OILI Our People, Our Resources Striving for a Peaceful and Plentiful Planet Case Studies Report VgWORLD BANK GROUP INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DEVELOPMENT IN WORLD BANK-FINANCED PROJECTS: Our People, Our Resources Striving for a Peaceful and Plentiful Planet Case Studies Report Luis Felipe Duchicela, Svend Jensby, Jorge Uquillas,Jelena Lukic, and Karen Sirker Social Development Department-Social Sustainability and Safeguards Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice and Operations Risk Management Department, Operations Policy and Country Services April 2015 a WORLD BANKGROUP Abbreviations and Acronym s ......................................................................................................... .vi A cknow ledgem ents ......................................................................................................................... .... vi Executive Summary ix Why a Case Study Report on Indigenous Peoples Development? ......................................... .......x Scope and M ethodology .................................................................................................................x Synopsis of Cases by Thematic Area ........................................................................................... .......xi La nd R ig hts a nd M a na g e m e nt .................................................................................................................................... x i Econom ic D evelopm ent and Sustainability .......................................................................................................xi G overnance and Institutional Strengthening .....................................................................................................xn Country Legal and Policy Systems Regarding the Rights of Indigenous Peoples................................ .......xiv Cross-Cutting A pproaches...............................................................................................................xv Conclusions and Recom mendations ........................................................................................... . .....xvII This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily 1. Introduction 1 reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 1.1 Background......................................................................................................................................... Rights and Perm issions 1.2 M ethodology .....................................................................................................................................2 The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/ or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and 1.4 Who are Indigenous Peoples? Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. 1.5 Summary of Good Practices and Lessons Learned............................ Land Rights and Land Management...................................................................................... For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete Economic Development and Sustainability......................................... information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. Governance and Institutional Strengthening......................................... All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1919 H. Street NW Washington, DC 20433 USA; Cross-Cutting Approaches..................................................... fax: 2020-522-2422; email: puright@worldbankorg. Implementation Support and Adaptive Management ................................................................................... La n R ig hts a nd La d M a a g e e nt ............................................................................................................ 2. Case Studies 12 2.4. Central America-Managing Critical Ecosystems in Indigenous Communities ..............37 2 . 4 .1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................................................................................ ..2I ri. 2.1 Nicaragua-Legalizing and Managing Autonomous Territories .............................................................. 12 2.4.2 Project Description .......................................................................................................................................................37 2 .1.1 Intro d u ctio n ...................................................................................................................................................................................12 2 .4 .3 In d ig e no us P e o p le s in C e ntra l A m e rica ................................................................................................................3 8 2.1.2 Indigenous Peoples and Land in Nicaragua ....................................................................................................................13 2.4.4 Process of Social Assessment and Consultation .....................................................................................38 2 .1.3 P roje ct D e s c rip tio n ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2 .4 .5 P roje ct D e sig n ..............................................................................................................................................................3 9 2 .1.4 P ro ce ss o f S o cia l A sse ssm e nt a n d C o nsultatio n ............................................................................................................ 14 2 .4 .6 R e su lts ..............................................................................................................................................................................4 0 2 .1.5 Ind ig e no us P eoples C om ponent and Strategy ................................................................................................................15 2 .4.7 Lesso ns Le arne d ...........................................................................................................................................................4 2 2 .1.6 ResuIts ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2. 5. Namibi a- Strengthening the San Communi ty E cosystem m Conse rvancies ..............................44 2.1.7 Lessons Learned..............................................................................................................18 2.5.1 Introduction-Good Practice Benchmarks................................................................... .. . 4 2.2 Ecuador-Em powering Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorean Communities ........................................... 21 2.5.2 Project Description ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 .2 .1 In tro d u ctio n ................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1 2 .5 .3 T h e S a n P e o p le ...........................................................................................................................................................4 5 2.2.2 Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador .......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.4 Indigenous Peoples Development Plan ................................................................................................................47 2 .2 .3 P roje ct D e sc rip tio n ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2 2 .5 .5 Im p le m e ntatio n ..............................................................................................................................................................4 7 2 .2 .4 Pro cess of S ocial A sse ssm e nt and C onsultatio n ......................................................................................................... 2 2 2 .5.6 Lesso ns Le arne d .........................................................................................................................................................48 2.2.5 Implement atron ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 2.6. Nepa i- AlleviatingPoverty inIndigenousandMarginalized Communities .................51 2.3 Indonesia-Improving Governance and Livelihoods in Forested Areas............................................. 29 2.6.2 Nepal's Population Dynamics and the Indigenous People ..............................................................52 2 .3 .1 In tro d u ctio n ................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 9 2 .6 .3 P roje ct D e sc rip tio n .......................................................................................................................................................5 3 2 .3 .2 P roje ct D e scriptio n ..................................................................................................................................................................3 0 2 .6 .4 S o cia l A sse ssm e nt a nd C o nsultatio n ....................................................................................................................5 4 2.3.3 Indigenous Peoples inlIndonesia ........................................................................................................................................ 30 2.6.5 M et hodoIo gy fo r Ta r geting toEnsurelIncIlusion oflIndigenous PeopIe ..................................................... 2 .3 .4 P ro c e ss o f C o n s u ltat o n ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 2 .6 .6 Le sso n s Le a rn e d ..................................................................................................................................................5 7 2.3.5 Indigenous Peoples Plan and Project Design................................................................................................................32 2.7 Vietnam-Transitioning from Poverty in the Mountains to Prosperity in the Market..........60 2 .3 .6 . Im p le m e n ta tio n ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 2 .7.1 In tro d u c tio n ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 0 2 .3 .7 Le sso n s Le a rn e d ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 5 2 .7.2 P roje ct D e sc rip tio n .......................................................................................................................................................6 1 2 .7.3 Ind ige no us Peoples in V ietnam .........................................................................................................................61 2.7.4 Process of Social Assessment and Consultation ................................................................................ . ......63 2 .7. 5 R e s u lts .....................................................................................................................................................................6 5 2 .7.6 Le sso n s Le a rn e d ...................................................................................................................................................6 6 IVV Abbreviations and Acronyms ACICAFOC Central American Indigenous and IPRA Indigenous Peoples RightimAct Peasant Coordinator of Communal IPS Indigenous Peoples Strateg 2r8.1 InrouciMAWF Ministry of Agriculture, W AMAN National Alliance for Indigenous Peoples and Forestry AusAID Australian Agency for International MBC Mesoamerican BiologicaleCsouidor Development 2.8. Philippines-Educational Policy Reform Working for Indigenous Peoples.............................68 BESRA Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda 2.8.2 Improjecta ection ......................................................................268 M agmnt M Ministry of Firiend 2.8.3 Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines ...................................................69 CCAD Central American Commission on Environment and Development MIS Management Informatio 2.8.4 The Process of Social Assessment and Consultation .................................................................... 70 CICA Indigenous Council of Central America MLR Ministry of Lands and Restlmn 2.8.1 KyKey jctDesgnAmentts....of...Successful........Projects......71.....ter.et.r..emacaionan.....atina.Comisio7o 2.8.6 IemPmentation. s . .............................................................72 8TItlin Commission Is Box6 Im lee1:ton ..Indigenous..............Population..............by....Region..........millions.......................................3 iln o m sinI dg n u e pe 2.8.7 Lessons Learned ..............................................................................................................................75 CIP Project Inter-institutional Committee NGO Non-governmental orgai Co Community Organizations NMPRP Northern Mountain Povenoyiv n euction B 4 C ls ion o ni Minoies77 CODAE Council for Afro-Ecuadorian Project (Vietnam) 3.ICConcluenons Amnricecomdigndatioan Development NPSBE National Program Suppo CODENPE Council for the Development of for Basic Education 3.1 Key Elements of Successful Projects............................................................................. 77 Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador PAF Poverty Alleviation FundcNpl 3.2 Recommendations....................................................... 78 CONADETI National Commission for Demarcation PMU Project Management Un aCD CntlAican PCommissiongnizaion References.............................................................................................................. 80 adTtigP ate raiain DepED Department of Education PRODEP Nicaragua Land Admini EDMP Ethnic Minority Development Plan PRODEPINE Indigenous and Afro-Ec Boxes EWERAP Enhancing Wildlife-based Economy in Peoples Development Proec eRural Areas Project RACCN Northern Caribbean Co Box 1: Indigenous Population by Region (millions) ................................................................. 3 GEF Global Environment Facility Autonomous Region HDI Human Development Index RACCS Southern Caribbean Coa Box 2: Vulnerable community population index.........................................56 ICEMA Integrated Community-Based Autonomous Region Box 3: Percentage of People Living in Poverty in Vietnam, 1993-2012...................................... 62 Ecosystem Management Project REDD Reducing Emissions fromreoetto (Namibia) and Forest Degradation Box 4: Classification of Ethnic Minorities (Groups with Populations of More Than 100,000) .......... 63 ICR Implementation and Completion Report SENAIME National Secretariat of Inignu Box 5: Excerpt from the Operational Manual for NMPRP-11..................................................... 64 IDA International Development AssociationanEticMorie lEM Integrated Ecosystem Management SPHERE Basic Education Reforms:rjc IFAD International Fund for Agricultural SDV Social Development Deprtmn Development UNDRIP United Nations Declarat 110 International Labour Organization Rights of Indigenous Pe INDA National Agrarian Development ionE meen Fnd Institute INTR National Property Registry USAID United States Agency forineatol DeEER DDevelopment EPDP Indigenous Peoples Development VCDP Vulnerable Community Program Plan IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan VDC Village Development CoInd IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning WIMSA Working Group on Indig Framework Minorities in Southern AFrii a vivi Acknowledgements Our People, Our Resources: Striving For A Peaceful And Plentiful Planet-Case St This report is a product of the Social Development * Son Thanh Vo, GFADR, and Lan Thi Thu Nguyen, Department (SDV) at the World Bank. The study GENDR. Vietnam-Second Northern Mountains was led by Luis Felipe Duchicela under the Poverty Reduction Project supervision of Susan Wong, Practice Manager, Social Development, Global Unit. The report was * Lynnette Dela Cruz Perez, GEDDR; Maria Loreto prepared by Jorge Uquillas and Svend Jensby of the Padua, GSURR; and Rozanno Rufino, . Operations Risk Management Department, Coordinator, Indigenous Peoples Education Exe cutive S um m a ry Operations Policy and Country Services (OPSOR), Office and Adviser to the Secretary on and Jelena Lukic and Karen Sirker from the Global Indigenous Peoples Concerns, Department of Unit of the World Bank's Social, Urban, Rural and Education of the Government of the Philippines Resilience Practice (GSURR). Philippines-National Program Support for Basic Education Project. Why a Case Study Report on After a pre-dialogue phase from March to May This report benefited from the comments Indigenous Peoples Development? 2013, the World Bank began the formal dialogue provided by the following peer reviewers: In particular, we acknowledge the generous with indigenous peoples in October 2013 and Juan Martinez, Francis Fragano, Nicolas Perrin, support from OPSOR provided through Svend Indigenous peoples have one of the highest organized seven workshops in all global regions, Varalakshmi Vemuru, Dianna Pizarro, and Jorge Jensby and Jorge Uquillas, who participated in the poverty rates in the world. There is increased ending in March 2014 in Kathmandu. The Global Villegas of GSURR and Harry Anthony Patrinos, planning process, prepared some of the case concern among poverty analysts that many Dialogue and Engagement Process yielded GEDDR. studies, and helped finalized the report. countries with significant vulnerable groups- excellent results in terms of participation and such as indigenous populations-will not meet information gathered, and by fostering the Moreover, the team wishes to thank the following The team also wishes to thank LauraJohnson for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). beginning of a renewed and stronger relationship people for their key contributions to the case editing the report, Groff Creative, LLC for report However, the MDGs reflects only one concept of between the world's indigenous peoples and the study reports: layout and design and Syed Abdul Salam, Sachin development. (Hall and Patrinos 2012). The World Bank. Shahria, Cristal Llave, and Leena Kemppainen in World Bank seeks, therefore, to position social * Enrique Pantoj a, GSURR, Nicaragua-Land providing timely support to the completion of the inclusion for indigenous peoples at the center of As result of the dialogue, four major thematic Administration Project: Recognizing Collective report. Special thanks are extended to the the development agenda in order for them to areas were identified as critical for indigenous Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples following for photographs included in the report achieve their own vision of shared prosperity and peoples in achieving the four Global Dialogue and and case studies: Enrique Pantoja for Nicaragua, poverty reduction. Engagement Process objectives, especially with * Jorge Uquillas, GSURR, Ecuador- Luis Felipe Duchicela for Ecuador, Karishma Wasti regard to sustainable development: Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian Peoples for Nepal, Claudia Sobrevila for Namibia, and Son From March 2013 until March 2014, the World Development Project Thanh Vo for the cover photo and Vietnam, and Bank carried out the first phase of a worldwide 1. Land rights and management Lynnette Dela Cruz for the Philippines. Global Dialogue and Engagement Process with 2. Economic development and sustainability * Juan Martinez, GSURR, Indonesia-Improving Indigenous Peoples with four objectives: 3. Governance and institutional strengthening Governance for Sustainable Indigenous 4. Public policy and country systems Community Livelihoods in Forested Areas 1. Inform the ongoing World Bank Environmental Project; and Central America-Integrated and Social Safeguards Review and Update These four thematic areas are considered vital Ecosystem Management in Indigenous process, particularly as it relates to Operational because many of the structural problems in Communities Project Policy OP 4.10 (Indigenous Peoples) indigenous communities are largely a result of 2. Improve the effective implementation of the issues pertaining to these areas. If there are * Claudia Sobrevila, GENDR, Namibia- Operational Policy OP 4.10 (Indigenous Peoples weaknesses in any of these four areas, programs Integrated Community-Based Ecosystem Policy) for indigenous peoples targeted at fighting poverty Management Project 3. Identify strategies to direct increased World and increasing income levels and access to services Bank investment to indigenous peoples based are unlikely to be effective or sustainable. In sum, * Frauke Jungbluth, Mio Takada, and Karishma on their own visions of development structural weaknesses create barriers for Wasti, GFADR; Bandita Sijapati and Parthapriya 4. Strengthen the engagement process between indigenous peoples to work with the state to Ghosh, GSURR. Nepal-Poverty Alleviation the World Bank and indigenous peoples ascertain their rights and make significant Fund Project worldwide. progress in sustainable development. One way to better understand-and begin to address-these viii critical areas is to identify and assess experiences areas from the Global Dialogue; preference for * Namibia-Integrated Community-Based from Bank-financed projects successful at completed or near-completed projects; and Ecosystem Management Project addressing one or more of them, availability of information, such as first-hand * Nepal-Poverty Alleviation Fund Project knowledge of projects, access to Bank staff task * Vietnam-Second Northern Mountains Poverty This report is an attempt to better understand teams, and prior coverage in Bank publications or Reduction Project good practices and lessons learned regarding reports. * Philippines-National Program Support for indigenous peoples development. Experiences Basic Education Project from eight case studies are presented and The team also relied on the results of the Social document examples of successful practices and Inclusion Portfolio Review, which analyzed Synopsis of Cases by approaches in World Bank-financed projects that projects in the fiscal 2010-13 portfolio. The Thematic Area have had positive impacts on indigenous preliminary list was shared with technical staff communities, specifically along one or more of the working in different regions, requesting Land Rights and Management thematic areas. suggestions for additional potential projects. Out of more than 20 potential cases, eight projects Indigenous peoples have a strong attachment to The main objective of this initiative is to identify were chosen for inclusion in this report. land, relying on it for their physical and cultural good practices and lessons learned in the context survival. To many indigenous peoples, ancestral of specific projects and countries and not to With regard to regional representation, the land is a source of life and livelihoods, generalize from such good practices. The report selected case studies represent four regions: Latin underpinning their cultural identity. As a result, does not provide exhaustive coverage of relevant America and the Caribbean (3), Africa (1), South land constitutes the basis for their social, issues within the thematic areas or beyond them. Asia (1), and East Asia (3). This regional economic, and political organization as well as for Rather, the goal of this study is to initiate a process representation reflects the World Bank their customary laws. The case studies from for developing a better understanding of good investment-lending portfolio that targets Nicaragua and Ecuador demonstrate the practices for the sustainable development of indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities. There complexity of regularizing indigenous peoples' around land property rights, the project, in indigenous peoples, to enhance the capacity of the are only a few projects that have triggered OP 4.10 land, a process that commonly involves multiple collaboration with CARE and the implementing Bank and its partners in developing projects that in the Middle East and North Africa or the Europe agencies, uncertainties concerning the legal agency, the National Agrarian Development support culturally appropriate development and Central Asia regions. aspects of natural resource use, and conflicts Institute (INDA), trained paralegals from activities for indigenous peoples, and to advance between indigenous peoples and other local or indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities for the effective application of the Bank's policy on A small team prepared the case studies, national interests. project implementation. The paralegals were able indigenous peoples. conducting a desk review of the eight selected to effectively resolve land conflicts because of their projects and identifying good practices and Nicaragua-Land Administration Project. The backgrounds and their knowledge of participating Another important objective is to share these lessons learned from results. The team reviewed project supported government efforts to secure communities and organizations. Through the good practices and lessons learned with World project documents and, for some case studies, property rights and modernize land cooperation between the project and INDA, the Bank staff, borrower governments and indigenous referred to personal experiences in the projects. administration through an enabling legal paralegals were integrated into INDAs operations peoples' organizations to help improve the design Task team leaders and members provided input environment. Building on several previous Bank- for land titling and regularization. and implementation of programs and projects for through interviews, email communications, and financed efforts, the project contributed to the indigenous peoples and to substantially increase draft case study reviews. preparation and implementation of Law 445- Indonesia-Improving Governance for Sustainable their effectiveness and impact. Finally, this Collective Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Livelihoods in Forested Areas Project. initiative also intends to support a much broader The selected case studies are as follows: Caribbean as well as other laws. This strengthened Participatory planning is supporting the plan to engage indigenous peoples in a longer- the policy and legal environment, enabling production of maps and land-use plans by term effort to find better ways to promote * Nicaragua-Land Administration Project: indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in the indigenous peoples and promoting their use for sustainable development among indigenous Recognizing Collective Land Rights of North Atlantic Autonomous Region of Nicaragua sustainable forest management to improve communities worldwide through the Global Indigenous Peoples to reestablish their property rights and allowed for livelihoods. Community mapping is proving to be Dialogue and Engagement Process. * Ecuador-Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian the recognition of indigenous territories as self- a useful negotiating tool for indigenous Peoples Development Project governing units. communities promoting customary rights by Scope and Methodology . Indonesia-Improving Governance for asserting and claiming their land rights and Sustainable Indigenous Community Livelihoods Ecuador-Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian responsibilities as well as enhancing their cultural To select the case studies, the team leading the in Forested Areas Project Peoples Development Project (PRODEPINE). The norms. Community drawn maps are treated as exercise drew up a preliminary "assessment * Central America-Integrated Ecosystem project financed land titling and land valid evidence in dispute resolution, and they can criteria" list, which included regional and sector Management in Indigenous Communities regularization, benefitting 93 indigenous and Afro- serve as a basis for issuing formal recognition of representation; relevance to the key thematic Project Ecuadorian organizations. Given the sensitivity indigenous peoples' territorial rights. X x Central America-I nteg rated Ecosystem reinforcing cultural traits of traditional Management in Indigenous Communities Project. communities, such as social solidarity, communal The project supported conservation and work, and mechanisms for the traditional management of natural resources by indigenous redistribution of wealth. The projects have peoples as a means to protect their livelihoods supported culture-based activities, including and economic well-being. Building on their handicrafts, cultural tourism, and ethno-biological traditional knowledge of sustainable land use and production, but also larger productive activities an integrated ecosystem management approach, like sustainable forest management, agriculture, land-use plans were designed and executed in a and fisheries. participatory manner, benefiting 400 communities. Along with capacity building to Ecuador-indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian preserve biodiversity, the land-use planning Peoples Development Project. Culturally created positive environmental benefits and appropriate and participatory development promoted sustainable livelihoods for rural approaches were used in all aspects of the project, indigenous populations. providing investment resources to indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities based on their own Namibia-Integrated Community-Based priorities. The use of traditional collective labor Ecosystem Management Project. The use of (Mnga) was accepted as the counterpart community-based natural resource management contribution by the communities for financing approaches brought socioeconomic benefits to particular rural investments. Important communal conservancies. In the past, a major community enterprises were also financed on a dividing issue for the government had been the matching grant basis for investments, such as merit of indigenous customary tenure systems and small-scale agro-business ventures, which were those based on western concepts involving the owned and operated by communities. Indigenous registration of individual ownership. The project communities viewed these agro-business ventures infrastructure investments at the district level and decision-making processes, referred promoted a community-based ecosystems as public rather than private goods since the small-scale livelihood activities at the community Balu-Wala. management approach to help the San-a diverse communities owned them and because profits and household levels through "common interest group of indigenous peoples living in Namibia and were used to finance public works (e.g., schools groups:'These groups develop skills to procure raw Governance and Institutional South Africa-gain rights to use, manage, and and health clinics). materials and extension services and explore benefit from the natural resources and wildlife linkages with rural finance institutions and within defined boundaries. Nepal-Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Project. markets. The project is also increasing income- Indigenous peoples tend to be organier s ln The case study illustrates how a socially and generating opportunities for ethnic minorities by or tribal groups, maintaining their ow EooiDeeomnanSutiaiiy culturally appropriate approach can set the facilitating a transition from a state-subsidized institutions to manage relations withi] hi Economicconditions for poverty reduction and broad economy to one of market-oriented producers. communities and sometimes with n Over the past few decades, the international sustainable development among indigenous ones. These institutions represent lo development community has increasingly peoples. Some of the activities funded include Central America-Integ rated Ecosystem political organization and administratv iiin recognized the need to tailor development income-generating subprojects, product Management in Indigenous Communities Project. An indigenous peoples' organization interventions to local contexts, the importance of development, and market linkages.The project This case study looks at efforts to help indigenous common land area or territory, and i indigenous peoples to protect their cultural targets communities living below the poverty line peoples conserve and manage natural resources as build bonds and seek alliances with identities and determine their own development and communities commonly excluded from a means of protecting their livelihoods and might become a member of a second pace and paths, and the benefit of social and development, such as women, indigenous peoples, economic well-being, building on traditional organization, a third-tier provincial i cultural diversity on national development. This and Dalits. knowledge about sustainable land use practices. In or a national organization. Given ho recognition prompted new conceptual Central America, high poverty levels in indigenous local organizations and institutions frameworks, such as ethno-development and Vietnam-Second Northern Mountains Poverty communities have led to land degradation indigenous peoples, building their ca development with identity, which stress the Reduction Project.1The project supports activities.1The project provided financing to project design and implementation hsbe importance of finding socially and culturally development for ethnic minorities through a develop culturally appropriate, environmentally found to enhance their development appropriate development alternatives for community-driven development approach, sustainable, income-generating activities through indigenous communities that allow them to be in participatory planning with enhanced women's technical assistance and production subprojects. Ecuador-indigenous and Afro-Ecua control of their own development. Several of the participation, and a local langnage It supported community land management plans Peoples Development Project. This p case studies illustrate the value of recovering and communication strategy. It is financing public through traditional community consultation and strengthened indigenous social orga Xii xi local governments in areas with a high Indonesia-Improving Governance for Sustainable Nicaragua-Land Administration Project.This case concentration of indigenous peoples. Through a Indigenous Community Livelihoods in Forested study explores the process by the Nicaragua partnership with 27 Ecuadorian universities and Areas Project. The project has introduced and government to formulate and implement an high schools, a pool of indigenous professionals evaluated creative approaches for the institution- indigenous and ethnic minority land law.The was trained. The experiences contributed building of indigenous community-based project was designed to develop the legal, significantly to the formation and improvement of organizations. Also included were community institutional, technical, and participatory social capital, demonstrating the importance of approaches to forest management schemes aimed framework for the administration of property local institutional strengthening for improving at improving non-timber forest production rights in the territory of Nicaragua. The project's management capacity. This made it possible to practices and alternative livelihood activities, design as well as the Indigenous Peoples Strategy include community demands on the agenda of Marginalized and vulnerable indigenous emphasized dialogue with major stakeholders; a local governments, promote institutional alliances, communities and organizations were brought participatory approach to the legal recognition and form networks aimed at solving concrete together in a framework of common interest to and demarcation of indigenous land; and development problems of indigenous peoples. connect with markets and provide opportunities community capacity building related to land and for gaining experience, investing, and aligning natural resource rights, such as demarcation and Central America-Integrated Ecosystem their sustainable production practices with the land titling. The process resulted in the Management in Indigenous Communities Project. international demand for ecosystem services, preparation, enactment, and implementation of This case study describes efforts to strengthen the From the national to provincial and community Law 445-the Law for Collective Land Rights of knowledge of participating communities in levels, the project is being directly implemented by Indigenous Peoples in the Caribbean. customary law and rights and to improve their indigenous peoples. It is one of the few technical, administrative, and information and experiences at the World Bank where a grant Ecuador-indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communication technology skills to engage in agreement was signed with a community-based Peoples Development Project. This case study biodiversity conservation through regional national network-the National Alliance for illustrates how the project supported the networks. In particular, two regional indigenous Indigenous Peoples (AMAN). formulation of national and local development organizations-the Indigenous and Peasant plans and the preparation of draft legislation on Coordination Association for Community Country Legal and Policy Systems issues of interest to indigenous peoples and Afro- Agroforestry in Central America and the Ecuadorian communities, such as land tenure and ownership taken within the Departthe Indigenous Council of Central America-were Reg gh o e legalization, inter-cultural and bilingual education, Education.'The technical working gr supported. The latter used an indigenous concept and recognition of local-level traditional awareness about the educational sit of "good living" and development to strengthen its Indigenous peoples'rights and issues are authorities and organizations. Results were indigenous peoples; undertook an in network of various organizations focused on recognized in various international instruments, achieved in part through the institutional past and existing policies and progr tourism, handicrafts production, and production such as the United Nations Declaration on the strengthening of the Council for the Development indigenous peoples education; and c of traditional natural products. Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), endorsed of Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador and the series of subnational and regional conutain by over 140 countries, and the International Council for Afro-Ecuadorian Development, the with key educational stakeholders a Namibia-integrated Community-Based Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 on two official government organizations dealing peoples' groups resulting in increased rsuet Ecosystem Management Project. The San, one of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, currently ratified with indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants formulate the Indigenous Peoples Ed the oldest peoples in Africa, have a number of by 22 countries. Most countries in Latin America Policy Framework. conservancies or community-based organizations. and a few select countries elsewhere (e.g., the Philippines-National Program Support for Basic The project targeted the San people through the Philippines and Indonesia) have specific Education (NPSBE) Project. The project has Cross-Cutting Approache N#a Jaqna Conservancy and sought to legislation recognizing the rights of indigenous supported policy reforms in the education sector, systematically establish equal opportunities for peoples with regard to land, natural resources, including specific policies and institutional In addition to the good practices and the San in organizational and financial areas. In cultural identity, education, and health, However, arrangements for indigenous peoples. Within the learned with regard to the four speci addition, it supported traditional San practices, for many of the countries that attempt to apply Department of Education, a technical working areas, the case studies identify a nur introduced ways to connect with the modern these principles, implementation is often group and a special office for indigenous peoples' practices concerning important cros market, and built capacity to improve the incomplete, controversial, and mired in conflict education was established. A National Indigenous issues for projects involving indigeno conservancy' s governance. As a result, the effective and internal power relations. Supporting a legal Peoples Education Policy Framework was These can be grouped into two main management of conservancy committees framework that recognizes indigenous peoples developed by supporting an extensive consultation concerning: (1) project preparation an esg increased, facilitating the incorporation of an can therefore provide significant benefits to process with indigenous peoples organizations and (2) implementation support and integrated ecosystem management approach to indigenous peoples. and the National Commission on Indigenous management. natural resource management. Peoples. 'The case study illustrates how the policy reforms only came about due to the strong Xiv x Project involved intensive supervision to address practices for policy reforms includ issues such as unclear territorial boundaries, raising, assessing past and existin relationships among neighboring communities, and conducting extensive consultation clear communication of project objectives and indigenous peoples and other rele methodologies to all key stakeholders. stakeholders. 6. Because indigenous peoples are comonla Conclusions and marginalized and often exhibit distic Recommendations socioeconomic and cultural chara projects supporting economic develoxmsn c jbe The case studies illustrate how specific World indigenous peoples should be tailo Bank-financed investment projects have particular circumstances. The casi contributed to land management and rights, identify good practices through et economic development, policy development, and development, development with id governance and institutional strengthening of models, participatory approaches, indigenous peoples. While issues and good investments. practices concerning indigenous peoples' development tend to be project-specific due to the Implemenation suportmandadaptiv o particular circumstances of specific indigenous peoples and to country contexts, the case studies identify a number of key factors for sustainable This report aims to improve the soc circumstances of indigenous peoplesut t e indigenoxpnatheir participation in development. efforts are needed to identify and a 1. Development of culturally appropriate project practices for supporting improveME designs based on solid social analysis, including indigenous peoples' development, institutional and stakeholder analysis, include the following: consultations, and the active participation of a. Expanding the identification and indigenous peoples' communities and documentation of case studies to p Project preparation and design. Many of the case support. First, an adaptive management approach organizations during project preparation. more in-depth discussion of good p studies discuss the importance of undertaking a enhanced project outcomes for several of the 2. Participatory arrangements in project design and lessons learned concerning in thorough social assessment and consultation projects. For example, the original objective of and implementation tailored to the specific peoples development. process to identify the key issues, opportunities, PRODEPINE in Ecuador of strengthening second- political, social, and cultural contexts of 2. Conducting an in-depth analysis and risks related to the project and to indigenous tier or supra-community organizations was indigenous organizations and communities, and other cases to identify addition peoples. Combined with effective institutional and gradually expanded to cover higher-level social 3. The legalization and management of ancestral and to provide a deeper understaningo Natctorslthatmaffect outcomeseforsindigenou stakeholder analysis, the social assessment and organizations and municipal governments. And lands and natural resources is critical to peos in develome por nd Project~eole inole intensiven suprvsinroaddes consultations are generally useful to the design of when project monitoring revealed that the most development for most indigenous peoples who projects, such as social inclusion an a successful project. An Indigenous Peoples Plan marginalized communities were not receiving often think of land as a sacred, communal, and vulnerability the identification of ent tailored to a particular socioeconomic and sufficient project benefits, Nepal's PAF Project was essential resource for their cultural and points and leverage to ensure indige cultural context can also enhance project benefits able to close the targeting gaps. economic survival, not as property to be bought peoples benefit from developmentpoies and opportunities for indigenous peoples and and sold as a commodity. programs, and projects; and politicalEcnm prevent or address adverse impacts and risks. Second, because indigenous peoples' development 4. Building social capital has been identified as an assessments and other factors influecnad infrmngaclossyiheoovsnenandohe Moreover, the consultation process can establish can be complex and controversial, successful integral component of social and economic cose sss i h important relationships with indigenous peoples' implementation can often require additional development for indigenous peoples because its communities and organizations, enabling their resources and efforts from Bank task teams, or enables them to plan and manage their own 3. Preparing training material basedon informed participation in the design and instance, the successful results achieved with the development initiatives, Several of the case case studies included in this report indindigenousopeopleshievelopmentanndgohe implementation of projects. education project in the Philippines required studies identify institutional strengthening of aiatinof aks p ovlicymont indgnu significant time and resources, a continued dialogue indigenous peoples' organizations and peoples. Implementation support and adaptive between the World Bank and the Department of institutions as a good practice. management. Two key issues emerge from the Education, and a good working relationship with the 5. Policy reforms concerning indigenous peoples case studies as good practices for project National Commission on Indigenous Peoples. could enhance project outcomes and bring implementation and World Bank implementation Similarly, the Nicaragua Land Administration about broader and longer-term benefits. Good Xvivi 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Bank has provided support to effortsa strengthening indigenous peoples' oraiton This report presents a brief discussion of through participatory training. Such indigenous peoples' development as evidenced in building has enhanced indigenous p a select number of case studies about World Bank- participation in national developme financed projects that had a positive impact on processes as well as in specific inves Indigenous Peoples' communities. The main projects. These activities have also se objective of this study is to identify and document improve the dialogue between indige good practices and lessons learned that can be organizations and governments. Asa shared with World Bank staff, borrower enhanced engagement with indigeno governments, and Indigenous Peoples' global programs supported by the Ba organizations to help improve the design and added special capacity building prog implementation of projects that trigger the World indigenous peoples and other civil so Bank's Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples organizations. The Forest Carbon Pa (OP 4.10) and/or are primarily oriented toward the Fund is financing the Capacit Build sustainable development of indigenous peoples. for Forest-Dependent Peoples (inclu indigenous peoples) and Southern CilSoet World Bank activities with regard to indigenous Organizations; and the Forest Invest peoples have been primarily focused on applying includes a "Dedicated Grant Mechan OP 4.10 to ensure that indigenous peoples receive Indigenous Peoples and Local Comn social and economic benefits that are culturally providing direct funding to indigeno appropriate and gender and age inclusive, and to communities and organizations. mitigate possible adverse impacts associated with Bank-financed projects. The policy itself This report is an initial attempt to do encourages Bank engagement and financial practices and lessons learned throug support for a variety of initiatives that go beyond regard to indigenous peoples develo projects, engaging in broader dimensions of intended to support the ongoing ena country relationships that improve the process with indigenous peoples and circumstances of indigenous peoples. As a result, process of finding better ways to pro the Bank increasingly addresses issues concerning sustainable development that will po indigenous peoples through: (1) country economic indigenous communities. and sector work/analysis, (2) dialogue and technical assistance, and (3) capacity-building. Since March 2013, the World Bank h implementing the Global Dialogue an For instance, using a combination of World Bank Engagement Process with indigenou o resources, trust funds, and counterpart funds, the with the following objectives: prjcs