Pascaline Wanjiku Ruth Kennedy-Walker A Product of the Water Global Practice Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation NOVEMBER 2024 The Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and im- plementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Learn more online at www.worldbank.org/water With a surface area of 68,800 km² Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake and its importance to the ©2024 World Bank Group region cannot be overstated. It is The World Bank the world’s largest tropical lake, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 and the world’s second largest Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org fresh water lake. 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Design: Kurt Niedermeier (World Bank Vendor 136292) Contents II Abbreviations 1 CHAPTER 1 11 CHAPTER 2 Valuable Regional Bringing Communities and III Figures and Tables Resource Under Threat Countries Together Around a Common Approach V Foreword 2 1.1 Lake Victoria Faces a 12 2.1 VI Acknowledgments Deepening Water Quality A Participatory and IX Financial Contributors Crisis Inclusive Process XI Executuve Summary 5 1.2 13 2.2 A Holistic Approach to Defining the Needs: Rapid a Regional Challenge Assessments 19 CHAPTER 3 35 CHAPTER 4 51 CHAPTER 5 The LWIS Strategy: A Growing a Sustainable A Regional Blueprint for Roadmap for Effective Sanitation Economy a Healthier Lake Lakewide Sanitation 36 4.1 52 5.1 20 3.1 Private Sector Participation Establishing a Foundation A Principles-Based and Job Creation for Success Approach 40 4.2 53 5.2 24 3.2 Appropriate, Effective, Investment Needs Implementation at the and Affordable Local Level: Strategic Sanitation Technology 55 5.3 Sanitation Action Plans Growing Support for a 43 4.3 Regional Approach 29 3.3 A Circular Economy Measuring the Impact of Sanitation 44 4.4 Climate Financing for Mitigation and Adaptation Abbreviations AFE Africa East Region AMCOW African Minister’s Council on Water ASA Advisory Services and Analytics BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CapEx Capital Expenditure CWIS Citywide Inclusive Sanitation E&T Emptying and Transport EAC East African Community EO Earth Observation II FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence FS Fecal Sludge FSM Fecal Sludge Management GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environmental Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GP Global Practice GRID Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development KE Knowledge Exchange KGGTF Korean Green Growth Trust Fund LVB Lake Victoria Basin LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission LVB-IWRMS Lake Victoria Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Strategy LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project LWIS Lakewide Inclusive Sanitation Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional MCDA Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach to Inclusive Sanitation MPE Manual Pit Emptier NBD Nile Basin Discourse NGO Nongovernmental Organization NSS Non-Sewered Sanitation O&M Operation and Maintenance OSS On-Site Sanitation PIR Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory PPP Public-Private Partnership SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SECOM Sectoral Council of Ministers for LVB SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SOP Standard Operating Procedure SSAP Strategic Sanitation Action Plan SUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems SWM Solid Waste Management TWG Technical Working Group WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Abbreviations Figures 1 Total deaths from malaria and diarrhea across Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania (1995 to 2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Example of poor FS containment facilities in the LVB, which are unlined and un-emptiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 3 Examples of sanitation investments in the LVB that are not operational due to inadequate O&M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 4 Sanitation value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5 Twelve short-listed urban settlements idenitifed through the MCDA method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6 Parameters for water quality monitoring possible with EO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7 High chlorophyll hotspots around Lake Victoria’s bays and estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8 Potential financing sources categorized according to suitability for LVB countries and areas covered . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 9 Cumulative results of GHG analysis model across sanitation service chain for 44 LVB settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 10 Four critical aspects to developing a successful regional sanitation program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 III Tables 1 Summary of cost estimates in the LVB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII 2 Summary of access to sanitation services in the LVB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 3 Ten Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 4 Four components of the LWIS Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 Key criteria, scoring, and justifications used for selection of demonstration areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6 Classification of short-listed settlements according to prioritization criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional 7 Components of the SSAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Approach to Inclusive Sanitation 8 SME service delivery model scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 9 Summary of scalability of SME service delivery models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 10 Technology selection for LVB demonstration areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1 1 Category of GHG emissions across the sanitation chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 12 Estimated cost for LWIS interventions in the LVB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 13 Overview of the ranges of investment estimates required for LWIS interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figures and Tables Foreword Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional IV Approach to Inclusive Sanitation plant in Kisii, Kenya. waste water treatment A maturation pond at the Foreword Lake Victoria is one of the world’s great bodies of water The LWIS Strategy presents Partner States with compre- and a beloved and valuable resource for the countries hensive approaches to sanitation improvements in that share its shores and watershed. The East African urban settlements, which bring immediate improve- Community recognizes the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) as a ments to water quality, and are also aligned with regional economic zone. But the water quality, biodiver- long-term planning, technical innovation, institutional sity, and navigability of the lake are increasingly under reforms and financial mobilization. threat, as a result of unsustainable land management, human waste, and industrial effluent. While the governments of the LVB countries, in partner- ship with development institutions such as the World Impactful and effective management of challenges Bank, have a critical role to play, the LWIS approach V faced by the LVB calls for a concerted regional engage- creates an important opportunity for the private sector ment. It requires an understanding of the combined to become a key part of the solution, as a source of effects of increasing exploitation and pollution of the innovation, service delivery, technology development, shared resource. It also depends on coordinated action and job creation. by Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda— the five Partner States of the LVB, focusing on multilater- These opportunities—for the private sector, LVB commu- al rather than unilateral approaches. nities, and the LVB countries—can best be unlocked with a strong, coordinated regional approach to the issue of The Lakewide Inclusive Sanitation (LWIS) Strategy sanitation. This approach would enhance vital lake described in this report represents such a multilateral functions, make safely managed sanitation services approach to addressing the basin’s sanitation challeng- available to everyone living around the lake, and es. These challenges are associated with rapid and strengthen the resilience of communities in the face of unplanned urbanization, leading to the generation of the deepening impacts of climate change and other untreated or poorly treated wastewater which is crises. This report serves as an important first step in the discharged, either directly or indirectly, into the lake. development of such a regional initiative. With an estimated 33 million people living within the Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation LVB lacking access to improved sanitation, and in the context of rapid urban expansion, the impact of poor sanitation both on the lake’s water quality and on the human capital of the already vulnerable basin commu- nities, cannot be underestimated. Boutheina Guermazi Victoria Kwakwa Director Vice President Foreword Africa Regional Integration Eastern and Southern Africa World Bank Group World Bank Group Acknowledgments This report was prepared by a team from the Water Preparation of this report was made possible by the sup- Global Practice of the World Bank Group, led by Pas- port of the LVBC leadership in coordinating the efforts of caline Wanjiku and Ruth Kennedy-Walker (both Senior the Partner States. The LVBC team included Dr. Masinde Water Supply and Sanitation Specialists) and compris- Bwire (Executive Secretary), Eng. Coletha Ruhamya (Dep- ing Nicholas John Paul, Joana Da Cunha Forte, Martin uty Executive Secretary), Eng. Hilda Pius Luoga (Program Gambrill, and Rodriques Lincoln Odeya (World Bank Coordinator), Benjamin Ssekamuli, Paul Kariuki, and Consultants). The team received overall and strategic several other staff. Similarly, the authors acknowledge guidance from the Africa East Water Practice Manager, the support of the stakeholders in all the five Partner Francis Ghesquiere. States who were led by the nominated focal points: Eng. VI Kimanthi Kyengo (Kenya); Jeanne Francine Nkunzimana The report features key takeaways of various activities (Burundi); Eng. Nicholaus Angumbwike (Tanzania); Eng. undertaken by the Lakewide Inclusive Sanitation (LWIS) Sowed Sewagudde (Uganda); and Eng. Jean de Dieu Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), which provided Mucyo Dusengumuremyi and Marcelline Kayitesi (Rwan- technical support to the Lake Victoria Basin Commission da) in contributing to the data collection, validation pro- (LVBC) and the five Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Partner cesses, and reviews of the ASA reports, which culminated States in addressing the challenge of poor sanitation in in this report. the basin.The Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor Advisory (WSUP Advisory), a subsidiary of WSUP, provid- Financing for this ASA was provided by the Korean Green ed overall technical support on LWIS to the World Bank Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF), the World Bank’s Regional Task Team, LVBC and Partner States. Brockmann Consult Integration Unit, the Global Water Security and Sanita- GmbH provided technical support to the LVBC on Water tion Partnership (GWSP), and the Transformative Carbon Quality Monitoring using Earth Observation technolo- Asset Facility (TCAF) (see page IX). gies. The analytical work on climate financing was led by Climate Focus, an international advisory company Lastly, the authors would like to thank World Bank and think tank. designer Kurt Niedermeier (kngraphicdesign.com) for Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional bringing this content to life visually. Approach to Inclusive Sanitation The authors also wish to acknowledge the support pro- vided by several other colleagues, who contributed valu- able insights, advice, criticism, and editorial comments. The team received expert advice from the following peer reviewers within the World Bank: David Mason (Urban specialist), Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Lead Environment Specialist), Jean-Martin Brault (Senior Water Supply and Sanitation Specialist), and Laura Bonzanigo (Senior Water Specialist). Other colleagues who provided input to activities leading up to this report are Susanna Smets (Senior Water Specialist), Guido Licciardi (Senior Opera- tions Officer), Sean Christopher Nelson (Climate Change Specialist), and Nuyi Tao (Climate Finance Specialist). The Regional Integration team, led by Boutheina Guer- mazi (Director) and including Mohammed Dalil Essakali (Manager, Operations), Vickram Cuttaree (Lead Strategy Officer), and Edon Vrenezi (senior Operations Officer), was instrumental in shaping the regional dialogue. Acknowledgments to extract fecal sludge. Sanitation workers use a mobile pit-emptying pump Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional VII Acknowledgments Approach to Inclusive Sanitation Financial Contributors Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional VIII Approach to Inclusive Sanitation Financial Contributors The Korea Green Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF), a partner- The World Bank’s Regional Integration Unit (RIU) helps ship between the World Bank and the Republic of Korea, countries overcome divisions that impede the flow of goods, IX is crucial to the World Bank’s vision of creating “a World services, capital, people and ideas. These divisions are a Free of Poverty on a Livable Planet.” The KGGTF portfolio constraint to economic growth, especially in developing has supported 217 green growth programs and activities countries. The RIU helps its client countries to promote worldwide, amounting to approximately $120 million and regional integration through common physical and institu- linked to over $24 billion in World Bank Group lending tional infrastructure. www.worldbank.org and external co-financing. www.wbgkggtf.org Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation The Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership The Transformative Carbon Asset Facility (TCAF) assists (GWSP) is a multi-donor fund within the World Bank and and incentivizes countries to raise their climate ambitions produces cutting-edge research and analytics to create by implementing economy-wide or sectoral policies and and deliver urgent, practical, and innovative solutions. We programs that create conditions for private sector invest- provide our clients with policy advice, technical assistance, ments in low-carbon technologies. Operational since 2017, and capacity building and then turn this knowledge into and with $210 million capital, TCAF helps inform interna- action through policy dialogues and lending operations. tional climate negotiations with lessons learned through its www.worldbank.org/en/programs/global-water- engagement with developing countries. www.tcafwb.org security-sanitation-partnership Headquartered in Paris, the European Space Agency Financial Contributors (ESA) is a 22-member intergovernmental body devoted to space exploration. Through the GDA AID Water Resources activity, the ESA provides satellite Earth Observation information in response to requirements identified by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and their client governments in developing countries. www.esa.int X Executive Summary Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation ES Executive Summary XI Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation Executive Summary The absence of safely man- aged sanitation in human settlements surrounding Lake Victoria has greatly impacted its water quality. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lake Victoria is a vast resource for A significant and growing propor- the millions of people living on its tion of pollution to the lake comes shores and within its watershed. from human settlements and industrial activities. XII __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The lake’s shores are shared by three riparian countries The absence of safely managed sanitation in human (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda), and Rwanda and settlements has a negative effect on the water quality of Burundi are situated in the lake’s upper watershed. Over the lake. An estimated 33 million people living within the 47 million people live in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), LVB do not have access to improved sanitation, with all and this population is growing rapidly. More than 30 five LVB countries experiencing low levels of sanitation million people in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda live on access. In addition to polluting the lake, poor sanitation the shores of the lake. negatively affects the human capital of the already vulnerable LVB communities. Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lake Victoria’s water quality has Improving the lake’s water deteriorated significantly over quality requires a coordinated the last 40 years, with devastat- regional effort. ing impacts on the livelihoods of basin communities. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The three main drivers of declining water quality are The Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) is unsustainable land management, human waste, and mandated to coordinate sustainable development and industrial effluent. There is a complex interplay of management of the LVB in the five Partner States of Executive Summary sediment, agrichemicals, human waste and solid waste, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, under and industrial effluent emanating from upstream rural the aegis of the East African Community (EAC). The and agricultural areas in the basin as well as from LVBC has used its convening powers to bring together cities and informal settlements around the lake and stakeholders from each of these countries to begin to elsewhere in the basin. Water quality is also directly jointly tackle the effects of pollution on the lake. affected by climate change. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The Lakewide Inclusive Sanitation The LWIS Strategy was devel- (LWIS) initiative has focused on oped in consultation with key better understanding the impact stakeholders across the five of lack of safely managed sanita- countries of the LVB. tion in the LVB and creating solu- tions and consensus on improving this situation. XIII __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The World Bank’s Water Global Practice (Water GP) has The LWIS Strategy follows the principles of citywide provided technical assistance to the LVBC and the five inclusive sanitation (CWIS) and covers four components: Partner States in building consensus around a LWIS pro- A. C. gram. Key activities included analytical work and tech- The integration and in- Regional cooperation nical support for preparing a joint LWIS Strategy and clusion of LWIS planning and coordination demonstrative Strategic Sanitation Action Plans (SSAPs); and service delivery in undertaking analysis on private sector participation, job surrounding settlements creation, and appropriate sanitation services; analyzing the impacts of current climate mitigation activities and B. D. potential for leveraging climate financing for better An enabling environment A sustainable sanita- managed sanitation services; and evaluating the use for improved sanitation tion economy of Earth Observation (EO) and remote sensing tools for Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation water quality monitoring. The Strategy provides an umbrella for working jointly on LWIS in the LVB and includes actions at the regional, national, and local levels. The LWIS Strategy is aligned with the goals of the Lake Victoria Basin Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy (LVB-IWRMS). The LVB- IWRMS, which was approved by the LVBC and Partner States in December 2022, is aimed at tackling the issues causing the deterioration of the lake’s water quality. Executive Summary Executive Summary Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional XIV Approach to Inclusive Sanitation waste water treatment plant in Kericho, Kenya. A primary clarifier at the __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ As part of the work leading up This work has highlighted the to the development of the LWIS need for effective integration and Strategy, rapid sanitation situa- coordinated management of fecal tional analyses were conducted waste, drainage, and solid waste, in 57 urban settlements across otherwise known as integrated the LVB countries. sanitation services. XV __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The rapid sanitation situational analyses found, inter The SSAPs are key for promoting sustainable urban alia, that only about 2.1 percent of the population have development, reducing pollution to the lake, and ulti- access to sewerage services; the rest of the basin popu- mately improving the quality of life for city residents and lation rely on non-sewered sanitation (NSS) services, of their resilience to climate shocks. Addressing the complex which 62.5 percent are unimproved, mainly consisting challenges associated with such integrated urban sanita- of unlined and uncovered pit latrines. Only 24 percent tion services requires collaboration between government of the fecal sludge (FS) generated from settlements in agencies, communities, and private sector stakeholders. these urban areas is safely managed. This means that untreated human waste finds its way to the lake, either directly or indirectly. Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Strategic Sanitation Action The involvement of the private Plans (SSAPs) have been devel- sector in sanitation service deliv- oped for selected urban areas ery, notably through small and to demonstrate how the LWIS medium enterprises (SMEs), will Strategy can be operational- support accelerated implemen- ized at the basin level. tation of the LWIS Strategy. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ From a total of 110 lakeside settlements in the basin, 3 Five SME-driven service delivery models with potential were selected for inclusion in an SSAP as they represent to scale are suggested: household-level containment; different settlement sizes and typologies in the basin: public toilets; formalized pit latrine emptying; exhauster Executive Summary Mwanza in Tanzania (representing the category of services; and school containment. >500,000 inhabitants), Entebbe in Uganda (represent- ing the category of >50,000–499,999), and Homa Bay in Kenya (representing the category of >20,000–49,999). Key lessons from these action plans will be used for the rollout of SSAPs in further settlements across the LVB. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The potential for SME job creation LWIS interventions in the LVB is estimated at around 69,000 show excellent potential for jobs over a 10-year period. positive impact on climate mit- igation and adaptation but are hampered by a lack of funding. XVI __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ However, sanitation SMEs require market structuring, The climate financing landscape and prioritized mech- regulation and finance from the public sector to achieve anisms that best suit the need of the LVB countries and scale, notably in the form of public-private partnerships the sanitation sector were mapped, and a greenhouse (PPPs). External partners such as nongovernmental orga- gas (GHG) accounting model was developed to calculate nizations (NGOs) will also play a leading role in creating the GHG emissions coming from a representative sample sanitation markets and coordinating the key stakehold- of the existing sanitation services across the LVB and to ers. Additionally, the successful execution of a lakewide identify GHG-emitting locations and parts of the service sanitation strategy depends on technology that is fit for chain that are responsible for the highest emissions. Pub- purpose and affordable for the countries and communi- lic climate financing funds that target adaptation finance ties it serves—technology gaps have been identified that or those that support cross-cutting programs of climate may be filled through private sector activity. mitigation and adaptation were show to be a promising source of additional finance for the sanitation sector in Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation LVB countries. However, opportunities for financing mit- igation activities are limited due to the large cumulative volume of emissions reduction needed to access most of the larger funds which, it is estimated, cannot currently be met by reductions from the sanitation sector alone. Mulukoba beach, located in the small town of Port Victoria, sits in the northeast corner of Lake Victoria. Executive Summary __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The cost of transformational The successful implementation of sanitation investments to reduce the LWIS Strategy and the impact pollution to the lake is estimated of the proposed interventions will at around US$1.9 billion. be assessed through their impact on the lake’s water quality. XVII __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The findings from the rapid sanitation situational analy- To this end, EO technology is being deployed, providing ses and the three SSAPs were extrapolated to the basin spatial coverage and frequent observations and offer- level, providing an understanding of the magnitude of ing valuable insights into water quality monitoring in the sanitation needs in the entire basin and enabling an Lake Victoria. EO not only offers a comprehensive and estimate of the size of investment required to address cost-effective method to evaluate the quality of large this need (Table 1). water bodies, providing insights into areas that are oth- erwise difficult to access, but also conducts frequent and systematic monitoring, enabling the timely detection of changes and the swift response to environmental threats. Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation table 1 / Estimated cost for LWIS interventions in the LVB Number of Total cost Estimated cost settlements / estimate Typology / Population per urban area service areas for cluster Example (inhabitants) (US$, millions) in cluster (US$, millions) Small town 20,000 – 49,999 30 8 240 type I Urban center 50,000 – 499,999 25 29 725 type I Executive Summary Urban center type II > 500,000 230 4 920 TOTAL 1,885 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Addressing the sanitation There is a growing sense of own- pollution at the basin level ership and commitment by the is a regional priority. regional institutions and national governments for a regional LWIS program that will advance the achievement of the objectives XVIII laid out in the LWIS Strategy. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ While sanitation interventions happen at the national This commitment was demonstrated by the adoption and local levels, pollution emanating from one country of the LWIS Strategy by the 22nd Sectoral Council of has an impact on a regionally shared resource. A re- Ministers for LVB (SECOM) 1 in February 2024. The SECOM gional sanitation program would include projects that also directed the LVBC Secretariat to coordinate with the take a regional approach, in addition to interventions Partner States in seeking funding for a potential region- that increase access to sanitation services at the local al lakewide sanitation program. The application of the level, as highlighted on page XIX. LWIS approach will enhance vital lake functions, make basic sanitation services available to everyone living around Lake Victoria, and boost the adaptive capacity and human capital of resource-dependent communities, particularly vulnerable groups and women. Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation Executive Summary ____________________________________________ 1 SECOM is responsible for proving policy directions, guiding implementation of programs at the LVB, making regulations, and issuing directives, decisions, and recommendations to the Council of Ministers for the EAC. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Below is a summary of the rec- ommendations for a regional sanitation program: XIX Regional Aspects Data and Knowledge Policy and Partnerships analytics and learning governance and financing Enhancing monitoring Access to regional and Strengthening the capacity Enhancing regional coordi- and data access is key global good practices of the LVBC and national nation, involving the private for understanding and along with the adoption bodies to address sanita- sector and other stakehold- managing pollution. of new nature-based tion issues is key. ers, and exploring options solutions and innovative for sustainable financing, technologies, is important. including climate financing, Reviving Lake Victoria: A Regional Approach to Inclusive Sanitation are important for a cohe- sive approach. National Aspects Recommendation 1 Recommendation 2 Recommendation 3 Interventions to scale Support for policy, insti- Promoting private sector up access to improved tutional and regula- engagement, job creation, integrated and inclusive tory aspects, and funding and a circular economy. sanitation services enhancement Executive Summary Chapter 1 A Valuable Regional Resource XX Now Under Threat 1 A Valuable Resource Now Under Threat 1 A Valuable Regional Resource Now Under Threat Lake Victoria’s poor water quality contributes to reduced fish stocks and Chapter 1 biodiversity, diminished livelihoods, and increased adverse health impacts. __________________________________________________________________________ 1.1 Lake Victoria is Facing a Deepening Water Quality Crisis __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lake Victoria is a vast resource for The population of the LVB is the millions of people living on its still growing, but services are shores and within its watershed. not keeping up with this growth. 2 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ With a surface area of approximately 68,000 km2, Lake Urbanization in the LVB has been increasing steadily Victoria is Africa’s largest lake by area, and the world’s over the years, with an estimated 30 percent of the second-largest freshwater lake by surface area after population living in about 110 urban settlements within Lake Superior in North America. The lake’s shores are the basin. Poverty is prevalent, affecting about 49 shared by three riparian countries (Kenya, Tanzania, percent of the basin’s population; the lakeside urban and Uganda), and Rwanda and Burundi are situated centers which are home to some 4.5 million inhabitants in the lake’s upper watershed. Over 47 million people are struggling to take advantage of their strategic live in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), with a population location and become engines of domestic growth, but density of 300 people per square kilometer, compared remain peripheral to development. The urbanization with a Sub-Saharan Africa average of 55 people per process is mainly uncontrolled, with municipal services km2. More than 30 million people in Tanzania, Kenya, unable to keep up with rising populations and the and Uganda rely on the lake for its natural resources. growth of small industries. These urban areas are For example, Lake Victoria is home to Africa’s largest a primary point source of Lake Victoria’s pollution inland fishery, supporting the livelihoods of around 3 problems, directly discharging wastewater and solid million people, with direct employment for more than waste into the lake and its watershed. 800,000 people,3 and providing a significant source of Facing a Deepening Water Quality Crisis protein for the poor. The lake, with its watershed, is also a critical regional resource for transportation, industry, and hydropower. ____________________________________________ 2 Hamilton, Stuart, 2018, “Lake Victoria Statistics V2.pdf”, Lake Victoria Statistics from Section 1.1 this Dataverse, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FVJJ4A/3H1HGS, Harvard Dataverse, V3. 3 LVFO, L. V. F. O. (2016). Fisheries Management Plan III (FMPIII) for Lake Victoria Fisheries 2016–2020. LVFO Secretariat. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lake Victoria’s water quality has The role of sanitation in health is deteriorated significantly over crucial, particularly where diseas- the last 40 years, with devastat- es such as diarrhea, malaria, and ing impacts on the livelihoods of bilharzia are prevalent. basin communities. 3 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The World Bank’s analysis of the lake’s water identified These health issues can lead to widespread public health the three main drivers that affect the water quality: crises, especially in vulnerable populations, highlighting the critical need for improved sanitation infrastructure to 1. Human waste mitigate the adverse health impacts of pollution and the 2. Industrial effluent associated water- and excreta-related diseases in the af- 3. Unsustainable land management.4 fected regions. In Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda in 2019, The direct effects of this pollution include the contam- for example, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evalua- ination of domestic water supplies, the destruction of tion (IHME) highlighted a high risk of death attributable wetlands, and the extensive growth of water hyacinth, to water- and excreta- related diseases. It is therefore an invasive weed that depletes oxygen levels in the lake, of key importance to invest in sanitation in terms of the raising toxicity and disease levels in both fish and peo- positive impacts on public health. ple. It also impedes navigation and access to the shore- line, interferes with hydroelectric power generation, and blocks the intake of water for industries. The worsening water quality in the lake contributes to reduced fish stocks and biodiversity, diminished livelihoods, worsened Facing a Deepening Water Quality Crisis health impacts, and increased conflict and vulnerabil- ity of the lakeside populations. Further deterioration of water quality in the LVB will have spiraling and mutu- ally reinforcing impacts on poverty and vulnerability to climate change. ____________________________________________ Section 1.1 4 World Bank. 2021. CIWA Learning Notes: Improving Water Quality in Lake Victoria Basin Learning Note 2: Waste Management. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Climate change exacerbates Poorly managed sanitation ac- the impacts of the drivers of counts for large proportions of poor water quality. net greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- sions in large cities in the basin. 4 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ As a major watershed, the LVB is already deeply suscep- A recent study based on data from Kampala suggests tible to the impacts of climate change. Increased erosion that GHG emissions from sanitation are significantly and more volatile weather patterns with more frequent underestimated and could account for over half of the floods and droughts, in addition to the already high city’s total GHG emissions from all sources. The climate annual variability in rainfall, will wreak havoc on the mitigation financing opportunities of the sanitation LVB’s sensitive ecosystems, including river catchments, sector are consequently considerable. However, one wetlands, and mountains. Direct impacts from flooding of the main obstacles to accessing climate financing include surges of pollution through flooded on-site facil- is demonstrating GHG reduction at the scale required ities and from drainage systems which are also com- to tap into global climate financing markets. A model monly used to dump waste. Flooding also increases the was developed to calculate baseline GHG emissions risk of public health outbreaks such as diarrhea, typhoid, across the sanitation service chain—for both on-site and cholera. Climate migration amplifies these public and off-site systems—for 44 settlements (in Uganda, health impacts. There could be as many as 16.6 million Kenya, and Tanzania) using the data collected through Tanzanian and 12 million Ugandan climate migrants the rapid sanitation situational analyses. Analyses of by 2050, many of whom will gravitate toward the LVB GHG emissions for settlements in Burundi and Rwanda ecosystems, accelerating the deterioration of water were not included due to lack of data at the time of the Facing a Deepening Water Quality Crisis quality and contributing to the vicious cycle of diminish- model development. Based on the 2019 IPCC Guidelines ing resources and increasing poverty and vulnerability and peer-reviewed literature (Johnson et al. 2022) 6 with the potential for conflict and violence.5 Deteriorat- the model estimated that GHG emission from these ing water quality and climate change affect the lake’s selected 44 settlements was 694,891 metric tons of CO2 functions, increasing environmental fragility and human equivalent per year (tCO2e/y)—which is below the 1 vulnerability and subsequently affecting livelihoods and MtCO2e/y reduction required to be able to access many reinforcing poverty across the basin. of the available climate funds. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 5 Groundswell Africa: Internal Climate Migration in the Lake Victoria 6 Johnson, J., Zakaria, F., Nkurunziza, A. G., Way, C., Camargo-Valero, M. A., Section 1.1 Basin Countries. & Evans, B. 2022. “Whole-System Analysis Reveals High Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Citywide Sanitation in Kampala, Uganda.” Communications Earth & Environment 3 (1): 80. __________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 A Holistic Approach to a Regional Challenge __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Since GHG emissions reductions Improving the lake’s water from sanitation are likely too quality requires a coordinated small to access the majority of regional effort. available climate funds, future interventions should be com- bined with other sectors to reach the required levels. 5 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The model identified the highest emitting settlements Addressing the drivers of declining water quality re- (Kampala and Mwanza) and that most emissions come quires a long-term, comprehensive, holistic, multi-sec- from unsafely managed sanitation, at the containment toral, multi-donor, and multi-stakeholder approach. and discharge points. The results indicate that future Such an approach will keep the community at the climate-informed interventions should focus on moving center of decision-making and solutions while leverag- populations to safely managed sanitation services and ing and coordinating public and private investments to providing improved containment solutions and aim provide integrated sanitation systems, monitor water to reduce/capture methane as the fecal waste moves quality and strengthen institutional capacity and infra- down the sanitation chain. Additionally, the work identi- structure. The Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) is fied a need for increased capacity building and techni- mandated to coordinate sustainable development and cal support in the LVB countries to help them leverage management of the LVB in the five Partner States of climate financing opportunities. Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, under the aegis of the East African Community (EAC). The LVBC has used its convening powers to bring together stake- holders in each of these countries to begin to jointly A Holistic Approach to __________________________________________________________________________ tackle the effects of pollution on the lake. a Regional Challenge There is also huge climate adap- tation potential, especially related to the impact of climate change on poorly managed, integrated sanita- tion services commonly found in all cities across the LVB. __________________________________________________________________________ The increased frequency of floods, as a result of climate change, increases the risk of damage to facilities and services and increases the volume and concentration of pollution entering the LVB during these climatic events. Section 1.2 Flooding also increases the risk of public health out- breaks such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ To achieve impact at scale, it is About half of the lake’s pollution critical to focus on select drivers, comes from human settlements while maintaining a broader and industrial activities. holistic approach. 6 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Lessons learned from the World Bank’s long-term en- Key parameters for such pollution include high bio- gagement in the LVB 7 indicate that no single program chemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus, can comprehensively address the complex transbound- pathogens, and heavy metals. The absence of safely ary drivers of the lake’s pollution. Some pollutants such managed sanitation in human settlements has a nega- as agrichemicals and sediments emanate from unsus- tive effect on the water quality of the lake. An estimated tainable farming practices in the upper catchments 33 million people living within LVB do not have access to many kilometers from the lake, while others, including improved sanitation, with all five LVB countries experi- human waste, are generated closer to the lake. Hence, encing low levels of sanitation access. None of the 110 there is a need to unpack each pollution driver and urban areas located within the LVB have comprehensive identify ways of addressing them comprehensively wastewater treatment systems and most of them re- while maintaining the higher goal of improving the lease municipal sewage and fecal waste directly into the lake’s water quality. lake. Illegal dumping of sewage, fecal, and solid waste into the LVB catchment is a common occurrence that is becoming an increasingly serious problem as human settlements continue to encroach along the shoreline, A Holistic Approach to onto wetlands, and along the LVB’s rivers. a Regional Challenge Section 1.2 ____________________________________________ 7 Through the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Program (LVEMP I and II). __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Poor sanitation negatively affects Accordingly, the Lakewide Inclu- the human capital of the already sive Sanitation (LWIS) initiative vulnerable LVB communities. has focused on improving the management of human waste in the urban settlements of the LVB. 7 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The role of sanitation in health is crucial, particularly in To better understand and address sanitation as a the context of diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and primary driver of pollution and facilitate immediate bilharzia. These health issues can lead to widespread improvements to the water quality of Lake Victoria, the public health crises, especially in vulnerable popula- World Bank’s Water Global Practice (GP) has provided tions, highlighting the critical need for improved sani- technical assistance to the LVBC and the five Partner tation services to mitigate the adverse health impacts States in building consensus around an LWIS program. of pollution and water- and excreta-related diseases Key activities included analytical work and technical in the affected regions. Data from the IHME confirms support for preparing a joint LWIS Strategy and de- that although the cases have reduced over the years, monstrative Strategic Sanitation Action Plans (SSAPs); malaria and diarrhea remain ongoing threats in the undertaking analysis on private sector participation, region and are responsible for a significant number of jobs creation, and appropriate sanitation services; ana- deaths across Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. In 2019, lyzing the impacts of current climate mitigation activities for example, almost 10% of the total number of deaths and potential for leveraging climate financing for better in these countries were caused by malaria and diarrhea managed sanitation services; and evaluating the use combined (Figure 1). of Earth Observation (EO) and remote sensing tools for A Holistic Approach to water quality monitoring. a Regional Challenge Section 1.2 figure 1 Total deaths from malaria and diarrhea across Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania (1995 to 2019) — Marlaria — Diarrhea 1995 2000 2005 9% (90,036) 10% (107,760) 8% (90,509) 8% (80,674) 7% (73,828) 6% ( 68,694) 8 1,003,499* 1,126,417 1,101,267 2010 2015 2019 A Holistic Approach to a Regional Challenge 6% (58,274) 5% (44,654) 4% (40,419) 6% (63,561) 6% (51,782) 5% (42,649) 994,915 922,336 891,290 Section 1.2 * Total number of deaths across all three countries, across all ages, and from all causes, Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 9 A Holistic Approach to a Regional Challenge Section 1.2 A clarifier at the waste water treatment plant in Eldoret, Kenya. Chapter 2 Bringing Communities and Countries 10 Together Around a Common Approach 2 Bringing Communities and Countries Together Around a Common Approach 11 Together Around a Common Approach Bringing Communities and Countries Fecal sludge is mechanically collected from an under- Chapter 2 ground containment structure using a hose pipe attached to a vacuum truck. __________________________________________________________________________ 2.1 A Participatory and Inclusive Process __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Coordinated by the LVBC and The LWIS initiative brought key supported by technical experts, stakeholders in the LVB together the Partner States have prepared in addressing sanitation challeng- a joint LWIS Strategy. es systematically and holistically at the basin level. 12 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The LWIS Strategy is anchored in the existing LVB Inte- This dialogue supported the development of a joint grated Water Resources Management (LVB-IWRM) Strat- LWIS Strategy with a common vision and commitment egy and provides a framework for joint action between to achieving universal access to sanitation for the basin the Partner States to reduce the impact of human waste communities, thus reducing the lake’s pollution through on the lake’s water quality and coordinate with, and con- a lakewide approach. tribute to, lakewide efforts to improve and maintain the environmental health and productivity of Lake Victoria. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The LWIS Strategy is aimed at The LWIS Strategy was developed bringing about tangible improve- jointly by the LVBC and a Techni- ments to sanitation in the five cal Working Group (TWG) made A Participatory and Inclusive Process Partner States of the LVB. up of nominated representatives of the five Partner States. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The strategy recognizes that substantial progress can only This created a sense of ownership and urgency to re- be made through concerted effort by stakeholders at spond to the challenge of sanitation pollution. The World the regional, national, and local levels and highlights the Bank Water team provided technical support to the TWG, importance of improved stakeholder engagement and and financing was provided by the World Bank Region- coordination as a key focus area for improvement. Since al Integration Unit and the Korean Green Growth Trust the LVB is shared by five countries and subnational juris- Fund (KGGTF). Stakeholders involved in the planning and dictions, all of which are directly affected by deteriorating delivery of sanitation services in each of the Partner States water quality caused by the discharge of human waste developed a preliminary strategic framework for the LWIS into the lake, the organizing principle of the LWIS Strategy Strategy in December 2022. A draft strategy was devel- is the development of a framework for the Partner States oped in consultation with key stakeholders, in an iterative Section 2.1 to work together to protect a common resource. process that incorporated feedback from these parties at every stage and was finalized in June 2023. __________________________________________________________________________ 2.2 Defining the Needs: Rapid Assessments __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The Partner States have shown Part of the work leading up to the strong commitment to the imple- development of the LWIS Strategy mentation of the LWIS Strategy. involved rapid sanitation situation- al analyses in 57 urban settlements across Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. 13 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The 22nd Sectoral Council of Ministers for LVB (SEC- The analyses provided an understanding of the sani- OM) held in Kisumu, Kenya, from February 5 to 9, tation situation in various typologies of urban areas in 2024, adopted the LVB-LWIS Strategy and directed the LVB. The findings from these analyses supported the the LVBC Secretariat to coordinate with the Partner development of the SSAPs and provided insights into States in seeking funding for a potential regional the magnitude of the sanitation needs in the basin by lakewide sanitation program. describing the service levels across the sanitation chain in each of the settlements. __________________________________________________________________________ The implementation of this strategy will provide urban settlements around the lake with the vision and Defining the Needs: Rapid Assessments tools to support the delivery of safely managed sanitation services to all. __________________________________________________________________________ The LWIS Strategy is conceived to reduce the pollution that enters the watershed and the lake itself, and con- tribute to the safe management of wastewater and fecal sludge (FS) generated in these settlements, thus reducing the impact of human waste on Lake Victoria. In addi- tion, the tools and financing generated to support the expansion of safely managed sanitation will also benefit urban settlements, beyond those on or close to the lake, located in the upper reaches of the LVB and across the Section 2.2 five Partner States. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Across the basin, only about 2.1 The analyses showed that the con- percent of the population have tainment component (Figure 2) of access to sewerage services; the sanitation chain is most critical- the rest of the basin population ly in need of sanitation investment rely on non-sewered sanitation across the LVB settlements. (NSS) services. 14 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ These NSS services are on-site sanitation facilities, of A typical investment in containment would involve facil- which 62.5 percent are unimproved, comprising mainly itating the construction of improved sanitation facilities unlined pit latrines and those without adequate su- such as lined pits, which are easy to empty by mecha- perstructures. Additionally, an estimated 1.9 percent of nized means. The alternative would require building the the LVB population lack access to a sanitation facility; capacity of informal sanitation workers to begin to bring presumably open defecation is practiced by this segment waste to the treatment facilities. Such an initiative would (Table 2). While 64.7 percent of the LVB population have be key to unlocking the rest of the sanitation markets access to mechanized FS emptying and transport (E&T) across the service chain, given that a considerable services owing to vibrant private sector activity, most of number of investments have already been made over the existing treatment facilities continue to operate under the last decade in FS emptying/transport and treatment their designed capacity. This is mainly due to the lack of across the basin. sludge collection from within the settlements due to the prevalence of unimproved sanitation facilities, which are difficult to empty by mechanized means. When emp- tied by manual pit emptiers (MPEs), the waste does not reach treatment facilities due to the informal nature and limited capacity of the MPEs. As a result, only 24 percent of the FS generated is safely managed, while 76 percent Defining the Needs: Rapid Assessments remains unsafely managed. Section 2.2 table 2 / Summary of access to sanitation services in the LVB Sanitation service Level of access (%) Population Overall Sewered sanitation 2.1 993,875 NSS 97.5 46,333,511 Containment Population with access to improved sanitation 33.5 15,854,674 15 Population on unimproved sanitation 62.5 29,579,616 Population without access to a sanitation facility 1.9 899,220 E&T Population with access to FS E&T 64.7 30,620,819 Population without access to FS E&T 35.3 16,706,567 Treatment Population with access to FS treatment 34.1 16,138,639 Population without access to FS treatment 65.9 31,188,748 Defining the Needs: Rapid Assessments figure 2 / Examples of poor fecal sludge containment facilities in the LVB, which are unlined and un-emptiable Section 2.2 Source: World Bank __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Beyond infrastructural gaps, O&M costs constitute a critical significant deficiencies also part of financing required to exist in the software compo- sustain sanitation investments nents of sanitation. in the LVB. 16 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Two key examples of this are (a) a lack of robust plan- Across the basin, many existing sanitation investments ning processes that include development of master experience suboptimal functionality due to inadequate plans such as citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) plans, O&M. This includes grounded exhauster trucks with which not only affect where investments are to focus mechanical issues and wastewater treatment plants with across the sanitation chain but also limit private sector overgrown vegetation (Figure 3). For most utilities, user engagements, and (b) a lack of institutional capaci- fees for sanitation services partially cover the O&M costs, ty—human and financial—at both the utility and local but not at optimal levels. Even with low-cost technologies, government levels, which hamper operation and main- the annualized estimated O&M costs of US$7 per capita tenance (O&M) and thereby service delivery. remain significant for fecal sludge management (FSM) stakeholders in low-income countries.8 For the LVB, this equates to at least US$140,000 per year for small towns, US$350,000 for medium towns, and US$3,500,000 for large towns, with these costs needing to be spread among households, private service providers, and the utility. Defining the Needs: figure 3 / Examples of sanitation investments in the LVB not operational due to inadequate O&M Rapid Assessments Section 2.2 Source: World Bank ____________________________________________ 8 Dodane, P. H., M. Mbéguéré, O. Sow, and L. Strande. 2012. “Capital and Operating Costs of Full-Scale Fecal Sludge Management and Wastewater Treatment Systems in Dakar, Senegal.” Environmental science & technology 46 (7): 3705–3711. 17 Defining the Needs: Rapid Assessments Section 2.2 A primary pond at the waste water treatment plant in Kisii, Kenya Chapter 3 The LWIS Strategy: A Roadmap 18 for Effective Lakewide Sanitation 3 The LWIS Strategy: A Roadmap for Effective Lakewide Sanitation 19 for Effective Lakewide Sanitation The LWIS Strategy: A Roadmap Chapter 3 A facultative pond at the waste water treatment plant in Kisii, Kenya __________________________________________________________________________ 3.1 A Principles-Based Approach __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The concept of LWIS builds The strategy—made up of four on the principles of CWIS. components—provides an umbrel- la for joint working on LWIS in the LVB, and includes actions at the regional, national, and local levels. 20 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ CWIS planning, as defined by the World Bank and Regional partners in their Call to Action and presented in Table At the regional level, the Partner States will work together 3, seeks to ensure the provision of sanitation services to negotiate with development partners to obtain funding to everybody living in an urban settlement. These for sanitation improvement projects across the basin. The include people living in a town or city, encompassing LVBC will become the focal point for sharing knowledge unplanned, informal, and peri-urban areas. At the city and learning about good practice for sanitation service level, a mandated organization, usually the municipal provision in the region. government or water and sanitation utility, is responsi- ble for CWIS planning and plan implementation. CWIS National also addresses safe management of human waste At the national level, ministries involved in sanitation along the whole sanitation service chain as demonstrat- will work together to design and operationalize funding ed in Figure 4. In addressing the realities of the urban mechanisms for sanitation and other related investments settlements within the LVB, this LWIS concept has been and for facilitating ongoing O&M costs for local service broadened to cover ‘integrated environmental sani- delivery. They will also work together to continue to devel- tation’—which includes wastewater, fecal waste, solid A Principles-Based Approach op the policy, institutional, and regulatory frameworks for waste, and storm water. sanitation, in line with LWIS principles and as guided by the African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) Sanita- tion Policy Guidelines. Local At the local level, the mandated service provider will establish a sanitation task force to coordinate with other stakeholders involved in the planning, provision, monitoring, and evaluation of services. These actors will work together to develop and implement local sanitation plans. They will also develop mechanisms whereby both the private sector and the public are able to contribute to the development and monitor the implementation of these local sanitation plans. For details on the four components that make up the LWIS Strategy, please see Table 4. Section 3.1 table 3 Ten Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) principles Equity Safe Integrated Clear Holistic management mandates approach 21 Everybody benefits Human waste is safely Allow for integrated Responsibilities and Comprehensive ap- from adequate sani- managed along the planning, design, and service provision proaches to sanitation tation service delivery whole sanitation ser- service provision. mandates are clearly improvements are outcomes. vice chain. defined to address used with long-term fragmentation and planning, technical in- maximize economies novation, institutional of scale while provid- reforms, and financial ing customer-orient- mobilization. ed services. A Principles-Based Approach Political will, Empowerment Inclusion Comprehensive Effective and leadership, appropriate and funding capacity building Countries will need to Emphasize changing Targeted financial Ensure all gaps of the Bolster the robust- demonstrate political and sustaining behav- and non-financial different market seg- ness of institutions will and technical and iors by empowering measures to support ments are filled. through capacity managerial leadership communities and en- the poor and vulner- building of staff. and manage new gaging multiple stake- able. and creative ways of holders across different funding sanitation. sectors affected by sanitation outcomes. Section 3.1 figure 4 Sanitation Service Chain 22 Sludge Reuse Wastewater Reuse Non-Sewered Containment Structure Sewer Line A Principles-Based Approach 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Capture Containment Emptying and Treatment Safe Reuse Outcomes Transport or Disposal Access to, and use Fecal sludge/sep- Fecal sludge/sep- Organic material, Resource recovery When waste is used of, a functioning tage and greywater tage is hygienically pathogens and nu- and disposal. safely and responsi- and hygienic are safely contained removed and safely trients in the waste bly, valuable water, sewered toilet or in an underground transported for are removed/ nutrients, and energy onsite toilet. structure; effluent treatment. Alterna- reduced at the can be returned to discharges to a tively, a sewer line treatment facility. the circular economy. soakaway. conveys wastewater directly to the treat- ment facility. Section 3.1 table 4 Four components of the LWIS Strategy 1 2 Regional Cooperation Enabling and Coordination  Environment  __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 23 » Establish an effective regional cooperation mecha- » Establish a comprehensive enabling environment to nism to develop and implement the LWIS Strategy. reform the sanitation subsector and achieve safely » Establish a joint monitoring framework to measure managed sanitation for all. improvements in sanitation in the urban settlements » Mobilize finance to support sanitation improvements around the lake. in the LVB. » Develop a regional knowledge-sharing and capaci- » Establish a national commitment to support sanita- ty-building mechanism in collaboration with region- tion investment and O&M. al research and academic institutions. A Principles-Based Approach 3 4 Integration Sanitation and Inclusion  Economy __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ » Adopt and mainstream LWIS planning and service » Enable mandated service planners and providers to delivery in human settlements around the lake. work in partnership with other stakeholders to devel- » Promote integrated sanitation services: fecal waste/ op sustainable innovative service delivery models wastewater, solid waste, and drainage. and businesses. » Promote community-led focus and initiatives to » Invest in innovative and diverse technological solutions ensure affected communities are engaged in the for the containment, collection and transportation, design of the solutions. treatment, disposal, and reuse of domestic and com- mercial wastewater and FS. Section 3.1 _____________________________________ 3.2 Implementation at the Local Level: Strategic Sanitation Action Plans __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The LWIS Strategy is implemented SSAPs have been developed for through SSAPs at the local or mu- three demonstration areas select- nicipal level, by local government ed to represent different types of stakeholders and with national urban settlements across the LVB. government support. 24 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The SSAPs are designed to reduce the impact of poor The settlements were chosen to represent the three sanitation on selected urban settlements and on the wa- riparian countries of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda ter quality of Lake Victoria; expand access to safely man- and for their respective impacts on the lake, settlement aged sanitation services in selected urban settlements; diversity, maturity in sanitation service provision, and and demonstrate to similar urban centers in the LVB how institutional setup. A deep dive into settlements of interventions informed by CWIS principles can achieve different typologies enables proven approaches to be equitable sanitation for all. scaled across similar settlements throughout the LVB. Implementation at the Local Level: Strategic Sanitation Action Plans Section 3.2 A primary pond at the A primary pond at the waste water treatment waste water treatment plant in Eldoret, Kenya plant in Busia, Kenya figure 5 Twelve short-listed urban settlements identified through the MCDA method 100 km Jinja Kampala Entebbe 25 Bondo Kisumu Homa Bay U G A NDA K E NY A Bukoba TA NZ A NI A Musoma Bunda Nansio Implementation at the Local Level: Strategic Sanitation Action Plans Mwanza Chato Source: World Bank Three final urban settlements Entebbe Homa Bay Mwanza The following three cities, Entebbe, Uganda is a medi- Homa Bay, is a small town Mwanza, Tanzania is a large located in Uganda, Kenya, um-sized city with the high- in Kenya offering the possi- city with numerous planned and Tanzania respectively, est growth rate amongst the bility of developing a clus- investments in the pipeline. represent the final demon- entire sample over the last ter approach to small-town The city has the potential to stration areas selected ten years. sanitation service deliv- exhibit how past and future through the MCDA method, ery with the inclusion of investments can be optimized Section 3.2 and the different types of peri-urban settlements and to bring about a significant urban settlements found nearby smaller settlements improvement to sanitation. across the LVB. to achieve a viable scale. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ A three-step methodology was Feedback from stakeholders in- employed to select the final volved in the planning and provision three demonstration areas. of sanitation and related services was used in the development of SSAPs for each of the settlements. 26 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 The draft SSAPs were presented to national stakeholders A long list of all urban settlements located within 100 in May and June 2023; the final SSAPs incorporate the km of the Lake Victoria shoreline was created. A total feedback obtained during these meetings. Lessons drawn of 88 settlements were identified. from this process on expanding the LWIS approach in the LVB will also be used to inform future sanitation Step 2 investments in the basin. While every settlement in each of the typologies will require a different approach, This list was narrowed down even further after identify- according to its specific conditions and the current ing only those settlements with a population size greater level of sanitation services present, all SSAPs for urban than 20,000 inhabitants. A total of 12 potential demon- settlements in the LVB would include, at a minimum, the stration areas were selected (Figure 5). components summarized in Table 7. The components of the SSAPs are aligned with those of the LWIS Strategy, Implementation at the Local Level: Step 3 Strategic Sanitation Action Plans although the focus of Component 1 of the SSAPs is about A questionnaire was distributed to the 12 short-listed set- local accountability rather than regional coordination. tlements to collect basic sanitation information, including information on demographics; the sanitation landscape; and the settlement’s policy, institutional, and regula- tory (PIR) framework. A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method was used to rank the 12 short-listed ur- ban settlements based on criteria (Table 5) that indicate the maturity of the settlement with regard to sanitation service provision. The results of the MCDA are summa- rized in Table 6. Note: Kampala is well advanced on its inclusive sanita- tion journey and is already demonstrating the benefits of this approach to its neighbors in the LVB. It was decided that the demonstration areas should instead be settle- ments with low or medium maturity, and where the ben- efits of a LWIS approach have yet to be fully established. For these reasons, Kampala was not selected. Instead, the final three demonstration areas were Entebbe, Homa Bay and Mwanza. Section 3.2 table 5 / Key criteria, scoring, and justifications used for selection of demonstration areas Item Key criteria Score (100) Justifications A Functioning 30 Clearly mandated sanitation authority with functioning organi- utility/municipal zational structure and resources. This includes fully staffed de- organization partment, a separate budget line for sanitation, and a sanitation bylaw that provides the legal basis for sanitation interventions. B Existing Private 20 Active engagement and participation of the private sector with Service Providers well-regulated licensing regime that dictates standard operating 27 (PSPs) in sanitation procedures (SOPs) for (sewered and non-sewered) sanitation service provision. C Planning frame- 15 Up-to-date and detailed baseline data on the existing sanitation work for sanitation situation of the settlement. D Potential for 15 Past investments have only been partially successful in improving ‘unlocking’ existing/ sewered and non-sewered sanitation in the LVB. Existing/planned planned capex infrastructure provides an opportunity to improve operations and harness infrastructure more effectively to contribute to LWIS. E Population growth 20 African small and medium towns are among the fastest growing in the world but have received only limited investment. Settle- Implementation at the Local Level: Strategic Sanitation Action Plans ments with high growth rates are prioritized in the strategy. table 6 / Classification of short-listed settlements according to prioritization criteria Level of maturity Small town type I Urban center type I Urban center type II Advanced (Over 75) Kampala...................86.5 Medium (50 to 74.99) Homa Bay......................50.1 Kisumu........................64.3 Entebbe.........................64.0 Nansio........................53.8 Low (0 to 49.99) Chato...........................43.0 Bunda..........................33.2 Mwanza.......................49.9 Musoma.......................22.4 Jinja...............................35.6 Section 3.2 Bukoba........................24.7 Bondo..........................40.7 table 7 / Components of the SSAPs Item Key criteria Justifications Component 1 Local • Improve monitoring by and accountability of local institutions. Accountability • Activate a multi-stakeholder platform to improve accountability. Framework • Encourage public participation in monitoring and accountability. Component 2 Enabling • Develop PIR framework at the local level. 28 Environment • Improve compliance monitoring and enforcement by local government. • Improve coordination between actors by forming a sanitation taskforce. • Increase budget allocation to sanitation at the local level. • Establish dedicated sanitation units within utility/municipal government. • Improve operational efficiency of utilities. • Establish baseline analysis and data management system. Component 3 Integration • Zone sanitation service delivery areas with mix of technological solutions. and Inclusion • Increase investment to improve safely managed sanitation coverage using pro-poor approaches. • Improve sanitation in schools and public places. • Improve solid waste collection, treatment, and disposal. • Develop and implement Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Implementation at the Local Level: Component 4 Sanitation • Private sector support to standardized toilet construction. Strategic Sanitation Action Plans Economy • Develop and advocate minimum standards for low-cost, watertight, and emptiable on-site sanitation facilities. • Create demand for safely managed sanitation. • Promote citywide E&T and solid waste management (SWM) services. • Establish licensing regimes, PPE requirements, etc, at the local level. • Support formalization of MPEs and E&T operators to accommodate citywide sanitation service delivery. • Invest in innovative and diverse technological solutions for the contain ment, collection and transportation, treatment, disposal, and reuse of domestic and commercial wastewater and FS. Section 3.2 __________________________________________________________________________ 3.3 Measuring the Impact __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Several key lessons can be taken The successful implementation of from the work to develop the the LWIS Strategy and the impact of SSAPs in the three demonstra- proposed interventions in the SSAPs tion areas. will be assessed through their impact on the lake’s water quality. 29 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ » Implementing LWIS requires the sanitation mandate To refine the design, implementation, and management holders to implement extensive change management of sanitation systems in the basin on an ongoing basis, processes. The time and resources required to suc- it is important to continue building the knowledge and cessfully take on LWIS planning, and implementation understanding of the lake’s water quality. To this end, EO should be provided for in the SSAP. technology is being deployed, providing spatial coverage and frequent observations and offering valuable insights » Strengthening utilities through significant and ongo- into water quality monitoring in Lake Victoria. EO not ing technical assistance programs which support the only offers a comprehensive and cost-effective method development of sanitation services and improved to evaluate the quality of large water bodies, providing O&M and cost recovery for existing water supply and insights into areas that are otherwise difficult to access, sanitation services will be a key element of the SSAP. but also conducts frequent and systematic monitoring, » Technical and financial resources to support market enabling the timely detection of changes and the swift development and incentivize service uptake are key response to environmental threats, aligning with the elements of an SSAP. LWIS objectives.9 » The recognition and formalization of informal E&T jobs Measuring the Impact is a key function of the SSAP, creating more dignified employment opportunities where workers benefit from greater recognition, improved working conditions, increased income, and greater job security. » Analyzing water supply, SWM, and drainage alongside sanitation allows for the identification of critical bottle- necks where the poor performance of these basic ser- vices affects the quality of sanitation service provision. » For smaller settlements, a clustering approach to infra- structure and service provision offers the opportunity to increase service coverage and maximizes econo- mies of scale. ____________________________________________ 9 This report does not provide details on comparison of costs between EO and tradi- tional methods of water quality monitoring. Costs for the latter include equipment and personnel, while on the satellite service side, expenses are related to setup and Section 3.3 data processing. Generally, EO methods may have higher initial costs but can offer long-term cost savings due to their ability to continuously cover large areas. Tradi- tional methods may have lower initial costs, but typically require more manpower and resources for fieldwork and data collection, especially in large or remote areas. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ EO complements traditional in EO complements tradi- situ water quality monitoring tional in situ water quality methods. monitoring methods 30 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ While EO techniques enhance traditional methods by quality changes, measure their impact on the lake’s providing extensive spatial and temporal coverage, ecosystem health, and identify hotspots of low water including where ground-based measurements are un- quality to enhance the water quality through effective available, it is still beneficial to validate satellite-derived and localized water management strategies. However, data with ground measurements. EO facilitates early EO techniques have some limitations, such as accurate- identification of environmental changes by detecting ly measuring water quality as depth increases and the key parameters such as turbidity, chlorophyll-a, and impact of cloud cover which can obscure observations potentially harmful algal blooms (Figure 6). Further- and reduce reliability during cloudy periods. Thus, in more, EO technology plays a crucial role in identifying situ validation can increase the confidence in the data and understanding water quality change drivers and obtained from EO techniques. Water quality change monitoring the impact of water management infra- drivers and hotspots interact in complex ways, influenc- structure projects. Various drivers, including climatic ing the lake’s ecosystem health and water quality and and anthropogenic factors such as increased precipita- directly affecting the livelihoods and well-being of the tion or urbanization, are considered to assess water communities reliant on the lake’s resources. Measuring the Impact figure 6 / Parameters for water quality monitoring possible with EO Harmful Chlorophyll Various other Floating Water algae blooms concentration EO parameters vegetation turbidity Indicates the pres- Indicates the Water surface Detecting floating Clarity or non- ence of cyanobac- extent and intensity temperatures vegetation and clarity of water. teria which can of algae blooms their spatial extent. Secchi depth Indicates algae produce toxins. and eutrophication or sediments in (See Figure 7). Chromophoric Toxins themselves the water. dissolved organic are not detected. matter (CDOM) Section 3.3 Source: Global Development Assistance (GDA) Water Resources 31 Measuring the Impact Section 3.3 Trickling filters and ponds at the waste water treatment plant in Eldoret, Kenya. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The EO initiative is being EO complements tradi- developed in three cycles: tional in situ water quality monitoring methods 32 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 1 3 First Cycle: Completed Third Cycle: Future Outlook The initial phase of the initiative involved establishing The third cycle will focus on advanced water quality regular biweekly meetings with the LVBC to ensure change analysis, building upon the insights gained from ongoing collaboration and communication. This previous phases. This will involve the implementation of also involved collecting data and processing coarse analytical techniques to further understand trends and resolution EO datasets (300–1,000 m), focusing on patterns in water quality across the LVB. Additionally, gathering relevant datasets from various sources. Initial there are plans to develop technical interfaces at the findings from three regions of interest (Murchison Bay, LVBC to facilitate the dissemination of the findings. The Mwanza Gulf, and Winam Gulf) within the LVB laid the result of this support will be for the LVBC and the Partner groundwork for further investigation. States to make more informed decisions on interventions Measuring the Impact required for reducing pollution and monitoring their impact once implemented. 2 Second Cycle: Currently Running The second cycle involves the implementation of hotspot identification techniques to pinpoint areas of low water quality within the basin. Figure 7 shows the results of the implemented hotspot identification, demonstrating high chlorophyll concentration hotspots, especially in bays and close to river estuaries. Additionally, high-resolution EO datasets (20 m resolution) in selected regions were processed to gain deeper insights into water quality dynamics. Concurrently, data on potential drivers of water quality changes, including anthropogenic activ- Section 3.3 ities (urbanization) and environmental factors (climatic datasets), are collected. figure 7 High chlorophyll hotspots around Lake Victoria’s bays and estuaries Chlorophyll concentration levels: — 0 ug/L — 60 ug/L — 120 ug/L 33 Measuring the Impact Section 3.2 Source: Global Development Assistance (GDA) Source: Water Global Resources Assistance (GDA) Water Resources Development Chapter 4 Growing a Sustainable 34 Sanitation Economy 4 Growing a Sustainable Sanitation Economy 35 Improved sanitation in the LVB will have ma- jor regional impacts beyond a cleaner lake. The application of the LWIS approach to san- itation planning and service delivery provides the opportunity for positive impact in the crit- ical areas of private sector participation and job creation, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and the circular economy. Growing a Sustainable Sanitation Economy Formalized sanitation work- ers in the city of Burkina Faso benefit from greater recog- Chapter 4 nition, improved working conditions, increased income, and greater job security. 4.1 Private Sector Participation and Job Creation __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Improved sanitation in the LBV Analysis of private sector involve- will have major regional im- ment in sanitation in the LVB pacts beyond a cleaner lake. identified various opportunities for the promotion of economic activity around this critical sector. 36 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The application of the LWIS approach to sanitation The potential scalability of each small and medium planning and service delivery provides the opportunity enterprise (SME) Service Delivery Model was determined for positive impact in the critical areas of private sector by the following criteria (see also Table 8): participation and job creation, climate change adapta- » Market size tion and mitigation, and the circular economy. » Market attainability » Potential SME availability » Proven scalability » Job creation potential » Role in circular economy creation The SME-driven service delivery models with the great- est potential to scale in the LVB are indicated below (see also Table 9): Private Sector Participation » Household-level containment » Public toilets and Job Creation » School containment » Formalized pit latrine emptying » Exhauster services Section 4.1 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The potential for SME job creation Some key activities enable is estimated at around 69,000 the scaling of SME models jobs over a 10-year period. and maximize job creation. 10 37 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The opportunities—both permanent and temporary— These may be categorized as follows: primarily exist in NSS services which are predominant in both urban and rural settlements of the LVB. This is also Sector knowledge, Business where the greatest service delivery deficit is. About 21 learning, and development percent of jobs will come from containment construc- coordination support tion and upgrading, 50 percent from E&T services, and ____________________________ _____________________________ 29 percent from treatment and reuse. Sanitation job Creating opportunities Providing targeted creation often stems from the decision to professionalize for enhanced knowledge support to SMEs. and formalize existing service providers. This process and learning between can force part-time informal sanitation workers out of LVB stakeholders the sanitation market, with a net reduction in jobs. How- (including SMEs). ever, formalized workers benefit from greater recogni- tion, improved working conditions, increased income, Enabling and greater job security. environment Finance Private Sector Participation _____________________________ ____________________­­­­­­­­­_________ Providing the political, Identifying resources regulatory, and policy to facilitate market and Job Creation support to promote and development and boost SME growth. consolidation. ___________________________________________ Section 4.1 10 For details of the assumptions used to calculate job creation potential, please refer to LVBC. 2023. Opportunities and Challenges for Promoting Private Sector Engage- ment and Job Creation in Sanitation. table 8 / SME service delivery model scalability Potential Job creation Role in circu- Market Market SME Proven potential lar economy size attainability availability scalability (per 500,00) creation Potential to Customers are not Extremely Model is not Potential Does not affect less than willing to pay for this limited SMEs well provided to create contribute 10% of the product/service in this space in the LVB or < 20 jobs to circular population elsewhere economy 38 Potential to Customers are Primarily in- Case studies Potential Indirectly affect between willing to pay for formal or a of sustainable to create contributes 10–30% of the product/service but limited number operation 20–50 jobs to circular population not enough to cover of businesses elsewhere economy the costs of provision in this space Potential to Customers already Multiple Case studies Potential Directly affect 30% or have a habit of SME actors of sustainable to create contributes more of the paying full price for available in operation in 50+ jobs to circular population this product/service this space the LVB economy Source: World Bank __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Across the LVB, it is recognized Sanitation SMEs require market Private Sector Participation that the private sector is a key structuring and finance from the source of financial and human public sector to achieve scale. and Job Creation resources for public service deliv- ery and the creation of a viable sanitation economy. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ There is increasing emphasis on the formation of pub- Most rely almost exclusively on government vision lic-private partnerships (PPPs) to support the delivery of and financing to serve the market at scale, due to the public projects and programs. The provision of water limited ability of communities to pay for these services. and sanitation services has traditionally been the man- Large-scale structural initiatives from the government date of public entities, but the recognition of the poten- are required to start and sustain these markets through tial role the private sector can play in service delivery has PPPs. The PPPs will take different forms across the ser- led governments to make provisions to encourage their vice delivery chain. Further research is required to detail participation in this sector. Nevertheless, while all coun- the potential approaches to PPPs and their financing tries have strategies or regulatory instruments dealing across the LVB. with PPPs and SMEs, none of the LVB Partner States have Section 4.1 developed national-level policies designed to promote the private sector in sanitation service provision. table 9 / Summary of scalability of SME service delivery models Potential Job Role in circu- Market Market SME Proven creation lar economy Models size attainability availability scalability potential creation Containment Household containment 39 Public/communal containment School/Health Care Facilities (HCFs) containment Emptying + transport Pit latrine emptying Exhauster emptying Sewerage Private Sector Participation Sewer management Treatment + reuse and Job Creation Treatment operators Reuse products Finance Financial service providers Full chain solutions Container-Based sanitation Section 4.1 Source: World Bank 4.2 Appropriate, Effective, and Affordable Sanitation Technology __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ External partners such as nongov- The successful execution of a lake- ernmental organizations (NGOs) wide sanitation strategy depends often play a leading role in creat- on technology that is fit for pur- ing sanitation markets and coor- pose and affordable for the coun- dinating the key stakeholders. tries and communities it serves. 40 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ NGOs can serve as key stimulators in the experimentation In order to identify such technologies, key gaps in tech- stage of market creation for sanitation, since they often nology from across the region have been identified for have more freedom to trial and experiment with models the different critical functions including containment, E&T, to optimize solutions and can dedicate themselves wholly conveyance, treatment, reuse, and menstrual hygiene. to achievement of a project objective such as building Technologies were identified that would address these toilets. However, these ‘project-based’ initiatives often fail gaps; examples of these are presented in Table 10, along to scale further once project funds run out. Concentrated with some specific solutions or providers for each of the effort must be made to transition NGO projects to gov- settlement types. ernment-led initiatives, ideally being embedded within government structures from inception. __________________________________________________________________________ Private Sector Participation A holistic market development and Job Creation approach is required to create sustainable sanitation markets. __________________________________________________________________________ A significant level of stakeholder coordination is re- quired to drive the involvement of NGOs and sanitation SMEs in the service delivery chain, from business devel- opment support and financing to sector knowledge and coordination and the creation of an enabling environ- ment. Political will, leadership, and prioritizing sanitation with the necessary funds are all required to create vi- Section 4.2 brant and viable sanitation markets for all stakeholders. A Success Story: Fresh Life 41 Private sector engagement and job creation in sanitation Fresh Life, a sanitation SME, operates within the frame- system impact, such as in sectors related to the produc- Affordable Sanitation Technology work of The Sanergy Collaborative, an alliance of part- tion of recyclable waste products. Fresh Life’s workforce ners dedicated to developing and scaling safe sanitation is dependent on the growth of its toilet network. As Fresh Appropriate, Effective, and systems using a circular economy model. Fresh Life plays Life expands its toilet network, the need for manufactur- a pivotal role in transforming urban waste management ing, installation, maintenance, and waste management by delivering sustainable sanitation solutions, particu- personnel grows, directly linking workforce growth to the larly in non-sewered urban slums. Fresh Life’s compre- expansion of sanitation facilities. As urban areas devel- hensive approach to sanitation management includes op and sanitation improves, there is a broader economic waste containment, service provision, waste collection stimulation that can lead to new business opportunities and transportation, and waste treatment and reuse. and jobs in related industries. As Fresh Life continues to expand its operations, there By partnering with urban and local governments, Fresh is significant potential for job creation in the sanitation Life helps address critical infrastructure challenges linked sector, from manufacturing to waste processing, contrib- to sanitation. This collaboration can lead to enhanced uting to the local economy and workforce development. urban planning and infrastructure development, paving A total of 1,023 jobs were created in Kisumu by March the way for healthier and more sustainable cities. Such 2024; the projection for 2026 is 1,254 jobs. Direct em- initiatives also align with and support various Sustain- ployment opportunities include jobs in manufacturing, able Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those relat- installation, maintenance, waste collection, and process- ed to sanitation, health, sustainable cities, and responsi- ing. Indirect employment arises from the broader eco ble consumption and production. Section 4.2 Source: Lindsay Stradley, Fresh Life table 10 Technology selection for the LVB demonstration areas 1. Entebbe 2. Homa Bay 3. Mwanza Containment Compound/shared Modular Modular Modular block latrines, toilet models block latrines block latrines Container-based sanitation Serviced-based school Biogas Biogas Biogas 42 sanitation model latrines latrines latrines Emptying + transport Thick sludge PuPu pump PuPu pump PuPu pump, PitVaq emptying equipment (for dense areas) Conveyance Communal septic tanks Shared septic tank in lieu Shared septic tank in lieu of sewer connection of sewer connection Solar pumping stations Either at the household or Either at the household or Either at the household or city level to decrease the city level to decrease the city level to decrease the financial burden of exist- financial burden of exist- financial burden of exist- Affordable Sanitation Technology ing pumping networks ing pumping networks ing pumping networks Appropriate, Effective, and Treatment Treatment at wastewater Receiving bay for Receiving bay for Receiving bay for treatment plants FS with settling tank FS with settling tank FS with settling tank FS treatment plants • Decentralized • Decentralized • Decentralized treatment facility treatment facility treatment facility • Sistema.bio Fecal • Decentralized waste- Sludge Treatment Unit water treatment (for satellite towns) systems Reuse Decentralized (low-volume) Black soldier fly (BSF) Black soldier fly (BSF) Black soldier fly (BSF) combined approaches to incorporating locally incorporating locally incorporating locally reuse product generation available organic waste available organic waste available organic waste Menstrual waste mgmt. Section 4.2 School and institutional School incinerators School incinerators School incinerators Menstrual Waste Mgmt. (MWM) models ______________________________________________ 4.3 A Circular Economy of Sanitation __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ In each case, the local context The scaling of SME models and shapes the operational and the generation of sustainable financial capacity of a given employment create the poten- technology to affect the identi- tial for a circular economy of fied technical gaps. sanitation in the LVB. 43 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ This does not detract from the importance of a However, several obstacles prevent these jobs being gen- regional approach; there remains a strong need for erated in practice: (a) the high proportion of unimproved a coordinating mechanism in the LVB that pioneers sanitation facilities which cannot be emptied, preventing work on the following: the waste within them being transported and processed in a treatment plant; (b) the lack of affordability of formal » Research and learning on sanitation product and E&T services for a large proportion of the urban popu- service model development lation; and (c) the lack of development of appropriate » Improved knowledge sharing on sanitation technolo markets for reuse products. Thus, during the execution of gies and service delivery models across the LVB the LWIS Strategy and SSAPs, there should be clear focus » Market development and financing for sanitation on improving containment and E&T services and ensuring service delivery that the delivery of wastewater/septage and FS to waste- water and FS treatment facilities is safely managed. As the amount of waste arriving at treatment plants increas- es, market potential for reusing waste products should be A Circular Economy of Sanitation explored in more detail and efforts to develop demand for these products should be increased. __________________________________________________________________________ This initiative should be led by the LVBC with support from consultants and academia. __________________________________________________________________________ It is important that such an initiative builds on existing efforts across these thematic areas already in operation in the member states and addresses the key needs priori- tized by its members. Section 4.3 __________________________________________________________________________ 4.4 Climate Financing for Mitigation and Adaptation __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ LWIS projects in the LVB show Funds that target adaptation excellent potential for positive finance or support cross-cutting impact in climate mitigation and programs are a promising source adaptation but are hampered of additional finance for the sani- by a lack of funding. tation sector in LVB countries. 44 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The sanitation sector in the LVB region receives only Notably, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Global 4 percent of official development assistance in the Environmental Facility (GEF) seem best positioned to ad- region. A comprehensive review of climate finance dress the specific needs of the LVB countries to imple- for the sanitation sector in the region analyzed both ment an LWIS program. They both have a track record new and existing types of financing, including climate of co-financing investments in the sanitation sector, are finance, green finance, and blue finance from public flexible, and allow the allocation of funds for adapta- and blended finance mechanisms as shown in Figure 8. tion and mitigation interventions, in addition to sup- Public climate finance offers the best opportunities to porting project preparation and interventions. Smaller channel additional financing to the sanitation sector in funds, such as the Dutch Fund for Climate and Develop- LVB countries, although some blended financing mech- ment, or the African Water Facility, may also co-finance anisms have proved successful in mobilizing private or complement an LWIS program. Finance would be sector investment. provided for (a) project preparation, (b) capacity build- ing and technical assistance, and/or (c) the initial invest- ment or operating costs of the program, depending on the focus of the respective facilities. Mitigation and Adaptation Climate Financing for __________________________________________________________________________ A GHG accounting model was developed to calculate the GHG emissions from the existing sanita- tion service chain across the LVB. __________________________________________________________________________ The aim of the model was to demonstrate the current level of GHG emissions, help inform the design of future projects to be more climate mitigation informed, and establish if the potential cumulative emission reduction Section 4.4 volume would be at the level required to access climate financing. The category of emissions used and cumulative model outputs are shown in Table 11 and Figure 9. figure 8 / Potential financing sources categorized according to suitability for LVB countries and areas covered* Areas covered All activities 45 Investments in infrastructure Technical assistance and capacity building Project preparation and technical assistance Mitigation and Adaptation Project preparation Climate Financing for Low suitability High suitability *Circle size represents the average amount of project funding available through each facility. Cross-cutting mitigation Mitigation Adaptation and adaptation 1 European Investment Bank 3 Abu Dhabi Fund for Develop. 9 Global Climate Change Alliance+ 2 Scaling Climate Action by 4 African Develop. Fund 10 Africa Climate Change Fund Lowering Emissions (SCALE) 5 Least Develop. Countries Fund 11 Utilities for Climate (U4C) 6 Special Climate Change Fund 12 Climate Suport Facility 7 African Water Facility 13 National Water Finance Facility 8 Climate Investment Fund 14 Dutch Fund for Climate and Dev. Section 4.4 15 Subnational Climate Fund 16 GEF Trust fund Source: World Bank 17 Green Climate Fund table 11 Categories of GHG emissions across the sanitation chain 46 Sanitation service Emptying and Safe reuse chain element Containment transport Treatment or disposal On-site sanitation (pit latrines, septic tanks, and containers with road-based transport) Direct CH4 and N2O from CH4 and N2O during FS/ CH4 and N2O pits and tanks wastewater treatment from discharge Operational CO2 from truck CO2 from diesel/ fuel combustion electricity consumption during treatment Off-site sanitation Mitigation and Adaptation (with sewer-based transport) Climate Financing for Direct CH4 and N2O during FS/ CH4 and N2O wastewater treatment from discharge Operational CO2 from CO2 from diesel/ sewage pumping electricity consumption during treatment Section 4.4 figure 9 Cumulative results of GHG analysis model across the sanitation service chain for 44 LVB settlements 300 — Safely managed — Unsafely managed 198 200 98 47 100 25 ktCO2e/y 0 1 0 0 0 0 100 107 200 269 300 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Safe reuse Mitigation and Adaptation or disposal Climate Financing for Top 5 LVB Settlements Kampala 164 Mwanza 112 Katoro / Buseresere 37 Kakamega 36 Eldoret 32 Section 4.4 ktCO 2 e/y Source: World Bank __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The results indicate that al- The model allows the identification though the sanitation sector has of the highest emitting settlements, the potential to reduce GHG across the LVB but within each indi- emissions, it does not yet qualify vidual riparian, and identify which for meaningful climate finance. parts of the service chain are re- sponsible for the highest emissions 48 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The total emissions from the 44 settlements studied In this case, the outputs show that Kampala and Mwan- amounted to only 694,891 tCO2e/y. This figure falls za should be priority locations for intervention (with significantly short of the threshold required to qualify for one-third of the total cumulative emissions coming from many of the larger funding opportunities, which typical- those cities) and priority should be moving populations ly require a minimum of 1 MtCO2e/y in emission re- from unsafely managed sanitation (particularly con- ductions. To tap into these funds, future models should tainment and discharge) to safely managed sanitation explore whether a combined approach—incorporating services. Future work should focus on modeling in more emission reductions from improved sanitation, SWM, detail different intervention scenarios at the city level, and drainage—could meet the necessary levels. Despite across the sanitation chain, to identify those that result the modest total volume of emissions, the data suggest in the biggest reduction in GHG emissions. that a substantial portion originates from services that are managed unsafely. Without immediate improve- ments to transition these services to safe management, the basin faces additional costs and risks by maintaining Mitigation and Adaptation the status quo. As the population and economy grow, the current trend of predominantly unsafe service provi- Climate Financing for sion, which also contributes the most emissions, is likely to deteriorate further. Addressing unsafely managed services is therefore critical to ensure sustainable growth as the basin undergoes urbanization. Section 4.4 49 Mitigation and Adaptation Climate Financing for Section 4.4 A Fresh Life worker collects waste in the Mukuru commu- nity in Nairobi, Kenya. Chapter 5 A Regional Blueprint 50 for a Healthier Lake 5 for a Healthier Lake A Regional Blueprint A Regional Blueprint 51 Chapter 5 for a Healthier Lake 5.1 Establishing a Foundation for Success __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The LWIS initiative has delivered The initiative has identified the a comprehensive LWIS Strategy financing needs for the imple- and workable SSAPs. mentation of LWIS across differ- ent settlement typologies. 52 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Importantly, the LWIS initiative has succeeded in The LWIS initiative has also closed knowledge gaps in the bringing the five countries of the LVB together around financing requirements of a regional approach and has a consensus that acknowledges the importance of proposed potential sources for this financing and inno- effective sanitation both as a key benefit for LVB vative partnerships for its delivery to where it is needed. communities and a critical component of a healthier, Critically, this financing will help ensure that any solutions more livable Lake Victoria. support the mitigation of emissions from sanitation proj- ects and the adaptive efforts of communities against the growing impacts of climate change. __________________________________________________________________________ The initiative has also identified Establishing a Foundation and tested innovative approaches to sanitation. for Success __________________________________________________________________________ These include the use of remote sensing technology in water quality monitoring and observation and the use of locally appropriate and affordable methods and technol- ogies for the containment, conveyance, treatment, and reuse of waste and the management of menstrual waste. In the work streams around the development of the strat- Section 5.1 egy and the implementation of the SSAPs, the partners have gained valuable data and insights to inform the implementation of an eventual lakewide program. 5.2 Investment Needs __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The cost of LWIS Strategy imple- Since the estimated costs for inter- mentation across the LVB was ventions across the sanitation service estimated by extrapolating the chain vary with settlement typology, findings of the sanitation situation Table 13 provides an overview of the analyses to the basin level and ranges of investment required for the combining them with the findings interventions across the basin, taking of the three SSAPs. settlement typologies into account. 53 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ As shown in Table 12 below, the total estimated cost While the estimated costs encompass both hardware for the transformation of sanitation in the LVB stands and software sanitation measures, they do not com- at US$1.9 billion—a substantial investment in the res- prehensively which are key for sustaining safely man- toration of Lake Victoria’s vitality and the well-being aged sanitation services. Depending on the settlement of its communities. typology, FSM stakeholders in the LVB will require an estimated annual budget ranging from US$140,000 to US$3,500,000 to cover these costs. table 12 / Estimated cost for LWIS interventions in the LVB Investment Needs Number of Total cost Estimated cost settlements / estimate Typology / Population per urban area service areas for cluster Example (inhabitants) (US$, millions) in cluster (US$, millions) Small town 20,000 – 49,999 30 8 240 type I Urban center 50,000 – 499,999 25 29 725 type I Urban center type II > 500,000 230 4 920 Section 5.2 TOTAL 1,885 table 13 / Overview of the ranges of investment estimates required for LWIS interventions 11 Investment Serial Sanitation Sanitation range (US$, no. chain + more component(s) Intervention(s) millions) 1 Containment Hardware Construction and rehabilitation of sanitation 60–300 infrastructure (households, institutions) using diverse technologies (for example, on-site facilities, sewer networks) 54 Software Market development for FS containment (for 20–30 example, private sector involvement in toilet constructions, capacity building) Strengthening enabling environment specific 0.4–1 to FS containment (for example, bylaws and standards for on-site facilities) 2 FS E&T Software Market development for FS E&T (for exam- 0.8–3 ple, licensing frameworks, lease and operate models for FS E&T, professionalization of manual emptying services) 3 Treatment Hardware Construction and rehabilitation of 35–350 and reuse treatment infrastructure Software Market development for FS treatment (for ex- 70–100 ample, clustered and integrated approaches Investment Needs of towns for FS treatment service delivery) 4 Enabling Software Systems strengthening (for example, devel- 5–20 environment oping institutional and regulatory framework, improving operational efficiency, capacity development, coordination mechanisms) 5 Support Software Strengthening enabling environment for spe- 0.5–6 services cific support services (for example, improve- ments in SWM mechanisms, sustainable urban drainage strategies) ___________________________________________ Section 5.2 1 1 These estimates are generated from the demonstrative SSAPs. The wide range of investments required shows that different typologies of urban areas are at different stages of service provision, requiring diverse interventions across the service chain. 5.3 Growing Support for a Regional Approach __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ There is a growing sense of own- Addressing sanitation pollution ership and commitment by the at the basin level is a regional regional institutions and national priority. governments for a regional LWIS program that will advance the achievement of the objectives laid out in the LWIS Strategy. 55 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ This ownership and commitment were demonstrated While sanitation interventions happen at the national by the adoption of the LVB-LWIS Strategy by the 22nd and local levels, pollution emanating from one country SECOM in February 2024. The SECOM directed the has an impact on a regional shared resource. A region- LVBC Secretariat to coordinate with the Partner States al sanitation program could include aspects that have in seeking funding for a potential regional lakewide a regional approach, in addition to interventions to sanitation program. The Partner States have also increase access to sanitation services at the local level. committed to incorporate LWIS approaches in their These aspects are multifaceted and interconnected, national water and sanitation programs. The appli- addressing various aspects of environmental manage- cation of LWIS will enhance vital lake functions, make ment, socioeconomic development, and governance, basic sanitation services available to everyone living as highlighted on page 56. around Lake Victoria, and boost the adaptive capaci- ty and human capital of resource-dependent com- munities, particularly vulnerable groups and women. a Regional Approach Growing Support for Section 5.3 figure 10 Four critical aspects to developing a successful regional sanitation program Data and analytics Enhancing monitoring and data access is cru- 56 cial for understanding and managing pollution. This includes the use of EO, sensors, and crowd- sourcing to gather data as well as the devel- opment of models for the LVB and limnological Knowledge and learning studies of the lake. Scenario analyses and the creation of scorecard indicators are also Access to regional and global best practices important for benchmarking and for supporting can be improved, along with the adoption of future performance-based investments. new nature-based solutions and innovative technologies. Engaging media and linking to the Nile Basin Discourse (NBD)—a network of civil society organizations—can help in spread- ing awareness and knowledge. Policy and governance a Regional Approach Growing Support for Strengthening the capacity of the LVBC and national bodies to address sanitation issues is key. Policy improvement and harmonization, including open data policies and water qual- ity standards, are necessary. This builds on Partnerships and financing previous work and aims to improve grievance redress mechanisms to enhance accountability Exploring options to involve the private sec- for lake issues. tor and other stakeholders is important for sustainable financing. Facilitating community businesses and SMEs to provide sanitation services, such as toilet construction and FS E&T, could be beneficial. There is also potential for innovative financing mechanisms such as a regional lake bond. Section 5.3 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ At the national level, LVB partners The LWIS Strategy is aligned with should apply the LWIS approach global, regional, and national to scale up access to improved in- strategies and objectives. tegrated and inclusive sanitation services, which will lead to reduced pollution of the lake. 57 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Sanitation interventions are mainly implemented by The LWIS Strategy supports SDG 6, universal access to local governments and service providers, with the water supply and sanitation, and SDG 11, making cities national government supporting policy development, and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and regulations, and capacity-building activities. Addition- sustainable. Additionally, improving sanitation services al critical components include the promotion of private is a priority in the Africa East Region of the World Bank, sector engagement, job creation, and circular econ- which has committed to scaling up water, sanitation, omy initiatives. The application of the LWIS approach and hygiene (WASH) access in key countries,13 includ- aims to enhance the lake’s vital functions, provide ing Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, in alignment with basic sanitation services to all residents around the their respective Country Partnership Frameworks. The lake, and increase the adaptive capacity and human implementation of the LWIS Strategy will also contribute capital of communities that depend on the lake’s to the achievement of other important strategic initia- resources. This is particularly important for vulnerable tives of the World Bank including the Africa Regional groups and women, who are often the most affect- Integration and Cooperation Assistance Strategy, the ed by environmental degradation and by the lack of Climate Change Action Plan, the Fragility, Conflict, and a Regional Approach Growing Support for sanitation services. Violence (FCV) Strategy, and the Next Generation Africa Climate Business Plan. It is also aligned with the Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach and the World Bank’s new mission “to create a world free of poverty on a livable planet.” Section 5.3 ©2024 World Bank Group