REPORT NO: AUS5783 LATIN AMERICA 6L TF TRACE Model in Pilot Cities in Latin America May 19, 2015 GEEDR LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO PREFACE- MUNICIPAL PRESIDENT OF LEÓN also been identified by TRACE as sustainability benchmarking of city governments. The Municipal Government of León is aware of the importance of keeping This process not only reduces considerably this type of gas emissions our natural heritage and reversing the trend of environmental deterioration. to the atmosphere, it uses them to generate the electric and thermal To reach this target, public, private, national and international efforts must power required by the Plant, contributing to significant economic savings. be joined. These are just two of the innovating model examples that have extended Based on our strong municipal vocation we advocate the idea of the the virtuous circle of their actions towards the environmental, social and strong potential of local governments to undertake concrete actions economic sustainability. These models have been proudly implemented by leading to the efficient use of energy and inputs generating said energy. the Municipal Presidency of León using available resources, and also with That is why we are very pleased the World Bank selected the city of the dedication and support from the Municipal staff. León to implement the energy efficiency study using TRACE (Tool for The current diagnosis of energy efficiency has also allowed us to Rapid Assessment City Energy). identify our improvement opportunities, leading us to take actions to From the very first day, we worked under the premise “think globally, act improve the existing programs. locally”. We have taken several actions that have translated in irrefutable An example is waste management identified by TRACE as an benefits for the people; moreover, they have been considered as national improvement opportunity. As TRACE implementation advanced in this and international references since they are judged as “success stories” sector, we saw the urgent need to re-design our urban solid waste collection because of their high impact. and disposal system. Such is the case of the Integrated Public Transport System, which made Thus, since the beginning of this year we began re-designing the the city of León the municipality with the most sustainable transportation system, from the legal scope with the service call for tenders to change system worldwide, by the current diagnosis. criteria for payments to concessionaires and the use of recyclable waste. Based on the conclusions of this document, the transportation system This action discovered multiple layers in a complex network for waste of León has the lowest fuel consumption per inhabitant among the cities collection and disposal. It was a problem for those who collected waste where TRACE was implemented. This is a big achievement, since it places illegally, but it helped us to break with inertia, deeply rooted defects, and us as a city with a cutting-edge public transport system and at the same to undergo a needed and urgent transformation. time environmentally friendly. In spite of the troubles for many, benefits will be for everybody in León. The energy co-generation system using biogas from the Municipal At the present time, we are on the right track to become the most efficient Wastewater Treatment Plant implemented by Sistema de Agua Potable and sustainable municipality as far as urban solid waste management is y Alcantarillado de León – SAPAL, the water and wastewater public entity, concerned. has been one of the projects considered as a success story, and it has TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO iii These and many other benefits were achieved by conducting the energy diagnosis of the city based on TRACE that we implemented thanks to the support from the World Bank that is assisting us to build an environmentally responsible León. On behalf of all the people of León, I thank the World Bank, not only for having chosen the city of León to implement TRACE, but also for trusting city governments as the global driving force the planet is requesting. LIC. MARÍA BÁRBARA BOTELLO SANTIBÁÑEZ Municipal President of León TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO iv PREFACE - SECRETARY OF ENERGY (SENER) In this regard, the Secretary of Energy, with World Bank support, supported the development of the diagnosis on energy efficiency through The National Energy Strategy 2013-2027 establishes that Mexico has had the implementation of the Tool for Rapid Assessment of Cities Energy a growing urban population, which resulted from the migration from rural (TRACE), a tool for prioritizing energy saving in cities. TRACE allows local to urban areas, in search of more employment opportunities and a better governments to understand opportunities to increase energy efficiency; quality of life. This has led to a growth in demand for services such as water primarily through energy saving for transportation, buildings, street pumping systems, public lighting, public transport, space conditioning and lighting, solid waste, water pumping energy and heating, which will result in infrastructure, which concentrate power and fuel consumption. significant savings opportunities for the municipality and important social In light of this growing urban footprint, it is essential to improve energy benefits and care for the local and global environment. efficiency in Mexican cities to reduce energy costs and local and global The diagnostics are expected to clearly identify potential areas of environmental impacts deriving from energy consumption. public or private investment that the local government can use to improve Mexico is committed to boosting the national energy sector through services provided to the city, and with that, make more efficient energy use. projects, programs and actions aimed at achieving greater use and development of renewable energy and clean technologies as well as to LEONARDO BELTRÁN RODRÍGUEZ. promote energy efficiency to achieve an appropriate balance that allows the Undersecretary of Planning and Energy Transition country to move towards social, economic and environmental sustainability Secretary of Energy (SENER) in line with current and future global environmental commitments. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO v TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO vi PREFACE – WORLD BANK GROUP energy efficiency investments are regulatory and legal constraints, lack of knowledge of cost-effective interventions, and limited institutional City governments are in a unique position to lead the transition to more capacity to design and implement projects. This study is based on a rapid efficient energy use and in the process improve their urban services, reduce assessment of municipal energy use and identifies where opportunities for budgetary expenditures, and curb energy use and emissions. energy savings exist. With this information, and through the support of Municipalities are typically large and visible energy consumers that other federal and state programs, municipal authorities in Mexico will be through their actions and good example can encourage energy efficiency in a better position to plan and implement cost-effective energy efficiency and help promote the market for energy efficient products and services. measures. While energy efficiency priorities will be different depending on factors This study is part of a broader program in Mexico to help identify such as geography, climate, and the level of economic development, and implement energy efficiency measures. The country has previously Mexican cities appear to have significant potential to reduce energy established the National Program for Efficient Energy Use (Programa consumption, for example, in public lighting, municipal buildings, and the Nacional para el Aprovechamiento de la Energia, PRONASE) that seeks to provision of water and sanitation. FIDE estimates that energy savings of up promote and support the establishment of institutional arrangement for to 50 percent are possible through the installation of efficient street lights the design and implementation of energy efficiency policies, programs, and up to 40 percent by employing more efficient water pumps. Municipal and projects at the subnational level. To elevate the focus on cities, SENER facilities, such as office buildings or schools, typically have a similar energy launched a national urban energy efficiency program in June 2014. This consumption pattern that may offer an attractive investment opportunity study evaluates a range of options to reduce energy use in municipal for commercial equipment and service providers, while at the same time services, including street lighting, public buildings, water supply and providing energy and financial savings to the municipality. sanitation, public transport, solid waste management, and within energy Although programs to support energy efficiency exist at the municipal utilities (electricity and gas). The World Bank has been involved in end-use level, a fundamental question is why these measures are not undertaken energy efficiency programs in Mexico and has recently supported energy on a larger scale given the availability of proven technologies and when use diagnostics at the municipal level. This has led to a cooperative effort financing is not a constraint. Among the common barriers to urban between SENER and the World Bank to design and implement a national TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO vii municipal energy efficiency program, beginning with multi-city energy use assessments. This report focuses on energy use in the Municipality of Leon. The hope is that the findings from this study will provide useful lessons to other cities that are interested in improving the efficiency of energy use. Both the methodology and specific energy efficiency measures identified here are likely to be illustrative of the potential in other cities in Mexico. The World Bank intends to draw on the findings from León and other Mexican cities to provide global lessons for urban energy efficiency. MALCOLM COSGROVE-DAVIES Practice Manager Energy and Extractives Global Practice The World Bank Group TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ESMAP COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER Preface - Municipal President of León ........................................iii Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) reports are Preface - Secretary of Energy (SENER)........................................v published to communicate the results of ESMAP’s work to the development Preface - World Bank Group.........................................................vii community with the lease possible delay. Some sources cited in this paper Executive Summary ......................................................................... 2 may be informal documents that are not readily available. Methodology...................................................................................... 8 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report Background León ............................................................................11 are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any National Framework Regarding Energy ...................................13 manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members León Sector Diagnostics............................................................19 of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, or to Streetlights...............................................................................23 ESMAP. The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of the Solid Waste ..............................................................................25 data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever Municipal Buildings .................................................................28 for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, Urban Transport......................................................................29 and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on Water .........................................................................................36 the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any Energy Efficiency Recommendations.....................................41 territory or the endorsement of acceptance of such boundaries. Streetlights...............................................................................44 TRACE (Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy) was developed by Solid Waste...............................................................................47 ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program), a unit of the Municipal Buildings..................................................................49 World Bank, and is available for download and free use at: http://esmap. Municipal Vehicles ..................................................................51 org/TRACE. Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan.....................52 Annexes.............................................................................................55 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY based on case studies and global best practices. It is targeted mainly at local authorities and public utility companies, but it could also be used Beautiful Leon, Guanajuato, by state or federal authorities to increase their knowledge about how to Its fair with its gambling; There one bets one’s life, make cities more energy efficient. And the winner is respected. Because TRACE is rapid, the analysis is somewhat limited. Its There in my Leon, Guanajuato recommendations should thus be seen as an indication of what can be done Life is not worth anything. to improve a city’s energy performance and reduce energy expenditures in some areas; however, it does not assess the residential, industrial, or Background commercial sectors. In many cities worldwide, the six TRACE areas are under municipal jurisdiction, but in Latin America and the Caribbean, local This report, supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance authorities often have only limited influence over sectors such as transport, Program (ESMAP), applies the Tool for the Rapid Assessment of City electricity, water, and sanitation. Energy (TRACE) to examine energy use in León, México. This study is Several recommendations were produced through the TRACE analysis one of three requested (besides by León, by Puebla, México and Bogota, to help the city improve EE in urban services. The findings were made in Colombia) and conducted in 2013 by the World Bank Latin America and consultation with local authorities based on sector analyses by local the Caribbean Energy Unit to begin a dialogue on energy efficiency (EE) consultants. The study looked at six areas to determine the three that potential in Latin America and Caribbean cities. In Puebla and León, TRACE have the greatest savings potential and where the city has a significant helped the Mexican Secretary of Energy (SENER) develop an urban EE degree of control: streetlights, solid waste, and municipal buildings. strategy. TRACE is a simple, practical tool for making rapid assessments of Overview of energy use municipal energy use. It helps prioritize sectors that have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and identifies appropriate EE measures STREETLIGHTS. The streetlight infrastructure is mainly owned by León, and in six sectors—transport, municipal buildings, wastewater, streetlights, part of the total concrete light poles are owned by the national electricity solid waste, and power/heat. Globally, the six are often managed by the company, Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE). León is responsible for cities which have substantial influence over public utility services. In this maintaining the streetlights and pays CFE for energy consumption through context, TRACE—which is a low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that a local tax on residential consumers. can be applied in any socioeconomic setting—offers local authorities the Although a relatively large number of city roads are lit, authorities do information they need about energy performance and identifies areas not have a good inventory of the number of streetlights. Also, the use of where more analysis would be useful. The tool includes about 65 EE efforts meters needs to increase since these will allow the city to identify the TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 2 amount of energy consumed. Of the city roads, 76 percent are lit, but only • Contract with an energy service company (ESCO) so that a third party pays 65 percent of consumption is actually metered. The remaining amount is for the cost of the upgrades and recovers its investment by sharing in the estimated by CFE. Also, the precise number of street lamps is unclear, with savings achieved. the figures differing. The city department estimates 70,000 while CFE says there are 90,000. SOLID WASTE. This function is carried out by both public and private In the last two decades, the city carried out measures to improve institutions under the control and oversight of the city’s Integrated streetlights—replacing old, high-energy-intensive bulbs with more efficient Public Cleaning System (Sistema Integral de Aseo Público [SIAP]). Private high-pressure sodium (HPS) vapor lamps and equipping some light operators collect industrial waste while SIAP and private operators hired poles with energy-saving devices for dimming. The TRACE results have under short-term contracts collect urban commercial and residential encouraged the city to pursue a pilot project to replace 613 HPS with waste. The city’s landfill is managed by a private contractor. Given the Light-Eemitting Diode LED lamps for 10 km along the Boulevard Adolfo numerous private operators, the city lacks accurate and reliable data on Lopez Mates, one of León’s main avenues. collection trucks, routes, fuel consumption, and overall energy use. Thus, Although lights are not on all the city’s streets, the system requires a the TRACE only studied current expenditures for which there was enough large amount of electricity to operate the lights—costs which are ultimately information. paid by residents. According to the Mexican constitution, public lighting is The solid waste system serves 264,830 households in urban areas a city responsibility, paid for by a tax in consumers’ electricity bills. and nearly 15,000 in rural communities. The 309 kg produced per capita Streetlights use 2.9 percent of the total electricity consumed by the is comparable to other cities in the TRACE database with similar-sized city. According to the TRACE, about US$2 million a year could be saved in populations. Since, as mentioned before, the waste is collected by several energy expenditures if the city improved the system. This would involve private companies, this prevents optimal disposal, reuse, and recycling and the following steps: increases fuel consumption. The short-term contracts also prevent the collection of information on energy use and monitoring of the practices. • Conduct an audit of all streetlights. Less than three percent of León’s solid waste is recycled, which is • Upgrade/renovate street lamps with more efficient technology that can carried out mainly by informal collectors. deliver the same lighting levels with lower energy consumption, thus reducing Because there are no transfer stations in the city, solid waste trucks carbon emissions and operating expenses. travel long distances—about 80 km a day—to the landfill, using a large • In areas where the city controls the street lamps, it should introduce a amount of fuel. program that dims lights at certain times according to varying weather and The system can be improved and savings obtained if the following EE activity levels (for example, more light is needed at night when people are out measures are adopted: than in the early morning hours when there is less activity). TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 3 • Create transfer stations and recycling centers, which would allow waste to be POWER. As in other Mexican cities, power sector activities are under the separated (for recycling and composting), and thereby reduce (1) the amount state-owned utility, CFE. León is the largest user of electricity in the state sent to the landfill and (2) the number of truck trips and fuel consumption by of Guanajuato, accounting for almost a quarter of total consumption. Of waste collectors. this, over 50 percent is used by local industry while households use 23 • Establish medium- to long-term private operator contracts since these would percent (about 400,000 households in urban and rural areas have power optimize collection, disposal, and infrastructure investments. connections). With León’s population growth and the development of local industry and services, consumption rose by seven percent in recent years. MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. The city’s stock consists of more than 500 The power sector performs fairly well, as León has the lowest electricity facilities over an area of 1.6 million km . Most are public offices since 2 consumption per gross domestic product (GDP) among cities with similar schools, hospitals, and other institutional facilities are managed by state climates in the TRACE database, that is, 0.0132 kWh per US$ of GDP. With and federal authorities. Given the mild climate of the city, less than 10 overall losses of 10 percent (7 percent in the commercial buildings), León percent of these buildings have heating or cooling systems. As such, León compares favorably to other cities, but there is room for improvement. has the lowest electricity consumption (6.68 kWh per m ) for municipal 2 buildings, as recorded in the TRACE database. However, as is the case TRANSPORT. León has developed one of the most efficient public transport worldwide, the city does not have reliable data on the overall floor space systems in México and was the first city to introduce a bus rapid transit and energy consumption in these buildings. It is estimated that with (BRT) system, which covers almost half of the daily rides. Besides the BRT modest investments, the city could save up to US$100,000 a year in the system, known locally as Optibus, buses run on feeder and auxiliary routes. buildings’ energy costs. With an energy consumption of 0.1 MJ per passenger-km, public transport The city could consider these EE measures: is the second most efficient system in the TRACE database. At present, the city is increasing efforts to modernize public buses on • Benchmark various aspects of the city’s buildings, such as floor space area, secondary routes and to more fully integrate public transport with other type of heating/cooling, and electricity consumption per m . This data will 2 modes. It is expected that when this process is complete, the system will allow the city to determine which buildings have the greatest energy-saving cover 80 percent of the public transport travel demand. The number of potential. people riding the BRT buses is expected to rise from 350,000 to about • Publish and update the database. This will promote competition among 500,000 a day. With an energy consumption of 0.77 MJ per passenger- building managers and provide data on best practices for saving energy. km, León is the most energy efficient of cities with similar climates that are • Audit and upgrade city buildings. This will determine how resources can be recorded in the TRACE database. allocated to improve the buildings’ energy performance and the city can then allocate funds to purchase new equipment. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 4 However, private vehicles still dominate transport and contribute to million kWh of electricity. With an energy consumption of 0.297 kWh congestion and pollution, thereby raising the overall energy intensity of per m3 of wastewater, the city falls in the middle of the TRACE database. the transport sector. More than one-third of the wastewater treated is reused for local industry, León is expanding non-motorized transport (NMT), such as the irrigation of green areas, and farming activities. network of pedestrian paths and over 100 km of bike lanes. However, not all bike lanes are in good condition and some are not connected to both ENERGY EFFICIENCY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN. León can consolidate themselves and public transport systems. Thus, the city plans to build its energy planning by preparing a medium- to long-term strategy and more parking stations where people can rent and park bikes and integrate action plan that could encompass and expand upon the EE measures bikes them into the public transport system. described above. The plan would focus on actions in the public sectors over which the city has control, to reduce consumption, decrease greenhouse WATER/WASTEWATER. Water supply and sanitation is managed by a gas (GHG) emissions, and save money. Besides the public utility service well-established and efficient public entity, Sistema de Agua Potable y areas such as transport, solid waste, streetlights, municipal buildings, and Alcantarillado de León (SAPAL), which provides services to the city under water supply, the city can indirectly influence the energy consumption of a long-term contract. The city has good water coverage, of nearly 100 other areas, such as industry and residential housing, through information percent, serving over 382,000 residential and commercial customers. The campaigns, zoning, and standards. city pays levies to the national government to extract water from wells, For the strategy to be effective, it needs to set measurable, realistic which provide most of the potable water. Although León has the second targets and well-defined time frames and clearly define responsibilities. It lowest daily water consumption (99 liters/capita/day) among similar- must establish clear energy savings targets, as well as for GHG emissions sized cities, it is the second highest consumer of energy (1.2 kWh per m3 that could be reduced by each action, together with the costs incurred, and of water) compared to the TRACE database. This is largely because the the time frame for project implementation. It is important that the action city depends on wells and electricity is needed to pump the water—which plan designate the people in the local public administration responsible accounts for 25 percent of SAPAL’s operating costs. The city is building for launching and monitoring the EE measures and establish rewards and a reservoir that will replace much of the well-water, and this is expected penalties for good and bad performance. The action plan can cover a wide to reduce energy consumption. However, the city could reduce water range of activities, including improving the fuel efficiency of the municipal losses of nearly 40 percent by joining with state and federal authorities to vehicle fleet, setting procurement guidelines for acquiring more efficient improve the pipes. streetlights, replacing inefficient and high-energy-consuming bulbs in SAPAL operates a modern wastewater facility that includes a biogas municipal buildings, encouraging energy conservation in public offices, plant that provides around 75 percent of the electricity consumed by the organizing awareness campaigns and programs for separating solid waste treatment plant. In 2012, this totaled 51.3 million m and required 15.2 3 and more efficient use of water, and expanding NMT networks. Finally, the TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 5 strategy or plan would not only reduce carbon emissions and lower energy costs but also improve air quality and make León a more attractive place for citizens and visitors. Matrix with EE priorities and proposed programs The matrix below presents the public sectors identified by the TRACE tool as having the highest energy-saving potential and some of the measures the city could consider to reduce consumption and improve overall efficiency. The maximum energy saving potential is calculated by the TRACE tool considering the total energy spending in the sector1 and other parameters such as the city authority control and the relative energy intensity of the TRACE tool as is explained in the Summary of Section Priorization in the Recommendation section. The energy saving recommendations in the matrix were presented, discussed and agreed with the city authorities and key stakeholders, and represent only some of the possible measures to achieve maximum potential savings. These are classified by cost, energy saving potential and time of implementation, which are an estimation based on previous experiences however further assessments should be conducted to get the real cost of implementing the measures in Leon. Notes for the Matrix of EE Priorities a These amount refers to the maximum potential savings in the sector base on the TRACE tool, assuming all possible recommendations are implemented. The recommendations shown in the table were selected after discussions with the municipal authorities and utility companies and could help achieve some of the potential energy savings; however a detailed audit would need to be done to assess with more precision the amount of energy savings each measure can achieve. 1 The total energy spending on public transportation and private vehicles was b Cost of Implementation estimated: low ($) = US$0 -US$100,000; medium ($$) = estimated by multiplying the annual fuel consumption (diesel and gasoline, US$100,000 – US$1,000,000; high ($$$) = > US$1,000,000 respectively) by the average price of the fuel. Energy spending in street lighting, c Energy Saving Potential estimated: low (*), medium (**), high (***) potable water and public buildings were provided by the utility companies and the city authorities. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 6 Matrix with EE priorities and proposed programs Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 1 Streetlights US$11,530,000 US$2,318,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 1. Audits and Upgrade City $$ *** 1–2 years 2. Streetlight Timers City $ *** <1 year Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 2 Solid Waste US$1,100,000 US$419,338 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 3. Fuel-efficient Waste Vehicles City $ *** <1 year Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 3 Municipal Buildings US$2,048,992 US$98,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 4. Benchmarking Program City $ ** 1–2 years 5. Audits and Upgrades City $$$ *** 1–2 years TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 7 METHODOLOGY perform better on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight), and estimates the average improvement potential. The more cities in the TRACE helps prioritize the areas/sectors with significant energy-saving database, the more reliable the final results will be. potential, and identifies appropriate EE measures in six areas: transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, streetlights, solid waste, and The Main Frame of TRACE power/heat. It consists of three components: (1) an energy benchmarking module that compares key performance indicators (KPIs) in similar cities; (2) a prioritization model that identifies areas which offer the greatest potential for energy cost-savings; and (3) an activity model that functions like a ‘playbook’ of tried-and-tested EE measures. The three are part of a user-friendly software application that takes the city through a series of sequential steps from initial data gathering to a report with a matrix of EE recommendations based on the city’s particular context, to a list of implementation and financing options. These are the steps: 1. Collecting City Energy Use Data The TRACE database has 28 KPIs from 80 cities. Each of the data points Source: TRACE Tool in the KPIs is collected for the city before the tool is applied; once TRACE is launched, the collection grows as new, reliable data become available. 3. Ranking EE Recommendations 2. Analyzing City Energy Use Against Similar Cities TRACE contains a list of over 60 tried-and-tested EE recommendations in each of the areas. Some examples are listed: The city’s performance is compared with others with similar population, climate, and human development in each of the six areas (3–6 KPIs per • Buildings: Upgrading lights area). The benchmarking provides an overview of energy performance so • Organization/management: Creating an EE task force and program for EE the city can assess its relative rankings against the others. The relative procurement energy intensity (REI)—the percentage by which energy use in one area • Power and heat: Installing solar hot water systems can be reduced—is calculated by a simple formula. It looks at all cities that • Public lights: Replacing traffic lights with LED technology TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 8 • Transport: Reducing traffic in congested areas, maintaining the city bus fleet saving potential, and co-benefits. The recommendations are supported • Waste: Management/hauling efficiency program by implementation options, case studies, and references to tools and best • Water and wastewater: Replacing pumps practices. The TRACE Benchmarking Module 4. Preparing and Submitting the Report Prepared by the city, the final TRACE report identifies the high-priority and near-term actions to improve the EE and overall management of municipal services. The report identifies high-priority and near-term actions to improve EE and overall management of municipal services. The report includes • city background information such as contextual data, development priorities, EE goals, and barriers; • an analysis of the six sectors, including a summary of the benchmarking results; • a summary of sector priorities based on the city’s goals; Source: TRACE Tool • a draft summary of recommendations provided in the City Action Plan; and • an annex with more information on EE options and best-practice case studies. Recommendations are based on six factors: finance, human resources, data and information, policies, regulations and enforcement, and assets and TRACE limitations infrastructure. This step helps cities better assess the measures they have the capacity to introduce effectively. TRACE then plots recommendations Because TRACE is relatively simple and easy to implement, it also means based on two features of a 3x3 matrix (energy-saving potential and that its analyses are somewhat limited. For example, it may identify first costs), along with another feature that helps the user compare streetlights as a priority in terms of potential energy savings, but it does recommendations based on the speed of implementation. not detail the costs to carry out rehabilitation projects. Thus, even if the Recommendations in each area are quantitatively and qualitatively energy-saving potential is considered high, the costs may be even higher, evaluated based on data, including institutional requirements, energy- and investments may not be viable. Also, although TRACE focuses on the TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 9 service areas for which the city is responsible, the tool cannot factor in the institutional/legislative mechanisms that may be needed to launch specific EE actions. While TRACE seems to apply well in Eastern European cities and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, where most public utilities are under the city governments (which gives them substantial control over the TRACE areas), elsewhere, as in Latin America, cities have less control over them, either because they are managed at a state or federal level or because the service is provided by a contractor. For example, in 2013, TRACE was applied in Romania’s seven largest cities where important services such as public transport, district heating, streetlights, and municipal buildings were under local control. In some, even where operation and maintenance (O&M) is outsourced to a contractor (as with streetlights), the city owns the infrastructure and can make the final decisions. Thus, in Romania, the TRACE studies helped local and national authorities prepare local EE measures that were supported with funds from the European Union (EU), whose Europe 2025 Strategy aimed to reduce GHG emissions by 20 percent over the next few years. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 10 BACKGROUND The country has an export-oriented economy with more than 90 percent of trade occurring under free-trade agreements with 40 countries, including México is the fifth largest country in the Americas, behind Canada, the the United States and Canada, the EU, Japan, and other Latin American United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Spread over two million sq km, it is countries. Services represent two-thirds of GDP, industry 30 percent, and bordered by the United States on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west, agriculture 3 percent. Tourism is very important, attracting millions of Belize, Guatemala, and the Caribbean Sea on the south, and the Gulf of visitors every year and is the second most visited nation in the Americas, México on the east. after the United States. A large share of the territory consists of mountains as the country is México is a federal country with 31 states and the Federal District crossed by the Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental mountain ranges (from (México City). It has a population of 118.8 million (2010 census). The north to south); the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (from east to west); and most populous cities are listed: the Sierra Madre del Sur in the southwest. México is also intersected by the Tropic of Cancer, which divides the country into two climatic areas—the City 2010 Census temperate continental climate and the tropical one—which bring a very México City 8,851,080 diverse weather system. For example, the northern part of the country has Ecatepec 1,655,015 cooler temperatures during the winter and fairly constant temperatures Guadalajara 1,564,51 year around. Most of the central and northern parts are in high altitudes. Puebla 1,539,819 An upper-middle-income country with macroeconomic stability, México is the world’s 14th largest economy in nominal terms, ranks tenth León 1,436,733 by purchasing power parity, and has the second highest degree of income Juárez 1,321,004 disparity between rich and poor among the Organization for Economic Tijuana 1,300,983 and Cooperation Development (OECD) countries. According to the 2011 Zapopan 1,155,790 Human Development Report, México’s Human Development Index was at Monterrey 1,130,960 0.889, and based on the World Bank’s GINI index, the income inequality Nezahualcóyotl 1,109,363 ratio was 42.7 percent (2010). The economy has a mix of modern and outdated agricultural and industrial enterprises. México was severely affected by the 2008 economic crisis, when the Also, it is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world as well GDP dropped by more than 6 percent. Currently, the government is working as the third most populous in the Americas after the United States and to reduce the large gap between rich and poor, upgrade infrastructure, Brazil. modernize the tax system and labor laws, and reform the energy sector. León is located in the state of Guanajuato in north-central México in TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 11 a mountainous area. The altitude is about 1,800 m. León is the country’s León is a regional provider of financial services, education, health, fifth most populous city and the largest in Guanajuato. Its metropolitan and business tourism. The city is renowned for its leather products and area borders the cities of San Felipe and San Francisco del Rincon, as well is popularly referred to as the ‘Shoe Capital of the World’. According to as the state of Jalisco to the north, Guanajuato and Silao to the east, and the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), most of the Romita to the south. León has a sub-humid tropical climate, with summer city’s labor force is employed in the leather industry, followed by the food/ rainfalls. The climate has a bimodal pattern, with a large string of dry beverage sectors and commerce. The plastics and rubber industries are years, followed by a few rainy years related to the El Niño phenomena. The increasingly important to the local economy and are the city’s second average annual temperature is around 18 C. o largest industrial sector. By the end of 2010, León had 16 industrial The León metropolitan area was established in 2008 and includes, in clusters, including three large industrial parks. addition to León, the localities of Purisima Del Rincon and San Francisco del Rincon. It has over 2.1 million inhabitants, spread over 1,883 sq km, with a Arco dela Calzada de los Heroes in León population density of 1,217 people per sq km. The Location of León According to data from the ENOE, over a third of the residents in 2012 (accounting for almost 65 percent of the working age population) were employed and the city had a 5.6 percent unemployment rate. At the end of the same year, 62 percent of the labor force was engaged in services— Based on the 2010 census, the city has 1,436,733 inhabitants, of which shops, restaurants, finances, and the corporate sector—while 37 percent 93 percent are Catholic. Local authorities said the population is 1,485,490, was employed by the manufacturing and extractive industries and which is the number that TRACE applied. energy. Less than one percent is in agriculture, a sector that has faced TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 12 serious challenges in the past decades due to climate variability and a In recent years, León has faced challenges such as the growth of the lack of modern irrigation systems. Almost two-thirds of the working age informal sector and the outmigration of inhabitants to other cities in search population (370,000 people) is active in micro and small enterprises, while of better opportunities. The 2010 census reported a 3.5 percent migration 28 percent is in the informal sector. Lately, the unemployment rate has rate among city residents. With support from the federal government, city risen to about 6.5 percent, according to the National Institute for Statistics managers are currently implementing a 15 million peso program aimed at and Geography (INEGI). employing people to construct and maintain green areas. The 2012 urban index from the México Institute for Competitiveness León is home to eight universities, several soccer teams (including the (IMCO) (which ranks cities according to local government effectiveness, current Mexican league champion), and beautiful architectural structures labor markets, infrastructure, and the economy) placed León seventh such as the Cathedral, Municipal Palace, and Bicentennial Park. among cities with over one million inhabitants, just below Monterrey, México City, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Guadalajara, and Toluca.2 Based National Energy Framework on the ENOE survey, León has the country’s highest average income for women (their income, relative to men, is 0.86 percent). México’s power sector is dominated by CFE, a state-owned utility, which is the sole provider of electricity. CFE provides services to over 35 million Templo Expiatorio del Sagrado Corazón households in the country, covering 98 percent of the population. In 2011, overall electricity consumption nation-wide was 229,318 GW, a 7.2 percent increase from 2010,3 while electricity consumption in the residential sector increased 7.7 percent. Overall, the industrial sector accounts for 57.8 percent of consumption and the residential sector 26 percent. At the end of 2011, México’s national installed capacity was 61,568 MW, of which 52,512 MW was for the grid (‘public service’), including 11,907 MW owned by independent power producers (IPPs) and 9,056 MW by other private producers. Electricity from clean sources represented roughly 15 percent of total generation. Source: wikimedia.org. México’s Constitution presents the main legal provisions for the development and use of energy.4 Also, various laws regulate the energy 2 Urban Competitiveness Index 2012, The City: an Institution Designed for Failure - Proposals for Professional Management of Cities. Mexican Institute of 3 Electricity Sector Prospect 2012–2026. México. SENER 2012 (63). Competitiveness, IMCO: 17. 4 Legal and regulatory framework of the energy sector in México available at: TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 13 sector, the most important of which are the Law on Public Electricity Service Structure of México’s Energy Sector and the Petroleos México Law. The federal government has increased efforts to promote energy from renewable sources in order to mitigate The key institutions in the energy sector are the following: climate change effects, diversify supply, and improve the security of the 1. The Ministry of Energy (Secretaría de Energía, SENER) is responsible for country’s resources. The main legislation on renewable energy includes the planning and creating electricity and other energy policies. SENER is supported Law on the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Financing, the Law on by other regulatory and technical bodies, such as the National Commission Promotion and Development of Bioenergy, the Law on the Sustainable Use for the Efficient Use of Energy (Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de of Energy, and the Law on Rural Energy. la Energía, CONUEE), which drafts the National Program for the Sustainable Use of Energy (Programa Nacional para el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de Energy Regulations in the Private Sector la Energía, PRONASE) and is tasked with promoting the sustainable use of energy in all sectors and government levels by issuing guidance and providing The Public Service Electricity Law provides the legal framework for the technical assistance. generation and import of electricity. Private participation is only allowed 2. The Energy Regulatory Commission (Comisión Reguladora de Energía, CRE) in the following cases (however, recent changes to the Constitution and is responsible for the regulation and oversight of the electricity subsector legislation being discussed in Congress will greatly amend the sector): 5 while the National Hydrocarbons Commission (Comisión Nacional de 1. Electricity produced from co-generation is intended for individuals or private Hidrocarburos, CNH) regulates the oil sector. entities that own the facilities. 3. The state-owned power company, CFE, is responsible for the generation, 2. Independent production energy (IIPE) refers to electricity generated from a transmission, and distribution of electricity and serves the entire country, plant with an installed capacity greater than 30 MW and aimed exclusively while Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), México’s largest company, dominates for sale to CFE or for export; the hydrocarbon subsector. 3. Small production is defined as electricity that is (a) sold to CFE (with the 4. The Energy Savings Trust Fund (Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energía installed capacity of less than 30 MW); (b) supplied to small communities in Eléctrica, FIDE), a public-private trust fund, provides technical and financial rural or isolated areas (the installed capacity should not exceed 1 MW); and solutions for EE actions. (c) exported, with the maximum limit of 30 MW). 4. Export. 5. Import. http://www.cre.gob.mx/articulo.aspx?id=12 5 Official Site of the Energy Regulatory Commission, available at: http://www. cre.gob.mx/pagina_a.aspx?id=23 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 14 The Structure of Energy Sector in México quality of life for all Mexicans. ENERGY SECRETARIAT, SENER Recent Developments in México’s Energy Sector The energy sector has experienced serious problems in recent years. Oil CNH CFE ININ production has declined while consumption has continued to increase. However, investments have recently grown, to compensate for the decline, CRE IEE and new regulations encourage greater energy production from renewable sources. In the power sector, 35 percent of electricity is to be generated CNSNS PEMEX IMP from non-fossil sources by 2024. Refineries have undergone major CONUEE restructuring, and a large program was introduced to expand the transport of natural gas. Desconcentrate Bulgetarily Research 2000 to 2011, energy consumption rose by an average of 2 From Units Controlled Institute Entities percent a year, while primary energy production declined by 0.3 percent. Oil production reached its peak from 2000 to 2004, and then declined to 2.5 Energy Legislative Framework million barrels a day in 2012 despite the fact that hydrocarbon exploration and production-related investments tripled over the 12 preceding years The National Development Plan 2013–2018 describes the measures (from 77,860 million to 251,900 million pesos). Proven oil reserves also needed to increase the state’s capacity to supply crude oil, natural gas, and decreased by more than 30 percent, from 20,077 million barrels of oil gasoline and promote the efficient use of energy from renewable sources equivalent (mmboe) to 13,810 mmboe. Further, estimated reserves by employing new technologies and best practices. 6 dropped by 27.2 percent, from 16,965 mmboe to 12,353 mmboe. In The National Energy Strategy (ENE) 2013–2027 supports social recent years, México has become a net importer of gasoline, diesel, natural inclusion in the use of energy and reducing GHG emissions and other gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and petrochemical products. If this negative impacts on health and the environment related to energy trend continues, the country will probably face an energy deficit by 2020. production and consumption. The ENE’s goal is to develop a more 7 According to SENER, overall energy consumption in 2011 was 4,735.71 sustainable and competitive energy sector, meet energy demand, Petajoules (PJ).8 Transport is the most energy-intensive sector, accounting contribute to the country’s economic growth, and thus help improve the for almost 50 percent of total consumption. Industry represented 28.8 6 The Sixth Working Report. SENER 2012: 8–13. 7 National Energy Strategy 2013-2027. SENER 2013: 63–64. 8 National Energy Balance 2011 - México. SENER 2012: 39 -49. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 15 percent, while the residential sector was 28 percent, and agriculture was economic, social, real estate, and infrastructure projects (for example, about 16 percent. The commercial and public sectors represented less transport, waste, water, public lighting, municipal buildings, and power). than 3 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively. The demand for gasoline For example, 75 percent of municipal budgets are usually funded by the and naphtha rose by 31.7 percent due to both population and economic national government, while less than 3 percent is financed by the state, growth. and the rest is from local revenues. According to the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Some TRACE areas are regulated by the federal government, while from 1990 to 2006, the energy sector was the main source, accounting others are managed by local authorities, as described below. for 60.7 percent of the total: In 2011, the total was 498.51 Tg CO2eq, 3.5 percent less than in 2010. The transport sector emitted the highest 1. Transport amount (nearly 40 percent), followed by power generation (30.8 percent) and industry (12.6 percent). México’s goal is to reduce emissions by 30 Public transport is coordinated and funded by federal and state authorities percent (under the business-as-usual scenario) by 2020. while the national government has a monopoly over air, rail, and sea transport. In a few cases, municipalities (in the states of Guanajuato, Federal and Local Government Authority for Public Baja California, Coahuila, and Quintana Roo) are responsible for public Utility Services transport. Since 2008, federal funds have been available for integrated public transport systems through the Programa Federal de Transporte The Law on Fiscal Coordination regulates the relationship between states Masivo (PROTRAM). In these, the sector is organized by private operators and municipalities with regard to financial and fiscal issues. It establishes under contracts, and local authorities provide oversight. The latter are their respective contributions to the federal budget and defines the fiscal also responsible for enforcing public transport regulations while private institutions at the state, municipal, and federal levels. Some public utility transport is usually regulated by state governments. services are regulated at the national level through several federal entities such as the Secretariat of Communications and Transport (SCT) for freight 2. Solid Waste transport; the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) for water; and the Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) for At the national level, solid waste is regulated by SEMARNAT. At the local solid waste. In addition, the recently created the Secretariat of Agricultural, level, it is under public authorities and private contractors. Landfills are Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU) is tasked with promoting usually managed by private operators. Public companies usually collect urban transport policies. solid waste from residences while private operators collect industrial and The federal government provides support for public service projects commercial waste. and related infrastructure. Municipalities usually obtain this support for TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 16 3. Water is included in the monthly electricity bill or local taxes. CFE collects the fee for the municipalities; the amount varies from state to state. The water sector is regulated by CONAGUA and all water sources are considered state property. Cities pay levies to CONAGUA for extracting water from wells. A service agency under the local government typically manages the distribution of potable water, wastewater treatment, sewage, and drains. 4. Power and Heat The power sector is under CFE, which is responsible for the overall production, transmission, and distribution of electricity. However, municipalities can partner with private companies for self-supply electricity projects. Given the climate, most cities do not require heating. 5. Municipal Buildings The municipal building stock managed by cities consists mainly of public administration offices. Schools and hospitals are usually under federal and state authorities. 6. Streetlights Power for streetlights is usually provided by CFE while the assets are operated, maintained, and owned by local authorities. In some cities, private contractors maintain the systems. Most municipalities charge a public lighting tax known as Derecho sobre Alumbrado Publico (DAP). Under DAP, all electricity users (including residential clients and private companies) are required to pay for public streetlights through a levy that TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 17 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 18 SECTOR DIAGNOSTICS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 19 ASSESSMENT BY SECTOR/AREA less than 3 percent. A total of 401,812 households in the metropolitan area were connected to the grid, of which 370,748 were in the urban area POWER SECTOR and over 31,000 in rural communities. Due to population growth and the development of local industry and services, electricity consumption rose There are no district heating or power generation facilities in León; all by 7 percent in recent years. electricity distribution activities are under CFE. A very small part of León’s electricity is generated from local and small renewable energy projects Electricity consumption in León (biogas and photovoltaic), totaling 1.9 million kWh per year. Electricity consumption in León in 2012 Source: Data from INEGI and CFE. Source: Data from INEGI and CFE. In 2012, León’s energy consumption was 2.18 billion kWh, which makes With an average consumption of 1,438 kWh of electricity per capita, León it the largest user in the state of Guanajuato (23 percent of state performs better than some other cities in the region with similar climates consumption). Industry used more than 50 percent of the electricity (for example, México City, Bogota, and Sao Paulo). In fact, it has the lowest produced, households used 23 percent, agriculture used 11 percent, the consumption per GDP among cities with similar climates recorded in the commercial sector used 7 percent, and streetlights and water pumps used TRACE database, that is, 0.01329 kWh per US$ GDP. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 20 Primary electricity consumption Percentage of transmission and distribution loss - kWh/US$ GDP due to nontechnical reasons Overall energy losses in the transmission and distribution system account Energy rates are regulated nationally, depending on region, weather, actual for 10.3 percent, a figure that places León in the middle of the TRACE consumption, category of users, time of day, type of electricity, and voltage database. With regard to commercial losses, León falls in the lower end level. Residences pay an average of 1.089 pesos (8.5 U.S. cents) per 1 kWh of the TRACE database, with 7.3 percent. The city performs fairly well of electricity; commercial enterprises pay almost three times as much, compared to some cities worldwide, such as Skopje (Macedonia) or that is, 2.982 pesos (23.2 U.S. cents) per kWh; and industries pay 1.374 Bangalore (India), although there is room for improvement, especially pesos (10.7 U.S. cents) per kWh.9 Except for rates paid by agriculture, all when compared to cities such as Gaziantep (Turkey), Belgrade (Serbia), others are adjusted monthly, which reflect changes in fuel prices (based or Amman (Jordan). on the global price fluctuations of petroleum), inflation, energy demand, regional differences, and season. Residential clients and farmers benefit from high subsidies, which fall into different categories and vary with the season and temperatures. Consumption blocks are larger in regions with higher temperatures. At the end of 2011, the subsidies to residences totaled nearly 52,585 million pesos (about US$4 billion). 9 Federal Electricity Commission - CFE available at: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/ paginas/home.aspx. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 21 The state of Guanajuato is promoting renewable energy. In 2011, it approved regulations to improve coordination between municipal, state, and federal authorities to strengthen this area as a way to enhance the quality of life, help preserve the environment, and encourage sustainable human development.10 However, only 0.65 percent of the energy used in León in 2012 was generated from renewable sources.11 Of this, 32 percent was produced from biomass (wood and coal), 2.1 percent was from biogas, and less than 1 percent was from photovoltaic panels. The largest amount (64 percent) was from solar water heaters. The city has good solar energy potential, with an irradiation of 6 kWh per sq km. Map of Solar Energy Potential for León Source: Clean Power Research (CPR) and Solartronic. 10 Law for the Promotion and Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Sustainability for the state and the municipalities of Guanajuato. Official newspaper of the government of the state of Guanajuato, Number 178, Guanajuato, November 8, 2011. 11 Prospective Natural Gas Market 2012–2026. SENER 2013: 67–70. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 22 STREETLIGHTS Map of Streetlights in León In León, streetlights are managed by the Public Works Directorate. Léon was one of the first cities in México to have electric streetlights, beginning in 1884. In the mid-1950s, it introduced a mercury-based lighting system, which was extended throughout the city by 1960. León owns the infrastructure (except for part of concrete light poles that belong to CFE) and is responsible for maintaining it. Through DAP, a local tax is charged to consumers and collected by CFE. The amount collected is compared to municipal consumption, and if any surplus remains at the end of the fiscal year, CFE returns the funds to the city. The León Source: Public lighting monitoring system in León. DAP for residences and small users was 8 percent of monthly electricity consumption and 5 percent for industries. However, the Supreme Court León and CFE do not agree on the number of the city’s light poles. León recently ruled that the DAP charge is unconstitutional (stating that calculates there are roughly 70,000 while CFE puts the number at 90,000. consumption is not directly linked to the public service, and the DAP is thus Interestingly, both agree on total electricity consumption, which, in inequitable) and should be reviewed in the near future. 2012, was 54.8 million kWh at a cost of 153 million pesos (about US$11.6 Today, only three-quarters of the streets are lit, that is, 2,042 km out million). With 909 kWh of electricity consumption per light pole, León of 2,665 km (76 percent of streets). This places León in the middle of the is at the high end of the TRACE database. The city uses nearly twice as TRACE database, in the same range as Sarajevo and Banja Luka (both in much energy per light pole as Tbilisi (Georgia) and Cape Town but less Bosnia and Herzegovina), and behind other similar cities such as Gaziantep than Sarajevo or Gaziantep (Turkey). In terms of energy per km of lit road, and Skopje. León uses more electricity than most cities in the database, that is, 28,000 kWh. It performs better than Bhopal (India), Gaziantep, or Sarajevo but is far behind others such as Tbilisi, Pristina (Kosovo), or Belgrade. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 23 Electricity consumption per light pole - kWh/light pole lighting regulations; and (3) operations and maintenance capacities. Roughly 99 percent of the lamps operate on HPS, 0.3 percent use LEDs, and a small number use metal-halide bulbs. Since 2009, the poles on the main boulevards (roughly 22,000) are monitored through a central system, which allows for timing and dimming as required. In 2011, the city planned to start a pilot project to replace about 200 HPS lamps with LEDs, hoping to reduce electricity consumption by 40–50 percent. However, the project was postponed due to financial reasons. In the near future, the city will expand the coverage of streetlights by 316 km and add 8,100 new poles. The city introduced several programs over the years to improve its A national EE project helps governments replace inefficient lighting streetlight system. In 1992, it aimed to replace old, energy-intense lamps throughout the country, bringing together various stakeholders, including with modern sodium vapor bulbs. Also, two years later, some of the poles the National Bank of Public Works and Services (BANOBRAS), CFE, and on the main avenues were equipped with energy-saving modules, which CONUEE. The program aims to reduce power consumption, increase cost saved the city about US$1 million. In 2007, about 2,500 old lamps on savings, and decrease GHG emissions. If qualified, cities can receive support major avenues were replaced with HPS lamps, which achieved 40 percent for efficient streetlights from SENER, for example, up to 15 percent of the in energy savings. investment or up to 10 million pesos. About 65 percent of the light poles have meters, which is high by Mexican standards, but still not optimal from an efficiency perspective. For the remaining poles, CFE uses a formula to estimate consumption. The lack of metering makes it more difficult for León to begin EE strategies, including efficient lamps, and timing/dimming programs. In the long run, replacing sodium vapor lamps with LEDs will depend on several factors, including having the necessary funds, either from the money saved from earlier energy measures, external resources (multilateral development banks/international financial Institutions), and/or a new DAP. Other issues include (1) developing local capacity to procure and install LEDs (most are now installed through third parties, such as housing developers and public works); (2) enforcing local building codes and public TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 24 SOLID WASTE Waste per Capita - kg/capita León’s solid waste sector is managed by public and private institutions. It is collected by several private companies that are overseen by SIAP, a city agency. These companies cover 118 collection routes (91 percent of the total), while SIAP collects solid waste from households on 11 routes (six rural and five peri-urban) using 30 trucks. Private companies also collect waste from businesses and industries. The landfill is managed by a private company under contract with the city. León does not have a proper solid waste collection structure as the system involves multiple private operators hired under short-term Urban waste accounts for 74 percent of the total, generated mostly by agreements. The landfill serves 264,830 urban households and nearly residences (92 percent), while 24 percent is categorized as special handling 15,000 rural ones. solid waste (industrial and hazardous waste). Less than one percent is In 2012, León generated 460,380 tons of solid waste. Of this, 76 from public offices, 4.7 percent is from public spaces, and nearly 5 percent percent (351,653 tons) was produced by residences and 24 percent is from vacant lots within the city. (108,660 tons) was from industries and the hazardous waste sector. Also, 13,000 tons were generated by visitors. In 2012, the city produced Structure of solid waste in León 309 kg per capita, which is comparable to cities in the TRACE database with similar populations (such as Sofia, Bulgaria and Tbilisi, Georgia). Solid waste is collected daily in urban areas and suburbs from large trash bins placed on the sidewalks and once every three days in rural communities. Source: Local Government Program 2012–2015. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 25 Except for industrial waste, 99 percent of the municipal solid waste goes Recycling Collection Point - Carcamos Park to the landfill. Indeed, the city recycles very little waste (only 2 percent of the total), which places León in the lower end of the TRACE database for cities with similar climates. This is comparable to recycling in México City and Rabat (Morocco) but the figure is three times lower than in Bucharest (Romania) and 15 times lower than in Tallinn (Estonia). Recycling is done by informal collectors who pick the waste from trucks on their way to the landfill; estimates of the ‘informal’ recycling are uncertain. Percent of recycled waste SIAP also manages construction and demolition waste, charging 2.1 pesos per kg (US$0.15). Since 2009, this waste has been dumped at a special facility, called ‘La Concepción’. On average, 60,000 tons of construction waste are generated a year.12 Due to the large number of collection companies, the city lacks accurate data about the number of trucks and routes and fuel consumption. It is trying to identify the best ways to improve the collection system and is evaluating various options, including concession agreements and City residents get free collection, transportation, and disposal of waste. performance-based contracts. At present, most of the trucks are old, Businesses pay a monthly fee of 124 pesos (about US$9.3) for the first poorly maintained, and need to be replaced. 10 kg of waste and 24 pesos per kg after that. Companies pay 553 pesos It is estimated that in 2012, SIAP needed 166,000 L of diesel to collect for a 200-L container of waste, nearly 1,400 pesos for a 500-L trash can, solid waste from the residential routes that it services, which cost it about and over 7,200 pesos for a large 2,600-L waste bin. Solid waste operators 1.94 million pesos (US$147,000). The fuel for the overall collection, charge 85.5 pesos for a m of industrial waste. 3 transportation, and management of the collection, done both by public and private entities, cost 14.9 million pesos (almost US$1.1 million). 12 Sistema Integral de Aseo Publico - SIAP - available at: http://siapLéon.gob. mx/2012/. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 26 Because the city has no transfer stations, waste trucks must drive long Leachate plant at la Verde landfill distances to the landfill; TRACE estimates that trucks drive around 86 km of round trips each day, spending US$0.77 per L of diesel. If transfer and sorting stations were built, this could increase the recycling rate and reduce fuel consumption. The landfill, called CTR La Verde (“The Green” Waste Treatment Center), is a new, modern facility, managed by a private operator under a 15-year contract that was recently renewed. La Verde landfill Although the landfill can capture and flare biogas, it has not yet begun to generate electricity. To do so, both the operator and city agreed in April 2014 on how investments will be financed and how to use the electricity produced, which is intended for public lighting purposes. The project could provide the power for up to 30 percent of the city’s streetlights. The facility is in El Verde, about 15 km northwest of the city. It began operating in 2001, when it replaced the old landfill. The landfill is spread over 60 ha and has two large cells, each divided into five smaller cells of five ha. It has a leachate plant where wastewater from the landfill is treated and discharged. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 27 MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS buildings more sustainable:13 Cities can set urban development regulations, create sustainable energy programs, and promote energy from renewable There are over 500 municipal buildings under the city government, with sources. CONUEE has set some EE standards that target savings in central a total area of 1.6 million m . Most are public offices, and the rest are 2 administration institutions through various measures such as using energy- sports halls and other facilities. Schools and hospitals are managed by saving bulbs and changing the buildings’ external lights.14 state and federal authorities. León has the lowest electricity consumption for municipal buildings as recorded in the TRACE database, with 6.68 kWh The Municipal Palace in León per m and a total of nearly 10 million kWh for all its buildings. Due to a 2 mild climate year-round, the buildings require almost no air conditioning or heating. In 2012, the amount of fuel used for heating or cooling was only 208,597 kWth (0.13 kWth per m2). Overall, energy expenditures for these buildings were a little over US$2 million, which accounts for 0.5 percent of the city budget. Municipal buildings electricity consumption - kWh/m2 CONUEE developed a guidebook of measures for administrative institutions (2012) that promotes and monitors EE in public buildings and vehicle fleets. At present, there is a national pilot program that includes 6,000 public buildings with a surface larger than 200 m2 and 90,000 cars at more than 900 federal agencies and departments. León is also interested in encouraging residential, industrial, and commercial sectors to introduce EE measures by developing new codes The city could still improve energy use, mostly by replacing lighting and regulations that could also promote solar water heating. equipment and improving and enforcing local regulations. 13 The 6th Working Report - SENER 2012: 8–13. Regulations at the local, state, and national levels attempt to make the 14 CONUEE available at: http://www.conuee.gob.mx/wb/CONAE/da_a_ conocer_la_conuee_las_disposiciones_administr. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 28 URBAN TRANSPORT The city has developed a sustainable, reliable public transport system. In the early 2000s, it began a complex process to improve the system, Public Transport as part of the Strategic and Urban Plan ‘León in the future’ (SIT) which envisioned a new urban system based on a sustainable model. León has a functioning, sustainable public transport system privately The first phase of the SIT focused on BRT, making León a pioneer in the operated under contracts with 15 firms that the city oversees through field of sustainable transport in México. It launched the first BRT system in the General Directorate for Mobility. The public transport system, called the country in 2003, with 52 buses and 52 stations spread over 26 km. The Sistema Integrado de Transporte (SIT) or Optibús, is fairly well-integrated Optibús, popularly known as La Oruga (the caterpillar), runs on dedicated and based on a BRT system. Optibús has three main types of routes—the bus lanes with high-platform stations, as well as on regular roadways. The BRT, auxiliaries, and feeders. The system also includes various conventional system uses articulated diesel buses that have two sections linked by a routes that operate under the same conditions as Optibús, except for the pivoting joint and which can carry up to 175 passengers. After Optibús matter of passengers transferring to other transport modes (which is not began, the system could accommodate 200,000 passengers a day (daily free). A fully integrated public transport system is being introduced as the trips). city is moving toward cleaner and more efficient technologies. Based on the TRACE analysis, almost a third of commuters rely on BRT operating in León public transport (29.8 percent). The figure places León on the higher side of the TRACE database; about 800,000 people use public transport daily. Public Transport Mode Split (percent) When the number of daily trips exceeded the system’s capacity, the city restructured the feeder and auxiliary routes. After the BRT system was introduced, private operators had to reorganize their companies, and they made structural changes to feeder and auxiliary services. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 29 Feeder (left) and auxiliary (right) buses in León Private operators work with the city to provide sustainable, reliable public transport. They buy the buses, and the city maintains and modernizes the streets, stations, and terminals. The BRT system requires significant investments since costs for the Optibús buses are 2–5 million pesos (US$200,000–US$500,000), depending on the technology. The city has three permanent transfer stations (at San Jerónimo, Delta During the Optibús second stage, the BRT added 10 new stations, another de Jerez, and San Juan Bosco); two micro-stations (at Santa Rita and 5 km of dedicated bus lanes, and 29 modern, high-quality articulated buses Parque Juárez, which are also the endpoints for the BRT system); feeder that removed more than 100 old, polluting public vehicles from the road. routes; and auxiliary routes. At these stations, riders can transfer for With low operating costs per km, the BRT is the most energy efficient free from any of the lines. León also has several conventional routes that transport in the city, with service on 5 routes and 65 stations on the main circulate through most of the city. avenues in the central area. Today, of the total 800,000 people using León’s public transport daily, 350,000 ride the Optibús. The integration BRT bus stop in León between BRT, feeder, and auxiliary routes has helped not only to expand the city’s network but also to bring significant environmental benefits. Today, 69 out of 100 public bus routes are integrated with the BRT. Map of BRT system in León With an energy consumption of 0.1 MJ per passenger-km, the public transport is the second most efficient system (in the TRACE database) after Mumbai. It performs far better than many cities, including Toronto, Source: wikipedia.org. Hong Kong, or Singapore. Indeed, the system won the ‘Sustainable Transport Award 2011’ along with Guangzhou in China, outdoing cities like TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 30 Zurich and San Francisco. Also, the Financial Times ranks León first among Travel speed for public transport buses in León large Latin American cities in terms of public transport cost-effectiveness. Public transport energy consumption – MJ/passenger-km Source: General Directorate of Mobility, city of León. Private transport operators created a company called Pagobus, in charge of the fare collection system, which introduced e-ticketing. Trips cost 6.95 The city has about 105 km of high transit capacity. With 70.68 km per pesos on average (US$0.5). Pagobus users pay 7.3 pesos per trip. Roughly 1,000 people, León is in the middle of the TRACE database. The figure is half of all tickets are bought through this system. The maximum cost for higher than that of Tallinn or Belgrade but at least half that of Budapest per trip is 8 pesos (except for cash payments, which are usually higher and or Warsaw. León buses travel at 10–50 km an hour, while commuters in can be up to 9 pesos). Students, the elderly, and disabled get a 10 percent private cars travel an average of 19 km an hour. discount. The e-ticketing system allows easier access to stations and buses Most of rolling stock includes buses that are 7–8 years old. The BRT and saves money. It also allows for free transfer within the Optibús system. buses are seven years old and use Euro 4 technology. The city has no Fares are collected outside the buses at BRT stations, and on-board in the enforced emission standards. Congestion and heavy traffic, especially feeder and auxiliary buses. during peak hours, often lead to bottle necks. In 2012, the amount of fuel needed to operate the public transport system cost about US$90 million.15 One liter of diesel costs about 10.2 pesos (US$0.77). 15 Using an exchange rate of US$1 = 13.2 pesos; average exchange rate for 2013 according to the National Bank of Mexico. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 31 Bus Transfer Station in León Although public transport is quite efficient, the bus fleet needs to be upgraded in order to reduce fuel consumption. The city is considering amending the current bus operators’ contracts to include EE provisions. Recently, local authorities were able to reduce fuel consumption through a maintenance program and decommissioning some of the old buses. The city started a pilot program to monitor the fuel consumption of 50 vehicles and thus reduce the use of gasoline/diesel and plans to enlarge the program. The city is also preparing the third stage of the SIT under which the BRT The city’s General Directorate for Mobility is responsible for the will further integrate with feeder and auxiliary routes. The project requires management and supervision of the public transport system and sets bus about 720 million pesos (US$55 million).16 Once completed, the SIT will fares. cover more than 80 percent of the city’s daily public transport demand, León has about 4,000 taxis that, on average, charge around 40 pesos and the number of BRT daily riders will rise to about 500,000. a trip (US$3). They must be licensed by the city, which also regulates the fares. It was estimated that their fuel costs in 2012 were 617 million pesos Private Transport (US$46.7 million). Based on INEGI data, the number of cars tripled in León over the last Routes within the Integrated Public Transport System in León 20 years, from 134,563 in the mid-1990s to almost 380,000 in 2011; 248,863 are privately owned. The increase produced more congestion and GHG emissions, of which 61 percent are generated by the transport sector. The increase in cars not only brought more pollution but also damaged the roads. Moreover, some cars are unregistered—known as ‘chocolates’ (illegally imported from the United States)—and add to the traffic and pollution.17 Also, there are about 12,000 motorcycles. Most of the cars in León are old, with low-level European standard 16 The Léon City Hall, General Directorate for Mobility available at: http://oruga- sit.Léon.gob.mx/EtapaIII.html. Source: General Directorate of Mobility, City of León. 17 Governmental Program for the period 2012–2015, Municipality of León, Guanajuato: 42- 46. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 32 emissions (Euro 1 and Euro 2). More than 44 percent of city residents use Transport mode split in León their own cars and motorbikes for their daily commute to work, and almost 7 percent use bicycles. The road network is spread over 350 km, but the city plans to add another 300 km in the near future. New Euro 5 Buses in the SIT in León Source: General Directorate for Mobility, City of León. The state (Guanajuato) registers vehicles, issuing the plates and driver’s licenses. Cities process the applications, conduct the driving tests, and deliver the licenses. Based on the TRACE analysis, León has the most energy efficient transport among cities with similar climates. With an energy consumption of 0.77 MJ Private transport energy consumption - MJ/passenger-km per passenger-km, León performs far better than similar cities recorded in the TRACE database, including México City, Budapest, and Paris. However, the high number of vehicles translates into high use of gasoline. In 2012, fuel used by private transport cost over 1.5 billion pesos (about US$117 million). Like many Mexican cities, León is struggling with traffic, especially during peak hours. In recent years, overpasses were built to help ease the traffic. Also, a second beltway on the city’s north end is being constructed and expected to reduce congestion. Traffic is monitored by a city system. León is one of the most bike-friendly large cities in Latin America. It has 107 km of bike lanes, 23 docking stations, and a 7 km bike path in the Metropolitan Park. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 33 People cycling in Metropolitan Park in León Bike network in León Source: Municipality of León. One of the main pedestrian areas is in the historical city and is spread over About 14 of the city’s intersections are crossed by 100,000 cyclists daily 18 4 km of beautiful buildings and recreational areas. since roughly 7 percent of residents use bikes for their daily commute. However, if the infrastructure was improved, the number of bikers would increase. Around 27 km of bike lanes need major repairs and some are not connected to others. Thus, the city plans to build 30 km more of bike lanes in the near future and better connect them to the public transport system. According to the Biking Master Plan, León should have 540 km of bike lanes by 2020. Meanwhile, the city plans to install a few docking stations in the most popular spots, from where people can rent bikes. Also, new docking stations should be included in the Optibús system. People renting bikes at the docking stations should be able to transfer with no charge to the SIT network. 18 Functional Design of the Third Phase of SIT- Optibus (2012) TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 34 Historical center in León The development of NMT has helped León improve air quality and mitigate the effects of increasing GHG emissions. In 2008, the Federal Government, the state of Guanajuato, and the city signed the PROAIRE 2008–2012 agreement to improve air quality and reduce pollution.19 Among other features, the plan involved planting trees and encouraging cycling, public transport, and biking. Also, the program enforced penalties for car owners who do not have their vehicles inspected annually—which increased the percentage of vehicles being inspected. The city could continue developing the NMT and encourage more walking and biking, which reduces reliance on private vehicles, and ultimately means less fuel consumption. In fact, investments in pedestrian-only networks have proven very useful in raising the quality of life. For example, in Cluj and Timisoara (both in Romania), such networks encouraged business development in and around these areas, including added recreational The local government is planning to expand the network and connect it to spots, such as restaurants and shops. Today, pedestrian networks are the a number of important sites in the area. most attractive areas in the cities for leisure, entertainment, and cultural activities. Pedestrian network near the Museum of Archeology in León 19 The Institute of Ecology of the state of Guanajuato. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 35 WATER SECTOR Water coverage in León is nearly 100 percent. SAPAL serves 382,000 customers, of which 361,467 are residences (households) and 17,868 Potable Water are commercial. The former pay 17.8 pesos (US$1.32) per m3 of water, industry pays 38.82 pesos (US$2.89) per m3, and businesses pay 39.81 The water sector is coordinated by SAPAL, the independent public water pesos (US$2.97). utility, which is in charge of distributing potable water and managing wastewater, as well as sewage and drainage. Although the city is on Water coverage in León SAPAL’s Board of Directors, it is not involved in its management; nor does it provide financial support. The company has a well-established, operations/ management model that could be an example for other public utilities in México. Almost all the water supply (99 percent) comes from a network of 132 wells, whose capacity is 3,617 L/s and which supply nearly 80,000,000 cubic meters of water. As all water sources in México are state property, Léon pays a fee to CONAGUA (the National Water Commission) to use the well water. There are 182 water tanks across the city with a total storage capacity of 208,000 cubic meters. The city’s main surface water source is the Palote Dam, whose capacity Source: Municipal Planning Institute IMPLAN. is 135 liters per second. It is mostly used during hot seasons, depending on available water volume. But in 2012, the dam’s water level was very low The number of water connections increased by 15 percent from 2007- and not used at all. 2012. In that last year, the total water sold was 53.6 million m3. León uses In the future, an alternative source could be El Zapotillo dam on the 98.9 liters per capita per day, a figure that puts the city in the lower end Rio Verde in the state of Jalisco. The dam is currently being constructed, of the TRACE database. It has the second lowest daily water consumption and will cover all current needs and replace the use of wells. The project is among similar cities as it requires less than half the water used in Barcelona, expected to be completed in the next three years and should guarantee an Sofia, Bratislava, or Santiago. adequate drinking water supply for the next 25 years to over 2.8 million people in the states of Guanajuato and Jalisco. It is expected to deliver water to León at a rate of 3.8 liters per second. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 36 Water consumption - liters/capita/day Energy consumption for potable water production - kWh/m3 The extraction, treatment, and water supply process requires 1.21 kWh Pumping the water from the wells requires a high amount of energy, of electricity per m , the second highest in the TRACE database after 3 whose use for the entire water process accounts for 25 percent of SEPAL’s Gaziantep (Turkey). Based on the TRACE analysis, SAPAL used almost operating costs. In 2012, the company spent US$12.3 million for electricity 100 million kWh of electricity to extract and distribute potable water in to cover the city’s entire water production and wastewater treatment. 2012. Thus, León uses four times more electricity to obtain one m of 3 With regard to water losses, León falls in the mid to lower range of the potable water than Vienna, three times more than Banja Luka (Bosnia and TRACE database compared to cities with similar climates. Although the Herzegovina) and twice as much as Tbilisi (Georgia). city has higher losses than Santiago or Budapest, is performs better than others such as Ljubljana (Slovenia) and México City. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 37 Percent of water losses SCADA system monitoring the water system in León In recent years, SAPAL tried to improve the water system and increase its efficiency: It reduced losses by introducing modern technology (Geographic SAPAL is running training and educational programs to teach water users Information System [GIS] and supervisory control and data acquisition how to reduce consumption and promote the reuse of dry sludge for [SCADA] system) to identify leaks. To this end, a Monitoring and Control fertilizer. Also, it has moved to improve services and customer relations Center was created to collect information from all water facilities and and increase revenue collection. supervise the network. Now, staff can identify technical problems (from the monitoring room). The system provides automatic reports, collects Wastewater data, and offers readily-accessible information on energy use. Although the SCADA and GIS systems have improved overall operations of the water As with potable water, wastewater is operated by both the public sector, no evidence exists if they actually have addressed water complaints and private sectors, under SAPAL’s control. There are 11 wastewater in a timely manner or saved energy. treatments plants. The main one (called the PTAR), is privately operated under a contract and has a capacity of 2,500 L/s for primary treatment and 1,000 L/s for secondary treatment. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 38 Wastewater treatment plant in León In 2012, the city treated 51.3 million m3 of wastewater, which required 15.2 million kWh of electricity. With an energy consumption of 0.297 kWh per m3 of wastewater, the city is in the middle of the TRACE database. It performs better than Johannesburg, Pune (India), or Tokyo but worse than Belgrade, Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina), or Gaziantep. Energy density of wastewater treatment – kWh/m3 Since 2009, León has a plant that treats the highly polluted water from the city’s leather industry, with a capacity of 150 L/s. Most of the plants have small treatment capacities, from 1.3 L/s (Ciudad Industrial) to 70 L/s (Las Joyas). Two of the treatment facilities provide service to rural communities. Sewage network in León It should be noted that PTAR produces biogas, and since 2011, its facility has captured and used the biogas to generate electricity. Currently, the energy produced covers 75 percent of the amount needed to operate the plant. It will need more investments to increase this capacity. Source: Municipal Planning Institute. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 39 Biogas digesters at the wastewater treatment plant in León More than a third of the wastewater treated in León is reused. In 2012, nearly 19 million m3 was used for different purposes. About 336,000 m3 was used by local industry (especially for leather tanning), nearly 120,000 m3 was to irrigate the city’s green areas, and the rest went to agriculture. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 40 ENERGY EFFICIENCY RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 41 SUMMARY OF SECTOR PRIORITIZATION Leon’s Agreed City Authority Control TRACE sector prioritization is based on the energy savings potential of the city being evaluated. These savings are estimated by considering three factors: the city authority control (CA), the relative energy intensity (REI) and the total amount of the city’s energy spending (in US$ dollars). City Authority Control (CA): is the measure of control the city government exerts over the relevant sector, measured by six factors: finance; human resources; data and information; policies; regulations and enforcement; and assets and infrastructure. CA is measured between 0 and 1, where 0 is non control and 1 is total control. City government representatives agreed to the level of control of each sector, as per the figure below. Relative Energy Intensity (REI): is the percentage by which energy use in each sector can be reduced. It is calculated using a simple formula that looks at all cities that perform better than Leon on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight) as per the TRACE tool. REI, however, can be adjusted (either increased or decreased) in cases where the city authorities believe it does not reflect the possible energy savings of the city. The REI results for León are showed in the next figure. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 42 Leon’s Relative Energy Intensity (REI) these with the city and together they agreed on six recommendations (see details below). Sector prioritization City Authority Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Street Lighting 20.0 11,590,000 1.00 2,318,000 2 Solid Waste 36.1 1,100,000 1.96 419,338 3 Municipal Buildings 4.8 2,048,992 1.00 98,351 City Wide Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Public Transportation 25.0 136,700,000 0.87 29,731,250 2 Private Vehicles 15.0 117,718,366 0.16 2,825,240 3 Potable Water 70.3 12,487,690 0.21 1,844,608 4 Wastewater 37.7 2,173,350 0.21 172,463 5 Power 38.3 0 0.01 0 The recommendations reflect ways to improve a city’s energy performance and reduce related costs. However, the decision to act on a recommendation should only be made after a feasibility study is conducted. Also, EE measures should be seen as having benefits that cut across sectors. For example, measures to improve the EE of a municipal City’s Energy Spending: is the total amount spent by the city in the six building could be done with other upgrades that would improve structural sectors, as measured in US dollars. integrity or make the buildings more resilient to disasters. Finally, the energy savings potential in each sector is the result of multiplying the CA, the REI and the City’s Energy Spending. After the savings potential for each indicator was calculated, TRACE prioritized the sectors based on the amount of energy that could be saved. The three most promising—where the city has authority—are public transport, streetlights, and potable water. The TRACE team discussed TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 43 STREETLIGHTS it can partly or fully avoid the up-front capital costs (depending on the nature of the ESCO contract), and eliminate operating risks through Audits and Upgrades a ‘shared-savings’ contract, where the city does not have to pay unless the savings are realized. Since the city does not own the entire street One of the main TRACE recommendations for León is to improve its lighting infrastructure, it can only contract with an ESCO for the poles in streetlights. Based on TRACE calculations, an upgrade in this area would its inventory. result in up to US$3 million savings each year and possibly reduce electricity The city of Oslo (Norway) is a good example of how to approach the consumption by 26 percent. At present, León needs 54.8 million kWh of upgrades. It participated in a joint venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity to light the streets; after the upgrades, consumption could be electricity distributor in Norway. Old fixtures containing polychlorinated reduced to 40 million kWh. biphenyl (PCB) and mercury were replaced with high-performance HPS Although the streetlights perform fairly well, some issues are lights and an advanced data communication system was installed that problematic, such as defining the DAP formula (the public lighting local uses power-line transmissions that reduced the need for maintenance. tax) and determining the best number of light poles. The electricity consumption for one km of street lit and per light pole is fairly high, which ‘Intelligent’ street lighting in Oslo can be improved. In recent years, the city replaced old, inefficient bulbs with more efficient sodium vapor lamps and is now launching a pilot with LED bulbs. However, before going further, the city should consider performing an audit of the lighting system and carry out upgrades where appropriate. The upgrade program could help the city reduce the annual amount of electricity used for public lights since the new bulbs can deliver the same lighting levels using less energy and reduce carbon emissions and operating costs. Also, maintenance costs and service interruptions for CFLs and LEDs are lower and make the system more efficient. Source: telenor.com. However, if the city moves ahead with the upgrades, it will need to absorb most of the costs, such as for replacing bulbs or fixtures, the Oslo also installed an ‘intelligent communication system’ that dims the control system, and labor (to install the new equipment). It will receive lights when climate conditions and use patterns permit. This can reduce all the financial benefits but must also finance the program and bear the energy use by 25 percent, increases the life of the bulbs, and reduces operating and financial risks. Other options include a joint venture, long- maintenance. The system is now fully equipped and is being recalibrated term contract, or hiring an ESCO. If the city chooses the last option, to eliminate some minor problems related to the communication units. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 44 León has been exploring the new, highly efficient LED technology. It the neighborhoods not yet covered. At present, only three-quarters of the is negotiating with SEMERNAT to finance a pilot to replace 613 HPS with city streets are lit; expanding coverage would be one of the main priorities LEDs for 10 km along the Boulevard Adolfo Lopez Mates, one of León’s in the short and medium term. main avenues. Although it is acknowledged that environmentally friendly The light timing program can be tailored to the needs in a particular LEDs are more efficient than vapor-sodium bulbs and use less energy, they area and time. The level of lighting can be adjusted through a monitoring are costly and require large up-front investments. Thus, the city should system, and most systems have astronomical timers with geographic do a cost-benefit analysis before moving to expand LEDs to more lighting positioning that allow for adjustments according to the season and time poles. At present, due to financial constraints, the LED project was put on of day. More light is required in the winter, when days are shorter, and less hold. In the meantime, the city could prepare a procurement guidebook light in summer when days are longer. Also, the intensity of the lamps that could be used when it is able to replace the lamps. can vary based on demand at a particular time of day. For instance, after Best practices worldwide confirm that the upgrading process works midnight, when there are fewer people and cars on the streets, the light better when there is a partnership or joint venture between a city and can be diminished automatically from a command center. By dimming it private entity, such as in Los Angeles, where the city formed a partnership gradually, the fact that light is reduced is barely noticed. with the Clinton Climate Initiative. At present, it is developing the largest streetlight upgrade program ever carried out, which will replace traditional LED Streetlight Timer lights with environmentally friendly LEDs. The project is expected to reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save US$10 million annually through 40 percent energy savings and reduced maintenance costs. Street Lighting Timing Program A second TRACE recommendation is a light timing program that reduces the light intensity according to the needs of a particular area. This is an inexpensive method in which electricity for streetlights can be substantially reduced. With initial investments of a minimum of US$100,000, the annual electricity consumption for León’s streetlights could be reduced by at Source: ledoes.com least 200,000 kWh. This would work best in areas where consumption is metered and incorporates the lessons the city has learned over the last 10 Besides León, several cities have adopted such timing programs. For years. At the same time, the city is encouraged to expand streetlights to example, in Kirklees, United Kingdom, the city installed upgrades on each TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 45 pole and uses wireless technology to monitor and dim the lights to different levels throughout the day. The upgrading process simply required adding a small antenna to the lamp heads, which is plugged into the electronic ballast, with no need for more wiring. The lights are switched on at 100 percent at 7 p.m., dimmed to 75 percent at 10 p.m., and to 50 percent at midnight. If the lights are still on at 5 p.m., they are increased to 100 percent. Light dimming programs are very efficient because they save both energy and money, reduce the brightness of bulbs at times of low road or street use, and change brightness at different times. TRACE made this recommendation to many Eastern European cities which are now taking steps to adopt it. This system could be employed in some areas in León, such as neighborhoods with reduced pedestrian traffic (such as parking lots). Through a motion sensor, the lights are switched on only when someone is walking in the area and remain off when the area is empty. These automatic systems were introduced in some Bucharest (Romania) neighborhoods along small alleys and paths around residential buildings. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 46 SOLID WASTE For example, the city of Oeiras (Portugal) spent US$45,000 to review the performance of the municipal fleet, including waste collection trucks. Fuel Efficient Waste Vehicles Operations The project assessed fuel consumption by vehicle type, set performance indicators (such as km per liter), recommended activities to improve A key TRACE recommendation is to improve the solid waste management efficiency (for example, training for better driving practices), and evaluated system and thus reduce its energy use. An initial observation is that the the use of alternative fuels. Based on refueling data and mileage records, city could contract with a small number of companies on medium- to long- the city estimated the total diesel consumed for solid waste trucks and term contracts. Also, it could develop and enforce new collection practices the cost to the city. Results showed that fossil fuel consumption could for waste vehicle drivers to help reduce fuel use per ton of waste collected be reduced by 10 percent by processing existing frying oils in the region and transported. into biodiesel and using it in some of the waste trucks. The project helped This recommendation focuses on improving the management of waste Oeiras understand how the waste truck system works and identify issues collection and transport without replacing or expanding the vehicle fleet. about its management. Authorities plan to use Global Positioning System GPS-based technologies to better control its fleet operations. Waste truck in León In another example, the city of Trabzon (Turkey) improved its waste collection trucks by using a software application to process GPS-collected data. The goal was to lower fuel consumption by reducing the distance traveled by 25 percent and the time for collection and hauling activities by 44 percent, with an overall 25 percent savings in total costs. Another example is in some Romanian cities, where solid waste is managed by both the private and public sector, and trucks are equipped with GPS systems that monitor the collection/transportation process. Now, solid waste collection companies must pay a tipping fee at the landfill, and some of The benefits would be lower fuel consumption, lower GHG emissions, the revenue is used to improve the overall management system, including increased vehicle payloads, and reduced numbers of heavy vehicles in developing transfer stations and sorting facilities. residential areas, which would free up resources to increase solid waste collection from more neighborhoods. Improving the efficiency of the solid waste fleet can be done in several ways, such as setting fuel reduction targets, streamlining the transport routes, and training drivers. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 47 Waste truck equipped with GPS system in Timisoara, Romania Source: opiniatimisoarei.ro. Besides improving the vehicles, León is evaluating the building of transfer stations. At present, trucks must carry solid waste from the collection points to the landfill that is 30 km away. Transfer stations would significantly reduce the time traveled, decrease fuel consumption, and improve overall efficiency. It is estimated that transfer stations would reduce the fuel used by 2.5 million L (94.2 million MJ). This would result in 39 million MJ or 10.8 million kWh in energy savings, which would save about US$200,000 a year. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 48 MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS An energy database is useful not only for having a record of energy-related consumption and expenditures, but also for introducing almost any EE Buildings Benchmarking Program program. Thus, a full audit of municipal buildings in León is warranted. The public building benchmarking would require an investment of about A common TRACE recommendation is to prepare a municipal building US$100,000 that would bring potential savings of 100,000 kWh–200,000 energy database, where all energy-related information can be tracked and kWh a year. monitored. In most cities worldwide, local authorities do not keep reliable The benchmarking could be done by a small team of one or two people records on energy use and costs related to these buildings. Often, cities from the city or outside consultants, and various departments should be do not know the heat or electricity consumption per m and the related 2 involved, including the Environment Directorate. The benchmarking would costs for a given floor area. Thus, it is not possible to know if completed EE track data on consumption of electricity, natural gas, and water, besides investments are effective. Similarly, León does not have a reliable database data on building construction and renovation, floor space, forms of cooling/ with accurate information on the floor area and does not track the energy/ heating (if used), energy bills for recent years, and lighting system modes. electricity consumed and expenditures related to municipal buildings. With such information, it should be possible to identify the most suitable energy-saving options. By regularly publishing the analysis and updating The Municipal Palace in León the data, this could promote competition among building managers, and lead to a productive exchange of data and collaboration. This is the first step for a program that could reduce the buildings’ energy expenditures. The database is valuable to compare buildings and determine the highest potential in terms of energy savings at the lowest cost. The analysis would identify the most appropriate energy-saving options that the city could support. Municipal Buildings Audit and Upgrade Once the municipal building benchmarking program is prepared, the city could also consider an audit and upgrade project. The audits would provide information on energy consumption for each building, which would include the types of equipment that use electricity, such as computers, lights, air conditioning and heating systems, server rooms and coolers (for the TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 49 servers), and appliances (refrigerators, water coolers). Depending on the fund to finance energy and water-saving measures. The city invests these results, the city may need to allocate funds for EE upgrades, purchasing savings into new activities, adding to environmental improvements and new equipment, and some building renovations. reducing emissions. In other countries such as Romania, a building can The upgrades can be done cost effectively through ESCOs, which would be sold or rented only if has energy audit and performance certificates pay the up-front costs and share in the savings that follow. However, showing it has met requirements. before it contracts with an ESCO, the city should assign a staff member or hire someone to oversee the EE projects. According to TRACE calculations, the audits and upgrades for city administration offices could save about 330,000 kWh of electricity a year since the energy used would drop from nearly 10 million kWh to 9.6 million kWh. To lower utility bills even further, the city could consider replacing the remaining incandescent bulbs with more efficient fluorescent or LED lights. The audits and upgrades could save a large amount of energy. The Bank helped Kiev (Ukraine) audit 1,270 municipal buildings and provided support with the measures adopted on both the demand side (automation and control system) and supply side (meters and tariffs) and reduced heating by 26 percent a year, which saved 387,000 MWh. Explora: Museum and Center of Science in León Stuttgart (Germany) has reduced its CO2 emission every year by 7,200 tons through an innovative form of internal contracting that uses a revolving TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 50 CITY AUTHORITY Police car in León Municipal Vehicle Efficiency Program This recommendation suggests that cities can improve the fuel efficiency of their fleets so as to reduce fuel consumption and related expenditures. León has about 2,500 vehicles in its fleet, including 1,700 cars (mainly for the police) and a few dozen large trucks that require a great deal of fuel. In 2012, city data indicate the fleet used 7.8 million L of diesel, for a city budget outlay of 78.8 million pesos (almost US$6 million). Source: unionguanajuato.mx. One way to reduce fuel consumption and costs can be to set engine performance standards, such as the Euro standards adopted in many EU León could choose the maintenance program that would work best for its countries and elsewhere, including China and India. Now, most cars in the fleet and inform the public about compliance, so as to lead by example. EU countries use Euro 4 or 5 standards. The stricter the standards, the Subsequently, the program could be extended on a voluntary basis to more efficient the engine technology and the less the fuel consumed. other types of vehicles, such as taxis and buses. León could adopt stricter standards with minimum requirements for The city could replicate some measures that were able to reduce procuring all cars for its fleet—including police cars, emergency vehicles, pollution and emissions in other cities. For example, in Jakarta, two bus and solid waste collection trucks. Based on a feasibility study, the city companies developed inspection and maintenance programs, checking could determine the most appropriate engine performance standard for their vehicles for engine malfunctions and excessive smoke and measuring the different types of vehicles. Also, it could conduct courses for its drivers their exhaust capacity. The program aimed to raise awareness among to learn ways to use less fuel and thus save costs. drivers and technicians about pollution by training them on how to inspect Another way to increase the fleet’s efficiency is to require that and maintain the vehicles and introduce fuel-saving driving practices. From maintenance standards be enforced weekly, monthly, and yearly, depending 2001 to 2002, over 13,000 buses were checked and nearly 1,400 drivers on the devices. The inspections could include the oil, water, engine coolant/ and technicians trained. This reduced diesel soot by 30 percent and fuel antifreeze level, and tire condition once a week; the transmission and brake consumption by 5 percent. The improved driving methods decreased fuel fluids, belts, battery cables, and windshield wiper blades once a month; use by another 10 percent. Later, nine more bus companies adopted the the brakes and tires every six months or at every 9,656 kms; and the inspection program, as the economic benefits became more evident. automatic transmissions, (changing) transmission fluid (at every 24,140 Bra ov (Romania) is another example where the city determined how to kms), and engine timing every 48,280 kms. make public transport more energy efficient by training bus drivers, which TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 51 reduced fuel use by 2 percent. The local public transport company has a EE Strategy and Action Plan computer-based system through which it monitors the daily and monthly diesel use, if there are any variations, and if the amounts are increasing A key recommendation for León is to develop an EE strategy and action or decreasing. The company rewarded bus drivers who reduced monthly plan. Many cities globally have done this, which helps them set targets and consumption, raising their salaries by 10 percent. provide measures to reduce energy consumption and costs. New York City is another example where the municipal fleet’s energy The Environment Directorate could draft the plan and launch it in efficiency and air pollution was improved. It replaced fuel-powered police a year. It would reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality, public cars with hybrid ones, which drive twice the distance per gallon, save on fuel health, and safety. It should also support public employment opportunities and lower GHG emissions by 25–30 percent (compared to conventional and contribute to financial savings. vehicles). To achieve these goals, the Covenant of Mayors brings together thousands of local and regional authorities across Europe to increase the Hybrid police car in New York City EE of their cities and the use of renewable energy resources. The main target is to reduce GHG emissions by 20 percent by 2020 and thus make cities more climate friendly. After a mayor signs the Covenant, within two years, the local government must prepare an action plan that translates the political commitments into actions. As of March 2014, nearly 5,500 mayors had signed, which represented over 182 million people across Europe. More than half the cities have already prepared their plans. The energy strategy should consist of measurable, realistic targets and well-defined timeframes and clearly assign responsibilities. The plan should describe the actions needed to reduce energy consumption and Source: mossynissan.com. the projects to achieve this. Ideally, it should state the potential energy New York spent about US$25,000 per vehicle and the payback period savings and GHG emissions that could be reduced in each project, along for the investment was a little over one year. The new cars were used in with the costs and time frame. It could also identify the people in the local precincts that covered large areas and had a great deal of traffic—thus administration responsible for monitoring/implementing the plan. Further, maximizing the vehicles’ economic and environmental benefits. all those in local government and elsewhere who will be responsible for the plan, along with stakeholders affected by it, should come together and develop the strategy collaboratively. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 52 It is important that the EE plan state how emissions will be reduced to launched the plan in the southern district of Hammarby Sjöstad, which ensure that intermediate targets are reached and that progress is made aims to double the goals of the 1995 Swedish best practices. The district toward the goals in a given time frame. The monitoring plan should include integrated the management of waste, energy, water, and sewage with performance indicators as well as a schedule for measuring progress over the collaboration of stakeholders. According to the first assessment, the a given time and assign responsibilities. The city could appoint a senior district reduced nonrenewable energy use by 28–42 percent, along with a officer to monitor energy use and efficiency in the city’s departments and 29–37 percent decrease in GHG emissions. public organizations. The collection/management of energy data should Philadelphia is another example of best practices, where the city be done by the city employees responsible for EE activities. launched measures that helped achieve the goal to reduce energy A well-designed plan with concrete measures to tackle the issue consumption by 30 percent by 2015. These measures included upgrading of energy consumption could also improve the city’s economic municipal buildings, replacing the municipal fleet, encouraging conservation competitiveness and open ways to achieve greater energy independence. among employees, switching to LEDs, developing EE building guidelines, The plan could be a good opportunity to translate various initiatives into a providing tax incentives to EE star performers, creating neighborhood coherent strategy for citywide EE. Finally, the strategy could be an internal competitions to reduce energy use, developing an EE marketing campaign, and external promotion tool for the city to gain support for future work and building energy-efficient public housing. on EE. Once authorities launch an EE strategy and begin preparing the action plan, they should focus on high-priority areas such as municipal buildings, streetlights, and solid waste. The measures for each sector should include indicators on total city energy use, overall savings from EE measures, and the percentage for which data is collected annually. The TRACE indicators are a good starting point as they involve urban transport, municipal buildings, streetlights, water, solid waste, and power, which can be used to monitor a city’s energy performance. Also, the plan should include indicators for EE in private buildings and industries. Several cities have prepared energy action plans that set targets on how to reduce energy consumption and present measures to meet the goals. Stockholm, which signed the Covenant of Mayors, prepared an integrated city planning and management plan with environmental programs and concrete actions to reduce GHG emissions and tackle climate change. It TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 53 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 54 ANNEX - TRACE LEÓN RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 55 DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM TRACE Improving Energy Efficiency in León, Guanajuato, México Annex 1: Streetlights Audit and Upgrade 57 Annex 2: Streetlight Timing Program 61 Annex 3: Fuel-Efficient Waste Vehicles Operations 65 Annex 4: Municipal Building Benchmarking Program 72 Annex 5: Municipal Buildings’ Audits and Upgrades 79 Annex 6: Municipal Vehicle Fleet Efficiency Program 83 Annex 7: Awareness-raising Campaigns 88 Annex 8: Abbreviations for Cities in the TRACE Database 92 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 56 ANNEX 1: STREETLIGHTS AUDIT AND UPGRADE Description ATTRIBUTES Incandescent bulbs used in streetlights are highly inefficient. They produce little light and much heat Energy-saving Potential from their significant power consumption. Also, they are often poorly designed and unnecessarily >200,000 kWh/year disperse light in all directions, including the sky. New bulb technologies can significantly increase First Cost their efficiency as well as extend their life. This recommendation aims to both assess current lighting US$100,000–US$1,000,000 efficiency and upgrade where needed. Speed of Implementation The upgrades deliver the same lighting levels using less energy and reduce carbon emissions and 1–2 years operating costs. The increased life reduces maintenance and costs and interruptions to service, thus Co-Benefits improving public health and safety. Reduced carbon emissions Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method The main costs related to upgrading streetlights are to replace the bulbs, the control system, and labor to Self-implementation install the items. These expenses, along with consulting fees, are funded by the city, which means it receives all the financial benefits but bears the financial risks. The city engages an ESCO to carry out the project, which can involve part and full ownership of the system and translates into varying levels of benefits in terms of reducing risks, up-front capital costs, and financial savings ESCO upgrades over the project’s life. Using local ESCOs helps streamline the process and makes the upgrade more feasible. Similarly, having a local, credible, and independent measurement and verification agency minimizes contractual disputes by verifying performance. See the Akola Street Lighting Case Study for details. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 57 Activity Method Such contracts give the city flexibility to set performance standards and review contractors’ work as part of Supply and install contracts a phased project. This approach requires up-front spending and an appropriate financing plan. See the Los Angeles Case Study for details. These free the city from financing pressures but the financial savings achieved through EE are passed on to the Long-term contracts company conducting the upgrade. This strategy can benefit cities that do not have the financial resources to cover the up-front costs and bring in an informed stakeholder to carry out the process. Joint ventures allow a city to maintain a significant degree of control over upgrade projects while sharing the Joint ventures risks with a partner experienced in dealing with streetlight issues. Such ventures are effective where both parties can benefit from improved EE and do not have competing interests. See the Oslo Case Study for details. Monitoring Monitoring the progress and effectiveness of the recommendations is crucial to understanding their value over time. When the city adopts a recommendation, it should define the targets that indicate the progress it expects in a given period and design a monitoring plan. The latter does not need to be complicated or time-consuming but should, at least (1) identify information sources; (2) identify performance indicators that can measure and validate equipment/ processes; (3) set protocols for keeping records; (4) set a schedule to measure activity (daily, weekly, and monthly); (5) assign responsibilities for each piece of the process; (6) create a way to audit and review performance; and (7) create reporting and review cycles. Some measures related to this recommendation are listed: • US$ per km - Determine annual energy costs on a per km basis. • Lumens per watt - Determine the average effectiveness of illumination provided by current streetlights. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 58 Case Studies ESCO streetlight retrofit, Akola, India Source: ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). 2009. “Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Akola Municipal Corporation, India - Performance Contracting for Street lighting Energy Efficiency.” Akola contracted with an ESCO to replace over 11,500 streetlights (standard fluorescent, mercury vapor, and sodium vapor) with T5 fluorescent lamps. The contractor, AEL, financed 100 percent of the investments, launched the project, maintained the new lights, and received part of the verified energy savings to recover its investment. Under the contract, the city paid the ESCO 95 percent of the verified energy bill savings over the six-year period it was in effect. It also paid AEL an annual fee to maintain the lamps and fixtures. Initial investments were about US$120,000 and the upgrade was completed in three months. The project saved 56 percent in energy costs a year, which meant a total savings of US$133,000—a payback in less than 11 months! Streetlight retrofits, Dobrich, Bulgaria Source: http://www.eu-greenlight.org - Go to ‘Case Study’. In 2000, Dobrich audited its entire streetlight system, which resulted in a project the next year to modernize it. Mercury bulbs were replaced with HPS lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (a total of 6,450 EE lamps). The control system was also upgraded, and two electric meters were installed. These measures delivered an illumination level of 95 percent and saved 2,819,640 kWh a year (€91,400 a year). Street Lighting LED Replacement Program, City of Los Angeles, USA Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/clinton-climate-initiative/i/cci-la-lighting. This project, which involved a partnership between the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) and the city of Los Angeles, is the largest streetlight upgrade by a city to date, replacing traditional lights with environmentally friend LEDs. It will reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save US$10 million annually through reduced maintenance costs and 40 percent reduced energy consumption. The mayor and Bureau of Street Lighting collaborated with the CCI’s Outdoor Lighting Program to review the latest technology, financing strategies, and public-private implementation models for LED upgrades. CCI’s analysis of models and technology, and its financial advice, were key sources for developing this comprehensive plan. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 59 The project’s phased nature allowed the city to evaluate its approach each year, which gave it flexibility when selecting contractors and the lights to be upgraded. It also capitalized on its status to attract financial institutions that would offer favorable loans and funding mechanisms since they wanted to create positive relationships with the city. Thus, the city was able to create a well-developed business case for the project. Lighting Retrofit, City of Oslo Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, Climate Leadership Group, C40 Cities, http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/lighting/oslo_streetlight.jsp. Oslo formed a joint venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity distribution company in Norway. Old fixtures containing PCB and mercury were replaced with high performance, HPS lights and an advanced data communication system was installed using power-line transmissions that reduced the maintenance. They also installed ‘intelligent communication systems’ that dim lights when climate conditions and usage patterns permit, which reduced energy use and increased the bulbs’ life, which also reduced maintenance (and related costs). The system is fully equipped with all its components and is calibrated to correct some minor problems related to the communication units. Overall, the system has performed well under normal operating conditions. Tools & Guidance European Lamp Companies Federation. ‘Saving Energy through Lighting’, A procurement guide for efficient lighting, including a chapter on street lighting. http://buybright.elcfed.org/uploads/fmanager/saving_energy_through_lighting_jc.pdf. Responsible Purchasing Network (2009). "Responsible Purchasing Guide LED Signs, Lights and Traffic Signals", A guidance document for maximizing the benefits of upgrading exit signs, streetlights and traffic signals with high efficiency LED bulbs. http://www.seattle.gov/purchasing/pdf/ RPNLEDguide.pdf. ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_ Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 60 ANNEX 2: STREETLIGHT TIMING PROGRAM Description ATTRIBUTES Public lights usually only perform ‘on’ and ‘off’ functions and switch between these two settings in the Energy-saving Potential early evening and early morning. However, demand for light varies throughout the day, with periods >200,000 kWh/year where little light is needed, such as in the middle of the night. A program with timers or dimmers First Cost tailored to meet specific needs in different areas can significantly reduce energy consumption and yet 200,000 kWh/year identify what alterations can be made. Upgrades can include improved driver training, route planning, First Cost and/or management of services. 200,000 kWh/year footprint. The program will identify and introduce immediate payback items from which the savings First Cost can be used to fund other municipal services. >US$1,000,000 Speed of Implementation 1–2 years Co-Benefits Reduced carbon emissions Improved air quality Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method Appoint a program head Identify an existing staff or hire a new person to head EE projects in municipal office buildings. He/she must be able to work across agencies, understand building systems, and manage subcontractors. With results from the benchmarking program or new data on office buildings collected by staff, identify preliminary opportunities for EE such as new lighting/air conditioning/heating systems, new computers, Identify preliminary EE projects and server cooling opportunities. Some buildings are more complex and have various types of systems, for example, some may have simple air conditioning window units, while others may have central air conditioning systems with chillers, cooling towers, air handlers, and ductwork. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 79 Activity Method Walk through various office buildings to identify other EE opportunities, which include • Lighting systems; • Air conditioning systems; • Heating systems; Perform energy audits • Computers; • Server rooms and cooling of servers; • Appliances (water cooler, fridge, vending machines). The municipal office EE spreadsheet includes areas where gains can be made, such as equipment upgrades; behavioral changes (turning lights off, lowering heating temperatures, changing operating times, and so on); and procurement guidelines. Allocate budgets for EE upgrades in municipal office buildings. When upgrades are combined with normal renovations, this is the best use of limited financing. For example, if a new roof is required, it is a Set budgets and requirements good opportunity to add insulation and a white roof, or, if new windows need to be installed, they could be upgraded to those that offer insulation, using Office Building Energy Efficiency Program funds. Or, contracts may be signed with ESCOs that will pay for the up-front cost of the upgrades and then share from the savings. Design upgrades Using the benchmark data and energy audits, design upgrades for each building and replace the equipment. Prepare an RFP for mechanical or electrical contractors to bid on the upgrade projects. Achieve economies Hire a contractor to do the upgrades of scale and higher quality by combining a large number of similar upgrades across many buildings. Or, prepare an RFP and award a contract to a private company (ESCO) that will guarantee energy savings, provide the initial investment, and share future savings with the city. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 80 Activity Method Walk through the building and verify that each construction project has been completed according to Verify upgrades and performance the EE upgrade specifications. Continue collecting electricity and heating bills for each upgraded building to compare them with historical data. Monitoring Monitoring the progress and effectiveness of recommendations is crucial to understand their value over time. When the city adopts a recommendation, it should define a target(s) that indicates the progress it expects in a given period and design a monitoring plan. The latter does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, at least (a) identify information sources; (b) identify performance indicators that can measure and validate equipment/ processes; (c) set protocols for keeping records; (d) set a schedule to measure activity (daily, weekly, monthly); (e) assign responsibilities for each piece of the process; (f) create a way to audit and review performance; and (g) create reporting and review cycles. Some measures related to this recommendation are listed: • US$/m2 - Determine annual energy costs on a per-m2 basis for all municipal office buildings. • kWhe/m2 - Determine annual electrical energy consumption on a per-m2 basis for all municipal office buildings. • kWht/m2 - Determine annual heating energy consumption on a per-m2 basis for all municipal office buildings. • US$/year saved - Aggregate total energy savings generated through the life of the program. Case Studies Model for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Berlin, Germany Source: http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/berlin_efficiency.jsp. Berlin, in partnership with the Berlin Energy Agency (BEA), pioneered an excellent model to improve EE in its buildings. Together they managed the upgrade of public and private buildings, preparing tenders for work that is guaranteed to reduce emissions. The tenders require the ESCOs that win the contracts to reduce CO2 emissions by an average of 26 percent. To date, 1,400 buildings have been upgraded, reducing CO2 emissions by 60,400 tons a year. These upgrades cost the building owners nothing and savings were almost immediate. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 81 Internal Contracting, Stuttgart, Germany Source: http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/stuttgart_efficiency.jsp. Stuttgart reduces its CO2 emissions each year by about 7,200 tons through an innovative form of internal contracting, making use of a revolving fund to finance energy- and water-saving measures. The city then reinvests the savings into new activities, creating a cycle of environmental improvements and reduced emissions. EU and Display Campaign Case Studies Source: http://www.display-campaign.org/page_162.html. The European Display Campaign is a voluntary scheme designed by energy experts from European towns and cities. When it began in 2003, it aimed to encourage local authorities to publicly display the energy and environmental performances of city buildings—adopting the same energy label that is used for household appliances. Since 2008, private companies have also been encouraged to use the ‘display’ for their corporate social responsibilities. Tools & Guidance EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION Good practices 2005 - Brochure of good practice examples from energy agencies across Europe. http://www. managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf. ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_ Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf. Energy Conservation Buildings Code provides minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems. http://www.emt-india.net/ECBC/ECBC-UserGuide/ECBC-UserGuide.pdf. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO 82 ANNEX 6: MUNICIPAL VEHICLE FLEET EFFICIENCY PROGRAM Description ATTRIBUTES Energy-saving Potential This recommendation aims to improve the EE of municipal vehicles. It is achieved by ensuring that >200,000 kWh/year vehicles meet standards in terms of the type of fuel used and consumption, as well as engine First Cost maintenance. US$1,000,000 facilities has the capacity to generate energy. c Energy Saving Potential estimated: low (*), medium (**), high (***) Matrix with EE priorities and proposed programs 1 The total energy spending on public transportation and private vehicles was estimated by multiplying the annual fuel consumption (diesel and gasoline, The matrix below presents the public sectors identified by the TRACE tool as respectively) by the average price of the fuel. Energy spending in street lighting, having the highest energy-saving potential and some of the measures the potable water and public buildings were provided by the utility companies and city could consider to reduce consumption and improve overall efficiency. the city authorities. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 5 Matrix with EE priorities and proposed programs PRIORITY 1 Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 Streetlights US$12,500,000 US$3,125,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 1. Audits and Upgrade City $ ** 1-2 years 2. Procurement Guide City $ ** < 1 year Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 2 Municipal Buildings U$1,462,121 U$71,644 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 3. Benchmarking City $ ** 1-2 years 4. Audits and Upgrades City $$$ *** 1-2 years 5. Mandatory Energy Efficiency Codes for City $ *** > 2 years New Buildings PRIORITY 3 Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 Solid Waste US$300,000 US$16,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 6. Estaciones de Transferencia Intermedias City $$$ *** > 2 years 7. Planeación de la Infraestructura del City $ ** < 1 years Sector PRIORITY 4 Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Potential savingsa - 2012 City Authority Management N/A   Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 8. Awareness-raising Campaigns City $ ** <1 year TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 6 METHODOLOGY perform better on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight), and estimates the average improvement potential. The more cities in the TRACE prioritized the sectors with significant energy-saving potential, and database, the more reliable the final results will be. identified appropriate EE measures for six of them: transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, streetlights, solid waste, and power/heat. 3. Assessing/Ranking Individual Areas The analysis consists of three components: (1) an energy benchmarking module that compares key performance indicators (KPIs) in similar cities; During the TRACE team’s initial visit, it interviews staff in various agencies (2) a prioritization model that identifies areas which offer the greatest to collect data, augmenting benchmarking results with city-specific potential for energy cost savings; and (3) an activity model that presents information. It next prioritizes the areas with the greatest energy-saving tried-and-tested EE measures. The three are part of a user-friendly potential, weighing the energy costs along with the city’s ability to control/ software application that takes the city through a series of steps from influence the outcome. In the second phase, the team reviews the areas in initial data gathering, to a report with a matrix of EE recommendations more detail. based on the city’s particular features, to a list of implementation and financing options. These are the steps: The TRACE main frame 1. Collecting City Energy Use Data The TRACE database has 28 KPIs from 80 cities. Each of the data points in the KPIs is collected for the city before the tool is applied; once TRACE is launched, the collection grows as new, reliable data become available. 2. Analyzing City Energy Use Against Similar Cities The city’s performance is compared with others with similar population, climate, and human development in each of the six areas (3–6 KPIs per area). The benchmarking provides an overview of energy performance so the city can assess its rankings against the others. The relative energy intensity (REI)—the percentage by which energy use in one area can Source: TRACE Tool be reduced—is calculated by a simple formula. It looks at all cities that TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 7 4. Ranking Energy Efficiency Recommendations This step helps cities better assess the measures they have the capacity to introduce effectively. TRACE plots recommendations based on two TRACE lists over 60 tried-and-tested EE recommendations in each of the features of a 3x3 matrix (energy-saving potential and initial costs), along sectors. These are some examples: with another feature that helps the user compare recommendations based on the speed of implementation. • Upgrading building lights Recommendations are based on six factors: finance, human resources, • Creating an EE task force and program for procurement data and information, policies, regulations and enforcement, and assets • Installing solar hot water systems and infrastructure. Recommendations in each area are quantitatively and • Replacing traffic lights with LED technology qualitatively evaluated based on data, including institutional requirements, • Reducing traffic in congested areas energy savings potential, and wider benefits. The recommendations are • Maintaining the city bus fleet supported by implementation options, case studies, and references to • Adopting a waste management/hauling efficiency program tools and best practices. • Replacing water and wastewater pumps 5. Preparing and Submitting the Report The TRACE Benchmarking Module Prepared by the city and the TRACE team, the report identifies high- priority and near-term actions to improve EE and overall management of municipal services. The report includes: • city background information, such as its specific features, development priorities, EE goals, and barriers; • an analysis of the six sectors, including a summary of the benchmarking results; • a summary of sector priorities based on the city’s goals; • a draft summary of recommendations provided in the City Action Plan; and • an annex with more information on EE options and best-practice case studies. Source: TRACE Tool TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 8 TRACE limitations Because TRACE is relatively simple and easy to implement, it also means that its analyses are somewhat limited. For example, it may identify streetlights as a priority in terms of potential energy savings, but it does not detail the costs to carry out rehabilitation projects. Thus, even if the energy-saving potential is considered high, the costs may be even higher, and investments may not be viable. Also, although TRACE focuses on the service areas for which the city is responsible, the tool cannot factor in the institutional/legislative mechanisms that may be needed to launch specific EE actions. While TRACE can be applied well in Eastern European cities and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, where most public utilities are under the city governments (which gives them substantial control over the TRACE areas), elsewhere, as in Latin America, cities have less control over them, either because they are managed at the state or federal level, or because the service is provided by a contractor. For example, in 2013, TRACE was applied in Romania’s seven largest cities where important services, such as public transport, district heating, streetlights, and municipal buildings were under local control. In some, even where operations and maintenance (O&M) are outsourced to a contractor (as with streetlights), the city owns the infrastructure and can make the final decisions. Thus, in Romania, the TRACE studies helped local and national authorities prepare local EE measures that were supported with funds from the European Union (EU), whose Europe 2020 Strategy aimed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20 percent over the next few years. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 9 BACKGROUND The country has an export-oriented economy with more than 90 percent of trade occurring under free-trade agreements with 40 countries, including México is the fifth largest country in the Americas, behind Canada, the the United States and Canada, the EU, Japan, and other Latin American United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Spread over two million km , it is2 countries. Services represent two-thirds of GDP, industry 30 percent, and bordered by the United States on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west, agriculture 3 percent. Tourism is very important, attracting millions of Belize, Guatemala, and the Caribbean Sea on the south and west, and the visitors every year, and México is the second most visited nation in the Gulf of México on the east. Americas after the United States. A large share of the territory consists of mountains, as the country México is a federal country with 31 states and the Federal District is crossed by the Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental mountain ranges (México City). It has a population of 118.8 million (2010 census). The (from north to south), the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (from east to west), most populous cities are listed: and the Sierra Madre del Sur in the southwest. México is also intersected by the Tropic of Cancer, which divides the country into two climatic areas— City 2010 Census the temperate continental climate and the tropical one—which bring very México City 8,851,080 diverse weather. For example, the northern part of the country has cooler Ecatepec 1,655,015 temperatures during the winter and fairly constant temperatures year Guadalajara 1,564,51 around. Most of the central and northern parts are in high altitudes. Puebla 1,539,819 An upper-middle-income country with macroeconomic stability, México is the world’s 14th largest economy in nominal terms, ranks tenth León 1,436,733 by purchasing power parity, and has the second highest degree of income Juárez 1,321,004 disparity between rich and poor among OECD (Organization for Economic Tijuana 1,300,983 Co-operation and Development) countries. According to the 2011 Human Zapopan 1,155,790 Development Report, México’s Human Development Index (HDI) was at Monterrey 1,130,960 0.889, and based on the World Bank’s GINI index, the income inequality Nezahualcóyotl 1,109,363 ratio was 42.7 percent (2010). The economy has a mix of modern and outdated agricultural and industrial enterprises. México was severely affected by the 2008 economic crisis, when the Also, it is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world as well GDP dropped by more than 6 percent. Currently, the government is working as the third most populous in the Americas after the United States and to reduce the large gap between rich and poor, upgrade infrastructure, Brazil. modernize the tax system and labor laws, and reform the energy sector. The city of Puebla is the capital of the state. Founded in 1531, it is TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 10 about 2,100 m above sea level, located in central México at the foot of The city has 480 communities, with a total area of 534 km2 and a Popocatepetl (one of the highest volcanoes in the country), about 130 population of 1,539,819 (2010 census), of which over 94 percent live in miles southwest of México City and west of Veracruz, and is the country’s urban areas. main port to the Atlantic Ocean. The city borders the municipalities of The local economy relies mainly on industry—basic metals, chemicals, Santo Domingo Huehutlán, San Andrés Cholula, Teopantlán, Amozoc, electrical items, and textiles. The steel company Hylsa and the Volkswagen Cuauthinchán, Tzicatlacoyan, Cuautlancingo, and Ocoyucan, as well as the automotive plant are the two largest industries and major employers. The state of Tlaxcala. second-largest Volkswagen factory in the world (and largest plant in the Because of its proximity to Popocatepetl, Puebla is exposed to the Americas) is in the nearby city of Cuautlancingo. ash and dust that sometimes spill from the volcano. It has a subtropical Most industry is in the Cinco de Mayo Industrial Park, the Resurrección highland climate, with warm summers and cool temperatures at night, Industrial Zone, and the Puebla 2000 Industrial Park at the city’s periphery. year-round. Its dry season is from November through April and its rainy As the city has grown, agriculture has become a small share of its season is from May to October. The average annual temperature is 16.6 C. o economy, mainly consisting of small plots at the city outskirts, where corn, beans, wheat, oats, avocados, apples, peaches, nuts, choke cherries, Popocatepetl Volcano and Mexican hawthorns are produced. Puebla’s unemployment rate is 4.5 percent. Puebla is an important academic center and has several public and private universities—the largest number of higher institutions after México City. Also, it has 5,000 historical buildings in Renaissance, Baroque, and Classic styles. The historical center, with its many churches, monasteries, and mansions, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 11 Downtown Puebla At the end of 2011, México’s national installed capacity was 61,568 MW, of which 52,512 MW was for the grid (‘public service’), including 11,907 MW owned by independent power producers (IPPs) and 9,056 MW by other private producers. Electricity from clean sources represented roughly 15 percent of total generation. México’s Constitution presents the main legal provisions for the development and use of energy.3 Also, various laws regulate the energy sector, the most important of which are the Law on Public Electricity Service and the Petroleos México Law. The federal government has increased efforts to promote energy from renewable sources in order to mitigate climate change effects, diversify supply, and improve the security of the country’s resources. The main legislation on renewable energy includes the Law on the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Financing, the Law on Promotion and Development of Bioenergy, the Law on the Sustainable Use Source: Gabriel Navarro Guerrero. of Energy, and the Law on Rural Energy. National Energy Framework Energy Regulations in the Private Sector México’s power sector is dominated by the Federal Electricity Commission The Public Service Electricity Law provides the legal framework for the (CFE), a state-owned utility which is the sole provider of electricity services generation and import of electricity. Private participation is only allowed to over 35 million households, covering 98 percent of the population. In in the following cases (however, recent changes to the Constitution and 2011, overall electricity consumption nation-wide was 229,318 GW, legislation being discussed in Congress will greatly amend the sector):4 a 7.2 percent increase from 2010,2 while electricity consumption in the 1. Electricity produced from co-generation that is intended for individuals or residential sector increased 7.7 percent. Overall, the industrial sector private entities that own the facilities accounts for 57.8 percent of consumption and the residential sector 26 2. Independent Production Energy (PIE), which is electricity generated from a percent. 3 Legal and regulatory framework of the energy sector in México available at: http://www.cre.gob.mx/articulo.aspx?id=12 4 Official Site of the Energy Regulatory Commission, available at: http://www. 2 Electricity Sector Prospect 2012–2026, México, SENER 2012: 63. cre.gob.mx/pagina_a.aspx?id=23 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 12 plant with an installed capacity greater than 30 MW and aimed exclusively largest company, dominates the hydrocarbon subsector. for sale to CFE or export 4. The Energy Savings Trust Fund (Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energía 3. Small production, which is electricity that is (a) sold to CFE (with the installed Eléctrica, FIDE) which is a public-private trust fund that provides capacity of less than 30 MW); (b) supplied to small communities in rural technical and financial solutions for EE actions. or isolated areas (the installed capacity may not exceed 1 MW); and (c) exported, with the maximum limit of 30 MW) The Structure of México’s Energy Sector 4. Export 5. Import Structure of the Energy Sector The key institutions in the energy sector are the following: 1. The Ministry of Energy (Secretaría de Energía, SENER,) is responsible for planning and creating electricity and other energy policies. SENER is supported by other regulatory and technical bodies, such as the National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy (Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía, CONUEE), which drafts the National Program for the Sustainable Use of Energy (Programa Nacional para el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energía, PRONASE) and is tasked with promoting the sustainable use of Energy Legislative Framework energy in all sectors and government levels by issuing guidance and providing technical assistance. The 2013–2018 National Development Plan describes measures to 2. The Energy Regulatory Commission (Comisión Reguladora de increase the state’s capacity to supply crude oil, natural gas, and gasoline Energía, CRE) is responsible for regulating and overseeing the and promote the efficient use of energy from renewable sources by electricity subsector, while the National Hydrocarbons Commission employing new technologies and best practices.5 (Comisión Nacional de Hidrocarburos, CNH) regulates the oil sector. The 2013–2027 National Energy Strategy (ENE) supports social 3. The state-owned power company, CFE, which is responsible for the inclusion in the use of energy and reduction of GHG emissions and generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and serves the entire country, while Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), México’s 5 The Sixth Working Report - SENER 2012: 8–13. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 13 other negative impacts on health and the environment related to energy products. If this trend continues, the country will probably face an energy production and consumption. The ENE’s overall goal is to develop a 6 deficit by 2020. more sustainable and competitive energy sector, meet energy demand, According to SENER, overall energy consumption in 2011 was 4,735.71 contribute to the country’s economic growth, and thus improve all Petajoules (PJ).7 Transport is the most energy-intensive sector, accounting Mexicans’ quality of life. for almost 50 percent of total consumption. Industry represented 28.8 percent, while the residential sector was 28 percent and agriculture was Recent Developments in the Energy Sector about 16 percent. The commercial and public sectors represented less than 3 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively. The demand for gasoline The energy sector has experienced serious problems in recent years. Oil and naphtha rose by 31.7 percent due to both population and economic production has declined while consumption has continued to increase. growth. However, investments have recently grown, to compensate for the decline, According to the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and new regulations encourage greater energy production from renewable (INEGI), from 1990 to 2006, the consumption of fossil fuels for energy was sources. In the power sector, 35 percent of electricity is to be generated the main GHG source, accounting for 60.7 percent of the total. In 2011, from non-fossil sources by 2024. Refineries have undergone major the total was 498.51 Tg CO2eq, 3.5 percent less than in 2010. Energy restructuring, and a large program was introduced to expand the transport consumption by the transport sector emitted the highest amount (nearly of natural gas. 40 percent), followed by power generation (30.8 percent) and industry From 2000 to 2011, energy consumption rose by an average of 2 (12.6 percent). México’s goal is to reduce emissions by 30 percent (under percent a year, while primary energy production declined by 0.3 percent. the business-as-usual scenario) by 2020. Oil production reached its peak from 2000 to 2004, and then declined to 2.5 million barrels a day in 2012, despite the fact that hydrocarbon Federal and Local Government Authority Regarding exploration and production-related investments tripled over the 12 Public Utility Services preceding years (from 77,860 million to 251,900 million pesos). Proven oil reserves also decreased by more than 30 percent, from 20,077 million The Law on Fiscal Coordination regulates the relationship between states barrels of oil equivalent (Mmboe) to 13,810 Mmboe. Further, estimated and municipalities with regard to financial and fiscal issues. It establishes reserves dropped by 27.2 percent, from 16,965 Mmboe to 12,353 their respective contributions to the federal budget, and defines the fiscal Mmboe. In recent years, México has become a net importer of gasoline, institutions at the state, municipal and federal levels. Some public utility diesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and petrochemical services are regulated at the national level through several federal entities, 6 National Energy Strategy 2013–2027. SENER 2013: 63–64. 7 National Energy Balance 2011 - México. SENER. 2012: 39–49. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 14 such as the Secretariat of Communications and Transport (SCT) for 2. Solid Waste freight transport, the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) for water, and Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) At the national level, solid waste is regulated by SEMARNAT. At the local for solid waste. In addition, the recently created Secretariat of Agricultural, level, it is under public authorities and private contractors. Landfills are Territorial, and Urban Development (SEDATU) is tasked with promoting usually managed by private operators. Public companies usually collect urban transport policies. solid waste from residences while private operators deal with industrial The federal government provides support for public service projects and commercial waste. and related infrastructure. Municipalities usually obtain this support for economic, social, real estate, and infrastructure projects (for example, 3. Water transport, waste, water, public lights, municipal buildings, and power). For example, 75 percent of municipal budgets are usually funded by the The water sector is regulated by CONAGUA and all water sources are national government, while less than 3 percent is financed by the state, considered the property of the state. Cities pay levies to CONAGUA for and the rest is from local revenues. extracting water from wells. A service agency under the local government Some TRACE areas are regulated by the federal government, while typically manages the distribution of potable water, wastewater treatment, others are managed by local authorities, as described below. sewage, and drains. 1. Transport 4. Power and Heat Public transport is coordinated and funded by federal and state authorities The power sector is under CFE, which is responsible for the overall production, while the national government has a monopoly over air, rail, and sea transmission, and distribution of electricity. However, municipalities can transport. In a few cases, municipalities (in the states of Guanajuato, partner with private companies for self-supply electricity projects. Given Baja California, Coahuila, and Quintana Roo) are responsible for public the climate, most cities do not require heating. transport. Since 2008, federal funds have been available for integrated public transport systems through the Programa Federal de Transporte 5. Municipal Buildings Masivo (PROTRAM). In these, the sector is organized by private operators under contracts, and local authorities provide oversight. The latter are The municipal building stock managed by cities consists mainly of public also responsible for enforcing public transport regulations while private administration offices. Schools and hospitals are usually under federal and transport is usually regulated by state governments. state authorities. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 15 6. Streetlights deterioration and reduce emissions. However, recent economic growth has created higher energy demand and use of more fossil fuels, which increased Power for streetlights is usually provided by CFE while the assets are pollution/emissions. Thus, the program brings together stakeholders, such operated, maintained, and owned by local authorities. In some cities, as the local government, academia, and civil society, to identify the best private contractors maintain the systems. Most municipalities charge solutions. Besides enforcing industrial environmental standards, the city a public lighting tax known as Derecho sobre Alumbrado Publico (DAP). (under the program) requires vehicles to have mandatory emission control Under DAP, all electricity users (including residential clients and private tests and install emission control devices. companies) are required to pay for public streetlights through a levy that The Puebla Municipal Climate Action Plan (PACMUN) is a tool that was is included in the monthly electricity bill or local taxes. CFE collects the fee created to develop policies that will reduce GHG emissions and respond for the municipalities; the amount varies from state to state. to climate change. The initiative calls for adopting efficient technologies, such as electromagnetic induction in public lights, promoting BRTs, and Puebla’s energy efficiency and environment Initiatives expanding pedestrian walkways and bike lanes. It seeks funds to develop activities to reduce GHGs, and promote research and new technologies The state of Puebla has developed several initiatives to improve EE and related to climate change mitigation. Also, it aims to (a) reduce Puebla’s mitigate climate change effects. For example, the Puebla State Climate CO2 emissions by 2 percent in the next five years, (b) update the database Change Law would allow authorities to dedicate funds for, awareness- on GHG emissions, (c) review the emissions inventory in different sectors, raising campaigns, capital investments and guidelines to mitigate climate (d) execute at least five climate change-related initiatives until 2014, and change (for example, reducing industry’s GHG emissions) and urban (e) monitor results in the short, medium, and long term. environment plans (for example, to settle urban communities in low-risk The Energy Security and Sustainability Program for the State of Puebla areas and restore ecosystems). Puebla’s Strategy for Mitigation of Climate aims to foster EE projects and clean energy technologies. One of the city’s Change created a commission and council at the state level to develop latest initiatives set a target of 200 m2 of green area per person, which climate change-related policies. means 20 percent of the city area would be converted to green space. Puebla’s air quality is of a medium grade according to the Mexican Metropolitan Index of Air Quality (IMECA), which rates it on average at 42 points out of 100. A 2010 Federal Commission on Health Risks COFREPIS showed that the cost of medical treatment in Puebla for pollution-related illnesses (such as respiratory problems) can be as high as 813 million pesos (over US$61 million). To address the health issues, the state created the Air Quality Program Management ‘Proaire 2012–2020’ to reverse air quality TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 16 SECTOR DIAGNOSTICS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 17 ASSESSMENTS BY SECTOR/AREA Primary electricity consumption per US$ GDP POWER SECTOR Puebla’s primary electricity consumption is 1,786 kWh per capita per year. This figure places the city on the low side of the TRACE database compared to cities with similar climates. Puebla uses more electricity per capita than México City, Casablanca or Tunis, but less than Bucharest, Budapest, and Vienna. The primary electricity consumption per US$ of GDP is 0.204 kWh, a figure that puts Puebla in the middle of the database compared to cities with a similar Human Development Index (HDI). Thus, Puebla is performing better than Porto, Santiago, and some Eastern European cities México’s electricity tariffs are based on the amount of consumption, like Cluj-Napoca (Romania) or Belgrade but is behind others, such as category of users, time-of-day, voltage, average maximum temperature, Timisoara (Romania) or Barcelona. and region. Tariffs are updated according to inflation and the cost of fuels According to CFE, 665,236 households are connected to Puebla’s grid, used to produce electricity. Tariffs doubled from 2002 to 2012, reflecting reaching a level of 98 percent coverage. In 2011, overall electricity use the rise in the global price of petroleum. Currently, residential customers was 3,798,882,436 kWh. The losses in the transmission and distribution pay an average of 1.1403 pesos (8.9 U.S. cents) per kWh of electricity, network (often referred to as ‘technical losses’) amount to nearly 8 percent while those under the basic plan (up to 75 kWh) pay 0.774 pesos (6 U.S. while commercial losses (such as electricity theft) are around 3 percent. cents) per kWh. For those who consume 76–140 kWh, the rate rises to 0.945 pesos (7.4 U.S. cents) per kWh. Finally, those who use more than 140 kWh pay a higher amount—2.763 pesos (21.6 U.S. cents) per kWh. Commercial clients pay the highest tariff—2.9835 pesos (23.2 U.S. cents) per kWh, while industries pay half this amount—1.5330 pesos (12 U.S. cents) per kWh. Of the six private companies licensed in 2005 to produce electricity in Puebla, only four still operate, with an installed capacity of 7 MW. None uses renewable energy sources, and all rely on diesel. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 18 Puebla’s total energy consumption in 2013 was estimated at residences (mainly low-income households) rely on solar water heaters. 46,090,916,882.94 MJ. More than half was used by transport, while 21.6 These heaters generate 14.6 million kWh of electricity annually, which percent was used by the residential, commercial, and public sectors. represent 0.7 percent of total energy consumption. Several solar energy projects were developed in Puebla in recent years; for example, US$6.2 Energy balance in Puebla million was invested to install solar panels in parks and solar energy is used for some streetlights. Further, the Energy and Environmental Studies Center has built a photovoltaic system that generates energy for its own use. Since the city has a good solar potential, solar energy could be a viable and low-cost alternative for both electricity generation and water heating. Puebla could generate 962 million MJ per year, equal to 267,310,015 kWh, which would account for more than 7 percent of total electricity consumption. The city also has good potential for wind energy. Usable wind resources were estimated at around 160,370,799 MJ annually (44,547,444 kWh), which would cover nearly 1.2 percent of Puebla’s energy needs. The 2011–2014 strategy on renewable energy is exploring several options to maximize the use of renewable energy in the city. Source: CEEA 2013, Municipal Energy Balance Gasoline is the main fuel used for transport (that is, 76 percent of total consumption), while LPG is used for 54.9 percent of the residential, commercial, and public sectors. Electricity accounts for 63 percent of the energy used by local industry. Although Puebla is not a hub for renewable energy, solar energy investments have grown in the last decade. For example, based on local estimates, 2,884 solar panels were installed in the city and 3.2 percent of TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 19 STREETLIGHTS Streetlight coverage in Puebla Street lighting is coordinated by the local Ministry of Environment and Public Services through its Public Lighting Department. The city maintains the infrastructure through, Citelum, a private contractor. Currently, there are about 98,000 lamps spread across the city, of which nearly 80 percent are sodium vapor bulbs, 10 percent are induction lamps, and 2.4 percent are metal halide. Only 15 percent of the streetlights are metered. The lights only cover 69 percent of the 3,588 km of city roads; when compared to cities with a similar HDI, this is the second lowest figure in the TRACE database after Belgrade. Percentage of lit roads Source: SMAS8 This figure places Puebla in the midrange of the TRACE database for comparable cities. While its energy consumption (per km of lit road) compares with that of Belgrade, it is lower than in other Eastern European The city estimates that 15 percent of the lamps are on primary and cities such as Constanta or Timisoara in Romania but higher than in Vienna secondary roads (one lamp every 30 m), while the rest are in residential or Cluj-Napoca (Romania). neighborhoods. In 2012, it is estimated that Puebla’s streetlights consumed 65,647,291 kWh, or 23,146 kWh of electricity per km of road lit. 8 Sistema Angelopolitano del Medio Ambiente y Servicios 2013, Segundo Informe SAMAS 2012. Puebla: Gobierno Municipal de Puebla. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 20 Energy consumption per km of lit road - kWh/km of road Sodium vapor bulbs in the city center The cost of energy for streetlights is over 167 million pesos or US$12.5 million.9 About 75–85 percent is paid for by the DAP, under which each electricity user pays a levy to cover this service. Citelum’s contract, which expires in 2014, requires it to carry out the streetlight maintenance plan the city approves each year. It is paid 1,970 pesos per light pole for 30 months (about US$150). Residents can report problems through a call center and Citelum must fix them within 24 hours. The company also must determine the life-span of the bulbs and replace them before they stop working. Also, under the ‘Colonies 100% Illuminated’ program (Colonias 100% iluminadas), Citelum must ensure that at least 95 percent of the city’s lamps work at any given time. A key issue for public lighting is the light fixture. Many cannot incorporate newer technologies, which hampers the city’s plans to increase or replace existing lamps with more efficient technologies. 9 Exchange rate: US$1 = 13.2 pesos. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 21 In recent years, the city has tried to upgrade the system, for example, buying magnetic induction and metal halide lamps and using LEDs for some ornamental and seasonal lights. Also, a pilot streetlight dimming program was adopted on Avenida Juárez, one of the main roads, where the lamps are dimmed from 8 p.m. to 3 a.m., depending on traffic. In the near future, the city also plans to expand coverage by 10,000 lamps in areas that are still not lit or where service is deficient. Also, the city intends to replace sodium vapor bulbs with LEDs with money from its budget and a credit line from the federal government. This program will help municipalities upgrade/improve their lighting systems, thus significantly reducing electricity consumption. A pre-feasibility study is underway to assess the potential energy savings if LEDs were installed. Some technical problems that might arise with a widespread switch to LEDs are the fluctuations in electricity voltage, lack of meters, and incompatibility of existing technologies and fixtures. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 22 MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS lowest electricity consumption in the TRACE database, after Constanta (Romania), with only 14 kWhm2. There are 134 municipal buildings with a total area of 434,446 m2. Most are public offices and markets, along with four health centers. Public Electricity consumption kWh/m2 hospitals and schools are managed by state and federal authorities. Most of the offices are in historic buildings, although the average age of the building stock is a little over 60 years. Puebla’s City Hall is in a large, beautiful building (Palacio Municipal) built at the turn of the 20th century, in Spanish renaissance style, with neo-classical and Italian influences. The building is in the historic center, where several impressive old monuments are located. In 1977, the federal government designated the city a Zone of Historic Monuments. Ten years later, Puebla’s downtown area became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. The Municipal Palace of Puebla In 2012, municipal buildings consumed 6,133,335 kWh of electricity, for which the city paid 19.3 million pesos (US$1.46 million), accounting for 0.54 percent of its budget. However, Puebla does not have an accurate, updated database for energy consumption, including usage per m2. Some municipal buildings are not in good condition. Because many are historic monuments, renovation is difficult. However, local, state, and federal administrations have joined efforts to restore some buildings.10 Authorities drafted strategies to address concerns about preserving the historic downtown up to the year 2031, and UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee is encouraging local and national authorities to finalize the restoration and preservation plan.11 Currently, a university consortium is 10 World Heritage Convention UNESCO available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/ list/416 Due to the temperate climate, none of the offices are heated and only 11 Plan de Regeneración y/o Redensificación Urbana de la Zona de Monumentos y a few are equipped with air conditioning. Thus, Puebla has the second su entorno Cuidad de Puebla. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 23 working on updating the Partial Program for the Historic Centre as well as designing a plan to achieve the goals set for the next 15 years. Historic buildings in downtown Puebla A state initiative to help the city offices become more efficient was approved in 2011. The program supports measures with regard to energy, water, and solid waste, including building maintenance and refurbishing plans. So far, the program has lowered energy consumption in three buildings.12 Local authorities are encouraging city residents and building owners to develop solar energy facilities, since the region has great solar potential. Moreover, solar energy investments are becoming increasingly attractive in México as technology costs have dropped and electricity tariffs have increased. 12 Programa de Excelencia Ambiental - Ecoeficiencias, Secretaria de Desarrollo Rural, Sustentabilidad y Ordenamiento Territorial, SDRSOT, 2013. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 24 SOLID WASTE According to the Ministry of Environment, Puebla generated 324 kg of waste per capita in 2008, one of the lowest in the TRACE database of Puebla’s urban solid waste system is operated by private and public sector comparable cities. entities, coordinated by the Organismo Operador del Servicio de Limpia (OOSL), a decentralized public body under the municipality. There are Waste per capita - kg/capita/year three solid waste collection companies. Besides OOSL (which owns 23 vehicles), two private contractors provide the waste collection service: Promotora Ambiental (PASA, which has 41 vechicles) and Servicios Urbanos de PUEBLA (SUP, which has 39 vehicles). Rellenos Sanitarios SA., a private contractor, manages the landfill. According to national regulations, the federal government deals with hazardous waste, while special management waste (such as construction/demolition waste and electronics) is handled by state authorities. A garbage truck in the city center By 2013, Puebla produced 5 million tons of solid waste (348 kg per capita and 0.89 kg per day). Almost half is organic, 13 percent is plastic, 11 percent is paper, and 5 percent is metal. According to the State Agency for Environmental Sustainability, about 405 tons of hazardous waste and 27 tons of special management waste are generated daily. Residential solid waste collection is free. However, based on the location and value of the property, people are charged for handling services. Fees vary from 216 pesos (US$16) a year in low-income neighborhoods to 528 pesos (US$40) in upper-middle-income areas and 708 pesos (US$53) in the highest-income zones. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 25 Generation of waste Program to increase recycling levels, with 57 communities involved; by 2012, the number doubled to more than 118. Thus, recycling rose from 14,000 kg a day to over 35,000 kg. Compared to the 227,000 kg of recycled solid waste in 2010, the total increased by 60 times to 13.8 million kg by 2012. Similarly, the amount of recycled waste collected by informal collectors rose from 14 tons to 33 tons a day. The city has nine collection centers for recycled waste besides one for construction/building materials and batteries. Percentage of solid waste recycled Source: Municipality of Puebla, 2008. Businesses pay 63 pesos for 200-liter containers of waste, and 317 pesos per m3, while industries pay 99 pesos for every 200 kg of waste and 494 pesos per m3 of solid waste. The municipality pays solid waste operators according to the amount of waste dumped at the landfill. The tipping fee is 72.3 pesos per ton. As with other Mexican cities, Puebla recycles only a small amount of its waste (2.7 percent), which is one of the lowest figures in the TRACE Of Puebla’s total waste, 97 percent goes to a landfill in Chiltepeque, about database. The figure is three times lower than in Bucharest, seven times six km from the city on the outskirts of Santo Tomas Chautla. Built in 1994, lower than in Bratislava (Slovakia), and 10 times lower than in Tallinn the facility is spread over 67 ha. From 1994 to 2011, it received about 7 (Estonia). Puebla does not have a collection system that separates organic million tons of solid waste; 80 percent of this was produced by residences waste from recyclable items such as paper, plastic, and bottles. Rather, 97 and 12 percent by industries and businesses. The landfill stopped handling percent of recycling is done by voluntary collectors, who take it from trash special management waste in 2012, when it reached its capacity for this containers in commercial areas, parks, and public institutions, and OOSL type of debris. Puebla has no transfer stations. and the landfill handle the remaining three percent. In 2012, a large cell with a capacity of 4.1 million m3 was built and In 2011, local authorities created the Volunteer Waste Collectors should reach full capacity by 2045. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 26 Waste composition at the Chiltepeque Landfill Two private operators (PASA and SUP) have tried to improve their waste collection and transport infrastructure, buying 24 waste trucks that cost 22 million pesos (US$1.6 million). Also, in 2012, the public operator, OOSL bought 41 pickup trucks to make regular inspections at the landfill; these cost the city 12 million pesos (about US$1 million). Currently, most of the solid waste trucks are less than three years old. According to city authorities, these operators’ energy expenditures for all solid waste collection/transport were US$300,000, a figure that seems quite small compared to other cities for similar activities. The low figure may also reflect the general lack of information on energy use. The city is taking steps to introduce an integrated solid waste management system. In the last three years, this included the program Al piso no! (Not on the floor) designed to increase the number of trash bins Source: OOSL, 2012. per capita, which would bring the city closer to the international standard A leachate treatment plant, built at the landfill in 2012 and costing 8.5 of one container per 100 people. In 2011, more than 8,000 trash bins were million pesos (US$650,000), can treat 100 m of wastewater from solid 3 installed. Thus, the ratio improved from one container for 400 people to waste. The treated water is used for industrial purposes or to irrigate one for 140. Puebla’s green space. Leachate treatment plant at the landfill near Puebla TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 27 Trash bins in Puebla Recently, the city and private sector launched a joint program, Basura por Seguridad (Trash for Safety), to increase the amount of recycled trash. The city sells the plastic, paper, and metal collected by residents to private entities, and the proceeds go to a fund to increase public safety. The increased waste at the landfill is a growing concern. Initially, a waste treatment plant to convert solid waste into energy was proposed, but the plan was dropped due to laws that reduced its economic attractiveness to independent energy producers of waste-to-energy schemes. Thus, the city is exploring the option of producing biofuel through thermal treatment, and selling it to the local petrochemical industry. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 28 URBAN TRANSPORT Public transport energy consumption - MJ/passenger-km Public Transport As in most Mexican cities, public transport is mainly coordinated by state authorities. Usually, the local government engages with state and federal entities to support initiatives such as expanding bike lanes and pedestrian walkways or building new infrastructure. At present, 42.6 percent of city residents use public transport, 21 percent use their own cars, and 36.3 percent walk or bike. Public transport use is similar to that in comparable TRACE cities, including Paris and Bangkok. According to INEGI 2010, city residents travel 3.5 million trips a day by all transport means. The average trip on public transport is 25 km, 5 km shorter that those made by private cars. Puebla’s public transport consists of 284 routes, including the BRT system and feeder and auxiliary routes, most of which serve the downtown area. Public transport mode split Public transport network in Puebla Puebla’s public transport is one of the most energy efficient in the TRACE database, with a consumption of 0.21 MJ per passenger-km. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 29 The BRT system was launched in 2013 under a project called Red Urbana BRT vehicles meet high environmental standards (Euro 5 emission de Transporte Articulado (RUTA). It includes six BRT routes that will standards). However, other public transport vehicles are old and operate cover more than 1.1 million trips a day when completed. Currently, one on Euro 3 (or lower) standards. The traffic center, managed by the city, BRT route is operational, covering 18.5 km from the Diagonal Defensores monitors the transport system. de la República to Boulevard Atlixco in the southern part of city. It uses dedicated bus lanes with 38 stops and 40 articulated buses. It provides The map of the only BRT route operating in Puebla 108,000 trips a day, and the fare is 7 pesos (55 U.S. cents) a trip, while the fare for buses on other routes is 6 pesos (47 U.S. cents). Transfer between the BRT system and the other systems is not free. The BRT is run by private companies that have contracts with the State of Puebla. Puebla has 22 km of high capacity transit per 1,000 people, a figure much lower than most cities in the TRACE database—almost four times smaller than Bucharest and almost seven times lower than Paris. A Puebla BRT bus Since the public transport system has not kept pace with the city’s growth, commuters must deal with congestion and poor bus service. However, this should improve once the integrated public transport system and the second BRT route are completed: 50 percent of the BRT has been built, and the tender for the third route has already been submitted. The city has roughly 12,000 taxis. On average, they charge 30 pesos per trip (US$2.20). According to the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla and the national oil company PEMEX, in 2010, fuel consumption for the city’s public transport was 3,592,625,991 MJ, which is about 103 Source: skyscraperlife.com million liters of gasoline. At a cost of 11.3 pesos per liter (US$3.34 per gallon), the total fuel cost for the public fleet is about 1.16 billion pesos (US$90 million). TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 30 Taxi in Puebla Private Transport There are about 527,000 private cars in Puebla, of which almost half are fairly new, manufactured from 2001-2011. However, nearly a third are from the 1990s, 16 percent from the 1980s, and 6 percent are older. Private transport is very energy intensive, with an energy consumption of 3 MJ per passenger-km; this figure places the city on the higher side of the TRACE database—performing similarly to Tbilisi and Rio de Janeiro but using more energy than Paris, Warsaw, or Skopje. Private energy consumption MJ/passenger-km The state Transport Ministry requires all public transport vehicles to meet mechanical standards on a regular basis (Revista Vehicula), when they renew their licenses. These licenses and related matters are handled by the State of Puebla and its Ministry of Finance. The state enforces emissions standards through a mandatory program to reduce air pollution. The federal government designs environmental norms and standards, and sets vehicle emission limits. The Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla and PEMEX estimate the total fuel consumed by private cars in Puebla is over 13.6 billion MJ— almost 400 million liters of gasoline—at 4.4 billion pesos (about US$343 million). TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 31 Puebla has nearly 3,600 km of primary and secondary roads. The Pedestrian network in downtown Puebla former roads are access or main roads, long arteries that connect the city with national highways, and used mainly for public transport. Secondary roads have less traffic and are used for short trips. They include collective roads with a great deal of auto traffic, local streets that provide access to private properties, and bike routes. Of total daily commutes, 36 percent are made by NMT, which is comparable to Paris. This figure places Puebla in the higher end of the TRACE database compared to cities with similar climates. More people walk and bike in Puebla than in Singapore, Belgrade, or Vienna but fewer than in Barcelona or Hong Kong SAR, China. Non-motorized transport split However, the bike network is limited. The first one, which is 1.21 km, was built in 2009 along the Cinco de Mayo Avenue. Now, the city has nearly 5 km of bike lanes, most of which are in the downtown area. The city has many pedestrian walkways, the majority of which are in the historic center. They are the most attractive areas in the city, built around recreation and entertainment areas, (shops, restaurants, hotels, and terraces) TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 32 Bike lanes in downtown Puebla Docking station in the city center State and city authorities recently installed several docking stations in the Studies show that traffic and bottlenecks are common during morning and historic center’s main plaza where people can rent bikes for 3 pesos an afternoon rush hours, especially from 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. Drivers can spend hour. The goal is to encourage more people to bike and walk, to decrease up to one-third of their travel time waiting at red lights or trying to pass energy consumption and GHG emissions. Moreover, under a program to congested intersections. Thus, the average speed does not exceed 23 km revive the historic center and its surroundings, the city plans to develop an hour. another 6.5 km of bike lanes. This local initiative is consistent with the federal government’s plan to expand NMT in several cities, including in Puebla. Also, the Puebla state government plans to build bike terminals and integrate the cycling network with the BRT system. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 33 Bike network - existing lanes (pink); proposed lanes (yellow & blue) Puebla traffic As part of the urban development plan, the city is coordinating with state authorities to enforce a new 30 km per hour speed limit in the city center. Local authorities also plan to improve traffic management by using a fiber optic-based technology that would better monitor and supervise traffic. The Puebla Agency for Planning and Sustainability recently commissioned studies which show that air emission limits are exceeded on about 20 avenues. Most streets in the city center, especially around the Zócalo, are very narrow, and traffic is often severe, restricting both drivers and pedestrians. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 34 WATER SECTOR Water tank truck Potable Water Puebla’s water sector is managed by a decentralized public entity, (Sistema Operador de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Puebla [SOAPAP]). The company provides water to 441,838 households, covering 33.9 percent of the municipal area over a distribution network of 3,136 km. Due to the lack of infrastructure, the company cannot reach all neighborhoods. Thus, several private water systems serve some city districts. Puebla uses groundwater sources from two rivers (Atoyac and Alseca), but most of the water comes from the Alto Atoyac aquifer (spread over Some of the water sources have high levels of salt and sulfur and must be 1,470 km ), which supplies 352 million m of water annually. 2 3 treated. There are four water treatment plants with an installed capacity Water is supplied to Puebla through pumping and gravitational of 715 L/s located near Puebla. The sulfur treatment plant can treat 190 networks. It is pumped from deep-water wells to overhead storage tanks L/s. of high capacity, and then distributed to end users. There are 171 public Water distribution is divided into two main areas. One is split into three wells with an overall capacity of nearly 4,000 L/s and several water tanks regions, while the other is in eight, which are divided into 33 neighborhoods, spread across the city. Also, industries are served by 25 private wells with each located near a large water tank. an installed capacity of 357 L/s. Residents use 172 L per capita each day, roughly the same as in México City. This is among the lowest levels in the TRACE database among similar cities. Puebla consumes more water than Tallinn or Barcelona but much less than Ljubljana, Vienna, or Budapest. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 35 Water consumption - liters/capita/day Percentage of water loss Puebla has a 712 L/s water deficit each day, which mainly affects the Moreover, some of the networks are in poor condition. Although half the residential sector. The gap between demand and supply varies from 4 water pipes are fairly new (less than 10 years old), nearly a fourth are percent to 34 percent. This means that 87 percent of the water users 25–50 years old, 20 percent are 15–25 years old, and 8 percent are even (commercial, residential, and industrial) do not have continuous water 60 years old (installed in the 1950s). Although old pipes produce the service. highest water losses, some of the new ones are also problematic due to The balance between the demand for and production of water is poor poor design and installation. since the latter has not kept pace with population growth. Indeed, SOAPAP The overall production, treatment, and water supply process requires estimates that if consumption continues to rise, water will be scarce by 0.56 kWh of electricity per m3, a figure that places the city in the upper 2023. Currently, the water demand is 900 L/s and is expected to rise by side of the TRACE database. Energy consumption is similar to Hong Kong more than 20 percent to nearly 1,100 L in under a decade. SAR, China and Constanta (Romania), but it is twice as high as in Vienna One reason for the deficit is the loss in the distribution network, which and almost four times higher than in Toronto. is among the highest in the TRACE database; 40.8 percent of water produced in Puebla is lost, a figure twice as high as in Barcelona or Warsaw and 50 percent more than in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and Belgrade. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 36 Energy consumption of potable water - kWh/m3 Malinche Mountain. However, the 40 km distance between the source and treatment plants could be a problem. The other main efforts include developing an integrated water infrastructure maintenance system, improving water treatment processes, cleaning the rivers, creating an integrated wastewater management system for industry, and installing water meters for all users. Wastewater Puebla has five wastewater treatment plants, located in the Parque Ecologico, Alseseca Sur, Atoyac Sur, Barranca del Conde, and San Francisco, with an installed capacity of 3,680 L/s of water. In 2012, SOAPAP used 66.2 million kWh of electricity to process 116.8 million m3 of water. About 25 percent was for pumping and 12 percent (7.7 Four water treatment plants serving Puebla million kWh) for treating wastewater, at a total cost of 161.7 million pesos (US$12.2 million). Together, energy used for potable and wastewater was 15.3 percent of SOAPAP’s expenditures. Water fees are linked to consumption. Residential customers pay 6.67 pesos (US$0.52) per m3 if they use under 30 m3 a month, 10.6 pesos (US$0.83) for 30–50 m3 and 10.7 pesos for anything over that. Industries and businesses pay 9.99 pesos (US$0.78) per m3 for under 20 m3 a month, 10.26 pesos (US$0.80) for 20.1–40 m3, 13.54 pesos (US$1.06) for 40.1–60 m3, and as high as 25.5 pesos (US$1.99) for over 200 m3. State authorities are working to solve the water shortage problem. Under the Water Sanitation Program, the city has begun replacing old pipes and assessing the water network in residential areas. Also, it is promoting The largest plant is in Alseseca Sur, with a capacity of 1,500 L/s. None of the reuse of wastewater, clean buffer zones in ravines, and building these facilities captures waste to use for producing electricity. rainwater collection and processing equipment. Further, authorities are The city’s sewage system is gravitational and includes several pools considering expanding the sources by bringing water from rivers near La and sewers that collect both wastewater and rain. The drains collect and TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 37 transport contaminated water from industrial and commercial users to the treatment plants. However, not all wastewater from industries goes to treatment facilities since some industries (including 33 laundry and textile manufacturers) discharge wastewater directly into the Atoyac and Alseca Rivers without any treatment, increasing water pollution. In 2012, 54.6 million m3 of wastewater was treated, which required 7,784,263 kWh of electricity. With an energy consumption of 0.142 kWh/ m3, the city is in the lower end of the TRACE database. Puebla performs better than Toronto and Sydney but uses more energy to treat one m3 of wastewater than East European cities such as Belgrade, Serbia, and Timisoara and Constanta (Romania). Energy consumption for wastewater - kWh/m3 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 38 ENERGY EFFICIENCY RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 39 SUMMARY OF SECTOR PRIORITIZATION Puebla’s Agreed City Authority Control TRACE sector prioritization is based on the energy savings potential of the city being evaluated. These savings are estimated by considering three factors: the city authority control (CA), the relative energy intensity (REI) and the total amount of the city’s energy spending (in US$ dollars). City Authority Control (CA): is the measure of control the city government exerts over the relevant sector, measured by six factors: finance; human resources; data and information; policies; regulations and enforcement; and assets and infrastructure. CA is measured between 0 and 1, where 0 is non control and 1 is total control. City government representatives agreed to the level of control of each sector, as per the figure below. Relative Energy Intensity (REI): is the percentage by which energy use in each sector can be reduced. It is calculated using a simple formula that looks at all cities that perform better than Puebla on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight) as per the TRACE tool. REI, however, can be adjusted (either increased or decreased) in cases where the city authorities believe it does not reflect the possible energy savings of the city. The REI results for León are showed in the next figure. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 40 Puebla’s Relative Energy Intensity (REI) After the savings potential for each indicator was calculated, TRACE prioritized the sectors based on the amount of energy that could be saved. The three most promising—where the city has authority—are public transport, streetlights, and potable water. The TRACE team discussed these with the city and together they agreed on six recommendations (see details below). Sector prioritization City Authority Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Street Lighting 25.0 12,500,000 1.00 3,125,000 2 Municipal Buildings 4.9 1,462,121 1.00 71,644 3 Solid Waste 8.8 300,000 0.60 15,985 City Wide Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Private Vehicles 32.9 343,000,000 0.15 16,927,050 2 Public Transportation 33.3 90,000,000 0.15 4,995,500 3 Potable Water 57.5 12,250,000 0.15 1,056,563 4 Wastewater 29.0 967,526 0.15 42,102 5 District Heating 0.0 0 0.01 0 6 Power 33.9 0 0.01 0 City’s Energy Spending: is the total amount spent by the city in the The recommendations reflect ways to improve a city’s energy six sectors, as measured in US dollars. The total energy spending on public performance and reduce related costs. However, the decision to act transportation and private vehicles was estimated by multiplying the on a recommendation should only be made after a feasibility study is annual fuel consumption (diesel and gasoline, respectively) by the average conducted. Also, EE measures should be seen as having benefits that cut price of the fuel. Energy spending in street lighting, potable water and public across sectors. For example, measures to improve the EE of a municipal buildings were provided by the utility companies and the city authorities. building could be done with other upgrades that would improve structural Finally, the energy savings potential in each sector is the result of integrity or make the buildings more resilient to disasters. multiplying the CA, the REI and the City’s Energy Spending. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 41 STREET LIGHTING sodium lights and an advanced data communication system was installed that uses power line transmissions which reduced the need for maintenance. Streetlight Audit and Upgrade ‘Intelligent’ street lighting in Oslo One important TRACE recommendation is to improve the city’s streetlights, as they consume considerable energy and have significant potential for savings. The city is exploring options to replace sodium vapor lights with more efficient LED bulbs. Thus, with an up-front investment of up to US$1 million, and an implementation period of 6–18 months, the local government could audit the existing system and upgrade the lights. This would deliver the same lighting levels but reduce energy consumption by around 200,000 kWh per year. Upgrading the lights would also reduce carbon emissions and operating costs. Further, maintenance costs of Source: telenor.com. more efficient lights will be reduced, and service interruptions will be less frequent. Oslo also installed an ‘intelligent communication system’ that dims the The city can either do the upgrade itself or contract with an ESCO. If it lights when climate zconditions and use patterns permit. This reduces decides on the former, it must cover most of the costs, such as for replacing energy use, increases the life of the bulbs, and also reduces maintenance. bulbs or fixtures, upgrading/replacing the control system, and paying for The system is now fully equipped and is being re-calibrated to eliminate the labor attached to the installation. While it will receive all the financial some minor problems related to the communication units. benefits, it must also finance the program and bear the operating/financial Puebla authorities plan to replace the sodium vapor street lamps with risks. If it contracts with an ESCO, the city can partly or fully avoid the up- high-efficiency LEDs using local and state/federal funds and a feasibility front capital costs (depending on the contract), and eliminate operating study is underway to identify the potential savings. While LEDs are more risks through a ‘shared-savings’ contract, whereby the city does not pay efficient and consume less energy than sodium vapor bulbs, they are unless the savings are realized. costly, requiring large up-front investments. Thus, authorities need to do a Oslo (Norway) is a good example of how to approach the upgrades. It cost-benefit analysis before committing to the work. participated in a joint venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity Best practices worldwide confirm that the upgrading process works distributor in Norway. Old fixtures containing polychlorinated biphenyl better when there is a partnership or joint venture between a city and (PCB) and mercury were replaced with high performance-high pressure private entity, such as in Los Angeles, where the city formed a partnership with the Clinton Climate Initiative. At present, it is developing the largest TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 42 streetlight upgrade program ever carried out, which will replace traditional Puebla streetlights lights with environmentally friendly LEDs. The project is expected to reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and cut costs by US$10 million annually through 40 percent energy savings and reduced maintenance costs. Procurement Guide for New Streetlights A second TRACE recommendation is for Puebla to produce new procurement guidelines for streetlights, which could produce a more efficient system. The city would set strict rules about what the streetlight provider or company responsible for maintaining the infrastructure must provide, which would also reduce costs. City authorities could consider a manual for street lighting design similar to the one prepared by IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America), which specified best practices for visibility and safety guidelines. The manual should establish The Midlands region in the United Kingdom provides a good example parameters for illumination, pole spacing, and the type of lamp, as well as of effective procurement guidelines. Authorities set minimum, desired dimming or illumination features for all types of city streetlights. specifications for streetlight technologies to reduce carbon emissions and When choosing the contractor, the city should list specific requirements costs. Nine councils partnered with the Midlands Highways Alliance to for the design, illumination levels, installation, maintenance, and operating achieve EE savings for major and medium highways and professional civil costs. Contracts are best when given for a medium- to long-term period engineering services, by sharing best practices in maintenance contracts (for example, a minimum of five years), allowing the contractor enough and jointly procuring new technologies for streetlights and signals. The time to recover investments. If done properly, the contract would promote project was estimated to save the region GBP 11 million (US$18.4 million) competition among the private companies to provide the lowest costs in highway maintenance and improvements by 2011. possible. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 43 MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS heating (if used), energy bills for recent years, and lighting system modes. With such information, it should be possible to identify the most suitable Benchmarking Municipal Buildings energy-saving options. By regularly publishing the analysis and updating the data, this could promote competition among building managers and A common TRACE recommendation is to prepare a municipal building lead to a productive exchange of data and collaboration. energy database, where all energy-related information can be tracked and monitored. In most cities worldwide, local authorities do not keep reliable Old historic building in Puebla records on energy use and costs related to these buildings. Often, cities do not know the heat or electricity consumed per m2 and the related costs for a given floor. Thus, it is not possible to know if EE investments are actually effective. Similarly, Puebla does not have a reliable database on the floor area and does not track the energy/electricity consumed and its costs. If it were improved, it could help the city monitor energy consumption and costs in public buildings and better implement EE programs. Puebla’s state authorities are developing a project to help government offices be more efficient regarding their consumption of electricity and water and generation of solid waste. The program aims to interest the building managers to improve maintenance services and promote Source: www.ovpm.org. renovations. To date, the project has lowered energy consumption in three buildings. TRACE is encouraging the city to continue these initiatives This is the first step for a program that could reduce the buildings’ energy and also develop a benchmark program for municipal buildings. TRACE expenditures. The database is also valuable for comparing buildings and estimates that with an investment of about US$100,000, the city could determining the highest potential in terms of energy savings at the lowest create a program that would reduce energy use by up to 200,000 kWh a cost. The analysis would identify the most appropriate energy-saving year. options that the city could support. The benchmarking could be done by a small team of 1–2 people from The TRACE database has several best practice examples for the city or by consultants, and various departments should be involved, benchmarking. The Ukrainian city of Lviv developed such a program that including the Environment Directorate. The benchmarking would track has saved considerable energy. Lviv reduced annual energy consumption in data on consumption of electricity, natural gas, and water, besides data all 530 municipal public buildings by 10 percent and cut water consumption on building construction and renovations, floor space, forms of cooling/ by 12 percent through a monitoring/targeting program. In 2010, with TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 44 minimal costs, the program saved US$1.2 million. It provided city managers Government office in Puebla with monthly consumption data for district heating, natural gas, electricity, and water in all municipal buildings. This information allowed authorities to set annual goals based on historical consumption. The data were reviewed every month and deviations, as well as overall performance, were presented to city residents through a public display campaign. Subsequently, the city created a new energy management unit (EMU) and trained all personnel responsible for the buildings’ utility use. Municipal Buildings’ Audits and Upgrades Once the municipal building benchmarks are prepared, the city could Source: wikipedia.org consider an audit and upgrade project. The audits provide the information on energy consumption for each building, which would include the types In recent years, national and local authorities created an ambitious plan of equipment that use the electricity, such as computers, lights, air to renovate and preserve Puebla’s historic buildings and monuments by conditioning and heating systems, server rooms and coolers (for the 2031. Currently, several stakeholders updated the partial program of the servers), and appliances (refrigerators, water coolers). Depending on historical center and prepared a plan that set targets for the next 15 years. results, the city could allocate funds for EE upgrades, such as purchasing The upgrades can be done cost effectively by contracting with ESCOs, new equipment and renovating some buildings. which, under standard shared-savings contracts, pay the up-front costs Puebla has many old, magnificent historic buildings. Not all are in good and share in the savings that follow. However, before it contracts with an condition and some must be renovated. Although this can be difficult or ESCO, the city should assign a staff person or hire someone to oversee the nearly impossible in some cases, restoration should be done with strict EE projects. specifications and be supervised by local and national authorities. The upgrades should first be done on buildings that are not historic monuments. The benchmarking process and the data collected on office buildings could help identify preliminary opportunities for EE activities, including new computers, lighting systems, and other equipment. After defining the requirements and the budget, the city should make a plan to design the upgrades, identify the renovations and equipment to be replaced for each building, and hire an ESCO. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 45 Historical buildings decorated with tiles Renovated buildings in the downtown area Source: wikipedia.org. The government of Berlin, in partnership with the Berlin Energy Agency (BEA), managed the upgrade of public and private buildings by preparing The audits and upgrades can save a large amount of energy. The World tenders for work that was guaranteed to reduce emissions. The tenders Bank helped Kiev (Ukraine) audit 1,270 municipal buildings and provided required that GHG emissions be reduced by an average of 26 percent. support with the measures adopted on both the demand side (automation Under this program, ESCOs upgraded 1,400 buildings at no cost to owners and control system) and supply side (meters, tariffs) and reduced heating and reduced CO2 emissions by more than 60,400 tons a year. by 26 percent a year, which saved 387,000 MWh. Stuttgart (Germany) reduced its CO2 every year by 7,200 tons through an innovative form of internal contracting that uses a revolving fund to finance energy and water-saving measures. The city invests these savings into new activities, adding to environmental improvements and reducing emissions. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 46 Mandatory Energy Efficiency Codes for New Buildings Examples of best practices to improve construction and EE standards for new buildings include Münster (Germany), which incorporated low- Puebla can promote EE in new buildings by enforcing guidelines or energy building standards in sales contracts for city-owned land. This introducing certification programs for using green building technologies. transformed the market, leading to an 80 percent adoption rate of the Successful programs that created EE codes include LEED (in the US), city’s EE requirements in all new buildings built in 2010, including those on BREEAM (in the United Kingdom), and CASBEE (in Japan). privately owned land. Although guidelines should focus on EE, they usually cover water conservation, ‘green’ roofs (urban heat-island effects), indoor air quality, Energy efficient LVM building in Münster and other related issues. The EE code can take various forms—voluntary guidelines, minimum building standards, or incentive programs for private developers—and promote higher quality building designs and construction. This TRACE recommendation could be launched with an investment of US$100,000 over two years and could result in energy savings of 200,000 kWh, besides lowering water consumption. Before preparing the codes, city managers should evaluate green building opportunities by assessing the climate, building types, real estate market, and construction sector, and examine codes and guidelines in the region and worldwide. A cost-benefit analysis can determine the relative merits of codes for new construction versus strategies for green building design. After this, the city should draft design guidelines based on a voluntary approach and distribute them to the public—to be adopted voluntarily by progressive developers, designers and building owners. Authorities can Source: wikimedia.org also create a program to promote green building construction by providing Seattle (U.S.A.) developed strategies and action plans to promote incentives in the form of taxes, credits, zoning benefits, or quicker loan construction of efficient buildings. New city buildings over 5,000 sq. ft. approvals to developers. If a voluntary or incentive-based approach does were required to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design not work, the guidelines can be re-formulated as mandatory codes that (LEED) standards, and the city provided financial incentives for private include green building designs. In either case, draft guidelines should be projects to comply. It also offered incentives for new buildings, such as distributed to all stakeholders for feedback (for example, real estate and allowing downtown commercial or residential developments greater construction companies and city residents). heights and/or floor areas if certain green building standards (LEED silver TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 47 standard or higher) were met; or the city subsidized energy conservation SOLID WASTE and design/consulting fees for LEED projects. From 2001 to 2005, Seattle offered US$4.3 million for projects adopting LEED standards. As a result, Intermediate Transfer Stations energy consumption dropped by 35 percent on average and by 6.9 million KWh annually in LEED municipal buildings. Also, LEED buildings’ emissions Puebla can improve its solid waste system and reduce energy costs by fell by 1,067 CO2eq tons per building while the annual average energy building transfer stations. With US$1 million, the city could build transfer savings were US$43,000. stations that would save 200,000 kWh annually. Not only would they reduce GHG emissions and improve public safety and health, but they would reduce traffic associated with waste vehicles and reduce the budget. Transfer stations help lower the trips to the landfill and the distance travelled per ton of waste, which translates into reducing the energy use. Also, with fewer waste trucks traveling long distances to the landfill, there would be less noise and dust in residential areas besides better roads and air quality. Together with private operators, the city should prepare a plan to address the shortfalls in the waste collection system and detail the issues involved with developing transfer stations. A map should identify places where the transfer stations could be located and should be incorporated into the city’s spatial planning strategy so it can allocate the land needed. Further, private operators should help finance their construction. Once they are built, authorities should monitor fuel consumption associated with the quantity of solid waste collected. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 48 Transfer and sorting station Source: comtechrom.ro. In Victoria (Canada), the Ministry of Environment hired a private engineering firm to explore the most appropriate methodology, design, and operating procedures for the new transfer stations and write guidelines. These included cost models that compared direct hauls in collection trucks with transfer hauls to the landfill. City managers used the model to assess the benefits of transfer stations under various conditions and identify/ quantify operating and capital costs. In Romania, integrated solid waste management plans (SWMPs) at the county level are developed with financial support from the EU and contributions from the local administrations that benefit from waste collection services. The master plans included sorting and compost stations and transfer stations to reduce the distance travelled by garbage trucks to the landfill and other facilities. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 49 Solid Waste Auditing and Planning Waste truck operated by a private solid waste company in Puebla Puebla can improve its solid waste sector by identifying opportunities to reduce energy consumption in the collection, transport, and disposal of solid waste. Since the city does not have good data for this sector, an audit could determine the amount of energy used for waste management and identify opportunities to save energy. An annual environmental report (AER) would assess all the solid waste infrastructure, for example, trucks, trash bins, the landfill and leachate plant. The report would monitor energy consumption per ton of waste collected, transported, and treated. The solid waste operators should be required to submit data annually on the solid waste collected, the fuel used for collection/transportation activities, and waste management at the landfill. The city could also meet with informal sector collectors to identify potential recycling activities. The report should lay the foundation for a short- to medium-term waste management strategy, describing the distribution and inventory of Municipalities worldwide have adopted different methods to improve the city-wide solid waste infrastructure. Also, it would explore measures to solid waste sector and save energy. For example, in Italy, waste services are reduce energy associated with waste pre-treatment activities and could delivered through public entities known as ‘ATO’, funded by local authorities thus target reductions in energy per ton or m of waste treated as well as 3 that define the most appropriate services required to manage solid waste. per ton of waste managed each year. Often, new infrastructure is funded by the city, although private finance is obtained through a form of public borrowing for large waste facilities. Italy created an eco-tax for waste disposal that is used to generate revenues for new infrastructure and waste monitoring activities. It brought in US$324 million from a tax on all packaging that is dedicated to financing new waste infrastructure. London achieved greater regional self-sufficiency by developing new infrastructure and using new low-carbon technologies in waste management (for example, transfer facilities to resource recovery parks). In partnership with private waste operators, the Greater London Authority TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 50 (GLA) is developing a framework to collect data on current, planned, and Training programs. In partnership with an education/training provider, the potential waste sites at the local and regional level to determine the type, city could develop programs for schools and offices. They could first target number, and location of the facilities needed. The Solid Management large energy users, such as public and private offices, industries, schools, Board allotted US$114 million to develop new facilities to collect, treat and hospitals. Other stakeholders, such as nonprofit organizations and and dispose of waste, and obtained some financial support through joint businesses, would be welcome to participate. ventures, private investors, and EU funds. One of the most important tools is the WasteDataFlow, an online site that serves as a reporting system Public education campaigns. These could describe the benefits of lower for all U.K. local authorities to inform on best practices and strategies. energy consumption. Puebla could join with an advertising/marketing One local solid waste operator is building the Riverside Resource Recovery company to develop a strategy for providing information on EE. Such Facility, a large project, with its own resources/loans from private banks. campaigns use posters, billboards, leaflets spread throughout the city, It is one of the United Kingdom’s most efficient waste-to-energy (WTE) articles and ads in the local media. plants with an annual capacity of 670,000 tons of waste which will help reduce more than 100,000 heavy vehicle trips from the roads each year. Promoting waste collection in Altamira, México Awareness-raising Campaigns The final TRACE recommendation encourages the city to use public education/training campaigns to increase general awareness of energy conservation and change people’s behavior. The city can do this by providing easily accessed information related to EE. An initial investment of up to US$1 million for such campaigns could save from 100,000 to 200,000 kWh in energy a year. EE can be promoted through advertising campaigns, public events, features in the local media, dedicated websites, training programs in schools and community centers, and through an advocacy program. Besides changing behavior, the benefits would also translate into lower Source: factreports.revues.org. electricity bills, reduced GHG emissions, better air quality, and financial savings. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 51 Solid waste is one sector that Puebla’s communication strategy could easily Promoting public transport target. The city, public waste company (OOSL), and private operators could organize public campaigns to raise awareness about separating organic from recyclable wastes. Moreover, such campaigns could promote the new recycling initiative Basura por Seguridad (waste for safety), a joint initiative between the city and the private sector. Public campaigns can also target water and transport. For example, the city could encourage citizens to bike and walk, and rely less on private cars. Promoting recycling Source: www.irenesoo.wordpress.com; www.bangalore.citizenmatters.in. Awareness can also be raised by using local ‘advocates’ to teach people about the importance/benefits of saving energy. The city could recruit and train, on a voluntary basis, a few well-known individuals, including local personalities in government, business, health, or entertainment, to serve Source: www.pcwastemgmt.com. as spokespersons. Moreover, it can continue to promote bike-sharing programs at affordable The city could then monitor progress and the number of people rates and launch initiatives to increase awareness about the benefits participating in training programs, hits on EE websites, print/online articles, of public transport. Such a campaign could focus on promoting public and media features. transport as a reliable, fast, comfortable, cheap, and accessible mode, compared to private vehicles. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 52 Car-free day in Brussels Source: wikipedia.org. The County of Meath, Ireland is a good example of a successful public campaign. Local authorities extended an energy awareness week to all county residents through visits to schools, information displays, widespread media coverage, a ‘car-free day’, and offers of CFL light bulbs. The campaign significantly increased interest in EE and also encouraged residents to use sustainable energy and transport options. It cost under US$5,000, although this did not include prizes and sponsorships provided by local companies and other energy-related entities. In 2000, the European Commission created the “Car-free Day” as a Europea-wide initiative to encourage people to abandon their cars for one day. Many cities mark September 22 as the day when they walk, bike, and leave their vehicles at home. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 53 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 54 ANNEX- TRACE PUEBLA RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 55 DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM TRACE Improving Energy Efficiency in Puebla, Puebla, México Annex 1: Streetlights’ Audits and Upgrades 57 Annex 2: Streetlight Procurement Guide 61 Annex 3: Benchmarking Municipal Buildings 64 Annex 4: Municipal Buildings Audits and Upgrades 71 Annex 5: Mandatory Energy Efficiency Codes for New Buildings 75 Annex 6: Intermediate Transfer Stations 80 Annex 7: Planning for Waste Infrastructure 84 Annex 8: Awareness-raising Campaigns 90 Annex 9: Abbreviations for Cities in the TRACE Database 95 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 56 ANNEX 1: STREETLIGHT AUDITS AND UPGRADES DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Incandescent bulbs used in streetlights are highly inefficient. They produce little light and much heat Energy-saving Potential from their significant power consumption. Also, they are often poorly designed and unnecessarily >200,000 kWh/year spread light in all directions, including the sky. New bulb technologies can significantly increase their Initial Costs efficiency as well as extend their life. This recommendation aims to both assess current lighting US$100,000–US$1 million efficiency and upgrade where needed. Speed of Implementation The upgrades deliver the same lighting levels using less energy, and reduce carbon emissions and 1–2 years operating costs. The increased life reduces maintenance and costs, and interruptions to service, thus Wider Benefits improving public health and safety. Reduced carbon emissions Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method The main costs related to upgrading streetlights are to replace the bulbs, the control system, and Self-implementation labor to install the items. These expenses, along with consulting fees, are funded by the city, which means it receives all the financial benefits but bears the financial risks. The city engages an ESCO to carry out the project, which can involve part- and full-ownership of the system and translates into varying levels of benefits in terms of reducing risks, up-front capital costs, ESCO upgrades and financial savings over the project’s life. Using local ESCOs helps streamline the process and makes the upgrade more feasible. Similarly, having a local, credible, and independent measurement and verification agency minimizes contractual disputes by verifying performance. See the Akola Street Lighting Case Study for details. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 57 Activity Method Such contracts give the city flexibility to set performance standards and review contractors’ work as Supply and install contracts part of a phased project. This approach requires up-front spending and an appropriate financing plan. See the Los Angeles Case Study for details. These free the city from financing pressures, but the financial savings achieved through EE are passed Long-term contracts on to the company conducting the upgrade. This strategy can benefit cities that do not have the financial resources to cover the up-front costs and bring in an informed stakeholder to carry out the process. Joint ventures allow a city to maintain a significant degree of control over upgrade projects while Joint ventures sharing the risks with a partner experienced in streetlight issues. Such ventures are effective where both parties can benefit from improved EE and do not have competing interests. See the Oslo Case Study for details. Monitoring Monitoring the progress and effectiveness of the recommendations is crucial to understanding their value over time. When the city adopts a recommendation, it should define the targets that indicate the progress it expects in a given period and design a monitoring plan. The latter does not need to be complicated or time-consuming but should, at least (1) identify information sources; (2) identify performance indicators that can measure and validate equipment/ processes; (3) set protocols for keeping records; (4) set a schedule to measure activity (daily, weekly, monthly); (5) assign responsibilities for each piece of the process; (6) create a way to audit and review performance; and (7) create reporting and review cycles. A measure related to this recommendation is • Lumens/watt – Determine the average effectiveness of illumination provided by current streetlights. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 58 Case studies ESCO streetlight retrofit, Akola, India Source: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 2009. “Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Akola Municipal Corporation, India - Performance Contracting for Street Lighting Energy Efficiency.” Akola contracted with an ESCO to replace over 11,500 streetlights (standard fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor) with T5 fluorescent lamps. The contractor (called AEL) financed 100 percent of the investments, launched the project, maintained the new lights, and received part of the verified energy savings to recover its investment. Under the contract, the city paid the ESCO 95 percent of the verified energy bill savings over the 6-year period it was in effect. It also paid AEL an annual fee to maintain the lamps and fixtures. Initial investments were about US$120,000 and the upgrade was completed in three months. The project saved 56 percent in energy costs a year, which meant total savings of US$133,000—a payback in less than 11 months! Streetlight retrofits, Dobrich, Bulgaria Source: http://www.eu-greenlight.org - Go to “Case Study” In 2000, Dobrich audited its entire streetlight system, which resulted in a project the next year to modernize it. Mercury bulbs were replaced with high pressure sodium lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (a total of 6,450 EE lamps). The control system was also upgraded, and two electric meters were installed. These measures raised the illuminated area of the city to 95 percent and resulted in savings of 2,819,640 kWh a year (€91,400 a year). Street Lighting LED Replacement Program, City of Los Angeles, USA Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/clinton-climate-initiative/i/cci-la-lighting. This project, which involved a partnership between the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) and the city of Los Angeles, is the largest streetlight upgrade by a city to date, replacing traditional lights with environmentally friendly LEDs. It will reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save US$10 million annually through reduced maintenance costs and 40 percent reduced energy consumption. The mayor and Bureau of Street Lighting collaborated with CCI’s Outdoor Lighting Program to review the latest technology, financing strategies, and public-private implementation models for LED upgrades. CCI’s analysis of models and technology, and its financial advice, were key sources for developing this comprehensive plan. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 59 The project’s phased nature allowed the city to evaluate its approach each year which gave it flexibility when selecting contractors and the lights to be upgraded. It also capitalized on its status to attract financial institutions that would offer favorable loans and funding mechanisms since they wanted to create positive relationships with the city. Thus, the city was able to create a well-developed business case for the project. Lighting Retrofit, City of Oslo Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, Climate Leadership Group, C40 Cities, http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/lighting/oslo_streetlight.jsp. Oslo formed a joint venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity distribution company in Norway. Old fixtures containing PCB and mercury were replaced with high performance-high pressure sodium lights, and an advanced data communication system was installed using power-line transmissions that reduced the maintenance. They also installed ‘intelligent communication systems’ that dim lights when climate conditions and usage patterns permit, which reduced energy use and increased the bulbs’ life, which also reduced maintenance (and related costs). The system is fully equipped with all its components and is calibrated to correct some minor problems related to the communication units. Overall, the system has performed well under normal operating conditions. Tools & Guidance European Lamp Companies Federation. ‘Saving Energy through Lighting’, A procurement guide for efficient lighting, including a chapter on street lighting. http://www.elcfed.org/2_projects_buybright.html. Responsible Purchasing Network (2009). “Responsible Purchasing Guide LED Signs, Lights and Traffic Signals”, A guidance document for maximizing the benefits of upgrading exit signs, streetlights and traffic signals with high efficiency LED bulbs. http://www.everglow.us/pdf/rpn-led-purchasing- guide.pdf. ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_ Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 60 ANNEX 2: PROCUREMENT GUIDES FOR NEW STREETLIGHTS DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Incandescent bulbs in streetlights are highly inefficient as they produce little light and much heat Energy Savings Potential from their significant power consumption. Also, they are often poorly designed, emitting light in all >200,000 kWh/year directions, including the sky, which further increases their energy inefficiency. New bulb technology Initial Costs can often increase efficiency and extend the bulbs’ lives since traditional bulbs only last about five 200,000 kWh/year footprint. The program will identify and introduce immediate payback items from which the savings Initial Costs can be used to fund other municipal services. >US$1 million Speed of Implementation 1–2 years Wider Benefits Reduced carbon emissions Improved air quality Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method Appoint a program head Identify an existing staff or hire a new person to head EE projects in municipal office buildings. He/ she must be able to work across agencies, understand building systems, and manage subcontractors. With results from the benchmarking program or new data on office buildings collected by staff, identify preliminary opportunities for EE such as new lighting/air conditioning/heating systems, new Identify preliminary EE projects computers, and server cooling opportunities. Some buildings are more complex and have various types of systems, for example, some may have simple AC window units, while others may have central AC systems with chillers, cooling towers, air handlers, and ductwork. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 71 Activity Method Walk through various office buildings to identify specific EE opportunities, which may include • Lighting systems, • AC systems, • Heating systems, Perform energy audits • Computers, • Server rooms and cooling of servers, • Appliances (water cooler, fridge, vending machines). The municipal office EE spreadsheet includes areas where gains can be made, such as equipment upgrades, behavioral changes (turning lights off, lowering heating temperatures, changing operating times, and so on), and procurement guidelines. Allocate budgets for EE upgrades in municipal office buildings. When upgrades are combined with normal renovations, this is the best use of limited financing. For example, if a new roof is required, Set budgets and requirements it is a good opportunity to add insulation and a white roof, or, if new windows need to be installed, they could be upgraded to those that offer insulation, using Office Building Energy Efficiency Program funds. Or, contracts may be signed with ESCOs that will pay for the up-front cost of the upgrades and then share from the savings. Design upgrades Using the benchmark data and energy audits, design upgrades for each building, and replace the equipment. Prepare an RFP for mechanical or electrical contractors to bid on the upgrade projects. Achieve Hire a contractor to do the upgrades economies of scale and higher quality by combining a large number of similar upgrades across many buildings. Or, prepare an RFP and award a contract to a private company (ESCO) that will guarantee energy savings, provide the initial investment, and share future savings with the city. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 72 Activity Method Walk through the building and verify that each construction project has been performed according Verify upgrades and performance to the EE upgrade specifications. Continue collecting electricity and heating bills for each upgraded building to compare them with historical data. Monitoring Some measures related to this recommendation are: • US$/m2 - Determine annual energy costs on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings; • kWhe/m2 - Determine annual electrical energy consumption on a per-m2 basis for all municipal office buildings; • kWht/m2 - Determine annual heating energy consumption on a per- m2 basis for all municipal office buildings; • US$/y saved - Aggregate total energy savings generated through the life of the program. Case studies Model for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Berlin, Germany Source: http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/berlin_efficiency.jsp. Berlin, in partnership with the BEA, pioneered an excellent model to improve EE in its buildings. Together they managed the upgrade of public and private buildings, preparing tenders for work that is guaranteed to reduce emissions. The tenders require the ESCOs that win the contracts to reduce CO2 emissions by an average of 26 percent. To date, 1,400 buildings have been upgraded, reducing CO2 emissions by 60,400 tons a year. With the ESCO paying for the investments, these upgrades cost the building owners nothing and the energy savings were almost immediate. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 73 Internal Contracting, Stuttgart, Germany Source: http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/stuttgart_efficiency.jsp Stuttgart reduces its CO2 emissions each year by about 7,200 tons through an innovative form of internal contracting, making use of a revolving fund to finance energy and water-saving measures. The city then reinvests the savings into new activities, creating a cycle of environmental improvements and reduced emissions. EU and Display Campaign Case Studies Source: http://www.display-campaign.org/page_162.html The European Display Campaign is a voluntary scheme designed by energy experts from European towns and cities. When it began in 2003, it aimed to encourage local authorities to publicly display the energy and environmental performances of city buildings—adopting the same energy label that is used for household appliances. Since 2008, private companies have also been encouraged to use the ‘display’ for their corporate social responsibilities. Tools & Guidance EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION Good practices 2005 - Brochure of good practice examples from energy agencies across Europe. http://www. managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good, worldwide procurement practices. http://www.esmap.org/Public_ Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf Energy Conservation Building Codes provide minimum requirements for the EE design and construction of buildings and their systems. http://www. emt-india.net/ECBC/ECBC-UserGuide/ECBC-UserGuide.pdf TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 74 ANNEX 5: MANDATORY ENERGY EFFICIENCY CODES FOR NEW BUILDINGS DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES These codes are city-specific green building guidelines or certification programs to promote the use of Energy-saving Potential the green technologies. The guidelines can be based on previously established systems such as LEED >200,000 kWh/year (U.S.), BREEAM (U.K.), CASBEE (Japan), Green Mark (Singapore), Estidama (Abu Dhabi), and others. Initial Costs They focus on EE and also cover water conservation, urban heat island effects (green roofs), indoor 2 years quality building designs and construction, EE for all city buildings, saving costs and water, and making Wider Benefits better buildings in which to live and work. Reduced carbon emissions Efficient water use Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method Assess opportunities Assess the climate, building types, real estate market and construction industry for green building opportunities. Evaluate other global and regional guidelines and identify the most relevant strategies. Assess the general costs of each green building strategy in the city for new construction under code- Perform cost-benefit analysis based designs versus green building designs. Calculate the added costs (for adhering to the codes) as well as of savings and shared benefits—beyond those that are strictly financial. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 75 Activity Method Create green building design guidelines that are city-specific and respond to the unique conditions Draft voluntary guidelines (climate, construction practices, safety, financial, market, and so on).The guidelines can be shared with the public in order to encourage environmentally aware developers, designers, and building owners to adopt them. Draft an incentive program Based on the design guidelines, create an incentive program (for example, tax credits, zoning benefits, quicker approvals, and so on) to encourage developers to adopt the best green building designs. If voluntary or incentive-based approaches do not seem likely to succeed, then the guidelines will Draft mandatory green building codes need to be mandatory and ways must be found to update the local building codes to include them. See the Seattle case study as an example of best practices. Public outreach Distribute draft guidelines to the real estate, construction and design communities, and city residents. Enact a law, ordinance or executive order to introduce the green building guidelines/incentives and Enact green building ordinances programs/codes. The documents should include the public comments, the technical/financial analyses, and a description of a few successful demonstration projects. Monitoring See rationale for monitoring, above. Some suggested measures that relate to this recommendation are as follows: • kWhe/m2: Benchmark electrical energy consumption on a per-m2 basis • kWht/m2: Benchmark heating energy consumption on a per-m2 basis • US$/m2: Benchmark energy costs on a per- m2 basis for all buildings • Benchmark the number of buildings certified under the new codes TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 76 Case studies Energy Efficiency Codes in Residential Buildings, Tianjin, China. Source: ESMAP (2011). “Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Tianjin, China -Enforcement of Residential Building Energy Efficiency Codes.” Available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1280. Tianjin is one of the Chinese cities that has complied with building EE codes (BEECs). In its recent annual national inspections, the Ministry of Housing and Urban and Rural Development (MoHURD) found that BEEC compliance in Tianjin’s new residential and commercial buildings was nearly 100 percent, compared to the 80 percent average across nearly three dozen other large cities it inspected in 2008. Even more impressive, the residential code for the buildings’ thermal integrity (DB29-1-2007) was 30 percent more stringent than the national BEEC (JGJ 26-95). In 1997, Tianjin introduced its first mandatory residential EE code (DB29-1-97), which was similar to the 1995 national code developed for Chinese cities in cold regions (JGJ 26-95), DB29-1-97 was enforced from 1998 to 2004. Enforcement actually began on January 1, 2005. It was based on an earlier version which was updated and passed in June 2007. The case study covered the five years that DB29-1-2007 was enforced—from 2005 to 2009. Tianjin’s efforts to go beyond the national BEEC were a departure from the norm, when cities usually follow central government regulations. Tianjin began piloting residential BEECs in the late 1980s, although it took the city about 15 years to achieve a high degree of compliance. The city met and surpassed the requirements because of the following: (1) a well-established building construction management system; (2) standard procedures for enforcing compliance; (3) broad capacity of the construction sector to comply with the codes, with respect to technical skills and the availability of parts and materials; (4) consumers’ ability and willingness to pay for the costs of compliance; and (5) local government resources, support, and commitment to enforcing increasingly stringent BEECs. Low-Energy Building Standards, Münster, Germany Source: ESMAP (2011). “Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Low-Energy Building Standards Applied through the Sale of City-Owned Land, Münster, Germany.” Available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1170. By mandating low-energy building standards through the sale of city-owned land, Münster transformed the market. Thus, 80 percent of all new buildings constructed in 2010, even not on city-owned land, follow the city’s EE requirements. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 77 Austin Energy Green Building (AE/GB), Austin, U.S.A. Source: http://www.austinenergy.com/energy%20efficiency/Programs/Green%20Building/index.htm http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/austin_standards.jsp. In 1991, the Austin Energy Green Building (AE/GB) program developed the first city-wide tool to evaluate the sustainability of U.S. buildings; it covers single and multi-family homes, commercial, and government or utilities’ buildings. The program provides technical support to homeowners, architects, designers, and builders, helping them design/construct sustainable buildings. Using tools developed to rate green buildings, specifically prepared for Austin, along with the LEED and Green Globes national rating tools, the program’s staff help the design teams create goals, review plans and specifications, recommend improvements, and rate the final products regarding effects on the environment and community. AE/GB has saved US$2.2 million a year by reducing consumers’ energy costs. The initial program investment of US$1.2 million came from an annual budget (including a US$50,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy). The AE/GB also reduced energy consumption by 142,427 MWh and reduced demand on the utility’s generation resources by 82.8 MW. These savings have reduced the power plant’s CO2 emissions by 90,831 tons, NOx by 87.6 tons, and SOx by 17.4 tons. Sustainable Building Action Plan, Seattle, U.S.A. Source: http://www.c40cities.org/docs/casestudies/buildings/seattle_green.pdf Under the Sustainable Building Policy, Seattle requires all new city buildings over 5,000 sq ft to meet new state LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings, which measure the buildings’ sustainability. The city provided incentives to private developers if they meet the standards: For example, Seattle introduced (1) the Sustainable Building Action Plan which contained strategies to promote green buildings; (2) a density ‘bonus’ that offered downtown commercial, residential, and mixed use developments greater height and/or floor space if a green building standard of LEED silver or higher was met; and (3) the City LEED Incentive Program which provided financial help for energy conservation, natural drainage/water conservation, and design and consulting fees for LEED projects. From 2001 to 2005, the city’s incentives were over US$4.3 million for projects complying with LEED standards, which reduced energy by an average of 35 percent and 6.9 million KWh/year for LEED municipal buildings. Other benefits included an average reduction of 1,067 CO2e tons per LEED building and an annual average financial saving of US$43,000. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 78 Green Building Guidelines, Cape Town, South Africa Source: http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/DRAFT City of Cape Town Green Building Guidelines.pdf. Cape Town plans to enact a law by 2012 calling for environmentally friendly building methods. The Draft Green Buildings Guidelines form the core of the law, which promotes resource-efficient construction on new or renovated buildings to minimize the negative environmental impacts on the built environment, and maximize positive social and economic impacts. In the long term, Cape Town will produce design manuals and other laws to ensure that green buildings have a permanent place in the urban landscape. The Green Building Guidelines are consistent with the Green Building Council of South Africa, which incorporated the Green Star Rating System of Australia’s Green Building Council. It is expected that Cape Town will incorporate the Green Star Rating System in the future. Cape Town’s guidelines for green buildings are city-specific, including advice on site selection, design and construction phases, sustainable resource management, waste management, urban landscaping, human health and safety, and visual mitigation measures. Tools & Guidance http://www.epa.gov/region4/recycle/green-building-toolkit.pdf TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 79 ANNEX 6: INTERMEDIATE TRANSFER STATIONS DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Cities should use transfer stations to consolidate waste before taking it to treatment facilities, since Energy-saving Potential this minimizes the number of trips to the facilities by smaller trash trucks. This recommendation >200,000 kWh/year works well with the one about ‘waste vehicle operations and fuel efficiency standards’ and cities can Initial Costs collapse them into a single measure. >US$1 million Reducing the distance travelled per ton of waste can reduce energy demand associated with the Speed of Implementation transfer of waste to large treatment facilities (such as landfills). Benefits include reducing the number >2 years of waste vehicles travelling long distances, which in turn lowers noise and dust in residential areas and Wider Benefits improves road safety and air quality. Reduced carbon emissions Improved air quality Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Reduced waste vehicle traffic Implementation Options Activity Method The city authority works with its planning department and waste management team to identify gaps and inefficiencies in the city’s waste collection system and improve the process. The city will need Provide transfer stations as part of the SWMP to create a flow map of waste that includes the existing waste catchment areas and planned city development, to identify opportunities to install waste transfer stations. It can also seek support from private waste management companies in return for procurement of city waste collection catchments. See the New York and British Columbia case studies for details. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 80 Activity Method The city’s planning department will need to integrate waste management into its spatial planning strategies, allocating land for transfer stations and other facilities according to the SWMP. Where appropriate, waste management regulations/guidelines should also be included in the Planning for waste management city’s development documents. For example, they should require land developments over a certain size and with certain densities to integrate transfer stations into master plans. To ensure that sites are suitable, the city’s waste management strategy, urban development, and environmental plans must be coordinated. See the Kuala Lumpur and Birmingham case studies for details. Monitoring See rationale for monitoring, above. Some measures related to this recommendation are as follows: • Determine the energy use per ton of waste to be collected, transported, and disposed of (MWh). • Determine the energy used by a city to transport waste, by per ton of waste (MWh/t). • Determine total annual mileage to transport waste (km). • Determiner the kilometers travelled per ton of waste (km/t). Assess the number and location of municipal waste transfer stations and map these against waste catchment areas. These can be based on the length of the daily collection route, districts, or capability of the waste collection fleet. Track city development and create maps of existing and potential waste transfer stations against expanding municipality catchment areas. Ensure that distances from collection points to treatment facilities do not exceed the miles recommended by vehicle manufacturers. Compare fuel use per volume or mass of waste transferred before and after the waste stations are built and operating. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 81 Case studies Solid Waste Management Plan, New York City Source: http://www.plannyc.org/taxonomy/term/762. New York’s mayor launched an SWMP in 2006 as a way to dramatically reduce the energy used for waste disposal, along with a cost-effective and environmentally sound system for managing the city’s waste. The plan involved assessing existing transfer stations to maximize waste management efficiency and create a more equitable distribution of waste storage, transfer, and disposal throughout the five boroughs. By exporting 90 percent of the city’s residential waste by barge or rail (rather than by truck), the program will reduce waste truck miles by 2.7 million a year and tractor-trailer miles by 3 million. This means using transfer stations in every borough, reopening eight transfer stations that were closed, and building seven new marine transfer stations. The latter, which should be completed in 2013, are expected to reduce waste truck travel by 3.5 million miles. However, some claim the marine transfer stations will increase the cost of waste disposal from US$77 per ton to US$107. The city has had problems building the new transfer stations, which have been delayed by lawsuits and community organizations concerned about increased truck traffic, air and noise pollution, and water dredging that may harm nearby wildlife. Thus, only two of the seven marine transfer stations were being constructed by May 2010 and none of the barges were being used. In March 2009, the mayor signed a 30-year contract with a private waste management company to oversee a program for moving waste from Brooklyn’s transfer stations to out-of-state landfills by train. Municipal Solid Waste Guidelines, Victoria, Canada Source: http://www.elp.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/mpp/gfetsfms.html. The regional authority (Ministry of Environment) funded a project to prepare guidelines for creating transfer stations for municipal solid waste. It hired an engineering consultant in Victoria to produce the report on transfer station methodologies, using examples to recommend siting, design, and operating guidelines. These include cost models that compare direct hauls in collection trucks with transfer hauls to a landfill, and rural landfills with rural transfer stations. Such models can be used to decide if a transfer station is justified under particular conditions, as they detail operating and capital costs based on case studies. The report covers issues that can arise and examples of transfer station operating/capital costs that apply to cities during the implementation of their SWMPs. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 82 Kuala Lumpur Waste Structure Plan 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Source: http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/infrastructure_and_utilities/index.htm. The Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 is the city’s strategic spatial development plan which includes guidelines on improving the quality of its infrastructure and utility services. Solid waste collection/disposal services are integrated in the plan, which describes the coordination of existing landfill sites and capacities, supported by new transfer stations. The plan noted the limited capacity of the Taman Beringin landfill, which led to the transfer of waste to a private landfill outside the city in Air Hitam. A new transfer station at Taman Beringin is to be built to sort the waste that can be recycled and compact the remaining waste before it is transported to Air Hitam. The plan also includes maps of the existing solid waste disposal sites and as well as transfer stations that are to be built. Veolia Environmental Services Waste Transfer, Birmingham, UK Source: http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/Birmingham/. Veolia Environmental Services, a private waste management company, operates two major waste transfer stations in the north and south of Birmingham. These play a key role in managing the city’s waste and are focal points for recycling. The transfer stations accept curbside collected waste from Birmingham City Council refuse vehicles that is then consolidated into bulk loads and transported either to the recycling re-processor, the Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) at Tyseley, or to a landfill. A standard-size trash truck holds about eight tons of waste, while bulk vehicles hold up to 25 tons. This means that, with the transfer stations, vehicle trips are reduced by a third; also, that trash collection vehicles do not have to travel across the city to deposit their loads but rather go to the nearest transfer station. A considerable part of the trash at the ERF is moved at night to reduce traffic and improve the operation’s efficiency. Further, the transfer stations act as bulk stations for the recyclable materials collected either from the curbside pick-up or from the household recycling centers. This reduces vehicle movements, eases traffic, and lowers the environmental impact of transporting the recyclable materials. Tools & Guidance “Guidelines for Establishing Transfer Stations for Municipal Solid Waste.” http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/mpp/gfetsfms.html. “Waste Transfer Stations: A manual for decision making.” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/ r02002.pdf. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY (TRACE) PUEBLA, PUEBLA, MÉXICO 83 ANNEX 7: PLANNING FOR WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES The design, allocation, and distribution of waste treatment infrastructure directly or indirectly Energy-saving Potential influences energy use. Measures that assess the infrastructure’s energy use and how it interacts with 100,000–200,000 kWh/year other parts of the city’s waste management system help ensure that it will operate efficiently. Initial Costs This recommendation aims to help cities identify the waste treatment infrastructure that will US$1,000,000 The maximum energy saving potential is calculated by the TRACE tool c Energy Saving Potential estimated: low (*), medium (**), high (***) considering the total energy spending in the sector1 and other parameters 1 The total energy spending on public transportation and private vehicles was estimated by multiplying the annual fuel consumption (diesel and gasoline, potable water and public buildings were provided by the utility companies and respectively) by the average price of the fuel. Energy spending in street lighting, the city authorities. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 11 Matrix with EE Priorities and Proposed Programs Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Maximum Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 1 Public Transport US$917,935,197 US$165,000,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation Secretaría de Movilidad- 1. Public Transport $$$ *** > 2 years TRANSMILENIO S.A. Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Maximum Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 2 Private Transport US$1,390,516,286 US$295,000,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Cost b Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 2. Non-Motorized Transport Ciudad $$$ ** > 2 years Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Maximum Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 3 Streetlights US$32,850,000 US$6,800,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Cost b Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 3. Audits and Upgrades City/Codensa $$ *** 1-2 years 4. Procurement Guide for New Streetlights City/Codensa $ *** < 1 year 5. Streetlight Timing Program City/Codensa $ *** < 1 year Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Maximum Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 4 Potable Water US$12,415,011 US$1,390,000 Recommendation Responsible institution Cost b Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 6. Detecting Leaks and Managing Pressure EAAB $$$ *** > 2 years Energy spending in the sector - 2012 Maximum Potential savingsa - 2012 PRIORITY 5 Public Building US$7,461,300 US$746,130 Recommendation Responsible institution Costb Energy-saving potentialc Time of implementation 7. Awareness-raising Campaigns City $ ** 1-2 years TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 12 METHODOLOGY be reduced—is calculated by a simple formula that looks at all cities that perform better on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight), TRACE helps prioritize the areas/sectors with significant energy-saving and estimates the average improvement potential. The more cities in the potential and identifies appropriate EE measures in six areas: transport, database, the more reliable the final results will be. municipal buildings, water and wastewater, streetlights, solid waste, and power/heat. It consists of three components: (1) an energy benchmarking 3. Ranking Energy Efficiency Recommendations module that compares key performance indicators (KPIs) in similar cities; (2) a prioritization model that identifies areas which offer the greatest TRACE contains a list of over 60 tried-and-tested EE recommendations in potential for energy cost savings; and (3) an activity model that functions each of the areas. Some examples: like a ‘playbook’ of tried-and-tested EE measures. The three are part of a user-friendly software application that takes the city through a set of • Upgrade the lights in municipal buildings. sequential steps from initial data gathering to a report with a matrix of • Create an EE task force and program for EE procurement. EE recommendations based on the city’s particular context, to a list of • Install solar hot water systems. implementation and financing options. The steps include the following: • Replace traffic lights with LED technology. • Reduce traffic in congested areas and improve maintenance of the city bus 1. Collecting the City’s Energy Use Data fleet. • Introduce a waste management/hauling efficiency program. The TRACE database has 28 KPIs from 80 cities. Each of the data points in • Replace pumps to improve water and wastewater systems. the KPIs is collected for the city before the tool is applied; once TRACE is applied, the collection grows as new, reliable data become available. 2. Analyzing the City’s Energy Use Against Similar Cities The city’s performance is compared with others with similar population, climate, and human development in each of the six areas (3–6 KPIs per area). The benchmarking provides an overview of energy performance so the city can assess its relative rankings against the others. The relative energy intensity (REI)—the percentage by which energy use in one area can TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 13 The TRACE Benchmarking Module The final report, which was prepared by the city and the TRACE team, identifies the high-priority and near-term actions to improve the EE and overall management of municipal services. The report includes • City background information, such as contextual data, development priorities, EE goals, and barriers; • An analysis of the six sectors, including a summary of the benchmarking results; • A summary of sector priorities based on the city’s goals; • A draft summary of recommendations provided in the City Action Plan; and • An annex that includes more information on EE options and best-practice case studies. Recommendations are based on six factors: finance, human resources, data and information, policies, regulations and enforcement, and assets and infrastructure. This step helps cities better assess the measures they have the capacity to introduce effectively. TRACE then plots recommendations based on two features of a 3x3 matrix (energy-saving potential and initial costs) along with another feature that helps the user compare recommendations based on the speed of implementation. Recommendations in each area are quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated based on data, including institutional requirements, energy- saving potential, and wider benefits. The recommendations are supported by implementation options, case studies, and references to tools and best practices. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 14 TRACE Limitations Because TRACE is relatively simple and easy to implement, its analyses are somewhat limited. For example, it may identify streetlights as a priority in terms of potential energy savings, but it does not detail the costs to carry out rehabilitation projects. Thus, even if the energy-saving potential is considered high, the costs may be even higher and investments may not be viable. Also, although TRACE focuses on the service areas for which the city is responsible, the tool cannot factor in the institutional/legislative mechanisms that may be needed to launch specific EE actions. While TRACE seems to apply well in Eastern European cities and countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), where most public utilities are under the city governments (which gives them substantial control over the TRACE areas), elsewhere, as in Latin America, cities have less control over public utilities, either because they are managed at a state or federal level or because the service is provided by a contractor. For example, in 2013, TRACE was applied in Romania’s seven largest cities where important services, such as public transport, district heating, streetlights, and municipal buildings, were under local control. In some, even where operation and maintenance (O&M) is outsourced to a contractor (as with streetlights), the city owns the infrastructure and can make the final decisions. Thus, in Romania, the TRACE studies helped local and national authorities prepare local EE measures that were supported with funds from the European Union, whose Europe 2020 Strategy aimed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20 percent over the next few years. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 15 BACKGROUND product (GDP) increased by 4 percent annually in the past few years, continuing a decade of strong economic performance. Today, 56 percent A middle-income country and the third largest economy in Latin America, of the country’s GDP is contributed by services, 37.8 percent by industry, Colombia is located on the northwestern coast of South America, bordered and 6.6 percent by agriculture. Colombia has been struggling to overcome by Panama in the northwest, Venezuela and Brazil in the east, Ecuador and poverty, with almost one-third of the population below the poverty line. Peru in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and the Caribbean Sea in The country is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets the north. One of the 17 mega bio-diverse countries in the world (it ranks that include Indonesia, Turkey, Egypt, Vietnam, and South Africa. It has first in bird species), Colombia is spread over 1.1 million km and has a 2 a Free Trade Agreement with the United States and has signed or is population of 47 million (2014 estimate). It is the third most populous negotiating similar accords with a number of European and Asian states. country in Latin America (after México and Brazil) and home to the second According to official estimates, the most populous cities in Colombia largest number of Spanish speakers in the world (after México). are the following: The country has a diverse geography with six regions, including mountains, plains, sea/ocean, islands, and coastal areas. It has a tropical City 2010 climate along the coastlines and eastern plains and cooler weather in Bogotá 7,776,845 the east. Most urban centers are located in the highlands of the Andes Medellín 2,441,123 Mountains, the Amazon rainforest, tropical grasslands, and on the Pacific Cali 2,344,734 and Caribbean coasts. Barranquilla 1,212,943 A constitutional republic with 32 departments and the capital district of Bogotá, Colombia has experienced armed conflict since the mid-1960s, Cartagena 990,179 with the government, paramilitary, crime syndicates, and guerilla groups Cúcuta 643,666 fighting to increase their influence over the country’s territory. The conflict Soledad 599,012 reached its peak in the 1990s and has decreased considerably since 2000. Ibagué 548,209 In 2012, the HDI was 0.719 and, according to the World Bank GINI index, Bucaramanga 527,451 the 2010 income inequality ratio was 55.6 (where 0 is perfect equality and Soacha 500,097 100 is perfect inequality). The economy relies heavily on natural resources (oil, gas, coal, minerals, agriculture, and forests), in addition to chemicals, food processing, health-related products, textiles, electronics, and military Located in the central part of Colombia on the Bogotá River, at 2,640 and metal products. Colombia is the world’s fourth largest coal exporter m above sea level, Bogotá is the capital both of the country and of the and fourth largest oil producer in Latin America. Real gross domestic department of Cundinamarca. One of the largest cities in Latin America TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 16 and the 30th biggest in the world, Bogotá has a population of around 7.7 Rural and urban areas in Bogotá million, an increase of 10 percent compared to the 2005 census. The city is spread across 1,600 km2, with a density of about 4,800 inhabitants per km2. The metropolitan area consists of several localities with a total population of 10.7 million. Bogotá has several airports, including the El Dorado International Airport, which is the principal hub for domestic and international flights. The city has a subtropical highland climate, with an average temperature of 14.5°C. The driest months are December, January, July, and August while those with the most rain are April and May and September through v December. The warmest month is usually March, when the temperature Source: UAECD - IDECA - Portal de Mapas Bogotá. can reach 20°C. While temperatures are fairly consistent throughout the year, weather conditions are unpredictable and can change radically even The highest population density is in the south and southwest, which have during a single day, due to the El Niño and La Niña phenomena. most of the low-income communities. Conversely, the northern area, The city has 20 localities or districts which form an extensive network which has the wealthiest groups, has the lowest density. The industrial and of neighborhoods, including Usaquén, Chapinero, Santa Fe, San Cristóbal, commercial areas, as well as the financial district, are in the northern and Usme, Tunjuelito, Bosa, Kennedy, Fontibón, Engativá, Suba, Barrios Unidos, downtown areas. Teusaquillo, Los Mártires, Antonio Nariño, Puente Aranda, La Candelaria, Bogotá is the country’s most important economic and industrial center Rafael Uribe, Ciudad Bolívar, and Sumapaz. One-quarter of the municipal and receives most of the imported capital goods; it accounts for 26 percent area is rural. Most of the high-income communities are in the northern of national GDP. The local economy relies predominantly on the service and northeastern parts of the city, close to the foothills of the Eastern sector and real estate activities (15 percent), followed by commerce Cordilliera. Most of the rural communities are in the south, which has some (13 percent), and industry (12 percent). Other important sectors are of the poorest districts. financial services, health care, construction, and telecommunications. The unemployment rate is 9.5 percent. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 17 Population density in Bogotá consumption by 3 percent and promoting the use of renewable energy.2 The action plan includes various measures, such as developing energy projects from nonconventional sources, reducing energy losses, applying incentives for clean technologies, and promoting the efficient use of energy in various sectors (for example, commercial, residential, and transport). The country has received support from international organizations to develop and improve EE legislation, such as the low carbon strategy (supported by USAID, UNDP, and the World Bank) and sustainable building codes (with support from the IFC). Energy production has increased over that last two decades, especially Source: UAECD - IDECA - Portal de Mapas Bogotá. for oil and coal. Oil production increased from 60,000 to 80,000 ktoe Often referred to as the Athens of South America, Bogotá has a large from the late 1990s to 2005, while coal production doubled during the number of universities and libraries and an extensive primary/secondary same period. The country imports refined oil products since the internal educational system and colleges. refining capacity is insufficient to cover domestic demand. Oil accounts for the largest share of total energy supply, followed by natural gas National Legislative Framework on Energy Efficiency and hydropower. The transport sector consumes the most energy and petroleum products (gasoline and diesel). The electricity sector was reformed and opened to competition in 1994 and Natural gas is used mostly by the residential sector (for cooking, water, is divided into four branches: power generation, transmission, distribution, and heating) and for power generation and transport. and retail/trade. The Public Service Law (L-142, 1994) opened the sector to competition in the four branches. The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is responsible for sector planning and policy. The Regulatory Commission for Energy and Gas (CREG) is responsible for setting electricity and gas tariffs and regulating the markets. An independent agency manages the electricity grid and power plants, and all power producers must sell energy on the market. The country’s 2010–2014 National Development Plan requires the government to prepare an action plan to implement the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy Program (PROURE) aimed at reducing energy 2 National Development Plan 2010–2014. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 18 Share of total primary energy supply in 2009 of electricity is generated from hydropower plants and 20 percent from natural gas plants. The use of natural gas to produce electricity increased over the past two decades following several dry years that severely affected hydropower production. The government has been encouraging power generation from ‘firm’ energy sources that are less affected by the weather, including fossil fuels and renewables (geothermal and biomass). A degasification terminal for liquefied natural gas is being built in the Colombian Caribbean Coast (Mamonal Industrial Park – Cartagena) to increase the consumption of natural gas, to meet growing energy demand. Source: IEA Energy Statistics. Electricity generation expanded in the past decade from 41,278 GWh in Electricity generation by source, from 1998–2010 2000 to almost 57,000 GWh in 2010. Electricity generation in Colombia from 1998–2010 Source: UPME and ASOCODIS (2012). Transmission and distribution losses amounted to 18.5 percent in 2009, a decrease from the 2005 peak of 21.2 percent. Source: Unidad de Planeaición Minero Energética and ASOCODIS (2012). Almost two-thirds of the country’s installed power capacity is based on hydropower; 31.5 percent on fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, oil); and 4.4 percent on small power plants consuming a range of fuels. Also, 65 percent TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 19 Percentage of losses in the electrical system • Waste. The city coordinates solid waste collection and management activities. The national government manages hazardous and biological wastes. • Water. This sector is managed by a company under the city government. However, water policies and tariffs are established at the local and national Source: Adapted from UPME and ASOCODIS (2012). level. • Power. This sector is managed by the local electricity provider, Codensa, a Local EE Initiative in Bogotá public-private entity. Electricity tariffs are set at the national level by the CREG. The Bogotá Development Plan, Bogotá Humana, aims to improve the city’s • Streetlights. These are operated by Codensa, the electricity company, human development, giving priority to children and adolescents. The plan supervised by the city. Codensa also owns the streetlight infrastructure3. focuses on (1) reducing segregation and discrimination, (2) responding • Municipal buildings. These are managed by the 20 local district authorities. to climate changes and securing water, and (3) strengthening the public sector. The strategy related to climate change promotes public transport, aiming to expand NMT and increase the use of renewable energy. Also, it includes actions to promote the efficient use of natural resources, which involves reducing the amount of solid waste, increasing recycling, and making urban services more efficient. National and Local Government Authority Regarding Public Utility Services Bogotá’s public services are managed by both the city and national governments. • Transport. The Ministry of Transport is the national authority that regulate the sector. At City level, the sector is managed by the Secretary of Mobility and TRANSMILENIO. Some large projects require financial support from the 3 There is a legal process underway, between Codensa and the City Government, national government. to determine the property of some of the Streetlighting assets TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 20 BOGOTÁ SECTOR DIAGNOSTICS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 21 POWER SECTOR to the northeast and has an installed capacity of 1,213 MW. During El Nino events, which reduce rainfall, the city experiences power shortages Codensa provides electricity to Bogotá. It is a public-private company because of its high dependence on hydropower. Such situations have whose major stakeholder is Edensa, a public entity with shares held by the prompted the country to establish a premium payment system for ‘firm’ city. The other important stakeholder is the Italian power group, Enel. energy producers, which largely benefits fossil fuel plants. As of 2012, 1,769,398 households had power connections. The city consumed about 15 percent of the total electricity produced in Colombia. Map of the three main power plants generating energy for Bogotá Energy consumption in Bogotá 2012 Sources: Author’s calculation using data from UPME and SUI. In 2012, the city consumed 9,194 GWh of electricity, which accounts for Source: Adapted from Google Maps. up to 17 percent of the total energy used in the city. 4 Electricity is produced by three power plants located outside the city with overall installed capacity of 2,575 MW. One of the facilities has two hydro plants, Colegio and Pagua, located along the Bogotá River, with an installed capacity of 1,139 MW. Termozipa is a coal power plant in the municipality of Cajica, about 40 km from Bogotá, and has an installed capacity of 223 MW. Finally, the Guavio hydropower plant is 180 km 4 Cuadernos de Fedesarrollo, #45 - July 2013. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 22 Bogotá - Primary Eenrgy Consumption 2012 The largest share of electricity in Bogotá is consumed by the residential sector (36.3 percent), followed by industry (32.2 percent) and commerce (26.4 percent).5 The municipal government consumes 3 percent of the electricity in the city. With a primary electricity consumption of 1,217 kWh per capita, Bogotá compares favorably to other cities in the TRACE database including those with a similar climate. Its consumption is similar to that of Tunis and Sydney, almost half that of Sao Paulo, and three times less than Cape Town or Budapest. Source: Author’s calculation using data from UPME and SUI. The city’s electricity consumption gradually increased over the past Primary electricity consumption per capita decade, from 6,751 GWh in 2002 to 8,455 GWh in 2008, reaching 9,081 GWh in 2011. Industrial consumption dropped slightly from 2008 to 2009 since some factories moved away from the city to take advantage of lower land and operating costs. Consumption in the commercial sector rose due to an increase in the number of supermarkets and shopping malls. Bogotá - electricity consumption by sector 2012 During the hot season from November to February, the city requires more energy for cooling. Conversely, when the weather is colder, some heating is required. In addition, more electricity is used during Christmas and summer holidays. However, the main explanation for the relatively low per capita energy consumption is the temperate climate. Also, Bogotá’s altitude, at Source: Author’s calculation using Codensa data and SIU. 5 Análisis de la situación energética de Bogotá y Cundinamarca Estudio Fedesarrollo EEB. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 23 2,640 m above sea level, reduces the need for air conditioning. (stratas). People in the highest, high, and medium-high strata subsidize The technical losses in the transmission and distribution network are the other three groups, that is, lowest, low, and medium low. 8.39 percent, a figure that places Bogotá in the lower half of the TRACE The lowest group receives a 60 percent subsidy, the low strata receive database compared to cities with a similar HDI. The losses are half those 40 percent, and the medium-low income group receives 15 percent. The of some Eastern European cities, such as Iasi, Timisoara, and Craiova subsidies are limited; once households exceed the limit of electricity allowed (Romania) or Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and almost four times (with the subsidy), they must pay the full rate. For example, subsidies lower than in México City. With respect to commercial losses, Bogotá for households located at an altitude higher than 1,000 m can consume has the third-lowest level, with 1.31 percent, after Tbilisi (Georgia) and a maximum of 130 kWh a month before reaching the subsidy limit. For Bangkok. those living below 1,000 m (who presumably need more air conditioning), the monthly limit is 170 kWh. Those in the medium-high income group Percent of Transmission/Distribution Losses pay the tariff in full. The high and highest socioeconomic strata pay 20 percent more in their tariffs to cover the subsidies to poor communities. Of total households, 78 percent are in the medium-low to lowest income groups. The average monthly consumption for the residential sector is approximately 207 kWh, which varies by income group. For example, high- income consumers use about twice as much electricity on average as low- income consumers (337 kWh vs. 152 kWh). Electricity tariffs are differentiated according to the type of user. In 2012, the commercial sector paid 286 pesos (US$0.15) per kWh, almost the same price as industry (298 pesos per kWh). Public offices pay more, that is, 336 pesos (US$0.18) per kWh. For the residential sector, electricity and water services are stratified based on a household’s location and income, and wealthy communities subsidize the energy and water bills of low- income communities. Bogotá is divided into six socioeconomic ‘estratos’ TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 24 URBAN TRANSPORT covering 14 km from the airport to the city center, and another 7.7 km on Avenida 10, crossing the city from south to north. Besides buses, the According to official data, 38 percent of the city’s 9,169 Gg of CO2- system includes various pedestrian bridges, walkways, bike lanes, and equivalent in GHG emissions in 2008 were produced by the transport docking stations. Electronic bulletin boards in the main bus stations provide sector. 6 The other largest polluters are the solid waste sector and real time information on bus schedules and routes. The occupancy ratio of construction industry (ceramics and cement). BRT buses consistently reaches 100 percent during peak hours and is 40 Public transport is managed by the Secretary of Mobility, the local percent during off-peak hours. transport authority. The urban transport system consists of three main The development of the BRT system was a large, ambitious project networks: TransMilenio, which operates the BRT; the SITP and traditional that cost 2,528,501 million pesos (about US$1.4 billion). The World Bank bus service, which is migrating to the SITP. In addition, there are a large is financing integrated mass transit systems that include BRT in some number of taxis in Bogotá, operated by private companies (51,000 taxis medium-sized and large cities in Colombia, drawing from the experiences run on fossil fuels and 43 are electric vehicles). of TransMilenio. The goal is to improve mobility along the most important From 2003 to 2011, about 25 percent of the public transport fleet was mass transit corridors, provide better access to the poor through feeder taken off the road to reduce the number of older and polluting vehicles. services and integrated fares, and build greater institutional capacity at While the number of buses was reduced from nearly 20,000 to 14,694, the national and local levels to improve urban transport policies, urban the BRT fleet has almost tripled. planning, and traffic management.7 TransMilenio is based on a BRT network with high-capacity buses Under the BRT system in Bogotá (and other cities in Colombia where running on dedicated bus lanes. The buses are managed by private it is being developed), operators purchase the buses and handle O&M operators, who are supervised by the local transport authority. There are aspects, while the government maintains the roads and infrastructure. 1,600 BRT buses that can each carry 160–260 passengers. TransMilenio Passengers pay for trips using electronic cards. If the money collected was the first BRT project in Colombia and was developed in three stages. by BRT operators does not cover operating costs, Bogotá finances the The system in Bogotá was launched in December 2000, with 41 km of difference from the local budget. dedicated bus lanes, covering Avenida Caracas and Calle 80. The second stage was completed in December 2012, expanding the network by 36 km, from Avenida 26 to Calle 10. With 12 lines totaling 112 km on dedicated bus lanes and 115 stops, the BRT system has become the largest such system in the world. Meanwhile, more lanes were built on Avenida 26, 7 Source: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/docsearch/ 6 Regional Inventory of GHG Cundinamarca y Bogotá - PRICC 2008. report/60813. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 25 BRT system in Bogotá operators are paid per passenger. The revenues are managed by the city to cover operating costs (including bus and e-ticketing operators). As with the BRT system, if revenues do not cover operating costs, the difference is made up by the city. Also, the city is considering subsidies to SITP users as a way of boosting ridership. Map of TransMilenio as of 2012 Source: www.sibrtonline.org. Besides the BRT, the TransMilenio runs ‘feeder’ buses that connect residential areas to BRT bus stops. There are about 500 feeders on 90 routes connected to BRTs. Overall, the TransMilenio network covers 663 km. Feeders operating in Bogotá Source: TransMilenio website. The traditional public transport system is an old network that has operated in Bogotá for decades. It has nearly 15,000 buses owned or operated by 66 private companies. These buses cover 508 routes in the city. As there Source: www.sibrtonline.org. are generally no designated bus stops, vehicles stop whenever passengers request (they pay by cash). The system is quite inefficient as buses often The second public transport network in Bogotá, the SITP, is operated by are old, highly polluting, need a great deal of fuel, and operate at low private companies. The SITP fleet has regular buses of different capacities, average speeds. However, the city plans to replace them with the SITP, from 19 to 80 people. People pay for the trip by an e-ticket, and SITP which would remove these buses from the roads. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 26 There are almost 50,000 taxis in the city, operated by private TRACE database with comparable cities. Thus, more people use buses in companies. Most of the cars are seven years or older. The city issues Bogotá than in Tallinn (Estonia), Ljubljana (Slovenia), and Shanghai but the taxi license and sets the tariffs. Since 2003, the number of taxis was fewer than in Casablanca, Cape Town, and México City. limited to 50,890. Currently, a pilot project of 50 electric taxis operated There are approximately 7.7 million trips on all forms of transport by private companies is under way. Codensa, the electricity company, is each day. Roughly 38 percent of the population in Bogotá and surrounding providing the energy-charging infrastructure. Companies that use electric districts use traditional buses, 19 percent use private cars, 16 percent use vehicles are offered tax exemptions but the project has not been very TransMilenio, 7 percent use taxis, 6 percent use bikes, and 4 percent use successful. Taxi companies complain that people cannot recognize the motorcycles. electric vehicles because they are painted a different color (blue) than regular cabs (yellow); also, that there are only a few charging facilities. Public transport mode split Electric vehicle in Bogotá Nearly 1.6 million daily trips are taken on BRT buses, whose capacity has increased steadily from 700,000 passengers a day in 2003 to 1,672,000 passengers by 2011.8 Since it began in December 2000, more than 4 billion people have used it, with an average of nearly 200,000 during rush hour. In 2013, the cost of a trip by BRT bus was 1,400 pesos (US$0.73) during off-peak hours and 1,700 pesos (US$0.95) in peak hours. Riders on traditional buses paid around 1,400 pesos and taxis charged at least 3,500 pesos (US$1.84) per trip. According to the TRACE analysis, 43 percent of commuters use public 8 Técnica de Transmilenio. http://www.sibrtonline.org/es/fichas-tecnicas/ transport for daily commutes. This places Bogotá in the high end of the transmilenio/6. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 27 Transport modes in Bogotá and surrounding districts Transport monitoring center Source: Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad, 2012. BRT buses are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) devices. TransMilenio monitors the buses from a control center through 600 cameras installed across the city. The cameras are connected to the police, for security purposes. Operators in the control room can communicate with drivers in real time, monitor bus speeds, and instruct drivers to go faster or slower in order to improve traffic flow. With an energy consumption of 0.64 MJ/passenger-km, the public transport system is quite energy intensive compared to cities with a similar HDI. Bogotá ranks at the higher end of the TRACE database, with energy consumption comparable to Jakarta and Tehran, and requires twice as much energy per passenger-km as Belgrade and 50 percent more than Johannesburg, but the city is more energy efficient than Cebu (the Philippines), México City, or Tbilisi. At a cost of US$ 4.50/gallon, the total fuel cost for Bogotá public transport system was about US$ 918 million in 2012. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 28 Energy consumption public transport - MJ/passenger-km and more than half of high-income communities rely on private cars. Conversely, 60 percent of the lowest-income group, more than 55 percent of the low-income group, and over 40 percent of the mid-low income group rely on public transport. More than 12 percent of the wealthiest strata travel by taxi as opposed to only a few percent among the poor. Also, people who ride buses must spend twice as much time in transit as those who drive private cars (77 minutes vs. 40 minutes). City authorities are in the process of integrating TransMilenio and the SITP systems. This should reduce the number of public transport vehicles, with high-capacity buses replacing some of the most highly polluting old buses. With the goal of improving traffic flow, the city is considering adjusting the work schedule for public offices and schools to reduce traffic Regarding the length of road with high capacity transit, Bogotá performs during rush hour. Additionally, the City is giving discounts to those who well due to the long BRT network. With 118.4 m per 1,000 people, Bogotá travel during off-peak hours. ranks fourth in the TRACE database among cities with a comparable HDI, behind three cities in Romania. TransMilenio lines - Phases I, II, and III During the 2000s, people were very satisfied with the BRT service. However, in recent years, the quality of service has declined. As traffic increases, especially in the evening, people must spend long hours on the bus to get home. Even though there are dedicated bus lanes, bottlenecks develop at intersections where lanes cross. Traffic has decreased the average travel speed from 27 km/hour to 19.3 km/hour for public transport and from 31 km/hour to 23 km/hour for private cars. The average travel time also increased, from 51 minutes per trip in 2002 to 65 minutes in 2011. However, BRT buses operate with an average speed of 26 km/hour, which is higher than other buses. Local studies reveal that public transport is used more by low-income groups, while taxis and private cars are used more by high-income ones. Source: TransMilenio website. For example, more than 65 percent of the highest socioeconomic group TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 29 The BRT has been the foundation for the country’s sustainable transport bus stations. Once the new lanes are completed, the BRT will be able to (National Policy on Urban Mass Transportation Systems). The national serve nearly 2 million passengers a day. development plan for 2010–2014 sought to promote public transport and Both the 2006 Mobility Plan and TransMilenio development plan discourage the use of private cars. The Inter-American Development Bank include progressive measures to improve public transport, including a (IDB) is providing support to launch the Strategic Public Transportation new metro, cable cars, and light rail connecting Bogotá to surrounding Systems (SETP), designed to improve efficiency, affordability, quality, districts.12, The city is preparing to develop its first light rail network safety, and environmental sustainability of public transport and help (ligeros) to run in the northern, western, and southern neighborhoods. The replicate the BRT in Cali. Similar BRT transport systems were developed 9 project is estimated to cost US$2.2 billion, of which 70 percent is to come in Bucaramanga, Medellin, Barranguilla, Cartegena, and Pereira with from the national budget. The engineering design is estimated at US$27.8 World Bank financial support. A special unit in the Ministry of Transport million and is supported with US$16.67 million in loans from the World (Urban Mobility and Sustainability) was created in 2012 to monitor the Bank. Construction is expected to start in 2015, and the first network SETP program across the country. The national government joined with will operate in Suba, a neighborhood of one million in northern Bogotá, local authorities to promote integrated mass transport systems in cities where service is scheduled to begin in 2018. Three private companies have with more than 600,000 inhabitants and SETP in cities with populations submitted proposals to build and operate the future light rail system under of 250,000–600,000. 10 Currently, the World Bank is providing US$350 a concession contract.13 So far, the city has approved two companies to million for the National Urban Transport Program (NUTP) that supports a move forward with the feasibility study. new, efficient system in seven cities, including Bogotá. The city is focusing on a new BRT line, which will cover 35 km on Avenida Boyacá crossing the city from south to north. The estimated value of the project is 1,563,488 million pesos (about US$860 million). The new routes will bring total BRT investments to 4,091,989 million pesos (US$2.2 billion).11 In addition to dedicated road infrastructure, the BRT project will include new bus stops, pedestrian crossing bridges, and 9 http://www.iadb.org/es/proyectos/project-information-page,1303. html?id=CO-L1091. 10 National Development Plan 2010-2014. “Prosperidad Para Todos”, Sector Transporte. 12 Transmilenio S.A. & Alcaldía de Bogotá, Junio de 2011 - Plan marco 2010. 11 National Development Plan - Documento CONPES 3737 - Política Nacional de 13 http://www.metroenBogotá.com/documentos-oficiales/se-destraba-la- Transporte Urbano Masivo. construccion-de-la-primera-linea-del-metro-para-Bogotá. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 30 First metro line in Bogotá Electric bus test drive in Bogotá Source: MetroenBogotá website. Source: Metro en Bogotá. Also, a feasibility study is underway to assess the development of a 2.8-km cable car system in Cuidad Bolivar, a neighborhood of 700,000 in the hilly area that will connect it to TransMilenio in the Tunal area at an estimated cost of 250 billion pesos (US$125 million). The city is also testing electric buses on feeder routes. A pilot of 200 hybrid buses with a capacity of 80 people each recently began operating (April 2014). Some of the feeder operators plan to ask the city about switching to electric trolleybuses in 2015. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 31 PRIVATE TRANSPORT vehicles per 1,000 people. The rate is lower in the southern and western neighborhoods, at around 150 cars per 1,000 people. As in many cities around the world, traffic has deteriorated due to the large increase in private vehicles. As a result of economic growth and a rise in Number of cars per 1,000 people individual income, more city residents have been able to purchase low-cost used vehicles, many of them imported. According to official statistics, in 2011 there were a total of 1,572,700 vehicles in Bogotá: 92 percent were private, 7 percent were buses, and 1 percent was municipal vehicles.14 As of 2011, 1,455,061 private vehicles were registered, of which 58 percent were cars and 19 percent were motorcycles. Private vehicle split in 2011 Type of Private Vehicle Quantity % Automobile 839,799 58 Source: Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad, 2012. Encuesta de Movilidad. Motorcycle 269,452 19 Jeep 161,860 11 The city has adopted policies to reduce traffic and GHG emissions. Since Small Trucks 160,855 11 1998, the Pico y Placa system (peak and license plate) restricts both Other 23,095 2 private and public cars from operating during peak hours based on the Total 1,455,061 100 last digit of the license plate number. Four numbers are restricted every day for private vehicles and two digits for buses, from 6 a.m.–8 p.m. For Source: Secretaria de Movilidad 2012. Movilidad en Cifras 2011. Bogotá. example, license plate numbers ending in digits 5, 6, 7, and 8 are restricted The number of cars more than doubled from 2002 to 2011, from 350,000 on Mondays; cars with plates ending in 9, 0, 1, and 2 on Tuesdays; and to almost 840,000. At the same time, the number of motorcycles so forth. The restrictions apply only during weekdays. Despite the policy, increased from 16,397 to nearly 270,000. A 2012 survey in Bogotá and private cars have continued to increase at the expense of public transport. surrounding districts showed that in the northern part of the city, every In spite of the Pico y Placa system and compared to historical thereof, other person owned a car; that is, the ‘motorization rate’ is more than 450 it can be observed an increased use of private cars at the expense of public transport. As has occurred in other cities that tried a similar system, 14 SDM - Movilidad en Cifras 2011. people often purchase a cheap second car to avoid the restriction, which TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 32 not only diminishes the policy’s impact but also adds older, more polluting Fuel consumption in Bogotá, 2003–2012 vehicles to the road. A park-and-ride facility is in the northern part of the city where people can park private cars and take a bus to the BRT/feeder stop. The charge is 3,000 pesos (US$1.50) a day. The local transport authority plans to build more such facilities. Also, Bogotá has several pedestrian bridges that help people cross large streets and highways to get to the elevated BRT stations. With an energy consumption of 3.12 MJ per private passenger-km, Bogotá has the second highest energy intensity in the TRACE database after New York City. It’s estimate that the private vehicles consumed almost 100% of the gasoline (283.393.265 gallons in 2012), at a cost of Source: SDA & MME. US$ 4.91 per gallon, the total cost of the fuel was US$ 1,390 million. Overall fuel consumption grew by about 7 percent over the whole period, Private transport energy consumption – MJ/passenger-km since 2003. While diesel consumption rose by almost 25 percent, that of gasoline dropped by 6 percent. The slight decrease in the latter is most likely due to the higher efficiency of new vehicles, restrictions on private vehicles, and the rise in BRT users. The transport system also consumes about 11,230,000 m3 of natural gas, which is the principal fuel used by the taxi caps. According to the TRACE analysis, 33 percent of city residents rely on the NMT. This figure puts Bogotá at the higher end of the database compared to similar cities. More people walk and bike in Bogotá than in México City, Belgrade, or Quezon City (the Philippines) but fewer than in Skopje (Macedonia), Jakarta, and Beijing. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 33 NMT mode split Bike lanes in Bogotá Source: Javier Galvan. Bogotá has an extensive and growing bike and pedestrian network. The city plans to expand the bike network by 145 km and connect these There are 376 km of bike lanes; however, not all are in good condition lanes to the public transport system. In this way, people could combine or complete. Some are connected to the BRT system, with bike parking public transport with biking, which would mean less fuel consumption and facilities. Also, there are a few bike-sharing stations in the Chapinero and pollution. Kennedy neighborhoods, where people can rent around 400 bikes. In the future, the local transport company is planning to develop more bike share Bike parking docking stations at the city’s main bus stations. Currently, there is a tender for new bike parking facilities to handle 1,400 bikes. The number of daily bicycle trips increased 37 percent from 2005 to 2011, from 285,000 to 450,000. Although most bikers belong to lower- income groups, biking has become more popular among middle- and upper-income groups for short trips. With more people turning to biking, local estimates are that CO2 emissions dropped by about 3,800 tons from 2000 to 2007. Source: TransMilenio website. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 34 Bogotá has the largest pedestrian corridor in Latin America and most of Plaza de Bolivar it is in the city center. Also, Alamida El Porvenir is an 18-km corridor of pedestrian and bike paths connecting low-income neighborhoods outside the city to public services, jobs, and shops. The network connects the municipality of Soacha to the Fontibon, Kennedy, and Bosa areas in Bogotá, covering around one million people. Alamida El Porvenir pedestrian corridor Source: www.skyscraperlife.com. Many people from neighboring areas, such as Soacha, Madrid, Cajica, or Sopo, work in Bogotá and commute daily by car. Conversely, many Bogotá residents travel to the western and northern areas outside the city, where some industrial enterprises are located. This leads to significant car flow to One of the most popular pedestrian areas is La Plaza de Bolivar (Bolivar and from Bogotá, adding to the traffic, especially during the morning and Square) in the heart of the historical center, where the Bogotá City Hall is evening rush hours. located. Several pedestrian malls are located in the most attractive tourist As transport is the main source of Bogotá’s pollution, the city has tried spots in the city, La Candelaria. to reduce fuel consumption in this sector. Some initiatives were designed to promote alternate means of transport, such as walking and biking, and for residents to leave their cars at home. To this end, the city established a ‘car-free day’, which has become popular and a model for other cities. Air quality measurements during each car-free day show a significant decrease in pollution, especially in carbon dioxide. Indeed, Bogotá is credited with having the largest weekday car-free day in the world. The first was held in February 2000, a day that has become institutionalized TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 35 through a referendum passed in 2000 after 63 percent of voters approved carbon technologies, ensuring the implementation of maintenance a permanent car-free day. During this day, it is believed that about 600,000 programs aimed at reducing emissions and saving energy; and promoting vehicles are left at home. good driving practices, (2) two-stroke motorcycles, execute the mitigation plan for technology powered vehicles, (3) four-stroke motorcycles, create Car-free day in Bogotá the basis for a program of technological ascent, (4) SITP, fit up buses with particulate filters and advance the implementation of the technological ascent plan. Source: imaginacolima.blogspot.com. While some proposals were welcomed by city residents (such as the car- free days), others were less popular—such as the one to restrict access to the city center for cars with only one passenger. National authorities are discussing the possibility of introducing congestion pricing in cities with over 400,000 people. Although local statistics indicate that Bogotá’s air quality has improved slightly over the past decade, pollution remains a concern. Recently, the city approved a plan requiring cars to undergo periodic inspection and maintenance to control emissions. The plan also requires SITP buses to be equipped with catalytic converters. In addition, the city is seeking to adopt other measures to further reduce pollution. (1) freight, self- restructure the auto regulation program to encourage the shift to low- TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 36 STREETLIGHTS Light poles in Bogotá City streetlights are operated by the electricity provider, Codensa, which is supervised by the local government through the city’s Special Unit for Public Services (Unidad Administrativa Especial de Servicios Públicos, UAESP). The street lighting infrastructure belongs to Codensa.15 The city pays Codensa for electricity, O&M costs, and the use of light poles. The electricity provider outsources the maintenance to two contractors. The UAESP audits the streetlight service through an independent company to ensure that it meets standards. Inspections conducted at night identify lamps that are not working or do not work properly. The flaws are discounted from the electricity bill. There are approximately 330,000 lamps in Bogotá. In the 2000s, the city replaced energy-intensive mercury bulbs with more energy efficient, modern sodium vapor lamps. Today, 99 percent of the lamps are the Source: www.comteq-ltda.com. latter, with a small share being halide and mercury lamps and a few LEDs. About one-fifth of streetlights are metered, mostly those along highways. National regulations require the lights to meet standards. For example, The rest have no meters. Codensa estimates the consumption of the depending on the type of lamps, the lifespan of fluorescent bulbs should unmetered lights based on a formula, considering the hours of operation be 3,000–8,000 hours. (assuming a 12-hour daily consumption per light pole) and the average All streets are lit, including those in low-income neighborhoods. This consumption per light bulb (approximately 25 years). Most of the lights places Bogotá among the few cities in the TRACE database with 100 are on the main roads (79 percent) while the rest are on sidewalks, parking percent coverage. lots, in sport venues and recreational facilities, and parks. 15 There are ongoing discussions and judicial processes between the Municipality of Bogotá and CODENSA regarding the ownership of the streetlights, in particular those built after CODENSA was formed. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 37 Percent of streets lit in the city The system performs better than most Eastern European cities in the TRACE database, such as the seven largest cities in Romania, Gaziantep (Turkey), and Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), although it uses slightly more electricity than Tbilisi and Pristina (Kosovo). The city pays 59,13 billion pesos (about US$32,8 million) for the electricity at an average tariff of 290 pesos (US$0.15) per kWh; including O&M expenditures the total bill was 131 billion pesos in 2012 (US$73 million). In many Colombian cities, residents pay the cost of streetlights through a tax on their electricity bills. In Bogotá, streetlight costs are covered directly by the local government, with indirect payments by property owners through property taxes. The final electricity bill paid by the city includes the The total energy used to operate the lights amounts to 204 GWh. Bogotá costs of energy consumed (assuming a 12-hour daily consumption per light is among the most efficient cities when it comes to electricity used per km pole), distribution services, as well as a ‘leasing’ fee the city pays to Codensa of lit roads, that is, 11,672 kWh. for street lighting infrastructure; the leasing fee assumes a 25-year lifespan for bulbs and other infrastructure. The city is considering changing the Electricity consumption per km of lit roads (kWh/km) payment method to add the streetlight service in the energy bills of those with electricity connections. Local studies indicate that the amount of energy to operate Colombia’s streetlights amounts to about 4 percent of total electricity consumption.16 Streetlights in Bogotá require 2.1 percent of the total municipal electricity used, or about 42 percent of municipal government consumption. Once the mercury bulbs were replaced with sodium vapor lamps, consumption was reduced by about 12 percent. However, from 2008 to 2012, it went up by 3.7 percent. 16 Afanador, E. Estudio sobre el alumbrado público. Asocodis & Andesco. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 38 Recently, the city increased efforts to modernize streetlights and LED light pole reduce energy consumption. For example, under a pilot, the light poles at the National University of Colombia were equipped with devices to monitor the lamps by a remote-controlled system. Also, the city upgraded the poles on the main roads to include meters and improve efficiency. Further, a new system was installed in the Plaza de Bolivar historical center. Codensa carried out a 400 million pesos (US$200,000) upgrade of streetlights with 33 LEDs near the company’s headquarters on Carrera 13. The pilot involved replacing the entire infrastructure, including new poles, LEDs, and underground cables. In the immediate future, the company will install 100 more LEDs at the National Museum. In 2014, Bogotá will conduct an ambitious project to replace about 33,000 sodium vapor bulbs with LEDs, which is estimated at US$32.8 million. The first batch of 11,000 lamps should be replaced by 2015 and will cost about US$9.5 million. The first LEDs will be installed on the pedestrian walkways in the historical center (La Candelaria); this will reduce electricity consumption in the replaced units by 30 percent and improve the quality of public lighting. Codensa will organize a tender to buy the LED bulbs based on pre-agreed specifications and the most competitive price. Negotiations between the city and Codensa are underway to reduce implementation-related costs. The city plans to develop regulations on LEDs but is uncertain if they will be feasible in low-income districts. However, it believes the system could be further improved if authorities could choose a new operator. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 39 WATER SECTOR water from the rivers to the treatment plants. There are eight reservoirs, with a total capacity of 1,238 million m3. The largest network of three The water sector is managed by Empresa de Acueducto Y Alcantarillado reservoirs belongs to the Tibitoc River basin, north of Bogotá, with a total de Bogotá, known as EAAB, a city public utility company. The company of 894 million m3. The Chingaza water system includes two reservoirs that is in charge of producing, treating, and distributing water and providing can store up to 332 million m3. Finally, the smallest network is La Regadera, wastewater services. The water supply system includes water reservoirs, south of Bogotá, with a capacity of 12.4 million m3. pumps, distribution networks, treatment, and storage facilities. The company is outsourcing maintenance to third parties. Currently, EAAB Water supply system in Bogotá supplies nearly 100 percent of Bogotá with potable drinking water on a continuous basis to over 1.8 million water connections in residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The company provides sewerage services to 99.2 percent of the city, covering nearly 1.8 million clients. Most of the water supplied to Bogotá comes from above-ground sources—from the Rio Bogotá and Chingaza system located at high altitudes. In 1972, EAAB began an inter-basin transfer project from the Chingaza basin to Bogotá to meet the needs of the city’s rapidly growing population. The program was completed in 1997 and consists of two reservoirs (Chuza and San Rafael), the Francisco Wiesner treatment plant, Source: Alcaldia de Bogotá. and tunnels to transport raw and treated water. Today, the system is one of the great water engineering projects of Latin America. EAAB manages four treatment plants with a total capacity of 26 m3/s. To provide power to its different facilities, EAAB has developed three The largest facility is Wiesner, part of the Chingaza system. The plant can small hydro power plants with a total installed capacity of 20 MW. A supply 70 percent of the water required in Bogotá at 14 m3/s. Usually, the new plant of 20 MW is in the pipeline. In general, energy consumption for facility supplies the city for nine months a year. However, when the water pumping is relatively low as much of the water flows through a gravitational transmission tunnel is undergoing maintenance (about three months a system to the pumping facilities. year), the plant pumps water from the San Rafael Dam. The water system operates with 57 water tanks, with a total storage The second largest facility with a treatment capacity of 10.5 m3/s, capacity of 572,000 m3, and 33 pumps with an overall capacity of 30 Tibitoc is responsible for 28 percent of the city’s water supply. Tibitoc GWh per year. There are also 34 km of transmission pipes and 477 km of was constructed upstream of the city on the Rio Bogotá in 1959, with a distribution pipes. In addition, the system has several tunnels that carry capacity of 3.5 m3/s and later was upgraded to 5 m3/s. Finally, La Regadera TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 40 is a small and isolated water network, with two treatment plants, Eldorado 5 and 6 subsidize sectors 1, 2, and 3. and Laguna. The Tibitoc and Eldorado plants use conventional treatment processes and the Wiesner facility has a direct filtration system. Number of customers connected to water & sewage network in Bogotá EAAB is tackling the water scarcity during dry seasons by promoting efficient water consumption and setting a ceiling for water use. The city is exploring alternate water sources, such as ground and rain water. Moreover, the city’s sustainable building code promotes the collection of rain water by residential consumers. The Chingaza water system near Bogotá Source: Potable and Waste Water Company of Bogotá (EAAB) 2012. In 2012, the city produced a total of 477 million m3 of water. However, the water that was actually sold amounted to 272.7 million m3. Of this, 203.6 million m3 went to households. According to the TRACE analysis, the city Source: torrescamara.com. uses 93.98 L per capita a day (including all sectors except industry), a figure placing Bogotá in the lower side of the database compared to cities The water company serves 1,812,228 Bogotá customers, of which with similar climates. The city needs less water than Barcelona or New 1,623,621 are residential. Most of the customers are in the middle-income Delhi, and half as much as Santiago de Chile or Vienna. group (sectors 2 and 3) and have 69 percent of the water connections. Average per capita consumption in the residential sector is 78.2 L per The lowest-income groups (sectors 1 and 2) account for 39 percent and day. Consumption varies by socioeconomic group; for example, the richest the highest-income households (sectors 5 and 6) account for 9 percent. households (group 6) use 233 L a day and the poorest (group 1) use 57.3 Like electricity, water tariffs are based on the location of the residence and L a day. Overall, 75 percent of the water volume is consumed by groups 1, household income. The water service has a cross subsidy whereby sectors 2, and 3. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 41 Water consumption per capita/day - m3/capita/day Total water consumption by sector (m3/year) Construction of the Chingaza system secured Bogotá’s long-term water Source: EAAB, 2012. supply. While the water sources were expanding, actual per capita water The water distribution system is split into five geographical regions, called use fell due to the increase in tariffs mandated by the Comision Reguladora ‘commercial areas’. One contractor in each area is responsible for O&M. del Agua (CRA). Bogotá residents now pay some of the highest water The water distribution network is divided into five regions according to the tariffs in Latin America. hydraulic activity and distribution of the water mains. There are about 90 The residential sector and public offices pay a monthly charge of m on the main pipes and 721 m on the distribution network that measure 7,136 pesos (US$3.56) for O&M and administration cost, besides 2,423 the water activity, including losses. (US$1.21) pesos per m of water. Sectors 1, 2, and 3 receive 15–70 percent 3 in subsidies which are covered by customers in sectors 5 and 6. These higher-income customers pay a full cost-recovery tariff plus a percentage to cross-subsidize sectors 1, 2, and 3, which can increase tariffs up to 70 percent. The commercial sector pays a monthly fee of 10,704 pesos (US$5.35) besides 3,635 pesos (US$1.81) for each m3 of water. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 42 Water commercial areas and service areas in Bogotá EAAB needs almost 100 million kWh of electricity a year to treat the potable water produced. This amount represents 5 percent of the company’s total energy consumption. With water losses of 35 percent system-wide, Bogotá falls in the middle of the TRACE database of comparable cities. Water losses are similar to those in Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) but are higher than Belo Horizonte (Brazil), Cape Town, or Belgrade and lower than Johannesburg, Bucharest, Jakarta, and Rio de Janeiro. Percentage of water losses Source: EAAB website. Energy consumption for the production, treatment, and distribution of the water supply is low, requiring 0.23 kWh of electricity per m3. This is the fourth lowest figure in the TRACE database of comparable cities, after Skopje, Johannesburg, and Quezon City. Energy consumption to produce potable water - kWh/m3 According to national regulations, a maximum of 30 percent of the losses can be charged to customers. Thus, the 5 percent difference between the accepted losses and actual figure is covered by EAAB. Technical losses account for 48 percent since the network has severe leaks, with most of the pipes old and poorly insulated. Most commercial losses occur due to metering and water theft from the network. Revenue collection is good, that is, 97 percent of all clients pay their water bills on time. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 43 EAAB has been replacing the water pumps and performing better maintenance so as to reduce water and energy losses. Most of the high, energy-intensive pumps supply water to the hilly areas of the city. From 2011 to 2013, the city reduced the electricity used for pumping by 9 percent. EAAB is also planning to expand the network and gradually increase the maximum capacity of water production, from 26 m3/s to 38 m3/s by 2047.17 17 EAAB Master plan available at www.acueducto.com.co/wpsv61/wps/html/ resources/empresa/PPLANMAESTRO300409.pps TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 44 WASTEWATER The four small rivers crossing Bogotá EAAB also operates the wastewater system. Currently, the city has only one wastewater plant though some local industries treat their own sewage. Only 25 percent of the wastewater is treated; the rest is discharged into the Bogotá River through canals and wetlands. EAAB has carried out some initiatives to separate rainwater from wastewater so that the latter can be properly treated before sending it to water bodies. It is cheaper to have a combined rainwater and wastewater system, but such a system is not conducive to effective wastewater treatment. Currently, Bogotá has a network of rainwater and wastewater pipes that drain into the Bogotá River. The wastewater is discharged into a few small rivers—the Fucha, Tunjuelo, and Salitre (or Juan Amarillo Source: Blog del Plan de Ordenamiento y Manejo de Cuencas POMCA. River)—which are highly polluted, and from there drains into the Bogotá River. Accordingly, the Bogotá River has become highly polluted, posing In 2012, 167.9 million m3 of wastewater was treated, which required 13.9 environmental and health risks. million kWh of electricity. Considering the limited amount of wastewater The first section of the Salitre wastewater treatment plant that was that is treated (25 percent), the data on electricity consumption may built in 2000 has the capacity for primary treatment at 4 m /s. The plant 3 not accurately reflect per capita energy consumption per m3. Currently, serves two million people in Northern Bogotá. There are 1,785,576 sewage it provides a low estimate of 0.052 kWh per m3 which would be the most connections in the city, of which nearly 1,600,000 are in the residential efficient in the TRACE database. When the new treatment facility is sector. completed in 2018, the city will be able to treat more wastewater, which The sludge collected by the sewage treatment plant is used to produce will require more energy. Estimates indicate that in the coming years, 350,000 m of biogas each month. Most of this is used to heat water and 3 Bogotá will need about 0.3 kWh to treat 1 m3 of wastewater, comparable operate the plant’s anaerobic digesters. The bio-solids dehydration process to cities in Eastern Europe or Johannesburg. In 2012, the overall energy can generate 165 tons/day of organic materials that are transported and expenditure for potable and wastewater was about 26 billion pesos or used as the topsoil of the El Corzo , a EAAB owned land, which is in the US$14.3 million (US$12,4 million in Potable water and US$1,9 in Waste suburbs of the city. water). TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 45 Expected energy consumption for wastewater treatment - kWh/m3 Only 25 percent of wastewater is treated in Bogotá The residential sector and public offices pay a monthly flat fee of 3,636 pesos (US$1.81) in addition to 1,559 pesos (US$0.77) per m3 of water. Under the National Environment Ministry (MADS) plan, sanitation Industries’ flat fee is 4,763 pesos (US$2.38) in addition to 2,229 pesos companies are to prepare wastewater management schemes for all cities (US$1.11) per m of wastewater, and commercial clients pay a monthly 3 along the Bogotá River. A special fund for the Bogotá River basin receives 7.5 flat fee of 5,452 pesos (US$2.72) plus 2,338 pesos (US$1.16) per m . 3 percent of the property taxes collected. With loans from international or The wastewater sector uses the same cross-subsidy as the water sector. multilateral banks and money from the local budget, Bogotá has expanded Since 2004, the city has tried to reduce the pollution flowing into the the wastewater system by developing underground collection pipes, along Bogotá River under a plan to the year 2020. The program is being carried 18 with building a new section of the Salitre plant and new pumping stations. out along with the environmental agency and other stakeholders. EAAB and the regional environmental agency (Corporacion Autonoma Regional, CAR) are carrying out a US$1.5 billion program to improve conditions in the Bogotá River. The water company is building large interceptors to convey wastewater to Canoas and has begun designing a primary treatment plant. CAR has launched a US$487 million Rio Bogotá Environmental Recuperation and Flood Control Project with co-financing of US$250 million from the World Bank. The goal is to transform 68 km of the Bogotá River into 18 National Development Plan COMPES 3177 – July 15, 2002 an environmental asset for the metropolitan region by improving TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 46 water quality, reducing the risk of floods, restoring riparian habitats, and creating multifunctional areas that will provide an ecological habitat, as well as opportunities for public use. Wastewater treatment facility in Bogotá The expansion of the Salitre wastewater treatment plant should be completed in 2018, at a cost of US$390 million. After this, the treatment capacity would rise from 4 m3/s to 8 m3/s. The treatment will also be upgraded, from primary to secondary levels with activated sludge, which will require more energy. Further, construction of a new treatment facility, Canoas PTAR, is expected to begin in 2015. When the projects are complete, the wastewater treated should increase from 25–30 percent to 100 percent and the quality should improve. Salitre will treat about one-third of the raw wastewater, and the new Canoas facility based on activated sludge, will treat the remaining two-thirds. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 47 SOLID WASTE Waste per capita (kg/capita) Because the city was unable to provide fuel consumption data for its solid waste collection and management, the TRACE analysis is based on limited information about waste generation and recycling. Thus, the potential energy savings are based on estimates from similar cities in the region and globally. The solid waste sector is run by both private and public operators and overseen by the city through UAESP (Bogotá), a special unit in charge of public services. More than 53 percent of the solid waste is collected by Agua, a public company, while 47 percent is handled by private operators. The city owns the landfill which is operated by a private contractor. Nearly 100 percent of Bogotá’s solid waste is collected, with 96 percent The waste fleet consists of 420 trucks and 220 compactors. None going to the landfill. However, the city performs poorly with respect to of the trucks has a GPS device. Recently, most of the old trucks were recycling; only about 5 percent is recycled (357 tons a day). This figure replaced with more efficient vehicles, which complies with Euro 4 emission is quite low compared to cities with a similar climate. For example, Paris standards. recycles almost four times more, Tallinn almost six times more, and Bogotá generates 6,732 tons of waste a day, which represents about Barcelona 13 times more. 322 kg of solid waste per capita, a figure that places Bogotá in the middle of the TRACE database compared to cities with similar HDIs. The per Percentage of recycled waste capita number is comparable to that of Tehran and Yerevan (Armenia); it is lower than Kiev, Santiago de Chile, or Sao Paulo but higher than Sofia, Amman, or Gaziantep. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 48 Bogotá does not have a system to collect and separate different types Solid waste truck in Bogotá of waste. Recycling is done informally by scavengers whom the city pays about 90,000 pesos (US$47) per ton. Most recycled items are aluminum, paper, and cardboard, some of which is sold abroad. According to the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Colombian Department of Taxes and Customs (DIAN), Colombia’s exports of recycled waste increased 35 percent from 2000 to 2011. The amount of industrial waste has declined recently because some factories moved out of the city. A few collection companies deal exclusively with hazardous and construction waste; some of the latter and demolition waste are dumped at mining facilities. Recently, the city launched the Basura Cero program, with an ambitious target of reducing the amount of landfilled solid waste by 2025.19 The program encourages people and private entities to increase collection and recycling activities. The Doña Juana landfill, located in Usme, around 20 km south of Bogotá, Recycling saves energy by reducing the energy content required to is one of the largest in Latin America. Owned by the city but operated by a produce containers and packaging compared to the primary production of private contractor, the facility is spread over 315 ha. It includes a leachate glass, aluminum, and paper. For the city, the smaller quantity of solid waste treatment plant and biogas collection facilities managed by private taken to the landfill would result in lower costs to collect, transport, and companies under contracts. manage it, thereby saving money for the city. Those with high incomes subsidize the waste collection for poor communities. For example, in 2012, residents in upper-income neighborhoods paid up to 32,484 pesos (US$18) a month while low- income communities paid about 12,687 pesos (US$7). UAESP collects the solid waste fees, which cover solid waste collection and management costs. 19 http://www.Bogotábasuracero.com/plan-desarrollo. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 49 Location of the Doña Juana landfill near Bogotá Distance travelled to the landfill Source: Adapted from Google maps. Source: Adapted from Google maps. Some of the trucks serving communities in the northern part of the city The landfill has a system to collect and recover methane gas, which is travel 35 km to the landfill. managed by a private operator, ESP, that is developing a project to use the According to UAESP, the amount of waste dumped there from 1998 gas for local industry (for example, brick factories). The city has submitted to 2012 was over 28 million tons, and it has increased every year. It is a proposal for the project to the UN Framework Convention for Climate estimated that the amount rose from 1.8 million tons in 2002 to 2.23 Change, to reduce more than 18 million tons of CO2 equivalent from million tons in 2010, an increase of 20 percent. In 2012, the number rose 2009 to 2030.20 However, due to the low price of carbon credits on the to 2.28 million tons, roughly 190,000 tons a month, or 6,300 tons a day. international market, the methane project is facing financial difficulties. Over the past decade, collection activities were managed by private operators, which increased their fees. The city pays a flat charge for each ton of waste deposited at the facility. However, new agreements with these operators are expected to lower the fees. 20 UNFCCC. Project Design Document - Doña Juana Landfill gas to energy project. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 50 Although the city could not provide data on fuel consumption for solid waste collection/management, the TRACE team identified potential savings. For example, Bogotá could save substantial amounts of money by insisting that the companies hauling solid waste use alternative routes that would lower fuel use per ton of waste collected and transported. The city plans to review the current solid waste collection system and is considering three options: (1) keep the status quo (with public and private operators); (2) organize the collection system under a public company; or (3) open the process to competition between private and public entities. Also, the city wants to formalize the collection of waste to be recycled (with ‘informal’ scavengers) and is evaluating options for making the separation of types of waste mandatory for households. It is also thinking of developing a pilot to establish a composting facility together with the farmers’ market. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 51 MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS Electricity consumption per m2 (kWh/m2) These buildings are managed by each of the city’s 20 subdistricts, with some municipal oversight. The stock consists of 1,664 buildings, including 734 educational units, 91 public offices, and 172 health facilities, along with sports facilities and cultural offices. The city does not have data on overall floor space. Due to the mild climate, the buildings do not require much heating or cooling. However, if temperatures fall below 5oC, heaters are activated in the buildings that have heating systems. More people use air conditioners (A/C) in recent years due to the rise of afternoon temperatures (>20oC). Because some facilities may need A/C, especially glass buildings that have little air circulation, some new buildings are equipped with central A/C. Based on the most recent figures (2011), municipal buildings used 101,938 Since the city could not provide data on floor space, the TRACE team MWh of electricity: 51 percent was consumed by city utility companies based its analysis on six government buildings. It found that electricity (such as water, telecommunications, energy), followed by health facilities consumption is 98 kWh per m , a figure that places Bogotá in the middle 2 (17 percent), and public offices (9 percent). Some hospitals are very of the TRACE database. Thus, the city performs better than Mumbai or energy-intensive with an annual electricity consumption of nearly 2,000 Quezon City but is behind others, such as Belgrade or Tbilisi. MWh. According to local authorities, annual energy expenditures (including electricity and natural gas) are 13.4 billion pesos (US$7.4 million). At an average tariff of 334.5 pesos (US$0.17) per kWh, the city pays about 11.7 billion pesos (US$6.5 million) a year for electricity in its buildings (this excludes city utilities and hospitals). In recent years, with support from the UNDP, the Colombian government has moved to improve EE in municipal buildings.21 A guide was developed by the National University of Colombia to optimize energy use for lights in different parts of public buildings, such as offices, restrooms, and kitchens. Also, in 2013 a memorandum of understanding was signed 21 U.N. & UPME. 2006. Determinación del consumo final de energía en los sectores residencial urbano y comercial. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 52 by the Ministry of Energy and Mining with the National Asociation of use of electricity, natural gas, and solid waste in its buildings. Finally, the Industrial (la Asociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia) to create local environmental agency is developing a social housing program to the national EE agency to carry out projects in such field. In addition, incorporate a number of eco-urban measures. an assessment of energy use in nonresidential buildings is underway in The city could also consider developing a database where all energy- four cities, including Bogotá. Finally, a pilot to audit energy consumption related information can be tracked and monitored. This would include in health facilities developed software to measure and reduce energy basic information on the buildings’ surface area and the annual electricity consumption in hospitals. and heating consumption. The data could be used to analyze the energy- saving potential of the municipal buildings. After this, the city could The Bogotá City Hall consider audits and upgrades that would ultimately lead to saving costs (in municipal buildings) and reducing the carbon footprint. Based on national EE studies, consumption in commercial and public buildings could be reduced by 4.4 percent, with a 2.5 percent target by 2015. To this end, authorities have begun programs to replace incandescent bulbs with more efficient lamps, and public institutions are required to comply.22 Currently, the city is updating the 1995 Construction Code that establishes regulations for water, electricity, and natural gas systems. With support from the IFC, Bogotá is drafting guidelines that target efficient 22 MME - Resolución 18-0609 de 2006. Subprogramas del PROURE. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 53 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 54 ENERGY EFFICIENCY RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 55 SUMMARY OF SECTOR PRIORITIZATION Bogota’s Agreed City Authority Control TRACE sector prioritization is based on the energy savings potential of the city being evaluated. These savings are estimated by considering three factors: the city authority control (CA), the relative energy intensity (REI) and the total amount of the city’s energy spending (in US$ dollars). City Authority Control (CA): is the measure of control the city government exerts over the relevant sector, measured by six factors: finance; human resources; data and information; policies; regulations and enforcement; and assets and infrastructure. CA is measured between 0 and 1, where 0 is non control and 1 is total control. City government representatives agreed to the level of control of each sector, as per the figure below. Relative Energy Intensity (REI): is the percentage by which energy use in each sector can be reduced. It is calculated using a simple formula that looks at all cities that perform better than Bogota on certain KPIs (for example, energy use per streetlight) as per the TRACE tool. REI, however, can be adjusted (either increased or decreased) in cases where the city authorities believe it does not reflect the possible energy savings of the city. The REI results for Bogotá are showed in the next figure. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 56 Bogota’s Relative Energy Intensity (REI) • Public Transportation:24 Total diesel consumption (215,968,446 gl) multiplied by its average price (US$4.50) • Private Vehicles: Total gasoline consumption (283,393,265 gl) multiplied by its average price (US$4.91). • Power: Total electricity consumption (9,194,000 GWh/year) multiplied by the average tariff without subsidies (US$0.20).25 • Street Lighting: Electricity expenses Information provided by UAESP • Potable Water/Wastewater: Electricity expenses provided by the water utility company • Municipal Buildings: Electricity expenses provided by the Secretary of Finance. Finally, the energy savings potential in each sector is the result of multiplying the CA, the REI and the City’s Energy Spending. After the savings potential for each indicator was calculated, TRACE prioritized the sectors based on the amount of energy that could be saved. The three most promising—where the city has authority—are public transport, streetlights, and potable water. The TRACE team discussed these with the city and together they agreed on six recommendations (see details below). City’s Energy Spending: is the total amount spent by the city in the six sectors, as measured in US dollars.23 The sectorial energy expenses for Bogota in 2012 were estimated as follows: 24 Information for Public Transportation and Private Vehicles comes from: www. upme.gov.co 25 This information comes from: FEDESARROLLO 2013, “Análisis de la situación 23 The exchange rate used for 2012 was: US$1 = COP$1.800 energética de Bogotá y Cundinamarca”. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 57 Sector prioritization City Authority Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Public Transportation 20.0 917,925,197 0.90 165,226,535 2 Street Lighting 30.0 32,850,000 0.70 6,898,500 3 Potable Water 15.0 12,415,011 0.75 1,396,688 4 Municipal Buildings 20.0 7,461,300 0.50 746,130 5 Wastewater 10.0 1,859,068 0.75 139,430 6 Solid Waste 31.5 0 0.75 0 City Wide Sector Ranking Rank Sector REI% Spending CA Score (US $) Control 1 Private Vehicles 25.0 1,390,516,286 0.85 295,484,710 2 Power 10.0 1,797,937,778 0.18 32,362,880 3 District Heating 0.0 0 0.01 0 The recommendations reflect ways to improve a city’s energy performance and reduce related costs. However, the decision to act on a recommendation should only be made after a feasibility study is conducted. Also, EE measures should be seen as having benefits that cut across sectors. For example, measures to improve the EE of a municipal building could be done with other upgrades that would improve structural integrity or make the buildings more resilient to disasters. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 58 STREETLIGHTS a new lighting technology could recommend products that deliver the same lighting levels while using less energy and that also reduce carbon Audits and Upgrades emissions and operating costs. If the guide takes a life-cycle approach, it could lower maintenance, costs, and interruptions to service. It is estimated Streetlights reflect the second-largest energy-saving potential. The city that developing a green procurement guide with a modest investment of already replaced the mercury public lights with more efficient sodium under US$100,000 could save 200,000 kWh in energy a year. vapor lamps and has now begun to replace 10 percent of those bulbs This recommendation builds on the city’s current plans to replace 10 (approximately 33,000 lamps) with efficient, environmentally friendly percent of its sodium vapor bulbs with LEDs. Thus, the city could consider LEDs. preparing guidelines to establish rules for new infrastructure. Codensa owns most of the streetlight infrastructure and along with the city is upgrading the system. Codensa has the financial resources to Ten percent of street lamps will be replaced with LED bulbs cover the replacements. If it chooses to upgrade more than 10 percent, it could explore other financial alternatives, such as using an energy service company (ESCO). Through such an arrangement, the city could likely finance the cost of replacing the bulbs with LEDs through the energy savings of the retrofit program. Meters are important to improve the efficiency of public lights. However, measuring their energy use can be challenging because in some areas, residential buildings and streetlights share the same electricity distribution cables. Thus, the billing for streetlights from Codensa to the city may not be based on real consumption but rather on 12-hour daily average consumption estimates per light pole. The city could benefit from metering streetlight consumption, although this issue needs to be further analyzed. The city could update the current manual for streetlights manual and use international guidelines, such as those of the Illuminating Engineering Procurement Guide for New Streetlights Society of North America (IESNA), which define best practices for visibility and safety. The procurement guide needs to set clear standards Bogotá could produce a procurement guide for the LED upgrades that for illumination levels, the spacing of poles, and type of lamp, as well as would ensure compliance with technical standards. The guidelines for dimming requirements at night for all types of streets/public spaces. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 59 Streetlight Timing and Dimming Water Leak Detection Program The timing and dimming of streetlights is a simple, inexpensive way to The city’s water leaks are severe due to the age and condition of the pipes, reduce electricity use without compromising safety. Both functions save and in the long term, it will be necessary to replace obsolete and leaking energy and money, reducing the bulbs’ brightness at times of low road or pipes. street use. For example, Kuala Lumpur used a timing system on a 66 km However, before embarking on a huge rehabilitation project that will highway which resulted in 45 percent energy savings. take many years and require large investments, the water operator, EAAB, TRACE estimates that an initial investment of US$100,000 over one and the city should consider short- to medium-term solutions to reduce year could bring 100,000–200,000 kWh in energy savings. water losses that would also save energy and lower the risk of ground A small antenna is plugged into the electronic ballast of the light heads contamination in sewage systems. For an initial investment of up to US$1 with no need for added wiring (the technology is wireless). The individual million, the city could introduce a program that uses modern techniques bulb is controlled by an electronic system from a central unit that adjusts such as ground microphones and digital leak correlators, as well as demand the dimming to suit road conditions. It also tracks lamp failures and creates management valves and meters. Also, it could launch a leak detection and a database for future reference. By dimming the lights gradually, eyes water pressure management program in extraction works and pipelines, adjust to lower lighting levels, and the dimming is barely noticed. long-distance water transmission mains, and distribution networks. Excess water pressure could be reduced by installing flow modulation Streetlights in Kuala Lumpur are managed from a central unit valves on gravity networks and/or pump controls and pressure sensors to regulate pump performance to suit daily variations in flow demand. This would sustain maximum efficiency and minimize energy use. A complementary pressure management program could help reduce treatment and pumping costs by minimizing the required delivery pressure and leaks. Such a program is most suitable for large networks with many small leaks that are difficult and expensive to locate and repair. Bogotá could partner with various organizations and/or coalitions of local nonprofit entities to gain from their experience and expertise so as to make the most appropriate changes in the city’s pipe or pumping Source: www.kslights.com550. infrastructure. Besides the technical measures, a public outreach campaign could encourage residents to take part in water conservation efforts. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 60 The city of Iasi in Romania is a good example where the local authorities minimized water losses and improved overall efficiency. The local water company partnered with a U.S.-based environmental provider to develop a US$120,000 pilot leak detection and water conservation program as a prerequisite for launching a much larger program to rehabilitate the infrastructure. Digital water leak monitor Source: halmapr.com. Eventually, the program helped reduce water losses by 8 million m3 and saved up to US$3 million a year. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 61 AWARENESS RAISING CAMPAIGN Promoting water efficiency in Miami Another TRACE recommendation is designed to help people become more aware of the benefits of EE. To this end, the city could use public education and training campaigns to increase awareness and understanding of energy conservation and ultimately influence behavior. Awareness campaigns could target public utility services, such as water and solid waste, using techniques of the sort related to TransMilenio. The city could promote advertising campaigns, public events, and features in the local media; dedicated websites; training programs in schools and community centers; and even an EE advocacy program. Besides changing residents’ behavior, the indirect benefits would mean less pressure on energy infrastructure, reduced GHG emissions, better air quality, and financial savings. Regarding training, the city could partner with an education provider Source: miamidade.gov. to develop a program in schools and offices. Although the city’s per capita water consumption is fairly good (less than 100 L per capita a Public education campaigns could publicize the benefits related to less day), there is room for improvement. The program would mainly target energy consumption. The city could join with an advertising or marketing large energy users, such as public and private offices, industrial facilities, firm to develop a strategy for providing information on EE. The campaigns schools and hospitals, and residents. Other stakeholders, such as nonprofit could use posters, billboards, leaflets distributed throughout the city, and organizations, utility companies, and businesses, could also join the effort. articles and advertisements in the local media. Solid waste is another area where campaigns would be useful. The city and the solid waste operators could join efforts to promote recycling through leaflets and posters, which could also publicize the city’s ambitious Basura Cero program, aimed at reducing the amount of solid waste dumped at the landfill to zero, by 2025. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 62 Promoting Zero Waste in Bogotá Another way to raise awareness is to use local EE advocates who teach people about the importance and benefits of saving energy. The city could recruit and train, on a voluntary basis, a few well-known individuals, including local authority figures (for example, in government, businesses, or health) or music or film stars, to serve as spokespersons and monitor progress. It can even monitor the number of people participating in training programs, hits on EE websites, print/online articles, and media features. Source: Bogotá.gov.co. Promoting public transport Source: www.keepcalm.o-matic.co.uk; www.bangalore.citizenmatters.in. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 63 URBAN TRANSPORT Because public transport is the largest energy consumer in the city, there would appear to be opportunities to save energy. Based on the TRACE analysis, the sector could reduce consumption by 20 percent, mainly through a shift from private vehicles to public transport and NMT. The city has been improving the system’s efficiency through the SITP initiative, expanding TransMilenio, developing the first metro line, and expanding NMT networks. Additional efforts to reduce congestion could take the form of road pricing, where vehicles are charged to operate on city streets during peak hours, as has been done successfully in Singapore. At the same time, the city can continue to improve the quality of public transport, especially for the popular, well-used BRT system. To this end, Bogotá is expanding the BRT with 35 km of new routes and is also pursuing, with private investors, a light rail system that would connect the northern, western, and southern neighborhoods. Another important area to improve is NMT, which involves expanding pedestrian walkways and the nearly 400 km of bike lanes. The city aims to connect the lanes with the public transport systems, to serve as alternative feeders to the TransMilenio and SITP systems. This move might be furthered if the city created bike parking areas near bus and other transit stops to facilitate transfer between the modes. Also, the city has experimented with bike-share programs, which have been popular in other cities, and would be another incentive for bicycle use. To promote the BRT, the city could provide reduced fares for riders who undertake part of their journeys by bike or on foot. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 64 ANNEX - TRACE RECOMMENDATIONS TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 65 DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM TRACE Improving Energy Efficiency in Bogotá, Colombia Annex 1: Streetlight Audits and Upgrades 67 Annex 2: Procurement Guide for New Streetlights 71 Annex 3: Streetlight Timing 74 Annex 4: Detecting Water Leaks and Managing Pressure 77 Annex 5: Awareness-raising Campaigns 84 Annex 6: Abbreviations for Cities in the TRACE Database 90 TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 66 ANNEX 1: STREETLIGHT AUDITS AND UPGRADES Description ATTRIBUTES Incandescent bulbs used in streetlights are highly inefficient. They produce little light and much heat Energy-saving Potential from their significant power consumption. Also, they are often poorly designed and unnecessarily >200,000 kWh/year disperse light in all directions, including the sky. New bulb technologies can substantially increase First Cost their efficiency as well as extend their life. This recommendation aims to both assess current lighting US$100,000–US$1,000,000 efficiency and upgrade where needed. Speed of Implementation The upgrades deliver the same lighting levels using less energy and reduce carbon emissions and 1–2 years operating costs. The increased life reduces maintenance and costs and interruptions to service, thus Co-Benefits improving public health and safety Reduced carbon emissions Enhanced public health & safety Increased employment opportunities Financial savings Implementation Options Activity Method The main costs related to upgrading streetlights are to replace the bulbs, the control system, and labor to Self-implementation install the items. These expenses, along with consulting fees, are funded by the city, which means it receives all the financial benefits but bears the financial risks. The city engages an ESCO to carry out the project, which can involve part and full ownership of the system and Energy services company (ESCO) translates into various levels of benefits in terms of reducing risks, up-front capital costs, and financial savings upgrades over the project’s life. Using local ESCOs helps streamline the process and makes the upgrade more feasible. Similarly, having a local, credible, and independent measurement and verification agency minimizes contractual disputes by verifying performance. See the Akola Street lighting Case Study for details. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 67 Activity Method Such contracts give the city flexibility to set performance standards and review contractors’ work as part of Supply and install contracts a phased project. This approach requires up-front spending and an appropriate financing plan. See the Los Angeles Case Study for details. These free the city from financing pressures but the financial savings achieved through EE are obtained by the Long-term contracts company conducting the upgrade. This strategy can benefit cities that do not have the financial resources to cover the up-front costs and bring in an informed stakeholder to carry out the process. Joint ventures allow a city to maintain a significant degree of control over upgrade projects while sharing the Joint ventures risks with a partner experienced in dealing with streetlight issues. Such ventures are effective where both parties can benefit from improved EE and do not have competing interests. See the Oslo Case Study for details. Monitoring Monitoring the progress and effectiveness of the recommendations is crucial to understanding their value over time. When the city adopts a recommendation, it should define the targets that indicate the progress it expects in a given period and design a monitoring plan. The latter does not need to be complicated or time-consuming but should, at least (1) identify information sources; (2) identify performance indicators that can measure and validate equipment/ processes; (3) set protocols for keeping records; (4) set a schedule to measure activity (daily, weekly, and monthly); (5) assign responsibilities for each piece of the process; (6) create a way to audit and review performance; and (7) create reporting and review cycles. Some measures related to this recommendation are listed: • US$/km - Determine annual energy costs on a per km basis. • Lumens/watt - Determine the average effectiveness of illumination provided by current streetlights. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 68 Case Studies ESCO streetlight retrofit, Akola, India Source: ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). 2009. “Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Akola Municipal Corporation, India - Performance Contracting for Street lighting Energy Efficiency.” Akola contracted with an ESCO to replace over 11,500 streetlights (standard fluorescent, mercury vapor, and sodium vapor) with T5 fluorescent lamps. The contractor, AEL, financed 100 percent of the investments, launched the project, maintained the new lights, and received part of the verified energy savings to recover its investment. Under the contract, the city paid AEL 95 percent of the verified energy bill savings over the six-year period it was in effect. It also paid AEL an annual fee to maintain the lamps and fixtures. Initial investments were about US$120,000 and the upgrade was completed in three months. The project saved 56 percent in energy costs a year, which meant a total savings of US$133,000—a payback in less than 11 months! Streetlight retrofits, Dobrich, Bulgaria Source: http://www.eu-greenlight.org - Go to ‘Case Study’. In 2000, Dobrich audited its entire streetlight system, which resulted in a project the next year to modernize it. Mercury bulbs were replaced with high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (a total of 6,450 EE lamps). The control system was also upgraded, and two electric meters were installed. These measures delivered an illumination level of 95 percent and saved 2,819,640 kWh a year (€91,400 a year). Street Lighting LED Replacement Program, Los Angeles, US Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/clinton-climate-initiative/i/cci-la-lighting. This project, which involved a partnership between the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) and the city of Los Angeles, is the largest streetlight upgrade by a city to date, replacing traditional lights with environmentally friendly LEDs. It will reduce CO2 emissions by 40,500 tons and save US$10 million annually, through reduced maintenance costs and 40 percent reduced energy consumption. The mayor and Bureau of Street Lighting collaborated with the CCI’s Outdoor Lighting Program to review the latest technology, financing strategies, and public-private implementation models for LED upgrades. CCI’s analysis of models and technology, and its financial advice, were key sources for developing this comprehensive plan. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 69 The project’s phased nature allowed the city to evaluate its approach each year which gave it flexibility when selecting contractors and the lights to be upgraded. It also capitalized on its status to attract financial institutions that would offer favorable loans and funding mechanisms since they wanted to create positive relationships with the city. Thus, the city was able to create a well-developed business case for the project. Lighting Retrofit, Oslo, Norway Source: Clinton Climate Initiative, Climate Leadership Group, C40 Cities, http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/lighting/oslo_streetlight.jsp. Oslo formed a joint venture with Hafslund ASA, the largest electricity distribution company in Norway. Old fixtures containing PCB and mercury were replaced with high-performance HPS lights and an advanced data communication system was installed using power-line transmissions that reduced the maintenance. They also installed ‘intelligent communication systems’ that dim lights when climate conditions and usage patterns permit. This reduced energy use and increased the bulbs’ life, which also reduced maintenance (and related costs). The system is fully equipped with all its components and is calibrated to correct some minor problems related to the communication units. Overall, the system has performed well under normal operating conditions. Tools & Guidance Responsible Purchasing Network (2009). "Responsible Purchasing Guide LED Signs, Lights and Traffic Signals", A guidance document for maximizing the benefits of retrofitting exit signs, streetlights and traffic signals with high efficiency LED bulbs. http://www.seattle.gov/purchasing/pdf/ RPNLEDguide.pdf. ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_ Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf. TOOL FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CITY ENERGY BOGOTÁ D.C., COLOMBIA 70 ANNEX 2: PROCUREMENT GUIDE FOR NEW STREETLIGHTS Description ATTRIBUTES Incandescent bulbs in streetlights are highly inefficient as they produce little light and much heat Energy-saving Potential from their significant power consumption. Also, they are often poorly designed, emitting light in all >200,000 kWh/year directions, including the sky, which further increases their energy inefficiency. New bulb technology First Cost can often increase efficiency and extend the bulbs’ lives since traditional bulbs only last about five 200,000 kWh/year needed, such as in the middle of the night. A program with timers or dimmers tailored to meet specific First Cost needs in different areas can significantly reduce energy consumption and yet deliver appropriate levels