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Cover: St. George’s, Grenada © Orietta Gaspari | istock.com Cover design & layout: ULTRAdesigns Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Report for Grenada’s Housing Sector Table of Contents ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................ v Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................vi Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... ix Glossary of key terminology.............................................................................................................................. xi 01. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Need for Timely, Inclusive and Resilient Recovery in the Caribbean.............................................................. 2 1.2 Assessing Sectoral Recovery Capacity in the Caribbean.................................................................................. 2 1.3 Specific Objectives of the Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment for the Housing Sector in Grenada....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Assessment Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 4 02. The housing sector in Grenada.................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Disaster impacts in Grenada .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Climate change impacts in Grenada ..................................................................................................................10 2.3 Infrastructure Climate change projections for Grenada..................................................................................11 2.4 Gender and disaster risk management..............................................................................................................13 2.5 Disability and disaster risk management .........................................................................................................14 03. The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Grenada.................................. 17 04. Results Overview........................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1 General Findings.....................................................................................................................................................20 4.2 Findings for Governance ......................................................................................................................................22 4.3 Findings for Competencies...................................................................................................................................25 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools.......................................................................................................................28 4.5 Findings for the Inclusion of Gender and Disability in Recovery Processes............................................... 31 05. Recommendations..................................................................................................................................... 34 Policy and strategic recommendations:........................................................................................................................35 Physical investments:.......................................................................................................................................................35 Capacity strengthening:....................................................................................................................................................36 06. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................. 37 Governance.........................................................................................................................................................................38 Competencies.....................................................................................................................................................................38 Resources and tools..........................................................................................................................................................39 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 1. Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Grenada’s Housing sector for iii resilient and inclusive recovery...............................................................................................................................................43 Annex 2. Inundation scenario maps for Grenada..............................................................................................................47 Annex 3. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire.................................................................................49 Figures Figure 1. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. ............................................................................vii Figure 2. Disaster Risk Management cycle. ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. The SRCA framework structure. ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Areas affected by sea level rise in Grenada by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5).....................................................................................................................................................................................12 Figure 5. 2019 population pyramid providing a snapshot of how Grenada’s population is expected to age over time. ...........................................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 6. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process.............................................................................18 Figure 7. Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools. ............................................................................................20 Figure 8. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suitability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ............................... 21 Figure 9. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. ................................................................................................22 Figure 10. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. .............................................................................................................23 Figure 11. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. .................................................................................25 Figure 12. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability. ............................................ 26 Figure 13. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. ........................................................................................................................................................................28 Table of Contents SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR iv Figure 14. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and management, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. ........................................................................................................29 Figure 15 Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. ........................ 32 Figure 16 Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ........................................................................................................................................................................33 Tables Table 1. Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Table 2.Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values............................................... 6 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Table of Contents Acknowledgements v This Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) Agency (CDEMA) for its active involvement in govern- was prepared by a World Bank team composed of ment engagement and stakeholder consultations. The Clara Ariza (Senior Disaster Risk Management and assessment was financed by the Canada-Caribbean Climate Adaptation Specialist, Consultant), Roberto Resilience Facility, a single-donor World Bank-executed Mendez (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, trust fund managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Consultant) and Francesco Varotto (Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery. Management Specialist, Consultant), with inputs from Linda Anderson Berry (Senior Disability Specialist, This report has benefited from discussions with gov- Consultant) and Marcela Natalicchio (Senior Gender ernment officials, development partners, and members Specialist, Consultant), and overall guidance from of the community, and the team would like to thank Naraya Carrasco (Senior Disaster Risk Management key informants and participants in the focus-group Specialist) and Suranga Kahandawa (Senior Disaster discussions and semi-structured interviews. The team Risk Management Specialist). The team is grateful collected data with assistance from CDEMA, GFDRR to the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management and governmental staff. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR vi Executive Summary Grenada is highly exposed to the impacts of natural necks, deficits, blockages, and other factors that limit hazards, including earthquakes and hurricanes, has the planning, design, implementation, monitoring, and suffered major disasters in the past decades, and is evaluation of resilient and inclusive recovery projects, currently coping with the impacts of the COVID-19 as well as capacity building interventions, invest- pandemic. With more frequent, intense, and extreme ments, and opportunities to solve pressing issues. The weather events expected in the coming decades due report includes practical recommendations, including to climate change, there is an urgent need to prepare proposed interventions to facilitate the prioritization for timely, effective, and efficient disaster recovery, and decision making on investments by national and while building resilience at all levels and sectors of international agencies supporting disaster risk man- government and society. This involves strengthening agement (DRM) and development efforts in Grenada. the capacity of key national sectors to develop and ex- Figure 1 presents the results of the SRCA for each of ecute climate-resilient recovery project portfolios that the assessed issues. are gender-responsive and disability-inclusive. At a high and strategic level, the assessment deter- This report presents the results of the Sectoral Recov- mined that the capacity of Grenada’s housing sector ery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) undertaken in Gre- to implement resilient and inclusive recovery projects nada to assess the capacity of the country’s housing in a timely, efficient, and effective manner is basic or sector to plan, design, implement, monitor, and evalu- incipient. However, key results of a more detailed anal- ate resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Housing ysis indicate that although progress has been made in was selected as the priority sector for the SRCA by the national and sectoral policy and legislation to enable Government of Grenada due to its economic impor- —to a certain extent— the development of recovery tance and high exposure to natural hazard impacts. projects, the level of knowledge and skills of sectoral The assessment followed a consultative process facil- actors is still insufficient for planning and implement- itated by the Housing Unit at the Ministry of Social De- ing rapid and effective recovery interventions. The velopment, Housing and Community Empowerment SRCA identified a critical need for additional techni- (MSDHCE) and the National Disaster Management cal and human resources to enable the MSDHCE and Agency (NADMA). It was supported by the Canada-Ca- NADMA to effectively fulfill their functions, including ribbean Resilience Facility (CRF), hosted by the GFDRR those related to DRM in the housing sector. These at the World Bank Group, and the Caribbean Disaster institutions, and the Government in general, need to Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA). create and sustain DRM, resilient and inclusive recov- ery capacity, and to improve the operationalization of The SRCA assessed in detail the existing capacity for DRM and recovery-related policies. The scarce and resilient recovery in the housing sector in terms of outdated hazard and risk information available, and enabling policies and legal frameworks, institutional the narrow range of financial mechanisms offered to arrangements, and available resources and tools. The homeowners for DRM and recovery —including insur- assessment allowed the identification of gaps, bottle- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR FIGURE 1 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. The issues addressed in the assessment were classified under three main components: Governance, Competencies and Resources, and Tools. For each issue, the level of existing capacity within the sector was determined using the Recovery Capacity Index. Executive Summary Component 3: Resources and tools Component 1: Governance 1.1.1. Policies (RCI of 59) 3.5.4. M&E at project level (RCI of 63) 1.1.2. Legal Framework (RCI of 69) 3.5.3. Building codes and regulations in project implementation (RCI of 50) 100 1.1.3. Foundations for recovery (RCI of 63) 3.5.2. Project management (RCI of 44) 1.1.4. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management and 3.5.1. Resources (RCI of 75) 80 Climate Change Adaptation (RCI of 70) 1.1.5. Gender and disability inclusion (RCI of 53) Low or 3.4.3. Budget for recovery (RCI of 31) absent 1.1.6. Building codes and regulation (RCI of 33) 60 (0–24) 3.4.2. Access to recovery funding (RCI of 78) 50 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans (RCI of 40) 50 50 50 41 48 3.4.1. Availability of funding sources 40 38 1.2.2. Build-Back-Better in recovery strategies and plans Basic or for recovery (RCI of 71) 41 46 58 (RCI of 63) incipient 33 50 (25–49) 3.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion 63 1.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in 46 25 20 strategies and plans (RCI of 56) in project design (RCI of 69) 44 38 Moderate 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations 1.3.1. Institutional responsibility for recovery 38 0 56 (RCI of 25) (50–74) in project design (RCI of 75) 38 42 25 1.3.2. Disaster risk management and 3.3.2. Use of risk information (RCI of 44) 38 50 recovery coordination (RCI of 75) 28 38 Advanced 3.3.1. Availabilities of BBB tools (RCI of 50) 25 38 Recovery Capacity Index 28 1.3.3. Building codes and regulations (compliance) (75–89) 54 38 33 33 (RCI of 31) 47 38 44 3.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in PDNAs 1.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion (coordination) (RCI of 38) (RCI of 38) 3.2.2. Planning of recovery priorities (RCI of 71) Full 2.1.1. Sector's workforce (RCI of 45) (90-100) 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms(RCI of 84) 2.1.2. Gender specialists (RCI of 38) 3.1.2. Use of risk information (RCI of 28) 2.1.3. Private sector (contractors for recovery) (RCI of 69) 3.1.1. Risk data collection and management (RCI of 63) 2.2.1. Skills (RCI of 33) 2.3.1. Human Resources, profile suitability (RCI of 41) 2.2.2. Training activities (RCI of 44) Component 2: Competencies 2.2.3. Proven capacities (RCI of 28) SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR vii viii ance— further affect the sector’s capacity to reduce cal assistance plan with a range of risk-reduction the risk of natural hazard and climate change impacts. interventions. » Strengthen the generation, management, and use The SRCA identified the following as crucial for build- of risk and recovery-relevant data and information ing recovery capacity in Grenada’s housing sector: by establishing a clearinghouse and data manage- ment unit, a national data repository with online » Ensure that resilient and inclusive recovery consid- and public access, a digital and georeferenced ca- erations are integrated into ongoing and upcoming dastre, and an inventory of public assets. Generate policy, strategic, and planning processes at the multi-hazard maps, topographic and soil maps, national and sectoral level. It is particularly import- natural resource inventories, and update existing ant to finalize and approve the MSDHCE’s National and outdated maps. Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Management » Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- Plan and to develop the sub-sectoral multi-hazard ments for homeowners by creating the conditions emergency management plans and SOPs it man- for private insurance companies to improve the of- dates, including the plans for housing. In addition, it fer and cost of property insurance options for in- is necessary to revise —from a recovery and inclu- creased adoption. sion perspective— the National Disaster Manage- » Build and sustain the required knowledge and skills ment Plan, and by using the same perspective, to for the implementation of resilient and inclusive elaborate the national climate-smart housing strat- recovery projects in the sector through the recruit- egy and the national urban development strategy, ment of specialized staff in areas specific to DRM, as well as to obtain the approval for the National the institutionalization of training in DRM, gender Disaster Bill and the National Land Policy. and disability inclusion for public and private sec- » Ensure that all critical infrastructure projects in the toral stakeholders, and the improvement of public national project pipeline and the National Adapta- recruitment protocols, among other measures. tion Plan are screened for climate resilience and ready to finance by conducting the necessary stud- It is expected that the findings of this report and its ies (for example, feasibility studies). recommendations will be taken into consideration and » Create an overall asset management and mainte- integrated in the design and implementation of DRM nance process to ensure the sustainability of infra- and recovery strategies and plans. structure investments. » Encourage homeowners to retrofit their properties to resist major adverse events by creating a techni- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Executive Summary Acronyms ix BBB Build Back Better CAT-DDO Catastrophe. Deferred Drawdown CARICOM Caribbean Community CDEMA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDM Comprehensive Disaster Management CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CRF Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility DANA Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis DGFA Division of Gender and Family Affairs DIMS Disaster Information Management System DRM Disaster Risk Management DRFS National Disaster Risk Financing Strategy DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EnGenDER Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean GDP Gross Domestic Product GEPAP Gender Equality Policy and Action Plan GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS Geographic Information Systems GoG Government of Grenada GCF Green Climate Fund GNOW Grenada National Organisation of Women HAG Housing Authority of Grenada IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MATPs Medium-Term Action Plans MSDHCE Ministry of Social Development, Housing and Community Empowerment NADMA National Disaster Management Agency NADMAC National Disaster Management Advisory Council SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR x NAP National Adaptation Plan NSDP National Sustainable Development Plan (2020-2035) NTA Grenada National Training Agency OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PCM Project Cycle Management PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment PwD Persons Living with Disabilities RCI Recovery Capacity Index RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SIDS Small Island Developing States SLR Sea Level Rise SMEs Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises SOPs Standard Operating Procedures SRCA Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment TORs Terms of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Acronyms Glossary of key terminology1 xi Building code: A set of ordinances or regulations and contributing to the strengthening of resilience and re- associated standards intended to regulate aspects of duction of disaster losses. the design, construction, materials, alteration and oc- cupancy of structures which are necessary to ensure Disaster risk reduction: Disaster risk reduction is human safety and welfare, including resistance to col- aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disas- lapse and damage.1 ter risk and managing residual risk, all of which con- tribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the Build back better: The use of the recovery, rehabil- achievement of sustainable development. itation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities Disaster risk assessment: A qualitative or quantitative through integrating disaster risk reduction measures approach to determine the nature and extent of disas- into the restoration of physical infrastructure and soci- ter risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating etal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that economies and the environment. together could harm people, property, services, liveli- hoods and the environment on which they depend. Coping capacity: The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to Exposure: The situation of people, infrastructure, manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The housing, production capacities and other tangible hu- capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, re- man assets located in hazard-prone areas. sources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Cop- Hazard: A process, phenomenon or human activity ing capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster that may cause loss of life, injury or other health im- risks. pacts, property damage, social and economic disrup- tion or environmental degradation. Critical infrastructure: The physical structures, facili- ties, networks and other assets which provide services Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities devel- that are essential to the social and economic function- oped by governments, response and recovery orga- ing of a community or society. nizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of Disaster risk management: Disaster risk manage- likely, imminent or current disasters. ment is the application of disaster risk reduction pol- icies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, re- Prevention: Activities and measures to avoid existing duce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, and new disaster risks. 1 The following key terminology is provided by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Online resource available at: https:// www.undrr.org/terminology SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR xii Recovery: The restoring or improving of livelihoods and Retrofitting: Reinforcement or upgrading of existing health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural structures to become more resistant and resilient to and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a the damaging effects of hazards. disaster-affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and “build Reconstruction: The medium- and long-term rebuild- back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. ing and sustainable restoration of resilient critical infrastructures, services, housing, facilities and liveli- Response: Actions taken directly before, during or im- hoods required for the full functioning of a community mediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce or a society affected by a disaster, aligning with the health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the ba- principles of sustainable development and the“build sic subsistence needs of the people affected. back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. Resilience: The ability of a system, community or so- Vulnerability: The conditions determined by physical, ciety exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommo- social, economic and environmental factors or pro- date, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects cesses which increase the susceptibility of an individ- of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including ual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of through the preservation and restoration of its essen- hazards. tial basic structures and functions through risk man- agement. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Glossary of key terminology 01 1 Introduction Photo: CherylCasey | istock.com 2 1.1 Need for Timely, Inclusive and important in the Caribbean Small Island Development Resilient Recovery in the Caribbean States (SIDS), where long-standing and pervasive human-resource constraints and country-specific The Caribbean region is highly prone to disasters, includ- technical capacity gaps, both at the national govern- ing hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts, flooding, and ment level and in all sectors, represent major obsta- landslides. Higher temperatures, changing precipitation cles for planning and implementing timely and efficient patterns, more frequent, intense, and extreme weather disaster-recovery operations. Consequently, a bet- events, and sea level rise (SLR) resulting from climate ter understanding of capacity gaps and a focus on change, further exacerbate disaster risk in the region. strengthening existing recovery capacity of the devel- Major hazard impacts destroy infrastructure and prop- opment sectors most affected by disasters in these erty, result in losses from foregone output and incomes, countries can increase the efficiency and effective- and escalate costs as individuals and businesses are ness of recovery investments. The Canada-Caribbean forced to work around disruptions. Disasters jeopar- Resilience Facility (CRF) has engaged in the standard- dize hard-won national development gains and growth ized assessment of recovery capacity needs in key prospects, erode fiscal cushions, and disproportion- development sectors of six Caribbean nations as a first ately impact the wellbeing of the poor. Caribbean coun- step to assist countries to bridge recovery capacity tries lost an average of 3.6 percent of aggregate Gross gaps and build resilience to climate impacts and disas- Domestic Product (GDP) per year Between 2000 and ters. The countries are Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, 2019 to damages related to natural hazards, compared Grenada, Guyana, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and to 0.3 percent in all emerging markets and developing the Grenadines and the assessment could be under- economies (World Bank, 2021). Indeed, the economic taken in other countries, depending on demand. cost of disasters in the Caribbean region is so high that it often exceeds the size of the economy of the coun- tries affected (Ötker and Srinivasan, 2018). 1.2 Assessing Sectoral Recovery Capacity in the Caribbean However, more timely and inclusive recovery efforts and consequently, faster and better reconstruction In order to assist Caribbean governments prepare can lower social and economic burdens and allow a for timely, efficient, and effective implementation more rapid recovery of pre-disaster development lev- of inclusive, climate-resilient recovery projects, the els. This critically depends on strong public systems CRF developed the Sectoral Recovery Capacity that can rapidly coordinate and cost-effectively mobi- Assessment (SRCA) in partnership with the Caribbean lize resources, reconstruct infrastructure, deliver ser- Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) vices, and enable the rebuilding of local economies in and has coordinated activities with the Enabling the aftermath of disasters. Confronted with recurrent Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and extreme weather conditions and the prospect of more Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean (EnGenDER) frequent and intense hydrometeorological events with project for its implementation. The SRCA has been climate change, resilient recovery planning and invest- included in CDEMA’s Comprehensive Disaster ments have become a priority for the Caribbean region. Management (CDM) Audit Tool, which covers the dif- ferent phases of the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Preparing for recovery entails enhancing ex-ante the cycle (figure 2), to complement the national recovery capacity of national governments to recover from component of the tool, and to facilitate the identifica- losses and damages, define and strengthen institu- tion of solutions to sectoral capacity issues that could tional and financial systems that support the recovery delay the implementation of recovery projects. process, and obtain the necessary political commit- ment for the development of recovery policies and pro- Results of the SRCA are expected to serve as planning grams (GFDRR, 2020) more rapidly. This is particularly instruments and benefit national governments, sectoral SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Introduction FIGURE 2 3 Disaster Risk Management cycle. Asterisks indicate the phases of the DRM cycle that are most relevant for the SRCA. These are the recovery phase and the preparedness phase, where the necessary actions for recovery need to be implemented. Limita tion Event of da m Preparations a ge for interventions s Intervention Preparedness > Management * > Early warning and early Recondition Respo actions systems nse > Resources for interventions ss ne > Emergency planning ion an repared > Training and exercises > Individual preparations Understanding dP duction > Risk transfer systems, e.g - Insurance Risk - Safety nets Event analysis ent > Forecast-based financing > Documentation of event ity re Re ev > Lessons learnt for co Pr ver Even preparednesss, response y and recovery l Prevention and mitigation bi t ra > Policy and planning E lne > Structural measures and val nature-based solutions Recovery, rehabilitation and u * u V - Technical measures a reconstruction (”Build back better”) tio - Biological measures > Strengthening resilience n > Organisational measures > Livelihoods and ecosystem restoration > Financing recovery, rehabilitation and DRR Actions - Development reconstruction & Humanitarian Nexus Emergency Response - Humanitarian Actions Source: Adapted from FOCP (2020). stakeholders, national DRM agencies, and CDEMA own criteria, priorities, and needs, each government in their efforts to enable a rapid and effective recov- selects the sector to be assessed. The Government of ery in the aftermath of disasters. Recommendations Grenada selected the housing sector in view of its eco- emerging from the assessment will also inform the nomic and social importance, the consequences of prioritization, design, and implementation of recov- previous disasters and the vulnerability of the sector, ery-related capacity-building activities under the CRF, its infrastructure, and investments vis-a-vis projected and inform potential investments to prepare for recov- climate change impacts, including more frequent trop- ery as well as additional activities to be led by national ical storms and SLR. governments and other stakeholders. Based on their Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 4 1.3 Specific Objectives of the Sectoral In turn, each key element covers a series of topics, Recovery Capacity Assessment for referred to as sub elements. Gender and disability the Housing Sector in Grenada inclusion are crosscutting issues. The assessment structure establishes a relational cascade between the The objectives of the SRCA are to: components at policy-making level, their key elements at strategic and programmatic level, and the sub ele- » Improve the understanding of the existing capacity ments at operational level of each key element. This of the Government of Grenada (GoG), its Ministry structure therefore allows addressing key enabling of Social Development, Housing and Community factors for recovery at each level of the framework Empowerment, and other key stakeholders in the (figure 3). housing sector to take the necessary actions to prepare for and undertake timely and efficient cli- Data collection and analysis: The assessment is mate-resilient, gender-responsive and disability-in- based on data and information retrieved from a desk clusive disaster-recovery projects. review and a consultation process with key public » Identify capacity gaps, weaknesses, and challeng- and private stakeholders, who —over the course of es that limit the timely and efficient implementation multiple sessions carried out online— completed the of recovery projects in Grenada’s housing sector. SRCA questionnaire, which was designed following » Identify opportunities for investments to support the SRCA framework structure (see Annex 3). When Grenada’s housing sector and institutions in over- stakeholders disagreed on the response to specific coming recovery capacity gaps, weaknesses, and questions, the team in charge of the assessment mod- limitations (for example, policy reforms, institutional erated discussions, based on evidence whenever pos- restructuring, training, and investments), and priori- sible, until an agreement was reached. Additionally, tize interventions to be financed by the Government where the responses differed from the results of the as well as by bilateral and multilateral donors to im- desk review, the team posed additional questions to prove the sector’s capacity to prepare for recovery. identify the reasons for the mismatch. For the analysis of the collected information, the SRCA 1.4 Assessment Methodology methodology uses semi-quantitative approaches that enable the translation of qualitative and value The SRCA methodology was designed to evaluate the judgments into numerical values within established conditions and extent to which existing national and ranges. These approaches include a scoring system sectoral capacity enable timely, effective, and coor- that assigns quantitative values to the qualitative dinated gender-informed and disability-inclusive cli- information collected for each of the questions in the mate-resilient disaster recovery in the framework of SRCA questionnaire, including the narrative responses national DRM policy. Specifically, the SRCA assesses that stakeholders provide during consultations (Table the conditions under which recovery considerations 1), and the Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) calculated have been integrated into sectoral policies, plans, insti- from the scores assigned to the responses. Resulting tutions, and administrative, financial, and operative RCI values describe the extent to which the consider- processes, as well as the extent of the integration. ations necessary for effective recovery are taken into account and integrated by the sector as part of stan- Assessment Framework: The SRCA framework con- dard sectoral processes and operationalization of the sists of three main and interrelated components, country’s DRM policies. namely, (i) Governance, (ii) Competencies, and (iii) Resources and Tools. Each of these components includes a series of complementary areas covered under the component, referred to as key elements. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Introduction FIGURE 3 5 The SRCA framework structure. C1, C2, and C3 are the main and inter-related components of the assessment, each consisting of a set of key elements (KE) and their respective sub elements (SE). The information required for the analysis of components, key elements, and sub el- ements is provided by answers to a set of questions per sub element (Q) included in the SRCA assessment questionnaire. The yellow and purple circles represent crosscutting issues. The triangles indicate the relational cascade among the dif- ferent levels of the structure and the dotted circle denotes the interconnectedness of the three main capacity components. Q1, Q2, …, Qn SE1, SE2,…, SEn KE1, KE2, …, KEn r nde lity C1. Governance Ge abi Dis RECOVERY nd C2 ols s a .C To urce n om KE KE pe En o …, 1, es te ,S SE KE 2, .R nc Qn 1, 2,… KE 2, ie C3 SE Q1 s …, …, SE 1, 2,… ,Q KE KE 2, 1, ,Q 2, ,S n SE …, En Q1 Qn TABLE 1 Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire. Score Type of response to the question Evidence 4 A qualified YES Minor problem / no No need for action or Yes Adequate problem measure 3 In progress Moderate problem Need for action and Partially Acceptable (> 75 percent completed) measure 2 In progress Major problem Need for action and Partially Scarce (> 50 percent completed) measure 1 Planned or started with Severe problem Immediate action and No Minimum minimum actions acute measure 0 A definitive NO Catastrophic problem Immediate action and No None acute measure Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 6 The RCI values obtained for each level of the assess- in need for urgent capacity building or other interven- ment are presented in spider charts and a traffic light tions—areas with absent or low level of integration of system categorizes RCI values. This provides a rapid factors enabling a timely, inclusive, and resilient recov- overview of the areas where recovery capacity is ery. Table 2 presents the traffic light system. strong —high level of integration of factors enabling a timely, inclusive, and resilient recovery— and of those TABLE 2 Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values. RCI value range Appreciation of the extent to which recovery considerations are integrated in the sector Low or absent Absent integration of recovery considerations across the sector due to specific limiting integration elements. Low level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value HIGH 0–24 of recovery integration for sectoral development. Basic or Incipient integration of recovery considerations takes place at different levels of the incipient sector. Some elements are under development, with a certain level of incidence to generate integration an institutional culture. There is a certain level of awareness and knowledge about the 25–49 importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development. CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS Moderated Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at the majority of levels integration in the sector. An institutional culture that supports and updates recovery factors and 50–74 includes them in sectoral planning processes is identified. A good level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development exists. Advanced Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at most levels in the sector, integration as it is part of sectoral strategic planning processes. Adaptation tools are available to 75– 89 enable the continuity of operations during contingencies, in a coordinated, practical, and documented way. There is also a high capacity to value the impact and contribution of recovery integration to the sector development, and to programmatic efficiency and efficacy. Full integration Integrating recovery considerations at all levels is a working principle, managed as part of LOW 90–100 the sector’s organizational culture. Tools and protocols for the continuous improvement of the sector’s performance and impact are available. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Introduction 02 01 7 The housing sector in Grenada Photo: htomas | istock.com 8 The last census carried out in Grenada in 2011 pro- The conditions of Grenada’s housing stock have vides some slightly outdated yet important evidence improved significantly, partly due to the rebuild- on the evolution of the housing sector in the country. ing process that came after Hurricane Ivan in 2004, In 2011, there were a total 36,111 households, indicat- when more durable materials such as concrete or ing an almost 8 percent increase over the 2001 house- bricks started to be utilized with more frequency for hold count of 33,477. The administrative divisions that outer wall construction. The proportion of households grew in terms of population were the parishes of Saint with timber as the main material for the outer wall George (situated outside the capital), Saint David, and decreased from 33 percent in 2008 to 25 percent in Saint Mark, while the other parishes and St. George’s 2018. In the same period, the proportion of houses all registered decreases in the number of households with concrete walls increased from 39 percent to 43 between 2001 and 2011. The area with the largest total percent. Nonetheless, while a greater proportion of number of households in 2011 was the parish of Saint dwellings has replaced the combination of wood or George (except in the main city of Saint. George’s) at plywood with concrete for more quality construction 34 percent, followed by the parish of Saint Andrew, materials, metal sheets are still prominently used for which was home to 23 percent of the population. Saint roof construction (World Bank 2021), as they are resil- Mark and the town of Saint. George’s accounted for ient, can be easily disassembled, and reused when the smallest portions, 4 and 3 percent respectively. In necessary. The use of different construction materials 2011, 86 percent of the dwellings consisted of separate is especially relevant because older and lower quality or detached houses, a decrease from 90.30 percent in buildings are the ones that suffer the greatest damage 2001, and in both 2011 and 2001 approximately 98 when impacted by adverse events. This is due to a mix percent of all dwellings were used solely for residential of factors including the lack of compliance with and purposes, while the few remaining were used for both lack of enforcement of resilient building codes, poor residential and business purposes (GoG 2011). roof-wall connections, the poor quality and non-re- silience nature of building materials, lack of ade- Provided that the figures may have changed consid- quate maintenance, and poor construction practices erably since the last census was taken, in 2011 only (Interamerican Development Bank 2021). 21 percent of households in Grenada indicated hav- ing home insurance. Residences in the town of St. In Grenada, the two public entities in charge of mat- George’s registered the highest share (39 percent), ters regarding housing, function under the Ministry followed by the rest of the parishes of Saint George, of Social Development and Housing and Community and Saint David, with 30 and 21 percent respectively. Empowerment (MSDHCE). These are the Housing The prevalence of home insurance in the remaining Authority of Grenada (HAG) and the Housing Unit of the parishes ranged from 12 percent in Saint Mark’s to 15 MSDHCE. The MSDHCE —through its Housing Unit— percent in St. Andrew’s. The census results showed is in charge of the development of policies and legal that merely 16 percent of the insured housing stock framework related to housing and the maintenance of was owned fully, as compared to 73 percent that were public housing; the HAG has a more practical role as financed with a mortgage. The content of the house- the primary source of quality affordable housing for holds was almost twice less likely to be insured, as the citizens of Grenada. Since its creation in 1981, the only 12 percent of all households confirmed that they HAG has been involved in the construction of houses had insured their personal belongings. The largest pro- and residential land sales throughout the country with portion of insured content was detected in the town its services including architectural drawing, home con- of St. George’s, with 25 percent. St. Mark’s parish had struction, home renovations and estimations, project the smallest share of contents insurance, with only 7 management, and the procurement of building per- percent (GoG 2011). mits and licenses (GoG 2022b and HAG 2022). SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in Grenada To improve the resilience of the housing sector in Low-Income Housing Project, a housing grant of 2000 9 the aftermath of Hurricane Ivan, the Housing Unit units. By 2020, the Chinese Government had built established a National House Repair Program, where another 647 units in five sites across the country under a series of criteria were set out for the provision of Phase 2 of the China-Aid Low-Income Housing Project, housing assistance to needy citizens in cases such as including 70 units in Saint Patrick, 150 units at Soubise, economic vulnerability, marginalization, natural disas- Saint Andrew, and 100 units in Dumfries, Carriacou. In ters, or disability (GoG 2022b). Under the Program, July 2021, 226 housing units were completed in Saint the GoG provided loans as well as manpower through David, which represented the biggest share of the volunteers of the housing brigades, although to date housing project. Just recently —in March 2022— an there is no available data for repairs and renovations additional 100 units in Beausejour were finalized under performed through the Program (Personal commu- the project (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s nication with staff of the MSDHCE, March 2022). Republic of China 2020 and Personal communication Additional GoG programs in housing have included with staff of the MSDHCE, March 2022). the Emergency Housing Response Program, designed to aid very dire cases of housing support needs; the In view of the growing demand for housing, a success- Materials Assistance Program, a politically driven ful approach to improving the availability, accessibil- initiative under which individuals receive subsidized ity to, and resilience of housing will require a hybrid building materials closer to elections; and the Housing strategy involving a combination of public and private Loan Program, which offered loans up to a maximum initiatives, government financing and programs, and of EC$ 20,000 (Personal communication with staff of continuous partnerships with multilateral as well as the MSDHCE, March 2022). bilateral donors, for housing solutions that are cost-ef- fective, compliant with building codes, and ensure Such initiatives are crucial in enhancing the resilience resilience against negative climate change impacts. of the sector, especially given that some data indicate that many households are in an increasingly vulnera- ble position relative to external shocks. For instance, 2.1 Disaster impacts in Grenada analysis of survey results on the proportion of families who own their dwellings shows that there has been a Grenada currently designates 13 percent of its budget notable decrease between 2008 and 2018 —from 83 to climate resilience and disaster management (GoG percent to 78 percent— which is of concern, as evi- 2022a). The country is exposed to numerous natu- dence shows housing tenure reduces social vulner- ral hazards arising from both meteorological (high ability and contributes to disaster preparedness and wind, excess rainfall, and hurricanes) and geophysical recovery (for example, UN-Habitat 2019; Lee & Van events (earthquake, volcano, and tsunami). In 2017, Zandt 2019). Additionally, the same survey concluded Germanwatch’s Global Climate Risk Index placed that a relatively high number of people —34 percent Grenada in the top 2 percent for losses to climate-re- of the population— felt deprived in relation to housing lated natural disasters as a percent of GDP during and access to piped water —14 percent— and toilet 1997–2017, and in the top 5 percent of climate-re- facilities —30 percent—, while 13 percent said they lated disaster fatalities, out of a total 182 countries lived in overcrowded conditions (World Bank 2021). (Eckstein et al. 2017). Recurrent events have harmed the population’s socioeconomic well-being as well as Housing has become one of the most politically the country’s economic and fiscal stability. and socially charged development demands of the Grenadian population, especially since Hurricanes Ivan Located near the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, it is (2004) and Emily (2005). In the aftermath of these susceptible to destructive earthquakes that can lead two events, the GoG successfully negotiated with the to tsunamis (World Bank 2017). While earthquake People’s Republic of China Phase 1 of the China-Aid risk is considered moderate to low, and Grenada is The housing sector in Grenada SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 10 classified to be in seismic zone 2 under a 4-zone sys- to that, the government will experience direct damage tem, an eruption of Kick Em Jenny, located merely to its own assets amounting to about US$ 3.5 mil- eight kms north of the main island, has the potential lion (which is 0.3 percent of GDP). On average, once to produce a significant earthquake which can affect every 100 years, these costs are expected to exceed the country (GFDRR 2010). The volcano has erupted US$ 386 million, which is more than 35 percent of 14 times since 1939, with the last event being in 2017, Grenada’s GDP. That is, even without considering the and given its proximity to Grenada, a tsunami could threat posed by climate change, there is a 1 percent reach the country in less than five minutes after an epi- probability in any given year that a disaster will impose sode and threaten coastal life and property, depending direct and indirect losses exceeding 35 percent of GDP on the size of the wave generated (NADMA 2014). (IMF 2019). Due to the rugged nature of Grenada’s interior, lives and The damages and losses caused by hurricanes livelihoods are predominantly located along the coast. and floods —the most frequent hazards impacting Most of the population and assets are concentrated in Grenada— occur largely in the residential infrastruc- the country’s main city and capital, St. George’s —set ture and they mostly have to do with deficiencies in around a horseshoe-shaped harbor— which makes it the way roofs are constructed and connected to walls. highly prone to coastal and hydrometeorological haz- The damage to building roofs and their connection to ards. A single major event can provoke tremendous walls is the most widely reported type of building dam- losses to the building stock and the economy. age in the Caribbean and is the main reason for water and wind penetrating the buildings and soaking and In the last 40 years, several hurricanes have hit damaging furniture, equipment, and supplies inside. Grenada, causing highly significant physical and finan- There seems to be a correlation between the construc- cial damages. For instance, the impact of Hurricane tion materials used and the impact of climate events Ivan in 2004 amounted to over 200 percent of GDP, to housing infrastructure, as analyses showed that as it affected —through damage or destruction— 90 countries where residential buildings use more con- percent of the island’s building stock, including the crete as material for the outer walls and roofs are also housing stock, of which 30 percent required complete the ones that present the lower shares of damages replacement, and caused damages to an estimated and losses, showing the importance to comply with 80 percent of Grenada’s electricity distribution system, building codes, adopt solid construction practices, leaving three quarters of its residents without power and utilize resilient building materials (Interamerican (IMF 2019, NADMA 2014 and GoG, 2021). Heavy Development Bank 2021). and prolonged rainfall and storm surges can provoke flooding and landslides. Major rivers run through sev- eral towns and settlements in various parishes, and 2.2 Climate change impacts in Grenada the basins of the rivers flowing through St. John’s, St. Mark’s, Saint. George’s, and St. Patrick’s are areas It is anticipated that the Caribbean region, largely con- especially vulnerable to flood events, as are other low sisting of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), will lying coastal areas. Landslides are also a common be among the most severely impacted regions due feature along Grenada’s roads, particularly during the to changes in climate conditions. Most Caribbean wet season from June-November. nations are relatively small in size, with high concen- trations of human presence and infrastructure along Grenada’s annual average loss from wind-related the coast, and are located in areas which are already events and floods averages around US$ 20 million, highly prone to extreme weather events. Grenada is or 1.7 percent of GDP, out of which roughly US$ 12 no exception, and climate change has the potential to million represents the estimated replacement values result in serious human, financial, and environmental associated with direct, physical damage. In addition losses. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in Grenada Higher regional temperatures and uncertain precipita- 11 tion patterns are expected to produce more transitory and more severe phenomena during the wet season Climate change projections for while correspondingly intensifying the duration and Grenada* harshness of the dry season. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the » Temperature rise of 1.0°C to 3.5°C and sea level rise of 15 cm to 95 cm by 2100. consequences of climate change for the Caribbean will include an increase in average annual temperatures » A positive or negative variation of 5 per- cent to 20 percent in total precipitation by and sea surface temperatures, as well as an intensifica- the year 2100 may be considered. tion of the impacts from natural hazards, with extreme weather events becoming both more frequent and more » By 2100, 5 to 10 percent increase in the wind speeds of tropical storms for a Sea intense (IPCC 2022 and GoG 2017). Temperatures in Surface Temperature increase of 2.2 °C. Grenada have risen steadily over time, at an average rate of 0.14˚C every ten years, and it is projected that *Representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 en- the mean annual temperature will continue to increase semble. over the coming decades, irrespective of which climate Source: World Bank, 2020. scenario is adopted. It is also likely that there will be drier conditions overall, with protracted drought peri- ods, even if rainfall patterns are somewhat difficult de Wetering, J. 2021). Rising temperatures will addi- to detect due to the large inter-annual variability. Sea tionally impose a higher burden on the electrical grid surface temperatures however —particularly combined —already strained in most Caribbean nations— and with the threat of sea level rise (SLR)— are expected to force higher energy costs upon homeowners and ten- have major effects on Grenada’s coastal ecosystems, ants alike to cool properties from the heat (Clayton, J.; which form the basis of the tourist attraction, protect Devaney, S.; Sayce, S. and van de Wetering, J. 2021). Grenada’s coastal infrastructure and contribute to food Finally, home values will be shifting significantly security (GoG 2017). —decreasing or increasing— as some areas become more livable than others, with impacts on tax revenues Grenada’s main infrastructure and settlements are at both the local and national levels (Center for Climate located on or near the coast, including government, and Energy Solutions 2021). health, commercial, and transportation facilities. These areas already face pressure from natural phe- Figure 4 shows the areas affected by SLR under a high nomena (wind, waves, tides, and currents) and human climate change scenario (RCP 8.5). Other inundation activities (beach sand removal and inappropriate scenario maps for Grenada are presented in Annex 2. construction of shoreline structures). The impacts of climate change —SLR in particular,— intense rainfall events, storm surges, and associated flooding, will 2.3 Infrastructure exacerbate coastal erosion. SLR and storm surges represent the biggest climate change–related threats Communities located in low-lying coastal areas and to Grenada’s economy (Rozenberg et al.,2021). on slopes, are vulnerable to the impacts of multiple natural hazards, not only due to their exposure but The housing market will be impacted by climate also due to weak structural integrity of a large part of change in multiple ways. More frequent and severe the residential infrastructure. In Grenada, as in most events will make maintaining, repairing, and strength- other neighboring Caribbean countries, investments ening property resilience significantly more expensive, are needed to upgrade or retrofit the existing housing and cause home insurance premiums to increase con- stock. Currently, a higher proportion of poor house- sequently (Clayton, J.; Devaney, S.; Sayce, S. and van holds live in high-risk locations compared to non-poor The housing sector in Grenada SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 12 FIGURE 4.. Areas affected by sea level rise in Grenada by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) households. In 2018, 4.2 percent of poor households along coastal areas, to shield housing from destruc- were living close to the sea (for example, less than tive impacts. Similarly, purpose-built warehouses and 10m), and 3.2 percent were living next to a river, com- a logistics system for emergency relief supplies are pared to 3.3 and 3.7 percent of non-poor households, lacking. These issues were reiterated multiple times respectively (World Bank 2021). Furthermore, isolation during a recent consultation with representatives of due to natural hazard disruptions was shown to be a the MSDHCE (Personal communication with staff higher concern for poor than for non-poor households of the MSDHCE, March 2022). Grenada also needs (World Bank 2021). to increase its spending on infrastructure, includ- ing its budget for infrastructure maintenance, which In addition to the pressing necessity of improving currently reaches only about 0.2 percent of GDP, sig- the housing stock, parallel investments will have to nificantly lower than the estimated minimum annual also focus on DRM aspects, primarily on the con- requirement to maintain the integrity and functionality struction and retrofitting of protection infrastructure of infrastructure assets (GoG 2021). SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in Grenada 2.4 Gender and disaster risk management sectoral level a gender perspective is still lacking in 13 most DRM and climate change policies and program- In Grenada, the Division of Gender and Family Affairs matic plans. This partly stems from the fact that there (DGFA) is the agency in charge of coordinating and are significant gaps of information on the number mainstreaming gender across government agencies, of women in DRM- and climate change-related deci- policies, and programs. It falls under the Ministry sion-making processes, as well as in gender differen- of Social Development, Housing and Community tiated disaster impacts and gender data and analyses Empowerment (MSDHCE). Its key objectives are to that might assist in the design of social safety net pro- implement the Gender Equality Policy and Action Plan grams. There are also insufficient discussions on gen- (GEPAP) and provide technical assistance for gender der equality in policymaking, planning, and developing mainstreaming activities. One of the propositions con- programs related to water management, waste man- tained in the GEPAP is to achieve gender parity (50–50 agement, land management, renewable energy, clean male-female representation), or 40 percent of either transportation, and other environmental topics, and sex, at all levels of decision making in Grenada’s soci- an absence of awareness-raising campaigns about ety (DGFA 2019). While information about the number the importance of gender-sensitive budgeting (GFDRR of women in disaster and climate change manage- 2021). ment positions is absent, at the ministerial level Grenada has indeed achieved its goal of 40 percent A gender desk review recently carried out in the frame- women representation, as six out of the fifteen gov- work of the CRF underscored that all CRF members ernment ministries are headed by women, and both are experiencing insufficient institutional support, the MSDHCE and the DGFA are currently headed by limited financial resources, and human resource women (GFDRR 2021). constraints (GFDRR 2021). These factors negatively influence their national capacity to coordinate gender The GoG has recently intensified its efforts to integrate mainstreaming across governmental agencies, divi- gender considerations into DRM and climate change sions, and programs, and inhibit their capacity to raise resilience projects. The DGFA was actively involved in awareness about existing gender disparities, includ- consultations related to projects and proposals sub- ing in DRM and climate change activities. Moreover, mitted to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), whose gen- national gender divisions are not spread across their der policy requires inclusion of a gender perspective countries, hindering the provision of special services in climate change initiatives (DGFA 2019). One of the related to GBV, economic empowerment, and social key objectives of these consultations was to ensure protection (Caribbean Development Bank 2016). that all project proposals for the GCF reflect adequate gender analyses, gender action plans, and gender-re- Still, the same desk review emphasized that in sponsive monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Grenada, various women’s organizations and civil The GoG is currently also participating in the regional society organizations participate actively in national EnGenDER project, whose implementation is expected and regional discussions on gender equality, women’s to provide technical support for gender equality policy rights, child protection, support of people with disabili- mainstreaming to agencies responsible for the devel- ties, and the environment (GFDRR 2021). They include, opment and implementation of gender-responsive for example, the Grenada National Organisation and gender-inclusive national adaptation plans (NAPs) of Women (GNOW); the Legal Aid and Counselling and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (GFDRR Clinic; the Program for Adolescent Mothers; the 2021). Grenada Planned Parenthood Association; the Inter- Agency Group of Development Organisations; and While the DGFA has been making commendable the GrenCap which promotes LGBTI rights. Some of efforts to incorporate gender considerations into these organizations were able to influence DRM and Grenada’s national policies, it is noted that at the climate-change-related policy making. For instance, The housing sector in Grenada SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 14 the Inter-Agency Group of Development Organisations among females across all type, degree of difficulty, and the GNOW are identified as key stakeholders in the and age categories (GFDRR 2022). Agriculture Drought Management Plan (GoG 2019), and the GNOW also contributed to the development Over the next few decades, the Caribbean region will of the Aligned National Action Program for Grenada’s see an increase in its ageing population and therefore Commitment under the United Nations Convention to an increase in the proportion of the population living Combat Desertification and Drought (GoG 2015). with disabilities, as it is calculated that the 60 plus years-old cohort in the population will double over the next two decades (figure 5). Along with the worsening 2.5 Disability and disaster risk of physical, sensory, and mental conditions that lead management to disability, it is expected that there will be an associ- ated increase in chronic illnesses and diseases, which It is estimated that in every thousand people in can also be linked to the onset of disability. In Grenada, Grenada 178 have sight problems, 46 experience trou- like many other Caribbean countries, a decline in total ble with hearing, 114 with walking, 30 with communi- population figures is expected between 2040 and cating, 65 with remembering or concentrating, 31 with 2050, due to decreasing fertility rates and increasing their self-care, and 38 with their upper body mobility. outward migration (ECLAC 2008). Disability prevalence is considerably high for such a small country and is consistently reported to be higher FIGURE 5.. 2019 population pyramid providing a snapshot of how Grenada’s population is expected to age over time. Male Female 100+ 0.0% 0.0% 95-99 0.0% 0.0% 90-94 0.1% 0.2% 85-89 0.3% 0.5% 80-84 0.6% 0.8% 75-79 0.7% 1.0% 70-74 1.0% 1.0% 65-69 1.6% 1.6% 60-64 2.2% 2.2% 55-59 2.8% 2.7% 50-54 2.7% 2.6% 45-49 2.7% 2.5% 40-44 2.8% 2.7% 35-39 3.6% 3.7% 30-34 4.7% 4.7% 25-29 4.5% 4.4% 20-24 4.0% 3.8% 15-19 3.7% 3.5% 10-14 3.9% 3.7% 5-9 4.2% 4.0% 0-4 4.2% 4.1% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Source: PopulationPyramid.net SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in Grenada Grenada signed in July 2010 and ratified in August facilitating their full and meaningful inclusion in DRM 15 2014 the Convention on the Rights of Persons with processes, decisions, and actions that will impact Disabilities (CRPD), although it has not yet ratified or their safety and security during emergencies, and their acceded its optional protocol (United Nations 2006). ability to adapt and build resilience to the impacts of From the international agreements, treaties, and con- climate change. Therefore, Grenada is currently devel- ventions signed by Grenada, the CRPD is the most oping a policy for PwD, a process that was initiated in important for the protection of the rights of persons 2014 and revisited in 2019 (GFDRR 2022). Currently with disabilities (PwD) including the right to dignity, though, there are no constitutional provisions or any liberty, security of a person on an equal basis with national disability legislation making direct mention of others, and to be free from torture and from cruel the rights of PwD in the event of disasters or impacts inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. related to climate change. There is no legislation, The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction policy, or administrative and operational framework 2015–2030 (UNDRR 2015), the 2030 Agenda for on disaster management that contain provisions Sustainable Development (United Nations 2015c) and for the inclusion of people with disabilities, and the the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015 Emergency Powers Act of 1987 makes no direct ref- (United Nations 2015b), as well as the Paris Agreement erence to PwD specifically, or to vulnerable and disad- of 2015 of the United Nations Framework Convention vantaged persons generally (GFDRR 2022). Grenada’s for Climate Change (UNFCCC) (United Nations 2015a) national disaster risk management framework is being are other important international instruments recog- developed following CDEMA’s guidance and support2. nizing the rights of PwD of which Grenada is a party. CDEMA is working towards more explicit and greater inclusion at both policy and operational levels. Several Caribbean regional agreements also promote the rights and dignity of PwD and support their inclu- In Grenada, building accessibility provisions are gen- sion and participation in society and DRM. Grenada fur- erally based on international standards that are pre- ther established its commitment to the rights of PwD scribed in the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean through ratification of the Inter-American Convention States (OECS) building code, specifically Annex F. This on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination includes accessibility features such as ramps, hand against Persons with Disabilities of 1999 (United and guard rails, clear access and egress, doorway Nations 1999), the Kingston Accord of 2004 (Caribbean width and openings specifications, the placement of Community 2004), and more recently, the Declaration internal fittings, accessible toilets and washrooms, of Pétion Ville of 2013 (Caribbean Community 2013), lighting, tactile floor, and pavement markers. The which was signed by all 15 members of the Caribbean Grenada National Council of the Disabled (GNCD) pro- Community (CARICOM) to reiterate their commit- actively provides new public building developers and ments to implement the Convention on the Rights of builders copies of the OECS building code’s Appendix Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). F accessibility provisions. These provisions are most often applied when requested, particularly for those At the national level, the entities in charge of delin- that may be used as places of refuge and shelter eating policies for PwD are the Ministry of Social in times of disaster. The OECS codes also include Development, Housing and Community Empowerment specifications for walkways and footpaths that will and the Ministry of Health, Social Security, and ensure safe and accessible transit routes for per- International Business. State parties to the CRPD have sons with a range of physical and sensory disabilities. acknowledged and agreed to support and promote the These requirements appear to be followed less often. fundamental rights of PwD in all societal contexts, by Private dwellings are poorly supported with building 2 CDEMA has been responsible for developing and supporting the implementation of the CDM 2014–2024, which provides a strategic and consistent approach to DRM that focuses on mainstreaming CDM in key sectors across society and building disaster resilience. The housing sector in Grenada SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 16 regulations and persons with disabilities requiring the Many other actions can support PWD inclusion in greatest assistance with accessibility and living con- DRM. For example, the blind and visually impaired ditions within their own homes, particularly in times will, in varying degrees, experience difficulty while of disaster, when immediate assistance may not be trying to access warnings and information in written available. For example, people who depend on wheel- language formats. For them, alerting devices such as chairs or have very limited mobility, and the severely sirens, alarms, radio broadcasts, and sound or voice vision impaired may become trapped in their own messages are generally more accessible. Large print homes if roads and footpaths are impassable, or they documents and a range of accessible communication may not be able to reach evacuation centers if there is technologies that can be used on smart devices —if no appropriate transport. People who experience hear- available and affordable— may also be useful. Tactile ing difficulties may miss essential warning messages. paving, tactile signage, large print signage for direc- tions, audible traffic signals and large electronic light Universal Design principles that support universal signage along roadways may need to be provided to access are supported by the World Bank and other support independent travel, and accommodation in UN and international organizations as a base stan- evacuation centers.  Profoundly deaf and hearing-im- dard. When applied to the design and construction paired people depend to some extent on non-verbal of buildings and infrastructure they will enable unim- communication. Access to emergency notification peded access for people of all ages and abilities in systems such as televised and radio broadcasts, sta- different situations and under various circumstances. tionary and mobile sirens, public address systems, and Something that’s universally designed will work for all alarms may be limited, and they may need to be alerted those who are considered to be able-bodied as well ahead of an incoming televised message. Information as people who struggle with: upper body movement, can then be accessed via speech-to-text technolo- strength, and/or sensation; lower body movement, gies that are available and can be used through com- strength, and/or sensation; balance; vision; hearing; patible electronic devices and software, or with Sign cognition and memory; activity tolerances; speech Language translations. People with a physical disabil- and/or communication; chemical sensitivities; sen- ity that limits mobility are likely to encounter difficulties sory tolerance; needs for caregiver assistance; and while traveling to evacuation centers and while trying extremes in height and weight (Universal Design to access the facilities there. They will require fit-for- Project 2022). purpose vehicles, such as those equipped with wheel- chair lifts and wide door access. Access to evacuation Universal Design standards should be applied and centers can also present difficulties. The design fea- Grenada’s building codes enforced (United Nations tures of buildings that are designated as evacuation or 2020) while planning support for Grenada’s diverse assembly centers should be accessible to people with community of persons with disabilities, in managing diverse abilities and accommodate a wide range of their disaster risk in the preparedness and response individual abilities and preferences for accessibility3. phases, when the buildings and transport vehicles are being retrofitted and transport routes established, and during recovery-,when physical infrastructure is restored using Building Back Better (BBB) approaches so as to build future resilience. This is particularly important for planning responses to catastrophic events that may include evacuation and recovery pro- cesses (GFDRR 2022). 3 Accessibility features are a component of the Universal Design that, ideally, should be included in all national building standards. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in Grenada 01 03 17 The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Grenada Photo: htomas | istock.com 18 In Grenada, the National Disaster Management followed the process presented in figure 6. It started Agency (NADMA) bears the institutional responsibility with a briefing to the NADMA and the Housing Unit on for disaster management. At the national and sectoral the methodology and a desktop review. The Housing levels, NADMA works closely with and supports the Unit of the MSDHCE completed the assessment ques- work of ministries, line agencies, and other actors in tionnaire and coordinated a consultation, involving the risk management. This SRCA has been implemented HAG and other stakeholders, to confirm, complement, under the leadership of the Housing Unit at the Ministry and discuss the responses provided on the question- of Social Development, Housing and Community naire. The information collected was analyzed and Development, and NADMA. The implementation results were presented and validated. FIGURE 6.. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR RESILIENT RECOVERY Governance Competencies Resources and Tools COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF DATA AND ANALYSIS RESULTS FRAMEWORK INFORMATION Desktop review Data analysis Analysis of Gaps Technical Assistance and constraints Assessment Results Country resources questionnaire visualization Identification of solutions and recommendations Semi-structured Identification of Other investments interviews and constraints stakeholder Reporting consultations Data verification Gaps identification Results validation The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR implementation process in Grenada 01 04 19 Results Overview Photo: Christopher Klontz | istock.com 20 4.1 General Findings MSDHCE National Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Management Plan for Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite The analyses conducted assessed the capacity of Martinique. Despite reiterated calls for a more compre- Grenada’s housing sector to implement resilient and hensive approach to DRM, policies, laws, and regula- inclusive projects in a timely, efficient, and effective tions in Grenada remain focused on response and relief. manner as basic or incipient, with a sector-level RCI Recovery —as a main phase of the disaster man- of 42 (figure 7). The implementation of recovery proj- agement cycle— is yet to be better understood and ects is limited by an incipient integration of recovery integrated into Grenada’s DRM processes, in general, considerations into national and sectoral governance particularly into the MSDHCE processes. frameworks (RCI of 46), specifically into national and sectoral policy and legislation, by the resources and The assessment found that the MSDHCE does not tools (RCI of 43) and by the competencies, operational have the mandate or capacity to design and implement capacity, and skills available (RCI of 41), particularly, the full management cycle of recovery projects, as it in the knowledge and skills available within the sector lacks the necessary personnel, knowledge, skills, and for planning and implementing recovery projects (RCI tools. Post-Disaster Needs Assessments (PDNAs) are of 34). undertaken by the Ministry responsible for infrastruc- ture and recovery priorities determined by the Ministry The above findings are supported by the analysis of of Finance and funded by donors according to their results at the key element level (figure 8), which con- own interests. However, findings and lessons learned firm the need for building sectoral recovery capacity from PDNA- and other DRM-related processes are not in all areas assessed. It should be noted that while clearly communicated within the sector. National enter- this more in-depth analysis suggests that a mod- prises working in housing construction lack sufficient erate capacity exists at the level of strategies and tools, knowledge, experience, and mentoring to ensure plans available for recovery in the sector (RCI of 53), the BBB approach is applied during reconstruction this capacity is yet to be realized as it depends on the interventions and much remains to be done to ensure finalization, approval, and operationalization of the enforcement in the application of building codes. FIGURE 7 Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operation- al capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Sector RCI: 42 Low or absent (0-24) 1. Governance Basic or 100 Recovery Capacity Index incipent (25-49) 80 60 46 Moderate (50–74) 40 20 Advanced (75–89) 0 32 43 Full (90-100) 3. Resources 2. Competencies and Tools (operational capacity and skills) SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview FIGURE 8 21 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suit- ability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project port- folio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3: Component 1: Resources and tools 1.1. Policies and Legal Governance Low or Framework absent 100 (0–24) 3.5. Project 1.2. Strategies and Plans Implementation 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipent 60 (25–49) 44 1.3. Institutions and 3.4. Financing 45 40 53 Coordination Moderate 43 20 47 (50–74) 0 3.3. Resilient recovery 38 33 2.1. Workforce Advanced project design (75–89) 48 32 28 35 Full 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge (90-100) portfolio planning and skills) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human resurces, and risk information Profile suitability Component 2: Competencies Strengthening the capacity of the MSDHCE to acquire, » Increase general DRM knowledge and basic DRM sustain, and transfer to other actors in the housing implementation capacity, with a focus on gender- sector gender- and disability-inclusive DRM and recov- and disability-inclusive recovery frameworks across ery knowledge and skills is crucial. It is also necessary key public and private actors in the housing sector. to enable a significant increase in the number of staff This can facilitate the coordination and execution of working in NADMA and the housing institutions under recovery planning before a catastrophic event and the MSDHCE (RCI of 33) and to build national exper- enable better communication on the topic within tise in DRM, as professionals are sought to assist the the sector and across government agencies. MSDHCE with DRM functions, but not easily found » Strengthen and streamline strategic planning pro- in Grenada (RCI of 28). This, along with an improve- cesses for recovery in the housing sector, including ment in the quality, availability, and access to and use ex-ante definition of institutional arrangements for of relevant natural hazard data and risk information, the development, coordination, and implementa- can contribute to enabling public and private actors in tion of inclusive recovery strategies and plans. the sector to adopt a risk-based approach to project » Strengthen the generation, recording, and manage- design and implementation, and build the foundations ment of hazard data and risk information, and its for effective DRM and recovery integration, coordina- use in the design of resilient and inclusive recovery tion, and action. projects. » Improve and more widely disseminate informa- In general, capacity building interventions are required tion on funding sources, opportunities, and access to: mechanisms for recovery in the sector. Information Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 22 should be shared using a range of communication assessed as basic, with an RCI of 46 (figure 9). The platforms and networks utilizing accessible com- country has a clear DRM governance structure, where munication technologies, with a deliberate focus sectoral government agencies, the private sector, and on reaching women, people with disabilities, and civil society are well represented. However currently other excluded groups. Grenada lacks a national DRM policy and a policy to » Strengthen gender- and disability-inclusive DRM guide the development of the social sector, includ- and climate change integration in project de- ing housing. National and sectoral DRM strategies, sign, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation plans, and protocols exist although these are often through early engagement and working in partner- outdated and are primarily focused on emergency ship with gender specialists, people with disabili- preparedness and response (RCI of 53). In the after- ties, or their agents. math of Hurricane Ivan Grenada established tem- » Enable MSDHCE staff to actively represent the porary plans and institutions to support recovery. housing sector in PDNA processes. However, only recently recovery has started to resur- face in national development strategic and planning The following sections offer a more detailed analysis processes, including in the NSDP 2020-2035 and, in of the results obtained for each of the components a broad sense, in the Disaster Resilience Strategy of assessed. Key recommendations, are provided in Section 2021. The early stages of recovery are also included 5 and more detailed recommendations, including capac- in a comprehensive multi-hazard disaster emergency ity building interventions, can be found in Annex 1. management plan prepared by the MSDHCE that is yet to be approved and operationalized. Institutional roles in national DRM, including for coordination, have been 4.2 Findings for Governance established. However, intersectoral collaboration and coordination at the level of the housing sector requires At the level of governance, the capacity and enabling improvement (RCI of 47). factors for recovery in the housing sector were FIGURE 9 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 1 Low or Governance RCI: 46 absent 1.1. Policies and (0-24) Legal Framework Basic or 100 Recovery Capacity Index incipent (25-49) 80 60 Moderate 44 (50–74) 40 20 Advanced (75–89) 0 47 Full 53 (90-100) 1.3. Institutions 1.2. Strategies and and Coordination Plans SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview The results obtained at the sub-element level support a National Disaster Management Advisory Council 23 these findings (figure 10) and highlight that Grenada (NADMAC), with policy and strategic responsibili- has a moderate capacity to integrate necessary DRM ties for DRM, where various ministries, the police, and recovery considerations into national policy (RCI the transportation sector, public utilities, relief of 50); to apply the BBB approach and building codes in agencies, community organizations, churches, and recovery (RCI of 63 and 50, respectively). The capacity the private sector are represented and operate un- of institutions to lead recovery operations in housing der the general direction of Grenada’s Prime Minis- was also found to be moderate (RCI of 56). All other ter. NADMA is the national DRM coordinating body. governance sub elements ranked as basic or incipient. The DRM system operates through 15 National Committees chaired by Permanent Secretaries and Important findings from the Policy and Legal Framework Heads of Departments, which ensure that requisite and other governance key elements include: emergency preparedness measures are instituted. Seventeen District Disaster Management Com- » In the absence of a national disaster policy, the Na- mittees link national directions with communities. tional Disaster Plan of 2005 has been the most im- Each District Disaster Management Committee is portant, among the strategic planning documents chaired by a volunteer District Coordinator. NADMA elaborated in the past two decades, to provide DRM is responsible for emergency management, devel- guidance in the country. This plan establishes insti- opment of national disaster plans, and coordination tutional roles and mandates in the national disas- of any international assistance. The NADMA Sec- ter management system. This system consists of retariat executes the day-to-day program manage- FIGURE 10 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. 1.3 Institutions and 1.1 Policies and Legal Coordination Framework Low or 1.1.1. Policies absent 1.3.4. Gender and disability 100 (0–24) 1.1.2. Legal Framework coordination mechanisms 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index 1.3.3. Building codes and 1.1.3. Foundations for incipent 60 50 regulation compliance recovery (25–49) 38 40 41 50 Moderate 20 38 1.1.4. Mainstreaming (50–74) 1.3.2. Coordination 42 0 48 DRM&CCA 41 Advanced 56 (75–89) 38 46 1.1.5. Gender and disability 1.3.1. Institutions inclusion in policy 58 Full 63 1.1.6. Building codes and (90-100) 1.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in planning regulation mechanisms 1.2.2. Build Back Better 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans 1.2 Strategies and Plans Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 24 ment NADMA Secretariat while the National Com- and SOPs. However, this plan still needs to be ap- mittees are responsible for operational functions. proved and operationalized. NADMA also seeks to improve the capacity of the » Grenada follows the OECD Building codes, and population of Grenada to prepare for, respond to, compliance with building codes is a requirement and recover from disasters. for the financing of housing projects. However, the » There is no comprehensive DRM legislation in GoG has no effective mechanisms in place, or bud- Grenada. However, the Disaster Management Bill get for monitoring the application of the codes be- (2022), approved by the House of Representatives yond project design. on May 10, 2022, and soon to be submitted for » There is no single institution in the country that is of- approval by the Senate and the Governor-General, ficially charged with the responsibility of leading re- offers a clear legislative basis to support the func- covery operations in the housing sector beyond the tions of the entities and actors involved in DRM. initial stage of recovery after a major disaster. The » Grenada lacks a national policy for the housing role of the MSDHCE, its Housing Unit. and the HAG sector and a national policy for urban development. is limited to restoring their services, ensuring that However, the NSDP (2020-2035) acknowledges the emergency housing interventions are implemented urgent need for the formulation of a national cli- in adherence to building codes, and providing ad- mate-smart housing policy and strategy, along with vice on priority housing interventions. The HAG also a supporting legislative and regulatory framework. participates in the National Disaster Committee on The Plan also calls for the systematic integration Public Utilities, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction, of climate-change considerations into housing de- along with the ministries and agencies responsible velopments and programs, the strict enforcement for public works, finance, physical planning, and port of building codes and standards with constant management, among others. In post-disaster situa- monitoring and review, the adoption of innovative tions this committee oversees the relocation of peo- technologies to expand access to affordable and ple and assets from high-risk areas and manages climate-smart houses, and the expansion of financ- buildings and infrastructure reconstruction efforts, ing options for housing. including the procurement of building supplies. It » Risk management in the housing sector is main- is also responsible for planning, coordinating, and ly guided by the provisions included in Grenada’s liaising with external assistance avenues for recon- Land Management Policy, which was developed struction and rehabilitation, if required. Improved between 2016 and 2018, through the revision and communication between the HAG and the Housing updating of the Draft Land Development Policy of Unit on DRM matters is required to strengthen the 1986 (revised in 1992). This document has been capacity of the sector’s agencies to plan long-term submitted to Cabinet and awaits approval and resilience and recovery interventions. adoption. » Mainstreaming of gender and disability inclusion » The MSDHCE has prepared a draft National into development and DRM processes has pro- Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Management gressed over time. There is a draft of a National Plan, which is national in scope, addresses pre- Policy for Disability, and both gender and disabil- paredness, response, and early stages of recovery, ity are integrated into the National Sustainable and integrates gender and disability-differentiated Development Plan 2020-2035 (NSDP). The Grena- needs. This plan provides clear roles, responsibili- da National Council of the Disabled, the umbrella ties, and guidance on operational procedures to be NGO for disabilities in the country actively partic- applied at the social development sector level af- ipates in NADMA’s activities and trainings, while ter an emergency is declared. The plan also guides providing advice to national processes for PWD sub-sectoral agencies, in areas including housing, inclusion. Further, the upcoming MSDHCE Nation- gender, and disability, in the preparation of their al Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Management own multi-hazard emergency management plans Plan assigns the Division of Gender and Family SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview Affairs with functions to ensure that gender-differ- lative and regulatory framework —including recom- 25 entiated needs are considered in emergency and mendations on gender and disability— and priori- post-disaster situations. tizing appropriate retrofitting solutions to enhance resilience to the impact of multiple hazards. Opportunities identified for strengthening recovery capacity at the governance level include: 4.3 Findings for Competencies » Ensuring the integration of DRM, climate change, disability inclusion, and gender considerations in The capacity and skills existing in Grenada’s hous- the drafting process of the updated National Di- ing sector are basic and insufficient to design and saster Plan that NADMA will prepare. Grenada will implement resilient and inclusive recovery projects. greatly benefit from a clear definition of roles and This is indicated by the RCI of 32 obtained for the responsibilities for DRM in the Plan, particularly for Competencies component (figure 11), which indicates the coordination of recovery in the housing sector, that institutional limitations affect the effective consid- and beyond the initial stages of recovery. eration and integration of DRM and recovery in relevant » Completing the approval process for the Disaster sectoral processes. Major limitations were identified Management Bill. at the level of the three key elements included in this » Approving and initiating the implementation of the component: workforce (RCI of 33), knowledge and National Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Man- skills (RCI of 32), and human resources (RCI of 28). agement Plan drafted by the MSDHCE. Strong col- laboration between the Housing Unit, the HAG and The results at the level of sub elements support these NADMA is recommended for the creation of a plan- findings (figure 12) and clearly highlight capacity lim- ning framework and SOPs for DRM and recovery in itations that exist both in sectoral government insti- housing as part of the implementation of this Plan. tutions and private enterprises for all competencies » Formulating a National Climate-Smart Housing addressed by the assessment. In general, the level of Policy and Strategy, supported by a relevant legis- DRM knowledge in the housing sector is low and there FIGURE 11.. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 2 Low or Competencies RCI: 32 absent 2.1. Workforce (0-24) 100 Basic or 80 Recovery Capacity Index incipient (25-49) 60 40 33 Moderate (50–74) 20 0 Advanced 28 (75–89) 32 2.3. Human 2.2. Capacity Full Resources (HR), (knowledge and (90-100) Profile suitability skills) Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 26 FIGURE 12 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 2.3 Human Key element 2.1 Workforce Resources (HR, Profile Low or suitability) 2.1.1. Workforce absent 100 (0–24) 2.3.1. Human 80 Basic or Resources, profile Recovery Capacity Index 2.1.2. Gender incipient suitability 60 (25–49) 40 28 Moderate 28 38 (50–74) 20 0 33 44 Advanced 2.2.3. Proven (75–89) 2.1.3. Private sector capacities 25 38 Full (90-100) 2.2.2. Training 2.2.1. Skills activities Key element 2.2 Capacity (knowledge and skills) is an insufficient number of permanent staff trained » There is only one contractual staff member of the in DRM, including in recovery (Workforce RCI of 28), MSDHCE working at the Housing Unit. Therefore, and gender and disability inclusion (Gender RCI of 38). the knowledge, experience, and time and effort re- There is practically no staff with the required knowl- quired to identify, plan, design, implement, and over- edge of DRM methods and tools and with the exper- see resilient recovery projects in the unit is highly tise to implement resilient recovery projects (Skills limited. To overcome this situation the MSDHCE re- RCI of 25); and insufficient staff with adequate tech- cently opened a position for DRM support. The posi- nical capacity for the implementation of Project Cycle tion remains open as a candidate with the required Management (PCM) activities, including M&E, budget- profile has not yet been found. Staff limitations also ing and financing tasks, as well as for the elaboration affect the other two government agencies involved of quality Terms of Reference (ToRs) for recovery in housing and NADMA. The Disaster Resilience projects, the use of hazard maps, and the elaboration Strategy (2022) identified that whilst NADMA needs of recovery plans (Proven capacities RCI of 33). Both at least 11 people to run its operations, it currently training and recruitment in these areas are urgently only has 6 permanent staff and 2 interns. with clear needed, along with mechanisms to ensure long-term implications on Grenada’s capacity to prepare for, DRM and recovery knowledge sustainability, and respond to, and recover from disasters. transfer within the sector. » Project officers trained in project management, gender mainstreaming, disability inclusion, and cli- The assessment of competencies indicates the mate resilience work for the GoG. However, besides following: gender, these competencies do not reside within the MSDHCE, and although they can be called upon SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview when required, the capacity of the housing sector ing in the aftermath of disasters— and the opportu- 27 is limited when it comes to systematically applying nities for acquiring the necessary skills and knowl- knowledge and skills in these areas in day-to-day edge are infrequent and, in most cases, targeted to operations and decisions. sectors different from housing. Building capacity » Project Cycle Management (PCM) skills and knowl- in planning and implementing BBB interventions is edge are weak across government agencies in Gre- necessary for homeowners and national business- nada, including the agencies involved in the hous- es that play a major role in housing construction, ing and infrastructure development. Despite some retrofitting, and reconstruction. relevant training offered by international agencies in the past, PCM processes are not yet institution- Opportunities to build the necessary knowledge and alized. Staff shortages and weak PCM knowledge skills for resilient recovery in Grenada’s housing sector and skills contribute to weak project preparation include the following: and implementation in the country and represent major challenges to the design and implementa- » Support the establishment and operationalization tion of resilient recovery projects. of the Sustainable Development Institute (SDI) of » General and specialized knowledge and skills in DRM Grenada, a stand-alone agency with the mandate —especially in recovery— are needed both in private to coordinate the implementation of Grenada’s enterprises and government institutions associated NSDP. The SDI provides technical support for the with the housing sector. Specific areas where capac- design and preparation of the Medium-Term Action ity-building interventions are required include: Plans (MATPs) and serves as the national coordi- > Damage assessment and need analysis. nating entity for SDG implementation in Grenada. > Geographic Information Systems (GIS), model- Ensuring SDI staff is equipped with the necessary ling, and scenario planning. skills for mainstreaming resilient and inclusive DRM > Hazard and risk map use. and recovery is crucial as this agency is expected > PDNA and recovery planning. to support line ministries and departments in the > Recovery project formulation based on PDNA preparation of sectoral strategies and plans, and results. will review policies, plans, programs, and projects > BBB and resilient infrastructure. Whilst BBB is across the Government to ensure that they are in being promoted and advocated for, operational line with the NSDP. SDI will also facilitate capacity information —including guidelines— are lacking. building —including in M&E— to strengthen national Sectoral stakeholders recognize their need for institutional performance. this information, particularly for training and » Include and re-evaluate the implementation of skills building in the construction of resilient capacity-building interventions on PCM, DRM, cli- roofs and foundations. mate resilience, and gender- and disability- inclu- » Building capacity of government agencies on DRM sion mainstreaming for all government agencies and recovery has not been implemented as part of in each of the Medium-Term Action Plans (MTAPs) the housing sector development agenda. Public re- that will be prepared as part of the implementation cruitment protocols, such as ToRs, do not include of the NSDP. knowledge on DRM, gender, or disability inclusion, » Include specific capacity building interventions for which limits the likelihood of improving competen- DRM and resilient housing and infrastructure con- cies required for recovery in a sustained manner. struction and maintenance in the Climate-Smart In addition, work opportunities abroad attract qual- Housing Policy and Strategy that will be prepared ified individuals and contribute to human resource as part of the NSDP implementation. shortages for resilient recovery. » Establish project management, GIS, and climate-re- » Grenada lacks a training or mentoring program on silient housing and infrastructure programs in the the BBB approach —necessary for resilience build- Certified skills training centers that will be estab- Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 28 lished as part of the NSDP implementation to train 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools secondary and post-secondary level students in creative arts, technology, and engineering disci- The resources and tools available for resilient recovery plines to meet the demands of emerging industries. in Grenada’s housing sector are assessed as basic or » Integrate DRM, gender, and disability inclusion– incipient, with an RCI of 43 (figure 13). The systematic considerations into all of Grenada’s National Train- consideration of risks in the management processes ing Agency (NTA) programs and ensure their train- of the housing sector and other sectors in Grenada ing on Construction, Engineering, and Maintenance is limited by the availability, generation of, access to, include lessons on the BBB approach. and use of natural hazard and risk information (RCI of » Create and tailor DRM and project management 38), specifically of functional, up-to-date, and useful trainings for public servants to the needs of the information to plan, design, and implement risk-based housing and infrastructure sectors, while exploring projects and resilient investments, including recovery possibilities for continuous training delivered by na- interventions. This encompasses data and information tional academic institutions. that is of high quality and systematically collected or » Develop guidelines in the BBB approach to be fol- generated, at a frequency and scale that can be used lowed in all new housing projects and used in train- for housing projects and investments, including gen- ing and other capacity-building opportunities. der- and disability-disaggregated data. The analysis » Establish credentials for DRM, including recovery of RCI values at the sub element level support these skills, and offer or mandate training of all public results (figure 14), and also shows that the areas from sector officials, and of all private sector contractors where higher RCI values were obtained correspond and staff working on contract. mainly to those that relate to donor requirements (for » Encourage donors to support provision of technical example, M&E tools, with an RCI of 50) or to those for experts to cover knowledge gaps and constrained which agencies outside the MSDHCE are responsible workforce and to offer both technical and financial (for example, building codes, planning of recovery pri- assistance for capacity-building programs. orities, and access to recovery funding). FIGURE 13 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3 3.1. Natural Hazard Resources and Tools RCI: 43 Data and Risk Information Low or absent 100 (0–24) 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipient 60 (25–49) 36 3.5. Project 40 3.2. PDNA and Project Moderate Implementation Portfolio Planning (50–74) 45 20 48 0 Advanced (75–89) 38 43 Full (90-100) 3.4. Financing 3.3. Resilient recovery Project Design SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview FIGURE 14 29 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and man- agement, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 3.5 Key element 3.1 Natural Hazard Data and Risk Information Key element 3.2 Project implementation PDNA and Project Portfolio 3.1.1. Data collection and Planning management 3.5.4. M&E at project level 100 3.1.2. Use of risk information in the sector Low or 80 absent 3.5.3. Building codes 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms (0–24) 60 50 Basic or 3.2.2. Planning of recovery 40 33 38 Recovery Capacity Index 3.5.2. Project management 50 incipient 47 priorities (25–49) 50 20 54 3.2.3. Gender and disability Moderate 3.5.1. Resources 33 0 38 inclusion in PDNA (50–74) 25 25 38 50 3.3.1. Availabilities of BBB tools Advanced 3.4.3. Budget for recovery 38 (75–89) 46 44 3.4.2. Accessibility to recovery 3.3.2. Use of risk information funds for recovery Full (90-100) 3.4.1. Availability of sources 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations of funding in project design 3.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion in project design Key element 3.4 Key element 3.3 Financing Resilient Recovery Project Design Detailed findings of the assessment include the A comprehensive natural resource inventory and following: mapping is also lacking. » The collection and management of hazard and risk » Although natural hazard data and risk information data in Grenada does not follow a systematic ap- exist, it is incomplete and mostly outdated. The proach and this information is not accessible with- Draft National Land Policy of 2016 indicates that out requests nor is it used by all agencies involved the risk-mapping exercises completed in Grenada in the housing sector. Similarly, data on damage and include: a school construction risk assessment, a losses caused by disasters is recorded for large im- school landslide vulnerability assessment, a shelter pact events but not for low impact —but frequent— vulnerability assessment, and a coastal multi-haz- events (IMF 2019). The absence of an updated, ard analysis prepared for selected communities. digitized, and geolocated national cadastre, as well It also confirms that a national-level comprehen- as of an inventory of public assets, further reduces sive multi-hazard map has not yet been prepared the opportunity of making risk-informed decisions and that the country needs updated hazard maps, across the housing and infrastructure sectors. national topographic maps, as well as soils, infra- » A national data repository with online and public ac- structure, rainfall, and other base map elements. cess, and an associated knowledge management Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 30 system that screens for data quality is required, adopted its National Disaster Risk Financing Strate- along with awareness-raising efforts among GoG’s gy (DRFS) and its associated implementation plan. staff on the need to systematically use hazard-re- The DRFS seeks to build complementarity between lated information and mapping while making eco- several risk retention and risk transfer instruments, nomic decisions. and to provide adequate access to financial resourc- » Although housing has been the sector most affect- es in the event of a disaster. The DRFS is based on ed by high impact disasters, including Hurricane a risk- layering framework that covers incremental Ivan, the agencies involved in the housing sector risk and damage. It layers self-insurance in the form do not directly participate in PDNA processes, as, of a contingency fund; risk transfer mechanisms for this purpose, housing falls under the respon- such as coverage by the Catastrophe Risk Insur- sibility of the Ministry in charge of infrastructure. ance Facility (CCRIF), the World Bank’s CAT-DDO, Strengthening the coordination of the exchange of the hurricane clause for debt service, and private information acquired and lessons learned among sector insurance mechanisms. The implementation the agencies involved in PDNA elaboration and of the DRFS has rapidly advanced, however there is those in charge of housing is required. room for improvement in the coverage provided by » Investments are urgently needed to retrofit the layered system adopted (GoG 2021). sub-standard housing units and climate-proof » The adoption and offer of private property insurance critical infrastructure in Grenada, including infra- options need to be strengthened in Grenada. The structure assets that are essential for building re- country’s insurance sector is small and fragment- silience to climate and natural hazards in the hous- ed and lacks trust and confidence by homeowners. ing sector. Whilst the country has been increasing Only 20–40 percent of homeowners have insured its climate adaptation budget in recent years (1.8 their properties against windstorms and most peo- percent of GDP in 2019), preliminary estimates in- ple who have taken an insurance have done it to dicate that Grenada would need to allocate about 4 access their mortgages. They often only insure percent of its GDP as soon as possible for 15 years, the value of their loans and cancel the insurance to cover national adaptation priorities, including after the loan is repaid. Consequently, home insur- those related to climate-resilient infrastructure. ance settlements are often insufficient because This also includes the budget required to trans- properties were underinsured or because material form St. George’s into a climate-smart city, taking prices increased following a disaster. Low-income into consideration the projected SLR. The Disaster homeowners can access insurance from wind and Resilience Strategy (2021) lays out a general plan excess rain through the Livelihood Protection Pol- for funding these expenditures. However, given icy, a weather index-based insurance policy that staffing and capacity constraints, it suggests that provides timely cash payouts after major weather donors provide capacity support to their specific events. This insurance is available through cooper- projects to increase efficiency. Further it proposes ative banks, credit unions, and farmer associations, —as a strategic action— establishing criteria and among other local channels. systems for estimating maintenance and rehabili- » The MSDHCE does not have a budget line earmarked tation costs for public physical infrastructure. for recovery, or direct access to recovery funding. » Building codes exist and are integrated into the de- Sectoral public stakeholders state that accessing signs of new constructions, including public build- such funding is difficult and time-demanding and ings. However, their application enforcement at the they are not aware of international funding sources construction stage is weak and the codes are of- for recovery interventions in the housing sector. ten completely disregarded in small-scale housing » As the MSDHCE is not directly involved in large projects, particularly in informal private projects. recovery interventions, the housing institutions it » Grenada has made major efforts to improve its fi- hosts do not have a list of qualified contractors to nancial resilience to disasters. In 2019 the country undertake recovery operations. Further, the stake- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview holders interviewed for this assessment do not weaknesses, and would help guide the design of 31 consider that the GoG has the necessary equip- capacity-building interventions, including training, ment to implement large-scale reconstruction after tailored for the sector’s stakeholders. a major hazard event. » The Housing unit and the HAG use very simple Mi- crosoft Office tools for project management and 4.5 Findings for the Inclusion of Gender conduct M&E tasks on a project basis, using the and Disability in Recovery Processes M&E tools requested by donors. However, access to up-to-date hardware and software —including In general, the capacity of government agencies to basic computers— is often a limitation to the MS- integrate gender and disability considerations into the DHCE staff who work on housing. design and implementation of recovery projects is incipient. The needs of women, girls, men, boys, and The assessment identified the following opportunities PwD have been superficially included in the existing to strengthen the resources and tools available for DRM policy and legal framework, as shown by the RCI recovery in Grenada’s housing sector: of 43 and 63, respectively (figure 15). The MSDHCE has a gender specialist with multiple functions but no dis- » Use the opportunities presented by new develop- ability experts on a permanent basis, which limits the ment projects —funded by international donors— mainstreaming of disability inclusion into all operations, to build through technical assistance, national and including into strategic planning and project implemen- sectoral capacity to generate, manage, and use tation processes (RCI of 25). The level of resources and hazard and risk information. tools available for integrating gender considerations » Embed basic inclusive recovery and DRM elements into recovery processes was assessed as moderate (hazards, risk assessments, and measures) in all (RCI of 54) while existing resources and tools for dis- project management cycle protocols used in the ability inclusion in recovery are only basic (RCI of 38). sector. » Include sectoral DRM allocations in the budget Government and NGOs with gender and disability inclu- construction and planning processes of the coun- sion mandates are involved in DRM activities led and try and donors. coordinated by NADMA. However, this engagement is » Increase the visibility of recovery-financing options relatively weak and usually based on ad hoc aware- for the sector and build requisite capacity on ac- ness-training opportunities, and on participation in cess protocols and criteria. committees that are making DRM decisions —around » Integrate the BBB approach and the application of policy and operations— often late in the process. appropriate building codes as requirements in the planning and design of national and sectoral strat- Currently, gender needs and disability inclusion are egies, plans, and budgets, particularly those related not consistently integrated in the design and imple- to recovery. mentation of housing projects, although requirements » Strengthen PDNA data collection processes by —including those in building codes— exist. directly involving public institutions in charge of housing, and by establishing approved data man- agement standards and sharing protocols. » Conduct a nationwide exercise to test and evalu- ate the application of existing DRM and recovery protocols, with a specific focus on the housing sec- tor. This exercise would identify their strengths and Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 32 FIGURE 15 Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. a. Gender 1. Governance 100 80 60 40 43 20 Low or absent 0 (0-24) 42 Basic or 54 Recovery Capacity Index incipent 2. Competencies (25-49) 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Moderate (50–74) b. Disability inclusion 1. Governance Advanced 100 (75–89) 80 Full 60 63 (90-100) 40 20 0 25 38 2. Competencies 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Recommendations build and retain in-house capacity. At present, mini- mum knowledge of these issues is not included as A series of steps are needed to ensure that recovery a requirement in public recruitment processes. efforts are likely to be gender- and disability-inclusive. » Elaborating guidance for staff, and training in gen- These include: der and disability inclusion with a focus on DRM. » Collecting robust disaggregated gender and dis- » Developing explicit operational guidance in policy ability data and storing it in managed and accessi- and legal frameworks to ensure gender and disabil- ble databases. ity inclusion are systematically considered in DRM. » Enabling a more direct engagement of people with » Recruiting dedicated staff with the requisite skills disabilities or their representatives with the housing on gender and disability inclusion at NADMA, on sector in planning for recovery projects and BBB. disability inclusion at MSDHCE, and integrating these issues in HR protocols and processes to SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Results Overview FIGURE 16 33 Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of the key ele- ments assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3: Component 1: Resources and tools 1.1. Policies and Legal Governance Framework 100 Low or 3.5. Project absent implementation 1.2. Strategies and Plans 80 (0–24) 60 Basic or 50 1.3. Institutions and Recovery Capacity Index incipient 3.4. Financing 40 Coordination (25–49) 25 25 20 50 25 Moderate 0 (50–74) 44 25 3.3. Resilient recovery 2.1. Workforce project design 45 Advanced 25 25 (75–89) 75 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge Full portfolio planning and skills) (90-100) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human Resources, and risk information Profile suitability Component 2: Competencies Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 05 34 Recommendations Photo: Orietta Gaspari | istock.com The following points summarize the recommenda- to lower the risk of disruptions that affect Gre- 35 tions of this assessment, which are detailed in Annex nada. This involves implementing the Disaster 1. They are made with the objective of building and Resilience Strategy strategic actions pertaining strengthening the capacity of Grenada’s housing sec- to infrastructure, namely, ensuring that all crit- tor to prepare for the implementation of resilient and ical infrastructure projects in the national proj- inclusive recovery projects well before disasters strike. ect pipeline and the National Adaptation Plan The recommendations respond to the capacity needs are screened for climate resilience and ready for recovery identified in the SRCA, existing opportu- to finance by conducting the necessary studies, nities, and recommendations made by the consulted and creating an overall asset management and stakeholders, as well as by sectoral experts, gender maintenance process for infrastructure. and disability inclusion specialists, and World Bank > Encourage homeowners to retrofit their proper- experts. These recommendations principally target ties to resist major adverse events by creating central government ministries, the MSDHCE, NADMA, a technical assistance plan with a range of risk CDEMA, and donor agencies involved in DRM and reduction interventions, including for resilient resilience building processes in the country. roofing and foundations, and improved gutter- ing and drainage, and increasing septic tank vol- umes to compensate for flooding. Policy and strategic recommendations: b) Equipment, systems, and financial resources: » Integrate climate-resilient and inclusive recovery > Strengthen the generation, management, and considerations into the national and sectoral policy use of risk and recovery-relevant data and infor- framework by: the finalization and approval of the mation across sectors by: setting up a clearing- MSDHCE’s National Multi-Hazard Disaster Emer- house and data management unit, and a nation- gency Management Plan, as well as through the al data repository with online and public access; elaboration of the sub-sectoral multi-hazard emer- a national georeferenced digital cadastre, and gency management plans and SOPs it mandates; a national public assets inventory, as well as the elaboration of NADMA’s upcoming National by developing flood models for coastal areas Disaster Plan, and the formulation of the National under SLR; and integrating gender and disabil- Climate-Smart Housing Policy and Strategy. ity-inclusive DRM considerations in the upcom- » Accelerate the approval of the Draft National Land ing housing census. Policy and the Disaster Management Bill and elab- > Strengthen sectoral budgets for DRM and re- orate a national urban planning policy and strategy. covery by accelerating the operationalization of » Identify steps that need to be taken to enhance the DRFS and estimating and including a con- women’s participation in the housing and con- tingent annual recovery allocation in the MS- struction sector at all levels and identify their roles, DHCE’s budget. earnings, and skills, to mainstream women’s partic- > Ensure the necessary infrastructure, equipment, ipation in the sector. To that extent, a strategy with and tools are available for large-scale recovery accompanying incentive mechanisms, training pro- interventions through a capacity assessment grams, and alike, may need to be developed. of the adequacy of existing infrastructure and equipment across parastatal agencies. > Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- Physical investments: ments for homeowners by creating the condi- tions for private insurance companies to im- a) Infrastructure prove the offer and cost of property insurance > Reduce the vulnerability of critical infrastruc- options for increased adoption. ture to climate change and weather extremes Recommendations SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 36 > Create a plan to finance hardware and software » Build and sustain the required knowledge and skills updating and maintenance at the MSDHCE and for the implementation of resilient and inclusive re- NADMA to facilitate project management oper- covery projects in the housing sector through the ations. recruitment of specialized staff in areas specific to DRM and project management; the institutionaliza- tion of training in DRM, disaster cycle management, Capacity strengthening: recovery and gender analysis and integration; es- tablishing collaboration with academic institutions » Raise awareness, at the strategic and operational for the delivery of programs on project design and levels, of the added value of acquiring and sustaining management, gender and DRM, tailored to the DRM and inclusive recovery capacity for the devel- needs of the sector; and the improvement of public opment of all sectors, including housing. This can be recruitment protocols, among other measures. achieved through well-designed awareness-raising campaigns and events for public officers. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Recommendations 06 01 37 Conclusion Photo: Orietta Gaspari | istock.com 38 The analyses conducted in this assessment deter- and operationalized. Compliance with building codes is mined that the capacity of Grenada’s housing sector to a requirement for housing project financing, but there implement resilient and inclusive projects in a timely, are no effective mechanisms or budget for monitoring efficient, and effective manner is basic or incipient, their application beyond project design. There is also with a sector-level RCI of 42. The implementation of no single institution responsible for leading recov- recovery projects is limited by an only incipient integra- ery operations in the housing sector, and improved tion of recovery considerations into national and sec- communication between stakeholders is needed to toral governance frameworks (RCI of 46), specifically strengthen the capacity of sector agencies to plan for into national and sectoral policy and legislation, by the long-term resilience and recovery interventions. Gender resources and tools (RCI of 43) and by the compe- and disability inclusion have been mainstreamed into tencies, operational capacity, and skills available (RCI development and DRM processes, with the National of 41), particularly, in the knowledge and skills avail- Sustainable Development Plan 2020-2035 and the able within the sector for planning and implementing upcoming MSDHCE National Multi-Hazard Disaster recovery projects (RCI of 34). Emergency Management Plan assigning functions to ensure inclusion of these marginalized groups. This is a positive action, which leaves Grenada comparatively Governance better placed vs. many Caribbean neighbors. The findings underscored the need for concrete actions to build and sustain national and sectoral Competencies knowledge and skills to ensure that the country and sector can systematically integrate resilient recovery When it comes to competencies, the housing sector in considerations into their plans, programs, and projects Grenada faces significant gaps in capacity and knowl- in an effective and coordinated manner. Equally critical edge areas of disaster risk management (DRM) and is to update the existing natural hazard data and risk recovery, which hinder the country’s ability to prepare information, ensuring that it is easily accessible to all for, respond to, and recover from disasters. The limited housing actors in Grenada; to elaborate and operation- number of staff and weak Project Cycle Management alize a climate-smart housing policy inclusive of DRM (PCM) skills across government agencies contrib- and recovery considerations and responsive to differ- ute to weak project preparation and implementation. entiated gender and disability needs; to strengthen Specific areas for capacity building include damage inter-agency coordination mechanisms for the design, assessment, GIS, PDNA, and resilient infrastructure. implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of recov- The lack of DRM, gender, and disability inclusion ery project portfolios. knowledge in public recruitment protocols limits the likelihood of improving competencies required for Grenada lacks a national policy for the housing recovery in a sustained manner. Additionally, Grenada and urban development sectors, and the NSDP lacks a training or mentoring program on the BBB (2020-2035) acknowledges the need for a national approach necessary for resilience building after disas- climate-smart housing policy and strategy. Risk man- ters. Building capacity in planning and implementing agement in the housing sector is guided by the provi- BBB interventions is necessary for homeowners and sions in Grenada’s Land Management Policy, which is national businesses that play a significant role in still awaiting approval and adoption. The MSDHCE has housing construction, retrofitting, and reconstruction. drafted a National Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency Overall, there is a critical need to invest in building Management Plan integrating gender and disability capacity and improving knowledge in DRM and recov- differentiated needs, but it still needs to be approved ery within the housing sector in Grenada. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Conclusion Resources and tools access insurance through the Livelihood Protection 39 Policy. The MSDHCE faces challenges in accessing Finally, Grenada faces several challenges regarding recovery funding and implementing large-scale recon- the resources and tools used in managing natural struction after a major hazard event, and access to hazards and risks in the housing sector. While some up-to-date hardware and software is often a limitation risk-mapping exercises have been completed, they are for staff. To address these challenges, there is a need mostly outdated and incomplete, and the in-country for greater coordination between agencies involved collection and management of hazard and risk data in the housing sector and PDNA processes, and for is not systematic. There is a need for a national data donors to provide capacity support to specific projects repository with online and public access and an asso- to increase efficiency. Finally, the GoG staff need to be ciated knowledge management system that screens trained to systematically use hazard-related informa- for data quality. Housing is the sector most affected by tion and mapping while making economic decisions. high-impact disasters, and investments are urgently needed to retrofit sub-standard housing units and cli- This assessment calls for investments in resilient infra- mate-proof critical infrastructure. Building codes exist structure to reduce disaster risks in Grenada’s housing but are weakly enforced, particularly in informal private sector in the face of increasingly frequent extreme projects. Grenada has made major efforts to improve events and the impacts of climate change, including its financial resilience to disasters through its National rising sea levels. It is expected that the results and Disaster Risk Financing Strategy. In addition, the cov- recommendations made in this report will be taken erage provided by the layered system adopted by into consideration and implemented by national and Grenada offers room for improvement. The integration international agencies supporting Grenada’s efforts to and offer of private property insurance options need build resilience. to be strengthened, so low-income homeowners can Conclusion SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR References 40 Budlender, D. and Iyahen, I. (2019). Status of Wom- available at: https://www.germanwatch.org/en/ en and Men Report: Productive Employment and node/14987 Decent Work for All. UN Women. Online resource Economic Commission for Latin America and the available at: https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/ Caribbean. (2008). 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Online resource undp.org/sites/default/files/2020_statistical_an- available at: https://climateknowledgeportal. nex_table_5.xlsx worldbank.org/country/grenada United Nations Human Settlements Programme World Bank. (2017). Advancing Disaster Risk Fi- (UN-Habitat). (2019). Land Tenure and Climate nance in Grenada. Online resource available Vulnerability. Available at: https://unhabitat.org/ at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/han- sites/default/files/documents/2019-06/un-habi- dle/10986/33090   SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR References Annex 1. 43 Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Grenada’s Housing sector for resilient and inclusive recovery GOVERNANCE: Recommendations and potential actions to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the enabling » Facilitate the integration of climate resilience and gender- and disability-inclusive national and sectoral recovery considerations into the national and sectoral policy framework. Specifically: policy and regulatory » Finalize and approve the MSDHCE’s National Multi-Hazard Disaster Emergency environment for recovery Management Plan as well as through the elaboration of the sub-sectoral multi-hazard emergency management plans and SOPs it mandates (including for housing). » Accelerate the approval of the Draft National Land Policy and the Disaster Management Bill. » Elaborate a National policy for urban development that is risk-informed and builds resilience to natural hazards and climate change. Establish mechanisms that support the operationalization of recovery enabling policies. Specifically: » Revise and update the National Disaster Plan of 2005, including clear considerations for the entire recovery phase of the disaster management cycle, and for recovery in the housing sector, indicating roles and responsibilities for each of the agencies involved in housing development. » Establish clear communication channels for the sharing of PDNA findings and lessons learned between the agencies involved in PDNA preparation and those in charge of housing. Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 44 COMPETENCIES: Recommendations and potential actions to build the required competencies (knowledge and skills) required for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Raise awareness, at the » Develop awareness-raising campaigns that are gender- and disability-informed, strategic and operational including events and materials to highlight the risks associated with climate change levels, of the added on the housing sector and provide recommendations for impact reduction. To ensure value of acquiring and inclusion, the campaigns should be developed in consultation/partnership with PwD sustaining DRM and and facilitated to support their active participation. recovery capacity for the » Organize events for public officers on the importance of gender- and disability-inclusive sector’s development recovery as a mechanism to strengthen resilient development efforts, placing specific focus on the need to integrate recovery considerations in policies, strategies, plans, programs, and projects to reduce losses and damages from disaster events. Actively involve PwD or their representatives in these events. Build and sustain the » Institutionalize and implement training of sectoral staff in DRM, disaster cycle required knowledge management and recovery and gender analysis and integration, to ensure requisite and skills for the knowledge and skills are developed and sustained. implementation of » Create a recruitment plan to provide the agencies in charge of housing and NADMA resilient and inclusive with sufficient personnel to run their operations effectively. recovery projects in the » Recruit skilled staff specialized in areas specific to DRM, specifically, disaster cycle sector management and recovery and disability inclusion, to cover urgent gaps. » Include in public recruitment protocols specific requirements to ensure new staff can systematically and sustainably cover the limitations in knowledge and skills that affect the planning and execution of recovery projects. These should include basic experience on the use of DRM tools and methodologies and gender and disability analysis. » Create alliances with donor agencies and programs to cover urgent capacity gaps through direct technical assistance to the MSDHCE and NADMA, as well as to fund training programs for sectoral staff in the areas required and to support the institutionalization of DRM capacity building in the public sector. Donor funding could largely contribute to strengthening the capacity of the MSDHCE to facilitate the building of DRM capacity across private and public stakeholders involved in housing. » Create a facilitated, formal, and regular capacity building training program, on DRM and resilient recovery with the participation of housing sector stakeholders. » Train public and private staff working in the sector in requisite tasks for the implementation of resilient recovery projects. This includes training in: > GIS and remote sensing. > Hazard mapping. > Disaster preparedness, response, and recovery > BBB approaches, building codes, and other resilience norms. > Disability inclusion. > Gender analysis and integration. > Project Cycle Management (including M&E). > DRM and recovery communication and awareness raising skills. » Articulate existing capacity-building opportunities with sectoral needs by creating and/ or tailoring academic programs and other training opportunities to the sector. This may include: > Creating and tailoring resilient infrastructure and BBB trainings for local contractors working in housing construction in the Certified Skills training centers that will be established as part of the NSDP implementation. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 1 45 Recommendations Actions > Integrating DRM, gender, disability inclusion, and climate resilience into all of NTA’s programs. > Creating BBB approach implementation guidelines to be used and taught at the Construction and Engineering training delivered by NTA. » Encourage donors to support provision of technical experts to cover knowledge gaps and constrained workforce and to offer both technical and financial assistance for capacity building programs. » Establish credentials for DRM, including recovery skills, and offer or mandate training of all public sector officials, and of all private sector contractors and staff working on contract. » Support the creation of the and operationalization of the Sustainable Development Institute (SDI) of Grenada and its role as facilitator of capacity building across GoG agencies on issues to strengthen national institutional performance, including PCM (and M&E). » Include and re-evaluate the implementation of capacity-building interventions on PCM, DRM, climate resilience, and gender and disability inclusion mainstreaming for all government agencies in each of the NSDP’s Medium-Term Action Plans (MTAPs) RESOURCES AND TOOLS: Recommendations and potential actions to ensure the sector has the resources and tools required to undertake resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the generation, » Establish a clearinghouse and data management unit, and a national data repository management and use of with online and public access, and promote the generation and use of risk and hazard risk and recovery-relevant data and information in decision-making across government institutions. This includes data the generation of: > A hazardous events registry, including low intensity events. > updated hazard maps > Multi-hazard maps > National topographic maps > Soil maps » Create a natural resources inventory, a national public assets inventory and a geographic registry and an updated georeferenced, digital, and accessible cadastre. » Develop flood models for coastal areas under SLR scenarios to strengthen coastal zone management planning and decision-making, including risk-management decisions and actions for housing and infrastructure in coastal areas. Invest in protecting » Conduct the necessary studies to ensure that all critical infrastructure projects in the infrastructure from shocks national infrastructure projects pipeline are climate-resilient and ready to finance. » Create an overall asset management and maintenance process to ensure the long-term sustainability of infrastructure investments. » Identify sub-standard properties and properties at high risk of climate change and other hazards and encourage homeowners to retrofit assets by creating a technical assistance plan on a range of risk reduction interventions, including resilient roofing and foundations, improved guttering or drainage, and increasing septic tank volumes to compensate for flooding. Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 46 Recommendations Actions Ensure the necessary » Create and finance a plan for hardware purchase and software updating and equipment and tools are maintenance at the MSDHCE and NADMA. available for recovery project management Strengthen sectoral » Accelerate the operationalization of the DRFS and estimate and include a contingent budgets for DRM and annual recovery allocation in the MSDHCE’s budget. recovery Enhance resilience » Review insurance premiums for property insurance in Grenada to enhance access and and recovery funding coverage. instruments for housing » Create a database of international recovery funding opportunities for the housing sector. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 1 Annex 2. 47 Inundation scenario maps for Grenada a. Coastal flooding scenarios for a 100-year return period and for a high-level climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) by 2100 Annex 2 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 48 b. Inland flooding for a 100-year return period SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 2 Annex 3. 49 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies and Legal 1.1.1 Policies 1 Is there a National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) policy? Framework 2 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM policy? 3 Does the main sectoral development policy integrate recovery considerations when addressing DRM and CCA? 4 Is there an effective process to update recovery considerations into national/sectoral policies? 1.1.2 Legal 5 Is there a national disaster risk management (DRM) legal framework framework? 6 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated legal frameworks? 7 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM legal framework? 8 Are recovery considerations integrated in the main sectoral laws and regulations that address DRM and CCA? 1.1.3 Foundations 9 Do the national DRM policies and legal framework include for recovery preparedness (risk management ex ante) and Recovery (disaster management ex post) considerations? 10 Does the government have a clear vision for recovery? (for example, national/centralized; sectoral/decentralized, focused on a specific sector, focused on building back better)? 11 Does any policy, law, regulation, program or project at the national or sectoral level addresses the possibility of dealing with the impacts of more than one hazard at a time (e.g., COVID-19 and hurricane season) Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 50 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies and Legal 1.1.4 12 Is climate resilience considered in the National disaster risk Framework (cont.) Mainstreaming management policies and legal framework? DRM&CCA 13 Does the sector participate in the elaboration of DRM or recovery policies and legal framework? 14 Do all, the private sector, academia, NGOs, local communities, and parastatal organizations, participate in the elaboration of DRM policies or legal frameworks? 15 Do the DRM policies and legal frameworks require sectoral ministries to formulate and implement sectoral resilient recovery plans? 16 Have DRM protocols been adapted to integrate pandemic-related (e.g., COVID-19) considerations in recovery operations? 1.1.5 Gender and 17 Do the recovery policies take into account gender (men and disability inclusion women, and boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? 18 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? 19 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account the needs of persons with disabilities? 20 Are there laws mandating that recovery efforts benefit men and women, and boys and girls equitably? 1.1.6 Building 21 Do most of the sector’s constructions conform with building codes and codes regulations? regulations 22 Does the government have a review and evaluation process for its building codes regulations which includes climate change considerations? 23 Are mechanisms for regulating compliance with building codes in place? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve the integration of recovery factors into sectoral policies and legal frameworks. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 3 51 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.2 Strategies and 1.2.1 Strategies 24 Does the sector have a recovery strategy? Plans and plans 25 Has the sector developed recovery plans? 26 Are the sectoral recovery strategies and plans aligned with national development objectives? 27 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated recovery strategies and/or plans at the sector level? 28 Are there financing mechanisms for recovery in place (e.g., recovery funds)? 1.2.2 Building back 29 Do the recovery strategies and plans include provisions for better (BBB) integrating measures that build resilience? 1.2.3 Gender and 30 Are the outputs of the recovery strategies and plans affordable disability inclusion and inclusive for the sector beneficiaries? 31 Do the recovery plans take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and gender-differentiated recovery needs? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve issues related to recovery strategies and plans? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 52 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.3 Institutions and 1.3.1 Institutions 32 Is the development of recovery plans at the sector level led by Coordination one or more institutions with authority and autonomy? 33 Are the roles and responsibilities to implement the recovery plans clearly defined within the sector? 1.3.2 Coordination 34 Is there a coordination mechanism (formal or informal) between sectors to implement the national recovery plan? 35 Does the sector coordinate recovery activities with the National Disaster Management Office? 36 Are concrete activities being coordinated between the sector and the National Disaster Management agency? 37 Is there any coordination between the sector and CDEMA during the recovery process? 1.3.3 Building 38 Are there, within the legal framework of the country, stakeholders codes and who are responsible, accountable, and liable for assuring regulations compliance with building-related legislation? 39 Is there a sufficient budget approved for enforcing building codes? 1.3.4 Gender and 40 Are there mechanisms in place for the coordination of recovery disability inclusion between the DRM agencies, gender agencies and women’s networks? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutional coordination issues? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 3 53 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.1 Workforce 2.1.1 41 Are there sufficient technical persons working in the sector? Workforce 42 Are there sufficient DRM specialists for the needs of the sector? 43 Are all projects being implemented in the sector overseen by at least one DRM specialist? 44 Is there sufficient staff to implement the sector’s current portfolio? 45 Do technical teams have the necessary working conditions to fulfil their tasks (e.g., connectivity, equipment, software)? 2.1.2 Gender 46 Is there a sufficient number of gender specialists to fill the needs of the sector? 2.1.3 Private 47 Does the sector have an adequate number of qualified implementing sector contractors based in the country? 48 Are international contractors in charge of implementing only a minimum proportion of the recovery projects in the sector each year? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutions and coordination issues? 2.2 Capacity 2.2.1 Skills 49 Are there sufficient national professionals to fill all the sector’s (knowledge and demands? skills) 50 Are there sufficient professionals in the sector with expertise to implement resilient recovery projects? 51 Are there sufficient national experts in the sector with knowledge of DRM methods and tools such as integrating hazard risks, geo- referenced information management systems (GIS, remote sensing)? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 54 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.2 Capacity 2.2.2 Training 52 Are there frequent opportunities to enhance the technical skills that (knowledge and activities ensure resilient reconstruction of infrastructure/buildings? skills) (cont.) 53 Do all genders have the same opportunities for DRM training? 54 Are technical persons trained on gender responsiveness and disability inclusion? 55 Is there a mentoring and advising program/process for building back better? 56 Are there sufficient people with the technical capacity to implement PCM activities, with a climate resilience focus, in the sector? NOTE: PCM includes, at least the following activities: management of sector portfolio; execution of PFM procedures; project management; M&E; mainstreaming climate and disaster resilience into projects; coordinating recovery activities with other relevant sectors; performing quality control projects and inspections of building codes compliance during and after design and construction of buildings and infrastructure. 2.2.3 Proven 57 Do technical persons in the sector have the capacity to translate capacity PDNA results into actionable projects? 58 Do technical persons in the sector understand the basics of DRM and are able to use hazard maps? 59 Can technical persons in the sector produce recovery plans that are aligned with the existing legislation, policies, and strategies? 60 Do the technical persons have the knowledge and necessary training to formulate quality ToRs for projects implementation? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve capacity (skills, training opportunities)? 2.3 Human 2.3.1 Human 61 Is there an HR recruitment plan that includes recovery activities? Resources (HR), resources Profile Suitability (HR), profile 62 Does the sectoral hiring process follow the recruitment plan? suitability 63 Are there ToRs for recovery-related positions? 64 Is there an employee induction process? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve human resources, profile suitability? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 3 55 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.1 Natural 3.1.1 Data collection 65 Are there mechanisms in place for the collection and hazard Data and and management management of natural hazard data and risk information? Risk Information 66 Is there a national and sectoral online repository for risk data and information? 67 Is the existing risk data and information accessible to technical people in the sector? 3.1.2 Use of risk 68 Does the sector use multihazard risk maps?  information 69 Are hazard maps regularly updated? 70 Does the sector share multihazard risk maps? 71 Is a participatory approach used in the development and preparation of hazard maps? 3.2 PDNA and 3.2.1 PDNA 72 Is there a PDNA including specific methodologies and plans for Project Portfolio mechanisms recovery in the sector? Planning 73 Is there an efficient and effective PDNA coordination mechanism? 74 Are there focal points with clear roles and responsibilities assigned within the sector to carry out a PDNA? 75 Have “lessons learned” from postdisaster assessments and DANAs been integrated into PDNA planning or used to adjust the methodology after previous disasters? 3.2.2 Planning of 76 Have the results of the PDNA been used for recovery purposes recovery priorities and development across institutions and sectors? 77 Does the government have criteria to define the priority sectors for recovery support? 78 Has the government used the results of PDNA to prioritize recovery projects? 3.2.3 Gender and 79 Does the PDNA methodology require the collection of gender, age, disability inclusion and disability disaggregated data? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve PDNA and Project portfolio planning? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR 56 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.3 Resilient 3.3.1 Availability of 80 Does the sector have the necessary tools (e.g., best practice, Recovery Project BBB tools software, check lists, cost benefit analysis for resilience Design measures available to ensure project designs incorporate the Build Back Better approach? 3.3.2 Use of risk 81 Do the sectors use risk information to design resilient recovery information projects? 82 Is risk information available and accessible, at the required resolution and geographic coverage for sectoral project planning and implementation? 3.3.3 Building codes 83 Are building codes and land use planning guidelines integrated and regulations into project design? 3.3.4 Gender and 84 Do project designs take into account gender-based needs? disability inclusion 85 Do project designs take into account the basic needs for the conditions of persons with disabilities? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve Resilient design of project? 3.4 Financing 3.4.1 Availability of 86 Are there identified and accessible funding sources for recovery funding sources interventions in the sector (e.g., National MDB, bilateral, others)? 87 Are the mechanisms for accessing funding for recovery actions clear and widely known to people working in the sector? 88 Has the government used international funding for recovery in the past? 3.4.2 Access to 89 Is it easy to access to recovery funding? recovery funding 90 Do the eligibility criteria for recovery funding reflect the PDNA results for the most affected sectors? 91 Is the disbursement of international funding for recovery rapid? 92 Is the recovery funding process fast (from application by the government to disbursement)? 3.4.3 Budget for 93 Does the sector’s budget have a line item earmarked for recovery? recovery 94 Does the sector have a sufficient actual or estimated annual budget for recovery? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve access to financial mechanisms for recovery? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR Annex 3 57 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.5 Project 3.5.1 Resources 95 Does the sector have an inventory of qualified implementing Implementation contractors relevant for the sector’s operations? 96 Is there sufficient material for construction available to implement recovery projects? 97 Does the sector or the government have the necessary equipment to implement large recovery projects? 3.5.2 Project 98 Does the sector (or reconstruction projects) have access to and management use project management tools? 99 In general, does the expenditures of project activities in the sector follow the original planning? 3.5.3 Building codes 100 Do the construction materials used in recovery projects meet accreditation standards (e.g., strength, testing, quality)? 101 Does the sector have the resources and tools to comply with building codes? 102 Does the regulatory body have the resources and tools to enforce compliance with building codes? 3.5.4 M&E at project 103 Does the sector have in place and actively use a monitoring and level evaluation (M&E) system for projects? 104 Have the most common M&E recommendations been used to improve project planning and implementation across the sector? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve project implementation? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GRENADA’S HOUSING SECTOR