54683 No. 122 / December 2009 Human Trafficking: A Brief Overview Introduction origin and transported to the destination where they are being exploited for purposes of forced Millions of men, women and children are victims of labor, prostitution, domestic servitude, and other human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation. The internationally forms of exploitation worldwide. The human and recognized definition of trafficking is set forth in economic costs of this take an immense toll on the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish individuals and communities. By conservative Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and estimates, the cost of trafficking in terms of Children2 (the Palermo Protocol), which underpayment of wages and recruiting fees is over supplements the United Nations Convention against $20 billion.1 The costs to human capital are probably Transnational Organized Crime.3 impossible to quantify. The problem of trafficking cuts across a range of development issues, from (a) `Trafficking in persons' shall mean the recruitment, poverty to social inclusion, to justice and rule of law transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of issues, and thus has relevance for practitioners persons, by means of the threat or use of force or throughout the development community. other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of This note provides a brief overview on the issues vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of of human trafficking, which can be used as a payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a quick reference for the task team leaders, sector person having control over another person, for the managers, directors, and their clients at the World purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, Bank Group. This note will first provide a at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of definition of human trafficking and the scope of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced the problem, then summarize the regional trends labour or services, slavery or practices similar to of trafficking patterns. This is followed by a slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; discussion of the key actors in the anti-trafficking (b) The consent of the victim of trafficking in persons to movement and the role played by development the intended exploitation set forth in the partners in preventing human trafficking. The subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant final section offers some potential orientations for where any of the means set forth in subparagraph the World Bank Group to further engage this (a) have been used; issue in its operations. (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of a child for the purpose of What is Human Trafficking? exploitation shall be considered `trafficking in Human trafficking is a process of people being persons' even if this does not involve any of the recruited in their community and country of means set forth; and 1 (d) Child means any person under the age of 18. has been whether trafficking for the purpose of exploitation necessarily involved coercion. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as the secretariat of the Conference of The Palermo Protocol Articles 3(b) and (c) the Parties to the United Nations Convention against addresses the question of consent.7 The consent Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols, of the trafficked persons becomes irrelevant defines three basic elements of trafficking: first, where any of the means (i.e. force or coercion) the process; second, the means; and third, the described in the Palermo Protocol are present. purpose (see Table 1). UNODC explains that In the case of child victims of trafficking, the "the crime of trafficking be defined through a consent is irrelevant regardless of the means combination of the three constituent elements used. The Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP and not the individual components, though in Report) 2009 published by the United States some cases threes individual elements will Department of State illustrates misconceptions constitute criminal offences independently."4 held by some authorities regarding the consent of The individual elements, such as sexual the victims and strongly expresses that even exploitation, forced labor, slavery-like practice, though a person may willingly agree to migrate are not further defined in the Protocol, and legally or illegally or willingly take a job, "once a signatory states are obligated to further define person's work is recruited or compelled by the these terms under their domestic legislation.5 use or threat of physical violence or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process, the person's The Palermo Protocol represents a broad previous consent or effort to obtain employment international consensus on the definition of human with the trafficker becomes irrelevant."8 trafficking; however there is controversy surrounding some of its elements. The definition Traffickers use a variety of methods to create a is broad and unclear, therefore it leaves vulnerable condition for the victims so that the interpretation to each State and generates various victims do not have any other choice but obey the debates surrounding the definition. The traffickers. One of the common methods used by International Labour Organization (ILO) notes that traffickers is debt-bondage in which the traffickers for example, there has been a debate as to whether tell their victims that they owe money relating to trafficking must involve some movement of the their travel and living expenses and that they will trafficked victims either within or across national not be released until the debt has been repaid. borders together with the process of recruitment, Traffickers also use other methods including or whether the focus should be only on the starvation, imprisonment, physical abuse (beatings exploitation that occurs at the end6. A further issue and rape), verbal abuse, removal of victims' Table 1: Identification of Human Trafficking (Process, Means, Purpose) Process Means Purpose Recruitment Threat Exploitation which includes: Transportation Force a) Prostitution and other Transfer Coercion forms of sexual exploitation Harbouring Abduction b) Forced labor and services Receipt of persons Fraud c) Slavery and similar practices Deception d) Involuntary servitude Abuse of power e) Removal of organs Abuse of vulnerability Giving and receiving of payments Source: UNODC (This table was shown in the PowerPoint presentation given at the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons launch event at Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand on February 13, 2009. http://www.unodc.un.or.th/2009/02/ht report/PPT%20TIP%205%20GB%20gl%20(13%20Feb%2009).pdf ) 2 identification documents (e.g. passport), threats of the main differences is that migrant smuggling violence to the victims and the victims' families, necessarily involves the crossing of international and forced drug use. Especially in the case of borders. Human trafficking may involve the cross-border trafficking, victims often do not speak crossing of international borders but can also occur the local language or do not have any social within the borders of one country as internal network to assist them so that they are depending human trafficking. Second, migrant smuggling on members of their own ethnic group receiving occurs with the consent of the person(s) being them in the destination country. Furthermore, smuggled. The persons agree to cross the border victims' illegal status makes it difficult for them to illegally and often pay large sums of money to seek help from law enforcement, the healthcare smugglers for the service. Upon arrival at their system and/or other public services. destination, they are free to go. In contrast, victims of human trafficking may have agreed to migrate Differences Between Human Trafficking and work initially out of their own choice, but are and Migrant Smuggling prevented from leaving, often by physical or psychological coercion as well as legal and "Smuggling of migrants" shall mean the procurement, in financial constraints. Whatever initial consent may order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a have existed becomes irrelevant when any of the State Party of which the person is not a national or means (threat, force, coercion, fraud, etc.) are used permanent resident. to enslave the trafficked persons during the trafficking process. Finally, a key difference The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, between smuggling and trafficking is the purpose Sea, and Air, Article 3(a)9 for which a person is recruited. Migrant smuggling involves illegal entry of a person into a country for Human trafficking and migrant smuggling are financial or other material benefit only, whereas often confused with each other. These differ in trafficking occurs in order for sexual or other labor three key elements: movement across borders, exploitation, or the removal of organs. consent, and the purpose of exploitation.10 One of Table 2: Key Differences between Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Human Trafficking Migrant Smuggling Recruitment, transportation, transfer, Procurement of illegal entry of a person harbouring or receipt of a person by into a country of which the person is not a means of the threat or use of force or national or permanent resident Action(s) other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits Transnationality Not required Required Irrelevant once the means are established The smuggled person consents to the Consent of the trafficked or smuggled person For children, the consent is irrelevant smuggling regardless of the means Exploitation which includes: For financial or other material benefit a) Prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation Purpose b) Forced labor and services c) Slavery and similar practices d) Involuntary servitude e) Removal of organs Source: UNODC (2009), AntiHuman Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners 3 The Scope of Human Trafficking Migration (IOM) only records the number of trafficking victims whom they have actually 1. Number of Trafficking Victims assisted so that it is hard to derive a global estimate It is impossible to calculate the actual number of from the figure. trafficking victims. Differences in definition and methodology, together with a general lack of Even though the estimates vary widely, some reliable data, result in an immense variation in common traits have emerged from these databases. global estimates of the number of trafficked The largest percentage of estimated victims is victims. The United States Government trafficked for sexual exploitation, thus women Accountability Office (GAO) reports that there is a constitute the majority of estimated victims. considerable discrepancy between the numbers of Because some countries only have legislation estimated victims of human trafficking across criminalizing trafficking for sexual exploitation or various agencies (see Table 3)11 because each trafficking in women, trafficking in men and boys organization uses its own methodology to collect might have been largely under-reported because it data12 and analyzes the problem based on its own is not properly recorded.13 mandate. The global estimates given by the US government are focused on transnational human Efforts to obtain more accurate and consistent trafficking, thus do not include the number of global estimates on human trafficking victims are victims who are internally trafficked. The ILO undermined because of the lack of country level estimates at least 2.45 million people were data and the lack of a standardized methodology trafficked both internationally and internally to collect and analyze data. According to the ILO, during 1995 to 2004. UNODC monitors national several initiatives led by the ILO, IOM, and the and regional patterns of human trafficking but European Union (EU) are underway to develop does not provide a global estimate of the number common standards and approaches for collecting of victims. The International Organization for data, particularly in Europe. 14 Table 3: Victim Profiles in US Government, ILO, UNODC and IOM databases US Government ILO UNODC IOM Country and regional Global estimate of Global estimate of Actual victims assisted Main Focus patterns of victims victims by IOM in 26 countries international trafficking At least 2.45 million Some 600,000800,000 people trafficked Number of 7,711 victims assisted people trafficked across internationally and Not Available Victims from 1999 to 2005 borders in 2003 (est.) internally during 1995 to 2004 (est.) Type of Exploitation (%) 1. Commercial 66% 43% 87% 81% sex 2. Economic or 34% 32% 28% 14% forced labor 3. Mixed and N/A 25% N/A 5% other 83% female 77% female Gender and Age 80% female 80% female 15% male 9% male of Victims (%) 50% minors 40% minors 2% not identified 33% children 13% minors Definition of Trafficking Victims U.N. Protocol U.N. Protocol U.N. Protocol Trafficking Used Protection Act 2000 (Palermo Protocol) (Palermo Protocol) (Palermo Protocol) Internal and Criteria for Data Transnational Internal and Transnational transnational Collection trafficking transnational trafficking trafficking trafficking Source: GAO (2006) 4 Table 4: Annual Profits from All Trafficked Forced Laborers Profits per Forced Laborer in Profits per Forced Laborer in Commercial Sexual Other Economic Exploitation Total Profits (US$ million) Exploitation (US$) (US$) Industrialized 67,200 30,154 15,513 Economies Transition 23,500 2,353 3,422 Economies Asia and the 10,000 412 9,704 Pacific Latin America & 18,200 3,570 1,348 Caribbean SubSaharan 10,000 360 159 Africa Middle East & 45,000 2,340 1,508 North Africa GLOBAL PROFITS 31,654 Source: ILO (2005) (See the regional breakdown according ILO's Key Indicator of the Labour Market, in the following document: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_norm/declaration/documents/publication/wcms_081913.pdf) US$31.6 billion16 (see Table 4). This figure 2. Profits and Costs of Human Trafficking represents an average of approximately US$13,000 Human trafficking is a high-profit and relatively per year or US$1,100 per month per trafficking low-risk business with ample supply and growing victim. Half of this profit is made in industrialized demand.15 Even where human trafficking is countries (US$15.5 billion). The Asia and the Pacific criminalized, most of the investigations do not region generates the highest profits (US$9.7 billion), result in convictions of traffickers. Economic which represent one-third of the global profits, exploitation is probably the biggest motivation followed by transition countries (US$3.4 billion), behind the most cases of human trafficking; Middle East and North Africa (US$1.5 billion).17 nonetheless there is not enough attention given to human trafficking from an economic perspective. In the most recent Global Report, The Cost of Coercion (2009), the ILO estimated that the total The ILO's Global Report, A Global Alliance Against financial cost of coercion experienced by forced Forced Labor (2005), estimated the global annual labor workers, including trafficked victims, would profits generated by human trafficking to be around be over US$20 billion18 (see Table 5). However, Table 5: Estimate of the Total Cost of Coercion (in US$) # of Victims in # of Victims Total Under Total Recruiting Total cost of Forced Labor Trafficked payment Wages Fees coercion Industrialized 113,000 74,133 2,508,368,218 400,270,777 2,908,638,995 Economies Transition 61,500 59,096 648,682,323 42,675,823 691,358,145 Economies Asia & the 6,181,000 408,969 8,897,581,909 142,855,489 9,040,437,398 Pacific Latin America 995,500 217,470 3,390,199,770 212,396,124 3,602,595,894 & Caribbean SubSaharan 537,500 112,444 1,494,276,640 16,994,438 1,511,271,079 Africa Middle East & 229,000 203,029 2,658,911,483 551,719,286 3,210,630,769 North Africa TOTAL 8,117,500 1,075,141 19,598,020,343 1,366,911,936 20,964,932,279 Source: ILO(2009), The Cost of Coercion, p.1314. 5 this figure does not include the victims of forced 2. Forced Labor and Other Forms commercial sexual exploitation. The total cost of Trafficking for forced labor is less frequently coercion includes the "opportunity cost" of being discovered and reported than trafficking for sexual in forced labor and human trafficking, in the form exploitation. It is difficult to distinguish victims of lost income due to unpaid wages, plus trafficked for forced labor from migrant laborers. recruiting fees paid by victims. Underpayment of These victims often work in hidden locations, such wages includes excessive overtime and other work as agricultural fields in rural areas, mining camps, that is either unpaid or inadequately remunerated. factories and the private houses in the case of Recruitment fees particularly applied to trafficking domestic servitude. As a consequence, the victims include the fees paid to agents, inflated trafficking victims of forced labor are less likely to travel costs, and other charges incurred. be identified than the trafficking victims of sexual exploitation.24 Along with women and girls, both Purposes of Human Trafficking adult men and boys are also the victims of trafficking for forced labor but the trafficking cases Throughout the process of human trafficking of men are extremely underreported. (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or/and receipt of persons), traffickers play Victims of forced labor trafficking are often particular roles.19 Traffickers in this note indicate recruited with a promise of work, generally "recruiters, transporters, those who exercise through personal contacts and also through job control over trafficked persons, those who transfer advertisements on newspapers, television, and/or maintain trafficked persons in exploitative billboards and the Internet. Some victims enter the situations, those involved in related crimes, those country legally on work visas while others enter who profit either directly or indirectly from illegally. The IOM reported in the case of labor trafficking, its component acts and related trafficking of men in Belarus and Ukraine that offences."20 Each trafficker contributes at different recruitment generally mimicked legal migration.25 stages in the human trafficking process for the These male victims often made what they thought purpose of exploiting the victims for economic or were legally binding agreements with reliable other gain. Traffickers may take on one task or companies, employment agencies and recruiters. multiple tasks such as recruitment, document Confusion between trafficking in persons and forgery, transportation, escorts of victims, bribing smuggling of migrants prevents victims from public officials, facilitating the transportation and receiving protection and support as their transferring, information gathering, and receiving fundamental right. victims in the destination.21 1. Sexual Exploitation Box 1: Common Sector and Forms of Trafficking for Forced Labor While trafficking for forced labor is recently gaining more recognition on its severity, Agriculture Mining trafficking for sexual exploitation is still the most Logging common form of human trafficking. This primarily Construction impacts women and children. There are several Fishery identified common patterns for recruiting victims Sweatshop factory (e.g. garments, packaging, food into sex trafficking,22 which include but are not processing) limited to 1) a promise of a good job in another Domestic Servitude country; 2) a false marriage proposal turned into a Begging Drug dealing bondage situation; 3) being sold into the sex Janitorial industry by parents, husbands or boyfriends, and Food services 4) being kidnapped by traffickers. Recruiters are Other service industry, etc. often very familiar persons to the victims, such as neighbor, friend, a friend of a friend, boyfriend, acquaintance, and family friend.23 6 3. Trafficking of Children US TIP Report indicates that many of the victims Global estimates indicate that 30 to 50% of all in this region migrated voluntarily and found trafficking victims are children under 18 years of themselves in involuntarily servitude or in debt age.26 Not only are children often sexually bondage, and women and children are also exploited in the sex industry targeted for child trafficked by the family members to escape pornography and pedophiles, but children are desperate economic circumstances. also trafficked to work on untangling fishing nets, sewing goods in sweatshops, picking cocoa, and Most of the victims identified by the state begging. Traffickers may lure children and/or authorities in Middle East and North Africa are their parents into leaving home with the promise women and children. The most common form of of a better life. On some occasions desperate human trafficking in this region is sexual parents will sell their children to a trafficker so exploitation and domestic servitude. Children that they have fewer mouths to feed. are exploited in prostitution (including child sex tourism), forced marriage, domestic servitude, Forced conscription of children into armed and street begging and vending. conflict is another form of trafficking which enslaves children in war zones and removes their 2. Sub-Saharan Africa freedom. The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child UNODC finds that there is significant intra- Soldiers estimates that there are still tens of regional trafficking in West, Central and South thousands of children who are used as Africa. Victims of the West and Central Africa combatants and/or sexually exploited in armed region are trafficked to other neighboring forces and groups in 19 countries and territories countries such as Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, worldwide.27 Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia and Togo but also internally trafficked within the border. In Regional Trends of Human Trafficking Southern Africa, the victims identified by the state authorizes are from Mozambique, Malawi, Information provided in this section is taken from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), both the UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Zambia and Zimbabwe as well as from East, Persons28 and the US Department of State TIP South-East and South Asia. Report 2009.29 Based on data gathered from 155 countries in 2007 and 2008, the UNODC Global Most of the trafficking victims reported are Report offers a global assessment of the scope of children in West and Central Africa30 and adult human trafficking and provides an overview of women and children in Southern Africa. In West trafficking patterns in different regions. The US and Central Africa, children are trafficked for Department of State TIP Report covers updated forced labor, such as slavery, domestic servitude, information on global trafficking trends during street begging and as camel jockeys. In Southern the period of April 2008 through March 2009 and Africa, human trafficking forms include sexual provides an assessment of each government's exploitation, forced labor, slavery and domestic actions to combat trafficking in persons. servitude. According to the TIP report, women, girls and boys are trafficked for sexual 1. Middle East and North Africa exploitation in many countries, and child sex According to UNODC, there is not enough data tourism exists in the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, available in this region to indicate a clear trend or Madagascar, Senegal and South Africa. Men and pattern of human trafficking in Middle East and boys are often trafficked into the manual labor North Africa. Israel, Qatar and the United Arab sectors, including agriculture, mines and quarries, Emirates are categorized as destination countries and fisheries. The recruitment of children as for victims who were trafficked from the Eastern soldiers has been reported in Burundi, the Central Europe and Central Asia region. Victims of African Republic, Chad, the DRC, and Sudan. human trafficking in the Middle East are also from South and East Asia as well as Africa. The 7 3. Europe and Central Asia kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery Intra-regional trafficking is the major pattern factories are reported in India. Children are often reported for human trafficking in Europe and trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation, Central Asia. UNODC found that almost all of forced marriage, forced begging, and forced labor the countries in this region are both origin and in brick kilns, carpet-making factories, and destination countries for intra-regional domestic service. According to the US TIP Report, trafficking, except Tajikistan and Turkmenistan Afghan boys are promised enrollment in Islamic which are exclusively countries of origin for schools in Pakistan, but instead are trafficked to trafficking victims. The Eastern Europe and paramilitary training camps by extremist groups. Central Asia region is not a major trans-regional In Nepal and Pakistan, one of the major forms of destination, however, victims originating from human trafficking is bonded labor. this region are identified in Western and Central Europe as well as neighboring Asian countries. 5. East Asia and the Pacific UNODC reports that East Asian countries exhibit The majority of trafficking victims in Europe and the most complex human trafficking flows as this Central Asia are adult women, and sexual region has the widest range of trans-regional exploitation is the most common form of human trafficking between countries of origin and the trafficking in this region. However, trafficking for destination of victims. For example, Thai victims forced labor accounts for over one third of the are found in Southern Africa, Europe and the total number of victims identified by state Middle East while Chinese victims are identified authorities in Western and Central Europe as well in Europe, the Middle East, the Americas and as in Central Asia. Women and men are also Africa. Intra-regional trafficking is also a major exploited in domestic servitude and forced labor issue as victims from the East Asian countries are in agriculture, construction, fishery, largely trafficked to Australia, Japan and manufacturing, and textile industries. Children Malaysia. Many countries within the East Asia are trafficked for the purposes of sexual region are countries of origin for trafficking exploitation, forced marriage and forced begging. victims. 4. South Asia Women and girls are the primary victims of UNODC's global report indicates that intra- trafficking in this region, particularly for the regional trafficking affects Nepal and Bangladesh purpose of sexual exploitation31 and forced as origins of trafficking victims and India as a marriage. Men are also victims of trafficking. destination country. The United States They willingly migrate for work in the region and Department of State reports that Bangladeshi men are subsequently subjected to conditions of forced and women willingly migrate to Middle Eastern labor in the agriculture, construction, finishing, and South Asian countries for work through manufacturing, plantation, and service (hotels, recruiting agencies, and the recruitment fees restaurants, and bars) sectors. Children in this contribute to the placement of workers in debt region are often trafficked for the purpose of bondage or forced labor once overseas. sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and Bangladesh and India also experience domestic forced begging. trafficking. Victims of trafficking in South Asian are mainly 6. Latin America and Caribbean adult women and children of both sexes. In Latin America and Caribbean, intra-regional, Trafficking for sexual exploitation is again the trans-regional and domestic trafficking patterns most common form of trafficking reported, yet are reported. At the regional level, Bolivia, the trafficking for domestic servitude and forced Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Nicaragua and labor are equally prominent in the region. A Paraguay appear to be the countries of origin for significant number of forced labor cases in brick trafficking victims while Chile, Guatemala, and 8 the East Caribbean countries are mainly trafficking by ratifying the Palermo Protocol destination countries. Regarding trans-regional and adapting laws to criminalize human trafficking, Latin American and Caribbean trafficking activities. Governments can victims are often found in Europe and North develop a national strategy responding to America and, to a lesser extent, in East Asia and internal, regional and international human the Middle East. Domestic trafficking is also trafficking as well as create a system to reported. coordinate the efforts of government agencies and NGOs. Victims of human trafficking in Latin America Government agencies (law enforcement, judiciary, and the Caribbean are predominantly girls and and immigration offices): Combating the crime adult women who are trafficked for the purpose of human trafficking requires collaboration of sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. among all of the stakeholders, particularly Both adult men and boys are less frequently law enforcement, immigration and judiciary reported as trafficking victims; however an agencies. The primary responders to human increasing number men and boy trafficking trafficking are often law enforcement victims have been reported. Women, men and agencies, which then coordinate with the children in this region are also trafficked for judiciary office to prosecute traffickers. If the forced begging and forced labor in agriculture, victims of human trafficking are from other factories, logging, mining, and sweatshops. Child countries, they work with the immigration sex tourism is identified as a problem in Brazil, office to provide the temporary visa to stay in Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, the country or repatriate the victims to their Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, and own country. Nicaragua. The US Department of State reports Health and public services: Once human that in Caribbean countries, poor families often trafficking victims are rescued from push their young daughters to provide sexual traffickers, victims need access to basic favors to wealthy older men in exchange for services, such as shelter, legal assistance, school fees, money, and gifts. In Colombia, transportation, medical exams, and children are also forcibly recruited as combatants psychological counseling. by guerillas and paramilitary groups. NGOs and CSOs: NGOs and CSOs have long National and International Actors been active in the anti-human trafficking movement before governments and Human trafficking undermines the safety and international community start realizing the security of all nations it involves. Responding to severity of this issue. NGOs and CSOs human trafficking requires various stakeholders, mainly focus on carrying out awareness- which include national governments, national raising campaigns, conducting research, government agencies (e.g. law enforcement, helping law enforcement on victim immigration, and judiciary departments), health identification, and providing basic services to and public services, international organizations victims of human trafficking. (e.g. United Nations agencies, such as UNODC, Media: The media plays an indispensable role IOM, and ILO), Non-Governmental Organizations in educating the public about the reality of (NGOs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), human trafficking and illuminating the the media, corporations/businesses, academics, problems via films, theatre, photographs, and individuals. newspapers, magazine articles and so on. The media is used as one of the most effective 1. National Actors ways to inform communities around the Governments: Efforts undertaken by the world about different aspects of human government to combat human trafficking trafficking. vary in each country. Some governments acknowledge the problem of human 9 Private Sector: The private sector can also play Development Bank (ADB) and the Inter- a very important role to further prevent American Development Bank (IDB) are most human trafficking. Corporations and active at working on human trafficking issues businesses can create job opportunities for in their loan and grant projects as well as trafficking victims and financially support the regional and country-specific technical other organizations' activities to protect assistance projects. ADB focuses on victims. Many businesses have started preventive measures of human trafficking adapting codes of conduct that would and monitoring of impacts, especially those implement measures to prevent labor related to cross-border road corridors and exploitation and human trafficking. regional economic integration activities. IDB has established an inter-institutional 2. International Actors framework to define a plan of action and UN System and agencies: Since the Palermo support Latin American governments in Protocol entered into force in December 2003, fighting against human trafficking. Even 117 countries have signed the Protocol. Led though other Multilateral Development by UNODC, the United Nations Global Banks may work on this issue, project Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking information on human trafficking and its (UN.GIFT) was created to promote the global related issues is not available on their efforts to fight against human trafficking and websites. managed in cooperation with ILO, IOM, INTERPOL: INTERPOL works with (UNICEF), the Office of the High governments to help them strengthen their Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), capacity to fight against global human the Organization for Security and Co- trafficking. In February 2009, INTERPOL operation in Europe (OSCE) (See Box 2: signed an agreement between Nigeria and International Coordination Initiative - UN.GIFT). Italy, coordinating the efforts of both Multilateral Development Banks:32 The Asia countries and providing tools and resources Box 2: International Coordination Initiative UN.GIFT The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) was established in March 2007 by UNODC with a grant made on behalf of the United Arab Emirates. Its strategy includes three goals: 1) building awareness; 2) broadening the knowledge base of data, facts and statistics of global human trafficking; 3) providing technical assistance. The UN.GIFT Steering Committee coordinates the efforts of its members and their respective networks and alliances. The Steering Committee consists of representatives from the following six founding organizations and the main donor, HRH the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi: ILO: ILO focuses on forced labor, child labor and migrant workers of human trafficking. http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/langen/index.htm IOM: IOM works on preventing human trafficking, protecting the victims through targeted assistance, and empowering governments and other agencies to combat the crime more effectively. http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/op/edit/pid/748 OHCHR: OHCHR's trafficking program integrates human rights into antitrafficking initiatives at the legal, political and program levels. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/ OSCE: OSCE works closely with its 56 participating States to ensure coordination among member States and to emphasize the importance of combating all forms of trafficking in human beings in countries of origin, transit and destination at the highest political levels. http://www.osce.org/cthb UNICEF: UNICEF works with many partners in all areas from the grassroots to the highest political levels to create a protective environment for children from human trafficking and other forms of exploitation. http://www.unicef.org/protection/index.html UNODC: UNODC provides the legal and conceptual framework and focuses on the criminal justice system response to human trafficking, but includes provisions on victim protection and preventive measures. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/humantrafficking/index.html Source: UN.GIFT (http://www.ungift.org/ungift/index.html) 10 to national law enforcements to target where a `plus' factor such as illness combines organizations behind illegal immigration and with poverty to increase vulnerability."36 human trafficking.33 Bilateral/multilateral and regional initiatives: A Box 3: Risk Factors of Human Trafficking number of governments are participating in Poverty multilateral, regional and sub-regional Gender initiatives (e.g. Colombo Process34) to protect Age migrant workers from forced labor Limited economic and educational opportunity trafficking. Poor governance Lack of rule of law International NGOs: International Political conflict and war organizations, such as Amnesty International, Violence Human Rights Watch, and the Global Social exclusion Alliance against Traffic in Women (GATW) Social and cultural structures (power, hierarchy and have been leading the global anti-human social order) trafficking movement. NGOs have been Marginalization and discrimination based on ethnicity, race, disability, and religion successful in bringing public and government Community's tradition of movement and other attention to this issue. social practices Academic and Research Institutions: Academic Climate change and natural disaster and research institutions around the world Individual's drug and alcohol addiction and mental health conduct useful research on the various aspects of human trafficking and provide recommendations to policymakers and Among those who live in poverty, women and service providers. children are particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Women often do not have equal employment and educational opportunities, and legal or political The Development Dimensions of Human rights. Women also face many forms of gender- Trafficking35 based violations, such as domestic violence, sexual violence and genital mutilation; which are Human trafficking is a development issue. linked to social and cultural structures that Common development dimensions, such as contribute to the vulnerability of women to poverty, gender inequality, unemployment, a lack human trafficking.37 Children are also vulnerable of education, weak rule of law, and poor to trafficking in persons due to their parents and governance accompanied by socio-economic families' socio-economic situation. Girls are factors are strongly linked to vulnerability to particularly vulnerable to trafficking because in trafficking. many societies, parents often choose to send girls to work because they believe that education is not Poverty is one of the primary risk factors to create as important to girls who will one day marry and vulnerability to trafficking; however, poverty leave the parents.38 alone would not push people into human trafficking. There are many risk factors that make Other `plus' factors of human trafficking include potential victims vulnerable to trafficking. In the poor governance, weakened rule of law in training manual to fight child trafficking, ILO and transition and post-conflict countries, and UNICEF explain the risk and vulnerability of economic disruption affected by climate change human trafficking: "Often children experience and natural disasters. The lack of rule of law several risk factors at the same time, and one of facilitates criminal activities and creates an them may act as a trigger that sets the trafficking environment where human trafficking can thrive. event in motion. This is sometimes called This is particularly apparent in a post-conflict `poverty plus,' a situation in which poverty does environment, where the lack of law and order not by itself lead to a person being trafficked, but pushes the already vulnerable populations, such 11 as women, children, internally displaced peoples, to better understand the complexity of human and war refugees, into situations where they are trafficking and to identify entry points, more even more at risk of becoming victims of human systematic research, mapping and surveys are trafficking.39 often required to understand the organizational patterns and mechanisms of recruitment, the As Clert et al (2005) noted, human trafficking is a routes, and the placement of human trafficking community and social inclusion issue and it is victims. The vulnerable groups that are most necessary to address the spatial, economic and likely to become victims of human trafficking are social exclusion processes that make particular often the most difficult to reach and access due to social groups and regions vulnerable to the their remote location and their marginalized phenomenon. "The causes of trafficking are not position in society. Therefore understanding their only at the individual level, but also at the characteristics, their location and the nature of household, community, regional, institutional, their vulnerability is essential to effective anti- and systematic levels that give rise to trafficking trafficking policies. and allow it to flourish in specific localities and among specific groups..."40 Reinforcing delivery of basic services in areas with high levels of victimization is an indirect but A Development Approach to Human effective way to prevent trafficking; education, Trafficking ­ Focusing on Prevention employment, health, social protection, violence prevention and child protection are all very Responding to human trafficking problems important. However, the following specific actions requires multi-dimensional approaches. In order are the key to preventing human trafficking.41 Box 4: The World Bank's Prevention Project in Senegal The World Bank conducts a project to put a stop to child trafficking for the purpose of forced begging in Senegal. Senegal faces a problem of thousands of children begging for money on the street in Dakar. These street children are taken in by traffickers posing as Quranic (Islamic) teachers who promise parents that children will study fundamental Muslim values. These Quranic teachers exploit religious practices to facilitate forced begging. This World Bank's project includes the following four components to prevent child trafficking for forced begging in Senegal. 1) Communitybased interventions to prevent child begging Activities aiming to prevent parents from sending their children away to false Quranic teachers are carried out in about 200 rural communities where most of the identified street children are from. Activities include direct communication/sensitization conducted by NGOs, local leaders and opinion makers at the community level, and innovative media products to be broadcasted via local radio stations. 2) Improvement and regulation of Quranic schools Activities include a census of Quranic schools, curriculum development, quality standard assessment of Quranic schools, and sensitization of Quranic teachers on child begging. Considering the sensitivity of this matter, pilot activities to improve and regulate Quranic schooling are implemented in a restricted area only. 3) Dissemination of the law against human trafficking A national media campaign will be launched to raise awareness about a law against human trafficking, which also prohibits the exploitation of begging, adopted by the Senegalese parliament in 2005. This campaign mainly uses community radio and local newspapers to inform citizens about the plight of child begging and the provisions of the law. 4) Capacity building for civil society organizations fighting child begging This component supports a number of small civil society organizations (CSOs) providing basic services to rescue street children. The association, called PARRER (Partenariat pour le retrait et la reinsertion des enfants de la rue/Partnership to get children off the street and reintegrate them), oversees components 13 and supports the other CSOs by developing a capacity building program for member organizations, setting up a computerized information management system, and managing fiduciary tasks. Source: The World Bank Group ( The Information is taken from the Japan Social Development Fund Grant Proposal on "Fighting Child Begging in Senegal," which was prepared by Maurizia Tovo, Social Protection Specialist at the World Bank) 12 Social protection: Enhancing a safety net trafficking ­ mining, fisheries, agriculture, system to target those who are vulnerable to logging, and construction. trafficking in the project area. Education: Incorporating information on Employment: Providing job training and human trafficking, child labor, migration, and creating more jobs in the community at risk of skill development into school curricula and trafficking so that vulnerable populations do training programs to educate children and not necessarily need to go to the city or young adults about the danger of human abroad to obtain a job. trafficking and their human/labor rights, and Labor safeguards: Ensuring labor safeguards also to develop useful skills to have that include an anti-trafficking component in sustainable employment. development projects for the following Health: Improving access to healthcare for sectors that are particularly common for labor vulnerable groups of human trafficking (such as Box 5: Incorporating Human Trafficking Prevention in the Transport Sector Project at the Asia Development Bank ADB has been supporting a range of antitrafficking awareness raising and vulnerability reduction components in their projects. Many transport sector projects includes the HIV/AIDS prevention and antihuman trafficking component. The Road Connectivity Sector Project in Nepal The Roads Connectivity Sector Project in Nepal, which was approved in August 2006, aimed to improve rural transport connectivity to major towns and cities and to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in northern Nepal. The expected expansion in economic activities, trade, involvement of people in the construction phase, travel and night halts along the road and the behaviors engaged in during mobility or migration have been identified as having the potential to increase opportunities for casual sex and the risk of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking. During the project preparation phase, the social assessment identified girls and women of the age groups 1125 years old and boys of 612 years old as groups at risk to human trafficking as children from poor families were sent to work as `domestic help' with the potential to be either trafficked or lured to work as sex workers. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Prevention Component An HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking component was prepared during the project design phase with the objective of providing antitrafficking information to 90% of road construction workers, transport operators, female sex workers, labor migrants, populations living along the road corridors, and to the identified groups at risk that include girls and women of the age groups 1125 years and boys of 612 years. Department of Roads (DOR) as an executive agency of the project were sensitized and trained on HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking issues in order to improve its collaboration with other stakeholders to attain better results in the areas affected by the project. Key activities under the HIV/AIDS and anti trafficking component include: 1. Partnering with NGOs to identify risk groups for HIV/AIDS and human trafficking, and to map geo locations of sexual networks and intervention sites along the road corridors 2. Providing orientation and sensitization on HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking to Project personnel 3. Requiring HIV/AIDS awareness raising workshops for contractors and construction workers 4. Conducting public awareness campaign for behavioral change of highrisk groups 5. Promoting condom use and disseminating information about the nearest available services for testing, counseling and treatment 6. Sensitizing and capacity building of Project personnel, including public awareness raising on trafficking concerns A Social Development Specialist with expertise in HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking issues provided the support to DOR for overall implementation and monitoring of the HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking component. Gender sensitization trainings were provided to the DOR and NGOs with a particular focus on the issues of the transport sector. Building on lessons learned from this project, it is expected that HIV/AIDS and antitrafficking issues will be integrated in future road projects in Nepal. Source: The Asia Development Bank (http://www.adb.org/gender/practices/infrastructure/nep001.asp) 13 sex workers and illegal migrant workers) and systematic efforts to investigate and educating on HIV/AIDS and sexually document human trafficking activities in each transmitted diseases. region so that we can closely monitor the Migration: Raising awareness about human trafficking situation and provide assistance trafficking and informing about the risks and and service to more targeted groups that are consequences of work abroad and their labor vulnerable to human trafficking at rights. community level. Poverty assessments can be a critical tool to help identify and monitor Access to law and justice: The Access to Justice the regions and social groups that are for the Poor strategies empowers the vulnerable vulnerable to human trafficking. Social people to assert, enforce and access their analyses and gender assessments can be also individual and property rights.42 Most useful to address and identify issues and trafficking victims are not aware of their rights, vulnerable groups and to recommend actions. and even if they know their rights, they are afraid of testifying against traffickers who might Advocacy during the policy dialogue: The World threaten and harass them and their family. The Bank Group can play an important role in Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women human trafficking by advocating for (GAATW) points out two important components prevention during the policy dialogue with of access to justice for trafficked victims: the governments. Many times, prevention has to right to information and victim protection.43 do with poverty reduction, improving social Trafficked persons should be well informed safety net, and strong outreach for groups at about their legal rights, options and services so risk. There is much room to discuss that they can make informed decisions about trafficking prevention measures as a part of their future. Victim protection measures need to poverty and vulnerability reduction strategies be strengthened so that the victims and their in the World Bank's overall dialogue with families in trafficking cases feel safe to testify governments. against traffickers. Integrating an anti-human trafficking component into the World Bank's programs: As a part of The World Bank Contribution to Fighting human trafficking prevention measures, it is Human Trafficking important to enhance social protection and economic development programs for Even though tremendous efforts have already been vulnerable groups. An anti-trafficking made at both national and international levels, the component could be incorporated in various response systems to combat human trafficking are programs, particularly Social and Human still not adequate for various reasons. Many Development Sector programs in the World challenges still remain to be addressed in order to Bank, which deals with employment, close existing gaps and loopholes, such as data education, health, labor, and migration. collection, legislation, training and capacity building among law enforcement authorities, and better Strengthening regional work on migration, labor, prevention and protection of vulnerable groups at trade and transport: Human trafficking risk of human trafficking. The World Bank Group undermines development efforts and economical could contribute to the fight against human growth. Targeted action against human trafficking by scaling up its interventions in the trafficking should be taken and aligned with following areas. poverty reduction strategies and development Monitoring and improving analyses: Despite the programs. Considering the nature of human general awareness about human trafficking, trafficking, the World Bank could adopt the anti- there have been only few extensive studies to trafficking lens in their regional work analyze the patterns and causes of human particularly on migration, trade, and transport. trafficking in sending and destination countries. It is necessary to make more 14 Recommended Readings: UNODC (2009). Anti-human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners. Vienna: Ahluwalia, Sheela (2009). Human Trafficking and UNODC. Gender in Sub-Saharan Africa. Internal Draft. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human- Washington, DC: The World Bank. trafficking/anti-human-trafficking- Clert, Carine, Elizabeth Gomart with Ivana manual.html Aleksic and Natalia Otel (2005). "Human The United States Department of State (2009). Trafficking in South Eastern Europe: Beyond Trafficking in Persons Report 2009. Washington, Crime Control, an Agenda for Social Inclusion DC. The United States Department of State. and Development." Social Development Papers ­ http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/ Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Occasional Paper. Washington, DC. The World Bank. The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2006). Human Trafficking. Better International Labour Organization (ILO) (2009). Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance The Cost of Coercion. Geneva: ILO. U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts Abroad. Washington, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ DC: GAO. ---ed_norm/--- http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06825.pdf relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_ 106230.pdf Recommended Websites: ILO (2005). A Global Alliance against Forced Labor. Geneva: ILO. The Asian Development Bank: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards http://www.adb.org/Human- /relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/rep-i-b.pdf Trafficking/default.asp ILO and the United Nations Children's Fund The International Labour Organization: (2009). Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of _Labour/lang--en/index.htm Exploitation. Geneva: ILO. The International Organization for Migration: http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Traffickingofc http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/op/edit/pi hildren/lang--en/WCMS_111537/index.htm d/748 Koettl, Johannes (2009). "Human Trafficking, The Office of the High Commissioner for Modern Day Slavery, and Economic Human Rights (OHCHR): Exploitation." Social Protection Discussion Paper. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/traff Washington, DC. The World Bank. icking/ http://go.worldbank.org/3G952TICB0 The Office to Monitor and Combat Perez Solla, M. Fernanda (2009). "Slavery and Trafficking in Persons, the United States human trafficking international law and the role Department of State: of the World Bank." Social Protection Discussion http://www.state.gov/g/tip/ Paper. Washington, DC. The World Bank. The Organization for Security and Co- http://go.worldbank.org/RLT3SQR7H0 operation in Europe: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime http://www.osce.org/cthb (UNODC) (2008). Human Trafficking: An The United Nations Children's Fund: Overview. Vienna, Austria. UNODC. http://www.unicef.org/protection/index.html http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/kno The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight wledge/ebook.pdf Human Trafficking: UNODC (2009). Global Report on Trafficking in http://www.ungift.org/ungift/index.html Persons. Vienna: UNODC. The United Nations Office on Drugs and http://www.unodc.org/documents/Global_R Crime: eport_on_TIP.pdf https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human- trafficking/index.html 15 This note was prepared by Megumi Makisaka of the Conflict, Crime and Violence Team under the supervision of Alexandre Marc. This Note has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank of Reconstruction / The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.Additional copies can also be requested via e-mail: socialdevelopment@worldbank.org 1 See ILO (2009), The Cost of Coercion. 2 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, General Assembly resolution 55/25, annex II, p.32. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5525e.pdf. Since December 25, 2003 when the Protocol entered into force, 117 countries have signed and 132 countries have ratified the Protocol as of September 10, 2009. 3 The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, General Assembly resolution 55/25. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5525e.pdf 4 See UNODC (2009), Anti-Human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, Module 1, p.4. 5 See Perez Solla, M. Fernanda (2009). 6 See ILO (2009), The Cost of Coercion. 7 More information on the question of consent, see Perez Solla, M. Fernanda (2009) and Koettl, Johannes (2009). 8 See the United States Department of State (2009), p. 13. 9 The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, General Assembly resolution 55/25, annex III, p.41. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5525e.pdf 10 See UNODC (2009), Anti-Human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, Module 1. 11 See GAO (2006), p.12. 12 For a detailed discussion on methodologies used by four organizations to collect data on human trafficking, see GAO (2006), p.44- 45. 13 See UNODC (2009), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 14 See ILO (2009), The Cost of Coercion, p.13-14. 15 See UNODC (2008). 16 See ILO (2005), p.55. 17 See the regional breakdown according ILO's Key Indicator of the Labour Market, p.38-40. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_081913.pdf 18 See ILO (2009), The Cost of Coercion, p.13-14. 19 For a detailed discussion on trafficker profiles, see ILO and UNICEF (2009). 20 The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2002). Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, E/2002/68/Add.1. http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/e06a5300f90fa0238025668700518ca4/caf3deb2b05d4f35c1256bf30051a003/$FILE/ N0240168.pdf 21 http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/managing-migration/cache/offonce/pid/676 22 http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.pdf 23 See Clert, Carine, Elizabeth Gomart with Ivana Aleksic and Natalia Otel (2005). 24 UNODC (2009), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, p.51. 25 http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/cache/offonce/pid/1674?entryId=20571 26 See Table 3 on this note. 27 The Child Soldiers Global Report 2008. http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/ These 19 countries include: Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, the DRC, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand and Uganda. 28 See UNODC (2009), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 29 See the United States Department of State (2009), p.13. 30 This can be explained by the legislative provisions in many countries, which only cover child trafficking. 31 During 2003-2007, most countries in East Asia and the Pacific only had legislation criminalizing trafficking for sexual exploitation or trafficking in women so that trafficking in men and boys might have been largely under-reported. 32 Multilateral Development Banks refers to the World Bank Groups and four Regional Development Banks that include the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Inter-American Development Bank Group. 33 http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2009/PR200909.asp 34 http://www.colomboprocess.org/ 35 There are other `plus' risk factors that affect vulnerability of people to human trafficking, which are not covered in this note. 36 See ILO and UNICEF (2009), Textbook 1, p23. 37 See UNODC (2008). 38 See ILO and UNICEF (2009), Textbook 1. 39 Nelson, Sue, Jeannine Guthrie and Pamela Sumner Coffey (2004). Literature Review and Analysis Related to Human Trafficking in Post-Conflict Situations. Washington, DC. United States Agency for International Development. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/trafficking_dai_lit_review.pdf 40 See Clert, Carine, Elizabeth Gomart with Ivana Aleksic and Natalia Otel (2005), p.27. 41 See Ahluwalia, Sheela (2009). 42 http://go.worldbank.org/MHG1Y94BM0 43 http://www.gaatw.org/atj/