Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. ” © Arne Hoel / World Bank The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability concerning the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. (little by little, things get done) Attribution—Please cite the source of this report as World Bank. 2023. Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco: An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development. Summary Report. World Bank, Washington, DC. —Moroccan proverb (Kapchan, 2022) © Ryzhkov Oleksandr Contents List of figures Figure 1: Using marine spatial planning to create a marine protected area 03 Executive summary 01 Figure 2: Methodological guide for stakeholders 06 Figure 3: Using marine spatial planning to support the creation of a marine protected area for 11 fisheries management Introduction 08 1. Figure 3: The fundamental stages of the work 13 Figure 5: Data reclassification process for the selection of an optimal marine protected area site 19 Figure 6: Virtual participatory mapping workshop (February 17, 2022) 20 2. Marine spatial planning applied to the creation of 09 Figure 7: Participatory mapping workshop in Agadir (March 17, 2022) 21 marine protected areas Figure 8: Location of options for proposed new MPA (World Bank, 2022a) 24 2.1 Importance and benefits of marine spatial planning 09 Figure 9: Prevailing winds and wave heights in the Souss-Massa region 27 2.2 How marine spatial planning helps create strong marine protected areas 11 Figure 10: Suitability map indicating favorable areas for an MPA (World Bank, 2022a) 29 2.3 Benefits of creating a marine protected area 15 Figure 11: Steps to strengthen the MSP for the creation of the MPA 32 2.4 Morocco’s pragmatic approach to pioneering marine spatial planning 15 Figure 12: Adaptive management applied to MSP of the MPA-F (plan to review every five years) 32 2.5 Building knowledge of marine spatial planning in real time 17 Figure 13: Expected outcomes of each step 33 Figure 14: Possible timetable for next steps 33 Figure 15: Possible timetable for development of web-based GIS 34 3. How to make a critical choice using the marine spatial 23 Figure 16: Timetable for management plan application, monitoring and evaluation, and adaptation process 34 planning approach Figure 17: Geographic extent of the study area: the Souss-Massa region (World Bank, 2022a) 44 Figure 18: Prevailing winds and wave heights in the Souss-Massa region (World Bank, 2022a) 45 Figure 19: Annual average value of sea surface temperatures (World Bank, 2022a) 46 4. Next steps, recommendations, and a tool to scale up marine 31 Figure 20: Sea surface salinity and surface dissolved oxygen (World Bank, 2022a) 47 spatial planning Figure 21: Breakdown of zoological groups in Morocco’s marine environment 50 4.1 From area selection to an MPA-F using the MSP approach 31 Figure 22: Average spatial distribution of sardines and fishing zones of the small-scale fleet 51 4.2 Recommendations 35 Figure 23: Areas for aquaculture comparing the adequacy model (a) and ANDA (b). 53 4.3 A tool to scale up marine spatial planning 39 Figure 24: Key areas for the development of fisheries and aquaculture resources at the site 54 Conclusions 40 6. List of tables Table 1: Traditional marine protected areas versus marine protected areas created 12 through marine spatial planning References 41 Table 2: Site selection criteria for the creation of a new MPA based on available spatial data 19 Table 3: Pre-selection of alternative sites for the creation of the MPA-F weighting the criteria 25 Table 4: Zoning categories applied to marine protected areas 37 Appendix 43 Table 5: Coastal and marine protected areas in the pilot study zone 56 Appendix 1: The main environmental conditions and uses in the Agadir pilot site 43 List of boxes Box 1: The selection of agadir as a pilot site 16 Box 2: Concerns, opportunities, and issues raised by fishers 22 Acknowledgments ANDA Acronyms and abbreviations Agence Nationale pour le Dévelopment de l´Aquaculture (National Agency for the Development of Aquaculture) This summary report is the product of a collaborative process that Further thanks goes out to the following for their contributions started in April 2021 to initiate a marine spatial planning (MSP) and active participation in this endeavor: the president and ANEF Agence Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (National Agency of Water and Forests) process to support the creation of a marine protected area (MPA) representatives of the Maritime Chamber of the Central Blue Economy PforR World Bank’s Blue Economy Program for Results in the Agadir pilot site in Morocco’s Souss-Massa region. As part Atlantic; the president and representatives of the Confederation of this process, the World Bank has provided technical guidance of Artisanal Fishing; representatives of the associations and DDARH Division of Sustainability and Development of Fisheries Resources (Division de based on international best practice and Morocco’s Département cooperatives of artisanal fishers in the Souss-Massa region; Durabilité et d’Aménagement des Ressources Halieutiques) de la Pêche Maritime (Department of Maritime Fisheries, DPM) the National Agency for the Development of Aquaculture; the has led the consultation activities and study design. This work National Fisheries Office; the Equipment Department; the DDD Département du Développement Durable (Department of Sustainable also contributes to the Blue Economy Program for Results (Blue National Water and Forests Agency; the Ministry of Tourism; Development) Economy PforR) by adopting a consultative and participatory the Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics and Water; approach with all relevant stakeholders, allowing the DPM to the Department of Maritime Transport; the Ministry of Culture; DPDPM Direction des Ports et du Domaine Public Maritime (Authority of Ports and the learn from the pilot and scale up the MSP approach to create the National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines; the National Public Maritime Domain) new MPAs as part of their activities in implementing the Blue Ports Agency; the Royal Navy; the Royal Gendarmerie; the DPM Département de la Pêche Maritime (Department of Marine Fisheries) Economy PforR. Department of Sustainable Development; the Ministry of National Territorial Planning, Urban Planning, Housing and City GDP Gross domestic product This report was made possible with the commitment and Policy; the Department of Agriculture; the Ibn Zohr University; active participation of various stakeholders. We are particularly the Region of Souss-Massa; and the Wilaya of Souss-Massa. GIS Geographic information system grateful to Ms Zakia Driouich (Secretary General of the DPM), This report was prepared with the support and advice of Mr who provided strong support and leadership, as well as to Mr Jesko Hentschel (World Bank Country Director for the Maghreb GREPOM Groupe de Recherche pour la Protection des Oiseaux au Maroc (Research Bouchta Aichane (Director of the DPM) and Ms Fatima Zahra and Malta) and Ms Lia Carol Sieghart (World Bank Practice Group for the Protection of Birds in Morocco) Hassouni (Head of the Division de Durabilité et d’Aménagement Manager of the Environment, Natural Resources, and Blue ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas des Ressources Halieutiques, or Division of Sustainability and Economy Unit for the Middle East and North Africa region). It Development of Fisheries Resources (DDARH)), who provided was prepared by a team including Ms Sandrine Jauffret (Senior INRH Institut National des Recherches Halieutique (National Institute for Fisheries invaluable coordination and support, and their teams. We also Natural Resources Management Specialist and Team Leader); Research) thank Ms Bouchra Haoujar and Ms Najat Elmonfaloti (heads of Mr Javier F. Corcuera (Marine Spatial Planning expert); Mr departments within DDARH); and Ms Laila Bensmail, Ms Rania Marcelo Acerbi (Senior Environment Specialist) and Ms Phoebe ISPM Institut Supérieur des Pêches Maritimes (High Institute of Maritime Fisheries) Fatih, and Mr Hicham Ouyahya (executives within DDARH), for Girouard Spencer (Environmental Economist). Our thanks also their contributions. go to the two expert peer reviewers during the preparation of IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature the document, Ms Juliana Castaño-Isaza (Marine Natural IUU Illegal, unreported, and unregulated We greatly value the inputs made by Dr Abdelmalek Faraj Resources Management Specialist) and Mr João Moura Estevão (Director General of the National Institute of Fishery Resources) Marques (Natural Resources Management Specialist). MPA Marine protected area and his team: Ms Amine Najd (Head of Department at the Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, or the National Institute This summary report is a synthesis of the outputs prepared MPA-F Marine protected area for fisheries management of Fisheries Research (INRH) in Casablanca); Mr Salahddine by the consulting team including Ms Patricia Casal Rodríguez El Ayoubi (Regional Director of the INRH center in Agadir); (MSP Expert and Team Leader of International and National MSP Marine spatial planning Ms Jihan Saaddoune, and other INRH scientists involved in Consultants, HIDRIA); Mr Óscar Bergasa (International Expert NGO Non-governmental organization producing this technical assistance. in Fisheries Management in MPAs, eLittoral); Mr Hicham Ezzine (Geographic Information Systems [GIS] Expert); ONHYM Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines (National Office of Hydrocarbons We would also like to express our appreciation to Mr Driss Ms Maria Snoussi (Blue Economy Expert); and Ms Najat El and Mines) Tazi (Maritime Fisheries Delegate in Agadir) and his team, Mr Moutchou (Environmental Expert); with the specific technical Belhabib (Department Head) and Ms Nadia Bouzamit (Manager) contributions of Mr Yves Henocque (International Expert in ONP Office National des Pêches (National Office of Fisheries) for coordinating and organizing meetings at the regional level. Mr Coastal Development for Biodiversity Conservation, Pescares); Mhammed Hmamou (Director of Institut supérieur des pêches and Mr Thanos Smanis (International Expert in Blue Economy, OREDD Observatoire Régional de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable maritimes or High Institute of Maritime Fisheries (ISPM)) of Pescares). (Regional Observatory for Environment and Sustainable Development) Agadir also provided invaluable support in organizing the first MSP/MPA workshop in Agadir. This technical assistance was funded by the Korea Green TA Technical assistance Growth Trust Fund and administered by the World Bank. UNESCO-IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization HOW MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING CAN CONTRIBUTE Executive summary With its multistakeholder focus, marine spatial planning (MSP) could support Morocco’s New Development Model, The ultimate aim of this exercise is for Morocco to create marine protected areas for fisheries management (MPA-Fs) that will the Halieutis Strategy, and post-pandemic job-creation support the development of the country’s nascent Blue Economy INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT targets by boosting Morocco’s Blue Economy in an and are based on the best international planning practices. inclusive manner while helping to reverse the trend toward With its rich blue assets in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, ecosystem degradation. According to the Intergovernmental The MSP process does not only bring benefits for the short Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, and medium term. In addition to anthropogenic pressures, Morocco has a high potential for developing its Blue Economy. Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO-IOC), MSP is Morocco’s coasts are strongly affected by climate change, “a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and including the rise of sea levels and major biogeochemical The country has a wealth of marine resources underpinned by high levels of biodiversity, with over 600 temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to changes that impacts environmental biodiversity and biological identified fish species. In total, Morocco’s coastal areas contribute 59 percent of the country’s gross achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives productivity. Climate change is a central consideration domestic product (GDP) and provide 52 percent of its jobs. The fisheries sector alone contributes that have been specified through a political throughout MSP, which can project the levels 1.5 percent of GDP and provides 700,000 direct and indirect jobs. According to the Government of process”. In other words, MSP is a tool of adaptation needed to build the Blue Morocco’s Office des Changes (Exchange Office), the fisheries sector produces 7.1  percent of for public authorities to analyze and Economy under various climate total exports. organize user activities to ensure scenarios. MSP also serves as a that ecological, economic, tool for transitioning to a circular The growth of Morocco’s Blue Economy has historically been hindered by limited intersectoral and social objectives are economy and embedding cooperation, fragmented policies, and lack of integrated budget-planning across blue sectors. integrated. The MSP process circularity principles across Recognizing the challenges that Morocco’s Blue Economy faces, the Government of Morocco initiated an tries to balance needs of marine planning. integrated planning processes in 2015 with the adoption of its Coastal Law, national and regional coastal different sea users, including plans, and the National Sustainable Development Strategy, which was adopted in 2017. However, strategy the need to protect the Using a robust MSP to coordinate blue sectoral approaches was limited. Consequently, siloed and sector-specific processes marine environment. In approach to pursue and led to inefficient resource use and, in some cases, contributed to user conflict over coastal and maritime Morocco, these competing the creation of MPAs resources. Lack of coordination has also reduced investment opportunities, in effect hindering potential demands have historically is a strategic choice job creation and business development, especially for those who are underrepresented in the sector such resulted in the inefficient for Morocco. An MPA as women, youth, and artisanal fishing groups. and unsustainable use of created under an inclusive precious coastal resources. MSP process tends to be In 2019, His Majesty King Mohammed VI called for a fresh approach to close the country’s more robust and accepted development gaps. In May 2021, a special commission appointed by His Majesty the King published In May 2022, the World Bank by stakeholders than one the New Development Model. This model includes a recommendation for the country to harness the approved a US$350 million created without such planning. full potential of its Blue Economy and develop existing and emerging blue sectors such as aquaculture, loan to support the Government Marine areas that are important seaweed farming, and marine renewable energy. As a mechanism to boost the Blue Economy, the New © RuslanKphoto of Morocco in launching its Blue for conservation form one of the most Development Model calls for the development of coastal clusters to attract investment, wealth, and jobs Economy Program, which aims to common data layers within marine spatial while ensuring sustainability. The Government of Morocco also recently launched a decentralization improve job creation and economic growth, plans. Some of these marine areas will be formally process (régionnalisation avancée) that requires the establishment of public policy coordination procedures as well as food security and the sustainability and declared and receive legal protection as MPAs, while at the regional level. The New Development Model underscores this approach, calling for innovation and resilience of natural resources. This loan, which was approved others may be informally protected. Where MPAs do not exist, the mobilization of the private sector to develop the Blue Economy sector advantages in each region through the World Bank’s own Blue Economy Program for marine plans can help with the identification of potential areas for along the coast. Results (Blue Economy PforR) mechanism, will serve to develop protection that incorporate environmental, social, economic, and Morocco’s institutional frameworks, improve integrated natural political considerations. In 2021, the Government of Morocco also set a target to create 450,000 jobs in the maritime fishery resource management, and strengthen selected sectors for a and agri-food industries within five years as part of an overall effort to expand livelihoods and climate-resilient Blue Economy in targeted areas. A key aspect Marine spatial planning is a powerful tool for developing help the national economy recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. The government’s 2020 Halieutis of the government’s program is to strengthen coordination and MPAs because it involves stakeholders in a transparent Strategy3 identified aquaculture as a subsector with high growth potential due to the steady growth of integration among the sectors and stakeholders involved with way throughout the planning process. It entails a major shift international and domestic demand for seafood. Together, these sectors contribute to a strong future for the Blue Economy. Marine spatial planning could contribute to from managing marine resources on a sector-by-sector basis livelihoods based on Morocco’s Blue Economy. such integration. to an integrated approach. During this process, the views of key stakeholders and public opinion are included. Threats to Between April 2021 and December 2022, the World users and natural resources are identified, and tension areas Bank provided technical assistance (TA) to Morocco’s are mapped out to diminish conflict and enhance opportunities. Département de la Pêche Maritime (DPM), or Department The process involves learning and knowledge-sharing through a of Maritime Fisheries, to incubate MSP as a tool to conserve participatory, evidence-based, and multidimensional approach. fishery resources while supporting artisanal fisheries. 3 The strategy was launched in 2009 for the period up to 2020. It is currently being updated. © lizavetta 1 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 2 © Freepik There are three types of MPA to consider. First is the popular concept of an MPA as a closed area, except for scientific research and monitoring. The second concept of an MPA is more specialized, viewing THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING an MPA as a marine no-take area, usually designed to ensure fish reproduction for the benefit of fisheries. This is sometimes called an MPA-F (marine protected area for fisheries management). The general principles that guide the MSP approach are › Encourage cross-border collaboration for regional A no-take MPA (or MPA-F) allows monitoring as well as some tourism and low-impact activities. The as follows: development. third type of MPA takes a comprehensive approach to MSP, or ocean zoning, that envisages a network › Improve capacity building using transformative of different protected areas. In the Moroccan context, an MPA-F could have no-take areas, but also › Facilitate the identification of sites for new and technologies. areas where some activities would be restricted, but not others, and which would be supported by a emerging uses by following an ecosystem approach broader spatial management plan (with measures like seasonal closures, caps on capacity/effort, that recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, These principles are often translated into practice using monitoring frameworks, and so on). are an integral part of ecosystems. the following steps: › Facilitate the identification of sites for new and emerging uses by following an ecosystem approach › Planning through participatory activities with that recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, stakeholders to determine priorities. PILOT PROJECT: MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING IN AGADIR are an integral part of ecosystems. › Collecting and evaluating data to identify gaps. › Ensure the mitigation of conflicts between different › Conducting a site diagnostic based on ecosystem The World Bank TA incorporated a practical example This approach is consistent with World Bank guidance for uses of the marine environment. models and processes, including human activities, of MSP in Agadir, in the Souss-Massa region along formulating and implementing an MSP (World Bank, 2022f). › Promote multi-use or protected spaces to ensure throughout the area of interest. the Atlantic Coast, which served to expand the coexistence and strengthen synergies between › Identifying the best location for a proposed MPA. DPM’s limited experience of MSP and reinvigorate The DPM’s leadership and commitment towards a activities, and bolster investor confidence by introducing › Formulating recommendations to support the creation interest in MSP as a context-sensitive tool for multisector approach has been key for the success transparency and predictability. of the MPA (for example, developing a GIS database and natural resource co-management. Before the TA, MSP of the MSP process to date. This commitment › Facilitate the process of addressing critical information sharing system) and to define the stages of activities in Morocco were not sufficiently participatory, contributed to the active participation of a broad base knowledge gaps in oceans and related sectors. its implementation and management. excluding important sectors and stakeholders. Through of institutions and stakeholders from various sectors, the TA, Agadir became the first area to be considered, including artisanal fishers; the Institut National des through a participatory process, for the development of Recherches Halieutiques (INRH, National Institute for an MSP in Morocco. The TA also demonstrated the Fisheries Research); the Agence Nationale pour le value added by spatial planning tools such Développement de l´Aquaculture (ANDA, the The figure below summarizes the MSP approach and methodology, adapted to the objectives of creating an MPA. as a geographic information system National Agency for the Development of © saiko3p (GIS) database with multi-criteria Aquaculture); the Office National des Figure 1: Using marine spatial planning to create a marine protected area analysis to highlight conflicts Pêches (ONP, the National Office or compatibilities between of Fisheries); Agence Nationale competing activities. des Eaux et Forêts (ANEF, the National Agency of Water and Define Goals & Objectives Data Aquisition Socioeconomic Planning for Analysis Alternative Energy Marine spatial planning Forests); the Département du brings together multiple Développement Durable (DDD, ocean resource users to make the Department of Sustainable Managing Marine Resources informed and coordinated Development); the Direction Oceanographic decisions about how to use des Ports et du Domaine Public Analysis marine resources sustainably. Maritime (DPDPM, the Authority Participatory mapping workshops of Ports and the Public Maritime Data Gap Identification Define the Study Area were organized in February (virtually) Domain); the tourism, maritime and March 2022 (on-site for artisanal transport, and cultural professions; the Biological fishers) and interested stakeholders from all Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Analysis sectors and all governance levels (national, regional, Mines (ONHYM, the National Office of Hydrocarbons Minimizing Conflicts and local). A virtual workshop to present the key findings and Mines); Agence Nationale des Ports (ANP, the of the MSP diagnostic was organized in April 2022 National Agency of Ports); the Royal Navy; the Royal followed by a dedicated on-site meeting with artisanal Gendarmerie; regional and urban planning organizations; Data Content & Quality Habitat fishers in May 2022. the Department of Agriculture; local authorities (including Analysis the Ministry of the Interior); and non-governmental Designing Marine The stakeholders who attended engaged in deep organizations (NGOs), including the Mohammed VI Protected Areas dialogue, with sufficient time allowed for meaningful Foundation for Environmental Protection, the Association responses and the thoughtful integration of de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources (Integrated concerns relating to the creation, management, Resource Management Association), and the Groupe and fishing regulations of a future MPA. This was an de Recherche pour la Protection des Oiseaux au Maroc important step as MPA site selection and design are the (GREPOM, the Research Group for the Protection of groundwork for robust and effective marine management. Birds in Morocco), among others. 3 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS The TA supported a strong learning process that served other activities. The stakeholder platform created around the MSP is a powerful approach to planning and managing MSP › Creating initiatives such as innovative start-ups to turn to increase understanding of coastal and marine natural MSP process could provide a useful forum for discussing and at a wider, ecoregional scale. For example, through the Agadir fishing-gear waste into business opportunities for women and resource use while enhancing Morocco’s internal capacity agreeing on an MPA management plan. TA, the World Bank supported the government in identifying younger generations to employ MSP tools and principles in the fisheries sector. several activities that could contribute to the success of the MPA › Diversifying aquaculture species and techniques, and seeking The participants collectively identified fisheries, aquaculture, The TA produced a methodological guide for stakeholders if managed under a wider spatial approach. These include: collaborations that stimulate innovation in this sector and coastal and marine protected areas as the three main to support the scalability and sustainability of the MSP › Identifying potential ecotourism activities resource uses in Agadir, while environmental conditions, water approach. The knowledge exchange and learning process was › Identifying measures to protect existing species › Studying the climate change vulnerability of the MPA and its resources, and habitats/biodiversity emerged as the main captured in the methodological guide to using MSP tools to plan › Focusing on fishing gear, fishing techniques, and catch size natural habitats concerns. Participants also learned to use an MSP approach MPAs and marine protected areas for fisheries management › Channeling technical and financial assistance to support › Integrating adaptation based on nature-based solutions into to select areas with a conservation objective. Finally, the third (MPA-F). The guide foregrounds the lessons learned by the initiatives within a protected area the management plan. learning aspect has been developed around the information stakeholders who took part in the Agadir pilot and sets out › Developing protocols to minimize the impacts of fishing gaps identified and the need to enhance the design of MPAs comprehensive steps for properly implementing an MSP activities and avoid incidental catches (“ghost fishing”) using an MSP approach. approach to create an MPA-F. These include: The TA produced recommendations to mainstream the › Step 1: Preliminary consultation process for acceptability of MSP approach in the creation of MPAs. In particular, the site selection. MSP approach should consider the physical and biological › Step 2: Identification and mobilization of funding sources. components of a proposed MPA; its socioeconomic environment; › Step 3: Pre-planning of the MSP process for the creation of A tool to scale up marine spatial planning and immediate and long-term protection objectives. The MSP a new MPA. process can serve as the basis for agreement on measures and › Step 4: Collection of data and information for spatial diagnostic. A methodological guide has been developed, bringing together lessons learned and making available all acquired restrictions to ensure the conservation of a protected area, as › Step 5: Data analysis for diagnostic and selection of the knowledge from the experience in Agadir. This guide will be a driving tool for the Government of Morocco, working through the DPM, to create MPAs using an MSP. well as areas designated for fishing, aquaculture, tourism, and optimal area. Figure 2: Methodological guide for stakeholders CONCLUSION The proposed approach is consistent with the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized guidance note, “Marine Spatial Planning for a Resilient and Mobilizing stakeholders to engage in MSP processes will Morocco’s experience in establishing three MPA-Fs in Inclusive Blue Economy” (World Bank, 2022f). It is also support coordination of the Blue Economy at the regional 2014—without drawing on the MSP approach—in the consistent with the report titled “Marine Spatial Planning level, as envisaged by the New Development Model. In Alboran Sea, Mogador Island, and Massa underlined the for a Resilient and Inclusive Blue Economy: Integrating Souss-Massa, for example, the MSP process can be used as need to consider and mitigate short-term impacts on Cross-Cutting Themes into Marine Spatial Planning” a tool to reinforce coordination at the regional level by bringing artisanal fishing communities. The MSP process introduced Public Disclosure Authorized (World Bank, 2022g). together stakeholders for joint planning, ultimately helping to through this TA helped to ensure that this crucial stakeholder develop the envisioned coastal clusters that will foster economic group was considered and prioritized for capacity-building, growth and job creation. Coastal clusters are expected to equipment provision, and income-generating activities at every stimulate coordination between public and private institutions step of the planning process. in Blue Economy value chains. Public Disclosure Authorized GUIDE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE POUR LE Improved knowledge and capacity around MSP processes DÉVELOPPEMENT D'UN PROCESSUS DE has prompted the DPM to implement the MSP approach in PLANIFICATION SPATIALE MARINE EN APPUI À LA planning and design of two further MPA-Fs, which together CRÉATION D'AIRES MARINES PROTÉGÉES POUR LA PÊCHE AU MAROC with the MPA-F in Agadir would be key deliverables Public Disclosure Authorized of the Blue Economy PforR. The aim of these MPA- Fs would be to sustain the fish population within three nautical miles of the coast. With a total estimated area of 61,500 hectares (ha), the envisaged three MPAs are proposed for Agadir and Larache (both of which are Octobre 2022 on the Atlantic coast), and Cape Three Forks on the Mediterranean Coast. Auteurs : 1 © Vitaly Fedotov 5 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 6 1 Introduction The Kingdom of Morocco is endowed with a wealth of marine resources, characterized by high biodiversity with at least 600 identified fish species. In total, Morocco’s coastal areas contribute 59% of the country’s GDP and provide 52% of jobs. There is an even greater untapped potential in existing and emerging blue sectors such as aquaculture, seaweed farming, and marine renewable energy. Morocco can develop coastal clusters that attract investment and create jobs while ensuring sustainability. With its rich blue assets in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, Morocco has high potential for developing its Blue Economy. The fisheries sector alone contributes 1.5 percent of GDP and provides 700,000 direct and indirect jobs. According to the Government of Morocco’s Office des Changes (Exchange Office), the fisheries sector produces 7.1 percent of total exports. In 2021, the Government of Morocco set a target to create 450,000 jobs in the maritime fishery and agri-food industries within five years as part of the overall effort to expand livelihoods and help the national economy recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. The government’s 2020 Halieutis Strategy identifies aquaculture as a subsector with high growth potential due to the steady growth of international and domestic demand for seafood. Together, these sectors contribute to a strong future for livelihoods based on Morocco’s Blue Economy. With this in mind, the Government of Morocco launched its Blue Economy Program to improve job creation and economic growth, as well as the sustainability and resilience of natural resources and food security. The program aims to develop Morocco’s institutional frameworks, improve integrated natural resource management, and strengthen selected sectors in targeted areas for a climate-resilient Blue Economy. The World Bank defines the Blue Economy as the sustainable and integrated development of economic sectors in a healthy ocean. To support the Government of Morocco in implementing its program, the World Bank has approved a US$350 million loan through its Blue Economy Program for Results (Blue Economy PforR). As part of Morocco’s Blue Economy Program, and with the dual objective of nature conservation and support for artisanal fisheries, the DPM requested technical assistance (TA) from the World Bank on the use of marine spatial planning (MSP) tools for the conservation of fishery resources, with the ultimate aim of creating marine protected areas for fisheries management (MPA-Fs) that are based on the best international planning practices. This summary report synthesizes the information, results, and recommendations of the documents produced through the TA (World Bank, 2022a–e). This work has also been informed by World Bank knowledge products related to MSP (World Bank, 2022f and 2022g). © lizavetta An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 8 2 The questions at the heart of MSP are: which natural resources do governments Marine spatial planning and stakeholders want to preserve or use and where they are located? applied to the creation of © Freepik marine protected areas climate change needs and social goals such as gender and transparency. A good plan will integrate sectors and find the The MSP process does not only bring benefits for the short and medium term. Climate change is a central consideration right balance between existing and future uses. throughout MSP, which can project the levels of adaptation needed to build the Blue Economy under various climate MSP is especially useful at targeting financial and technical scenarios. Climate disruption is already causing diverse and support for governments and the private sector, and for wide-ranging environmental, social, economic, and natural developing the financial and social rationale for investing in resource impacts. Oceans are impacted as the atmosphere and the Blue Economy. In fact, MSP primarily seeks to identify oceans warm, snow and ice melt, and sea levels rise. Rising integrated investment opportunities. De-risking and leveraging sea levels threaten habitable land, coastal infrastructure, sector-specific portfolios through integration is a powerful and protected habitats and species. Coastal livelihoods in argument for MSP (World Bank, 2022f). Addressing issues vulnerable parts of the world are disrupted by extreme weather and conflicts upstream of investment also gives investors events such as more frequent and intense storms and rainfall. some certainty that their projects will not be delayed by Furthermore, water quality is at risk, and changes are being environmental and social challenges. The social case for MSP observed in the distribution and time of lifecycle events of plant usually focuses on the effective and efficient delivery of public and animal species on land and in the oceans. The impacts of goods and services, mostly in the form of ecosystem services climate change will play a part in shaping land-sea interactions, or newly created jobs. fisheries, and businesses into the future. 2.1 IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING MSP offers a cohesive framework to overcome the limited MSP serves as a tool for transitioning to a circular economy Marine spatial planning (MSP) is, according to the Marine spatial planning transparently involves intersectoral cooperation and fragmented policies and budget and embedding circularity principles in marine planning. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of The stakeholders in the planning of maritime activities. It planning across blue sectors that currently undermine the Blue Prevailing linear economic models—which are based on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural entails a major shift from managing marine resources Economy’s potential in Morocco. Recognizing the challenges extraction of natural resources, the consumption of goods, Organization (UNESCO-IOC), “a public process of on a sector-by-sector basis to taking an integrated that Morocco’s Blue Economy faces, the Government of and the disposal of waste—are global drivers of the loss of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal approach. During this process, the views of key Morocco initiated an integrated planning processes in 2015 with terrestrial and marine habitat and biodiversity. In a circular distribution of human activities in marine areas to stakeholders and public opinion are included. Threats the adoption of its Coastal Law, national and regional coastal economy, waste and resource use are minimized and the value achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives to users and natural resources are identified, and plans, and the National Sustainable Development Strategy, of products and materials is preserved for as long as possible that have been specified through a political process”. tension areas are mapped out to diminish conflicts and which was adopted in 2017. However, strategy to coordinate through good design, durability, and repair. When a product (World Bank, 2022f). In other words, MSP is a process enhance opportunities. blue sectoral approaches was limited. Consequently, siloed has reached the end of its life, its parts are reused to create that brings together multiple ocean resource users to and sector-specific processes led to inefficient resource use further useful products. A sound MSP process may require make informed and coordinated decisions about how to With more than a hundred documented cases of MSP and, in some cases, contributed to user conflict over coastal a coordinated effort between public and private sectors to sustainably use marine resources. The relevant public globally, governments and other stakeholders have a and maritime resources. Lack of coordination has also reduced promote a circular Blue Economy. authorities analyze and organize user activities to wealth of experience to build on. More than a decade investment opportunities, in effect hindering potential job ensure that ecological, economic, and social objectives of MSP development shows that success depends on creation and business development, especially for those who The questions at the heart of MSP are: which natural resources are integrated. An MSP process tries to balance the a consultative process that engages all stakeholders, are underrepresented in the sector such as women, youth, and do governments and stakeholders want to preserve and/or different demands for using the sea, including the need including marginalized and vulnerable communities, at artisanal fishing groups. use, and where they are located? Potential conflicts between to protect the marine environment. A marine spatial plan national, regional, and local levels. This dialogue should the current or projected uses of natural resources also needs to is the outcome of this complex process. cover various areas of use, including conservation, and MSP enables governments to set a clear direction for be mapped. The MSP process drives broad public participation address conflicts between users. It can also explore managing their seas; to clarify objectives and priorities; and and robust negotiation on these and other questions, to direct decision makers, users, and stakeholders toward leading to a new map that captures the trade-offs between more strategic and efficient use of marine resources. It informs competing needs while supporting conservation goals and blue decisions about the current and future development of the economic growth. marine area, aiming to integrate diverse needs. © Freepik An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 10 2.2 HOW MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING HELPS CREATE STRONG MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Morocco’s Halieutis Strategy emphasized both the protection The general principles that guide the MSP approach are of fishing activities and the preservation of natural resources in as follows: Table 1 compares traditional MPAs, which focus on conservation, with MPAs created within an MSP program, such as the MPA-F the form of a network of MPAs. MSP can serve to achieve both pilot created at Agadir (see Section 5). these objectives by drawing on a comprehensive, strategic, › Facilitate the identification of sites for new and emerging and collaborative process to analyze and allocate the use of uses by following an ecosystem approach that recognizes Table 1: Traditional marine protected areas versus marine protected areas created through marine spatial planning maritime areas to minimize conflicts between human activities that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral part and maximize benefits for people and the economy while of ecosystems. ensuring the resilience of marine ecosystems. There is a strong › Ensure the mitigation of conflicts between different uses of TRADITIONAL MARINE MARINE PROTECTED COMMENTS ON link between this type of exercise and marine protected areas the marine environment. CRITERIA PROTECTED AREA AREA BORN FROM MARINE INNOVATIONS (MPAs). Under an MSP process, the creation of an MPA tends › Promote multi-use or protected spaces to ensure SPATIAL PLANNING to be more robust and accepted by stakeholders than without coexistence and strengthen synergies between activities, Geographical Local and regional Local, regional, and Traditional marine protected such collaborative planning. and bolster investor confidence by introducing transparency scale (depending on size) ecoregional areas (MPAs) are generally and predictability. useful for conservation but Commonly focuses on flagship Incorporates larger marine Marine areas that are important for conservation form one › Facilitate the process of addressing critical knowledge species or unique habitats and coastal territorial context, they often lack a larger- of the most common data layers within marine spatial plans. gaps in oceans and related sectors. so supporting a more scale context, limiting their Some of these marine areas will be formally adopted/declared › Encourage cross-border collaboration for regional comprehensive approach to biodiversity preservation goals and have legal protection as MPAs, while others may be development. survival of migratory species A network of MPAs designed informally protected. Where MPAs do not exist, marine plans › Improve capacity building using transformative technologies. and ecosystem processes through marine spatial can help with the identification of the best potential areas for Larger scale allows for planning (MSP) can better protection that incorporate environmental, social, economic, Drawing on these principles, MSP is used to identify areas for the innovations in ecosystem support biodiversity goals and political considerations. declaration of new MPAs. conservation Ecosystem services can be the object of innovative approaches to preserve them The MSP process is based on an ecosystem approach that MPAs and marine plans are generally based on current considers the marine environment as a continuum, considering information, be it habitat/species distribution or marine uses. Level of High Low MSP ensures negotiation with the relationships between the different components of the At the same time, both marine plans and MPAs can be to drive conflict with Productive sectors (fisheries, MSP’s multi-sectorial, interested productive sectors system, including the short-, medium-, and long-term effects of the future sustainable use of marine resources. This requires a productive energy, and transport) often collaborative approach to from the beginning. In this way, resource use. The MSP process typically uses GIS to organize comprehensive view of existing uses and deep understanding of and other non- oppose the projects of allocating maritime areas future conflicts are minimized and analyze spatial and temporal variations in biological, how these uses may be affected by climate change, economic conservation traditional MPAs allows for potential conflicts to and innovations such as SDG ecological, and socioeconomic data. development, marine users’ social license to operate, and how sectors be identified early intersectoral alliances grow the government envisions its seas to be used in future. Tension areas are mapped to reduce conflicts and enhance opportunities Degree of Low High MSP-based MPAs are flexibility on Classic MPAs have strong The diversity of sectors sometimes designed to design and conservation goals and involved allows for the MPA to support the fishing sector. They characteristics are usually supported by have some goals that align with may also surround energy Mariculture environmental activists and the interests of other sectors production or aquaculture social networks on a case-by-case basis areas, to improve the security of these areas and facilitate Productive sectors are better monitoring frequently reluctant to contribute to their design New functions arise from their Fishing interactive development Stakeholder Low to medium High High levels of engagement and Biodiversity engagement Some governments try to Stakeholders are included in consultation in MSP ensures a hotspots and flexible process that supports involve productive sectors in discussions about the desired consultation classic MPA creation plans. characteristics of the MPA from a diversity of positive outcomes However, these sectors do an early stage Transparency of the MSP not usually participate in MPA Consultation is almost process ensures the inclusion No fishing design and development mandatory for all aspects of the of groups that might otherwise Consultation mechanisms are MPA (location, design, roles, be marginalized weak, frequently resulting in the development, and monitoring rejection of conservation goals and evaluation) Figure 3: Using marine spatial planning to support the creation of a marine protected area for fisheries management (World Bank, 2022h) Continues on next page 2 The Halieutis Strategy supports fisheries management by enhancing the sustainability of fisheries in marine ecosystems, respecting the regeneration cycle of marine resources, and promoting scientific knowledge exchanges. An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 12 Table 1: Traditional marine protected areas versus marine protected areas created through marine spatial planning MARINE PROTECTED TRADITIONAL MARINE COMMENTS ON CRITERIA PROTECTED AREA AREA BORN FROM MARINE INNOVATIONS SPATIAL PLANNING The MSP process is based on Innovation Low to medium High The DPM’s active leadership an ecosystem approach that Low levels of intersectoral Intersectoral planning was an innovative feature of the planning weaken innovative enhances innovation in MPA pilot MSP project in Morocco considers the marine environment solutions for MPA development, development, implementation, An MPA created under the implementation, and monitoring and monitoring leadership of a fisheries as a continuum, considering the institution instead of a Institutional learning is accelerated due to the diversity conservation one shows relationships between the different the power of a multisectoral of stakeholders’ experience approach that involves all components of the system, including sectors the short-, medium-, and long-term Consensus- building Low High The participatory process facilitates learning cycles that effects of resource use. Traditional MPAs are based on MSP takes an integrated capacity broad consensus approach to marine resource stimulate innovation and enable management that considers the development of coordinated Society often only hears about coastal clusters of start-ups them when they are created by a broad consensus base including key stakeholders and that attract investments, law wealth, and jobs the public Learning and knowledge- sharing are accelerated through a participatory, evidence-based, and multidimensional approach Blue Economy Few Several The tourism, carbon tools Traditional MPAs do not An MSP-based MPA may offer offsetting schemes, fisheries, provide many options for Blue several tools for Blue Economy aquaculture, transport, and Economy development development energy sectors will benefit from MSP-based MPAs that have Each productive sector clear, predictable, and broadly involved could benefit from accepted rules for marine information gathered through resource use the MSP process Potential for Limited Expanded The interaction between the job creation Jobs in a traditional MPA will MSP-based MPAs could sectors in an MSP-based MPA come mainly from marine create jobs in a range of promotes a wide diversity of science and monitoring sectors, including tourism, new jobs energy, aquaculture, transport, Several jobs may arise from commerce, fishing sector, and innovative intersectoral marine science. associations Decentralization Limited Substantial The larger-scale process processes A traditional MPA, given its An MSP-based MPA supports of MSP supports any to empower local geographical benefits, decentralization and regional decentralization process like regional may deliver some benefits for a development by enabling the the Moroccan government’s development decentralization plan development of local energy, regionalization avancée fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, and other sectors Long-term Restricted Larger Involving the private productive funding Usually limited to government The private productive sectors sector in the MSP process may options and international institutions involved in design are possible lead to benefits for that sector, additional income sources, so stimulating their funding complementing government participation in the resulting and international sources MPA © Giacomo Pignatiello 13 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco 2.3 BENEFITS OF CREATING A MARINE PROTECTED AREA The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) The Kingdom of Morocco is planning MPAs that could form part In 2009, the DPM launched its initial Halieutis Strategy, a of the International Commission for the Conservation of defines an MPA as “a clearly defined, recognized, and of a greater network. Establishing networks of multiple small-to- growth and competitiveness plan for the period up to 2020, to Atlantic Tuna’s (ICCAT’s) Regional Fisheries Management administered geographical area, legally or by other effective moderately-sized MPAs may help to enhance conservation and contribute to the development of a sustainable Blue Economy Organization, which manages and plans bluefin tuna resource means, which aims to conserve nature, ecosystem services, fisheries benefits without increasing socioeconomic impacts. with high added value. Under the strategy, 20 management use. All recommendations issued by ICCAT and the United and associated cultural values in the long term” (Day et al., Well-planned networks provide important spatial links, which plans were developed; MPAs were declared at Alboran, Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation’s General 2012). More than 20 years ago, IUCN declared: “Marine are needed to maintain ecosystem processes and connectivity. Mogador, and Massa; and various management measures Commission for Mediterranean Fisheries are applied at the protected areas only succeed if backed by the public (IUCN, These links also improve resilience by reducing the risks of were introduced such as area closures, market size shifts, national level in Morocco. 1999).” localized disasters, climate change, failures in management, the protection of endangered species, and the prohibition of and other hazards across multiple areas, so helping to ensure harmful gear to enhance the management and protection of It is in this context that the Government of Morocco approached There are three types of MPA to consider. The first is the long-term sustainability better than single MPA sites. the country’s marine and coastal ecosystems. the World Bank for TA to improve internal capacity for MSP, popular concept of an MPA as a closed area except for with the ultimate aim of identifying the best possible locations scientific research and monitoring. The second concept is Networks of MPAs are typically part of an MSP process Despite these achievements, the second draft review of for future MPAs that could support the country’s New more specialized, viewing an MPA as a marine no-take area, because of their benefits for local communities and the fishing Morocco’s Environmental Performance, coordinated in 2021 Development Model coordination guidelines while protecting usually designed to ensure fish reproduction for the benefit sector, which in turn improves support by these stakeholders. by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe marine ecosystems, promoting the recovery of fish stocks, of fisheries. (This is sometimes called a marine protected MPAs protect local fish populations by giving fished species (UNECE, 2021), found that stocks of more than 15 species— and ensuring the sustainability of fishing activity, especially area for fisheries management, or MPA-F). A no-take MPA/ space to recover. Recovered populations then move beyond especially Mediterranean swordfish, red seabream, meagre, artisanal fishing. The Agadir region was chosen for this MPA-F allows monitoring as well as some tourism and low- the boundaries of the area, resulting in a higher catch rate of hake, sardinella, and pink shrimp—are exploited beyond their endeavor (see Box 1). impact activities. The third type of MPA takes a comprehensive the species near the protected area than what would have been maximum sustainable yield. Morocco is an active member approach to MSP, or ocean zoning, that envisages a network of observed if the area had not been protected. different protected areas. In the Moroccan context, an MPA-F could have some no-take areas and some areas where certain Questions remain about whether MPAs would work to protect activities are restricted. Such an MPA-F could be supported species that migrate or travel long distances, since most MPAs by a broader spatial management plan with measures like are small relative to the geographic range of these migratory THE SELECTION OF AGADIR seasonal closures, caps on capacity/effort, monitoring species. However, recent research has found that the world’s AS A PILOT SITE frameworks, and so on. largest fully protected MPA, near Hawaii, has clear spillover benefits for migratory yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and As part of the World Bank’s TA, which was supported by In isolation, a small MPA might not support fish and invertebrate bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tuna populations. It is thought that the Korean Green Growth Trust Fund, DPM consulted populations that are large enough to sustain themselves. To less migratory species, and those that spawn in or near the with national stakeholders within the fisheries sector to make sure there are enough young marine organisms to MPA, will experience a stronger spillover effect (Medoff et al., learn MSP techniques, gain exposure to new approaches, replenish and sustain fisheries populations within MPAs, the 2022). This study raises the possibility that a comprehensive and see lessons learned in action. Together, these area of protection must be large. However, in many regions, network of MPAs could also support large, migratory fish actions focused on building a better understanding of economic, social, and political constraints make it impractical to species, provided some areas are specially designed for that how an MSP process can support the creation of an create one single large MPA of sufficient size to support viable, goal. Further research is needed in this regard. MPA-F. Consultations were held with the Institut National self-sustaining populations of all species. des Recherches Halieutiques (National Institute for Fisheries Research, INRH), Agence Nationale pour le Développement de l´Aquaculture (National Agency for the Development of Aquaculture, ANDA), and institutional 2.4 MOROCCO’S PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO PIONEERING MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING representatives of the Chambre des Pêches Maritimes Morocco is adopting new approaches to plan and manage its (régionnalisation avancée) that requires the establishment of (Chamber of Maritime Fisheries) of the Mediterranean Blue Economy. The TA discussed in this report has helped to public policy coordination procedures at the regional level. The and the Central Atlantic in Larache and Agadir. incubate MSP as a critical tool to support this endeavor. New Development Model underscores this approach, calling In 2019, His Majesty King Mohammed VI called for a fresh for innovation and the mobilization of the private sector to Through this process, the Agadir region was chosen as approach to close the country’s development gaps. In May develop the Blue Economy sector advantages in each region a site where stakeholders could learn and apply new 2021, a special commission appointed by His Majesty the along the coast. concepts and approaches around MSP and the creation King published the New Development Model, which includes of an MPA. This learning-by-doing approach was widely a recommendation for the country to harness the full potential An MSP process tries to balance the different demands supported by the institutions concerned, especially the of its Blue Economy and develop existing and emerging for using the sea, including the need to protect the marine Central Atlantic Chamber of Marine Fisheries, which blue sectors such as aquaculture, seaweed farming, and environment. In Morocco, as in many other countries, these formally expressed its interest to the DPM to initiate such marine renewable energy. As a mechanism to boost the competing demands often result in inefficient and unsustainable a process. This reflects the strong support of artisanal Blue Economy, the New Development Model calls for the use of precious coastal resources. An MSP approach could fishers in the region who see the creation of an MPA as development of coastal clusters to attract investments, wealth, help reverse the trend toward degradation and boost Morocco’s an opportunity to protect fishery resources to ensure the and jobs while ensuring sustainability. The Government of Blue Economy. sustainability of artisanal fishing. © Ilyas Kalimullin Morocco also recently launched a decentralization process 15 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 16 2.5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING Through the TA, an MSP knowledge-sharing and learning IN REAL TIME approach was initiated in the Agadir region. 2.5.1. Marine spatial planning methodology The TA followed best international practice for MSP, which has as its foundation The diagnostic included a review of the › Ensure compatibility of different uses of the marine obtaining and analyzing relevant information in a collaborative manner. This main legal instruments and strategies environment and diversify growth opportunities as part of the method was shared with the DPM and other participants to allow future replicability. for land and coastal planning and the Blue Economy strategy. The key steps in MSP are: protection of natural resources, at all levels › Improve the ecological connectivity of marine and (international, national, and regional). Key coastal areas to maintain key processes that support the › Planning through participatory activities with stakeholders to determine priorities. instruments and strategies identified were: renewal of fisheries and aquaculture resources. › Collecting and evaluating data to identify gaps. › Conducting a site diagnostic based on ecosystem models and processes, including human activities, © saiko3p › The National Coastal Plan, which aims to ensure 3 The data compiled in the database was mapped and analyzed throughout the area of interest and identifying the best location for a proposed MPA. a balance between the development and preservation using GIS. This allowed for the identification of spatial and temporal › Formulating recommendations to support the creation of the MPA (for example, developing a GIS database of a sustainable coastline through the implementation of a patterns of human activities in coastal and marine environments and information sharing system) and to define the stages of its implementation and management. holistic and integrated development approach and a model of (including urban development areas, shipping routes, traffic, harmonious management of spaces and resources. This plan fisheries resources, and aquaculture developments), This methodology is designed to display geographical information from a range of sources in an intuitive manner using maps and stood out because of its focus on coastal zones and inclusivity: as well as ecological threats related to these activities spatial analyses. In this way, it supports the decision-making process for site selection. The MSP process benefits from advanced it establishes a new integrated coastal zone management (such as pollution sources, risk areas, and restrictions on data and knowledge management approaches such as geospatial predictive modeling using techniques such as geostatistical policy for the Moroccan coastline, including 12 nautical miles fishing techniques). modeling to fill data gaps; the merging of existing datasets; and/or extrapolating trends across space. out of territorial seas and the adjacent land, and involves all stakeholders—citizens, users, and decision-makers. However, In this way, a series of maps was generated showing different the plan does not include MSP as a tool to improve marine patterns such as social values (for example, areas of increasing planning. Pioneering an MSP approach in Agadir Bay served interest for tourists), ecological hotspots (for example, spawning 2.5.2. Marine spatial planning methodology to fill this gap and strengthen the capacities of Moroccan grounds of fish species and larval source areas, protected stakeholders involved in the management of the coastal and areas, and ecologically sensitive areas such as a rocky seabed, Through the TA, an MSP knowledge-sharing and learning Bank’s team of national experts through several meetings marine zones. important areas for migratory birds, wetlands, and so on). approach was initiated in the Agadir region. A diagnostic that with the stakeholders involved in the MPS process and under aimed to preserve biodiversity and ensure the sustainability of DMP leadership. Data focused mainly on spatial information › The Halieutis Strategy, through which Morocco supports Key information gaps were also identified through the process. fisheries management by strengthening the sustainability of fishing activities was prepared. This approach aimed to discover regarding the relevant biological, environmental, and fisheries in marine ecosystems, aiming to respect the cycle of After mapping and analyzing the data, considering the available synergies and avoid conflict between key sectors in Agadir Bay socioeconomic variables. regeneration of marine resources and promoting the exchange information, and identifying gaps, the site selection process such as aquaculture, tourism, and transport. of scientific knowledge. The DPM presented three MPA pilot focused on establishing a set of criteria that could be used to The second step was to perform an integrated analysis using sites in Morocco that are part of the sustainability axis of the decide whether an area should be included in the MPA-F, and Data collection was the first knowledge and learning step GIS to carry out a diagnostic of the site and identify the most Halieutis Strategy. These are Alboran, Mogador, and Massa, to determine the MPA-F’s potential boundaries. in the diagnostic process. This was facilitated by the World suitable areas for a potential MPA-F. where the new Agadir MPA-F is being contemplated. › Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, which calls for the conservation In this case, the economic importance of fishing activities and of at least 17 percent of terrestrial areas and inland waters, and the conservation of fishing stocks were identified as priorities, 10 percent of coastal and marine areas. since the MPA-F must contribute to supporting small-scale Figure 4: The fundamental stages of work › Morocco’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan fishing activity while reducing its environmental impact. Other 2016–2020. criteria were also adopted, based on data available in the region (Table 2). Using an MSP approach to create a new MPA-F in Souss-Massa would support the goals of the country’s coastal plan while By superimposing geographical data and data relating to social, contributing to both Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 and Morocco’s economic and conservation variables and then filtering the DATA PROPOSAL TO National Biodiversity Strategy and Action plan. It would also variables based on the priority criteria, it was possible to identify GATHERING CREATE THE MPA contribute to the achievement of the following objectives of the optimal areas for the establishment of an MPA-F. The filtering Halieutis Strategy: process was achieved by assigning numerical weighting to each layer of information. When these layers were combined, areas › Protect and preserve the natural environment, including of high impact for a potential new MPA-F were revealed. fisheries resources, for the long term. PILOT SITE DIAGNOSTIC MPA CREATION PLAN: › Maintaining the activities of small-scale fisheries and improving their sustainability. ROADMAP AND GUIDE 3 Consolidated by the draft Decree n. 2.21.965 approving its adoption on May 5, 2022. 17 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco Table 2: Site selection criteria for the creation of a new MPA based on available spatial data 2.5.3. A strong stakeholder engagement process INFORMATION LAYER CRITERIA The successful application of the MSP approach requires a the Office National des Pêches (ONP, the National Office of participatory, evidence-based, and multidimensional approach, Fisheries); Agence Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (ANEF, the Important habitats › Presence of sensitive or important habitats for threatened species (wetlands). based on secondary data analysis and public consultations. The National Agency of Water and Forests); the Département du › Presence of habitats important for fishing (rocky bottoms) . process followed in Agadir aligned with the Halieutis Strategy’s Développement Durable (DDD, the Department of Sustainable sustainability principles and focused on the development of Development); the Direction des Ports et du Domaine Public Economically and › Existence of areas that are a source of species of economic importance. adequate tools to support the effective creation and future Maritime (DPDPM, the Authority of Ports and the Public socially important › Existing or potential value to local communities because of aesthetic, educational, or recreational implementation of an MPA-F in the selected pilot site. Maritime Domain); representatives from the tourism, maritime qualities. transport, and cultural professions; the Office National des Due to COVID-19 restrictions, the first participatory workshop Hydrocarbures et des Mines (ONHYM, the National Office of Practical or feasible for › No-trawl areas (incompatible fishing gear). was held online on February 17, 2022. The second workshop Hydrocarbons and Mines); Agence Nationale des Ports (ANP, protection › Areas with less aquaculture pressure. › Existence of regulation of fishing activity (for the conservation of fish populations and resources). was held in person in Agadir on March 17, 2022. Both were the National Agency of Ports); the Royal Navy; the Royal › Less pressure from tourism and potentially harmful or conflicting tourism activities. attended by a wide range of stakeholders from a variety of Gendarmerie; Ibn Zohr University; regional planning/urban › Extent to which area is protected from the pressures of urbanization. sectors representing national, regional, and local interests. planning; the Department of Agriculture; local authorities › Degree of isolation from sources of pollution (marine and land). Two further virtual mini-workshops were organized to carry out (Ministry of the Interior); and NGOs (the Mohammed VI › Degree of pressure due to the intensity of maritime traffic (and associated risks). the practical participatory mapping exercise. Workshops were Foundation for Environmental Protection, Association de › Threat level due to energy developments. attended by a wide range of stakeholders, including the DPM, Gestion Intégrée des Ressources (Integrated Resource artisanal fishers, Institut National des Recherches Halieutiques Management Association), and Groupe de Recherche pour la Ecological connectivity › Ecological continuity with other protected areas (synergies). (INRH, National Institute for Fisheries Research); Agence Protection des Oiseaux au Maroc (GREPOM, Research Group and functionality › Presence of nursery or juvenile areas. Nationale pour le Dévelopment de l´Aquaculture (ANDA, for the Protection of Birds in Morocco)). › Presence of feeding, breeding, or resting areas. the National Agency for the Development of Aquaculture); › Ecological processes or support systems for marine life as a source of nutrients, larvae, and so on (for example upwelling zones). Figure 6: Virtual participatory mapping workshop (February 17, 2022) Research interest › Value for coastal research and hazard monitoring. › Value for the development of climate adaptation projects. Figure 5 presents an example of reclassification with fisheries in mind, according to the type of sea bottom. In this example, an unfavorable type of marine bottom for trawling activity receives a 0-value on the pixel that corresponds to its location. A favorable type receives a +2-value. Figure 5: Data reclassification process for the selection of an optimal marine protected area site Important habitats for fisheries resources Criteria Type of sea bottom Spacial information Muddy, sandy and detrital Sea bottoms of mixed type Rocky and coralligenous (trawlable bottoms) (trawlable with caution) bottoms (not trawlable) Reclass Reclass Reclass Favorable if management Not favorable Favorable measures applied Set pixel value to (0) Set pixel value to (0) Set pixel value to (0) Optimal zone 19 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 20 The presentation, which was given by the National GIS Expert During the meeting, fishers were invited to answer the of the World Bank, summarized the strategic context, the questionnaire previously given in the diagnostic workshop to Figure 7: Participatory mapping workshop in Agadir (March 17, 2022) legal framework, the environmental diagnostic, the analysis of evaluate the criteria for creating an MPA. The results were geographical information, and the evaluation of alternatives. This highly consistent with those obtained in the evaluation carried was followed by a discussion between the fishers, institutional out in the workshop, but with more support for the representatives, and the World Bank team. At the end of the southern zone, according to the criteria. meeting, it was noted that: Fishers discussed the three site options and agreed on the › Artisanal fishers were calling for training and awareness- one selected. raising on the importance of MPAs. › Artisanal fishers were aware of the interest in creating MPAs in general, and with regard to the Massa MPA in particular. › The MSP process and its benefits for ecosystems, society, and the economy were presented to fishers. › Fishers welcomed the project to create a new MPA-F in the Agadir region. › The preference of fishers was to create the MPA-F to the south of the Souss-Massa region. › Fishers were committed to working together to create an MPA-F. Concerns, opportunities, and issues raised by fishers A methodological guide has been developed, bringing together lessons learned and making available all acquired knowledge from the experience in Agadir. This guide will be a driving tool for the Government of Morocco, working through the DPM, to create © Bart MPAs using an MSP. Fishers highlighted the possible impact of human factors (such as trawling by coastal fishing vessels, the seawater desalination project in Douira, and sewage canals) on the proposed MPA-F. They also identified potential “black spots”—areas that could experience high environmental pressure—such as river mouths, sewer canals, and high-population areas. They agreed that educating mariners about the importance of the proposed MPA-F and ensuring that the reserve provided positive results for mariners would be crucial for the success of the initiative. A specific map with environmental standards would be of benefit. Other issues that fishers wanted to be considered include: › The economic situation of traditional fishers and all other stakeholders in the MPA-F. › The social situation of all stakeholders in the MPA-F. › The fishing means and equipment used, and their impact on fish stocks and their sustainability. › Features that affect the fishing process and management’s ability to monitor fish stocks and control fishing activities. A workshop was held to present the findings of the diagnostic to all involved stakeholders on April 27, 2022. This online event was The strong interest shown by fishers throughout the participatory MSP emphasizes the importance of this kind of stakeholder complemented by an in-person workshop with artisanal fishers on May 19, 2022, at the Maritime Fisheries Delegation of Agadir. MSP process reflects their concern about their involvement in the participation. Worldwide, people who depend on marine The aim of the in-person workshop was to strengthen the MSP process by explicitly engaging artisanal fishers, who are typically not creation and management of the future MPA-F; the regulation resources for their incomes and livelihoods have their views able to attend online meetings. This workshop sought to: of fishing activities; and the techniques to be used to protect and needs ignored in marine resource decision-making. These fisheries resources, as outlined during the initial stakeholder marginalized users include youth and the elderly; individuals in › Present the MSP process in support of the creation of an MPA-F in Agadir. consultations and reporting by the DPM. Ensuring that this key small-scale fishing and coastal communities; indigenous people; › Present the results of the mapping of the Agadir site to fishers. stakeholder group remains an active and positive participant in migrants (including seasonal migrants and displaced people); › Collect the opinions of fishers and discuss the conclusions of the diagnostic in this area. the MSP process is an important step for the robustness of the and women and girls. Artisanal fishers must be, at the end of the resulting MPA-F. day, the main beneficiaries of an MPA-F goal. They enrich and validate the plan through their experience and local knowledge. 21 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 22 3 © zodyakuz How to make a critical choice using the marine spatial Figure 8: Location of options for proposed new MPA (World Bank, 2022a) planning approach Using an MSP approach, considering the marine and › Option C: South of the Massa river and Souss- coastal environment conditions and all uses occurring in Massa National Park. The existence of Souss-Massa Agadir Bay (see Appendix 1 for details), and assuming National Park offers an opportunity to strengthen the the criteria discussed in this report, three possible protection of natural resources and increase ecological options have been proposed: connectivity between land and sea in an area that already has valuable ecosystems, rich biodiversity, › Option A: North of the bay of Agadir (Imsouane and a unique landscape. The presence in this area of to Taghazout). This area of high biological diversity, a large area of rocky seabed that serves as a refuge, characterized by an abundance of protected areas breeding, and feeding habitat for many species of fish and wetlands, could benefit from the ecological is another feature to consider. As indicated in Figure 24 connectivity of a new MPA-F. Several aquaculture (Appendix 1), the park is located at the intersection of development projects need to be assessed in terms several spawning areas. In addition, it is an area that (a) of potential impacts. There is also an interest in energy has been well studied in terms of biodiversity due to the exploitation in this area (little information is available presence of the national park, and (b) is an area at high on these developments). However, given the global risk of drought, making it a suitable location for climate circumstances and the pulse of energy, this can be seen adaptation projects. It is also a highly valued area as a threat that would potentially create a risk for a because of the presence of the national park, which potential MPA-F in the north-central area of the pilot site. stakeholders (and fishers in particular) highlighted as The evaluation of these three options was carried out through Workshop participants assessed the same criteria for their important for fisheries resources. a training session demonstrating a multi-criteria evaluation importance, to explore the vision of stakeholders. After › Option B: Center of Agadir and south of the bay. based on the superposition of geographical information. assessing compliance with each criterion for each of the This area is experiencing a significant increase in Figure 8 shows the three areas assessed through the Once the evaluation was carried out, option B was rejected site options for the creation of an MPA-F (full compliance = tourism and urbanization. Maritime traffic is intense learning and capacity-building exercise for the creation and the other two options were selected to be presented 1; partial compliance = 0.5; non-compliance = 0), these values and the pressure of urban centers and industrial of a new MPA-F. The results confirmed the assessments at the diagnostic restitution workshop that took place on were multiplied by the weighting value of the criterion (average activities is higher than in the north and the south. The previously conducted by the INRH and presented during April 27, 2022. importance value given by stakeholders on a scale of 1 to 3). southern part of the bay, which communicates with preliminary stakeholder consultations convened by the the Souss-Massa National Park, has several sites DPM between June and November 2021 (DPM and of ecological and biological importance, as well as INRH, 2021). wetlands that provide important ecosystem services. © zodyakuz An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 24 Table 3: Pre-selection of alternative sites for the creation of the MPA-F weighting the criteria OPTION A: OPTION C: SOUTH OF This analysis was complemented by NORTH OF NO. SPATIAL CRITERIA TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT ON THE BASIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE (WEIGHTED THE BAY OF AGADIR TOTAL SCORE THE MASSA RIVER AND TOTAL SCORE the development of a compatibility matrix: a simple tool that identifies INFORMATION VALUE) (OPTION A) SOUSS-MASSA (OPTION C) (IMSOUANE TO NATIONAL TAGHAZOUT) PARK 1 Presence of sensitive or important habitats for 2,8 1 2,8 1 2,8 and classifies uses that may threatened species (wetlands) 2 Presence of habitats important for fishing (rocky bottoms) 2,5 0,5 1,25 1 2,5 be compatible. 3 No-trawl areas (incompatible fishing gear) 2,5 0,5 1,25 1 2,5 Ecological continuity with other protected areas 4 2,5 1 2,5 1 2,5 (synergies) Presence of nursery or juvenile areas (spawning 5 2,6 0 0 1 2,6 areas) Existence of areas that are a source of species of 6 2,3 1 2,3 1 2,3 economic importance Presence of feeding, breeding, or resting areas for 7 2,6 0,5 1,3 1 2,6 important fishing species 8 Priority areas with less aquaculture pressure 1,8 0 0 1 1,8 Existence of fishing regulations for the conservation of 9 2,6 1 2,6 1 2,6 fish populations and fishery resources Existing or potential aesthetic, educational or 10 2,1 1 2,1 1 2,1 recreational value to local communities 11 Compatibility with tourist uses 2,2 0,5 1,1 1 2,2 12 2,5 1 2,5 1 1,25 Extent to which the area has been protected from 13 2,7 0,5 1,35 0,5 1,35 urbanization Degree of pressure due to the intensity of maritime 14 2,5 0,5 1,25 0,5 2,5 traffic (and associated risks) 15 Level of threat due to energy developments 2,2 0,5 1,1 1 1,1 16 Value for coastal risk research and monitoring 2,3 0,5 1,15 1 2,3 Value for the development of climate adaptation 17 2,1 0,5 1,05 1 2,1 projects Ecological processes or support systems for marine 18 life as a source of nutrients, larvae, etc. (upwelling 2,3 1 2,3 0,5 1,15 areas) 27,9 38.25 This analysis was complemented by the development of a Combinations with intermediate values require management compatibility matrix: a simple tool that identifies and classifies measures to ensure that the use is compatible with, or does uses that may be compatible. This includes those that could not affect, the ecological integrity of the area in question. In this be compatible in the context of management measures, and case, the compatibility of the values was assessed concerning those that are incompatible according to the fragility of the the objective pursued, namely the creation of a new MPA-F to target area. protect fisheries’ resources and sensitive ecosystems that are important for the maintenance of artisanal fishing. Areas that display low fragility and low operating pressures are generally compatible. Conversely, areas that display high fragility and high use pressures are incompatible. © zodyakuz 25 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 26 Figure 9: Compatibility matrix: fragility and pressures to create an MPA at the site POTENTIAL CRITERIA SPATIAL DATA CLASSIFICATION Aim: To preserve habitats important for the conservation of EFFECT fishery resources to support artisanal fishing (conservation of ecological functionality). 1 Wetlands and mouths 2 1 2 RAMSAR sites 2 2 Harmful or conflicting actions Sensitive habitats for endangered species 3 Biological reserves 2 3 Potentially conflicting interactions 4 Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest 2 4 (management measures needed) 5 Areas with presence of water birds (buffer) 2 5 Advantageous Important fisheries habitats 6 Rocky bottoms 2 6 7 Non-trawlable areas 2 7 Zones without trawling (seabed protection) 8 Carefully trawlable areas 1 8 9 RAMSAR sites 2 9 10 Biological reserves 2 10 11 Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest 2 11 Ecological continuity with other protected areas 12 National parks 2 12 13 Natural parks 2 13 14 Marine protected area 2 14 15 Crustacean spawning grounds 2 15 Spawning areas / feeding areas, 16 Merluccius merluccius spawning grounds 2 16 reproduction(synergies) 17 P. acame complex spawning grounds 2 17 18 Sardina pichardus spawning grounds 2 18 19 Presence of batoid fishes 2 19 20 Presence of chimera fishes 2 20 Fishing stock areas 21 Presence of bonefishes 2 21 22 Presence of sharkfishes 2 22 Aquaculture areas 23 Aquaculture plots 1 23 24 Cantonment areas for shrimp fisheries 2 24 Regulation of fishing activity 25 Spatio-temporal closure zones to fishing gear/species 2 25 26 Coast of Agadir (buffer 2 nautical miles) 1 26 27 Coast of Inezgane (buffer 2 nautical miles) 1 27 Cultural value (educational, recreational, etc.) 28 Coast of Taghazout (buffer 2 nautical miles) 1 28 29 Tamri Mouth-Cap Ghir (buffer 2 nautical miles) 2 29 30 Souss-Massa National Park (buffer 2 nautical miles) 2 30 31 Coast of Taghazout (buffer 1 nautical mile from recreational water sports areas) 1 31 Tourist activity (nautical sports) 32 Coast of Agadir (buffer 2 nautical miles from recreational water sports areas) 1 32 Buffer zone of 5 nautical miles around highest urban pressure areas (in number of inhabitants/ Urbanization pressure / sources of pollution 33 0 33 households) 34 Density of maritime traffic: from 0,5 to 5 1 34 Maritime traffic pressure 35 Density of maritime traffic: >5 0 35 Value for research and monitoring of coastal 36 Buffer zone 5 nautical miles from coastal areas where there are at landslide risks 1 36 risks / climate adaptation projects 37 Buffer zone 5 nautical miles from coastal areas where drought-related risks are high 2 37 Ecological processes (nutrient/upwelling Areas of colder sea surface temperature (below 18,31 degrees Celsuis). Area coincides with 38 2 38 areas, etc) Cape Ghir, where a well understood upwelling zone is found. 27 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 28 The first column shows the criteria considered, and the second The process then moved on to cultural criteria. Because there The suitability map was prepared using compatibility values for shows the layers of geographic information available to evaluate is a lack of georeferenced information on sites of cultural each criterion, and depicting these values using hexagonal cells. those criteria. Potentially conflicting interactions are marked with importance, points of interest—places with natural, geological, Each cell represented four kilometers at their longest point. The a value of 0 (red) in the matrix, beneficial interactions are marked landscape, or cultural value—along the coastal Souss-Massa size of the cells used should be based on the heterogeneity of with a value of 2 (green), and those that are compatible only region were selected based on the literature reviewed. the medium and the resolution of the available data. through the implementation of specific management measures are marked with a value of 1 (yellow). Similarly, the areas most at risk of urban pressure were identified Finally, an integrated map was constructed whose value was by drawing a perimeter around urban centers. (This does not the arithmetic sum of all compatibility values for all criteria in It is important to note that the relevance of MSP depends on the mean that there is zero risk outside the area, but a lesser each cell, so that the final map represents the (hypothetically) availability of geographic information to create multiple layers of influence is assumed.) Risks related to the density of maritime most favorable areas for the creation of an MPA-F based on the accessible, relevant, and credible geographic information, the traffic were assessed according to the intensity of the maritime chosen criteria (the blue cells on Figure 10). The yellow cells lack of which can be a limiting factor in resources management. routes, using data from the Directorate of Ports and the maritime on the map indicate moderately favorable areas, while orange For example, to map important fishing habitats, the layer of rock public domain. represents areas that are not favorable. areas that coincides with non-trawlable areas and spawning grounds were both considered. However, it was not possible Sea surface temperature was taken to be an indirect indicator Based on this exercise, and taking into account the quality and to obtain detailed regional information on marine biodiversity, of the existence of upwelling zones (confirmed by the nature of the resulting areas, the most suitable area for creating habitat cover, or abundance of sensitive species or species of scientific literature). The remaining parameters did not offer a new MPA-F was identified as Option C, the area south of fisheries interest. sufficient precision to discriminate areas of value within the Agadir (south of Souss-Massa), taking as extension limits: Souss-Massa region. The next step of the process involves carrying out a more › From north to south: the current boundaries of the Souss- thorough diagnostic of the selected area, which includes, The result of this compatibility analysis was represented Massa National Park. if necessary, primary data collection or habitat mapping by in a suitability map, following the application of the data › At sea: a minimum of three miles from the current boundaries of interpreting satellite marine images. This provides more detailed reclassification process related to the optimal site selection the national park (to promote the continuity of the protection of information for zoning. criteria for the creation of an MPA-F. ecologically sensitive and important ecosystems, so supporting the protection of spawning areas of several key species for near and more distant fishing in the area). Figure 10: Suitability map indicating favorable areas for an MPA (World Bank, 2022a). The MSP approach made it possible to identify potentially suitable areas for the establishment of an MPA-F on a scientific basis and using available data, while taking into account substantial stakeholder input. Decisions that stem from this process will be based on scientific evidence and an inclusive participatory approach. Stakeholder involvement is essential when identifying possible areas of conflict and interest for fisheries conservation, especially where geographic information is scarce. To do this, the participatory mapping technique makes it possible to spatially reflect the vision of the actors and to add this information to an integrated GIS. © saiko3p 29 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 30 4 Figure 11: Steps to strengthen the MSP for the creation of the MPA Precise delineation of the final contours of the MPA-F based on a thorough diagnostic at the local scale Development and approval of the MPA-F Evaluation of the different stages of the planning process and an assessment of the area of development and using measurable indicators interest using the MSP approach management plan Next steps, recommendations, IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTIC AND DELINEATION PLANNING MONITORING AND EVALUATION and a tool to scale up marine 1 3 5 spatial planning 2 4 6 REGULATORY CREATION IMPLEMENTATION ADAPTATION Development of the regulatory Clear definition of the actions Review and adaptation of proposal for a new MPA-F and required to implement and goals, objectives, results, and consultation with interested / enforce the MPA management management strategies, and affected parties plan and ensure compliance identification of new needs in with operational objectives response to applied research WEB-BASED GIS Facilitate future MPA-F management by making maps and spatial data intuitive to use 4.1 FROM AREA SELECTION TO AN MPA-F Now that the MSP process has concluded, it falls to the › Refine the borders of the proposed MPA-F and its Revision and DMP and national stakeholders to continue with the zoning. To do this, it will be necessary to collect data adaptation of Plan 2 process of developing and implementing policies and at a more precise scale (local or regional). management plans for the proposed MPA-F in Agadir. › Create regulation to formally declare the MPA-F 2035 This section includes a proposed roadmap with the key (decree). Figure 12: Adaptive management applied to MSP of the MPA-F PLANNING steps to be individually or jointly undertaken to achieve › Develop and implement a management plan based (plan to review every five years) Monitoring of indicators CYCLE 3 the objectives of an MPA-F. It does not constitute a legal on the identification of conflicts and compatibilities commitment. Rather, its aim is to continue supporting of use at a more granular scale and allowing for trade- decision-making processes and programs already offs to be managed. established within the MSP framework. › Deploy a monitoring and evaluation system. › Review and adapt. Monitoring of indicators Revision and The next steps are to: Planning adaptation of Plan 1 Figure 11 visually illustrates these steps. Once steps › Improve the diagnostic, including obtaining more 1 to 5 are complete, the planning cycle will be completed. 2030 detailed information (especially on important habitats Yet, no plan works perfectly, and lessons learned from the PLANNING for fishing species of interest; the impacts of fishing process will likely signal areas that need to be adapted. CYCLE 2 Monitoring and In-depth diagnostic Monitoring and activities and other human activities; the conservation The best approach is to apply an adaptive management Implementation evaluation and delineation evaluation of important habitats; the suitability for the development of other uses; and the regulations that affect the strategy that allows for reiterative planning cycles (Figure 12). All these steps should be done through an 2023 PLANNING conservation values and that may influence the MSP approach that considers all uses and how they CYCLE 1 establishment of the zoning that will accompany the interact, and are based on inclusive and participatory management measures). stakeholder consultations. Creation of Implementation regulation Planning © yalcins 31 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 32 The expected outcomes of the next steps of the Figure 13: Expected outcomes of each step process are summarized in Figure 13, while Figure 14 sets out a possible timetable. In parallel with these IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTIC AND DELINEATION steps, a web-based GIS tool needs to be developed Revision of the plan › Undertake in-depth knowledge of the territory and 1 (Figure 15). Figure 15: Timetable for management plan application, monitoring and evaluation, and adaptation process. DEC 2029 baselines › Precise delineation of the MPA-F boundaries 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2 REGULATORY CREATION › Draft regulatory creation of the MPA-F (Law 22-07) Implement management plan IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING 3 › Issue decree formalizing creation of MPA-F › MPA-F development and management plan Engage with all affected stakeholders IMPLEMENTATION Professional capacity building 4 › Establish regulation of activities and uses within the MPA-F › Set up dialogue with stakeholders and define their roles Communication and awareness-raising MONITORING AND EVALUATION › Build the capacity of competent authorities and maritime AND EVALUATION › Implement monitoring system to measure the 5 MONITORING Develop an effectiveness monitoring program sectors on MPA-F management and monitoring effectiveness of the plan › Obtain periodic reports from decision-makers, Evaluate effectiveness-monitoring data stakeholders, and the public on the effectiveness 6 ADAPTATION of the MPA management plan › Revise and adapt plan to new needs and objectives Communicate results of effectiveness evaluation based on monitoring results Revise plan ADAPTATION Applied research needs Figure 14: Possible timetable for next steps Formulate In-depth diagnostic and Draft MPA-F development Approval of MPA-F development MILESTONES recommendations delineation of MPA-F MPA-F formally declared and management plan and management plan 2023 APRIL 2023 NOV 2023 2024 JUNE 2024 DEC 2024 MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Diagnostic Figure 16: Possible timetable for development of web-based GIS. DELINEATION DIAGNOSTIC Data collection for in-depth diagnostic AND WEB-BASED GIS Consultation Boundaries of MPA-F mapped Delineation Draft MPA-F decree Facilitate future MPA-F management by making maps and spatial data intuitive to use Project REGULATION Ordering deed 2023 2024 Public comment MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Revision Creation of MPA-F by decree Data analysis and identification of needs Issue Design web-based GIS Draft development and management DEVELOPMENT OF WEB-BASED GIS plan for MPA-F Define new spatial Develop online GIS management measures Data Develop management organization Spatial database programmes and measures Data server Operational objectives PLANNING Prepare operational Define criteria for selecting measures layers Zoning plan Select and connect to digital basemaps Consultation Develop a feature-rich web- based GIS application Revision Online GIS design project Set up and deploy online GIS Technical Maintain online GIS and build capacity advice Official publication of management plan Decree 33 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 34 The MSP approach should be used as a key tool to ensure sustainability and resilience in the future development of the coastal cluster in the Souss-Massa region. © Taylor Wilson Smith 4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS This section summarizes key recommendations stemming from this knowledge-building › Energy exploration areas. Energy exploration in Morocco’s › Impact zones (for example, pollution, eutrophication, exercise to support the DPM and relevant stakeholders in moving forward with the steps above. Atlantic area represents one of the major threats to appearance of plastic waste). The location of impacts is conservation. In the current global energy context, knowing also important for planning MPA-F management measures. 4.2.1. Data gaps that need to be filled where these areas are located and the risk that these activities In this sense, it would be useful to establish collaborations may pose is important to ensure the future conservation of the with universities and research centers to obtain georeferenced A detailed diagnostic of the MPA-F should include an accurate › Landform modeling (bathymetry) at a detailed scale. MPA-F and avoid the impacts derived from energy exploitation. information from studies carried out to locate waste and points assessment of the initial situation (baseline state) of the biotic, Access to detailed and continuous bathymetric information › Fishing areas and allocation of fishing gear by area. There of contamination on the Atlantic coast. Although some studies physical, and socioeconomic environment of the area, as well would be of great help in predicting the behavior of ocean is a need to further refine the distribution of fishing areas and exist, in general data are not available. as the applicable legal framework. currents, the dynamics of nutrient movement, and vulnerability gear used in each area, particularly for the recommendation of to climate change due to wave height. management measures leading to the regulation of practices It is highly advisable to involve stakeholders in data collection. The data and information collection exercise was hindered by › Maritime transport networks. Access to this type of that endanger conservation. The information available on this This helps to ensure that participation includes all social groups data availability and accessibility. The TA overcame this lack information is normally restricted. However, detailed knowledge subject on the pilot site is very limited. and sectors (private, public, government, NGO, fisheries, of data at both national and regional levels by using global of shipping routes and the intensity of maritime traffic will allow › Upwelling zones and nutrient concentration. Although and others) and is equitable, especially when it comes to the datasets and data published in scientific papers. An extensive zoning to be refined, prioritizing traffic in the most important there are several studies on upwelling zones on the Atlantic involvement of women. Early and ongoing stakeholder analysis analysis of information gaps was also carried out. areas, regulating it in the most sensitive areas, for example by coast, geographical information to better locate these areas will serve to identify interested parties outside government as speed limits, and promoting measures to prevent impacts on is limited. It is necessary to understand the generation of well as underrepresented groups. Data gaps are important to consider, especially when it comes wildlife and the most sensitive ecosystems. nutrient concentration models and chemical parameters that to starting an MSP process that shall be evidence-based. The › Energy transport networks and marine communications. make it possible to protect areas particularly important for Strengthening the role of l’Observatoire Régional de fact that gaps have been identified is proof of transparency and The compilation of nautical charts can be included to obtain the the subsistence of the food chain that allows the renewal of l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (OREDD, a sound process. A gap analysis enables priorities for obtaining most relevant data for the management of transport, energy, fish stocks. the Regional Observatory for Environment and Sustainable new data to be identified. These priorities can be integrated and communication networks in relation to this and other MPA- Development) will also support the generation, accessibility, into the management plan by working with institutions and Fs in the future. and management of important knowledge. research programs to generate the needed knowledge and › Presence of marine wildlife. Increasing knowledge of increase capacity and support better decision-making in future. areas important for refuge, feeding, and breeding, both for MSP decisions need to be guided by good-quality baseline economically important and threatened marine species, is data, especially in situations where displacement occurs. This essential for making decisions on the best location for MPAs. 4.2.2. Recommendations for the development and management plan baseline data should include information on current and future Although it is difficult to establish these boundaries in the The development and management plan should describe the The approach to MPA management should be an adaptive activities and externalities. The World Bank provides a useful marine environment, certain areas such as spawning grounds physical and biological components of the protected area, one, with successive planning cycles involving monitoring publication addressing this specific issue (World Bank, 2022i). or migration routes are particularly important. its socioeconomic environment, immediate and long-term and evaluation, a detailed diagnostic, and redefining general The TA’s gap analysis exercise identified the following › Carbon sequestration areas and zones vulnerable to protection objectives, development and management strategy goals, programs, and management measures after each cycle information gaps: climate change. Climate change mitigation and adaptation and programs, monitoring and control mechanisms, as well is completed, followed by new official rules if needed. is a cross-cutting issue that must be considered for the as environmental impact indicators and estimates of financial › Oceanographic data and marine habitat coverage. Although sustainable development of all activities related to the Blue needs on a five-year basis. It should set out specific measures The MSP approach should be used as a key tool to ensure some data has been obtained, the level of precision (detail Economy. Having data for spatial planning that considers areas and restrictions to ensure the conservation of the protected sustainability and resilience in the future development of of scale) is low. In this sense, it has been possible to obtain of particular importance for mitigation and areas at risk allows area, as well as the areas in which fishing, aquaculture, the coastal cluster in the Souss-Massa region. data on the cover of rocky bottoms, but these contain little planning to occur with an adaptive vision. The vulnerability of tourism, or other activities are authorized. information on associated biodiversity and need to be updated, the MPA-F and its natural habitats to climate change should as indicated by INRH representatives during the workshops. be studied and adaptation based on nature-based solutions Before its approval, the draft development and management should be integrated into the management plan. plan should be submitted to the local authorities, the administrations concerned, and relevant civil society associations. 35 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 36 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZONING GENERAL USE ZONE ACTIVITIES Based on geographic information layers such as coverage of › Conduct participatory workshops for the preparation of the Management measures should seek to conserve sensitive areas, spawning and breeding areas important for zoning proposal. nature and support artisanal fishers while promoting the species of commercial interest, and other information related › Clearly delineate areas using GIS, indicating coordinates if responsible management of other economic activities. to the natural environment and use regulation, new spatial possible. This information can be used to mark areas in situ A selection of sector- and activity-specific management delimitation layers should be created using GIS tools and if necessary. Management measures are outlined below. based on established zoning criteria. The following activities › Define the specific zoning of the MPA-F to be created will support this process: considering different zones categories (Table 4). It is not measures should Fishing › Develop geographical information with local or regional necessary to include all zone categories, but rather those that contribute to the management of the MPA-F according to seek to conserve The following could support the promotion and regulation of › precision. Collaborate with the authors of relevant scientific studies, its objectives. nature and support fishing activities: especially those that contribute to mapping values of interest artisanal fishers › Compile measures to protect existing species, focusing on (natural habitats, breeding grounds, carbon sequestration fishing gear, fishing techniques, and catch size. areas, and so on). while promoting › Support and maintain co-management strategies to channel technical and financial assistance to support initiatives the responsible within the protected area. management of › Develop protocols to minimize the impacts of the activity Table 4: Zoning categories applied to marine protected areas (IUCN, 2018) and avoid incidental catch (ghost fishing). other economic › Explore opportunities to develop initiatives such as innovative start-ups to turn fishing-gear waste into business ZONE NAME OBJECTIVES AND CHARACTERIZATION activities. opportunities for women and younger generations. Preservation zone Preservation of the natural integrity and values of the MPA-F, generally undisturbed by human Aquaculture activities. All entry is prohibited, except in an emergency, with the exception of authorized scientific research that cannot be carried out elsewhere. The MPA-F could include designated aquaculture areas, the boundaries of which should be clearly communicated within Buffer zone Surrounding area outside the boundaries of the MPA-F in which activities that mitigate the the MPA-F. The species farmed and aquaculture techniques disturbances caused by the various human activities must be monitored and controlled in order to used should be diversified. Collaborations that allow innovation prevent disturbances or alterations within the boundaries of the MPA-F. in this sector should be supported. Habitats protection Sensitive conservation areas within the MPA-F that need to be protected and managed. Potentially zone damaging activities are generally not allowed in this zone. Tourism As with fishing and aquaculture, tourism activities should Conservation zone Sensitive conservation areas within the MPA-F that need to be protected and managed, but that be promoted and regulated within the MPA-F and subject allow for reasonable use (education, research). to the study of the MPA-F’s carrying capacity for tourism activities, considering other activities carried out in the same Restoration zone Intervention areas intended for partial or total recovery of the structure, function, and composition zone, particularly those involving the use of boats. Tourism of an ecosystem according to management objectives. These areas have been altered by human opportunities based on conservation in protected areas or natural action but have been earmarked for restoration of natural habitats or ecosystems. (ecotourism) should be explored. General use zone The least restrictive of all the zones, this provides opportunities for reasonable use, including navigation and trawling, to ensure the conservation of MPA-F areas. Heritage In line with national legislation, recommendations concerning Zoning can be adapted according to the objectives and needs development of tourist and nautical activities. Navigation zones cultural heritage should be followed. Areas for the protection identified in the diagnostic. For example, the general use zone can be delimited, as well as conservation zones or no-fishing of emerging and underwater cultural heritage should be can be better defined as a fishing area in which specific species zones if needed to guarantee the protection of sensitive habitats demarcated and studied. can be fished using specified fishing gear and only at certain and ensure the renewal of stocks. times of the year. A public use zone can also be delimited for the © Moujanni abdelilah 37 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco 4.2.3. Recommendations for monitoring and evaluation 5 A robust monitoring and evaluation plan is based on a system of ownership while supporting ongoing monitoring and evaluation measurable indicators that has been associated with identified efforts. Further activities that support effective monitoring and Conclusions objectives. Global monitoring and evaluation cycles of five evaluation include: years are suggested, although some metrics may require a shorter period. › Promote national capacity development. Assess whether the management plan contributes to the sustainable Involving communities and other relevant stakeholders development of small-scale fisheries and conservation, and in monitoring the management plan, collecting data and whether the capacity to achieve this has been strengthened. information, and proposing corrective measures in case of › Promote inclusion, especially of marginalized groups such non-compliance will raise awareness and promote a sense of as women, the youth, and artisanal fishers. As part of the Government of Morocco’s Blue Economy The knowledge-building process was based on a strong program, and to support the artisanal fishing sector, the participatory approach, involving diverse stakeholders 4.2.4. Recommendations for a web-based GIS system DPM is committed to establishing MPA-Fs, designed to including all relevant sectors and artisanal fishers be a tool for simultaneously regulating fishing efforts and around DPM as well as academics, NGOs, private sector The data and related GIS developed through this TA are hosted › An open-source server that meets the type of service protecting threatened species and ecologically sensitive through a series of consultations, virtual meetings, and by the DPM, which will serve as an incubator for an open- required, the desired characteristics of the database, and areas. To address these goals in multiuse coastal workshops at all stages of the process. source, web-based GIS to be developed and implemented the required level of interoperability. There are various open- environments, MSP offers an appropriate framework by the DPM. This GIS will be a powerful tool, making data source server options such as GeoServer, MapServer, and within which MPAs can be developed, both strategically Based on the key findings and lessons learned from and information useful and accessible to authorities as well as QGIS server. (planning as a political tool) and from a spatial point this MSP knowledge-building process, it is clear that the stakeholders and the public. › Dynamic operational layers that are extracted from the of view (planning as a technical tool). MSP addresses MSP represents an opportunity for Morocco to improve GIS database and displayed at run time at a specified scale multiple human uses, their cumulative impacts, and the sustainable planning of its marine and coastal areas, Increased awareness across all spheres of the importance of and resolution. their interactive effects. It allows an integrated and particularly to balance the need to develop sustainable GIS for MSP and other potential applications—together with › A spatial data visualization window that gives users spatial analysis of all the components of the ecosystem, artisanal fisheries in synergy with other sectors and to a core of GIS experts (at central and regional level) that are the option to submit a query, do simple analysis, and even helping to identify potential conflicts and synergies and conserve fishery resources. trained in the use of GIS, online GIS systems based on the download data. to locate them in the territory. client-server network, and spatial databases—will support the › Tools to visualize and analyze the results. These include To capture all acquired knowledge, a methodological rollout an efficient, open-source, web-based GIS. After the functionality to classify and map results, to execute statistical In the context of the World Bank TA, knowledge and guide has been designed to strengthen the MSP identified information gaps have been closed or narrowed, a summaries, to generate tabular reports and diagrams, and capacity-building exercises focused on the steps capacities of all stakeholders in the fisheries and other GIS system would benefit from: so on. required for DPM to initiate the MSP process for the marine and coastal sectors. The guide’s main objective creation of an MPA-F in the pilot site of Agadir. This is to detail a methodological approach and a set of › A database that uses open-source software such as exercise can now be replicated in other Moroccan simple and appropriate tools and methods, to help PostgreSQL and PostGIS. marine areas. lead, guide, and optimize the MSP process in support of the creation of MPAs in Morocco. This links the main An MSP diagnostic was conducted in the Agadir Bay stages of the MSP process in the Agadir Bay exercise 4.3. A TOOL TO SCALE UP MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING based on the spatial analysis of available biophysical with international literature guides. The methodological and socioeconomic data as well as the analyses of approach has been adapted to the sociocultural context A methodological guide has been developed for stakeholders, bringing together lessons learned and making available conflicts and compatibilities between various uses (for of the region and includes five main stages with several all acquired knowledge from the experience in Agadir. This guide will be a driving tool for the example fisheries, transport tourism, and energy). This tasks, carried out with a participatory and inclusive Government of Morocco, working through the DPM, to create MPAs using an MSP (see has been conducted to identify the best location to approach. This tool will be critical for DPM to apply and Figure 1 on page 3). create an MPA-F. To finalize the creation of the MPA‑F, replicate the MSP approach in other marine areas to the TA assisted in defining an operational roadmap with set up new MPAs for fisheries management purposes. The methodological guide presents the comprehensive steps and tasks required a proposed timeline, providing key steps for DPM to The leadership of DPM has been instrumental in to implement an MSP approach to create an MPA-F, including five key steps: continue strengthening the MSP process by applying a advancing the MSP learning process and will be series of recommendations. These recommendations key to developing this further, which will require the › Step 1: Preliminary consultation process for acceptability of site selection will allow DPM to deepen the diagnostic to create coordination of a wide range of national, regional, and › Step 2: Identification and mobilization of funding sources the MPA-F (by decree) based on a finalized zoning; local authorities. › Step 3: Pre-planning of the MSP process for the creation of a new MPA develop and implement the management plan; and › Step 4: Collection of data and information for spatial diagnostic deploy a monitoring and evaluation system that allows The growing interest in the participatory MSP process is › Step 5: Data analysis for diagnostic and selection of the optimal area. for adaptive management. A web-based open source clear: demonstrating their enthusiasm for the process, GIS system will allow sharing information among the stakeholders—and particularly fishers—already The proposed approach is consistent with the World Bank guidance note, stakeholders platform built during the MSP process. recommended exploring the creation of other MPA-Fs “Marine Spatial Planning for a Resilient and Inclusive Blue Economy” (World in the Agadir area (in other words, in Imessouane). Bank, 2022f). © Kadagan © saiko3p 39 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco References Day J., Dudley N., Hockings M., Holmes G., Laffoley D., Stolton S. & S. Wells. 2012. Guidelines for World Bank. 2022b. “Initiation d’un processus de planification spatiale marine (PSM) en appui à la création applying the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Protected Area Management Categories to d’une Aire Marine Protégée à des fins de pêche sur le site pilote d’Agadir. Région de Souss Massa. Marine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 36. Rapport de recommandations.” MENABLUE Program with the support of the Kingdom of Morocco, the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund, the Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility. p. 73. DPM and INRH. 2021. Rapport de consultation avec les parties prenantes. Consultation du 29 juin au 12 novembre 2021, p. 31. World Bank. 2022c. “Guide Méthodologique pour le développement d´un processus de planification spatiale marine en appui à la création d’aires marines protégées pour la pêche au Maroc.” MENABLUE International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2018. “Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Program with the support of the Kingdom of Morocco, the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund, and the Management Categories.” Available: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAPS- Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility. pp. 70. 016.pdf [Accessed February 2, 2023]. World Bank. 2022d. “Feuille de route pour renforcer le processus PSM et créer l´aire marine protégée International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 1999. “Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas.” à des fins de pêche prévue au niveau du site pilote d´Agadir.” MENABLUE Program with the support of Best Practice Protected Areas Guidelines No.3. World Commission on Protected Areas. pp. 107. the Kingdom of Morocco, the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund, and the Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility. pp. 70. Kapchan, D. 2022. “Zajal—the Darija Poets of Morocco.” The Markaz Review. April 11, 2022. Available: themarkaz.org/zajal-the-darija-poets-of-morocco/ [Accessed January 13, 2023]. World Bank, 2022e. “Assistance technique à l’initiation d’un processus de Planification Spatiale Maritime (PSM) en soutien à la création d’Aires Maritimes Protégées (AMP) à des fins de pêche. Appui Medoff S., J. Lynham & J. Raynor. 2022. “Spillover benefits from the world’s largest fully protected MPA.” au développement d’instruments innovants de financement de l’économie bleue. Note de cadrage.” Science. Vol 378. Issue 6617. pp. 313–316. October 20, 2022. MENABLUE Program with the support of the Kingdom of Morocco, the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund, and the Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility. pp 33. Oumarous, M., Lakhnigue, A., Mhamed, A.B., Houssa, R., Charouki, N., Malouli, M., Bekkali, M. 2016. “Artisanal fishery of small pelagic: diagnosis and prospects Case of Moroccan Atlantic center.” International World Bank, 2022f. “Marine Spatial Planning for a Resilience and Inclusive Blue Economy—Volume I: Journal. 4(7). pp. 1372–1386. Key Considerations to Formulate and Implement Marine Spatial Planning.” pp. 126. Taji, M.A., Hilali, A., Rhinane, H., Mangin, A., Bryère, P., Orbi, A., Mabchour, H., Zourarah, B., Benazzouz, World Bank, 2022g. “Marine Spatial Planning for a Resilience and Inclusive Blue Economy—Volume II: A. 2022. “GIS and Wave Modeling for Establishing a Potential Area of Aquaculture—Case Study: Central Integrating Cross-Cutting Themes into Marine Spatial Planning.” pp 116. Atlantic Part of the Moroccan Coast.” Fluids. 7(2). p. 67. World Bank. 2022h. “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Marine Spatial Planning: Supporting UNECE. 2021. “Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Europe. Deuxième examen de la Biodiversity and Healthy Ecosystem Services in Oceans and Coasts.” Integrated Seascape Management performance environnementale du Maroc. Nations Unies: Genève. Knowledge Factsheet Series No. 4. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. World Bank. 2022a. “Initiation d’un processus de planification spatiale marine (PSM) en appui à la création World Bank, 2022i. “Blue Economy Data and Tools.” PROBLUE. pp. 64. d’une Aire Marine Protégée à des fins de pêche sur le site pilote d’Agadir. Région de Souss Massa. Diagnostic du Site Pilote d´Agadir.” MENABLUE Program with the support of the Kingdom of Morocco, World Bank, 2022j. “Applying Economic Analysis to Marine Spatial Planning.” PROBLUE. pp. 68. the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund, and the Korea-Bank Partnership Facility. p. 178. 41 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 42 Appendix Figure 17: Geographic extent of the study area: the Souss-Massa region (World Bank, 2022a) APPENDIX 1: THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND USES IN THE AGADIR PILOT SITE After the pilot site was chosen in consultation with all stakeholders, the geographical scope of the work was defined, accounting for the administrative boundaries of the coastal municipalities of the Souss-Massa region and the limits of Morocco’s exclusive economic zone. The Souss-Massa region covers 53,789 square kilometers and has nearly 2.7 million inhabitants, with an average population density of about 49.8 inhabitants per square kilometer. It represents 7.57 percent of Morocco’s national territory. Its 180 kilometer (km) Atlantic coast runs from the rural communes of Imessouane in the north to Arbaa Sahel in the south. This coastal zone is an important regional socioeconomic center due to its demographic and economic weight, as well as its geography. There are several fishing sites scattered along the Souss-Massa coast. These access points to regional fishery resources are of different sizes. The region is rich in biotopes of great ecological interest, specifically the Argan forest, dunes, wetlands, steppes, and coastal cliffs. Souss-Massa National Park, which extends from the mouth of the Oued Souss to Aglou, represents a management tool for the preservation of natural resources and the promotion of ecotourism on the coast. The port of Agadir accounts for 98 percent of the region’s total production. The fish-processing industry is located mainly in Agadir, producing mainly for export. Sixty percent of Moroccan seafood exports are made by Souss-Massa companies. © Jakub Zajic 43 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 44 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS Influenced by the Atlas Mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the climatic conditions of the Sahara, the Souss-Massa region is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate. The prevailing winds in the coastal region are from the west-northwest to the west, favorable for the generation of aeolian dunes. The coastal region is exposed to relatively energetic waves from the north Atlantic. The waves and sediments © Freepik have changed since the Agadir port was built. Figure 18: Prevailing winds and wave heights in the Souss-Massa region (World Bank, 2022a) Figure 19: Annual average value of sea surface temperatures (World Bank, 2022a) Regarding ocean circulation, there is an important pattern This important oceanographic pattern is closely linked to sea of upwelling in the region. The prevailing currents fall within surface temperature. Figure 19 shows the annual mean surface Sea surface salinity increases as the distance offshore increases. Surface dissolved oxygen is unevenly distributed, with higher the Canary current system. The concavity of its coastline temperature in the region: the blue (colder) waters arise from concentrations in the north in spring and summer, according to simulations. In winter, dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease and the influence of the Atlas Mountains mean the region is the north area, generating seasonal upwellings. as the distance from the coastal region increases, as shown in Figure 20. characterized by a permanent outcrop of highly productive algae and zooplankton. 45 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 46 Figure 20: Sea surface salinity and surface dissolved oxygen (World Bank, 2022a) WATER RESOURCES The region’s water resources include surface water, the availability of water resources, which in turn affect a dams, and groundwater resources. Renewable surface range of agricultural and other water-related activities. resources are estimated at 131 and 418 million cubic About 645 million cubic meters per year of groundwater meters in the Massa and Souss basins, respectively. (renewable and non-renewable aquifers) are currently Seven reservoirs are installed in the basin, with a total used in the region. capacity of 639.99 million cubic meters. These reservoirs support several economic and social benefits in the Most of the region’s groundwater resources are fully region. Irrigated agriculture in the Souss-Massa region, exploited (water levels decreased by between 0.5 to 2.5 for example, produces more than half of Morocco’s citrus meters per year over the past four decades), and some fruit and vegetables. aquifers are overexploited, resulting in lower groundwater levels, water-supply scarcity, and saltwater intrusion in The diverse geographical, geological, and climatic features coastal areas. of the Souss-Massa river basin play an important role in The technical advisory documentation captures the spatial distribution of important nutrients such as nitrate, The proximity of the ocean, the influence of the cold Canary current, and the mountain barrier formed by the Anti-Atlas The diverse geographical, phosphate, and silicate. Nutrient availability appears to be help to protect the coast from the semi-arid to arid winds geological, and climatic the main factor controlling the distribution of phytoplankton of Souss-Massa, generating a mild climate. This creates in Morocco’s Atlantic coastal waters, where upwellings are favorable conditions for the development of activities in features of the Souss-Massa high. High nutrient availability promotes phytoplankton sectors other than fisheries, such as tourism in coastal and primary productivity, which plays a key role in ecosystem marine areas. river basin play an important processes and forms the basis of many aquatic food webs. This, in turn, supports important fisheries resources. role in the availability of water resources, which in turn affect Since ancient times, this coast has been the seat of a highly active hydro-sedimentary dynamic, which has been severely a range of agricultural and other affected by the various port and tourist facilities installed in the region. Today, it is subject to a very complex hydrodynamic water-related activities. regime as structures (such as ports, breakwaters, and jetties) and waves have disrupted the evolution of the coast. © Ivoha 47 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 48 MARINE HABITATS AND BIODIVERSITY Morocco’s great diversity of ecosystems is due to its a wide In terms of marine resources, the Moroccan coasts are rich and Figure 21: Breakdown of zoological groups in Morocco’s marine environment range of climatic and physiographic regions. Marine and diverse with 7,825 species reported in its waters, including 7,136 coastal ecosystems, wetlands, caves, and other types of animal species and 689 plant species. The real number is certainly Data for appendix figure natural habitats act as a repository for a wealth of biodiversity, much higher. Different sources of fish species, coming from both including many species of conservation importance. As noted the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, are mixed in this Crustaceans 5% earlier, the Moroccan marine domain has physical-chemical and area due to ocean currents, and contribute to the movement of biogeographical properties that create floral and faunal richness larvae, algae, and benthic and pelagic species. Mollusks 24% in its two coastal regions. Marine flora represents about 670 species, dominated mainly by the Vertebrates 17% As far as coastal ecosystems are concerned, some lagoons algae Rhodophyceae (303 species), followed by phaeophyceae and estuaries provide a brackish and protected environment. (99 taxa), chlorophyceae (87 species), and cyanophyceae (12 Protozoa 8% They provide critical habitats for many species that reside there different forms). In addition to these benthic algae, about 200 permanently or use them as breeding and rearing grounds. species of phytoplankton have been found in the coastal areas of Coelenterata 6% The main aquatic environments of the coastal strip are lakes, Morocco, mainly along the Atlantic coast. Among algae, only one Lophophores 6% estuaries, dam reservoirs, streams, and springs. Caves are a species, Gelidium sesquipedale, is exploited for the agar industry. particular ecotype of wetlands. There are several dozen caves in Despite the scientific research that has been conducted on the Annelids - polychaetes 5% Morocco, some of which are coastal, both on the Mediterranean Moroccan coast, little is known about some species, even if they and Atlantic coasts. have been relatively well studied in other regions. It is estimated Annelids - sponges 5% that about 154 species of algae present in Morocco could be of Coastal wetlands offer a complex mosaic of habitats, economic use. characterized by beach areas, coastal areas with cliffs and rocky plains, as well as open bays, as is the case of the coast of Agadir. Moroccan marine fauna is mainly composed of three zoological Wetlands play a particularly important role as spawning grounds groups: mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates. The arthropod for many fish species, with a high proportion of endemic species group is diverse, with 1,925 species of crustaceans, representing There is little information on the conservation status of many Other human pressures at the pilot site include industrial linked to coastal wetlands, river mouths, and inland waters. 27.16 percent of the total species. This is followed by mollusks, species considered important for biodiversity conservation and activities and coastal development. Dredging activities and especially gastropods and lamellibranchs (1,596 species, 22.54 the ecosystem services it provides. Given the importance of pollution discharge cause significant disturbances that threaten The Moroccan maritime space is also characterized by the percent) and vertebrates, especially fish (1,145 species, 16.17 this area to fisheries resources, the diagnostic report produced to alter the ecological balance on which the conservation of passage of many migratory species such as bluefin tuna and percent). These three taxa constitute more than 60 percent of through this TA identifies aquaculture and recreational activities this biodiversity depends. In addition, the presence of plastics several species of marine mammals, giving the country its share all marine fauna on the Moroccan coast, with the rest divided as potential threats to the conservation of important groups of and microplastics has not been sufficiently studied. There is of responsibility in the management of an international biodiversity between protozoa (551 species, 7.17 percent), coelenterata (438 species and their habitats in the Agadir pilot site. sufficient information to affirm that the region is under significant heritage. With Morocco at the crossroads of several Eurasian bird species, 6.14 percent), lophophores (399 species, 5.63 percent), pressure caused by several activities, mainly tourism, industry, migration routes, these rich and diverse environments also play and annelids, especially polychaetas (351 species, 4.95 percent) fishing, and urbanization. MSP will allow for a sustainable an important role as a stopover and feeding area for millions of and sponges (303 species, 4.32 percent ) cohabitation zoning of these activities, including MPAs. migratory birds. In terms of marine resources, the Moroccan coasts are rich and diverse with 7,825 species reported in its waters, including 7,136 animal species and 689 plant species. © RugliG © Damsea An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 50 FISHERIES The choice of optimal areas for the development of fish farming activity should Morocco’s marine fisheries sector has an annual resources composed of sardines (Sardina pilchardus), mackerel production of over one million tons (including sardines, (Scomber colias), anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), horse be based on productive, ecological, and cephalopods, tuna, and other species). Approximately mackerel (Trachurus trachurus and Trachurus trecae), and 93 percent of this production is provided by 465 sardinella species (Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis). social characteristics. (334 active) deep-sea fishing vessels, 2,498 (1,800 active) coastal The exploitation of these resources, which constitute the bulk fishing vessels, and more than 17,000 small vessels. Landings of the fishing potential of the Moroccan exclusive economic are facilitated by a total of 39 fishing ports and points equipped for zone, is carried out in three major fishing areas, including the small-scale fisheries in remote areas. As previously mentioned, central Atlantic. the stocks of more than 15 species are overexploited beyond their maximum sustainable yield, in particular Mediterranean During recent years, more than one million tons of small swordfish, red seabream, meagre, hake, sardinella, and pelagic species have been caught annually by three pink shrimp. main types of fleets: inshore seiners; pelagic trawlers equipped with refrigerated sea water systems and pelagic Small pelagic fishing occupies an important place in Morocco’s freezer trawlers; and, in a very limited way, the artisanal fishing sector. It covers the entire Moroccan, Atlantic, and fishing fleet. Mediterranean continental shelf, and targets the main pelagic Figure 22: Average spatial distribution of sardines and fishing zones of the small-scale fleet (Adapted from AQUACULTURE Oumarous et al. 2016) Aquaculture activities in Morocco began in the 1950s with which have a positive impact on the environment for the the launch of shellfish farming in the Oualidia lagoon. By development of aquaculture (Taji et al., 2022). These the end of 2017, aquaculture produced about 600 tons areas can attract investors, although they are part of an of product from 21 aquaculture farms, mainly focused on already established aquaculture development plan. oyster production. Oyster production is primarily destined for the domestic market and hotel and restaurant markets. Depending on the coastal geomorphological aspect and Seaweed—increasingly used in food, cosmetic, and productivity indicators, the area belonging to the pilot site is agricultural industries as animal feed and fertilizer—is part suitable for aquaculture activity. The first general feature of of the national panorama of aquaculture production and the area is its exposure to wind and waves. A site exposed is produced in the Marchica lagoon to supply the algae to high energy will involve higher initial investments in processing sector. cages, higher maintenance costs, and involve higher risks, resulting in higher production costs. On the other The choice of optimal areas for the development of fish hand, a sheltered and protected site will be less exposed to farming activity should be based on productive, ecological, waves and currents, so reducing maintenance and costs. Official statistics indicate an annual average of 20,372 active Most of the catch comes from the southern zone (57 percent) and social characteristics. These should facilitate Modeling data that helps analyze wave conditions using domestic vessels, in addition to foreign vessels operating and the central zone (36 percent). aquaculture operations, considering the context of the boundary conditions; bathymetric data; wind; and current under fisheries agreements. African continent. The choice of a site for a fish farm is fields—such as the data presented above—is useful in In this context, the region of Agadir is the leading fishing crucial because it influences the farm’s economic viability identifying optimal areas for aquaculture developments. Small-scale fishing is a more sustainable option in many ways. post at the national level due to the added value generated. by affecting operating costs, production levels, mortality It is also important to consider seasonal variability in The use of MPAs may be a powerful tool to ensure a stable The sector’s contribution to national GDP averages around of aquaculture products, and the overall profitability of the oceanographic conditions. level of catches and profits. 30 percent. The Port of Agadir is in the fourth position in aquaculture facility. Therefore, the choice of suitable areas Morocco in terms of landings, with nearly 83,000 tons, and for the development of this activity affects both the success Located between 29.91 degrees and 30.94 degrees In 2021, 1.2 million tons of small pelagic species were the first position in terms of production in value, with more and sustainability of the resulting enterprise. longitude, the learning site area runs alongside the landed. The catch was mainly sardine (70 percent), followed than 3,700 million Moroccan dirham (about US$365 million) municipalities of Tiznit, Chtouka Aït Baha, Inezgane Aït by mackerel (19 percent) and horse mackerel (7 percent), (DPM, 2021). Agadir is one of the top five Moroccan cities for In the Souss-Massa region, a recent study shows a strong Melloul, and Agadir Ida Outanane and divided into two with other species, including anchovies, accounting for only processing, with 96 processing units (DPM, 2021). consistency between the estimated area and the actual zones totaling about 69 hectares (40 hectares and 29 3 percent. These catches are mainly made by inshore seiners area resulting from ANDA’s aquaculture development plan, hectares), with a width not exceeding six kilometers. (40 percent) and refrigerated sea water trawlers (37 percent). with a value of 69 hectares for the first and 75 hectares for The width of the continental shelf is limited: within four the second (the difference of 6 hectares being due to the kilometers the ocean reaches a depth of 60 meters, geomorphology of the coast and natural coastal shelters) characterized by a very steep slope. © Marius Dobilas 51 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 52 Figure 23: Areas for aquaculture comparing the adequacy model (a) and ANDA (b). (Taji et al. 2022.) Figure 24: Key areas for the development of fisheries and aquaculture resources at the site (World Bank, 2022a) a b This data indicates that ANDA’s aquaculture sector development plan covers the entire area included in the pilot site, with a high Areas of importance for spawning commercial species and ANDA has established two aquaculture training farms in Ras percentage of offshore sites. This highlights the potential of our study area for the development of aquaculture activities. However, aquaculture development areas, based on ANDA data, El Ma and Immiouaddar to support the capacity building of to ensure sustainable development, it is necessary to minimize the impact on other ocean activities and the environment, in are indicated above. As capture fisheries have reached a smallholders. Practical training will be provided to artisans, in accordance with the objectives of the Halieutis Strategy. production plateau, marine aquaculture of fish and shellfish particular young entrepreneurs and members of cooperatives in has become a valid option to fill the protein gap. However, one these regions (DPM, 2020). Activities related to the integration of the main constraints for the aquaculture production sector of women in the aquaculture sector are being developed in this is the availability of space. In many coastal areas, competition area. To this end, a project called AQUAFEMMES will run to This data indicates that ANDA’s aquaculture with other marine activities is already strong. 2023 to provide training in all aspects of aquaculture. Women’s cooperatives will also receive support (DPM, 2020). sector development plan covers the Environmental protection through the creation of new MPAs must factor into the equation. The selection of sites for the entire area included in the pilot site, with creation of new MPAs must also be compatible and integrated a high percentage of offshore sites. with potential economic activities that are sustainable and in harmony with their conservation objectives, such as aquaculture. © John Back © Wonderful Nature 53 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco COASTAL AND MARINE Table 5 sets out details of these coastal and marine protected areas. PROTECTED AREAS Table 5: Coastal and marine protected areas in the pilot study zone Morocco currently has 10 national parks, including EXTENT YEAR OF Sous-Massa National Park (1991), Al Hoceima National Park CATEGORY NAME NAME (HECTARES) CREATION (2004), Talassemtane National Park (2004), Ifrane National Park (2004), Haut Atlas Oriental National Park (2004), and Khénifra Rare and endemic species National Park (2008). Souss-Massa, and Al Hoceima have maritime sections. Three integral reserves National park Souss-Massa 46,700 1991 Two Ramsar sites (independent of Six protection types are present within the geographical the two Ramsar sites noted below) framework of the pilot site. They include coastal and Important zone of bird migration marine areas important for conservation: a national park, a nature park, a biosphere reserve, two sites of biological Argan forests and their ecosystems and ecological importance, two RAMSAR sites, and Biosphere reserve Arganeraie 2,499,970 1988 Important associated socioeconomic an MPA. © Youness Fakoiallah development (argan oil production) Variety of coastal landscapes with great biodiversity National park Tamri Cap Ghir 29,600 2014 Two sites of biological and ecological importance Figure 25: Protected areas already present in the pilot study area (World Bank, 2022a) Wetlands Coastal cliffs Tamri Estuary 920 1995 Mouths of oueds (wadis) with Sites of biological exceptional ornithological and and ecological herpetological populations importance Exuberant plant formations with a Cape Ghir 4,510 1995 high-quality landscape Site of nesting and wintering of many birds Cape Ghir-Imsouane 6,800 2019 The rate of endemism exceeds 30 Ramsar site percent in some terrestrial habitats Variety of coastal habitats Wetlands of Souss-Massa 2,800 2005 Site of nesting and wintering of many birds Marine protected Marine protected area to preserve Massa 24,200 2014 area artisanal fishery Marine conservation is a national priority, as part of the port activities and maritime transport, and the extraction of sustainability axis of the Halieutis strategy, but there are marine aggregates) and activities on land, including upstream reasons beyond biodiversity conservation for the creation in the watershed (such as forestry, agriculture, industry, of MPAs, including the maintenance of viable small-scale tourism, sand extraction, and seawater desalination). fisheries. By protecting habitats, MPAs preserve vital marine processes including photosynthesis, the maintenance of In addition to the concentration of these anthropogenic food chains, the movement of nutrients, the degradation of pressures, Morocco’s coasts are strongly affected by pollutants, and the conservation of biological diversity and climate change, including the rise of sea levels and major productivity. biogeochemical changes that impacts environmental biodiversity and biological productivity. Anthropogenic pressures affecting the Souss-Massa region come from both maritime activities (such as overfishing, 55 Pioneering Marine Spatial Planning in Morocco An Opportunity to Articulate Conservation and Development 56