The current state and future prospects of drones for development in Haiti April 2023 Acknowledgements and disclaimer 4 Glossary and acronyms 5 1 Introduction and context 7 Contents 1.1 Overview of the report 9 2 Overview of Haiti’s drone ecosystem 11 2.1 Maturity of the drone ecosystem in Haiti 14 2.2 Ecosystem stakeholders 16 2.3 Regulations 23 3 Economic and development potential of drone services 27 4 Drone ecosystem development roadmap 52 Annexes 63 Bibliography 69 2 Boxes 1.1 Overview of the Aviation History in Haiti 2.1 Overview of the UAS History in Haiti 2.2 Haiti Flying Labs 2.3 An Example of ADF Haiti’s Drone Services 2.4 International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 2.5 OpenStreetMap (OSM) 2.6 ICAO’s work in Haiti 2.7 ICAO Model UAS Regulations 3.1 Matternet’s drone delivery pilot program in Haiti 3.2 Using high resolution drone imagery for Camp Management in Haiti 3.3 Development institutions use drones for disaster management in Haiti 3.4 Drones’ potential in road climate resilience actions 3.5 Mapping informal settlements of Canaan 3.6 AT&T used their unmanned helicopter “Flying COW” to provide internet coverage to the regions hit by the hurricane Maria 3.7 Drone-based mapping of mangroves and forests in Haiti 3.8 Precision Agriculture Services in Costa Rica 3.9 Mobility mapping in Cap-Haïtien Figures 2.1 Timeline with Key Drone-Related Events in Haiti 2.2 Biggest challenges hindering the development of the use of drone in Haiti according to key local stakeholders consultation 2.3 Main Local Players in Haitian Drones Ecosystem 2.4 The main stakeholders that should be involved in the development of the ecosystem 3.1 UAS Services Regional Market Value and forecast Growth by Country, 2021-2026 3.2 Market Potential and Size of Commercial UAS Applications in Haiti, 2021-2026 4.1 Selected Drone Ecosystem Development Incentives for Haiti 4.2 Strategic Drone Development Incentives for Haiti 4.3 Illustrative Development Roadmap for Drone Ecosystem in Haiti Tables 2.1 Haitian UAS Ecosystem Maturity Assessment Compared to Selected Regional and other Benchmark Countries 2.2 General recommendations for drone operators issued by OFNAC 3.1 Maturity and Relevance of Drones Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection 3.2 Public Sector Stakeholders to be Involved in Drone Pilot Projects for Social Development and Environmental Protection 3 This report was prepared by PwC Drone Powered Solutions - Global Centre of Excellence in Drone Technology in its advisory capacity to the World Bank Group and the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers Tax and Advisory Services Ltd. [PwC Jamaica]. This report was prepared by a team led by: • Agnieszka Gajewska, Partner, PwC Global Government & Public Services Leader • Adrian Tait, Partner, PwC Jamaica • Aleksander Buczkowski, Director, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Maria Sanchez Arrieta, Senior Advisor and International Development Specialist, PwC Drone Powered Solutions The team is grateful for the support and contributions provided by: Acknowledgements • Konrad Górski, Manager, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Anhelina Kamenska, Senior Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions and disclaimer • Agnieszka Lisonek, Senior Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Anna Drabarek, Senior Advisor, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Kamil Bieniek, Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Marta Khemich, Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions The team would like to express gratitude for the guidance, comments, and inputs provided by: • Sony Belizaire, Coordinator, Haiti Flying Lab The team consulted as well with World Bank Group colleagues, valuable data inputs and support for the report were provided by the following World Bank and GIF staff: • Charles E. Schlumberger, Lead Air Transport Specialist • Carlos Murgui Maties, Transport Specialist • Fabian Hinojosa, Senior Transport Specialist • Ibrahim Savadogo, Transport Consultant • Carlos Bellas Lamas, Senior Transport Specialist • Javier Montero Vivas, GIF, Research Analyst • João Reye Sabino, GIF, Senior Infrastructure Finance Specialist Thanks to: • GIF for financing this analytical work that will support the development of the drone industry in the LAC region and potentially opening up future scope for more private capital mobilisation in these innovative sectors. Always at the forefront of innovation, their trust in the World Bank team and the consultants made this effort possible This Report has been prepared in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in its capacity as advisor to The World Bank Group and the Global Infrastructure Facility. Some information, statements, statistics, material, and commentary (together the “Information”) in this Report have been prepared by PwC from publicly available material and from discussions held with a range of stakeholders. PwC has relied upon the accuracy, currency and completeness of the Information provided by the stakeholders and takes no responsibility for the accuracy, reliability or correctness of the Information and acknowledges that changes in circumstances after the time of publication may impact on accuracy of the Information. The Information may change without notice and PwC is not in any way liable for the accuracy of any information used or relied upon by a third party. Furthermore, PwC has not independently validated or verified the Information provided to it for the purpose of the Report and the content of this Report does not in any way constitute an audit or assurance of any of the Information contained herein. PwC has provided advice solely for the benefit of The World Bank Group, the Global Infrastructure Facility and disclaims all liability and responsibility (including arising from its negligence) to any other parties for any loss, damage, cost, or expense incurred or arising out of any person using or relying upon the Information. Photo credits: Shutterstock.com. 4 Acronyms Definition AAN Autorité Aéroportuaire The National Airport Authority is a government agency that ensures the creation, Nationale extension, management, operation, and installation of airport facilities and civil aerodromes throughout the Haitian territory. ADF Association pour le Organization that functions as a service provider, knowledge management hub, Développement de collaboration and idea exchange forum, partnerships facilitator, and solutions Fond-des-Blancs incubator in Haiti ANSP Air navigation service A public or private legal entity providing Air Navigation Services behalf of a company, provider region or country. BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of Sight An operation in which the remote pilot or UAS observer does not maintain visual contact with the UAS while conducting the flight (due to surrounding obstacles or Glossary and acronyms CAA Civil Aviation Authority significant distance between pilot and drone). A national or supranational statutory authority that oversees the regulation of civil aviation, including the maintenance of an aircraft register CAGR Compound Annual Growth Annualised average rate of growth between two given years, assuming growth takes Rate place at an exponentially compounded rate. CIAT Comité interministériel The mission of the Interministerial Committee for Territorial Plannings is to define d'aménagement du territoire government policy in terms of land use planning, protection and management of watersheds, water management, sanitation, town planning, and equipment. CNIGS Centre National de The mission of the National Center for Geospatial Information is to generate and l'Information Géo-Spatiale disseminate geographic information about Haiti through the application of modern technologies; ensuring the availability of methods, tools, products, and training, in order to support the action planning for sustainable development of the country. COW Cell on Wings A system that uses drones to provide cellular coverage during large public events, disaster recovery operations, and other circumstances where signals are intermittent or weak. DTM Displacement Tracking A set of tools, components and methodologies used to gather, analyze and Matrix disseminate critical and multi-layered information on mobility, vulnerabilities and needs of displaced and mobile populations. EASA European Union Aviation Responsible for for civil aviation safety and carries out certification, regulation and Safety Agency standardisation, and also performs investigation and monitoring. FAA Federal Aviation The largest transportation agency of the U.S. government and regulates all aspects of Administration civil aviation in the country and surrounding international waters. GIS Geographic Information A computer system that analyses and displays geographically referenced information. System HCDF Haitian Christian Organization that follows a holistic approach for unlocking development in Development Fund Fond-des-Blancs, Haiti. ICAO International Civil Aviation A specialised UN-funded agency in charge of international air navigation and Organisation development of air transport, ensuring safe growth globally. IDP Internally Displaced Persons Internally Displaced Persons were forced to leave their homes but remain within their country's borders. IOM International Organisation for A United Nations agency that provides services and advice concerning migration to Migration governments and migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers. JMAC Joint Mission Analysis Centre Collects information from across UN missions and produces analysis to support the activities of the latter. JP/HRO J/P Haitian Relief Dedicated to saving lives and bringing sustainable programs to the Haitian people Organisation quickly and effectively. LAC Latin America and the A region compromising 35 different countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Caribbean LICs Low-Income Countries Those countries which have the weakest economies when evaluated by the World Bank. In 2021, this level was set at a gross national income (GNI) per capita of up to $1,085. 5 Acronyms Definition LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging A remote sensing method used to examine the surface of the Earth. MARNDR Ministère de l'Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development is the Haitian des Ressources Naturelles authority responsible for defining and implementing agricultural policy and, in et du Développement Rural particular, for creating the conditions required to develop agriculture, fisheries, and forest conservation. MINUSTAH Mission des Nations Unies The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti is a peacekeeping mission that was pour la stabilisation en Haïti in operation from 2004 to 2017. MSPP Ministère de la Santé The Ministry of Public Health and Population is the Haitian executive body responsible for formulating and executing National Public Health policy. Publique et de la Population MTPTC Ministère des Travaux The Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications is the Central Publics, Organisation in Haiti whose mission is to design, define, and concretise the Policy of the Executive Power in the fields of Public Works, Transport, Communications, Transports et Drinking Water, Energy, and in all the other domains defined by the law. Communications NASA National Aeronautics and An independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space Space Administration program as well as aeronautics and space research. NGO Non-governmental A non-profit organisation that furthers some social or humanitarian mission around the organisation globe. OFNAC Office National de l'Aviation National Office of Civil Aviation; the state body in charge of the organisation and Civile regulation of air transport in Haiti. OSM OpenStreetMap A free, editable map of the whole world that is being built by volunteers and released with an open-content license. PNH Police Nationale d'Haiti Haitian National Police brings public security under civilian control as mandated in Haiti's constitution. RPAS Remotely Piloted Aircraft The set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely-piloted aircraft, its Systems associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links, and any other system elements as may be required, at any point during flight operation. SIT Sterile Insect Technique An insect pest control method that uses radiation to produce genetic mutations or chromosomal breaks to generate sterile adult insects. UAS Unmanned Aerial System Unmanned aircraft and the equipment required to control it remotely. UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Aircraft operating or designed to operate autonomously or to be piloted remotely without a pilot on board. UNDP United Nations Development A United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. Programme UNICEF United Nations International A UN agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to Children's Emergency Fund children worldwide. UNOPS United Nations Office for Provides infrastructure, procurement, and project management services to help Project Services people build better lives and countries achieve sustainable development. UTM Unmanned Traffic Air traffic management ecosystem under development for autonomously controlled Management operations of UAS governmental institutions (e.g., the FAA, NASA, and other federal partner agencies in the US) and industry. VGI Volunteered geographic Expresses itself as a transformed Geographic Information System (GIS), based on the information use of data-intensive computing and simulations to uncover the underlying mechanisms behind geographic forms and processes. VLOS Visual Line of Sight An operation in which the remote pilot or UAS observer maintains direct unaided visual contact with the UAS. 6 The Republic of Haiti with a population of just under 11.5 million 1 and a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$1,420 in 1 20212 is a low-income country (LIC).3 Historically, Haiti’s social and economic development has been characterised by fragile and low levels of Human Development, ranking 163 out of 191 nations and territories for 2021.4 Nowadays, the country’s development path continues to be hindered by political instability as well as increasing levels of violence and insecurity. These issues have been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, political unrest, and a string of natural disasters, leading to three consecutive years of economic contraction (1.7% in 2019, 3.3% in 2020, and 1.8% in 2021).5 Poverty Introduction and rate reduction has slowed as a result6 and currently almost 59% of the population lives below the poverty line with limited access to basic context services and high dependency on development aid.7 Haiti is among the most unequal countries in the LAC region with over two-thirds of the poor living in rural areas.8 This segment of the population is highly dependent on subsistence agriculture (despite adverse conditions for crop production) and has limited access to healthcare, infrastructure, education, connectivity, and other basic services. These challenges are exacerbating the significant welfare gap between urban and rural areas countrywide,9, 10 especially due to limited transport infrastructure and poor connectivity across the 10 departments and its 42 arrondissements. A key challenging factor for Haiti’s development is that it remains one of the most vulnerable countries to natural hazards in the world with limited preparedness and mitigation of disasters. Cyclones, droughts, floods, landslides, and earthquakes are commonplace with more than 96% of the population exposed to these types of shocks.11 Climate change projections foresee higher rainfall variability that, when combined with high deforestation rates, unsustainable farming practices,12 high urban population density,13 and lack of infrastructure, make the exposure to these natural disasters much worse across both rural and urban areas. It is also worth noting that Haiti’s geographical location – including steep topography in the western part of the country where all major rivers flow to the coast – makes it more vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters.14 Haiti’s most populated cities are all embedded in the valleys along the coastline,15 and they are often characterised by informal settlement patterns, limited drainage infrastructure, and changes in land use which reduce the country’s ability to cope with climatic shocks. Haiti, once known as the “Jewel of the Antilles”, currently faces a range of social, environmental, economic, and institutional challenges that are hindering people’s well-being, life expectancy, and economic opportunities. The country relies on external revenue sources, mainly international aid (more than US$13 billion between 2010 and 2020 from the UN), and remittances from the Haitian diaspora (US$3.8 billion for 2020) equivalent to nearly 24% of the country’s GDP.16 7 The low levels of development are also reflected in the country’s Box 1.1 Overview of the Aviation History in Haiti limited transportation network and related infrastructure. Most citizens have limited access to basic services as well as economic Haiti’s history of aviation begins with Charles Terres Weymann, the first native aviator whose and trade opportunities that could support growth and prosperity.17 maiden mission took place in 1910.20 Air Haiti was established a few decades later in the late Notably, there are significant investment gaps in non-primary roads 1960s. The airline provided mail and passenger services until it ceased operating in the and maintenance of a small road network (3,800km)18 which hampers 1980s.21 growth as road transportation is the main means of transport for people and goods in the country. This has led to almost half of the Around the same time, the National Office of Civil Aviation (OFNAC) was established with the national territory being poorly connected and some regions being responsibility of executing Haiti’s civil aviation policy in line with international standards and totally isolated during the rainy season or during climatic shocks.19 recommendations. Since its founding on September 29, 1980, OFNAC has been responsible for Under these socioeconomic conditions, Haiti would greatly benefit organising and regulating air transport in Haiti.22 from long-lasting solutions that can support transportation and logistics operations to ensure connectivity, and access to critical basic Currently, several international airlines are operating in Haiti for passenger and cargo flights, services across the country throughout the entire year. Until now, although Sunrise Airways is the only Haitian airline in operation.23, 24 Its fleet consists of two Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have mainly been used for specific aircraft, used for both passenger and mail/package delivery services. disaster response and humanitarian purposes in Haiti but they could be deployed for many more use cases, expanding its impact and Although, OFNAC and the Haitian authorities have been making efforts to upgrade the current helping to solve a number of key challenges across several areas. Haitian Civil Aviation regulations during the past few years, including 22 new regulations There are viable solutions that can be unlocked in critical sectors such developed with the support of the World Bank and the France Aviation Civile Services (FRACS) as healthcare, infrastructure resilience, agriculture, and connectivity, in in 2022,25 the country has not yet established drone regulations and so follows the ICAO addition to innovative uses in environmental protection, disaster recommendations. In fact, as it relates to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Remotely Piloted management, and reforestation efforts. Aircraft Systems (RPAS), more commonly known as drones, limited attention has been paid to The deployment and adoption of drone delivery solutions has the the development and use of such equipment and technology. capacity to serve not just the public and international sectors for development use cases, but also to inject dynamism and innovation into key sectors of the economy, boosting opportunities for entrepreneurship and infrastructure development – which is something that the economy could benefit from. Currently, the drone ecosystem in Haiti is at an early stage of development with low levels of maturity in terms of technology and players, and with no specific regulations for its use. However, if Haiti was to follow the successful examples of drone adoption in critical sectors such as healthcare and logistics in Africa, it has the opportunity to make significant improvements to life expectancy and the well-being of future generations by improving access to basic healthcare services. At the same time, the adoption of drones for disaster management, infrastructure resilience, road maintenance, agriculture, and environmental protection could all act as stepping stones for a sustainable development path for Haiti. 8 The objective of this report is to assess the state of the drone ecosystem in Haiti and provide recommendations on the practical steps that can be taken to unlock the drone industry’s potential for development. The study was based on comprehensive desk research 1.1 combined with interviews with key local and international stakeholders, as well as workshops and working sessions with relevant players. A mapping of the status of the current ecosystem was conducted, along with an analysis of regulatory frameworks, analysis of the market potential for the technology, development, social and environmental use of UAVs, and finally the identification of the initiatives necessary to ensure the expansion of the drone ecosystem over the next five years. Structure of the Report Overview of the report The first part of the report analyses the The second section compares the market The final section provides a general overview current status of the drone ecosystem in potential of Haiti’s drone market compared to of initiatives that need to be implemented by the country, exploring the maturity of the the rest of the Caribbean and the LAC region the government and the relevant players to sector, evaluating the current regulatory before describing the drone applications ensure the development of the drone framework, identifying key ecosystem players, currently present in the country and evaluating ecosystem and the wider adoption of UAVs and recognising the key bottlenecks, which of them have the most potential for across key sectors in Haiti. Recommendations challenges and opportunities for successful development and growth. In are made for activities and initiatives that improvement that can serve as a catalyst addition, this section also showcases the support the sector’s development, increase for Haiti’s development. relevance of drones in tackling social and digitalisation, raise drone awareness, and environmental problems in the country. accelerate the development of the industry in Haiti. 9 References 1. The World Bank, “Population, total - Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 16. Council on Foreign Relations, “Haiti’s Troubled Path to Development,” Website: 2023, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=HT. Text/HTML, Council on Foreign Relations, 10 February 2023, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/haitis-troubled-path-development#:~:text=The%20countr 2. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February y%20is%20also%20heavily,relief%20missions%20and%20development%20programs. 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview. 17. The World Bank, November 2022, “Terms of Reference for Diagnostic for the UAS 3. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February application in Haiti”. 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview. 18. CFI Haiti, “Infrastructure,” Website: Text/HTML, CFI Haiti, 10 February 2023, 4. UNDP HDR, “Human development summary capturing achievements in the HDI and https://cfihaiti.com/index.php/en/invest-in-haiti/infrastructure. complementary metrics that estimate gender gaps, inequality, planetary pressures and poverty,” Website: Text/HTML, UNDP HDR, 10 February 2023, 19. The World Bank, November 2022, “Terms of Reference for Diagnostic for the UAS https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/HTI. application in Haiti”. 5. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 20. Loop News, “Voici l’histoire du premier aviateur haïtien, héros à Paris à 20 ans,” Website: 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview#1. Text/HTML, Loop News, 10 February 2023, https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/voici-lhistoire-du-premier-aviateur-haitien-heros-paris-20 6. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February -ans. 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview#1. 21. Airline History, “Air Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Airline History, 10 February 2023, 7. UNICEF. 2023. “Humanitarian Action for Children in Haiti.” https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-haiti/. https://www.unicef.org/media/132191/file/2023-HAC-Haiti.pdf. 22. OFNAC. 2018. “Air Navigation Plan.” 8. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February https://www.icao.int/NACC/Documents/RegionalGroups/ANIWG/ASBU/NANP-Haiti-181107 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview#1. .pdf. 9. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 23. Wego, “Airlines to Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Wego, 10 February 2023, 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview#1. https://www.wego.com/airlines-to/ht/airlines-flying-to-haiti. 10. The World Bank, November 2022, “Terms of Reference for Diagnostic for the UAS application in 24. World Data, “ The 6 largest airports and airlines in Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, World Data, Haiti”. 10 February 2023, https://www.worlddata.info/america/haiti/airports.php. 11. The World Bank, “The World Bank In Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 25. France Aviation Civile Services, “Significant progress in the development of the National 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview#1. Surveillance Authority in HAITI!,” Website: Text/HTML, France Aviation Civile Services, 10 12. ReliefWeb, “Haiti secures $4.5 million from GEF-Least Developed Countries Fund towards February 2023, improved water management in the face of climate change,” Website: Text/HTML, ReliefWeb, https://fracs.aero/2022/09/16/haiti-des-progres-importants-dans-le-developpement-de-lauto 10 February 2023, rite-de-surveillance/. https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-secures-45-million-gef-least-developed-countries-fund-towar ds-improved-water-management-face-climate-change. 13. Louis, Jarvis Thanex. 2018. "Count the Uncountable: The impact of Population Density on the Landscape of Haiti." https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/muskie_capstones/151. 14. Climate Change Knowledge Portal, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Climate Change Knowledge Portal, 10 February 2023, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/haiti/vulnerability. 15. Climate Change Knowledge Portal, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Climate Change Knowledge Portal, 10 February 2023, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/haiti/vulnerability. 10 Economic and social potential of drones Improvements here should support the recovery process and strengthen the country’s resilience to future disasters. These include 2 Haiti continues to face a wide range of challenges which have been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, political unrest, the most relevant sectors (healthcare, agriculture, food security, and and a string of natural disasters. To support the country’s efforts in transportation) as well as the development of enabling elements to build resilient cities, regions, and settlements (urban planning, road tackling these obstacles, development institutions such as the World Bank Group and United Nations, among others, help with traffic monitoring, and environmental protection). researching and preparing practical frameworks that can boost Notably, drones can be used for various disaster management and economic opportunities, combat poverty and its related problems as humanitarian aid purposes. Drone logistics specifically can prove well as disaster mitigation and infrastructure. particularly useful to Haiti since it is not uncommon for landslides to block the mountainous sections of the roads, especially during As an example, since April 2020, there have been several ongoing efforts to finance the health sector by the World Bank. Likewise, the heavy rains. The road network in the country also suffers during Overview of Haiti’s organisation also aims to strengthen policies, institutions, and earthquakes, and not all damage gets repaired in a timely manner. investment operations supporting SMEs, encouraging job creation Drones offer key last-mile delivery solutions which improve safety drone ecosystem in the private sector, and helping to develop resilient infrastructure, outcomes in difficult-to-reach places, while also assisting with including the transportation network and widespread digital search and rescue operations that can help to save lives. connectivity.1 Investing in a drone ecosystem could help Haiti to mitigate some of Drones can play a significant role in these efforts because of their its most pressing challenges, and become competitive in an age vast scope in terms of practical use cases. A vibrant drone where technology is making a profound impact on our world. ecosystem can enable Haiti to improve efficiency and productivity in many sectors, reducing costs along the way, and improving worker safety as a result. For example, drones can be used to deliver Key use cases for drones in Haiti3 goods, survey land, or inspect infrastructure, all of which can save time and money compared to traditional methods. Disaster management: Precise mapping of Mitigating natural disasters consequences with drones damaged infrastructure and loss assessments. Following the most recent earthquake on 14 August 2021, Haiti was recognised as a country of critical importance by the International Development Association (IDA), requiring assistance to effectively Road infrastructure maintenance: Drones address both early recovery actions, as well as medium and long-term natural disaster response needs.2 can be used for surveying and inspecting existing roads and transportation infrastructure. Agriculture: Drones can be used for crop mapping, increasing food production and development of a sustainable supply chain. Healthcare: Drones can be used for delivering medicines, blood units, or vaccines to difficult-to-reach places. Environmental monitoring: Drones can be used for endangered species monitoring, restoration and reforestation, and pollution monitoring. 11 Figure 2.1 Timeline with Key Drone-Related Events in Haiti The United Nations International Organisation for Migration (IOM) starts to use UAVs in Haiti for cartography and urban mapping.5 Drone delivery company The Inter-American Matternet conducts a pilot Development Bank and the The World Food Program project for delivering World Bank uses drone organises a drone training medicines and diagnostic data to assess the damage workshop in Haiti to The National Center for samples to a clinic located in caused by Hurricane demonstrate the potential of Geospatial Information in the temporary tent camp.6 Matthew.8 drone technology in the Haiti starts setting up the country and prepare local first government-backed organisations for future drone lab in the country.13 emergencies.11 2007 2012 2014 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 The United Nations A joint cartography mission of The Nature Conservancy uses The local charter for Haiti of global Stabilization Mission in Haiti OpenStreetMap Haiti, drones to help scientists map knowledge hub Flying Labs is (MINUSTAH) uses an CartONG, Fondation de underwater habitats across launched with support from non-profit unmanned aerial vehicle for France, and OSM France aims nearly 300,000 acres of WeRobotics. The organisation aims to distributing leaflets.4 to strengthen local marine and coastal area in the facilitate rapid decision-making in communities through drone southern regions of Haiti.9 emergency intervention, agriculture, imagery.7 infrastructure, and environmental Non-profit ADF Haiti sectors.12 (Association pour le Développement de Fond-des-Blancs) launches an agricultural drone program to create accurate digital maps that would help improve harvest yields and ensure fair compensation for farmers.10 Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the last trimester of 2022, and January 2023. 12 Drones were introduced in Haiti more than a decade ago for specific Box 2.1 Overview of the UAS History in Haiti humanitarian use cases. Since then many organisations have been at the forefront of providing humanitarian aid with drones in the region, including the World Bank (WB), UN International Organisation for Migration (IOM), the World Food Programme (WFP), French charity Drone use in the country dates back almost 15 years. A UAV was probably first spotted in the skies CartONG, Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, and Swiss non-profit over Haiti during the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) in 2007. Back then, significant Drones for Earth. aerial surveillance was done by helicopter, and drones were a new thing. In fact, MINUSTAH was the However, the drone ecosystem has not expanded much beyond those first UN force to operate an unmanned aerial vehicle. Despite only being operational for a short time, humanitarian use cases, despite drones having been proven globally as the drone proved to be useful for distributing leaflets.15 very useful tools for other applications including disaster management, agriculture, environmental protection, endangered species monitoring, and the mapping of urban settlements. As such, the ecosystem in the Between 2007 and 2013, drones were only applied to humanitarian and disaster relief applications. The country is still at an early stage of development, with limited adoption.14 key period was between 2010 and 2012 when drones played a role in assessing the aftermath of Recent developments are promising as several international earthquake and Hurricane Sandy that hit the Caribbean region. Back then, drones were used by many stakeholders are contributing to the foundation and evolution of the humanitarian organisations for damage assessment, humanitarian camp management, conducting drone market in Haiti. However, to scale up the use of the technology, censuses for areas hit by disasters, delivering medication, and identifying potential flooding zones. 16,17 the Haitian Government, OFNAC, and other relevant stakeholders need to play a role in creating an enabling ecosystem in which new companies can bring solutions and innovations to market, after having the opportunity to test them in a regulated, drone-friendly environment. Starting from 2014, drones started to be used for many other activities, one example being urban planning, when CartONG, OpenStreetMap France, and Fondation de France strengthened OpenStreetMap Haiti in data acquisition to generate VGI using fixed-wing and multirotor drones. The initiative stimulated the reuse of data to support development projects and risk prevention.18 In 2014, Nature Conservancy used drone data to document the ecological conditions of the country and validate habitat maps derived from satellite imagery.19 In 2016, the organisation worked on a coral reef preservation project using drones as flying sensors to map underwater habitats and assess the state of the reef and fish population.20 From 2018, drones in agriculture started to emerge. ADF Haiti (Association pour le Développement de Fond-des-Blancs) used UAVs and different geospatial analyses to enforce the legal boundaries of agricultural areas for individual farmers, giving them the freedom to operate at scale and increase food production.21 Two years later, in 2020, Haiti’s first drone knowledge hub Haiti Flying Labs was established, which uses aerial technologies to solve pressing community issues across a variety of industries such as agriculture, infrastructure, and the environmental sector. They provide hands-on drone hardware and software training for various drone platforms.22 In 2021, the Government of Haiti led an initiative to develop the drone sector. As part of the Disaster Risk Management and Reconstruction Project (PGRAC), the National Center for Geospatial Information in Haiti (Centre National de l'Information Géo-Spatiale – CNIGS) began the process of setting up the country’s first official drone lab. The Haitian government is also boosting the use of spatial data through the promotion of the open-data geospatial platform HaitiData.org.23 13 Haiti, like many governments across the Caribbean, is still in Haiti’s drone ecosystem has a long way to go before it becomes an the process of developing regulations and legislation to integral part of the economy, but there are short-term actions that 2.1 manage and facilitate the safe use of drones. Although, the can be taken to boost the adoption of drone technology, which will, industry has seen steady growth in popularity over the last in time, open new economic opportunities. The country can draw decade but across the vast majority of Caribbean States, it is insights from multiple examples of best practices from more still relatively underdeveloped. Currently, in Haiti, the drone developed regional and global ecosystems such as Colombia, ecosystem is in an early stage of development, both in terms Uruguay, and Rwanda, each of which was able to develop a of regulations, and commercial adoption.24 sophisticated drone ecosystem and significantly scale up the use of While there is no formal system to register and identify drones in drones. the majority of Caribbean countries, Haiti has a semi-formal system Rwanda, specifically, is a great example of a country that has that is followed. This requires the UAS operators to request systematically developed regulations and other enabling factors Maturity of the permission in writing from OFNAC in order to fly a drone. To while increasing drone adoption – all of which helped to build a accelerate adoption, this is one component of the UAS ecosystem more nuanced and sophisticated ecosystem. This positioned drone ecosystem in among many that needs to be developed (Table 2.1). Rwanda to introduce innovative last-mile delivery solutions that had To achieve the sort of widespread progress that is possible, Haiti a significant positive impact on its social and economic Haiti needs to put a formal framework for drone regulation in place. development. Table 2.1 Haitian UAS Ecosystem Maturity Assessment Compared to Selected Regional and other Benchmark Countries Component Maturity C Industry readiness Early adopters Selected companies Wide Adoption Supply & Demand C Access to UAS operators Mainly hobbyists Limited Wide, professionals C Training & Education Not available Available Widely available C Insurance Not available General Dedicated C Marketplace & Other Not available Basic Advanced C Execution of regulations Regulations Low Medium High C Approach to BVLOS Not available Waivers Allowed C Licensing & Examination Not available Operated by CAA Certified centers C Registration & Identification Digital readiness Not available Analog Digital C Flight authorisation time 2+ weeks 1-2 days Instant C Airspace maps No access Descriptive Digitalized C Identification and tracking Not available Digital flight plan Remote ID C Caribbean Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the last trimester of 2022, and January 2023. 14 Figure 2.2 Biggest challenges hindering the development of the use of drone in Haiti according to key local stakeholders consultation 1 Lack of regulations 2 Limited available funding and financing Awareness of potential beneficiaries Availability of training and education 3 Current political situation in the country on drone technology 4 Cost of drone technology 5 Human capital Other Key stakeholders in Haiti have identified the lack of regulations as the biggest challenge for drones adoption and ecosystem development 6 Social acceptance Although the introduction of the UAS technology and its use has been present in Haiti for over 15 years, with multiple examples of drone usage in disaster Source: PwC online drone ecosystem consultation to key stakeholders in Haiti conducted during July and August 2022. management, nature preservation, agriculture, and inspections, stakeholders still agree that the lack of regulation represents the biggest challenge in scaling up the use of drones in the country (Figure 2.2). The limited availability of funding and financing for drone innovations, training centers, and support for startups, along with limited awareness of the potential of the technology by beneficiaries were identified as the second most pressing challenges hindering the drone’s ecosystem development. In third place, it was highlighted that the current political situation, and low availability of training and education on drone technology also significantly hinder the development of the drone ecosystem. All these challenges should be addressed by the development and implementation of various initiatives that would allow for the drone industry to scale its impact and growth across Haiti. 15 The UAS ecosystem in Haiti remains underdeveloped with the few local operators being mainly focused on recreational and disaster relief associated with humanitarian response use cases.25 While demand for drone services is starting to emerge from other areas such as mapping 2.2 and surveying, the supply of drone hardware and software is limited due to an absence of local manufacturers, a limited presence from international players, and a lack of innovation accelerators (Figure 2.3). The end-user humanitarian organisations, who are using drones for disaster management, humanitarian aid, and food security, tend to utilise their own drone fleet and in-house trained operators, which means there are limited opportunities for ecosystem expansion. The drone industry needs the implementation of various development initiatives to expand the adoption of a wider range of practical applications, thereby incentivising increased investment into the space – which would have significant positive effects to push the entire ecosystem forward. Notability, Haiti Flying Labs plays a key role in this regard, acting as an advocate for drone technology and a key educator for individuals and for organisations. Ecosystem Figure 2.3 Main Local Players in Haitian Drones Ecosystem stakeholders Regulators and Hardware Drone Services Training Innovation Associations government and Software Providers and Education Accelerators agencies Developers End-Users Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the last trimester of 2022, and January 2023. 16 In Haiti, if we talk about drones in the professional environment, we will find someone who has heard of the technology or who knows someone who uses this technology. With humanitarian organisations, construction firms, or even those at the civil protection department, they understand the importance of UAV technology and its expansion in Haiti. It is a booming market, but there are no certified resellers and no national regulation for the management and use of UAVs in Haiti.Therefore, promotion and awareness efforts toward the technology potential is highly relevant. Haiti Flying Labs, through meetings with state representatives (Minister of the Environment, Head of OFNAC, Head of the State University of Haiti, etc.),other civil society organisations, and private universities, promotes and presents the different applications that are possible with drones in seminars or training sessions with young people. These efforts will hopefully be rewarded by the creation of drone service companies and other organisations that are created by our former training participants. Sony Belizaire, Haiti Flying Lab Coordinator 17 Box 2.2 Haiti Flying Labs29,30 Flying Labs is a global knowledge hub that was set up under the technical mentorship of the non-profit WeRobotics. The objective of the organisation is to bring together experts in project management, survey management, GIS, information technology, and data science, to address Training & Education community issues through training and collaborative projects related to drone technology. One of the most important enablers for reaching a comprehensive and sophisticated drone ecosystem is a strong Haiti Flying Labs is the local chapter of this organisation and it has been instrumental in raising training and education sector that supports the adoption of more awareness about drones and their potential applications through the promotion of responsible use, advanced use cases. This helps to expand drone knowledge the organisation of training events, and the demonstration of real-world applications. The non-profit and expertise to a wider stakeholder base and to more people – has also been providing professional advice to NGOs engaged in infrastructure and agricultural serving as a catalyst for greater investment into the space, and projects, in addition to offering hands-on drone hardware/software training and post-processing faster development of drone services. workshops to help with the analysis of drone data products. In Haiti training and education is at an early stage with two main players involved, a university and a drone knowledge hub. In the future, the organisation plans to offer drone pilot and data analysis certifications. But in the While Azure University - a private higher education institution - meantime, Haiti Flying Labs can be considered as the primary, on-the-ground body for organising, offered for a few years drones courses which comprised all coordinating, and managing pilot research and development projects to address disaster relief and aspects needed to know how to fly a drone safely and to pass management, agriculture, environmental protection, health, search and rescue, and education. the FAA 107 Drone Pilot Test.26,27 Haiti Flying Labs has become the most relevant organisation playing a significant role in It is also worth noting that WeRobotics organises global competitions to incentivise entrepreneurs advancing training and education in the country. to develop new ideas and solutions that can strengthen their local ecosystems. The non-profit has Haiti Flying Labs was established in 2020. The institution created an entrepreneurship program called “Drones as a Service” in collaboration with the Flying organises, coordinates, and manages pilot research and Labs network not just in Haiti but also in Africa, Asia, and the rest of Latin America. The program is development projects across multiple industries. Their focus is targeted specifically toward engineers who want to set up their own ventures using drones or on bringing key domain expertise to the table so that it can be provide drone-enabled services. applied by local drone pilots working on more advanced use cases such as mapping, surveying, or industrial inspections.28 The organisation also plays an important role in developing local skills. They organise and provide hands-on drone hardware and software training for various drone platforms and use cases. Finally, they provide training certifications for pilots and data analysts, relating to responsible drone usage. Before the establishment of Haiti Flying Labs, training activities had been mostly ad-hoc. Haiti’s Ministry of Environment and the World Food Program has since conducted several workshops to demonstrate the potential of drone technology and to prepare local organisations for its implementation. In the meantime, Haiti Flying Labs can be considered the primary, on-the-ground body for organising, coordinating, and managing pilot research and development projects to address disaster relief and management, agriculture, environmental protection, health, search and rescue, and education. 18 Box 2.3 An Example of ADF Haiti’s Drone Services34,35 Since 2018, ADF Haiti has been providing property mapping services to Jubilee Farms on behalf of the Haitian Christian Development Fund (HCDF), which aims to modernise agriculture in Fond de Blancs in an equitable and sustainable way. Drone Service Providers Jubilee Farms is an agricultural cooperative, comprising 200 landowners, established as an Although several international, public, and to a less extent, private sector organisations have tested drones, the supply offshoot of the HCDF. To increase food production and grow revenue, Jubilee Farms introduced of local drone service providers in Haiti is limited to two collective farming schemes and large-scale mechanised agricultural machinery. However, it commercial players, namely ADF Haiti (Association pour le became difficult to enforce the legal boundaries of each farmer’s property as operations scaled up. Développement de Fond-des-Blancs) and HDS (Haiti Drone ADF Haiti was able to use geospatial technology to accurately map each farmer's property Services). boundaries thanks to sophisticated drone imagery and they used this to produce a high-resolution ADF Haiti is a Haitian-led non-profit organisation dedicated to orthomosaic. This supported accurate data collection, high accuracy field GPS mappings of many strengthening civil society in Fond-des-Blancs. One of the tools that supports their mission is the usage of geospatial corner points, and created a polygon layer showing property boundaries with attribution, while also technologies enabled by drones.31 ADF Haiti provides drone calculating the total acres owned by landowners. mapping services with data collection, post-processing and This has been an important improvement to the agricultural landscape and continues to deliver creation of orthophotos, photogrammetry, and high-precision results as Jubilee Farms continues to grow. maps.32 HDS is a company that provides services ranging from simple aerial photography and videography to more advanced use cases such as search and rescue operations, urban planning, aerial inspections, mapping activities, and construction inspection services that require technical engineering knowledge.33 As the ecosystem develops, and the complexity of use cases increases, it is expected that more drone service providers will enter the market. Although, this expansion is dependent on a combination of incentives that will set the stepping stones for a solid drone ecosystem in the country, including robust regulations, local developmental initiatives, and available funding. 19 Box 2.4 International Organisation for Migration (IOM)36 IOM has used UAV technologies in Haiti since 2012, establishing itself as a reference organisation for up-to-date data on populations and cartography. The cartography has been used to showcase the evolution, impact, and coverage of projects implemented by IOM in IDP (Internally Displaced End Users Persons) camps and camp-like settlements, neighborhoods, and other settings in the metropolitan End users in Haiti are the largest and most diverse area of Port-au-Prince, and high-resolution urban mapping has been completed for partners such segment of the 7 key groups in the drone ecosystem. In as UNOPS and MINUSTAH (JMAC Section). the country, this category can be divided into humanitarian, public, and commercial End Users. While in When it comes to data collection, IOM has been instrumental in monitoring the evolution of camp humanitarian efforts and in the public sector different populations in support of the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) which is an institutional tool entities have tested and/or are testing drone use cases – developed by IOM to gather and analyse data on the vulnerabilities and needs of displaced people, including fire departments and the police – the market for all of which is crucial in order to provide these populations with more effective assistance. commercial end users is still underdeveloped. The country’s climate vulnerabilities along with the relevant role They have also undertaken a large digital mapping project with over 330,000 buildings being of development and international aid institutions and Haiti’s digitised and combined into a central database for a census project. They have also used political and economic fragility have been framing the set-up high-definition imagery, in a similar methodology, to make evaluations of the damage that is left and usage of drones by particular institutions in different behind after a natural disaster. sectors. This brings a large number of humanitarian organisations, including the International Committee of the Red All of these use cases have been crucial for starting to develop Haiti’s national resilience and for Cross (ICRC), the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, and the the protection and well-being of its citizens. IOM into the drone’s ecosystem. Media outlets are also increasingly using drones to capture information quickly and safely for broadcast. In addition, recreational drones are also growing in popularity but largely remain inaccessible for most enthusiasts because of the prohibitive costs associated with procuring and importing the technology. 20 Box 2.5 OpenStreetMap (OSM) Since 2010, the creation of OSM communities in Haiti has allowed the emergence of several new practices and in-depth reflections on the development of Haitian territory. The whole of Haiti has been mapped with roads, buildings, addresses, and other key metadata collected at a very high level of data.37 This was very useful in October 2012 when Hurricane Sandy hit Haiti. The natural disaster prompted the deployment of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the Haitian OSM Community which used a fixed-wing drone map to acquire aerial information about the more affected areas. The information gathered made it possible to quantify the damaged infrastructure using GIS and update the OSM cartography.38 In April 2013, Drone Adventures did a similar project, using more advanced fixed-wing drones and, in 2015, acquired a multirotor to complement its activities. Following its intervention, Drone Adventures donated a fixed-wing drone to OSM Haiti to strengthen its capabilities and make its work less dependent on IOM.39,40 During May and June 2014 in Haiti, CartONG, OSM France, and Fondation de France embarked on a mission to strengthen OSM Haiti’s data acquisition and ability to generate VGI using fixed-wing drones. The initiative stimulated the reuse of data to support development projects, risk prevention, and the leadership of OSM Haiti in its own projects.41 Each step along the journey of improving OSM capabilities provides Haiti with more accurate data that can support key decision-making across the country and across a wide range of different industries. 21 Figure 2.4 The main stakeholders that should be involved in the During an expert consultation conducted after a is particularly relevant as these parties would be development of the ecosystem World Bank and PwC drones workshop for Haiti directly involved in drafting, reviewing, commenting the participants identified a large number of on, and enforcing the regulations that are needed stakeholders whose contributions are needed to to support the industry’s growth. Other develop the drone ecosystem in the country. here OFNAC and the Ministry of Public Works, Likewise, the consulted stakeholders highlighted Haiti Flying Labs Transport and Communications (MTPTC) were the role of Haiti Flying Labs which aligns with MSPP highlighted as the the two governmental institutions global best practices that suggest that technology that need to lead the drone ecosystem users should be involved early in the discussion as AAN MARNDR development for the country. Hence, both they are also playing an important role in terms of institutions are at the core of any intervention that advocacy and education. Civil society will promote a wider adoption of UAVs use cases Among other stakeholders that are relevant for the (Figure 2.4) development of the ecosystem in Haiti, it was Notably, the consulted actors also placed a high mentioned Aero-Modelistes d'Haiti, the Ministry of PNH the Interior and Territorial Communities, the amount of responsibility on civil society for being active participants in discussions about the role Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of that drones can play across sectors and industries. National Education and Vocational Training, This is critical because social acceptance is always CNIGS, CIAT, and drone pilots themselves who MTPTC an important factor for the adoption of new can all provide insights from different perspectives. technologies, and relevant public policies and Drone pilots, in particular, should be involved here OFNAC drones are no different. because they have been flying aircraft of all scales. Other public stakeholders such as the police Hence, it would be beneficial to include them in (PNH), the National Airport Authority (AAN), the any preliminary discussions leading up to the Ministry of Agriculture, National Resources, Rural regulatory phase, as their input based on years of Development (MARNDR), and the Ministry of experience could be a helpful source of insight. Public Health and Population (MSPP) also have an All of these stakeholders must come together and important part to play in creating the right collaborate effectively if the drone ecosystem is to environment for drone technology to thrive. These make strides forward. Level of involvement Highest Lowest Source: PwC online drone ecosystem consultation to key stakeholders in Haiti conducted during July and August 2022. 22 Relevance of drone regulations Overview of OFNAC: The Airspace Regulator in Haiti44 2.3 Drone regulations are critical to ensure safe and responsible drone use, protect privacy, and to maintain security. Drone regulations cover a variety of areas including registration and identification, The Office National de l’Aviation Civile (National Office of flying restrictions, and operational requirements, to name a few. Civil Aviation) is the state body in charge of the organisation and regulation of air transport in Haiti. Traditional approaches to drone regulation define specific requirements for the drone hardware and parameters of the operations, but they often turn out to not be flexible enough to keep up with the pace of technological innovation. A new performance-based approach to drone regulation is starting to emerge and when implemented effectively, can enable the UAS Regulations ecosystem of a given country to leapfrog directly to advanced use OFNAC is responsible for determining the conditions cases. It allows regulations to determine acceptable levels of risk under which air transport must take place in Haiti, while giving operators flexibility in demonstrating how they can ensuring the application of standards prescribed by meet that threshold, which gives UAS companies significant room international air transport legislation and conventions, for innovation. organisation of aircraft search and rescue operations, and participation both nationally and internationally in the negotiations for the protection and development of Civil Current status of drone regulations in Haiti Aviation. In Haiti, laws regulating drone use do not yet exist. However, the National Civil Aviation Agency, OFNAC, has issued recommendations for drone operators (Table 2.2), and drones are generally permitted to fly.42 These recommendations have been structured following the International Civil Aviation Organization Table 2.2 General recommendations for drone operators (ICAO) drone flight standards. issued by OFNAC Flight permission is needed for commercial or research purposes as well as BVLOS operations. Drone operators are expected to 120 metres (400 ft) from ground or submit a written request to the National Civil Aviation body to Flight structure (AGL – Above Ground operate the drone. This request typically includes the pilot’s name parameters Level). and contact information as well as the flight plan. In addition, a letter must also be submitted to the mayor and community leaders of the geographic location in which the drone is to be operated. Although, Haiti’s authorities and OFNAC have been in discussions Descriptive: Do not operate drones with ICAO to establish formal drone regulations, concrete actions Geographic near airports, military facilities, toward developing these are still to be taken. restrictions borders etc. Rwanda’s experience as a relevant example for Haiti A good case study of how a country can advance its drone BVLOS is possible – as any larger ecosystem is Rwanda. Rwanda implemented performance-based operation, a letter of authorisation VLOS/BLOVS regulations closely aligned with the ICAO UAS Model Regulations has to be requested from the (Box 2.7). Combined with a digital unmanned traffic management OFNAC. system the country enabled the largest medical drone delivery implementation in the world, becoming a global role model in the process.43 Flying over Not allowed: Do not operate drones people over people and large crowds. 23 Box 2.6 ICAO’s work in Haiti45 The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is an agency of the United Nations that creates regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, and environmental protection. ICAO’s active involvement in the Haitian drone sector can be traced back to the earthquake of January 2010 when the agency, together with its regional office NACC (North American, Central American, and Caribbean Office), coordinated civil aviation assistance by implementing the Air Traffic Services (ATS) contingency plan. Following this, ICAO also became a part of the Civil Aviation Steering Committee (CASC) for potential donor states, organisations, and civil aviation projects in Haiti. Box 2.7 ICAO Model UAS Regulations46 In 2020, ICAO issued new model drone regulations that aim to serve as a baseline to help countries establish and refine their own national guidelines for domestic UAS operations. The key takeaways from this publication are as follows: • Defining the three categories of drone operations. Dividing UAS operations into 3 main categories: open, specific, and certified (under development), depending on the degree of risk. So far, operations have mostly been divided according to the purpose of the flights (recreational or commercial), which did not fully reflect the level of complexity and the threat posed by the operations. • Pilot certification. Outlining the formal and legal conditions, as well as the amount of aviation knowledge required to perform drone operations across different flight categories and airspace class characteristics. • Drone certification. Specifying a weight threshold where it is necessary to attain certification of airworthiness. (No certification necessary for drones weighing 15kg or less; authorisation or manufacturer's Statement of Conformity required for platforms between 15 - 25kg) Establishing the requirements and competencies for the body responsible for the certification procedures. • Flight operations standards. Defining general flight rules for particular categories including details of VLOS flight conditions, and the process of obtaining authorisation for single and cyclical flights, which is aimed at unifying and simplifying procedures, as well as shortening the time necessary to obtain a decision. This section also included a proposal for a communication scheme with ANSP in order to increase the situational awareness of other airspace traffic participants. • Airspace restrictions. Developing guidelines for flying drones in the airspace, including restrictions on flights near airports, over people and vehicles, as well as rules for moving in segregated airspace to ensure greater safety not only to other air traffic participants but also to people and property on the ground. 24 References 1. The World Bank, “World Bank Pledges to Supporting a Resilient Recovery for Haiti,” Website: 13. 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WeRobotics, “Local Experts Launch Haiti Flying Labs to Leverage Drones for Community 43. Rwanda CAA. “Part 27: Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS).” Development,” Website: Text/HTML, WeRobotics, 10 February 2023, https://www.caa.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=39973&token=3a6a78fe6d8a1c83403 https://blog.werobotics.org/2020/11/23/local-experts-launch-haiti-flying-labs-to-leverage-drones-f 45046ddd9e5ffbe15639e;%20https://www.caa.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=40004 or-community-development/. &token=8e4aa686c32668b4bd9958cbb9bf8c4f68c227ec. 29. Haiti Flying Labs, “Addressing and solving local community issues through the use of drones,” 44. ATC Network, “OFNAC - Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, ATC Network, 10 February 2023, Website: Text/HTML, Haiti Flying Labs, 10 February 2023, https://flyinglabs.org/haiti/. https://www.atc-network.com/atc-organisations/ofnac-haiti. 30. WeRobotics, “Entrepreneurship Programs and Competitions,” Website: Text/HTML, 45. ICAO. 2010. “Order from. Chaos. Answering Haiti's call and contributing to its renewal.” WeRobotics, 10 February 2023, https://werobotics.org/entrepreneurship/. https://www.icao.int/NACC/Documents/RegionalGroups/HaitiCASC/Bulletins/News02-ICAOJo urnal6505_en.pdf. 31. ADF, “Our Mission,” Website: Text/HTML, ADF, 10 February 2023, https://www.adf.ht/about. 46. ICAO. 2020. “ICAO Model UAS Regulations.” 32. ADF, “GIS & Data Collection Services,” Website: Text/HTML, ADF, 10 February 2023, https://www.icao.int/safety/UA/Documents/Model%20UAS%20Regulations%20-%20Parts%20 https://www.adf.ht/gis-data-collection-services. 101%20and%20102.pdf. 33. HDS, “Services,” Website: Text/HTML, HDS, 10 February 2023, https://haitidroneservices.com/services. 34. ADF, “Jubilee Farms Property Mapping Project,” Website: Text/HTML, ADF, 10 February 2023, https://www.adf.ht/jubilee-farms-property-mapping-project. 35. Eos Positioning Systems, “ADF Haiti Strengthens Local Farming Initiative with High-Accuracy Mapping,” Website: Text/HTML, Eos Positioning Systems, 10 February 2023, https://eos-gnss.com/successes/adf-haiti. 36. CartONG. 2016. “Drones in Humanitarian Action Case Study No.8: Using high resolution imagery for Camp Management in Haiti.” https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/drones-humanitarian-action-case-study-no8-using-high-resolutio n-imagery-camp-management. 37. OpenStreetMap Wiki, “UAV - Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, OpenStreetMap Wiki, 10 February 2023, https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/UAV-HAITI. 38. In Vivo, “Medicine falling right out of the sky,” Website: Text/HTML, In Vivo, 10 February 2023, https://www.invivomagazine.com/en/mens_sana/innovation/article/238/medicine-falling-right-out -of-the-sky. 26 The adoption of drone technology in Haiti can be a driver of When it comes to environmental sustainability, drones can play a economic, social, and environmental progress. This potential major role in protecting endangered species and supporting key 3 impact is wide-reaching and can occur across an array of different conservation efforts for coral reefs, reforestation, and other forms of sectors and industries. The country finds itself at an inflection point protection for Haiti’s biodiversity and ecosystems. in terms of UAS development as the maturity levels of the various use cases are still low – meaning that, with the right initiatives, All of these use cases represent tremendous potential for Haiti’s drone technology can be a key catalyst for economic dynamism as economic development and present opportunities for advancing the well as social and environmental transformation.1 well-being and prosperity of citizens in almost all sectors. Haiti is positioned to maximise the UAS potential because of Success here will depend on a number of factors including a robust several use cases that are immediately apparent. In healthcare, regulatory framework, collaboration between key stakeholders, drones can serve as delivery vehicles for transforming the sector, availability of funding, the level of digitalisation within the population, Economic and especially by transporting medical goods across difficult terrains and others. However, if the right initiatives are implemented, drone and to difficult-to-reach places. For disaster management, they can technology can play a role in the economic growth of Haiti, while development provide aerial support and emergency relief when traditional simultaneously bringing last-mile solutions that will improve and methods cannot be used, are too slow, or are too expensive. In transform social and environmental conditions along the way. potential of drone agriculture, drones can map large areas of land, precisely spray crops with insecticides, and monitor their growth, improving overall This section of the report focuses on unpacking the country’s most services yield. The infrastructure can benefit from more advanced monitoring pressing development challenges and how drones have the and inspection capabilities enabled by drones, as well as potential to be a key tool to support Haiti’s development journey, improvements in the levels of infrastructure resilience across the boosting innovation and deployment of last-mile solutions that can entire country. impact the current and future livelihood of millions of Haitians. 27 Figure 3.1 UAS Services Regional Market Value and forecast Growth by Country, 2021-2026 Regional outlook Estimated market value in 2021, Forecasted market value in 2026, CAGR* Country [USD Mn] [USD Mn] ’21-’26 Currently, Haiti’s drone ecosystem represents nearly 20% of the larger Caribbean region (with 26% of the population), despite Brazil 67.0 321.6 37% having the lowest GDP per capita in LAC at 1,830 USD.2 This suggests that the country has a significant potential to be a driving Mexico 19.1 100.2 39% force for drone technology if the right enablers are put in place. Argentina 18.8 94.7 38% In 2021, the estimated market value for UAS services in Haiti was USD 0.5 Mn and this is forecast to grow at a Compound Annual Colombia 11.9 67.8 42% Growth Rate (CAGR) of 40% to reach USD 2.6 Mn by 2026, given that the country implements initiatives aiming to stimulate the Peru 11.7 64.3 41% adoption of the technology.3 Bolivia 7.6 39.3 39% In Haiti, the key drivers for this growth will be agriculture, safety and security, and transportation of goods and medical supplies. And while - Venezuela 7.3 36.4 38% due to its size and level of development, the drone sector will not have a significant impact on the country’s economy itself, it is expected to have Chile 6.3 30.9 39% a large impact on several social and environmental aspects related to the distribution of medical supplies and the increased productivity that Paraguay 3.4 15.9 36% can be achieved in agricultural production. C Caribbean 2.6 13.5 39% To understand how Haiti can accomplish this, it is relevant to observe how other Caribbean countries have activated their own drone markets Ecuador 2.4 11.9 38% and increased drone adoption. Best practice seems to suggest that many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean started by Suriname 2.2 10.7 37% establishing drone associations that promote its use in the country, thus raising awareness among society and helping governments with Uruguay 1.6 7.8 37% regulatory frameworks and the adoption of drones for different use Nicaragua 1.3 6.4 37% cases. For example, Barbados has BUAVA (Barbados Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Guyana 1.1 5.9 39% Association), a non-profit outfit that offers drone piloting, videography, photography, and mapping training while striving to serve as the premier Guatemala 1.0 5.3 39% advocacy and support group for drone operators in Barbados. The association also aims to promote safety and technical understanding in Honduras 0.9 5.1 43% the drone community, engage and educate the public about drone Panama 0.8 4.2 39% operations on the island, consult with the local authorities, and assist with the implementation of a legal framework for drone operations.4 Costa Rica 0.6 3.1 39% Finally, Centro de Innovacion de Drones in the Dominican Republic is a collaborative platform that promotes the creation of solutions that will Haiti 0.5 2.6 40% improve the competitiveness of public and private institutions with the El Salvador 0.4 2.0 38% support of technology and the use of drones.5 A similar approach has been observed in other Latin American countries, Belize 0.2 1.1 39% with another example being the Asociación de Operadores de Multirrotores del Paraguay, a non-profit association formed to group the Total 168.6 849.4 38% operators of drones. The organisation was founded with the objective C Caribbean not only to associate the drone operators but also to provide training for Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. new pilots and establish criteria for a safe and responsible flight.6 *CAGR refers to the annualised average rate of growth between two given years, assuming growth takes place at an exponentially compounded rate 28 To advance the Haitian drone market to a higher level of However, this market size estimation is only taking into account maturity, it will take a collaborative effort from all stakeholders those use cases which have already been adopted in the country. to accelerate the drone adoption to solve the relevant social, economic, and environmental problems in Haiti. If the potential On the other hand, the market potential estimations describe the is unlocked, it can support the country’s development path, total value of the market assuming that all potential use cases are catalyse economic dynamism and innovation. realised and all traditional methods are replaced by UAS services. Under this definition, the market potential for UAS services in As mentioned, the market value of commercial UAS services is Haiti is forecast to reach USD 17.9 Mn in 2026, growing at estimated to be USD 2.6 Mn by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 40% CAGR (2021-2026) of 14%. (2021–2026). These expectations are mostly driven by use cases in agriculture, environmental monitoring, and the myriad of social This potential growth is derived mostly from the country’s issues which, if improved upon, can contribute toward a sustainable development accompanied by the adoption of UAS services for future in the country.7 re-building after the natural disasters that have impacted Haiti as well as from the utilisation of drone services in all sectors important The estimate growth from 2021 to 2026 represents the present to the Haitian economy.8 market size, taking into account the adoption of UAS technology for current forecasted use across all industries. Figure 3.2 Market Potential and Size of Commercial UAS Services in Haiti, 2021-2026 Market Commercial UAS services market value, 2021-2026 [USD Mn] size 2.6 +40% 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Market Commercial UAS services total market potential, 2021-2026 [USD Mn] potential +14% 17.0 17.9 16.2 12.3 12.9 9.5 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 29 The use of drone technology could allow Haiti to improve efficiency and productivity across many sectors, reducing costs, and increase the safety of workers along the way. For example, drones can be used to deliver goods, survey land, or inspect infrastructure, all of which can save time and money compared to traditional methods. Additionally, drones are able to obtain data more swiftly, help respond to disasters and emergencies more effectively, and this will have positive knock-on effects for Haiti’s national resilience both economically and psychologically. There is the potential for drones to become a leapfrog technology, allowing Haiti to build a well-diversified market of services that are well placed to compete in our modern business environment. There are a wide range of different use cases that can develop In addition to those three sectors, there are many others that Haiti’s drone ecosystem and contribute towards relevant are underdeveloped at present but have a lot of potential to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across aspects of solve real problems faced by locals. social, economic, and environmental development. The transportation of medical supplies and blood can be a Agriculture is estimated to be the biggest market in Haiti due to key use case, especially when you consider the lack of access the maturity of drone technology within the sector and vast to quality healthcare for most Haitians. Drones can traverse agricultural land (over 67% of the country’s land).9 Drones can challenging terrain and make crucial deliveries to remote and/or be used here for crop spraying, advanced health mapping, and difficult-to-reach locations. sophisticated phytosanitary responses. There are also a myriad of environmental applications that can The safety & security sector also has significant potential for go a long way to improving sustainability within the country and the country in terms of monitoring national borders and city protecting key resources and biodiversity. These include areas to improve the lives of citizens. Being able to undertake endangered species monitoring, restoration and reforestation, low-cost aerial surveillance provides important data for first waste management, mitigating wildfire risk, and many more. responders who need to react to a security threat, or for These can all have a very positive impact on local communities, companies who need to assess safety concerns posed to their thus supporting other economic development initiatives. workers. All of these use cases are summarised on the next page and Disaster management will continue to be an important place are categorised according to maturity and relevance. This is a for drones to play a role – responding proactively to natural useful lens to look at the development potential of the drone disasters and helping the country to deploy its resources in a industry so that the right enabling factors can be put in place smart and effective way. They can also be very helpful in risk according to need and potential impact. assessments in advance of natural disasters, evaluating vulnerabilities, and creating the impetus for decisive action to take place. 30 Table 3.1 Maturity and Relevance of Drone Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection in Haiti Use case Drone application examples Maturity Relevance Social development and humanitarian applications Healthcare and medical Medical supplies and goods deliveries to remote communities, Medical emergency response with drones, Medical air corridor between health goods delivery facilities, Medical test and sample drop-off and pick-up with drones. Agricultural applications* Crop health mapping using vegetation indexes, Crop protection by drone spraying, Phytosanitary emergency response. Support provided by humanitarian organisations during crises, e.g. On-site situation awareness for facilitation of decision-making, Food, Humanitarian aid sanitary and medicine delivery. Pre-disaster mapping for vulnerability assessments and risk modelling, Emergency drone deliveries, Damage assessments, 3D modelling for Disaster management infrastructure reconstruction during disaster recovery, Search and Rescue operations. Urban planning and Informal settlement monitoring, City mapping and 3D model generation with photogrammetry software, Asset management, Capital project utilities monitoring monitoring, Cadastral project monitoring, Cadastral information gathering. Road traffic and safety Traffic flow analysis, Situational awareness and evidence collection in case of emergencies, Safety assessments, Data gathering for a range of monitoring studies such as origin-destination, traffic volumes, parking, and spot speed. Road infrastructure Road infrastructure inspections for disaster and climate resilience, Road surface and structural damage monitoring, Post damage surveying, maintenance Baseline surveying for construction/reconstruction design, Construction or repair progress monitoring and documentation, Asset management. Remote internet access Creation of a network of drones equipped with internet routers, Facilitating post-disaster connectivity. Environmental protection applications Endangered species Wildlife monitoring, Animal and habitat management, Counting the number of plants and animals, Monitoring poaching incidents. monitoring Environmental pollution Illegal activity monitoring, Air quality monitoring, Soil quality monitoring, Water quality monitoring monitoring Restoration and Mapping of future planting spots, Forest seeding, Aftercare with spraying drones, Progress mapping. reforestation Waste management and Landfill mapping, Capacity calculation, Monitoring methane emissions, Monitoring waste treatment, Fire risk monitoring. landfill monitoring Wildfires Early fire detection, Situational awareness during wildfires, Search and Rescue operations. Mosquito-borne disease Identification of breeding sites, Releasing of sterilised male mosquitoes or mosquitoes that carry Wolbachia bacteria, Spraying of Aquatain spread reduction liquid. Level of maturity of the use case in Haiti Relevance for Haiti Mature use case Testing & piloting stage Limited or no evidence High relevance Moderate relevance Low relevance PwC analysis of environmental and social impact of drones. Core analysis conducted during the second semester of 2022, and updated in January 2023. * in the case of agricultural applications for Haiti an extended assessment was performed to reflect the relevance of the agriculture sector in the livelihood of Haitians, including not just the percentage of fertiliser use identified in the standard methodology of the study, but also the relevance of the sector as the second biggest contributor to the GDP after services, and the importance of agriculture in rural communities as one of the main sources of income and nutrition. 31 Box 3.1 Matternet’s drone delivery pilot program in Haiti10 Healthcare and medical goods delivery Matternet, a US-based drone logistics company, conducted one of its first healthcare delivery trials in Port-Au-Prince in 2012. Three remotely piloted drones were tasked to deliver medications and blood to a field clinic at Pétionville Camp, Overview of the healthcare situation in Haiti which was set up after the devastating earthquake of 2010. Port-Au-Prince’s already Although life expectancy in Haiti has been on a positive trend over the last decade, congested road infrastructure was further exacerbated by the earthquake. As such, several problems persist in the healthcare sector, specifically around access and Matternet wanted to introduce a courier service that would not get stuck in traffic. coverage.11 These challenges are aggravated by the high level of population living in rural (over 40%)12 or isolated areas, the lack of all-weather means of transportation and adequate infrastructure throughout the territory, the country’s geography and exposure to natural disasters. Haiti’s health utilisation is about 20% lower than other LICs13 and the public spending on health is below the average of that same group (US$13 per capita a year).14 This situation is compounded by the fact that the country’s healthcare strategy results in more than half of the sector’s spending being allocated to curative treatments rather than preventive care. In addition, hospitals are under-equipped and there is a lack of infrastructure and personnel countrywide (Dispensaries per 100,000 people, low hospital capacity - beds and consultations.15,16 All these challenges translate into “a child born today in Haiti will grow up to be only 45% as productive as they could be if he or she had enjoyed full access to equal education and healthcare”.17 Noteworthy, more than “1 out of 5 children are at risk of cognitive and physical limitations, and only 78% of 15-years-olds will survive to age 60”.18 Hence, natural disasters and the lack of all-weather transportation infrastructure have resulted into worsening timely access to healthcare and other key basic services. This has further increased inequality levels and added more pressure on a healthcare system that is not able to cope with the needs of people, especially those located in isolated and/or rural areas as well as the ones living in poorly connected regions of the country. Additionally, major hospitals are also facing important challenges due to the blockages of fuel terminals, situation that is leaving the centers non operational.19 In 2022 around 3 out of 4 major hospitals that relied on diesel generators for electricity reported being unable to provide regular services.20 The use of drones is a proven solution for rural and urban settings, where UAVs adoption can ensure a timely access and efficient delivery of the most relevant medical goods, including vaccines, blood, medications, and others. Drones’ potential for development Drones have been gaining traction as a delivery platform to ensure timely and secure access to medical goods and critical supplies for medical operations. In fact, the technology has proved instrumental in the transportation of medical, drugs, blood, vaccines, and diagnostic samples amongst other items. Transporting these between local healthcare facilities, testing labs, and pharmacies can make a significant difference to overall healthcare outcomes. Additionally, drones can transport emergency equipment such as automated external defibrillators (AEDs), significantly reducing emergency response time. Hence, medical goods deliveries by drones, as trialled by Matternet in Haiti years ago, and fully deployed in Rwanda and Ghana (to mention a few nations) can significantly transform healthcare access for rural areas and poorly connected regions, improving the livelihood of Haitians across the country. This solution is particularly relevant for remote areas and regions suffering from poor road infrastructure, transit disruptions due to manmade and natural disasters, as well as adverse weather conditions. 32 Box 3.2 Using high-resolution drone imagery for Camp Management in Haiti21 Humanitarian Aid The IOM has been using drones for camp management in Haiti since 2012. Drone imagery was used to delimit the extent of the seven camps that had been set up in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake, and then to count and uniquely identify the Overview of the humanitarian aid situation in Haiti tents within each camp. This data was then linked to IDP data stored in the Today, 1 in 2 children in Haiti depend on humanitarian aid to survive.22 The unstable Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), thus helping to establish the size of camps social and economic situation, growing armed violence, and frequent occurrences of and organise the camps into blocks and zones to inform registrations and natural disasters have resulted in food insecurity, a resurgence of cholera, and high operations for decision-making. inflation levels. These issues have severely restricted access to essential health, food (nutrition), water, and sanitation services (hygiene).23 On top of this, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the challenges, increasing the levels of poverty, displacement, food insecurity, and violence. As of December 2021, 65% of households had experienced a deterioration in their income compared to the years before the pandemic.24 Humanitarian aid is vital in mitigating these crises, helping people to recover and improving their preparedness for future emergencies. According to data received in 2022, 4.9 million people (including 2.1 million children) were in need of assistance in haiti. In fact, UNICEF estimated that 4.5 million people need health assistance, over 750 thousand children need nutritional interventions, and more than 3 million people lack access to safe water.25 It is worth noting that the need for humanitarian aid is not just focused on urban or highly populated areas, but is also critical in rural and remote areas, specifically regions that have limited basic services coverage and poor connectivity. Drones’ potential for development Drones have the potential to be the much-needed last-mile solution that can deliver timely aid to the people that need it the most regardless of where they are located in Haiti. Although drones cannot replace the conventional humanitarian method of aid transportation – considering the volume of cargo carried by trucks and helicopters – they are usually the best alternative to provide last-mile solutions for essential aid supplies such as healthcare goods, food, water and essential supplies, until large-scale rescue operations can be conducted safely. Likewise, UAS can be especially useful in disaster-prone areas such as Haiti. While the use of drones for mapping has already proved to be helpful in Haiti for planning shelter units and for monitoring the evolution of camps for the displaced once a disaster strikes, more advanced applications can speed up the recovery process, such as emergency drone drops or aid corridors (food, medicines, healthcare supplies). The adoption of these more advanced use cases is yet to be explored at scale in Haiti, particularly considering the frequency and exposure of disasters and people in need nationwide. 33 Box 3.3 Development institutions use drones for disaster management in Haiti Disaster management Development institutions have found drones to be very useful tools for responding to natural disasters over the past decade, and many have relied on them for managing very difficult and complex situations. Overview of the natural disasters in Haiti In 2016, when the devastating Hurricane Matthew made landfall, it was known that Although many Caribbean nations are highly vulnerable to natural disasters, the level 2.1 million people were affected but specific information about the storm’s impact of destruction and loss of life and livelihood is incomparable to the level of devastation that Haiti regularly experiences.29 The country is one of the most vulnerable countries was absent. Hence, the World Bank and the IDB deployed drones map key areas in the region, and globally, to climate change and natural disasters30 with over 96% of with the most damage. Later, the Bank used the aerial data to identify schools that its population exposed to at least two different types of hazards (hurricanes, flooding, had suffered the worst damage.26 drought, earthquake, landslides).31 In 2019, the World Food Program organised a drone training workshop in the As Haiti lies in the middle of a hurricane belt, over the past 20 years, the country has country to demonstrate the potential of drone technology and prepare local suffered from numerous floods, storms, earthquakes, and torrential rain, which have had an outsized impact on its people and environment. For example, the 7.2 organisations for future emergencies. The two-week training, which was attended by magnitude earthquake in 2021 caused a significant humanitarian and economic toll on 55 participants from 16 organisations, also saw participation from Haiti’s civil the country. It was estimated that the disaster resulted approximately $2 billion in aviation regulator OFNAC.27 damage and losses, or 11% of Haiti’s 2019-2020 GDP.32 These challenges combined with the projections for worsening climatic conditions make disaster management In 2021, following an earthquake that struck southwestern Haiti, the Pan American highly relevant for Haiti today and for its future. Development Foundation (PADF) worked with local authorities to support Drones have proven to be valuable tools in disaster management efforts, providing communities to recover. Engineers and mapping experts deployed drones to assess critical support to emergency responders and supporting in search and rescue the structural damage caused by the natural disaster.28 operations. Drones’ potential for disaster management In search and rescue efforts, drones can cover large areas quickly and efficiently, providing high-resolution aerial imagery of disaster-affected areas. This information can then be used to locate and assess the extent of damage, identify victims and survivors, and plan search and rescue operations. When it comes to damage assessment, drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors can be used to survey and map affected areas, providing vital information on the extent and severity of the damage – enabling the country to better prioritise relief efforts, allocate resources, and plan reconstruction activities. Drones can also help monitor ongoing hazardous situations such as wildfires, floods, and chemical spills. By providing real-time imagery from a safe distance, drones can provide critical information that allows emergency responders to act quickly and effectively. In the aftermath, drones can be also used for broader recovery activities such as rebuilding areas that were affected, inspections of infrastructure so repairs can be made more effectively than with traditional methods, and emergency aid delivery – all of which serve to make the country more resilient to these natural disasters. 34 Road infrastructure maintenance Overview of the status of road infrastructure maintenance in Haiti Road infrastructure is one of the most critical infrastructures for Haiti as it is the main means of transport for goods and people within the country and its neighbouring country, the Dominican Republic.33 However, Haiti’s road infrastructure remains deficient and poorly maintained. With a total length of over 3,500 km, only 10% of the network is in good condition, and overall, less than 20% of roads are paved.34 Challenges with urban transport, inter-city connectivity, and poor road networks continue to limit economic activity, social development, and economic growth – all of which harm the overall prosperity of the country. Congestion levels are high in several major cities due to poor road infrastructure, suboptimal use of public street space, frequent climate-induced disruptions, and unregulated public transport systems. Although there are several efforts underway to improve and extend the road network across the country, around half of the national territory remains poorly connected and in some cases, regions can become totally isolated during the rainy season.35 Furthermore, Haiti’s roads are degrading faster than existing roads are being rehabilitated and new ones are being built. Most of the damage is caused by tropical storms and hurricanes that occur from early June until late November. During this time, landslides block the routes through the mountains which makes emergency response in regard to storms and adverse weather conditions practically impossible.36 The transportation infrastructure in the South Peninsula has suffered substantial damage due to frequent and severe natural disasters. Likewise, the 2021 earthquake damaged over 850km of primary and secondary roads in the southern region. This left over 450 thousand people isolated and resulted in damages to the transportation infrastructure of around US$160 million.37 Drones’ potential for development Drones can play a significant role in improving and integrating infrastructural resilience programs for roads in Haiti. The country will benefit from drone usage because of its geography, climate vulnerability, and the limited maintenance and rehabilitation rates of current road infrastructure. Hence, drones can improve overall quality of the road network, allowing authorities and public entities to better target rehabilitation efforts and be a valuable solution for mitigating the effects of extreme climate disruption events (Box 3.4). 35 Drones’ potential in road infrastructure maintenance Drone technology is an important tool for bringing relevant data throughout the entire lifecycle of road infrastructure construction and maintenance. Drones with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR (laser scanning) can supervise, verify, or track the progress of road repairs and various types of construction projects. Engineering-grade 3D data can be used for design purposes in CAD software. Cyclical inspections can be used to measure and document progress at the construction site and provide the key information for post-construction documentation. Drones can also help with the inspection of infrastructure assets such as bridges, tunnels, or retaining walls for maintenance purposes. Using drone technology allows teams to access difficult-to-reach places and improve safety when compared to doing such inspections manually. Moreover, advanced sensors such as thermal cameras on drones can detect and identify abnormalities, destructive moisture spots, or cracks in the infrastructure bridges that would otherwise not be visible using traditional observation methods. Moreover, drone mapping can assist with the creation of 3D digital terrain models for risk assessment, including the simulation of factors such as flooding, landslides, or road network destruction due to other natural factors. Cyclical mapping allows for the tracking of the degradation of infrastructure over time, allowing maintenance teams to identify potential issues and take action before they become major problems. When done well, this can improve the road infrastructure climate resilience thanks to improved inspections, and a more sophisticated full-spectrum review of the impact that climatic events have on roads and transport more generally (Box 3.4). Box 3.4 Drones’ potential in road climate resilience actions Pre-disaster Disaster response Post-disaster • Detailed inspections of crucial road infrastructure • Quick response image and video provision. • Pre-design process support with accurate and elements (e.g. bridges, main roads, pavement • Assessment of disaster impact. up-to-date image data. condition). • Rescue and infrastructure reconstruction support, • Simulation and visualisation process support with • Surveying of climate sensitive areas: mud terrain, including live image feed provision to rescue and reliable 3D and visual data. rivers, flooding areas, floodbanks, falling rocks road engineering teams. • Reconstruction works supervision, subcontractors zones etc. • Reaching inaccessible places and cut-off areas. work clearing. • Road network maintenance and construction works • Objective periodical documentation gathering. supervision, subcontractors work clearing. • Adherence to design and quality control support. 36 Box 3.5 Mapping informal settlements of Canaan38 Urban Planning and Monitoring After a magnitude 7.0 earthquake devastated Port AU Prince over a decade ago many people migrated to a nearby town called Canaan. The city grew so rapidly and in such unpredictable ways that even maintaining accurate, up-to-date maps was a Overview of the status of urban planning and monitoring in Haiti challenge. Some communities have become so dense that the satellite imagery has In Haiti, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and the fact that some cities are not been detailed enough to fully assess the changes. To address these issues and controlled by armed gangs results in high levels of migration to, and the formation of, improve the quality of life for the communities and other organisations working informal urban areas. For instance, in 2016, the Government of Haiti (GOH) estimates there, the American Red Cross collected, processed, and made available that during the next 10 years, the country will require up to 500,000 additional housing high-resolution, up-to-date, drone imagery for the entire 35 square kilometer area in units to make up for the pre-earthquake housing shortage, replacing stock lost during the disaster.39 December 2017. In order to plan their flights, the team used some NASA resources—a digital elevation map (DEM) based on data from the Advanced Informal urban settlements often offer poor living conditions without access to basic Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor on services such as clean running water or healthcare. According to data acquired post the 2021 earthquake, some 212,000 people do not have access to safe drinking water. NASA’s Terra satellite. More than 60 health facilities have also been damaged, while 171 school buildings Having this high-quality data available made for much more effective urban planning have been destroyed.40 and monitoring and better resource deployment across Canaan. It is for these reasons that urban planning is of high relevance for Haiti, with data showing that in Port-au-Prince “an estimated 66% of land in the administrative area and 78% of built-up land is exposed to high seismic risk and the city continues to grow intensively in high-risk areas.”41 The resilience of these cities to climate disruption and other socio-economic challenges is highly dependent on the quality of urban planning and monitoring that can be achieved by the government with the support of non-government organisations. Under these conditions and high pressure for the development of comprehensive and sustainable solutions drones can be very useful here for cartography, urban mapping, and migration tracking – all of which serve to improve mobility, support economic activity, and enable Haitian cities to become more resilient to extreme climate events. Drones’ potential in urban planning and monitoring Haiti needs to start collecting large datasets that can assist with resilient urban planning that can mitigate the key risks of natural disasters and an unstable economic situation in urban areas. Doing this by traditional land-surveying methods is highly cost-ineffective. Drones offer a much better solution and can reshape the future of Haiti’s urban planning and monitoring in the long run. Technically, drones can collect a wide range of different data thanks to a variety of multispectral sensors, space scanners such as LIDAR, and various small-format, high-resolution aerial cameras. By combining this technology, drones can map out complex urban environments easily and quickly – which then helps with better planning and decision-making. As the industry develops, drones can also play a critical role in large-scale urban planning, utility inspections, water management, landfill monitoring, and asset management. 37 Box 3.6 AT&T used their unmanned helicopter “Flying COW” to provide Remote internet access internet coverage to the regions hit by Hurricane Maria42 In September 2017, the island of Puerto Rico was struck by back-to-back disasters. When Hurricane Maria (a powerful Category 4 storm that also impacted several Overview of the internet connectivity in Haiti islands in the Caribbean) passed directly overhead, Puerto Rico’s Although internet coverage in Haiti has increased from 8% in 2010 to 35% in 2020,43 telecommunications network suffered a near-total breakdown. The few remaining and then up to 41.4% in 2022,44 there is still a lot to be done to improve coverage and operational cell towers were quickly overwhelmed, as residents desperately tried to access. The quality of the internet connection itself remains poor and expensive, often contact the outside world. Fortunately, American telecommunication company AT&T placing it out of reach for many Haitians living in metropolitan areas, while those in quickly came up with a solution: an unmanned helicopter called Flying COW (Cell rural towns have no access at all.45 on Wings); a cell site on a drone. It is designed to beam LTE coverage from the sky The Internet Society, a global non-profit, stresses that the internet is important for to customers on the ground, including during natural disasters. Flying COW played providing citizens with opportunities to access information and services, to connect an important role for the national Network Disaster Recovery (NDR) team. They and communicate, as well as to share ideas and knowledge, on a global scale. It must also function during natural disasters when connectivity is often lost due to the were able to transport, deploy, and move it quickly to accommodate rapidly destruction of power lines. The poor quality and limited access of Haiti’s internet changing conditions during an emergency. For example, at the direction of first connections hinder these objectives and make it difficult for the country to provide responders, it followed firefighters battling a quickly moving wildfire line, keeping important public services such as education and medical support. them connected while they fought blazes. In addition, the drone was able to fly and It’s also worth noting that improvements to internet access can provide a significant provide coverage in challenging weather and other conditions, from high winds to boost to economic outcomes. Studies show that for every 10% increase in internet heavy smoke. connectivity for developing countries, a 0.5% - 1.5% increase in GDP can be expected.46 In Haiti, this could play a major role in reducing inequality within the country, giving school children in Nippes the same education as those in Port au Prince. This needs to be done in a sustainable way where the quality of the connection can facilitate economic growth, especially considering that currently, a 1GB subscription can cost as much as 4% of per capita income – a very high proportion compared to the comparable cost across the rest of the region.47 Drones’ potential for providing remote internet access The lack of proper access to good quality internet is an issue that is difficult to overcome without proper technological facilities. Therefore, remote access enabled by drones is becoming increasingly popular. Drone internet platforms can be used in the event of natural disasters or pandemics, and in rural areas to increase educational capacity or productivity. When the terrestrial infrastructure is compromised during a natural disaster, first responders can quickly begin to use UAV internet platforms instead, as the system can be set up on an ad-hoc basis. Users can also move platforms around to see where the service works best. Connectivity is vital in the case of search and rescue operations, where good internet coverage increases the chances of survival for affected people. The idea has been tested successfully by multiple telecom providers to date, including AT&T which deployed its “Flying COW” tethered drones in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria in 2017.48 The social aspect of drone internet coverage is also highly important. Internet access can bring multiple indirect benefits to society, increasing educational opportunities, facilitating access to job opportunities, and driving greater productivity across the population. 38 Box 3.7 Drone-based mapping of mangroves and forests in Haiti49 Restoration and reforestation In 2016, Haiti Drone Services provided aerial imagery and geo-referenced data on the state of the environment in the South of Haiti. Drone surveys of the mangroves of La Cahouane and forests of the Macaya National Natural Park have given clarity Overview of the deforestation problem in Haiti from above on the damage caused by Hurricane Matthew. This information has Haiti has the highest rate of deforestation in the world and only approximately 2% of been a valuable contribution to the process of establishing a management plan for Haiti's original forests remain.50 The process of deforestation started during French environmental recovery. colonial times with timber harvest for revenues and land clearing for agriculture.51 Today, the cutting of trees for charcoal, which represents 72% of national energy consumption, is a major contributor to deforestation that aggravates the effects of floods and cyclones, which occur frequently in Haiti.52 Deforestation can also cause the extinction of animals and trees, and erosion. Protecting these forests is important because they support an incredible array of biodiversity. Maintaining and improving these areas not only increases the resilience of the forest ecosystem and its ability to adapt to a changing climate but also improves the resilience and well-being of the communities that rely on it for food, work, and other services.53 One example of a reforestation effort that has taken place is a project in 2019 where UNEP supported a push to preserve and restore mangroves, whose ecosystems are vital for stabilising the coastline and maintaining the biological diversity of coastal areas. In total, 141 hectares of reforestation were undertaken in areas exposed to coastal hazards and flooding. Over 170 kilometers of riverbanks have been reforested with bamboo to prevent soil erosion and more than 1,050 hectares of watershed have been covered with, among other things, seedlings, and fruit plants.54 Haiti needs to have many more similar restoration and reforestation projects moving forward, if the country is to avoid the total loss of its rainforests over the next 20 years.55 In fact, as part of Haiti’s revised National Determined Contributions (NDC) submitted in 2022 the Government highlighted the relevance of reforestation initiatives along with deforestation prevention efforts.56 Some of the targeted initiatives aim to have by 2025 and 2030 over 1000 hectares reforested, other 1000 hectares regenerated with assisted forestry programs and 1000 by agroforestry programmes. At the same time, the authorities aim to avoid the deforestation of 1000 ha through the REDD mechanism.57 The implementation of drone technology can play a significant role in monitoring deforestation, and reforestation efforts by providing key insights to decision-makers who are working on environmental efforts in the country. Likewise, the technology can support the most needed reforestation initiatives. Drones’ potential in restoration and reforestation Drones with multispectral or high-resolution cameras can be used to analyse the state of forests on a regular basis, or to assess the damage during and after specific events such as natural disasters and forest fires. Another useful application for drones is aerial seeding which works by firing seeds in carbon capsules into the soil and mapping specific species to their native areas. The capsule protects and fertilises the seeds as they grow, then breaks down as they strengthen into seedlings. One drone can plant up to 40,000 seed pods a day. In comparison to traditional methodologies, that is 25 times faster and also 80% cheaper.58 39 Box 3.8 Precision Agriculture Services in Costa Rica59,60 Agricultural applications The tendency of moving towards precision agriculture implementation can be seen in numerous countries across the LAC region, expanding from just large growers to medium and small agriculture ventures. One of the companies that is providing Overview of the agricultural situation in Haiti services in this sector is Indigo Drones, an agricultural intelligence company in Agriculture plays an essential role in the Haitian economy. It accounts for more than Costa Rica that provides big data to small farms, helping precision agriculture to 20% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and constitutes the primary source grow in the country. of revenue and employment, particularly in rural areas. Approximately 50% of the Haitian population is employed in the sector.61 However, agriculture’s contribution to The IndigoIA software uses collected data through unmanned aerial vehicles the economy has been declining since the 1980s, and Haiti must now import a (UAVs) as well as other internet of things (IoT) devices to create a digital map of significant portion of the agricultural products it consumes.62 areas, allowing farmers precisely identify where problems arise before they have Agricultural productivity is severely constrained by a number of factors. Small farmers time to spread. lack access to technology and key production factors, such as irrigation water, post-harvest losses are considerable, often due to a lack of storage and processing This kind of actionable data have profound positive impacts on agriculture. By facilities, road infrastructure is poor, and small farmers and poor rural households have knowing the performance of crops using an aerial view, farmers can allocate water extremely limited access to credit for productive activities.63 All of these factors usage more efficiently, rather than wasting it with indiscriminate irrigation. Equally, combine to create several challenges for an evolving agricultural sector that must use of fertilisers and pesticides can be limited to those specific areas where it’s adapt to a changing climate while still being a vital component of the economy. required, avoiding the risk of runoff entering groundwater supplies and impacting the Drone technology can be very important for this adaptation as they represent a local surrounding environment. powerful tool with a variety of potential use cases, all of which can increase agricultural production and long-term environmental sustainability. Better yields mean greater productivity for the individual farmers and possibility of reducing the need for spending large amounts of their budget on fertilisers and Drones’ potential in agricultural applications pesticides. In the agricultural sector, drones could be used for a variety of different tasks ranging from soil sampling and crop field analysis to planting and pesticide application. Combining high-quality aerial imagery with other technologies like hyperspectral, multispectral, or thermal data, drones can offer farmers temporal and site-specific information about crop health, fungal infections, and growth bottlenecks. All of this provides key insights that can be acted upon to improve yields and safeguard against agricultural risk. Drones are also very effective for carefully keeping track of huge expanses of agricultural land, taking into account parameters such as slant and height, for instance, to discover the most effective planting regimen.64 Then once the seeds have been planted, drones can be used as a vehicle to perform crop spraying during all kinds of weather conditions and across difficult terrain, including trees, antennas, electric wires, and fences. Utilising drone technology in this way helps to be more precise with pesticides and other interventions - resulting in more efficient use of resources, where previously it was only possible to use a scattered approach where the entire landmass was treated in exactly the same way.65 40 Box 3.9 Mobility mapping in Cap-Haïtien66,67 Road traffic monitoring In 2019, the World Bank transport team conducted an urban mobility study intending to map out key mobility data in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti’s second-largest city. Although there were certain public datasets on urban mobility already being used in Overview of the Road traffic situation in Haiti Haiti, there wasn’t a holistic, coherent picture of the entire road infrastructure. To In 2019, more than 2,250 road traffic accidents were reported in Haiti, which left over address the gaps, the team used satellite imagery to analyse the patterns and 3,300 injured and more than 500 dead.68 This places road accidents among the causes of traffic congestion across the city, and drone videos to understand the leading causes of death in Haiti, especially with the underdeveloped road infrastructure that typifies most of the country. In addition, traffic tends to be extremely traffic challenges affecting key intersections. congested in major urban areas with hours-long traffic jams playing a role in halting This experience, made possible through machine-learning algorithms, allowed the national productivity and the associated economic growth.69 team to measure the volume of pedestrians, motorbike taxis, trucks, and cars in One key stakeholder, the non-profit organisation STOP-Accidents, continues to urge heavily congested streets at peak and off-peak hours, among other metrics. the authorities to reduce the risk by installing more public lighting, moving certain marketplaces, boosting public transport, and strengthening the police force.70 The conclusions of the study as well as a more detailed and reliable understanding However, these practical solutions can only be effectively implemented if the of traffic flows in the selected city areas can support the Haitian Government and government has objective, timely data that can inform how they choose their highly the Municipality in designing future policy and validating transportation investments. constrained resources. This is where drones can be very useful, providing the valuable service of road traffic monitoring in a way that is much more effective than traditional methods, and at a fraction of the cost. Drones’ potential in road traffic monitoring To make informed, data-driven decisions regarding traffic congestion in main cities, governmental bodies need to calculate traffic volume very precisely across a range of different factors. Drones can be used as a complementary tool to traditional road sensors by capturing traffic footage that will subsequently be analysed by machine learning algorithms to gain more knowledge about car density or the distribution of speed over a predefined stretch. This allows decision-makers to act decisively in the areas that matter most – in order to maximise the return on investment both financially, socially, and environmentally. In the same line, drones could be used to monitor the performance of public transport infrastructure in the country. This can be done by collecting data on the frequency of buses, reliability of the service and other vehicles that support the transport network, as well as tracking the usage patterns of the infrastructure. The data can be used to inform decisions about how to improve the performance of the public transport system. All of this can contribute to more effective traffic monitoring and better safety on Haiti’s roads, which then translates into better socio-economic results across major urban areas. 41 Endangered species monitoring Overview of the endangered species situation in Haiti Haiti is one of the richest countries in the Caribbean in terms of botanical diversity and is thus considered one of the most biologically significant countries in the West Indies.71 The country has four different mountain ranges, numerous waterfalls and rivers, and over 600 miles of coral reefs, all of which are home to vibrant natural ecosystems. In fact, 75% of Haiti’s fauna can not be found anywhere else in the world.72 However, unsustainable tree harvesting, overfishing, and the impacts of climate change are putting this biodiversity at risk. Without sufficient conservation efforts, it is likely that the number of endangered species continues to increase, as does their likelihood of extinction. It is here that natural-based solutions can play a role – which are defined as “innovative approaches that harness natural capital to increase the resilience of communities and ecosystems while providing environmental, social and economic benefits”. Drones can play a significant role in delivering these solutions, as they provide a number of applications for endangered species monitoring, with the most important ones being coral reef mapping and the identification of illegal hunting. Drones’ potential in coral reefs mapping As part of the Nature Conservancy programme, the mapping of coral reefs and the coastal zone was conducted by drone for the first time in 2014. It gave a sense of the ocean dynamics around the reef and allowed local stakeholders to identify species of interest such as green turtles and rare corals.73 In 2016, the scope of preservation works expanded and drones were used to assess the state of the coral reefs and fish population. Such an implementation of drone technology helps to estimate the environmental impact on marine habitat extinction and evaluate the success of management strategies.74 Drones’ potential in poaching identification and investigation Turtles and marine mammals are particularly threatened in Haiti because of the illegal nets used by fishermen as well as sharks that are being killed by local fishermen.75 As such, drones could be implemented to detect illegal activities and combat poaching in Haiti. For instance, in 2019, the non-profit organisation Haiti Ocean Project deployed drones for an investigation into the massacre of a Caribbean manatee that was classified as vulnerable on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).76 42 Nature Preservation and Environmental Monitoring, including pollution monitoring Overview of the environmental situation in Haiti Decades of unplanned and unsustainable timber harvesting, agricultural clearing, and livestock cultivation have pushed Haiti's environment into crisis, exacerbating the exposure and effects of hurricanes and floods on an country already vulnerable to extreme climate events.77 The regular occurrence of natural disasters has created one of the highest rates of soil erosion in the world. Only 20 percent of Haiti's 27,560 sq. km is arable and as many as 37,000 acres of arable land are lost annually due to erosion.78 Nevertheless, the effects of this type of erosion go far beyond the loss of fertile land. It also leads to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species.79 Additionally, it increases the risks of flooding and landslides. Hence, excessive soil erosion has lowered the productivity of Haitian land and has led to infrastructure, towns, and villages being vulnerable to flooding and desertification. Drones’ potential in nature preservation and environmental monitoring Since drones can survey extensive surface areas while pinpointing problems on a very small scale (with a high level of precision), they are far more efficient at inspecting arable lands than a farmer on foot. The data that drones obtain is crucial in mitigating key environmental risks. By proactively identifying erosion hotspots, sources of pollution, and unchecked timber harvesting, Haiti can act before bigger problems arise, which has a significant social and environmental impact. Recent improvements to the technology include integrated drones that utilise photogrammetric payloads and structure-from-motion stereographic software. Here, overlapping images with sub-centimetre resolution can be obtained to create high-resolution digital surface models of erosion features. This can be used to determine the extent and dimensions of erosion, where sediment is generated, and where it is deposited.80 To explore the potential of drones for a wider range of environmental applications, the Directorate of Forests and Renewable Energies under the Ministry of Environment conducted a three-day drone training workshop with the support of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in February 2022.81 The country needs more of these sorts of initiatives to drive awareness and adoption levels, along with the industry, forward. 43 Reduction in the spread of mosquito-borne disease Overview of the state of mosquito-borne disease in Haiti Vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are transmitted to humans by the bites of infected mosquitoes and, left unchecked, possess a serious threat to people’s lives.82 The incidence of malaria in Haiti is approximately 1,278 per 100,000 people annually. The highest transmission rates are reported to occur after the rainy seasons from March through May and October through November.83 Dengue is endemic to Haiti, as it is throughout the Caribbean, and in 2022 there were 3,316 cases reported. The Chikungunya virus transmission was first reported in Haiti in May 2014, and the incidence rate is reported to be 627 per 100,000 population.84 Humanitarian organisations have begun working to protect Haitian residents from these mosquito-borne diseases through traditional methods, but drones represent an innovative solution that can play an important role, having already proven their utility in such projects across other LAC countries (Brazil, Grenada, Guatemala, Panama, Paraguay, and Peru). Drones’ potential for reducing the spread of mosquito-borne disease Vector control, which attempts to limit or eradicate insects that transmit diseases, is a critical tool for limiting the spread of disease. Drones can capture extremely detailed images of key landscapes, replacing the time-consuming hunt for mosquito larvae on the ground with identifying breeding sites, even during the dry season.85 Once mosquito habitats have been detected, drones can also assist by deploying insecticides precisely to exactly where they are needed. This is an important factor because the overuse of insecticides can cause resistance and application from high altitudes can be adversely affected by wind and drift. With a drone, it is possible to get to within a foot of the habitat and apply insecticide exactly where the vector is.86 One more possible solution is a drone-based Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to control insect pests. SIT, a form of insect birth control, uses radiation to sterilise male mosquitos, which are then released to mate with wild females. As these do not produce any eggs, the insect population declines over time. This technique requires the release of large numbers of insects in good condition over a given area and drones can help with large-scale and cost-efficient releases, treating an area of up to 20 hectares in size in just five minutes.87 44 Waste management and landfill monitoring Overview of the waste management and landfill monitoring situation in Haiti Haiti’s waste management system is characterised by poor collection methods, a lack of treatment options, and a weak legal framework when it comes to the environment.88 Field missions and discussions with local authorities confirm the high levels of vulnerability of the municipalities in this regard. Such is the dearth of services and infrastructures that, in some cases, the town hall cannot even afford to repair broken-down equipment for a few thousand gourdes (USD 20 - 100). One key example of the challenge here is Haiti’s largest landfill site, Truitier, which is a serious environmental threat because it is located less than 100 metres from the sea and does not have adequate measures in place to prevent breaching.89 Solid waste management is also problematic. In the absence of government control, waste management is marred by a set of interrelated factors including population growth, urban expansion, insufficient infrastructure, and public management issues.90 Statistics show that of the 11 million inhabitants of Haiti, 56% reside in urban areas and the rate of solid waste production is around 0.6 kg per person per day. This translates to over 6,000 tons of solid waste that accumulates daily, especially in urban centers, without being able to be collected by municipalities and private sector actors.91 Almost all of the waste is sent to illegal dump sites (rivers, drainage canals) without any prior treatment. In some areas, solid waste is burned or buried in the ground, contributing to pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases..92 Drones can play a significant role here in monitoring landfills and keeping taps on water quality which can make a big difference to the environmental and social outcomes. Drones’ potential in waste management and landfill monitoring For landfill managers, thoroughly inspecting their sites on a regular basis is crucial. By identifying potential concerns early, managers can keep site crews safe and contain environmental hazards, such as leaching chemicals and gases.93 Drones can be used for this to fly over the landfill and scan areas with a thermal imager. These cameras then analyse the thermal changes within set perimeters of the landfill to determine the possible risks.94 This kind of mapping technology saves landfill managers time and money by giving them a comprehensive overview of their sites in a fraction of the time that it takes to do ground inspections.95 Another important need is water quality monitoring since areas near landfills have much higher contamination risk. However, acquiring samples at some distance from the bank without a boat or ship is impossible. The remote sampling system based on UAV solves that problem, allowing water sampling at long distances from the shore. 45 Wildfire management Overview of the wildfire management situation in Haiti Wildfires are a high-risk proposition in Haiti and were responsible for 6.3% of tree cover loss in the country between 2001 and 2021.96,97 Caused by strong fire seasons and human activities, the hazard of fires leads to life and property loss, and poses a severe threat to vegetation communities, such as rainforests that take hundreds of years to recover. Inadequate resources and a lack of technical capacity limits the possible actions to detect wildfires in remote forest areas and deal with them effectively. The adoption of drone technology could be a useful and beneficial tool to identify hotspots quickly and effectively, mapping the spread of a fire and lowering the risk for firefighters. Drone potential in wildfires management Time is of the essence in the event of a forest fire. Drones could, in a matter of minutes, determine the type of fire and the scope of resources that need to be deployed to the scene. Drones could also be equipped with thermal sensors, which use infrared radiation to help first responders locate heat signatures of humans and hotspots that show where fires are most likely to spread.98 With aerial intelligence captured by drones, incident commanders can make informed decisions that keep firefighters safe while they plunge into the fire and work to save peoples’ lives. With a drone, it is possible to monitor a crew from afar to ensure they are safe and heading in the right direction.99 While visual and thermal mapping can be conducted with manned aircraft, drone mapping has the potential to offer a fuller picture. Drones can gather data from vantage points that planes and helicopters simply cannot and they can fly at times that would be too dangerous for a manned aircraft. Drones fly lower than helicopters, providing a more nuanced picture of the situation, and they can navigate through tight or dangerous spaces where no helicopter pilot would dare to go. In some cases, drones and firefighting helicopters can even be used in tandem to cover the most terrain possible.100 Drones could also play an important role after the fire has been put out, improving recovery efforts by capturing 360-degree images of the devastated area. This information can also be helpful for planning meaningful action in further emergency response and restoration projects. 46 Table 3.2 Relevant Stakeholders to be Involved in Drone Pilot Projects for Social Development and Environmental Protection Use cases Stakeholders and Potential Partners Social development and humanitarian applications • Minister of Public Health and Population Healthcare and medical goods • Partners in Health (Zanmi Lasante) delivery • Haiti Flying Labs • Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development • Haiti Flying Labs Agriculture applications • Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) • Haiti Christian Development Fund (HCDF) • Pan American Development Foundation (PADF) • Ministry of Interior and Territorial Communities Humanitarian aid • World Food Programme (WFP) • Ministry of the Environment • National Center for Geospatial Information in Haiti (CNIGS) • Ministry of Defense, Foreign Affairs and Worship • Haitian Civil Protection Agency (DPC) Disaster management • Haiti Flying Labs • Pan American Development Foundation (PADF) • Disaster Risk Reduction - IOM Haiti • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • Haiti Hydrometeorological Unit (UHM) Urban planning and monitoring • Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications • Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications Road traffic monitoring • Ministry of Justice and Public Security • Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications • Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) Road infrastructure maintenance • The World Bank Group • United Nations Office for Project Service (UNOPS) • Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) • Haiti Flying Labs Remote internet access • Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications Environmental protection applications Endangered species monitoring • Ministry of the Environment Environmental pollution • Ministry of the Environment monitoring • Haiti Flying Labs • Ministry of the Environment Restoration and reforestation • Haiti Flying Labs Waste management and landfill • Ministry of the Environment monitoring • Organisation for Migration (IOM) Wildfires • Ministry of the Environment Mosquitoes borne disease • Minister of Public Health and Population spread reduction 47 References 1. 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The World Bank, November 2022, “Terms of Reference for Diagnostic for the UAS application in Haiti”. 47. The World Bank, “More than just internet: harnessing the digital economy to rethink the future in Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML,The World Bank, 10 February 2023, 34. USAID. 2021. “Haiti Market Analysis: Sud and Grand’Anse Departments.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2020/12/14/more-than-just-internet-harnessing-th https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00X97B.pdf. e-digital-economy-to-rethink-the-future-in-haiti. 35. The World Bank, “The World Bank approves $131 million to improve Haiti’s infrastructure and 48. 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The World Bank, “The World Bank approves $131 million to improve Haiti’s infrastructure and https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2015/deforestation-slows-economic-recovery-haiti/378 resilience to disaster,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/05/26/the-world-bank-approves-131-mill 51. USAID. 2010. “Haiti Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment.” ion-to-improve-haiti-s-infrastructure-and-resilience-to-disaster. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2T6.pdf. 38. Missing Maps, “Drones over Canaan, Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Missing Maps, 10 February 52. ReliefWeb, “Solar Energy and Briquettes Make Headway in Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, 2023, https://www.missingmaps.org/blog/2018/04/09/canaan-drones/. ReliefWeb, 10 February 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/solar-energy-and-briquettes-make-headway-haiti. 39. ReliefWeb, “Haiti: Housing and Settlements Fact Sheet (2016),” Website: Text/HTML, ReliefWeb, 10 February 2023, 53. UNEP, “In Haiti, communities take aim at deforestation,” Website: Text/HTML, UNEP, 10 https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-housing-and-settlements-fact-sheet-2016. February 2023, https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/haiti-communities-take-aim-deforestation. 40. OCHA. 2021, “Haiti: Earthquake Situation Report No. 5 (14 September 2021).” https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-earthquake-situation-report-no-5-14-september-2021. 54. UNEP, “In Haiti, communities take aim at deforestation,” Website: Text/HTML, UNEP, 10 February 2023, 41. The World Bank ”Understanding the Future of Haitian Cities,” Website: Text/HTML, The World https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/haiti-communities-take-aim-deforestation. Bank, 10 February 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/06/26/understanding-the-future-of-haitian-cities. 49 References 55. 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Founder Institute, “Indigo Drones is Delivering Big Data to Small Farmers, Helping Precision 71. Wilson Center, “Endangered Endemic Animals of Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Wilson Center, Agriculture Take Flight,” Website: Text/HTML, Founder Institute, 10 February 2023, 10 February 2023, https://fi.co/insight/indigo-drones-is-delivering-big-data-to-small-farmers-helping-precision-agricu https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/endangered-endemic-animals-haiti-austin-kurtanich. lture-take-flight. 72. USAID. 2010. “Haiti Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment.” 60. Volta, “Indigo Drones: Farming takes flight,” Website: Text/HTML, Volta, 10 February 2023, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2T6.pdf. https://voltafuturepositive.com/2021/11/15/indigo-drones-farming-takes-flight/. 73. The Nature Conservancy, “Innovation: Drone Mapping of Coral Reefs and the Coastal Zone,” 61. IDB, “Future foodscapes, a changing landscape in the Haitian agricultural sector,” Website: Website: Text/HTML, The Nature Conservancy, 10 February 2023, Text/HTML, IDB, 10 February 2023, https://blog.nature.org/science/2014/08/11/innovation-drone-mapping-of-coral-reefs-and-the-c https://blogs.iadb.org/sostenibilidad/en/future-foodscapes-a-changing-landscape-in-the-haitian-a oastal-zone/. gricultural-sector/. 74. Kramer, P, M Atis, S Schill, SM Williams, E Freid, G Moore, JC Martinez-Sanchez, F 62. IFAD, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, IFAD, 10 February 2023, Benjamin, LS Cyprien, JR Alexis, R Grizzle, K Ward, K Marks, D Grenda. 2016. “Baseline https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/w/country/haiti. Ecological Inventory for Three Bays National Park, Haiti.” The Nature Conservancy: Report to the Inter-American Development Bank. 63. IFAD, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, IFAD, 10 February 2023, https://www.agrra.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Haiti-Three-Bays-NP.pdf. https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/w/country/haiti. 75. Haiti Ocean Project, “Passion for the ocean and marine conservation,” Website: Text/HTML, 64. GeoPard Agriculture, “How to use drones in precision agriculture, Website: Text/HTML, Haiti Ocean Project, 10 February 2023, http://www.haitioceanproject.org/. GeoPard Agriculture, 10 February 2023, https://geopard.tech/blog/how-to-use-drones-in-precision-agriculture/. 76. Juno7, “Massacre d’un bébé lamantin, espèce protégée et en extinction, à Grand Boucan,” Website: Text/HTML, Juno7, 10 February 2023, 65. Drone Reviews, “Benefits Of Using Drones For Spraying Crops, Website: Text/HTML, Drone https://www.juno7.ht/exclusif-massacre-dun-bebe-lamantin-espece-protegee-et-en-extinction- Reviews, 10 February 2023, https://yourdronereviews.com/drones-for-spraying-crops. a-grand-boucan/. 66. The World Bank, “Mapping out mobility in Cap-Haïtien: A successful building-block approach!” 77. Wilson Center, “Environmental Vulnerability in Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Wilson Center, 10 Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 10 February 2023, February 2023, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/environmental-vulnerability-haiti. https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/mapping-out-mobility-cap-haitien-successful-building-block -approach. 78. ReliefWeb, “Investing in Haiti’s Rural Community,” Website: Text/HTML, ReliefWeb, 10 February 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/investing-haiti%E2%80%99s-rural-community#:~:text=Haiti%20 continues%20to%20have%20one,lost%20annually%20due%20to%20erosion. 50 References 79. WWF, “Soil erosion and degradation,” Website: Text/HTML, WWF, 10 February 2023, 91. UNDP, “Source sorting, management, and recovery of solid waste in Haiti: ideas to create https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/soil-erosion-and-degradation. sustainable jobs and preserve the environment,” Website: Text/HTML, UNDP, 10 February 2023, 80. AgNews, “Drones: boosting yield and beating erosion,” Website: Text/HTML, AgNews, 10 https://www.undp.org/fr/haiti/blog/source-sorting-management-and-recovery-solid-waste-haiti-i February 2023, https://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---42849.htm. deas-create-sustainable-jobs-and-preserve-environment. 81. Haiti Libre, “Haiti - Environment : Training in piloting drones and aerial photos,” Website: 92. The International Trade Administration, “Haiti - Country Commercial Guide: Waste Text/HTML, Haiti Libre, 10 February 2023, Management,” Website: Text/HTML, The International Trade Administration, 10 February https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-36059-haiti-environment-training-in-piloting-drones-and-aeri 2023, https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/haiti-waste-management. al-photos.html. 93. Medium, “Landfills Save Time and Money with Drone Mapping,” Website: Text/HTML, 82. CDC, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, CDC, 10 February 2023, Medium, 10 February 2023, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/popular-itineraries/haiti. https://medium.com/aerial-acuity/landfills-save-time-and-money-with-drone-mapping-24bfd314 83. CDC, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, CDC, 10 February 2023, 13c6. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/popular-itineraries/haiti. 94. Airscope, “Drones for Waste Management,” Website: Text/HTML, Airscope, 10 February 2023, 84. CDC, “Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, CDC, 10 February 2023, https://airscope.ae/industrial/waste-management/. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/popular-itineraries/haiti. 95. Medium, “Landfills Save Time and Money with Drone Mapping,” Website: Text/HTML, 85. BioMed Central, Eyes in the sky: How drones can be used in malaria vector control,” Website: Medium, 10 February 2023, Text/HTML, BioMed Central, 10 February 2023, https://medium.com/aerial-acuity/landfills-save-time-and-money-with-drone-mapping-24bfd314 https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2021/08/06/eyes-in-the-sky-how-drones-can-be-used 13c6. -in-malaria-vector-control/. 96. Think Hazard, “Wildfire,” Website: Text/HTML, Think Hazard, 10 February 2023, 86. USF Health, “Using drone mapping to identify mosquito habitats in Manatee County,” Website: https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/108-haiti/WF. Text/HTML, USF Health, 10 February 2023, 97. Global Forest Watch, “Forest fires in Haiti,” Website: Text/HTML, Global Forest Watch, 10 https://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/health/publichealth/news/using-drone-mapping-to-identify-mosquito February 2023, -habitats-in-manatee-county/#:~:text=Once%20habitats%20are%20detected%2C%20the,affect https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/HTI/?category=fires&location=WyJjb3V ed%20by%20wind%20and%20drift. udHJ5IiwiSFRJIl0%3D&map=eyJjZW50ZXIiOnsibGF0IjoxOS4wNTg5MTYxNzUzNDgsImxuZy 87. IAEA, “IAEA Conducts Successful Test of Drones in Fight Against Disease-Transmitting I6LTczLjA0OTY5Nzg3NTAwMDA1fSwiem9vbSI6Ni4yNTUwNDY3MzgxNzk5MDYsImNhbkJvd Mosquitos,” Website: Text/HTML, IAEA, 10 February 2023, W5kIjpmYWxzZSwiZGF0YXNldHMiOlt7ImRhdGFzZXQiOiJwb2xpdGljYWwtYm91bmRhcmllcy https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/iaea-conducts-successful-test-of-drones-in-fight IsImxheWVycyI6WyJkaXNwdXRlZC1wb2xpdGljYWwtYm91bmRhcmllcyIsInBvbGl0aWNhbC1i -against-disease-transmitting-mosquitos. b3VuZGFyaWVzIl0sImJvdW5kYXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJvcGFjaXR5IjoxLCJ2aXNpYmlsaXR5Ijp0cnVlf 88. Groupe URD. 2015. “The waste management practices of aid organisations - Case study: Haiti Sx7ImRhdGFzZXQiOiJmaXJlLWFsZXJ0cy12aWlycyIsImxheWVycyI6WyJmaXJlLWFsZXJ0cy (Executive Summary).” 12aWlycyJdLCJvcGFjaXR5IjoxLCJ2aXNpYmlsaXR5Ijp0cnVlLCJwYXJhbXMiOnsidmlzaWJpb https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/waste-management-practices-aid-organisations-case-study-haiti- Gl0eSI6dHJ1ZSwiYWRtX2xldmVsIjoiYWRtMCJ9LCJ0aW1lbGluZVBhcmFtcyI6eyJzdGFydER executive-summary. hdGVBYnNvbHV0ZSI6IjIwMjItMTEtMTYiLCJlbmREYXRlQWJzb2x1dGUiOiIyMDIzLTAyLTE0Ii wic3RhcnREYXRlIjoiMjAyMi0xMS0xNiIsImVuZERhdGUiOiIyMDIzLTAyLTE0IiwidHJpbUVuZE 89. Groupe URD. 2015. “The waste management practices of aid organisations - Case study: Haiti RhdGUiOiIyMDIzLTAyLTE0In19XX0%3D&showMap=true. (Executive Summary).” https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/waste-management-practices-aid-organisations-case-study-haiti- 98. DJI, “Drones in forest fire response,” Website: Text/HTML, DJI, 10 February 2023, executive-summary. https://enterprise-insights.dji.com/blog/drones-in-forest-fire-response. 90. The International Trade Administration, “Haiti - Country Commercial Guide: Waste 99. DJI, “Drones in forest fire response,” Website: Text/HTML, DJI, 10 February 2023, Management,” Website: Text/HTML, The International Trade Administration, 10 February 2023, https://enterprise-insights.dji.com/blog/drones-in-forest-fire-response. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/haiti-waste-management. 100. DJI, “Drones in forest fire response,” Website: Text/HTML, DJI, 10 February 2023, https://enterprise-insights.dji.com/blog/drones-in-forest-fire-response. 51 The value that drone technology could bring to Haitian society is significant if the right initiatives are put in place for the development of the ecosystem. This can be significantly accelerated and streamlined if the country adopts and follows a long-term growth strategy in a 4 well-structured and phased approach. An analysis of other countries that have had to overcome similar challenges shows that elements of the drone ecosystem framework are often being developed simultaneously as part of a larger drone strategy followed by interconnected initiatives. In addition to a well-structured regulatory framework, Haiti also requires digitalised processes, informed stakeholders, a dedicated workforce, innovative local entrepreneurs, and a clear governance structure to work with. What follows is a summary of all the recommended initiatives, split into five main categories and including selected examples from around the world. The development initiatives can be divided into five main categories or pillars: Drone ecosystem development 1 Regulation and processes: establishment of a clear regulatory framework, transparent processes and procedures to facilitate straightforward compliance with regulations. roadmap Digitalisation and automation: digitalisation of processes and services provided by public institutions, gradual 2 introduction of digital Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) services to control and safety integrate UAS into the airspace. Awareness and promotion: building trust and awareness among public stakeholders, society, industry, and 3 international organisations, and fostering innovation by connecting startups, industry and research. Knowledge and education: growing human capital by providing access to high quality education, facilitating 4 sustainable airspace safety by educating users and stakeholders about regulations, best practices and responsible behaviors. Demand and entrepreneurship: stimulating the innovation and drone technology adoption by providing 5 entrepreneurs with the means to accelerate market entry and instruments to activate and scale the market. Implementing such a drone agenda should be a joint effort from all ecosystem players with a critical role being played by the public sector as those institutions are directly involved in all essential activities. Their commitment to the adoption of drones is a vital element and driving force behind the development of the drone ecosystem. Regulators, operators and accelerators as well as public end-users of drone services should be the driving force behind establishing transparent processes and coherent procedures, advocating for digitalisation and automation, and driving innovation and adoption of drone technology across public and private sector use cases. Moreover, public institutions should educate their employees and transparently interact with all stakeholders to raise awareness of the benefits of drone technology and stimulate its adoption. 52 1 Regulations and Processes Regulations are the first building blocks for a scalable drone ecosystem. A robust regulatory framework will reduce the level of OFNAC’s involvement in terms of approving every large drone operation separately, thus achieving better efficiency and understanding across the industry. Assuming this framework is progressive and based on performance of the different components and targets, it can encourage innovative drone applications while still defining acceptable risk levels. The regulations should define things such as pilot and drone registrations and certifications, flight operations standards, airspace restrictions, and more. The role of regulators goes beyond writing the rule of law and enforcing its compliance. They should also have the mandate to facilitate the development of the drone ecosystem through regular dialogue with industry operators and other stakeholders, with the objective of promoting the use of the technology. Finally, these regulations must be enabled and enforced through intentional processes, procedures, and workflows. These must be transparent and focus on accountability. In addition, service levels must be defined for each process to meet the expectations of UAS companies. Best practices from Rwanda1 Beginning in mid-2017, the Government of Rwanda partnered with the World Economic Forum’s Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution to become the first country in the world to design and adopt a framework of performance-based regulations for all classes of drones, bringing together a diverse community of major aerospace companies, innovative drone startups, new mobility platforms, leading experts, and key local stakeholders. 53 2 Digitalisation and Automation After establishing comprehensive drone regulations, another key enabler of the UAS ecosystem is the digitalisation and automation of airspace processes. Without this, innovative drone use cases cannot be safely enabled at scale. This process of digitalisation should start with the low-hanging fruit that is relatively easy to implement such as digital drone and pilot registrations and maintaining digital airspace maps of the country. From there, things can gradually progress to more and more advanced services such as basic flight authorisations and Unmanned Traffic Management systems (UTM) which can in turn enable BVLOS operations and airspace deconfliction at scale. Readiness of the digital ecosystem is critical to support safe, secure, and efficient access to airspace for large numbers of drones. When done manually, essential drone registration and monitoring functions become time-consuming. A straightforward online process enables better control over the number of registered drones and also increases the compliance rate. For example, with single drones flying, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) can manage the situation, but when you get to hundreds of drones flying simultaneously, controlling the operations can be a significant challenge. These digital systems do not need to be built and implemented from scratch. There are several private companies and ANSPs that offer off-the-shelf systems and support that can be used to digitalise the drone ecosystem. This has allowed some countries such as Rwanda to leapfrog development of basic services and move straight away to the implementation of more advanced digitalisation. Best practices from Uruguay2 In 2020, the Uruguayan Civil Aviation Authority (DINACIA) started collaborating with the national company DRONFIES LABS on the development of open-source software to manage drone air traffic. This UTM system is called PortableUTM and was designed to digitalise and therefore optimise many of the drone regulatory requirements while automating drone registrations and flight authorisations. This management software is currently working in a pilot phase and is the only way to request flight authorisation in Uruguay for those drones that require it. By launching the app, Uruguay has become one of the most advanced countries in the region in terms of digitalisation. 54 3 Awareness and Promotion Building awareness of drone technology is critical for building trust and increasing its adoption in Haitian society in order to overcome some of the critical challenges that the country faces relating to healthcare, climate resilience, and others. This requires participation from all drone ecosystem stakeholders, including public institutions, regulators, private sector enterprises, international organisations, and entrepreneurs. It is also critical to build awareness and trust from the local communities who should be empowered to be a part of developing the industry. Holding conferences, webinars, technical demonstrations, and other events is one way to facilitate access to information about pilot projects, use cases, regulations, and processes. However, due to poor internet access across the country, these usually are rather in person events. For example, the World Food Program organized a drone training workshop in Haiti in May 2019 to demonstrate the potential of the technology and to prepare local organisations for its use in future emergencies.3 More recently, Haiti’s Ministry of Environment and UNEP conducted a three-day training workshop on drone operations and aerial photography which was attended by over 20 government officials.4 Haiti Flying Labs can also play a major part in enhancing the understanding of the drone ecosystem in the country. The knowledge hub supports local NGOs and institutions with advice on the use of drones for their activities, and raises awareness about the social use of this technology, promoting its responsible use through events, demonstrations, and talks to show how drones are used for multiple applications for the social good. Best practices from Rwanda5 The African Drone Forum 2020, which took place in Rwanda’s Capital Kigali, gathered together over 800 stakeholders from 44 countries around the world to showcase drone technology and discuss issues facing the industry. The event included a reflection on the progress, innovation, and leadership the African continent has shown in recent years, and explored what a future unbound by surface infrastructure could look like, as well as how drone technology can promote development and increase access to essential services and opportunities worldwide. 55 4 Knowledge and Education Educating children, teenagers, students, current and potential end users about drone technology and having training for UAS pilots, data processing, and other analytical services, is also an important enabler for a drone ecosystem. This is critical for Haiti in order to develop human capital in terms of aircraft operators, electrical engineers, data analysts, geospatial experts, data scientists, and more. Universities have an important role to play here, not only by providing a skilled workforce but also by facilitating access to information, establishing drone-dedicated courses, and incorporating drone topics into existing ones. Simultaneously, it is essential that drone training centres are set up to provide training for drone pilots. They should be the cornerstone of education in the sector, teaching a standardised training curriculum and providing officially approved certifications, so that new pilots can be trained according to the same high standards, with a significant focus on airspace safety. Currently, Haiti Flying Labs provides hands-on drone hardware and software training for various drone platforms and different use cases. The organisation also supports the course participants with certifications and plan to certify pilots and train drone data analysts for the responsible use of drone data. The country needs more of these initiatives to support the development of the ecosystem as a whole. Best practices from Colombia6 In November 2022, the city of Medellin hosted Software Valley week which held intensive workshops and training for students and teachers from the city's official educational institutions on topics related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Among a variety of different activities, participants had to program and give specific instructions for the unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out different operations. 56 5 Demand and Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs and innovators play a crucial role in developing the drone ecosystem, identifying specific challenges, and finding appropriate solutions. Critically, there needs to be the creation and stimulation of demand for such services in order to incentivise entrepreneurial dynamism in Haiti. This could be enabled by an open approach from public agencies and companies, as well as international organisations, where they buy services from local companies to boost the industry’s development. Another important aspect is to remove the barriers for entrepreneurs to start and run businesses such as complex tariffs, taxes, and other red tape that forces tedious administrative work and distracts from the technological solution itself. Entrepreneurs could also benefit from innovation-specific support programs, incubators, and accelerators that help to facilitate solution development and implementation to tackle important local challenges. The support needed here includes, but is not limited to, financial assistance which is a key obstacle for many would-be entrepreneurs. Best practices from Uruguay7 In 2022, the government of Uruguay launched a Drone Cargo project which represented the country’s first drone delivery and transportation system. The Presidency’s objective is to promote drone delivery activities. The project seeks not only to deliver and transport with drones, but also to make the country a knowledge center for drone delivery excellence within the institutions and government of Uruguay, and all of Latin America. The initiative also set out, among other objectives, "to promote the logistics of last-mile deliveries in Uruguay, advancing in the incorporation of distribution, data and storage technologies." 57 Specific initiatives Looking at best practices and benchmarks from peer countries, studying how drone ecosystems develop over time, and following discussions with local stakeholders, the report suggests the following 21 initiatives that could be considered by decision makers in Haiti in order to unlock the drone industry’s potential in the country: Figure 4.1 Selected Drone Ecosystem Development Incentives for Haiti Strategic Drone Development incentives for Haiti Regulations and Digitalisation and Awareness and Knowledge Demand and 1 2 3 4 5 Processes Automation Promotion and Education Entrepreneurship 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 Create roadmap for Digitalise basic services: Increase community and Facilitate easy access to Organise working groups regulating general drone drone registration, pilot public bodies’ awareness information/knowledge on and business forums usage. certification. about UAS technology regulations and between public, private, and ongoing projects. technology. and international sector players to unlock impact 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 investment into key sectors. Develop UAS ecosystem Digitalise advanced Develop UAS-related Increase the capabilities governance structure and services: flight publications/materials of existing aviation 5.2 coordination between authorisation and about the use cases, training centers for UAS government bodies. BVLOS. benefits etc. technology. Providing funding for public companies to test and pilot UAS 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 technologies. Design and establish Design approach to Organise demonstrations, Design and update clear and transparent remote ID drone tracking conferences and other curriculum of universities 5.3 processes and and widely consult it. events to build and research institutes to disseminate them to the awareness. support UAS-related Enhance the access to public. 2.4 education. UAS technology. Design and implement 1.4 phased approach to 3.4 4.4 Develop public bodies’ deployment of advanced Facilitate the creation of Enable and enhance institutional capacities. UTM system. UAS communities and funding opportunities to forums along with invest in scientific and supporting current technological research for 1.5 associations. UAS. Develop roadmap for emergency use of 4.5 drones. Enable exchange programs and secondments between countries. Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, July to December 2022. 58 Some of the initiatives are easier to implement than others, hence they have been categorised according to impact, complexity, and cost. Regardless of their categorisation, in order for Haiti to advance to a mature ecosystem and unlock the real potential of drones in the country, the correct mixture and sequencing of these initiatives is strongly recommended.8 This categorisation could be used for additional assessment during the development or adjustment of the roadmap (Figures 4.2 and 4.3) Figure 4.2 Strategic Drone Development Incentives for Haiti Impact 1.1 Create roadmap for 1.3 Design and regulating general drone 1.4 Develop public bodies’ institutional establish clear usage. 2.2. Digitalsze 2.3 Design approach capacities. and transparent advanced services: to remote ID drone processes and 4.2 Increase the flight authorization and tracking and widely High disseminate it to capabilities of existing BVLOS. consult it. the public. aviation training centers 1.2 Develop UAS ecosystem governance for UAS technology. structure and coordination between government bodies. 2.1 Digitalise basic services: drone 2.4 Design and implement phased approach registration, pilot certification. to deployment of advanced UTM system. 3.4 Facilitate the creation of UAS communities and forums along with 5.3 Enhance the access to UAS supporting current associations. 4.3 Design and update curriculum of technology. universities and research institutes to support 4.4 Enable and There are a number of initiatives that bring a lower level of impact 5.1 Organise working UAS-related education. Medium groups and business enhance funding but are less expensive and complex, and these can be considered opportunities to invest as ‘starter’ initiatives to bring some initial positive effects and lay a forums to unlock in scientific and impact investment technological research solid foundation for further efforts.9 4.1 Facilitate easy access to into key sectors. for UAS. information/knowledge on regulations 5.2 Providing funding for public companies to Since Haiti has not established official drone regulations, initiatives and technology. 1.5 Develop roadmap for emergency use of test and pilot UAS technologies. related to Regulations and Processes at the beginning will have the drones. most significant impact on the ecosystem. Similarly, initiatives from Digitalisation and Automation are crucial to start building national drone competencies and ease user access to processes such as 3.2 Develop UAS related publications registration or flight authorisation. 4.5 Enable exchange programs and about the market, use cases, pilot secondments between countries. Most of the initiatives from Awareness and Promotion, Knowledge projects. and Education, and Demand and Entrepreneurship will have a Low similar, low or medium, impact on the drone ecosystem. While some of the initiatives might start being implemented simultaneously with 3.1 Increase community and public bodies’ the basic ones from Regulation and Processes, many activities such 3.3. Organise demonstrations, conferences and other events to build awareness. awareness about UAS technology and as updating universities curricula or funding enablement can be ongoing projects. performed only after regulations are in place. The initiatives that have a higher impact and are more complex require bigger financial outlays. What is more, complex initiatives Low Medium High mostly require the cooperation and coordination of several Complexity stakeholders to implement them; therefore, prior communication Cost Low Medium High between and coordination of stakeholders will be required. Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, July to December 2022. 59 The Five-Year roadmap The implementation of these initiatives requires proper planning to bring maximum value. For the development of these 21 initiatives and the roadmap the participation from public, private Considering the stages of organic growth, from basic to more advanced and impactful and international entities is needed along with a strong linkage with civil society and communities. initiatives, a five-year ecosystem development roadmap has been proposed. Haiti's drone Hence, different institutional arrangements and partnerships are necessary to implement, scale and ecosystem development consists of three phases. Where initiatives from the five different categories develop the drone ecosystem in a sustainable way for Haiti. are implemented simultaneously, this will create synergy and become more advanced in successive phases.10 Figure 4.3 Illustrative Development Roadmap for Drone Ecosystem in Haiti Ecosystem kick off and crucial incentives Building competencies Building maturity and sustainability Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 to Year 5 1.2 Develop UAS ecosystem governance structure and 1.1 Create roadmap for regulating general drone usage. coordination between government bodies. Regulations and 1.5 Develop roadmap for emergency use of drones. Processes 1.3 Design and establish clear and transparent processes and disseminate it to the public. 1.4 Develop public bodies’ institutional capacities. 2.1 Digitalise basic services: drone registration, pilot certification. 2.2 Digitalise advanced services: flight authorization and BVLOS. 2.3 Design approach to remote ID drone tracking and Digitalisation widely consult it. and Automation 2.4 Design and implement phased approach to deployment of advanced UTM system. 3.1 Increase community and public bodies awareness about UAS technology and ongoing projects. Awareness 3.2 Develop UAS-related publications about the market, use cases, pilot projects. 3.4 Facilitate the creation of UAS communities and forums along with supporting current and Promotion associations. 3.3 Organise demonstrations, conferences and other events to build awareness. 4.2 Increase the capabilities of existing aviation training 4.3 Design and update curriculum of universities and research institutes to support UAS related education. centers for UAS technology. Knowledge 4.4 Enable and enhance funding opportunities to invest in and Education 4.1 Facilitate easy access to information/knowledge on regulations and technology. scientific and technological research for UAS. 4.5 Enable exchange programs and secondments between countries. 5.3 Enhance the access to UAS technology. 5.2 Providing funding for public companies to test and pilot UAS technologies. Demand and Entrepreneurship 5.1 Organise working groups and business forums between public, private, and international sector players to unlock impact investment into key sectors. Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, July to December 2022. 60 Haiti, the poorest country in Latin America and the Caribbean, faces many challenges such as insecurity and political instability, extreme poverty, food insecurity, frequent health crisis, environmental deterioration, and high exposure to climatic disasters and earthquakes. In such an extremely fragile context, how advanced technology like drones can provide solutions, while the most basic services are lacking? Haiti is a country with limited infrastructure and challenging terrain, which makes it difficult to access remote areas. In that regard, drones can provide more efficient and cost-effective means of transport, for example, to deliver medical supplies and vaccines to remote communities, transport samples and test kits for disease surveillance, or help assess infrastructure gaps and maintenance needs. In addition, they can play a critical role in disaster response and relief efforts by providing real-time situational awareness, identifying areas that need assistance, delivering essential supplies and equipment to affected communities, and assessing the damages. They can also be a great help for agricultural activities, thus enhancing food security and allowing farmers to improve their yield. Moreover, they can be used to support environmental conservation efforts by providing real-time data on land use and forest cover, helping authorities take proactive steps to protect natural resources and biodiversity. These few examples show that drones provide a wide range of relevant and cost-effective solutions to the country's development challenges, in a context of very limited resources. Haiti has a real opportunity to make a quantum leap in drone development, and why not one day see the emergence of a local industry. This is why the Bank is committed to supporting the Haitian government in taking this step to create an enabling environment for the emergence of drones for development. Fabian Hinojosa, World Bank, Senior Transport Specialist 61 References 1. World Economic Forum, “Revamping drone regulations for innovation and safety,” Website: Text/HTML, World Economic Forum, 10 February 2023, https://www.weforum.org/impact/revamping-drone-regulations-for-innovation-and-safety/. 2. DINACIA. 2021. “Instructivo básico de acceso al espacio aéreo para uso comercial de aeronaves no tripuladas.” https://dinacia.gub.uy/sites/default/files/2021-08/Bienvenida_Portable_UTM_-_Dinacia_1.pdf. 3. WFP. 2019. “Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Training.” https://drones.wfp.org/sites/default/files/node/resource/field_attached_document/2021-01/Haiti %20UAS%20Full-Training%20Report.pdf. 4. Haiti Libre, “Haiti - Environment : Training in piloting drones and aerial photos,” Website: Text/HTML, Haiti Libre, 10 February 2023, https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-36059-haiti-environment-training-in-piloting-drones-and-ae rial-photos.html. 5. Africa Feeds, “Rwanda hosts international conference on drones,” Website: Text/HTML, Africa Feeds, 10 February 2023, https://africafeeds.com/2020/02/05/rwanda-hosts-international-conference-on-drones/. 6. Universidad de Medellín, “Estudiantes y profesores se capacitarán en robótica, modelado 3D y programación de drones durante la Semana del Valle del Software,” Website: Text/HTML, Universidad de Medellín, 10 February 2023, https://www.medellin.edu.co/estudiantes-y-profesores-se-capacitaran-en-robotica-modelado-3 d-y-programacion-de-drones-durante-la-semana-del-valle-del-software/. 7. DINACIA, “Primera Autorización a Operar Drones de Carga,” Website: Text/HTML, DINACIA, 10 February 2023, https://dinacia.gub.uy/novedades/primera-autorizacion-operar-drones-de-carga. 8. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, second semester 2022. 9. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, second semester 2022. 10. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, second semester 2022. 62 Annexes 63 Drone Ecosystem Assessment Methodology Drone ecosystem assessment is a key part of the benchmarking analysis used to identify best international practices across countries in the LAC region, including Haiti. For this exercise, vital drone landscape elements and components were identified and analysed deeply to determine their maturity. This approach allowed to conduct a ecosystem study from different dimensions, thus enabling the identification of its strengths and weaknesses, development opportunities, and key recommendations. The following is a list of all the components analysed, their explanation, and maturity scale ranking: UAS Ecosystem Components Component Maturity Comment Industry Readiness Early adopters Selected companies Wide Adoption Readiness and willingness of the industry players to purchase UAS-related services. Number of UAS operators providing required services on the market, their level of skills and Supply & Demand Access to UAS Operators Mainly hobbyists Limited Wide, professionals professionalisation of the services. Training & Education Not available Available Widely available Availability and number of schools offering courses for UAS operators. Availability of insurance providers, type of available policies (adjustment Insurance Not available General Dedicated to specific requirements) and presence of UAS-specific policies. Availability of additional services, such as marketplaces for UAS services, repair and maintenance services Marketplace & Other Not available Basic Advanced providers ensuring safe and smooth functioning of the hardware etc. Execution of Regulations Low Medium High Effectiveness of regulations measured by compliance to it, easiness to comply. Regulations Approach to BVLOS Not available Waivers Allowed Possibilities to fly Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). Licensing & Examination Not available Operated by CAA Certified centers Existence and organisation of processes to license and examine UAS operators. Registration & Identification Not available Analog Digital Requirement to register UAS and availability of comprehensive UAS identification system. Digital readiness Flight Authorisation Time 2+ weeks 1-2 days Instant Time needed to get an approval to fly an UAS in controlled airspace. Availability, type, level of advancement and access to airspace maps that contribute to easiness of the use of Airspace Maps No access Descriptive Digitalized UAS technology. Presence and/or advancement of the technology to provide UAS operations tracking, drone identification, and Identification & Tracking Not available Digital flight plan Remote ID verification of flight plans. In this analysis, components vital for the drone ecosystem are included, such as supply and For the regulations component, an overview of the key elements of the drone regulatory demand, regulations, and digital readiness. framework focusing on a drone operator’s journey was developed, from purchasing the hardware to planning a mission, and actually executing the flight to collect the data. To analyse the demand and supply dynamics, the industry player's maturity to buy drone services was assessed, as well as the providers' readiness to offer them. The maturity of auxiliary services As part of the digital readiness analysis, the digital tools facilitating the drone ecosystem were providers, including drone hardware and software resellers, training and education centres, identified and the availability of these tools in the region was assessed. hardware repair companies, and drone insurers, was also taken into consideration. Source: PwC analysis 64 Players Assessment Methodology In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the drone ecosystem in Haiti, the methodology involved identifying and mapping key market stakeholders, categorising them, assessing their roles and maturity levels, conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis, and identifying the leading players in the country. All the stakeholders have been divided into several categories and subcategories. Considering that some organisations may be involved in more than one category, to better represent the actual state of their competencies in Haiti, two approaches were used when conducting the quantitative assessment of companies: by core category only and a second including additional activities performed by them. Players Categorisation Description Category Subcategory Description Regulators and Aviation Regulators and Aviation Bodies Organisations responsible for UAS regulations and controlling the airspace. Bodies Associations & Other Associations & Other Influencers Local organisations, aviation clubs, and associations that influence the drones ecosystems. Influencers Hardware Manufacturers and Producers Manufacturers of drones for commercial and recreational use. Hardware & Software Software Developers Developers of drone-related software, e.g. flight control, data management, data analysis. Drone Service Providers Drone Service Providers Companies providing commercial services using drones, e.g. drone operations, consulting services. Companies and organisations providing drone pilot training and other relevant courses e.g. photogrammetry Training & Education Training & Education data processing. Research & Development Universities and research institutions that work on drone technology and its applications. Innovation Accelerators Funds & Investors Companies and organisations providing funding to drone startups, drone programs, etc. Companies and organisations using services of Drone Operators or having their own drone division for End Users End Users internal usage. Source: PwC analysis 65 Methodology to Assess the Market Potential of Drone Services The market assessment of drone services in Haiti comes as a part of a broader analysis conducted for 35 selected countries in the LAC region. The market model was prepared during 2021 and data sources for the previous years were used to assess the market size and showcase the potential of drone services up to 2026. The methodology of the analysis used in the report comprises 2 estimation approaches: one that was bottom-up and the other which was top-down. These were used to define: • the total market potential that represents the value that the total market could reach if all current works were performed by UAS; and • the total market size that represents the current size of the market, taking into account the current adoption of UAS technology. The transition from market potential to market size is achieved by taking into account a technology adoption rate represented by applicability. Current drone initiatives, the maturity of enablement services, and international benchmarks were all taken into account to estimate the applicability of different use cases in Haiti. Estimation Approach Total Market Potential • Represents the value if all current work done by traditional methods is replaced by Bottom-up Total Market drones. • Estimation of the market on the basis of identified drivers (market Potential • Growth of the market potential is dependent on growth of the infrastructure (e.g. growth in segments) that contribute to the final market value (entire market). pipelines length or infrastructure development). • Final market value was calculated as the volume of infrastructure, data etc. multiplied by the price of the services to be performed in relation to Total Market Size the infrastructure. Total Market Size • Represents the current forecasted use of UAS technology. • A comprehensive approach was used for a detailed calculation of the (Realised Potential) • Growth is dependent on infrastructure (similarly as total market potential), but it also market potential depends on adoption of UAS technology which is what makes it more dynamic. Top-down Market Share* • Estimation of the value based on reliable data for entire market and • Represents the value of the market that can be captured by a specific company or entity Market factors for extrapolation. taking into account also other players operating on the market. Share • Simplified approach used for high-level estimations. *Market share was not a subject of analysis for this project In order to understand which sectors have the biggest impact on the economy in each of the 35 LAC countries, 30 UAS use cases that have been broadly adopted globally, and at the same time are the most relevant to the local market, have been taken into account. Despite the robustness of the model, several key limitations should be considered. These include the reliability and availability of data across Haiti and the other LAC countries and its industrial sectors, the unpredictable pace of technological progression and policy changes, potential fluctuations in global and local economic conditions, assumptions related to the 30 UAS use cases, unforeseen geopolitical events, and various environmental factors. All of these elements have the potential to significantly impact the accuracy of the projected market potential and size in the analysis. To showcase the rapid pace of drone technology adoption and the demand for its services, the forecast of the number of commercial UAS of various types such as Multi-rotor, Fixed-wing, VTOL, and Tethered drones was created until 2026. Following the enablement of the commercial market and establishment of all necessary processes, the development of the recreational UAS market is expected to increase and the forecasted number of recreational drones until 2026 stands as the part of conducted analysis. The analysis also showcases the direct and indirect job creation potential of the UAS commercial service industry until 2026. As part of the applied methodology, a number of direct jobs created was calculated in detail using a bottom-up approach and considering both in-house and outsourced models of delivering UAS services. The number of indirect jobs created was estimated with a top-down approach on the basis of a current assessment of international workforce benchmarks, as well as a bottom-up approach where data is available. The list of selected direct and indirect job categories is specified in two tables below: Direct Jobs Indirect Jobs Defined Category Specification Defined Category Specification Execution of drone operations for all use cases and Enablement Services Jobs that include the following functions: airspace traffic management, regulatory bodies, training facilities, insurance providers. Drone Operators sectors. Product Sales People who sell hardware in specialised stores (which constitute only part of total sales). Data Processing Processing geospatial data and creating engineering Specialists products from the footage gathered by drones. R&D Specialists in research centres related to work on the development of new global and local technologies. Perform detailed analyses of the products after People at major companies that will purchase UAS services from the market in the outsourced model and manage completion of Analysts Beneficiaries processing and preparation of analytical reports. the projects. Hardware and Software Machine Learning Development and implementation of machine learning Engineering positions in local companies that are manufacturing drone-related hardware and software. Development Specialists algorithms. Support Staff (back-office) Jobs in UAS-focused companies in departments such as marketing, finance, HR, and procurement. Management Supervision activities. All other jobs created by the sector in industries such as media (journalism and blogs), events and UAS competitions (both sport Other and e.g. hackathons), and the wider marketplace. Source: PwC analysis 66 Methodology Used to Measure the Maturity and Relevance of Drone Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection Haiti faces numerous social, humanitarian, environmental, and economic challenges that require long-lasting and innovative solutions to support the country’s development and enhance resilience to frequent natural disasters. The implementation of drones could play a significant role in addressing these obstacles and leading the mitigation efforts. As part of the study aimed at unlocking the country’s potential and addressing current challenges, 14 development use cases were selected: healthcare and medical goods delivery, agricultural applications, humanitarian aid, disaster management, urban planning and monitoring, road traffic monitoring, road infrastructure maintenance, remote internet access, endangered species monitoring, environmental pollution monitoring, restoration and reforestation, waste management and landfill monitoring, wildfires, and reduction of mosquito-borne disease spread. The comprehensive analysis of drone applications for each of the use cases results in a detailed description and deep understanding of the potential and requirements for the implementation of drone technology in development activities. The maturity threshold of use cases was divided into three categories: • mature use cases (advanced and permanent implementation of drone technology); • testing and piloting stage (presence of drone-related tests, pilots, and research projects); and • limited or no evidence (the application of drones was not identified or was applied a lot of years ago with no further advancements). The table below represents the approach that was used to measure the relevance level of use cases for Haiti. The relevancy threshold was divided into three categories: low, medium, and high and these are based on the value distribution for each use case across the country. The Relevance Level of Use Cases for Haiti Relevancy Threshold Relevance Use case Measurement Criteria Low Medium High for Haiti Healthcare and Medical Goods Delivery Healthcare delivery needs in rural areas. <5 5-13 >13 13 Agriculture Applications Fertiliser use intensity (kg/ha). <100 100-200 >200 n/a Humanitarian Aid WorldRisk Index 2021 as a result of exposure and vulnerability to natural disasters. <6 6-15 >15 15 Disaster Management Number of people affected by floods (UN OCHA) [mln]. <0.9 0.9-3 >3 0 Urban Planning and Monitoring The percentage of urban population living in slums. <10 10-30 >30 66 Road Traffic Monitoring Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100 000 population) for 2019. <10 10-30 >30 19 The Road quality indicator for 2019 published by the World Economic Forum, when 1 Road Infrastructure Maintenance is undeveloped road infrastructure and 7 is extensive and efficient by international >5 3.5-5 <3,5 2.1 standards. Remote Internet Access Proportion of population covered by at least a 4G mobile network (%). >95 70-95 <70 30 Endangered Species Monitoring Red List Index. <0.7 0.7-0.85 >0.85 0,71 Environmental Pollution Monitoring Annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in µg/m3 for 2016. <15 15-25 >25 18 Restoration and Reforestation Annual forest area net change rate (%) 2020. >0 -0.3-0 <-0.3 -0,85 Waste Management and Landfill Monitoring Share of the population covered by waste collection and transport services. >95 80-95 <80 n/a Wildfires Annual values change of burned areas against average for 2019. <0 0-35 >35 n/a Mosquitoes-borne Disease Spread Reduction Malaria incidence rate (per 1,000 population at risk). <0.05 0.05-10 >10 3,2 Source: PwC analysis 67 Methodology to Develop Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Haiti To ensure the expansion and advancement of the drone ecosystem in Haiti, strategic drone development initiatives were created as a result of an in-depth analysis of global best practices and local requirements. The applied methodology comprised five phases with the primary objective of identifying strategic initiatives to establish robust foundations for the UAS ecosystem. Additionally, it aimed to identify initiatives and programs that could unlock the ecosystem's potential for growth and further drone adoption. The Implemented Phased approach 1 Drone Ecosystem Framework for Achieving Strategic Drone Development Initiatives Governance Overarching 1 The proposed Drone Ecosystem Entrepreneurship Technology Training & Education Framework defines eleven elements Enabling divided into three categories: Foundational, Enabling, and Funding & Financing Awareness Research & Development Overarching. These elements summarise all the important aspects Regulations Processes of the long-term vision for a Foundational competitive drone sector and are Operations Sustainability relevant to achieve maximum growth in the UAS sector. 2 Global Best Practices 2 Global and LAC region best practices have been analysed in terms of drone-related initiatives and programmes that bring relevant 3 Drone Ecosystem Development Pillars impact into the ecosystem. Regulations and Digitisation and Demand and Awareness and Promotion Knowledge and Education 3 The analysis of global best practices Processes Automation Entrepreneurship showed that elements of the Drone Ecosystem Framework are often • Clear regulatory • Digitalisation of • Building trust and • Growing human capital by • Stimulating innovation by being developed simultaneously as framework to ensure processes to facilitate awareness among public providing access to high providing entrepreneurs part of a larger drone strategy safety while stimulating ease of providing services stakeholders, society and quality education to with the means to followed by interconnected initiatives. innovation and enabling for SMEs and scaling industry to facilitate the stimulate scaling and accelerate their market All the initiatives have been future use cases. capacity of public adoption of innovative rendering of innovation. entry and scaling the summarised into five main pillars. institutions. and relevant UAS development of the • Transparent processes • Facilitating sustainable solutions. technology. and procedures to • Implementation of digital airspace safety by 4 A deep analysis of Haitian drone facilitate straightforward unmanned traffic • Fostering innovation by educating users and • Stimulating demand for market and interviews with compliance with management services to connecting startups, stakeholders about drone products and stakeholders were conducted to regulations and related control and safely industry and research. regulations, best services by providing understand and define Haiti's specific processes. integrate UAS into the practices and responsible instruments to activate needs and requirements. airspace. behaviours. the market. 5 Based on these inputs, a list of 21 Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Haiti required to 4 Haitian Needs and Requirements harmoniously develop different elements of the drone ecosystem in a long-term and sustainable way was created. 5 Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Haiti Source: PwC analysis 68 Bibliography • ADF, “GIS & Data Collection Services,” Website: Text/HTML, ADF, 10 February 2023, • CAP, “Piden ley que regule el uso de drones en Paraguay,” Website: Text/HTML, CAP, 10 https://www.adf.ht/gis-data-collection-services. 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