under the following rule: the outcome is 1 if Highly Satisfactory, Satisfactory or Moderately Satisfactory (HS, S, MS) is reported; the outcome is 0 if Highly Unsatisfactory, Unsatisfactory or Moderately Unsatisfactory (HU, U, MU) is reported. Then, the average rating of projects in each category is calculated as the percentage of satisfactory projects for each sub-category of job creation projects. Summary statistics are shown in Table 3.8. However, these statistics should be interpreted very carefully because the availability of ratings data may lead to small sample bias. Table 3.9 shows the availability of different rating data. The ISR ratings: DO Rating and IP Rating, are supposed to be available for all projects while ICR ratings and IEG ratings are only available for closed projects. Therefore, the base value to calculate the availability of ISR ratings is number of all projects, while the availability of ICR and IEG rating is calculated based on the number of closed projects. For the ISR ratings, all categories of job creation projects report a high percentage of satisfactory progress, with category 2 and 5 (infrastructure and reconstruction, and general job creation, Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 31 respectively) reporting the highest at almost 100%. This characteristic does not vary between projects in FCS vs. non-FCS countries. For ICR and IEG ratings, most categories report a lower percentage of satisfactory projects, relative to the ISR ratings. Some categories, such as category 1 and 4 for FCS countries, have very limited information available regarding ICR and IEG ratings. Among the categories where a high number of closed projects have IEG and ICR ratings available, we can observe that category 2 projects (infrastructure and reconstruction) perform consistently satisfactorily in both FCS and non-FCS countries, while category 3 projects (economic policy and FPD) tend to have lower ICR and IEG ratings in FCS countries. Category 5 projects (general job creation) have many active projects with no ICR or IEG ratings available, but across FCS and non-FCS countries are reporting satisfactory progress through their ISR ratings. Table 3.7 Descriptions of Rating Measures Attrbute Description DO Rating ISR measure of progress towards meeting development objective (highly unsat. - highly sat.): HU,U,MU,MS,S,HS, decided by TTL IP Rating ISR measure of implementation progress rating, (highly unsat. - highly sat.): HU,U,MU,MS,S,HS, decided by TTL ICR Rating ICR (implementation completion report) rating - occurs once projects has closed and is performed by someone within the World Bank but not IEG, is approved by TTL: HU,U,MU,MS,S,HS, IEG Rating IEG's rating of project: HU,U,MU,MS,S,HS Table 3.8 Job Projects Performance Ratings Category DO Rating IP Rating ICR Rating IEG Rating 1 83% 88% 67% 67% 2 94% 100% 91% 83% 3 79% 79% 75% 69% 4 82% 73% 100% 75% 5 100% 100% 88% 75% Overall 89% 89% 84% 75% DO Rating IP Rating ICR Rating IEG Rating Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 75% 100% 83% 100% 67% N/A 67% N/A 2 91% 100% 100% 100% 83% 100% 83% 83% 3 80% 78% 87% 67% 86% 60% 88% 40% 4 80% 83% 80% 67% 67% 100% 67% 100% 5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 60% Overall 89% 88% 88% 91% 82% 86% 83% 65% Table 3.9 Availability of Rating Data Category DO Rating IP Rating ICR Rating IEG Rating 1 67% 89% 38% 38% 2 100% 100% 85% 92% 3 80% 80% 67% 72% 4 69% 69% 40% 40% 5 80% 80% 57% 57% Overall 81% 83% 60% 63% Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 32 DO Rating IP Rating ICR Rating IEG Rating Category Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS Non-FCS FCS 1 57% 100% 86% 100% 43% 0% 43% 0% 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 86% 83% 86% 100% 3 75% 90% 75% 90% 54% 100% 62% 100% 4 63% 75% 63% 75% 60% 20% 60% 20% 5 91% 71% 91% 71% 50% 63% 50% 63% Overall 79% 83% 82% 83% 58% 64% 61% 68% Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 33 Conclusions This report undertook a concise World Bank portfolio review to identify what development projects the World Bank has supported with regards to job creation in fragile and conflict- affected situations (FCS) since the fiscal year 2000. 98 job creation projects were identified for this analysis and they took place in 40 out of 65 IDA-only countries, with 41 projects occurring in 18 different FCS countries. Thus, a higher percentage of non-FCS countries (71%) have implemented job creation projects, than FCS countries (53%). From 2001 to 2013, the number of job creation projects increased steadily from 2001 to 2005, then decreased to a recent low in 2008, resumed slow growth until 2011 and remained stable after that. Growth in the number of projects in Afghanistan contributed to the increase between 2001 and 2005. The 98 projects identified for this analysis can be grouped into 5 categories: 1 – agriculture and rural development projects, 2 – infrastructure and reconstruction projects (mainly led by the transport and urban development sector boards), 3 – economic policy and financial and private sector development projects, 4 – education and vocational skills projects, and 5 – general job creation projects (mainly led by the social development and social protection sector boards). There is a greater representation of FCS projects in the latter categories, which also tend to have a larger number of more recent and currently active projects. Labor intensive public works programs are common in both FCS and non-FCS projects, and frequently occur in categories 2 and 5. Both types of projects reference the targeting of disadvantaged groups with employment opportunities, and category 2 projects often focus particularly on those living in poor, rural areas. Category 5 projects have general poverty reduction and social protection objectives, while category 2 projects also intend to develop or reconstruct infrastructure as a parallel channel to improve economic opportunities, for example, through better market access. Category 1 projects occur almost always in non-FCS countries and there is only one project in this category that is active. These projects aim at agriculture facilities construction often through public works programs in rural areas. Category 3 projects have the broadest set of objectives and focus on job creation through multiple macroeconomic, private sector development and financial sector development channels. Enterprise development projects, such as access to finance initiatives for SMEs and increasing productivity in specific sectors or value chain development, our common in both FCS and non-FCS countries, as is the encouragement of FDI. Macroeconomic environment development is more FCS-context specific, while promotion of the development of tourism has only occurred in the non-FCS countries. Projects in category 4 focus on job creation through improving the quality of education and vocational skills programs that aim to increase the employability of working age adults. Among the 8 projects in FCS countries, one (in South Sudan) specifically references skill development for demobilized soldiers and IDPs, while another in Cote D’Ivoire specifically targets youth. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 34 However, many do not have specific reintegration objectives, or other FCS-specific job creation goals. Across all categories of job creation projects there is an absence of indicators measuring the impacts employment generation has on social cohesion, one of the clearly stated goals in the recent World Development Report on Jobs (World Bank Group). Projects in FCS countries could also develop more context-specific development objectives. For example, projects should ensure that economic growth will be inclusive and that the risk of appropriation by elite groups is being taken into consideration. It would also be helpful to understand whether there are long- term transformational impacts of social support programs that enable to program recipients to make permanent improvements to their livelihoods. This would be particularly interesting to understand for those in the most disadvantaged groups. Last, while vocational skill development projects attempt to measure employment outcomes for program recipients, there are no direct attempts to measure the impacts on program recipients’ willingness to engage in violence or conflict. Thus, whether these programs truly shift labor from combat and into production has not been assessed. With regards to generic project characteristics, projects in non-FCS countries tend to have longer preparation times, and planned and effective lengths, than job creation projects in FCS countries. However, comparing effective length to planned length shows that projects in FCS countries deviate from their planned length more than projects in non-FCS countries. Lending costs are much greater in absolute terms in non-FCS countries, although the average net commitment of projects in these countries is much greater too with this difference being most pronounced for category 5 projects. Supervision costs are slightly larger for projects in FCS countries. Among the five categories, category 1 and 2 projects tend to involve the longer preparation times, while category 3 and 5 projects tend to be shorter. Category 4 projects tend to face greatest delays in both FCS and non-FCS countries but involve the lowest average lending costs. Category 2 projects suffer greater delays in non-FCS countries relative to FCS countries. Category 2 projects have notably low supervision costs per year, despite being the largest projects by net commitment. Projects in FCS countries tend to involve more experienced TTLs that have slightly stronger records for obtaining satisfactory IEG ratings for the projects they have led than the TTLs for non-FCS job creation projects. The number of mission days does not vary considerably between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries. During implementation, performance reported through the ISR ratings does not differ between projects in FCS and non-FCS countries, with both countries reporting about 90% of projects being at least moderately satisfactory. This characteristic is consistent for all project categories, although category 2 and 5 notably report the highest ratings (almost 100%) in both FCS and non- FCS countries. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 35 However, when attention is paid to the IEG ratings there is divergence with 83% of projects in non-FCS countries rated moderately satisfactory or above vs. 65% in FCS countries. Among the FCS projects, those in category 3 tend to perform least well. The sample is particularly small for part of this analysis, as only 18 IEG ratings are available for FCS projects (5 in category 3) and 23 for non-FCS projects, so this result should be interpreted with caution. To conclude, job creation projects that occur in countries affected by conflict, fragility and violence do not substantially differ in their design and stated objectives from projects that are being implemented in countries that are similar in their level of poverty, but do not suffer from conflict, fragility and violence. However, there are differences in average size of projects, lending costs and the experience of TTLs leading projects. During implementation no differences are reported in progress, although at completion there is weak evidence to suggest that jobs projects are more difficult to implement in FCS countries, with those focusing on private sector and SME development in post-conflict environments performing least well. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 36 Bibliography Berman, E., Callen, M., Felter, J. H., & Shapiro, J. N. "Do working men rebel? Insurgency and unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(4), 496-528. (2011). Blattman, C., & Annan, J. "Reintegrating and Employing High Risk Youth in Liberia: Lessons from a randomized evaluation of a Landmine Action agricultural training program for ex- combatants." Working Paper (n.d.): 2013. IEG. "World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States." 2013. Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., & Sergenti, E. "Economic shocks and civil conflict: An instrumental variables approach." Journal of Political Economy, 112(4), 725-753. (2004). World Bank Group. World Development Report: Conflict, Security and Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank Press, 2011. —. World Development Report: Jobs. Washington, DC: The World Bank Press, 2012. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 37 Appendix Table A1 Number of Job Creation Projects in each IDA-only Country Number of Job Country FCS Status Active Closed Creation Projects Afghanistan Always FCS 7 2 5 Angola Always FCS 0 0 0 Burundi Always FCS 3 2 1 Central African Republic Always FCS 0 0 0 Chad Always FCS 0 0 0 Comoros Always FCS 3 2 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. Always FCS 1 1 0 Congo, Rep. Always FCS 1 1 0 Côte d'Ivoire Always FCS 1 1 0 Eritrea Always FCS 0 0 0 Guinea Always FCS 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau Always FCS 0 0 0 Haiti Always FCS 0 0 0 Kosovo Always FCS 1 0 1 Liberia Always FCS 1 0 1 Sierra Leone Always FCS 2 1 1 Solomon Islands Always FCS 0 0 0 Somalia Always FCS 0 0 0 South Sudan Always FCS 3 2 1 Sudan Always FCS 1 0 1 Timor-Leste Always FCS 3 0 3 Togo Always FCS 0 0 0 Cambodia Partial FCS 0 0 0 Cameroon Partial FCS 1 0 1 Djibouti Partial FCS 4 2 2 Gambia, The Partial FCS 1 0 1 Kiribati Partial FCS 0 0 0 Lao PDR Partial FCS 0 0 0 Nepal Partial FCS 2 1 1 São Tomé and Príncipe Partial FCS 0 0 0 Tajikistan Partial FCS 4 3 1 Tonga Partial FCS 0 0 0 Vanuatu Partial FCS 0 0 0 Yemen, Rep. Partial FCS 3 1 2 Bangladesh Never FCS 6 4 2 Benin Never FCS 2 0 2 Bhutan Never FCS 6 0 6 Burkina Faso Never FCS 4 2 2 Ethiopia Never FCS 4 2 2 Ghana Never FCS 5 3 2 Guyana Never FCS 0 0 0 Honduras Never FCS 4 1 3 Kenya Never FCS 3 0 3 Kyrgyz Republic Never FCS 1 1 0 Lesotho Never FCS 0 0 0 Madagascar Never FCS 3 1 2 Malawi Never FCS 0 0 0 Maldives Never FCS 1 0 1 Mali Never FCS 1 0 1 Marshall Islands Never FCS 0 0 0 Mauritania Never FCS 3 0 3 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Never FCS 0 0 0 Moldova Never FCS 1 0 1 Mongolia Never FCS 0 0 0 Mozambique Never FCS 0 0 0 Nicaragua Never FCS 1 1 0 Niger Never FCS 1 1 0 Rwanda Never FCS 3 3 0 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 38 Samoa Never FCS 0 0 0 Senegal Never FCS 1 0 1 Sri Lanka Never FCS 3 1 2 Tanzania Never FCS 1 0 1 Tuvalu Never FCS 0 0 0 Uganda Never FCS 2 0 2 Zambia Never FCS 1 0 1 Table A2. Job Creation Projects and Categorization12 Project Approved Project FCS Sector Board Project ID Country Category Name Fiscal Year Status Status Name Agriculture and Partial P133327 PAMP II 2013 Active Tajikistan Rural 1 FCS Development Agriculture and PUB. EMPLMNT FOR SUST. Partial P119690 2011 Closed Tajikistan Rural 1 AGR. & WATER MGT FCS Development Agriculture and Never P034212 MAHAWELI RESTRUCTURI 1998 Closed Sri Lanka Rural 1 FCS Development Agriculture and MR-Iirrigated Agr Integr Dev Never P044711 2000 Closed Mauritania Rural 1 APL (FY00) FCS Development Agriculture and UG-GEF Lake Victoria Env Never P046870 1997 Closed Uganda Rural 1 SIL (FY97) FCS Development Agriculture and KE-GEF Lake Victoria Env SIL Never P046871 1997 Closed Kenya Rural 1 (FY97) FCS Development Agriculture and TZ: LAKE VICTORIA ENV. Never P046872 1997 Closed Tanzania Rural 1 PROJ. (GEF) FCS Development Agriculture and Never P050383 ET-Food Security SIL (FY02) 2002 Closed Ethiopia Rural 1 FCS Development Agriculture and North-East Irrigated Never P058070 2000 Closed Sri Lanka Rural 1 Agriculture Project FCS Development Always P064876 BI-Road Sec Dev SIM (FY04) 2004 Active Burundi Transport 2 FCS BI-Pub Works & Employ Always Urban P064961 2001 Closed Burundi 2 Creation (FY01) FCS Development Emergency Infrastructure Always P077779 2002 Closed Afghanistan Water 2 Reconstruction FCS Natn'l Emergency Emp. Prog Always P082472 2003 Closed Afghanistan Transport 2 for Rural FCS ARTF - Nat. Emergency Always P091036 2003 Closed Afghanistan Transport 2 Employment Pgm FCS Partial Urban P060132 RY Public Works II 1999 Closed Yemen 2 FCS Development DJ-FLOOD EMERGENCY Partial Urban P089968 2005 Closed Djibouti 2 REHABILITATION FCS Development RW-Transport Sector Never P079414 2008 Active Rwanda Transport 2 Development FCS Never Urban P083351 MG-Integ Growth Poles 2006 Active Madagascar 2 FCS Development P107608 NATL. ROAD REHAB (Osh- 2010 Active Kyrgyz Never Transport 2 12 Projects in Table A2 are sorted by category, then by FCS Status, then by project status, finally by project ID. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 39 Batken-Isfana) Republic FCS NI Rural Roads Never P123447 2012 Active Nicaragua Transport 2 Infrastructure Imp. FCS ET-Road Sec. Dev. Program Never P000755 1998 Closed Ethiopia Transport 2 Support Proj FCS ML-Urb Dev & Decentr Never Urban P001750 1997 Closed Mali 2 (FY97) FCS Development ROAD SEC. INVESTMENT Never P003236 1998 Closed Zambia Transport 2 PROG. SUPPORT PROJ. FCS Third Road Rehabilitation & Never P037294 1999 Closed Bangladesh Transport 2 Maintenance FCS MG-Urban Infrastructure Never Urban P048697 1997 Closed Madagascar 2 Project FCS Development HN ROAD Never P057538 RECONSTRUCTION AND 2001 Closed Honduras Transport 2 FCS IMPROVEMENT Never Urban P069095 MR-Urb Dev Prgm (FY02) 2002 Closed Mauritania 2 FCS Development BI:Public Works and Urban Always Urban P112998 2009 Active Burundi 3 Management FCS Development Financial and CG Support to Economic Always P118561 2011 Active Congo, Rep. Private Sector 3 Diversification FCS Development (I) Competitive DRC Western Growth Poles Congo, Dem. Always P124720 2013 Active Industries 3 Project Rep. FCS Practice Financial Always P128239 South Sudan PSD Project 2012 Active South Sudan Inclusion 3 FCS Practice Financial and Always P069629 SME CREDIT (KOSOVO TF) 2001 Closed Kosovo Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) Financial and TP-Small Enterprises Project Always P072654 2002 Closed Timor-Leste Private Sector 3 II FCS Development (I) Always P083477 SL-ERRG 4 (FY05) 2005 Closed Sierra Leone Economic Policy 3 FCS Financial and AF: Investment Guarantee Always P088719 2005 Closed Afghanistan Private Sector 3 Facility FCS Development (I) Financial and Always P090928 AF: PSD Support Project 2007 Closed Afghanistan Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) RY-Labor Intensive Public Partial Social P122594 2012 Active Yemen 3 Works Project FCS Development Global Never Information/Co P081771 LK: E-Sri Lanka Development 2005 Active Sri Lanka 3 FCS mmunications Technology Global Never Information/Co P093610 GH-eGhana SIL (FY07) 2007 Active Ghana 3 FCS mmunications Technology Financial and ET-Tourism Develop. Project Never P098132 2009 Active Ethiopia Private Sector 3 SIL FCS Development (I) Financial and Never P119662 Bagre Growth Pole 2011 Active Burkina Faso Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) Financial and BD: Private Sector Never P120843 2011 Active Bangladesh Private Sector 3 Development Support FCS Development (I) Global BD: Leveraging ICT Growth, Never Information/Co P122201 2013 Active Bangladesh 3 Employ & Gov FCS mmunications Technology P122764 ET:Women 2012 Active Ethiopia Never Social 3 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 40 Entrepreneurship FCS Development Development Never P072003 BJ-PRSC 1 2004 Closed Benin Economic Policy 3 FCS Financial and BT Private Sector Never P073458 2007 Closed Bhutan Private Sector 3 Development FCS Development (I) Never P078619 GH-PRSC 3 DPL (FY06) 2006 Closed Ghana Economic Policy 3 FCS BT Development Policy Never P078807 2006 Closed Bhutan Economic Policy 3 Grant I FCS Financial and Never P080013 SN-Priv Sec Adj Crdt (FY04) 2004 Closed Senegal Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) HN Regional Dev in the Never Social P081172 2003 Closed Honduras 3 Copan Valley FCS Development Financial and Enterprise Growth & Bank Never P081969 2004 Closed Bangladesh Private Sector 3 Modernization FCS Development (I) Financial and UG-Priv Sec Never P083809 2005 Closed Uganda Private Sector 3 Competitiveness 2 FCS Development (I) Financial and Never P085006 MSME Initiative 2006 Closed Ghana Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) Financial and Never P085007 MSME Competitiveness 2005 Closed Kenya Private Sector 3 FCS Development (I) BT Second Development Never P104931 2007 Closed Bhutan Economic Policy 3 Policy Grant FCS BT Development Policy Never P111222 2009 Closed Bhutan Economic Policy 3 Grant /Credit FCS Never P128201 BT: DPC 2 2013 Closed Bhutan Economic Policy 3 FCS CI - Emerg. Youth Empl & Always P122546 2012 Active Cote d'Ivoire Education 4 Skills Dev. Pro FCS Second Skills Development Always P132742 2013 Active Afghanistan Education 4 Project FCS SD-Southern Sudan Sudan/South Always P097962 2006 Closed Education 4 Education ERL Sudan FCS NP: Enhanced Vocational Partial P104015 2011 Active Nepal Education 4 Educ & Trng FCS Partial P035643 GM-Education APL 3 (FY99) 1999 Closed Gambia, The Education 4 FCS Partial P055684 Higher Educ. Techn. Trg 1998 Closed Cameroon Education 4 FCS RY-Second Vocational Partial P086308 2007 Closed Yemen Education 4 Training Project FCS NP: Adolescent Girls Partial Gender and P117214 2010 Closed Nepal 4 Emplymnt Initiative FCS Development RW: Skills Development Never P118101 2011 Active Rwanda Education 4 Project (FY11) FCS NE Skills Development for Never P126049 2013 Active Niger Education 4 Growth Project FCS BF-Youth Employment & Never P130735 2013 Active Burkina Faso Education 4 Skills Development FCS Never P001353 MICRO & SMALL ENTERP 1994 Closed Kenya Social Protection 4 FCS Never P009574 EDUCATION II 1998 Closed Bhutan Education 4 FCS Never P055944 III EDUC & TRAIN. 2000 Closed Maldives Education 4 FCS BJ-Labor Force Dev SIL Never P070204 2000 Closed Benin Education 4 (FY00) FCS Never P087180 MR-Higher Education (FY05) 2005 Closed Mauritania Education 4 FCS P110407 AF: Rural Enterprise Devt 2010 Active Afghanistan Always Agriculture and 5 Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 41 Program FCS Rural Development KM-Emergency Crises Always P120631 2010 Active Comoros Social Protection 5 Response Project FCS SL-Youth Employment Always P121052 2010 Active Sierra Leone Social Protection 5 Support (FY10) FCS Safety Net and Skills Always P143915 2013 Active South Sudan Social Protection 5 Development FCS Third Transition Support Always Public Sector P083894 2005 Closed Timor-Leste 5 Program FCS Governance KM-Srvcs Supt Credit SIL Always P084315 2004 Closed Comoros Social Protection 5 (FY04) FCS TP Consolidation Support Always Public Sector P088181 2006 Closed Timor-Leste 5 Program (CSP) 1 FCS Governance KM:FOOD-SECURITY & Always P121550 2011 Closed Comoros Social Protection 5 UNEMPLOYMENT SUPPORT FCS LR: Youth, Employment, Always P121686 2010 Closed Liberia Social Protection 5 Skills Project FCS EMPLOYMENT AND HUMAN Partial P120588 2010 Active Djibouti Social Protection 5 CAPITAL SSN FCS DJ Crisis Response-SSN Partial P130328 2012 Active Djibouti Social Protection 5 project FCS Partial P044202 PILOT POV ALLEV 1997 Closed Tajikistan Social Protection 5 FCS DJ-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Partial Social P044584 1999 Closed Djibouti 5 AND PUBLIC WORKS FCS Development Partial Social P104006 TJ YOUTH PCG 2008 Closed Tajikistan 5 FCS Development BD: Northern Areas Never Social P114841 2012 Active Bangladesh 5 Reduction-of-Poverty FCS Development GH-Social Opportunities Never P115247 2010 Active Ghana Social Protection 5 Project (FY10) FCS RW:Economic Never Social P116360 Empowerment of Young 2011 Active Rwanda 5 FCS Development Women BD: Employment Never P118701 2011 Active Bangladesh Social Protection 5 Generation Program FCS HN Employment Generation Never Urban P124157 2011 Active Honduras 5 in Poor Urban N FCS Development Never Poverty P078995 BF-PRSC 5 DPL (FY05) 2005 Closed Burkina Faso 5 FCS Reduction Never Poverty P078996 BF-PRSC 6 2006 Closed Burkina Faso 5 FCS Reduction Never P079314 SIF 2 2004 Closed Moldova Social Protection 5 FCS HN Nutrition and Social Never P082242 2006 Closed Honduras Social Protection 5 Protection FCS Never Public Sector P083246 GH-PRSC 2 DPL (FY05) 2005 Closed Ghana 5 FCS Governance MG-Emerg. Food Sec. & Never P113134 2009 Closed Madagascar Social Protection 5 Reconstr. (FY09) FCS Table A3 Summary of PDO text and indicators for FCS projects Project Country Net Approval PDO text Indicators ID Commitment FY Agriculture and Rural Development P133327 Tajikistan $18M 2013 Employment creation to food insecure people Public works beneficiaries disaggregated by through rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage gender and vulnerable group infrastructure Number of person days worked by participants of public works program P119690 Tajikistan $10.26M 2011 To generate temporal employment and Jobs created by the project (number of rehabilitate irrigation and drainage infrastructure working days) in selected districts in the Khatlon Oblast as a means to increase household food security Jobs created by the project (number of workers employed, only for manual cleaning) Number of households with improved income Total amount of cash transferred to people involved in public works ($) P034212 Sri Lanka $57M 1998 To provide income and employment generation N/A opportunities for returning IDPs; Rs 25,000 cash grant to returning IDP families to acquire basic tools and inputs, such as seed and fertilizer, to restart a productive livelihood and to provide the needed start up capital for sustainable income generation. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 1 P058070 Sri Lanka $27M 2000 To help conflict affected communities in the Sustainable increase in on farm employment North-East province and adjoining areas to re- establish at least a subsistence level of production and basic community services, through assistance with jump starting agricultural and small-scale reconstruction activities Sustainable increase in farmed area and agricultural production Infrastructure and reconstruction P064876 Burundi $70.4M 2004 To contribute to Burundi's post-war revival by Number of SMEs trained in works restoring part of the priority road network, management generating employment for the rural poor and improving institutional capacity in the road sector Jobs created by maintenance and rehabilitation works (persons) Share of rural population with access to an all- season road Female persons employed on road works P064961 Burundi $70.6M 2001 To generate productive employment to help Over 750,000 average person/days of reconstruction on the Borrower's territory employment created through labor-intensive public works To promote the execution of cost-effective and Minimum number of firms participating in economically and socially useful public works bidding for subprojects projects, through small and medium enterprises P077779 Afghanistan $33M 2002 Providing employment opportunities through N/A labor-based reconstruction activities to restore critical urban services and power Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 2 P082472 Afghanistan $39.2M 2003 To enhance well-being and promote equitable N/A economic growth in the country through rural road rehabilitation, which will improve access of rural communities to basic services and facilities To contract with the private sector to carry out road rehabilitation and increase rural employment P091036 Afghanistan $52.8M 2003 To assist the government in providing N/A employment in rural areas at a minimum wage, as a safety net, to as many people in as short a time as possible In conjunction with the objective of government's NRAP to enhance human security and promote equitable economic growth by ensuring year-round access to markets, basic services and facilities in the rural areas of Afghanistan P060132 Yemen $50M 1999 A continuation of the ongoing public works N/A project, that with alongside other development goals generate an estimated 200,000 work- months of employment P089968 Djibouti $8.46M 2005 Main objective is to rehabilitate and recover N/A economic and social assets damaged by floods Labor-intensive works will support employment generation for the low-income population especially from affected areas Economic Policy, Financial and Private Sector Development P112998 Burundi $60M 2009 To increase access to basic socio economic Roads rehabilitated, Non-rural services and to increase to short-term employment opportunities in target areas Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 3 Markets constructed or rehabilitated Person-days of short-term employment created through labor-intensive public works Number of people in urban areas provided with access to all-season roads within a 500 meter range under the project People with access to improved market facilities Direct project beneficiaries Female beneficiaries P118561 Republic of $10M 2011 To promote private sector growth and Number of Doing Business indicators that have Congo investment in the non-oil sectors, focusing on been reformed to improve the country's SMEs business environment To specifically increase private investments in Number of overall procedures that have been non oil enterprises along the Pointe Noire to reduced in the five Doing Business indicators Brazzaville corridor where the country is ranked least. To specifically increase the number of direct jobs Number of SMEs benefiting from non-financial created in non oil sectors by enterprises services provided by the project supported by the project Aggregate incremental sales for SMEs supported by the project Percentage of SMEs, out of all SMEs supported by the project, that achieved agreed upon target performance indicators Aggregate private investment amount supported by project activities in select non-oil value chain. P124720 DRC $110M 2013 To increase productivity and employment in Value of private investment flows in the selected value chains in target zones targeted value chains facilitated by the project Rural roads rehabilitated to link production Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 4 centers to markets Number of enterprises in the SEZ Time to export (Doing Business) (I) Cassava (II) Rice (III) Palm oil Number of jobs created in select value chains Productivity of food crops in select value chains P128239 South $9M 2012 To improve access to finance for private sector No of active loan accounts -Microfinance Sudan development and increase employment opportunities in South Sudan Number of startup businesses supported through BPC (Male/Female) Number of ongoing businesses supported through BPC (Male/Female) Number of businesses supported through the BPC still in operation at the end of theproject Number of jobs generated by enterprises supported by the BPC sub-grants Number of people with access to finance through targeted MFIs and BPC (Male/Female) P069629 Kosovo $4.38M 2001 To rapidly channel financial resources to private N/A SMEs to re-start production, create employment, and ultimately contribute to poverty alleviation P072654 Timor-Leste $7.5M 2002 To generate employment, accelerate economic N/A growth, improve SME competitiveness, build capacity with the focus on Private Sector Development, and rehabilitate market infrastructure Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 5 P083477 Sierra $15M 2005 Multisectoral project including pro-poor growth N/A Leone and job creation objective Improve investment climate Improve tariff and trade regime Metals and mining development P088719 Afghanistan $5M 2005 To stimulate FDI through investment guarantee Total face value of guarantee issued facility For FDI to stimulate the local economy, generate Total face value of pipeline with definitive employment, create tax revenues, and assist in application (DA) the transferof modern technologies and business practices from abroad to Afghanistan Amount of foreign direct investment stimulated by Afghanistan Investment Guarantee Facility (AIGF) Number of jobs created through investments supported by Afghanistan Investment Guarantee Facility (AIGF) P090928 Afghanistan $25M 2007 To increase the volume of private investment Number of enterprises going into operation in and productive jobs one industrial parks (% of targeted number actually in operation). Enhance the provision of land and infrastructural Building blocks for effective investment services for enterprise development promotion (such as sectoral information base and customer relationship management processes) are in place. Enhance the capacity of government agencies to A monitoring mechanism established to obtain analyze PSD issues, develop and implement PSD- feedback on regulatory bottlenecks faced by related strategies, policies, projects and the private sector. programs Enhance the capacity of government agencies to Clear institutional mandate established for promote Afghanistan as an investment AISA-IPDD. destination and provide investment facilitation Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 6 services Adequate staffing and other resources given to AISA-IPDD. IPDA prepares relevant draft laws, regulations and policies or inputs for these. MoCI staff score on relevant assessments (% of staff scoring 3 or above on a scale of 1 to 5) Private sector satisfaction with frequency and structure of dialogue (% of survey respondents fully or well satisfied) Number of jobs created in the industrial park supported by the project. Amount of investment by enterprises located in the industrial park. (million US $) Time required for business start-up (days) Formal cost required for business start-up (% of GNI per capita) Private sector assessment of policy predictability as captured through enterprise surveys (% of respondants saying that policies are predictable) P122594 Yemen $61M 2012 To: (i) provide needed infrastructure to improve Training Centers - Number of new facilities access to basic public services; and (ii) create built or rehabilitated short term employment. Improved access to vocational training (trainees enrolled per year) Short term employment generated (No. of person-months) Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 7 Education and Occupational Skills Development P122546 Cote $50M 2012 To improve access to temporary employment Percentage of total costs going to wage bills d'Ivoire and skills development opportunities for young (all sub-projects) men and women in Cote d'Ivoire' s territory Percentage of Labor Intensive Public Work (LIPW) participants' wages paid in a timely manner per 6 months cycle Total number of internships provided Number of apprenticeship contracts signed Number of regular progress reports produced on time by the service providers of component 2 (cumulative) Number of business plans submitted by participants of the entrepreneurship training program Component 2, activity (d) Contracts with service providers signed on time by the relevant authorities Number of communications campaigns launched Number of additional person days provided in LIPW (disaggregated by gender, district and type of sub-project) Direct project beneficiaries Completion rate of youth participating in apprenticeship and internship programs P132742 Afghanistan $55M 2013 To increase the potential for employment and Number of Provinces covered by the Public higher earnings of graduates from Vocational Awareness Campaign Education and Training institutions through improvements in the skills delivery system Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 8 Number of National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) that are benchmarked to International Standards Number of Technical Teachers trained in relevant pedagogic techniques and obtaining satisfactory Completion Certificates from Technical Teacher Training Institute Number of beneficiary students from the Voucher Program. Percentage of graduates who are employed within six months of passing out from all project supported institutes Share of employed graduates who are still employed after one year of employment Improvement in students learning outcomes through classroom Higher earnings of employed graduates of supported schools and institutes compared to graduates from non-beneficiary schools and institutes P097962 South $25.5M 2006 To improve access to enhanced quality of Teachers trained thru in-service and pre- Sudan education, alternate learning opportunities, service to minimum qualifications and development of life skills and basic occupational certification requirements (number) skill training to primary school students, IDPs, demobilized soldiers, and othe rnon-traditional learners Children enrolled in primary education Demobilized soldiers, returning population, overage learners, and other non-formal learners enrolled in alternate learning programsor basic skill training provided under Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 9 the project P104015 Nepal $50M 2011 To expand the supply of skilled and employable Average monthly earnings of short-term labor by increasing access to quality training training employed graduates within eight programs, and by strengthening the technical months of training completion. and vocational education and training system in Nepal Number of trainees supported with vouchers and results-based training Number of trainees completing training test in supported programs Number of students from disadvantaged groups and lagging regions receiving stipends Percentage of graduates from supported programs gainfully employed at least for six months after the completion of the training Percentage of girls, dalits and marginalized janjatis enrolled in supported institutions P117214 Nepal $2.05M 2010 To increase employment and incomes of Attract 50% more applications from young participating young women aged 16-24 years by women aged 16-24 than there are training strengthening an existing model for training and slots. job placement in Nepal 25% annual increase in the share of applicants from excluded or special groups. 90% of young women selected to participate in the AGEI program complete the training program. Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 10 High levels of satisfaction among graduates with the quality of the technical skills training received, with at least 80% reportinga score of 3 or above on a 5-point scale. 80% of graduates show increased knowledge of topics covered in the life skills training after completing the training. 80% of young women who complete the training with a standard curriculum pass the relevant NSTB exam. High levels of satisfaction among graduates with the quality of the life skills training received, with at least 80% reporting a score of 3 or above on a 5-point scale. High levels of satisfaction among graduates with the quality of the job placement assistance received, with at least 80% reporting a score of 3or above on a 5-point scale. Average monthly income of NRs. 3,000 for graduates placed in informal jobs over a 6- month period Average monthly income of NRs. 4,600 for graduates placed in formal jobs over a 6- month period Skills provision for 4,375 young women aged between 16 and 24 Job placement for 80% of graduates P035643 The $20M 1999 Broader education sector program with one N/A Gambia objective to develop a strategy for the provision of vocational and technical education relevant to Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 11 the demands of the job market P055684 Cameroon $4.86M 1998 To develop a new model for higher education N/A institutions, involving private sector enterprises in the curriculum and training, follow-up on graduate employment, develop new courses in tandem with employment needs P086308 Yemen $15M 2007 To provide the public training system with Satisfaction of employers in the target sectors improved mechanisms for responsiveness to with the availability, quality and relevance of: employment needs (i) pre-service training; and (ii) in-service training New technician-level programs are introduced in four institutes in collaboration with employers Increase in quantity (no. of beneficiaries and $ value) and diversity of in-service training delivered by the participating institutes with SELUs established 48 Master Instructors have occupational skills upgraded through collaboration with employer community General job creation projects P110407 Afghanistan $30M 2010 To stimulate inclusive economic growth by 50% of the supported SMEs report increased harnessing the potential of micro-enterprise net revenues sector and its strategic linkage with high growth drivers, particularly Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and large agri-businesses, for sustainable employment and income generation in rural areas. At least 15% of project supported SMEs are Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 12 female owned 70% of Enterprise Groups (EGs) will have increased their net revenues by over 50%. At least 35% female. 50% of EGs supported by the Project will still be operating 2 years after start up. At least 35% will be female At least 20% of participating enterprises will have increased direct and/or indirect employment by at least 30% (Of these at least 35% will be women) At least 50% increase in purchases from rural areas by supported SMEs At least 30% increase in direct/and or indirect employment P120631 Comoros $8.31M 2010 To increase access to short-term employment Person-days of employment created and to basic social and economic services in areas affected by the crises, both global and internally-generated Percentage of women among beneficiaries (under cash-for-work) Beneficiaries of cash-for-work program People in Project areas benefiting from improved roads P121052 Sierra $20M 2010 To increase short term employment Person days provided in labor-intensive public Leone opportunities and to improve employability works (number) (disaggregated by categories andincomes of targeted youth men/women,district and type of subproject) Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 13 To address constraints on the demand and Beneficiaries receiving mentorship support supply side of the labor market namely: (i)to (disaggregated by categories man/woman and improve technical capacity and promote creation district) (number) and/or expansion of small youth owned enterprises in economically viable activities; (ii) to improve skills base of young people to make them more employable; and (iii) to provide a safety net and income supplement for the most vulnerable youth through public works. To learn through impact evaluation People enrolled in vocational skills/apprenticeshipstraining (disaggregated by categories man/woman and district) (number) To reduce social pressures and the risk of conflict People enrolled in training on the by providing employment support to about establishment and management of private 30,000-35,000 vulnerable youth over a period of sector enterprises (disaggregated by three years categories man/woman and district) (number) Beneficiaries who respond that the training program has had a positive impact on their lives (%) Employers reporting satisfaction with the skill levels of trained beneficiaries (%) Statistically significant difference in terms of employment of beneficiaries compared to control group (yes/no) Beneficiary completion rate for skills development and employment support interventions (%) P143915 South $21M 2013 To provide access to income opportunities and Beneficiaries of Safety Nets programs Sudan temporary employment to the poor and (number) vulnerable and put in place building blocks for a Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 14 social protection system Percentage of selected Bomas that post list of approved beneficiaries in public places Number of work days created Number of public works projects Beneficiary satisfaction with program Number of persons who complete the skills training program (disaggregated by youth and women) Targeting mechanism to select poor youth for skills development training designed, tested and finalized/revised P083894 Timor-Leste $4.96M 2005 Third Transition Support Program (FY2005) is a N/A multi-donor program of budget support where one objective (of three) is job creation through private sector development and agriculture P084315 Comoros $18.3M 2004 To increase access to short-term employment in Beneficiaries of cash-for-work program food-insecure areas Person-days of employment created Percentage of women among beneficiaries (since beginning of cash-for-work) P088181 Timor-Leste $0.5M 2006 First Consolidation Support Program emphasizes N/A three thematic pillars, as in previous programs, one of which is job creation. P121550 Comoros $2.37M 2011 To increase access to short-term employment in Beneficiaries of cash-for-work program food-insecure areas Person-days of employment created Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 15 Percentage of women among beneficiaries (since beginning of cash-for-work) P121686 Liberia $6M 2010 To expand access of poor and young Liberians to Component 1 - Days of Temporary temporary employment programsand to improve Employment created youth employability, in support of the Government of Liberia's response to the employment crisis Component 1 - Youth and female participation (under 35 years) Component 1 - Beneficiaries below the poverty line Component 1 - Beneficiaries unemployed (or inactive) before project Component 1 - Beneficiaries trained in basic skills Component 2 - Business owners participating and completing business development training Component 2 - Women participation Component 2 - Youth participation Component 2 - Employers satisfied with the quality of the students (trained) Net income gain of targeted participants in year of participation Persons participating and completing skills development programs Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 16 P130328 Djibouti $5M 2012 To: (a) support the provision of short-term Beneficiaries of Safety Nets programs employment opportunities in community-based (number) labor-intensive works for the poor and vulnerable; and (b) support the improvement of nutrition practices among participating households focusing on pre-school children and pregnant/lactating women No. of person-days of labor intensive comm. works provided to able-bodied members of poor/vulnerable households Beneficiaries of Safety Nets programs - Conditional cash transfers (number) Beneficiaries of Safety Nets programs - Female (number) Number of labor intensive community works and services approved Percentage of communities satisfied with community works in targeted area. Percentage of beneficiaries trained in work related skills (basic construction techniques, crafts), entrepreneurship (savings groups, microfinance) P044202 Tajikistan $12M 1997 To establish temporary employment generation N/A through the rehabilitation of essential social and economic infrastructure P044584 Djibouti $19.8M 1999 To generate employment opportunities through N/A labor-intensive works and development of small local entrepreneurs in the construction sector, towards main objective of increasing the quality of, and access to, basic economic and social infrastructure and services in the city of Djibouti Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 17 P104006 Tajikistan $2.10M 2008 To expand social and economic opportunities for Rehabilitated Youth Centers disadvantaged youth in poor areas of Tajikistan. The specific objectives of the Project are to: (i) Youth Beneficiaries of the Project Youth increase access to information and life skills Centers development; (ii) promote youth economic entrepreneurship and employability; and (iii) strengthen the institutional capacity of the State Committee of Youth, Tourism and Sports. Young people placed in apprenticeships Youth Center trainers who are youth themselves Youth in catchment area who have participated in project activities Female beneficiaries