From World Development Indicators 54151 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Economic and social context Business environment Private sector investment Finance and banking Infrastructure 2007 THE LITTLE DATA BOOK ON PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Copyright ©2007 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 2007 ISBN 0-8213-7076-6 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 is a product of the Development Data Group of the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency and the Small and Medium Enterprise Department of the International Finance Corporation. Editing, design, and layout by Communications Development Incorporated, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Peter Grundy Art & Design, London, U.K. Contents Acknowledgments 4 Preface 5 Data notes 6 Regional tables World 8 East Asia and Pacific 9 Europe and Central Asia 10 Latin America and the Caribbean 11 Middle East and North Africa 12 South Asia 13 Sub-Saharan Africa 14 Income group tables Low income 16 Middle income 17 Lower middle income 18 Upper middle income 19 Low and middle income 20 Europe EMU 21 High income 22 Country tables (in alphabetical order) 23 Glossary 232 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 3 Acknowledgments The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 is based on World Development Indicators 2007 and its accompanying CD-ROM, with a focus on the private sector in development. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 is the result of close collaboration between the staff of the World Bank's Development Economics Data Group and the International Finance Corporation's Small and Medium Enterprise Department. The Data Group team included Uranbileg Batjargal, David Cieslikowski, Richard Fix, Raymond Muhula, and William Prince. The Small and Medium Enterprise team included Michael Ingram and Shokraneh Minovi. This effort benefited from previous work led by Joyce Msuya and from additional input from Mark Dutz, Vincent Palmade, Cherian Samuel, and Andrew Stone. The work was carried out under the management of Shaida Badiee, Director of the Development Data Group, and Laurence Carter, Director of the Small and Medium Enterprise Department. Meta de Coquereaumont, Christopher Trott, and Elaine Wilson of Communications Development Incorporated provided design, editing, and layout. Staff from the World Bank External Affairs Department oversaw publication and dissemination of the book. 4 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Preface Publication of this first edition of The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development coincides with rising interest in private sector development and growing understanding of the links between private sector development and economic growth. Well functioning finance markets and a robust private sector play critical roles in increasing productivity and growth and in spreading equality of opportunity. The availability of cross-country data on the business environment has expanded rapidly in recent years, including data from the World Bank's Doing Business project and Enterprise Surveys. These data sources report on the scope and types of regulations that enhance--and constrain--business activity and provide information on business owners' assessments of the business environment. These data have led to new research, enabled benchmarking, and informed the reform process in many developing countries. Included in this guide are indicators covering the economic and social context, the business environment, private sector investment, finance and banking, and infrastructure. Though not all relevant variables can be included in a pocket guide, the indicators that are included provide users with a general understanding of the private sector in each country. Indicators displayed in the tables are defined in the glossary, which also indicates the sources of the data. We welcome your suggestions for how to improve future editions and make them more useful. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 5 Data notes The data in this book are for 2000 and 2005 or the most recent year unless otherwise noted in the Glossary. · Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year unless otherwise noted. · Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. · Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than those specified. Symbols used: .. indicates that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data. 0 or 0.0 indicates zero or small enough that the number would round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. $ indicates current U.S. dollars. -- indicates not applicable. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000 or for smaller economies if they are members of the World Bank. The term country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank but refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. In keeping with World Development Indicators 2007, this edition of The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 uses terminology in line with the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA). In particular, gross national product (GNP) is replaced by gross national income (GNI). 6 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Regional tables The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank's analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. East Asia and Pacific American Samoa, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Korea, Dem. Rep., Lao PDR, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Fed. Sts., Mongolia, Myanmar, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam Europe and Central Asia Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Isle of Man, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, FYR, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovak Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, RB Middle East and North Africa Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Arab Rep., Iran, Islamic Rep., Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen, Rep. South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Sub-Saharan Africa Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Congo, Rep., Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 7 World 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6,059.5 6,437.7 Labor force (millions) 2,797.0 3,027.5 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.6 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 5,248 7,011 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 2.8 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.7 3.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.2 27.7 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.4 17.8 Services value added (% of GDP) 67.0 68.8 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.6 26.1 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.8 26.1 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 48 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 51.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.9 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 54.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.5 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.9 2.2 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.7 20.8 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.2 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 49.2 58.8 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 46.1 53.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.7 8.6 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.5 4.4 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 131.6 133.8 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.4 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 36.3 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,400 2,606 Electrical outages (days) 19 16 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 283 523 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 65 137 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.98 1.44 8 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1,805.7 1,885.5 Labor force (millions) 997.4 1,063.4 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.6 4.2 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 907 1,630 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.0 8.4 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.9 12.6 Industry value added (% of GDP) 44.5 46.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 30.7 32.1 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.6 41.1 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.1 45.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.8 40.8 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 50 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 40.1 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.6 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.9 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 12.1 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 6.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 18,385 13,543 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.6 3.2 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 30.7 36.7 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.0 24.8 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.6 ­1.9 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 45.8 60.8 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 47.9 66.6 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 101.3 101.1 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.0 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 885 1,343 Electrical outages (days) .. 11 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 151 496 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 19 89 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.32 1.16 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 9 Europe & Central Asia 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 471.8 471.8 Labor force (millions) 212.8 219.1 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.6 9.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,060 4,143 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.6 5.4 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.7 8.0 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.7 32.2 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.6 18.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.5 59.8 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.6 41.1 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.4 40.5 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 31 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 25.1 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.7 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 58.2 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.7 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 25,303 34,045 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 3.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.1 20.5 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.1 16.5 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.5 2.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 25.3 32.8 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 23.9 30.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 11.1 10.5 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.1 4.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 22.0 29.7 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.4 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 67.4 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,353 3,637 Electrical outages (days) 12 13 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 317 898 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 30 190 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.92 1.51 10 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 514.9 550.8 Labor force (millions) 227.3 252.9 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.1 9.6 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,679 4,045 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.1 2.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.6 7.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.8 33.7 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.1 .. Services value added (% of GDP) 63.6 58.8 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.8 25.8 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.7 22.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 77 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 61.2 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 49.4 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.4 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 40,754 22,500 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.1 2.9 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.1 19.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.9 16.5 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.3 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 42.0 32.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.7 31.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.6 9.5 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.5 3.1 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 29.2 27.8 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.5 7.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 23.1 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,585 1,674 Electrical outages (days) 6 16 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 266 496 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 38 156 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.47 1.80 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 11 Middle East & North Africa 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 278.3 306.0 Labor force (millions) 90.6 108.3 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.6 14.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,666 2,198 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 4.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.1 12.0 Industry value added (% of GDP) 44.1 40.2 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 12.3 14.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 43.9 47.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.4 37.1 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.2 35.7 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 40 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 51.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.8 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 18.4 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,115 6,695 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.3 2.4 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 23.2 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.3 14.9 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.4 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 51.2 60.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 47.4 60.7 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 39.1 39.9 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.8 4.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 66.4 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,079 1,289 Electrical outages (days) 12 10 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 110 389 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 9 89 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.06 1.66 12 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1,351.3 1,469.8 Labor force (millions) 525.8 585.0 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.5 5.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 443 692 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.4 6.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 23.9 19.1 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.7 27.0 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.5 15.9 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.4 53.9 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.7 20.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.2 24.6 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 33 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 71.5 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.6 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 45.1 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.1 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,524 13,704 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.7 1.0 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.2 26.2 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.8 19.7 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.0 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 69.6 57.2 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 28.0 34.8 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 33.3 42.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.9 6.3 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 19.5 10.1 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 27.7 38.7 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 5.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.8 30.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 362 414 Electrical outages (days) 130 .. Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 31 119 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 49 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.48 2.02 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 13 Sub-Saharan Africa 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 662.9 743.1 Labor force (millions) 271.7 306.0 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 488 746 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.3 4.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 18.3 16.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.3 31.8 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.3 14.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.4 51.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.1 32.7 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.8 34.6 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 62 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 71.2 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 71.2 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.6 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,137 5,426 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.0 2.7 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.9 18.7 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.5 13.4 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 21.2 21.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 21.2 20.6 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 61.4 64.9 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.6 12.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.1 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 499 550 Electrical outages (days) 30 58 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 31 142 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 29 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.88 2.43 14 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Income group tables For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank's main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Every economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $875 or less in 2005. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $875 but less than $10,726. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3,465. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $10,726 or more. The aggregate Europe EMU includes the member states of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of the European Union that have adopted the euro as their currency: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 15 Low income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2,145.2 2,352.4 Labor force (millions) 862.2 965.3 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 382 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 26.5 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 47.2 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.7 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.1 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.8 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,949 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.2 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.5 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.7 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 16.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 18.0 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.6 33.9 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.1 11.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.3 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 327 375 Electrical outages (days) 60 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 25 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.93 1.99 16 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2,939.7 3,074.5 Labor force (millions) 1,463.4 1,569.4 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.9 6.6 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,724 2,647 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.0 5.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.9 9.3 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.3 37.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.6 23.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 53.8 52.8 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.2 35.8 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.7 32.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 51 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 48.7 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.6 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.2 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 89,270 76,933 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.5 25.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.0 18.8 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 42.0 43.7 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 39.7 42.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.6 9.3 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.9 4.6 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 55.0 58.3 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.8 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 46.3 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,490 1,840 Electrical outages (days) 10 13 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 204 590 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 25 115 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.94 1.65 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 17 Lower middle income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2,357.5 2,474.6 Labor force (millions) 1,210.1 1,301.1 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.0 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,243 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 39.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 25.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 48.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.2 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 10.0 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 44,657 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.1 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.3 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 35.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 35.0 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.3 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 69.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.4 7.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 46.3 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,069 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 16 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 167 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 17 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.29 2.08 18 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Upper middle income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 582.2 599.8 Labor force (millions) 253.3 268.3 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.2 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,676 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.4 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.2 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.3 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 61.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.9 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 44,613 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.5 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 50.4 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 45.4 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.7 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.2 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 37.2 38.8 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.5 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,197 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 352 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 55 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.48 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 19 Low and middle income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5,084.9 5,426.9 Labor force (millions) 2,325.6 2,534.7 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.5 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,158 1,753 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.1 5.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.2 11.1 Industry value added (% of GDP) 34.9 36.5 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 21.1 21.8 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.9 52.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.8 34.3 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.6 32.4 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 54 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 54.7 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 56.4 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.4 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 94,219 95,914 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.9 2.9 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.2 25.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.6 18.7 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 32.9 34.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 31.8 34.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.5 9.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.5 7.3 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 51.0 54.9 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.5 7.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 .. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,025 1,243 Electrical outages (days) 20 19 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 128 382 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 16 84 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.68 1.81 20 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe EMU 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 305.1 313.9 Labor force (millions) 140.6 147.2 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.0 9.2 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 22,247 32,098 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.8 1.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.5 1.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.8 26.4 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.2 18.5 Services value added (% of GDP) 69.7 71.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.6 37.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.9 35.7 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 22 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 44.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.3 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 56.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 8.9 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 10.2 3.2 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 20.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 60.0 69.2 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 110.3 119.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 92.0 99.8 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.4 5.0 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.6 2.0 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 98.0 110.5 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.5 4.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 99.5 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,418 6,869 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,146 1,511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 231 439 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.81 0.73 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 21 High income 2000 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 974.7 1,010.8 Labor force (millions) 471.4 492.8 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.9 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 26,585 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.0 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.9 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.0 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.0 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 70.2 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) Exchange rate (local currency units per $) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.7 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.2 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) Time to start a business (days) .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.8 Time dealing with government officials (% of management time) Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.6 Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Investment in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.4 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.2 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 56.6 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 98.1 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 89.0 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.8 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.4 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 150.6 156.3 Real interest rate (%) Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.2 4.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 9,318 9,609 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,093 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 319 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.83 0.76 22 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Country tables China Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong, China; Taiwan, China; or Macao, China. Serbia and Montenegro Although Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3, 2006, this edition of The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development lists and shows data for Serbia and Montenegro together; any exceptions are noted. Data for most indicators exclude Kosovo, a territory within Serbia that is currently under international administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999). Timor-Leste Data for Indonesia include Timor-Leste through 1999 unless otherwise noted. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 23 Afghanistan South Asia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. .. 2,352 Labor force (millions) 8.0 10.2 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. 12.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 49.8 36.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.1 24.5 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.1 14.9 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 30.1 39.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 61.6 49.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.9 12.4 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 66.2 55.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 162 Time to start a business (days) .. 8 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 3 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 36.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 70 80 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 28.3 24.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 1.2 8.1 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 0.9 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 9.4 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.3 23.7 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1 44 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 1 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. 0.39 1.99 24 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Albania Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.1 3.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.3 1.4 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 22.7 15.2 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,180 2,570 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.2 5.3 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.1 22.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.0 21.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.4 12.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 51.9 55.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.1 2.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 143.7 99.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.6 21.8 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.5 45.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 120 Time to start a business (days) .. 39 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 64.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 10.4 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 55.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 5.8 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 12.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 46.8 Tax rates 40.9 Electricity 34.5 Corruption 31.0 Tax administration 29.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 110 1,089 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.9 3.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.5 23.6 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.9 19.0 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­6.7 ­3.0 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 51.9 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 31.9 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 40.3 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.6 14.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 17.0 9.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.8 8.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 39.0 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,198 1,200 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 44 194 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 60 493 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 60 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.59 1.34 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 25 Algeria Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 30.5 32.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 11.1 13.4 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 27.3 20.1 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,610 2,730 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 5.2 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.9 8.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 58.6 61.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.5 5.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 32.5 30.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.3 1.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 75.3 73.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.2 47.6 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.4 23.5 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 116 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 14 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 76.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 14.7 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 18.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 62.5 Anticompetitive or informal practices 60.1 Tax rates 44.8 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 39.0 Access to land 37.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 369 2,182 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.8 1.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.7 23.8 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.9 14.1 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 9.7 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 62.1 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 33.3 41.4 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 26.5 45.1 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 6.0 11.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­11.7 ­7.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.5 6.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.9 70.2 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 696 812 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 12 .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 61 494 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 58 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.67 2.08 2.08 26 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific American Samoa Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.06 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. 221 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 27 Andorra High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.07 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. 1,511 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. 331 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.30 .. 0.76 28 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 13.8 15.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 6.1 7.0 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 430 1,410 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.3 9.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.7 7.2 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 72.1 74.0 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 2.9 3.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 22.2 18.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 325.0 23.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 10.0 87.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 89.6 73.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 62.8 48.3 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 156 Time to start a business (days) .. 124 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 58.5 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 6.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 64.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 34.5 Corruption 12.5 Access to and cost of financing 11.6 Transportation system 7.5 Anticompetitive or informal practices 6.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 68 120 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.6 ­4.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.1 7.5 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 8.9 2.8 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 1.3 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 15.1 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.6 11.3 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.4 13.3 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 2.0 4.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­60.8 16.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 63.6 54.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.4 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 89 124 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 7 75 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 11 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 9.32 3.23 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 29 Antigua and Barbuda High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.08 0.08 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 8,190 10,500 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.6 3.8 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.9 3.7 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.8 20.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 2.3 2.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 76.3 76.0 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.6 61.9 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 73.2 69.5 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 33 Time to start a business (days) .. 21 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 52.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.5 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 40 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 27.6 .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 23.0 .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 71.4 70.4 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 11.3 10.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.0 7.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 33.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 788 1,130 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 65 350 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.90 .. 0.76 30 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Argentina Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 36.9 38.7 600 Labor force (millions) 16.2 18.4 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 15.0 15.6 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 7,470 4,470 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.7 2.2 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.0 9.4 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.6 35.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.5 23.2 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 67.4 55.0 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.9 9.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 2.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 10.9 24.6 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 11.5 19.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 101 Time to start a business (days) .. 32 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 15 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 138.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 116.8 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 11.0 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 24.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 16.5 Access to and cost of financing 15.7 Labor regulations 15.4 Tax rates 14.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 12.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,863 1,044 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.7 2.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.2 21.5 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 19.9 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­5.7 ­0.5 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 33.8 32.0 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.2 21.3 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. 13.0 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 16.0 5.2 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 23.9 11.7 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 9.9 ­2.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.7 2.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.4 30.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,087 2,301 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 390 797 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 70 177 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.77 .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 31 Armenia Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.1 3.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.3 1.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 36.4 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 660 1,470 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.1 12.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 25.5 20.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 35.4 44.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 24.1 20.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.0 35.2 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.8 0.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 539.5 457.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.4 26.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.5 39.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 34 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.9 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 42.5 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.5 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 33.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax administration 43.8 Tax rates 37.8 Access to and cost of financing 24.9 Anticompetitive or informal practices 20.3 Customs and trade regulations; corruption 19.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 50 132 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.5 5.3 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.4 29.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. 17.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­1.0 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 10.8 7.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 7.9 8.6 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 14.3 21.5 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 17.5 6.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 9.9 8.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 33.4 14.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.5 12.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 96.3 100.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,292 1,428 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 3 1 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 179 260 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 13 53 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.34 2.42 2.08 32 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Aruba High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.10 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.4 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 ­0.8 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.0 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.8 1.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 69.9 .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 91.2 .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­6.6 .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 44.9 .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 47.7 .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 45.2 57.0 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 7.7 9.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.9 7.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.90 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 33 Australia High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 19.2 20.3 1,011 Labor force (millions) 9.5 10.3 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.9 5.4 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 20,720 33,120 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.1 3.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.0 3.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.1 27.0 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 12.7 12.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 70.0 69.6 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.5 2.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.7 1.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.4 18.4 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.3 21.2 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 8 Time to start a business (days) .. 2 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 2 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.2 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 34 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 11.2 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 63.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.4 ­4.7 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.0 25.5 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.9 1.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 28.4 21.4 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 90.0 101.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 64.2 73.0 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.9 5.9 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 0.5 0.2 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 84.1 104.6 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.2 4.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.1 5.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 38.7 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 10,055 11,193 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 987 1,470 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 345 698 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.67 .. 0.76 34 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development AustriaHigh income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.0 8.2 1,011 Labor force (millions) 3.9 4.0 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.6 4.9 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 26,010 37,190 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.9 1.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.1 1.5 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.9 30.7 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.3 19.9 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 67.0 67.8 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.4 2.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.4 53.2 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 44.1 47.8 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 30 Time to start a business (days) .. 29 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.1 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 56.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 34 34 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.5 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 30.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.4 3.0 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.8 20.8 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.9 ­2.0 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 64.4 66.6 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 120.8 119.1 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 79.3 82.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.2 7.4 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.4 2.2 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 101.7 112.9 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 5.0 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.4 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 7,107 7,850 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,262 1,441 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 337 486 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.19 0.71 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 35 Azerbaijan Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.0 8.4 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.7 4.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 610 1,240 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 7.3 12.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.1 10.0 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 45.3 62.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.6 7.8 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 37.5 27.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.9 9.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.9 0.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.0 57.4 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 38.4 53.8 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 99 Time to start a business (days) .. 53 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 15 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 44.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 27 24 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.2 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 6.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax administration 24.9 Tax rates 22.9 Corruption 20.1 Access to and cost of financing 12.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 10.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 61 123 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.5 13.4 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.1 36.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.1 31.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.7 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. 14.2 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 28.0 7.2 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 5.9 10.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 6.4 6.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.8 8.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 92.3 49.4 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,040 2,437 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 52 13 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 152 397 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 81 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.10 4.18 2.08 36 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Bahamas, The High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.30 0.32 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.14 0.16 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.9 10.3 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 15,380 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.0 1.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.0 3.5 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.4 ­1.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 30.3 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 72.3 82.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 1.8 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 1.9 2.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.4 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 484 1,023 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 44 319 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.40 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 37 Bahrain High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.67 0.73 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.31 0.34 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.2 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 10,390 14,370 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.3 5.9 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.7 2.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.4 0.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 89.4 82.4 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 64.4 64.2 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.5 21.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 10.3 8.3 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 29.3 29.9 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 55.6 .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 74.8 .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 54.8 65.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­2.3 ­1.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.9 4.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 77.6 79.1 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 8,542 10,857 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 561 1,301 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 60 213 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.39 1.74 0.76 38 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia Bangladesh Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 128.9 141.8 2,352 Labor force (millions) 57.3 63.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.3 4.3 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 390 470 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.2 5.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 25.5 20.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.3 27.2 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.2 16.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.2 52.6 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.2 7.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 52.1 64.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.0 16.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.2 23.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 88 Time to start a business (days) .. 37 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 51.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) 3.7 .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 1.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 72.9 Corruption 57.6 Access to and cost of financing 56.7 Tax administration 49.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 44.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 93 716 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.6 1.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.0 24.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.6 18.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.7 ­0.7 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 36.2 36.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 30.0 35.9 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.2 33.6 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 3.5 3.8 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 34.9 15.3 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.7 31.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 13.4 8.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 5.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.5 9.5 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 104 140 375 Electrical outages (days) 249 .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 6 71 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 3 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.14 2.02 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 39 Barbados Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.27 0.27 600 Labor force (millions) 0.15 0.16 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.4 9.8 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 8,670 .. 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.0 .. 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.3 3.6 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.3 16.5 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 6.4 6.9 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 79.4 80.0 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.4 6.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.0 2.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.5 58.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 57.0 68.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 40 36 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 38 63 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.8 2.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.4 19.0 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.2 18.0 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 3.7 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 65.7 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 65.5 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 57.3 64.9 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 7.5 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.2 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.6 100.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 572 1,265 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 38 594 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.05 1.95 1.06 40 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Belarus Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.0 9.8 2,475 Labor force (millions) 4.8 4.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,380 2,760 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.7 7.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.2 9.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 39.2 41.2 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 31.6 32.9 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.7 49.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 168.6 10.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 876.8 2,153.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 60.0 61.1 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 63.5 60.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 129 Time to start a business (days) .. 69 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 16 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 186.1 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 2.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 29.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 23.3 Tax rates 20.2 Business licensing and permits 14.6 Tax administration 11.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 39 188 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.9 1.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.2 27.9 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 22.7 24.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.1 0.2 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 15.0 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 11.3 18.5 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 9.3 13.0 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 15.1 19.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.8 1.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.9 16.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­41.2 ­4.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 30.1 2.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 95.6 87.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,989 3,144 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 280 755 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 19 347 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.28 1.90 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 41 Belgium High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.3 10.5 1,011 Labor force (millions) 4.4 4.5 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.6 7.4 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 25,360 36,140 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.7 1.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.4 1.0 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.0 24.0 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.3 17.3 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 71.6 74.9 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 2.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 84.6 87.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 81.7 84.8 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 20 Time to start a business (days) .. 27 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 4 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 16.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.9 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 70.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 39 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.0 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 66.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 92.7 8.6 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.8 19.9 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.1 ­0.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 106.5 88.7 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 130.3 106.0 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 84.3 94.8 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 2.8 2.7 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.8 2.0 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 78.1 75.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 6.1 4.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.4 5.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.2 78.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 8,247 8,576 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,040 1,337 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 293 458 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.67 0.75 0.76 42 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Belize Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.25 0.29 600 Labor force (millions) 0.09 0.12 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.1 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,090 3,570 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.6 5.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.0 14.1 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.1 17.7 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.9 9.1 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 61.8 68.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.6 3.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.0 2.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.0 55.3 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 73.3 62.8 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 56 Time to start a business (days) .. 45 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 24.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.7 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 18 30 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.8 11.4 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 28.7 18.8 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.6 .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.9 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 52.8 64.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 14.7 12.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.3 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.0 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 210 433 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 60 130 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.45 2.59 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 43 Benin Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 7.2 8.4 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.8 3.3 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 340 510 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.3 4.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 36.5 32.2 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.9 13.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.8 7.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.6 54.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.2 5.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.2 13.5 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.1 26.1 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 137 Time to start a business (days) .. 31 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 35.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 68.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 86.8 Tax administration 85.3 Access to and cost of financing 82.7 Corruption 81.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 70.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 90 6 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.0 0.5 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.9 18.9 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.3 12.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­10.3 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 12.2 15.1 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.5 17.1 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.1 16.6 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.0 9.5 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 55 67 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 77 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 15 98 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 50 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.93 4.80 1.99 44 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Bermuda High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.06 0.06 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 35,990 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 71.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,112 .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 435 664 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.50 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 45 Bhutan South Asia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.60 0.64 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.21 0.25 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. 3.1 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 720 1,250 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.1 7.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 28.4 24.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 35.2 37.3 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.5 7.3 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 36.4 38.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.0 5.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 44.9 44.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.4 27.2 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.9 54.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 138 Time to start a business (days) .. 62 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 94.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.0 0.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 47.4 61.1 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.4 1.9 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 38.4 72.4 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 9.4 .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.5 .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.7 17.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 9.3 6.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.8 9.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 60.7 62.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 23 111 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 4 39 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.19 0.66 1.99 46 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.3 9.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.6 4.2 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.8 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,000 1,010 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 3.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.0 15.0 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.8 31.9 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.3 14.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.2 53.2 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.6 5.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.2 8.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.3 36.4 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.3 32.8 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 131 Time to start a business (days) .. 50 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 15 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 99.5 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 80.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.7 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 30.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 28.1 Corruption 8.0 Access to and cost of financing 7.3 Electricity 4.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 323 170 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.8 ­3.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.9 12.8 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.8 7.1 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­8.7 ­3.8 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 54.1 36.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 47.0 39.1 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.8 11.3 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.3 11.2 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 58.7 40.7 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 27.9 11.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 23.6 11.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.6 7.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 421 435 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 131 334 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 14 52 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.43 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.8 3.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.0 2.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,420 2,700 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 24.9 5.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.7 10.1 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.5 25.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.2 11.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.7 64.6 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.1 1.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.3 36.2 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 82.3 80.7 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 95 Time to start a business (days) .. 54 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 33.2 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 4.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 50.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 5.8 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 3.8 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 34.9 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 33.3 Corruption 23.1 Anticompetitive or informal practices 22.6 Legal system and conflict resolution 20.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 60 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.9 3.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.2 19.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.8 9.4 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 2.3 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 20.1 15.0 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.9 5.3 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 40.8 47.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.5 7.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 15.8 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 52.3 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,980 2,180 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 4 1 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 227 656 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 10 206 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.96 3.62 2.08 48 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.8 1.8 600 Labor force (millions) 0.62 0.62 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 15.7 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,270 5,590 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 8.7 5.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.4 2.3 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 58.9 53.3 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.4 3.9 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.6 44.4 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 8.6 8.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5.1 5.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 52.6 50.7 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.7 34.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 48 Time to start a business (days) .. 108 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 90.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 53.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 7.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 24.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 11.6 Crime and disorder 10.9 Skills and education of available workers 9.4 Access to land 8.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 17 19 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.9 2.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.7 21.4 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.0 12.0 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 17.9 19.8 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.2 27.1 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.3 9.7 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.7 2.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 13.8 19.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 3.1 6.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.1 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 35.3 36.5 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 908 1,325 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 192 541 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 14 34 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.64 2.88 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 49 Brazil Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 173.9 186.4 2,475 Labor force (millions) 83.4 91.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.3 9.7 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,590 3,550 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.0 2.2 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.3 8.1 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.0 38.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 64.7 53.5 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 7.0 6.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.8 2.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 10.7 16.8 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 12.2 12.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 121 Time to start a business (days) .. 152 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 17 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 36.8 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 7.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 71.7 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 27.4 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 84.5 Access to and cost of financing 84.3 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 75.8 Corruption 66.9 Tax administration 65.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 21,731 10,161 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.4 1.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.8 18.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.0 16.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.9 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 47.4 44.9 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 22.0 22.1 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.1 9.2 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 8.3 4.4 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 37.6 34.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 44.7 44.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 39.6 37.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 5.5 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,897 1,955 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 4 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 311 587 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 29 195 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.15 0.71 2.08 50 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Brunei Darussalam High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.33 0.37 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.15 0.16 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.9 2.9 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.7 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 47.8 .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.5 .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.6 1.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.7 1.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 69.9 60.0 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.2 ­4.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. 4.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 34.7 78.1 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 7,539 7,616 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 526 847 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 90 277 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 51 Bulgaria Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.1 7.7 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.2 3.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 16.3 12.1 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,600 3,450 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.4 4.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.2 9.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.7 31.6 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.1 19.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.1 58.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 10.3 5.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.1 1.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.7 60.8 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 61.1 77.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 54 Time to start a business (days) .. 32 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.7 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 27.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 31.1 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 27.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 26.1 Tax rates 20.4 Corruption 18.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 157 2,217 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.9 9.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.7 23.8 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.6 18.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.4 3.5 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 16.0 36.3 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 21.5 34.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 15.3 10.5 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 17.3 1.7 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.6 44.5 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 4.5 3.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.4 4.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 92.1 99.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,724 3,939 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 4 3 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 449 1,128 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 53 206 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.55 0.57 2.08 52 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.3 13.2 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.9 5.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 250 400 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 5.1 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 33.9 30.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.2 19.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.8 13.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.9 49.6 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.3 6.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.1 8.7 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.3 21.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 163 Time to start a business (days) .. 34 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 33.6 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 51.1 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 37.0 Electricity 19.6 Tax rates 18.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 5.8 Corruption 5.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 27 5 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.9 0.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.7 20.6 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.6 12.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­4.1 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 12.2 14.6 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 12.6 14.4 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 11.8 17.3 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 16.0 31.2 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 7 51 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 5 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.16 1.14 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 53 Burundi Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.5 7.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 3.1 3.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 120 100 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.7 2.2 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 40.4 34.8 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.8 20.0 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.7 8.8 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.8 45.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 24.3 13.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 720.7 1,081.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 7.7 8.5 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.2 36.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 166 Time to start a business (days) .. 43 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 286.7 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 40.7 Access to and cost of financing 16.0 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 14.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 6.4 Customs and trade regulations 3.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 36 6 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.6 0.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.1 11.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 0.8 3.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.4 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 162.6 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 18.7 22.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 12.7 17.7 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.2 20.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 2.3 2.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.1 10.4 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 6 18 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 5 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.35 2.45 1.99 54 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Cambodia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 12.7 14.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 5.8 6.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.5 0.8 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 280 430 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 7.4 8.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 37.9 34.2 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.0 26.7 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.9 19.1 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.1 39.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.8 5.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3,840.8 4,092.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.8 65.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 61.7 73.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 143 Time to start a business (days) .. 86 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 39.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 8.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 22.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Corruption 55.4 Crime and disorder 41.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 38.1 Anticompetitive or informal practices 33.7 Legal system and conflict resolution 29.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 28 94 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.1 6.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.3 17.6 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.8 12.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.4 0.0 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 5.9 8.6 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 8.1 14.5 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 6.4 9.4 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 21.1 11.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 10.5 15.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 16.2 6.3 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 5 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 13 40 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 3 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 6.00 2.94 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 55 Cameroon Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 14.9 16.3 2,475 Labor force (millions) 5.7 6.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.5 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 640 1,000 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.8 3.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 38.5 41.1 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.8 14.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.6 7.2 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 43.8 44.8 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.2 2.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.3 23.2 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.7 25.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 152 Time to start a business (days) .. 37 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 32.5 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 39 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 32.6 Electricity 15.1 Access to and cost of financing 13.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 11.0 Tax administration; business licensing and permits; corruption 5.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 95 29 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.6 0.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.0 21.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.9 19.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.6 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 107.9 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 11.4 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 10.1 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.2 9.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 18.1 12.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.5 10.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 183 207 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 13 102 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 15 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.25 .. 2.08 56 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Canada High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 30.8 32.3 1,011 Labor force (millions) 16.3 17.6 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.8 7.2 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 21,810 32,590 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.3 2.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.3 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.7 .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.5 .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 64.0 .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.7 2.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.5 1.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.1 38.6 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.3 34.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 4 Time to start a business (days) .. 3 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 2 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 28.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.8 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 38 21 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 69.5 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.3 3.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.4 20.4 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.5 1.7 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 60.8 48.7 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 72.0 79.3 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 67.2 74.6 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.7 4.5 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.3 0.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 97.1 181.4 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 3.0 1.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.8 3.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 16,986 17,156 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 961 1,080 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 422 520 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.20 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 57 Cape Verde Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.45 0.51 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.14 0.16 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,280 1,930 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.6 5.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.0 6.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.9 19.7 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.3 8.0 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 70.2 73.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­2.5 0.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 119.7 88.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.5 31.7 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 61.4 66.3 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 125 Time to start a business (days) .. 52 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 54.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 35.7 Access to and cost of financing 16.3 Tax rates 13.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 13.3 Skills and education of available workers 4.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 48 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.3 5.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.7 18.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 7.2 8.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 46.9 55.4 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 49.2 58.8 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 30.4 39.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 13.3 11.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.6 8.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 69.0 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 165 302 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 18 49 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.66 6.08 2.08 58 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Cayman Islands High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.05 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.1 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.8 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 59 Central African Republic Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.8 4.0 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.7 1.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 270 350 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.0 ­1.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 55.2 53.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.0 21.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.4 .. 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 24.8 24.8 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.2 2.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.2 .. 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.3 .. 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 167 Time to start a business (days) .. 14 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.8 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 209.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.1 0.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.8 .. 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 3.7 .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­0.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 7.4 8.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 3.8 4.0 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.6 6.7 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 19.1 15.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.7 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 4 27 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 3 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 13.31 1.99 1.99 60 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Chad Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.2 9.7 2,352 Labor force (millions) 3.2 3.7 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 180 400 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.1 14.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 42.3 22.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 11.6 51.2 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.0 4.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.0 26.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.8 7.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.9 58.9 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 34.7 39.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 172 Time to start a business (days) .. 75 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 19 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 35.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 10.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 68.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.3 12.9 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.9 16.2 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.5 8.6 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 5.3 6.6 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 3.6 4.7 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 3.5 3.1 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 16.4 ­2.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 0.8 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 2 14 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 4 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 12.50 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 61 Channel Islands High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.15 0.15 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.07 0.08 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.90 2.90 0.76 62 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Chile Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 15.4 16.3 600 Labor force (millions) 6.1 6.5 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.3 7.8 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,840 5,870 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.8 4.3 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.1 5.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 38.4 46.8 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.5 17.6 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.5 47.7 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.8 3.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 539.6 560.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.6 41.8 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.7 33.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 28 Time to start a business (days) .. 27 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 52.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.6 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 26.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 17 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 43.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 27.1 Labor regulations 25.4 Skills and education of available workers 23.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 23.5 Tax rates 22.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,998 1,373 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.5 5.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.7 22.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.5 4.7 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 58.8 59.3 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 38.8 32.2 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.5 6.8 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.7 0.9 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 71.2 82.3 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 9.8 1.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.6 2.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.4 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,488 3,084 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. 4 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 435 859 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 165 172 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.45 .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 63 China East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1,262.6 1,304.5 2,475 Labor force (millions) 738.9 776.0 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.1 4.2 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 930 1,740 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 8.5 9.6 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.8 12.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 45.9 47.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 32.1 33.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.3 39.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.3 1.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.3 8.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.3 37.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.9 31.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 93 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.4 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 18.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 77.1 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 8.6 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 6.3 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 36.8 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 32.9 Skills and education of available workers 30.7 Electricity 29.7 Access to and cost of financing 29.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 8,490 4,882 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 3.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 34.1 42.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 26.1 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.6 ­2.1 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 11.6 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 126.8 148.3 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 123.1 164.8 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.1 3.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 22.4 10.5 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 112.3 114.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 3.7 1.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.6 3.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.3 82.5 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 993 1,585 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 182 570 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 18 85 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 6.67 2.90 2.08 64 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Colombia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 42.1 45.6 2,475 Labor force (millions) 19.4 22.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 20.5 13.7 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,060 2,290 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.6 3.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.0 12.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.3 34.2 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.8 14.8 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.6 53.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 9.2 5.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2,087.9 2,320.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.5 21.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.4 21.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 79 Time to start a business (days) .. 44 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 58.6 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 82.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 37 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 15.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 34.5 Crime and disorder 13.0 Tax rates 12.5 Skills and education of available workers 9.3 Access to and cost of financing 7.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,021 1,839 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.9 8.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.6 19.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 3.9 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 56.7 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 23.1 27.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.7 26.1 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 11.2 12.3 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.0 2.7 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 26.7 23.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 6.0 7.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.6 7.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.4 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 795 866 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 224 648 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 21 104 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.00 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 65 Comoros Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.54 0.60 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.22 0.25 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 400 650 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.7 2.6 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 48.6 51.0 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 11.5 11.0 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.5 4.4 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.9 38.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 534.0 395.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.7 12.5 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.5 34.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 144 Time to start a business (days) .. 23 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 99.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 47.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 0.5 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.0 0.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.4 9.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 6.6 4.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 11.9 8.1 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 7.9 8.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 9.0 8.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.5 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 13 55 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 33 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 66 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Congo, Dem. Rep. Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 50.1 57.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 19.9 22.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 80 120 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­3.9 4.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 50.0 46.0 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.3 25.3 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.8 5.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 29.7 28.7 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 550.0 21.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 21.8 473.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.4 31.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.4 39.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 175 Time to start a business (days) .. 155 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 30.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.2 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 235.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 40 40 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.9 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 45.5 Access to and cost of financing 14.5 Tax rates 9.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 7.5 Transportation system 5.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 21 42 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.9 5.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 3.5 12.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 3.0 10.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.0 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 152.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 0.3 1.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 1.7 3.1 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 0.7 1.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) ­57.0 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 1.8 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 90 93 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 0 48 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 2 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 67 Congo, Rep. Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.4 4.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.4 1.5 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 520 950 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.8 3.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.3 5.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 72.2 46.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 3.5 5.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 22.5 48.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.8 5.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 80.3 82.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 43.6 54.8 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 171 Time to start a business (days) .. 71 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 41.2 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 57.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 45 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.2 14.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.3 23.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.3 16.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.3 6.4 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 0.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 7.2 4.5 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 6.5 6.8 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.8 2.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­16.5 9.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.7 5.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 111 131 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 27 102 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 13 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. 5.39 2.08 68 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Costa Rica Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.9 4.3 600 Labor force (millions) 1.6 2.0 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.2 6.4 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,710 4,700 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.7 4.2 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.5 8.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.1 29.8 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 25.3 21.9 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 58.5 61.5 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 11.0 13.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 308.2 477.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48.6 48.5 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.8 53.7 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 105 Time to start a business (days) .. 77 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 35.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 9.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 83.0 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 9.6 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 60.1 Anticompetitive or informal practices 48.7 Corruption 39.9 Tax rates 38.2 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 28.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 161 304 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.6 4.3 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.8 18.9 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.3 17.8 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.3 ­0.8 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 36.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 24.7 34.5 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 30.4 34.7 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.8 12.2 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.5 1.5 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.0 35.8 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 16.7 12.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.5 14.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 22.0 24.4 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,518 1,667 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. 12 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 283 575 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 58 254 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.93 .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 69 Côte d'Ivoire Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 16.7 18.2 2,352 Labor force (millions) 6.2 6.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 640 870 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.4 ­0.1 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 24.2 22.8 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.9 25.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 21.7 19.3 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.9 51.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 3.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.4 49.7 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.3 42.4 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 141 Time to start a business (days) .. 45 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 48.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.2 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 45.7 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 215 20 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.3 1.6 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.2 10.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 8.4 8.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.8 ­1.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 105.2 107.9 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 19.7 16.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.0 14.5 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 15.5 13.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.7 8.1 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 171 176 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 44 108 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 11 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 6.07 2.25 1.99 70 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Croatia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.5 4.4 600 Labor force (millions) 2.0 2.0 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 16.1 12.7 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,380 8,290 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 4.7 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.1 7.0 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.3 30.8 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 21.7 20.2 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 60.7 62.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.3 3.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.3 5.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 47.1 47.1 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 52.3 55.8 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 124 Time to start a business (days) .. 45 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 39.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.1 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.1 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 21.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Legal system and conflict resolution 28.9 Anticompetitive or informal practices 20.0 Access to and cost of financing 17.9 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 17.4 Corruption 17.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 746 184 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.9 4.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.8 28.6 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 18.7 23.3 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­6.2 ­2.8 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 49.6 67.3 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.9 59.3 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 11.9 8.7 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.5 4.0 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 37.4 61.2 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 7.1 7.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.3 9.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.4 84.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,792 3,316 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 1 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 612 1,097 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 66 327 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 71 Cuba Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.1 11.3 2,475 Labor force (millions) 5.2 5.4 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.4 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 3.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.4 .. 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 47.5 .. 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 38.7 .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.1 .. 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.0 .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.7 .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 600 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.4 .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.0 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,138 1,177 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 45 87 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 17 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.35 7.49 2.08 72 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Cyprus High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.69 0.76 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.33 0.38 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.8 4.7 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 13,280 18,430 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.9 2.8 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.1 2.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.6 0.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 42.8 .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.5 .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 10 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.8 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 88.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.3 7.3 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.3 ­4.0 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 93.1 108.3 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 121.0 139.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 156.0 113.3 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 162.2 120.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.1 5.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 1.5 3.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 60.6 63.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,585 6,046 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 949 1,503 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 173 430 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.02 0.33 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 73 Czech Republic Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.3 10.2 600 Labor force (millions) 5.2 5.2 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.8 8.3 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 5,790 11,220 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.0 3.5 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.9 2.9 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 38.1 37.2 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 26.8 25.2 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 58.0 59.8 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.9 1.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 38.6 24.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 63.4 71.7 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 66.4 69.8 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 52 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 9.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 49.0 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 31 28 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 4.3 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 58.9 Tax administration 52.5 Access to and cost of financing 25.2 Legal system and conflict resolution 24.9 Anticompetitive or informal practices 22.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,462 3,674 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.8 4.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 28.0 25.5 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.6 ­3.5 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 13.7 23.1 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 54.9 48.9 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 55.2 60.4 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.4 5.8 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 29.3 4.3 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 49.0 37.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 5.6 4.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.7 4.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,694 6,224 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 0 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 800 1,465 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 97 269 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.97 1.06 1.06 74 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Denmark High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.3 5.4 1,011 Labor force (millions) 2.9 2.8 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.5 5.2 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 31,850 48,330 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.8 1.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.6 1.8 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.8 24.6 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.2 13.6 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 70.6 73.5 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.9 1.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.1 6.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.6 48.6 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.6 43.9 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 7 Time to start a business (days) .. 5 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 3 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 10.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.5 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.7 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 47.8 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 22.5 2.0 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.2 20.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.7 1.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 50.1 42.2 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 91.8 164.2 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 48.3 50.6 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.2 5.7 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 0.7 0.7 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 135.4 171.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.9 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.9 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,484 6,631 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,349 1,628 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 392 527 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.30 0.89 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 75 Djibouti Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.71 0.79 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.28 0.31 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 770 1,010 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.2 3.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.5 3.7 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 15.4 17.2 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 2.6 2.7 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 81.1 79.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 177.7 177.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.1 36.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.4 53.5 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 161 Time to start a business (days) .. 37 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 41.7 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 50 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.6 3.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.8 24.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 6.1 15.0 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 32.1 20.1 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 9.5 7.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.7 10.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.6 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 14 69 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 13 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.73 4.73 2.08 76 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Dominica Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.07 0.07 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 23.1 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,300 3,800 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 ­0.1 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 18.1 18.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.4 24.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.8 8.1 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 58.4 57.3 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.9 2.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 52.9 45.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.5 68.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 72 Time to start a business (days) .. 19 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 57.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 34.8 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 19 .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.5 9.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.8 25.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 8.1 7.0 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 76.6 77.2 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 67.5 83.8 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 62.0 62.4 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 11.0 10.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.8 6.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.4 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 335 879 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 84 361 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 77 Dominican Republic Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.3 8.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.4 3.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.2 18.4 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,170 2,460 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 7.8 2.8 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.1 12.4 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.9 25.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.8 15.1 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.6 62.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 7.7 4.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 16.4 30.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 44.9 34.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 54.9 37.7 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 117 Time to start a business (days) .. 73 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 87.6 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 67.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 43.6 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,076 93 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.8 3.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.5 19.6 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.2 14.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.0 ­0.7 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 20.7 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 24.9 27.6 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.3 33.7 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.4 9.4 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.6 5.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 34.7 27.7 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 17.7 19.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 9.1 10.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.4 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 757 1,071 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 194 508 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 40 169 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.90 0.22 2.08 78 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 12.3 13.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 5.6 6.4 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.0 8.6 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,340 2,620 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.7 5.1 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 10.6 6.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 34.7 45.7 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.6 9.0 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.6 47.8 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 96.1 2.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 24,988.4 25,000.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.1 30.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.0 32.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 123 Time to start a business (days) .. 65 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 14 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 135.4 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 8.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 13.4 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 34.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 14.0 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 83.6 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 60.7 Corruption 49.2 Access to and cost of financing 46.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 46.8 Tax rates 38.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 20 746 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.5 4.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.5 21.9 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.6 .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 38.2 21.0 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 18.4 20.8 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.9 9.6 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 31.0 4.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 32.6 23.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 25.1 2.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.8 5.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.9 15.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 654 687 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 9 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 139 601 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 15 47 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.48 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 79 Egypt, Arab Rep. Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 67.3 74.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 20.0 22.9 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.0 11.0 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,450 1,260 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.2 3.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 16.7 14.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.1 36.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.4 16.8 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.1 49.0 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.7 4.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.5 5.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.2 30.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.8 32.7 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 165 Time to start a business (days) .. 19 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 186.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 50.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 40 40 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 25.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 80.0 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 63.8 Tax administration 60.5 Corruption 50.3 Access to and cost of financing 36.7 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 864 1,702 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.2 6.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.9 18.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 9.1 9.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.3 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 37.4 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 74.3 79.1 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 66.9 87.2 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.6 .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 13.6 25.0 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 58.7 52.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 7.9 7.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.8 5.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.1 81.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 999 1,215 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 14 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 102 325 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 68 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.33 1.45 2.08 80 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean El Salvador Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.3 6.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.5 2.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.0 6.8 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,000 2,450 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.3 2.2 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 10.5 10.3 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.6 30.0 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 24.7 23.1 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.9 59.8 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.3 4.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.8 8.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.4 26.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 42.4 45.1 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 71 Time to start a business (days) .. 26 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 85.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 7.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 27.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.2 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 72.1 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Crime and disorder 49.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 44.5 Access to and cost of financing 37.6 Corruption 35.1 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 28.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 116 153 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.3 3.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.9 15.4 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.2 13.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.7 ­4.4 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 55.3 48.7 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 5.2 4.9 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 4.8 4.5 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.8 7.6 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 4.3 12.0 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 45.2 43.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.5 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.6 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.8 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 644 629 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 8 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 218 492 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 11 93 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.40 2.40 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 81 Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.45 0.50 600 Labor force (millions) 0.18 0.20 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 650 .. 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 33.9 11.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.0 6.8 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 88.0 88.9 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 4.9 4.3 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.8 4.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 101.7 .. 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 173.5 .. 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 150 Time to start a business (days) .. 136 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 20 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 132.9 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 62.4 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 23 .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.0 57.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 91.6 .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 84.1 .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 2.8 5.4 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­30.4 28.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 25 212 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 14 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 82 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa EritreaLow income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.6 4.4 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.5 1.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 180 170 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.5 3.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.1 22.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.0 22.6 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.2 8.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 61.9 54.8 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 9.6 15.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.1 8.8 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 81.8 55.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 170 Time to start a business (days) .. 76 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 69.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.7 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) 3.8 .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 86.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 57.0 Skills and education of available workers 40.5 Electricity 36.7 Tax rates 29.1 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 29.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 40 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.4 1.2 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 31.9 20.1 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 5.1 4.7 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 32.5 31.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.8 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 94 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 9 18 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 16 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.83 3.59 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 83 Estonia Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.4 1.3 600 Labor force (millions) 0.67 0.66 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.8 9.6 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,070 9,060 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.4 7.5 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.5 4.0 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.5 29.4 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.7 18.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.0 66.6 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.0 4.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 17.0 12.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 88.4 84.2 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 92.0 90.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 17 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 34.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 50.2 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.7 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 48.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Labor regulations 18.6 Access to and cost of financing 8.8 Skills and education of available workers 7.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 5.6 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 5.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 172 55 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.1 22.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.6 29.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 22.6 25.9 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.0 2.7 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 3.3 9.6 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 24.2 38.4 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 25.4 33.1 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.6 8.6 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.0 0.2 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 23.9 60.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 2.0 ­1.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.7 2.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.1 23.5 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,632 5,484 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 3 1 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 788 1,402 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 286 513 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.62 0.90 1.06 84 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 64.3 71.3 2,352 Labor force (millions) 28.3 31.6 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. 23.1 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 130 160 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.7 4.2 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 47.7 47.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 12.4 13.3 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.7 5.1 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.9 39.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.7 11.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.2 8.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 12.5 16.4 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.0 39.1 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 97 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 40.1 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.4 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) 2.1 .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.8 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 72.2 Tax administration 59.2 Access to land 50.0 Access to and cost of financing 50.0 Electricity 42.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 300 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.7 2.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.5 26.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.2 15.4 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­8.0 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 36.8 .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 36.5 .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.1 25.3 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 4.7 1.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.9 3.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.0 19.1 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 23 33 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 4 14 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 2 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.35 4.01 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 85 Faeroe Islands High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.05 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.1 6.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. 1,224 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. 646 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 86 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Fiji Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.81 0.85 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.35 0.39 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,190 3,170 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 2.6 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.0 15.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.8 25.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.6 14.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.2 58.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.1 2.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.1 1.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 60.2 .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 64.5 .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 31 Time to start a business (days) .. 46 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 28.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.1 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 32 31 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 24 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­1.1 ­0.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.5 .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 3.1 .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­3.6 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 37.3 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.5 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 32.6 42.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.9 4.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.5 6.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.2 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 174 254 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 15 77 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.76 2.84 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 87 Finland High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.2 5.2 1,011 Labor force (millions) 2.6 2.7 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.8 8.9 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 25,150 37,530 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.7 2.4 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.8 2.9 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.7 29.6 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 26.2 22.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.5 67.5 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.4 0.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 42.7 38.7 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.7 35.2 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 14 Time to start a business (days) .. 14 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 3 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.9 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 47.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 29 29 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.5 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 42.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.6 2.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.7 19.2 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 6.9 3.2 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 47.4 45.6 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 57.9 69.8 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 46.6 48.0 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.3 8.8 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 0.6 0.3 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 53.7 76.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 2.5 3.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.0 2.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 62.0 64.7 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 15,286 16,780 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,271 1,401 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 372 534 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.07 1.80 0.76 88 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development France High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 58.9 60.9 1,011 Labor force (millions) 26.2 27.1 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.0 9.9 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 24,460 34,600 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.9 1.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.8 2.2 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.9 20.9 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.0 13.3 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 74.3 76.9 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.7 1.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.6 26.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.7 27.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 35 Time to start a business (days) .. 8 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 31.8 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.9 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 68.2 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 8.0 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 43.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 3.3 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.5 19.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.7 ­2.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 60.0 71.9 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 101.4 106.2 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 61.8 67.0 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.7 4.4 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 5.0 3.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 85.0 93.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 5.2 4.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.1 4.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 7,492 7,900 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,070 1,376 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 144 430 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.82 0.84 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 89 French Polynesia High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.24 0.26 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.10 0.11 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 16,070 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.7 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 129.5 96.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 4.9 .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.2 .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 396 547 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 64 214 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.67 .. 0.76 90 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Gabon Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.3 1.4 600 Labor force (millions) 0.53 0.60 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,090 5,010 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.4 1.7 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.4 7.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 53.2 57.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.2 4.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.4 34.8 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.5 0.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.0 58.5 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 34.8 38.5 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 132 Time to start a business (days) .. 60 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 43.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 12 92 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­0.9 3.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.1 20.5 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 21.3 16.5 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 12.2 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 10.5 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 6.6 15.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.9 8.9 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­5.0 8.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 12.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.9 10.2 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 850 928 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 125 498 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 12 48 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 14.12 2.77 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 91 Gambia, The Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.3 1.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.56 0.66 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 320 290 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.6 3.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 35.8 32.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.1 13.1 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.4 5.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 51.1 54.2 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.2 3.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 12.8 28.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48.0 44.8 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 56.8 65.4 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 113 Time to start a business (days) .. 27 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 291.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 53.7 Access to and cost of financing 11.6 Tax rates 6.5 Access to land 5.2 Anticompetitive or informal practices 4.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 7 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 10.3 11.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.4 24.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.8 18.5 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.5 13.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 19.6 29.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.5 17.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 35.4 19.3 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 30 192 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 9 33 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.39 1.81 1.99 92 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Georgia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.7 4.5 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.4 2.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.8 12.6 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 700 1,320 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.7 7.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 21.9 16.7 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.4 27.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.4 17.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.7 55.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.1 8.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.0 1.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.0 42.1 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.7 54.5 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 37 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.0 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 10.5 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 7.6 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 44.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 38.2 Tax rates 35.7 Electricity 33.2 Access to and cost of financing 31.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 49 26 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.3 7.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.4 25.9 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.5 19.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.6 1.5 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 69.9 35.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 6.5 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 4.2 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 30.5 18.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.6 3.8 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.7 14.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 26.8 12.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 22.6 14.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 93.4 39.4 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,360 1,577 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 56 39 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 149 337 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 39 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.88 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 93 Germany High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 82.2 82.5 1,011 Labor force (millions) 40.4 41.0 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.8 9.8 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 25,510 34,870 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.0 0.7 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.3 0.9 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.3 29.7 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.9 22.7 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.5 69.4 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.5 2.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.4 40.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.0 35.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 21 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 69.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.2 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 4.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 57.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 23.3 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 38.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 29.4 Access to and cost of financing 23.2 Tax administration 23.2 Anticompetitive or informal practices 10.4 Labor regulations 9.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 11.1 1.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.5 17.1 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.4 ­2.3 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 44.2 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 145.7 139.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 90.4 96.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.2 4.4 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 4.7 4.8 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 118.6 111.4 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 10.4 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.2 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,680 7,029 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 0 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,197 1,628 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 302 455 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.34 0.43 0.76 94 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 19.9 22.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 8.7 9.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.2 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 320 450 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 5.1 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 35.3 37.5 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.4 23.2 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.0 8.3 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.3 39.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 25.2 15.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5,455.1 9,072.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.1 36.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.6 61.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 94 Time to start a business (days) .. 81 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 177.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.9 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 1.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 52 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.3 1.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.0 29.0 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 17.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­6.5 ­2.9 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 11.8 12.0 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.9 13.9 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 14.0 15.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.4 17.9 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 306 247 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 17 143 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 18 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.65 0.39 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 95 Greece High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.9 11.1 1,011 Labor force (millions) 4.9 5.1 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 11.1 10.2 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 11,530 19,840 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 4.4 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.3 5.2 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.4 20.8 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 12.2 11.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 71.3 74.0 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.2 3.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 365.4 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.0 20.8 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.9 28.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 109 Time to start a business (days) .. 38 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 15 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 69.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 60.2 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 69.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 27.5 Access to and cost of financing 23.3 Tax administration 22.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 13.7 Corruption 9.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.9 0.3 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.1 23.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.1 ­5.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 135.4 137.8 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 80.7 92.9 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 55.5 79.8 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.9 5.0 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.3 5.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 51.5 84.8 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 8.7 3.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.2 4.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,539 5,148 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 3 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,062 1,472 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 92 180 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.69 1.09 0.76 96 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Greenland High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.06 0.06 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.1 6.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 750 .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 317 668 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.41 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 97 Grenada Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.10 0.11 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 15.2 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,660 3,860 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.7 0.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.7 8.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.3 23.1 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.6 5.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.0 68.4 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.1 .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 57.4 42.8 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 75.6 76.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 73 Time to start a business (days) .. 52 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 4 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 28.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 42.8 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 7 13 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.1 5.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 43.7 35.6 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 36.7 28.1 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 83.4 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 82.4 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 79.3 85.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 10.5 7.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.4 7.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 61.0 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 352 719 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 41 182 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.97 .. 1.06 98 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Guam High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.16 0.17 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.07 0.08 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 17.1 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 654 .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 161 383 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 99 Guatemala Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.2 12.6 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.6 4.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 1.4 2.8 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,740 2,400 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.1 2.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 22.8 22.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.8 18.9 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.2 12.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.4 58.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.0 8.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 7.8 7.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.2 15.7 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.0 30.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 118 Time to start a business (days) .. 30 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 101.1 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 12.4 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 31 31 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 15.9 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Corruption 80.9 Crime and disorder 80.4 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 66.4 Tax rates 56.5 Anticompetitive or informal practices 56.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 147 120 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.2 0.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.1 15.1 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.7 13.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.8 ­1.5 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 17.0 18.3 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 18.8 20.9 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 16.4 22.0 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 19.8 25.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 13.2 4.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 10.7 8.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 34.5 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 345 514 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 9 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 137 457 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 79 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.76 1.21 2.08 100 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa GuineaLow income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.4 9.4 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.0 4.4 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 400 420 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 2.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 23.2 24.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 35.9 36.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.7 4.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.9 38.8 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,746.9 3,644.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.6 26.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.7 29.6 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 157 Time to start a business (days) .. 49 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.8 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 49.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 61.0 Transportation system 9.5 Access to and cost of financing 8.3 Tax rates 3.1 Corruption 2.7 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 12 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.3 3.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.1 12.0 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.0 7.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.4 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 3.8 5.1 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 7.4 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.9 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 16.5 9.8 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 20 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 5 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.15 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 101 Guinea-Bissau Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.4 1.6 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.55 0.64 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 160 180 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­2.7 ­0.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 56.4 60.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.0 11.7 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.5 8.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 30.6 28.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 8.6 3.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.8 37.7 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 51.6 55.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 173 Time to start a business (days) .. 233 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 17 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 86.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 47.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 41.4 Access to and cost of financing 19.6 Corruption 6.1 Tax rates 5.3 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 5.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 0.6 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.3 3.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.3 14.6 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 1.0 4.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 7.5 2.1 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 12.6 6.7 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 7.9 2.1 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.9 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 8 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 20 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 102 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Guyana Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.74 0.75 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.31 0.33 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.1 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 880 1,020 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.5 0.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 31.1 31.0 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.0 24.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.2 8.0 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.9 44.5 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.1 6.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 182.4 199.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 96.1 87.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 110.7 123.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 136 Time to start a business (days) .. 46 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 44.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 45 45 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 29.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 62.6 Electricity 40.5 Skills and education of available workers 39.9 Crime and disorder 30.1 Access to land 27.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 37 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.4 9.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.8 25.8 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.0 1.4 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 57.1 59.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.0 10.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.6 12.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.4 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 31 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 146 521 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 67 213 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.89 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 103 Haiti Latin America & Caribbean Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 7.9 8.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 3.2 3.7 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.2 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 500 450 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.4 ­0.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 28.4 27.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.6 17.0 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.0 8.4 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.0 55.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 13.7 15.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 21.2 40.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 12.3 15.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.5 44.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 139 Time to start a business (days) .. 203 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.7 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 18 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.4 0.2 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.6 29.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 23.5 26.4 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 14.5 15.2 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.3 35.5 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 15.6 15.4 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 12.5 10.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.2 24.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 24.3 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 38 30 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 16 64 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 70 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.10 2.15 1.99 104 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Honduras Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.4 7.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.5 3.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.2 5.9 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 860 1,120 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.8 3.6 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 16.2 13.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.6 31.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.6 20.1 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.2 54.6 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 11.1 8.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 14.8 18.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.3 40.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.2 61.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 111 Time to start a business (days) .. 44 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 43.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 10.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 51.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 40.2 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Corruption 62.7 Access to and cost of financing 62.4 Crime and disorder 60.9 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 46.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 40.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 127 41 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.7 5.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.1 23.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.3 17.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 34.2 37.3 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 38.8 43.7 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.8 8.4 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.6 6.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 40.7 42.7 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 15.7 7.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 10.9 7.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.4 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 501 586 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 23 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 71 246 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 12 36 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.97 2.52 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 105 Hong Kong, China High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.7 6.9 1,011 Labor force (millions) 3.4 3.7 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.9 6.8 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 26,980 27,670 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.6 4.3 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.1 0.1 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.3 9.9 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.4 3.5 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 86.6 90.0 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­3.8 0.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 7.8 7.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 143.6 197.9 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 139.1 185.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 5 Time to start a business (days) .. 11 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 62.1 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.1 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 28.8 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 16 18 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 13.5 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 38.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 36.7 20.2 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.4 20.9 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 167.8 166.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 214.4 250.1 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.0 12.2 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.3 1.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 152.9 146.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 16.3 8.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.7 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,447 5,699 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,406 1,798 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 278 508 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.62 0.77 0.76 106 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Hungary Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.2 10.1 600 Labor force (millions) 4.2 4.2 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.4 6.1 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,600 10,070 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.3 4.1 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.3 3.8 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.5 31.1 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 24.4 22.7 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.1 65.1 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 9.8 3.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 282.2 199.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 74.0 66.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 78.0 68.5 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 66 Time to start a business (days) .. 38 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 34.5 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 59.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 18 16 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 8.2 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 50.2 Access to and cost of financing 37.0 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 25.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 25.5 Tax administration 19.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,168 3,318 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.9 5.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.4 23.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.8 ­7.4 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 60.4 67.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 36.7 55.2 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 36.4 39.9 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.3 9.1 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.0 2.1 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 32.0 51.7 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 2.5 5.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.1 3.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 43.7 43.9 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,309 3,680 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 2 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 673 1,257 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 70 297 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.28 1.01 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 107 Iceland High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.28 0.30 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.16 0.18 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.3 3.1 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 30,580 48,570 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.8 3.7 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.5 6.7 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.2 24.8 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.4 12.8 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 66.4 68.4 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.2 4.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 78.6 63.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.8 31.5 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.2 45.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 12 Time to start a business (days) .. 5 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 27.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 10.4 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 87.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.8 15.6 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.5 28.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.7 .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 60.9 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 86.0 153.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 42.0 58.8 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.2 7.1 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.5 0.9 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 97.8 255.3 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 12.7 9.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.2 7.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.5 34.4 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 26,221 28,213 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,463 1,678 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 598 869 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.84 .. 0.76 108 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia India Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1,015.9 1,094.6 2,352 Labor force (millions) 396.2 435.0 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.3 5.0 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 450 730 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.8 7.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 23.4 18.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.2 27.3 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.6 15.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.5 54.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.0 4.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 44.9 44.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.8 20.5 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.6 24.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 134 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 55.9 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 10.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 81.1 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 40 36 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.3 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 30.5 Tax rates 12.5 Corruption 11.7 Access to and cost of financing 10.5 Access to land 6.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,139 8,441 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.8 0.8 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.8 28.1 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.3 21.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.9 ­3.6 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 56.0 65.3 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 41.4 54.4 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 42.8 51.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.7 6.3 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.8 5.2 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 28.8 40.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 8.5 6.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 47.5 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 402 457 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 35 128 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 55 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.36 1.19 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 109 Indonesia East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 206.3 220.6 2,475 Labor force (millions) 97.4 107.2 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.1 9.9 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 590 1,280 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.6 4.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.6 13.4 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 45.9 45.8 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 27.7 28.1 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.5 40.8 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.7 10.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8,421.8 9,704.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.0 33.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.5 29.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 135 Time to start a business (days) .. 97 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 108.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 4.0 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 195.3 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 48.2 Corruption 41.5 Access to and cost of financing 30.7 Tax rates 29.5 Labor regulations 25.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 642 1,445 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­2.8 1.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.9 22.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.5 ­1.1 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 45.2 29.0 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 43.7 36.5 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 44.7 38.7 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.0 10.5 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 34.4 15.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 19.9 26.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­1.7 0.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.0 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.1 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 400 478 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 4 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 50 271 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 9 73 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.90 2.79 2.08 110 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Iran, Islamic Rep. Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 63.7 68.3 2,475 Labor force (millions) 21.9 27.5 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.3 11.6 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,680 2,600 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.7 5.8 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 13.7 10.4 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.7 44.6 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.2 11.8 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.5 45.0 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 14.5 13.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,764.4 8,964.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.7 38.8 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.4 30.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 119 Time to start a business (days) .. 47 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 90.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 54 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 20.6 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 350 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.0 0.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.4 27.4 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.6 18.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.8 7.4 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 18.3 26.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 31.3 34.5 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 28.3 40.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. 0.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. 4.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 64.8 67.4 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,593 2,036 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 164 384 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 10 103 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.65 0.55 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 111 Iraq Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 24.4 .. 2,475 Labor force (millions) 7.0 8.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. 26.8 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 17.9 ­11.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.4 8.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 84.4 70.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 0.9 1.7 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 10.3 21.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.3 1,472.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 145 Time to start a business (days) .. 77 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 38.7 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 475 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 84.3 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,163 1,126 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 27 57 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 1 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 2.08 112 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development IrelandHigh income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.8 4.2 1,011 Labor force (millions) 1.8 2.1 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.3 4.4 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 23,120 41,140 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 9.8 5.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.4 2.5 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 42.7 37.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 33.5 26.9 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 53.9 60.2 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.6 2.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 98.6 83.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 85.0 67.8 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 10 Time to start a business (days) .. 19 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 4 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 49.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.4 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 25.8 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 32 13 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.7 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 24.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 17.4 Skills and education of available workers 15.6 Tax administration 15.4 Access to and cost of financing 13.8 Transportation system 11.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 26.5 ­14.7 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.3 24.4 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 4.8 1.0 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 39.6 29.6 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 102.8 124.8 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 74.2 79.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.5 4.7 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.0 0.7 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 106.0 160.7 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­0.7 ­0.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.7 2.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,796 6,169 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 2 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,128 1,501 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 178 276 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.80 0.71 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 113 Isle of Man High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.08 0.08 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 1.6 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 23,680 27,590 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. 5.9 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 114 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Israel High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.3 6.9 1,011 Labor force (millions) 2.5 2.7 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.8 10.7 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 17,090 18,580 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 1.9 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.1 1.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 4.1 4.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.8 45.9 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.2 51.3 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 26 Time to start a business (days) .. 34 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 39.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 36 36 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 67.6 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.4 4.5 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.7 17.5 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.1 ­2.6 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 89.5 100.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 81.6 91.1 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.3 6.7 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 6.9 10.3 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 83.0 97.5 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 11.2 5.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.2 3.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,372 6,803 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,173 1,544 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 202 470 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.30 0.59 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 115 Italy High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 56.9 58.6 1,011 Labor force (millions) 23.5 24.4 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.5 8.0 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 20,900 30,250 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.9 0.6 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.8 2.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.4 26.9 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 21.0 18.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.8 70.9 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 2.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.1 26.3 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.1 26.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 82 Time to start a business (days) .. 13 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 1.7 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.2 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 76.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 36 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.6 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 77.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.2 1.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.3 20.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.7 ­3.5 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 119.3 114.4 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 91.5 101.1 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 50.2 52.6 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.0 7.3 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.8 6.3 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 76.0 90.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.9 3.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.2 4.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,299 5,640 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,219 1,659 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 232 478 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.81 0.79 0.76 116 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Jamaica Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.6 2.7 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.2 1.2 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 15.5 11.4 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,930 3,390 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.1 1.8 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.7 5.7 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.3 33.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.7 13.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.0 61.2 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 8.2 15.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 43.0 62.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 42.6 41.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.9 60.7 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 50 Time to start a business (days) .. 8 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 60.5 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.1 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 3.5 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 72.2 Tax rates 60.0 Crime and disorder 54.4 Tax administration 48.9 Electricity 45.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 546 13 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.8 7.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.4 31.6 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 23.6 29.7 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.6 ­1.2 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 111.0 139.6 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 38.5 35.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.4 37.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.2 8.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.0 2.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 28.9 17.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.7 7.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.7 9.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 70.1 73.3 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,321 2,455 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 20 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 332 1,146 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 31 404 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.20 0.87 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 117 Japan High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 126.9 127.8 1,011 Labor force (millions) 67.6 66.6 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.8 4.7 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 34,490 38,950 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.6 1.4 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.8 1.7 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.4 30.2 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.2 21.0 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 65.8 68.1 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.7 ­0.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 107.8 110.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 11.0 13.4 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.6 11.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 11 Time to start a business (days) .. 23 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.6 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.6 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.8 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 44.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.2 0.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.2 22.9 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 139.2 138.5 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 110.5 120.8 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.6 4.2 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 5.3 1.8 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 223.1 186.9 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 3.8 3.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.0 1.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.6 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 8,007 8,072 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,015 1,202 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 300 668 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.67 1.63 0.76 118 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Jordan Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.9 5.5 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.5 1.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.7 12.4 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,770 2,460 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 6.1 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.3 2.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.5 29.6 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.7 19.2 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 72.1 67.6 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.7 3.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.7 0.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.8 51.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 68.6 93.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 78 Time to start a business (days) .. 18 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 26.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 584 141 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.6 12.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.1 23.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.9 17.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.0 ­4.7 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 93.7 89.1 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 80.1 83.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 85.8 98.6 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.0 7.2 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 18.4 13.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 77.8 87.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 12.3 3.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.8 4.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,360 1,602 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 208 423 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 26 118 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.86 1.44 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 119 Kazakhstan Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 14.9 15.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 7.5 8.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.8 8.4 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,270 2,940 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.9 10.1 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.7 6.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 40.5 39.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.7 14.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.8 53.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 13.2 7.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 142.1 132.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 56.6 53.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.1 44.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 63 Time to start a business (days) .. 20 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 45.0 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 11.5 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 20.1 Tax rates 15.4 Tax administration 13.7 Corruption 12.0 Business licensing and permits 9.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 475 409 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.0 3.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.3 24.4 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.5 19.8 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.1 2.6 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 21.6 7.1 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 10.2 25.4 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 8.6 15.9 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 13.6 8.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.9 9.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 11.2 35.7 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.5 93.4 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,081 3,621 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 8 5 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 136 350 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 27 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.76 .. 2.08 120 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Kenya Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 30.7 34.3 2,352 Labor force (millions) 13.6 15.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 430 540 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.1 3.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 32.4 27.0 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.9 18.5 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.6 11.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.7 54.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 10.0 10.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 76.2 75.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.6 27.4 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.6 34.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 83 Time to start a business (days) .. 54 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 47.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.5 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 11.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 74.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 87.4 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 72.5 Corruption 72.5 Crime and disorder 69.6 Tax rates 67.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 64.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 130 421 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.9 0.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.7 18.6 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.2 11.9 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.0 ­1.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 52.6 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 33.7 34.3 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 31.7 33.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.9 .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 33.3 5.2 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 28.4 25.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 15.3 8.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 14.2 7.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.1 14.1 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 112 140 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 84 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 14 143 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 32 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.35 3.00 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 121 Kiribati East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.09 0.10 2,475 Labor force (millions) .. .. 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,030 1,210 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.4 ­0.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.0 8.2 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 9.7 12.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 0.9 0.9 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 83.3 79.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.7 1.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.6 13.2 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 65.2 107.3 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 60 Time to start a business (days) .. 21 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 34.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 40 .. 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 17 20 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 6.98 8.82 2.08 122 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Korea, Dem. Rep. Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context 21.9 22.5 2,352 Population (millions) 10.3 10.7 965 Labor force (millions) .. .. .. Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 585 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 6.1 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 21.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 28.3 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 15.2 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 50.2 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. 24.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 29.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) Business environment .. .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. 59 Time to start a business (days) .. .. 10 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 65.3 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 3.1 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. 70.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. 9.8 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. .. Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment .. .. 18,981 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 1.5 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 25.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) Finance and banking .. .. ­3.2 Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. .. Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 33.9 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) Infrastructure 6.4 .. 13.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 747 827 375 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 39 Electrical outages (days) 23 .. 114 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 0 .. 44 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1.99 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 123 Korea, Rep. High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 47.0 48.3 1,011 Labor force (millions) 22.6 24.4 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.1 3.5 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 9,800 15,840 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 4.6 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.9 3.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 40.7 40.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 29.4 28.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.4 56.3 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.3 2.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,131.0 1,024.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.8 42.5 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.7 40.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 23 Time to start a business (days) .. 22 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.5 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 30.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 28 27 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 62.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 40.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 16.8 Access to and cost of financing 15.7 Tax rates 14.9 Tax administration 9.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.8 0.6 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 31.1 29.3 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 4.6 0.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 9.6 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 76.5 93.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 80.7 80.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.6 5.8 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 8.9 1.2 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 91.1 102.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 7.8 6.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 0.6 1.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.7 86.8 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,270 7,391 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 0 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,121 1,286 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 405 684 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.93 0.76 0.76 124 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development KuwaitHigh income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.2 2.5 1,011 Labor force (millions) 1.1 1.4 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 0.8 1.7 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 16,790 30,630 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.8 7.3 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.4 0.5 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 59.2 51.1 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 2.6 2.3 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.5 48.5 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 4.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.3 0.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 56.5 67.7 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.1 30.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 46 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 42.7 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.2 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 55.7 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.0 0.3 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.7 19.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.4 8.2 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 84.1 78.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 65.6 63.6 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 11.5 12.6 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 19.2 4.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 52.0 63.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­9.7 ­13.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.0 4.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 80.6 85.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 13,378 14,955 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 431 1,140 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 68 276 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.94 1.51 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 125 Kyrgyz Republic Europe & Central Asia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.9 5.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.1 2.3 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.5 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 280 450 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.4 4.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 36.8 34.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.0 20.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.5 14.1 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 32.2 45.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 18.7 4.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 47.7 41.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.8 39.0 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 47.6 58.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 90 Time to start a business (days) .. 21 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 67.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 28.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax administration 33.7 Access to and cost of financing 32.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 32.2 Corruption 32.2 Tax rates 31.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 4 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­0.2 1.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.3 14.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.5 9.7 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.9 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 114.5 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 4.2 6.5 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 4.9 7.3 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.2 8.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 19.5 18.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 33.5 20.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.1 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,687 1,421 375 Electrical outages (days) 21 10 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 78 190 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 10 54 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 9.84 5.40 1.99 126 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Lao PDR Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.3 5.9 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.0 2.4 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 280 430 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.1 6.2 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 52.6 44.8 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.9 29.5 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.0 20.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 24.5 25.7 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 25.1 7.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 7,887.6 10,655.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.1 27.2 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 34.4 30.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 159 Time to start a business (days) .. 163 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 19.4 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.5 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 1,260 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.0 1.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.9 32.0 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 6.9 26.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 8.8 7.6 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 13.6 14.6 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.9 7.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 5.5 17.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 20.0 22.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 44.5 14.4 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 10 120 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 4 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 9.20 1.11 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 127 Latvia Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.4 2.3 600 Labor force (millions) 1.1 1.1 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.0 8.7 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,240 6,770 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.6 7.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.6 4.1 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.6 22.1 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.7 12.8 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 71.8 73.8 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.7 6.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.6 0.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.6 48.1 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48.7 62.4 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 24 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.9 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 42.6 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 5.7 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 13.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 29.2 Tax administration 26.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 21.8 Skills and education of available workers 17.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 12.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 229 100 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.3 4.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.2 29.8 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.5 24.2 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.2 ­0.9 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 12.0 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 19.3 43.3 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 16.5 27.5 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.5 7.6 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 4.6 0.7 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 16.9 59.9 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 7.8 ­2.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.5 3.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,078 2,549 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 1 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 479 1,131 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 63 448 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.05 1.63 1.06 128 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Lebanon Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.4 3.6 600 Labor force (millions) 1.3 1.4 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.6 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 5,100 6,320 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 4.0 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.3 6.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.7 22.3 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.7 13.6 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 69.0 71.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,507.5 1,507.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.8 19.3 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.8 44.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 86 Time to start a business (days) .. 46 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 16.5 Electricity 12.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 12.5 Corruption 11.4 Legal system and conflict resolution 11.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 196 3 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.7 11.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.8 20.3 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.9 17.9 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­18.9 ­8.4 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.4 .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.8 15.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 90.2 76.3 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 21.5 10.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 2.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 84.9 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,311 2,499 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 388 554 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 88 196 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.48 2.19 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 129 Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.8 1.8 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.65 0.63 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 39.3 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 630 950 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 2.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 18.6 17.3 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 41.1 41.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.8 18.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.4 41.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.1 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.9 6.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.8 47.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 92.4 88.0 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 114 Time to start a business (days) .. 73 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 44.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.6 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 19.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 25.6 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 54.1 Crime and disorder 45.9 Tax administration 43.2 Tax rates 41.9 Electricity; corruption 35.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 3 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 13.7 6.3 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 44.6 40.6 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 36.6 32.7 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.5 5.1 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 67.8 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. 20.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. 22.0 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 14.2 8.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 10.7 8.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 12.2 7.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.3 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 19 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 25 163 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 24 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.31 3.28 2.08 130 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Liberia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.1 3.3 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.1 1.2 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 130 130 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 38.9 ­6.8 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 72.0 63.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 11.6 15.2 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.4 12.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 16.4 21.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 41.0 57.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.2 36.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.6 50.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 7 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.7 35.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 4.9 15.9 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 2.0 4.1 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 3.1 6.6 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 22.1 7.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 14.3 13.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.2 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 3 .. 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 .. 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 131 Libya Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.3 5.9 600 Labor force (millions) 1.9 2.3 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. 5,530 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. 5.3 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­2.9 ­2.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.5 1.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.0 .. 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.2 .. 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.9 .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 36.8 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 26.7 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 26.8 9.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­13.4 ­14.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.0 4.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.2 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,243 2,519 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 122 156 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 36 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 132 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Liechtenstein High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.03 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. 1,366 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. 633 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 133 Lithuania Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.5 3.4 600 Labor force (millions) 1.7 1.6 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 16.4 8.3 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,180 7,210 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.3 7.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.8 5.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.6 33.5 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.3 21.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.5 60.8 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.0 2.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 4.0 2.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 44.6 58.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.9 65.4 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 16 Time to start a business (days) .. 26 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 30.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.4 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 24 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 2.6 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 16.5 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 40.7 Access to land 26.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 22.1 Anticompetitive or informal practices 17.2 Tax administration 15.7 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 388 98 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.3 4.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.7 22.3 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.6 .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.8 ­0.4 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. 21.4 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 17.1 27.2 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 15.3 23.7 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.2 7.3 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 11.3 2.5 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 11.4 34.9 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 10.2 2.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.3 4.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.3 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,517 3,145 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 489 1,510 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 64 358 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.10 1.55 1.06 134 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Luxembourg High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.44 0.46 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.19 0.20 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.4 4.8 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 43,490 58,050 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.3 3.3 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.7 0.4 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.4 16.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.3 9.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 81.0 83.3 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.1 2.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 150.0 158.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 129.0 135.8 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 22 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 53.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 523.4 301.3 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.8 20.3 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 5.5 ­1.6 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 4.9 4.0 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 103.4 113.3 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 300.6 318.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.0 4.5 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 0.5 0.2 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 102.2 133.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 5.7 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.0 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 15,425 16,462 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,261 2,112 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 228 690 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 15.96 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 135 Macao, China High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.44 0.46 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.22 0.26 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.6 4.8 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 14,170 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­1.1 13.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.0 0.0 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.4 11.7 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.6 3.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 77.4 70.2 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­1.6 4.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.0 8.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 104.3 96.3 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.1 59.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 15 15 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.2 .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.9 26.3 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.7 8.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 82.8 42.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 170.7 137.1 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 83.0 46.2 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 11.0 ­1.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.6 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 717 1,537 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 135 369 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.12 1.12 0.76 136 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Macedonia, FYR Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.0 2.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.83 0.86 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 32.4 37.2 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,850 2,830 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.0 1.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.0 12.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.7 29.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.7 18.4 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.2 57.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.8 0.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 65.9 49.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48.6 45.1 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 63.5 62.5 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 92 Time to start a business (days) .. 18 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 8.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.5 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.6 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 27.5 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 41.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 34.0 Corruption 32.4 Legal system and conflict resolution 28.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 25.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 429 114 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.9 1.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.2 17.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.5 11.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 17.8 25.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 9.9 8.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.7 5.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 63.8 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,932 3,183 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 4 2 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 310 882 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 25 79 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.95 .. 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 137 Madagascar Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 16.2 18.6 2,352 Labor force (millions) 7.3 8.6 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.5 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 240 290 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.9 2.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 28.8 27.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 14.4 15.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 12.2 14.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 56.8 56.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 12.0 18.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,353.5 2,003.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.7 25.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 38.0 40.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 149 Time to start a business (days) .. 21 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 30.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 20.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 4.5 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 68.3 Corruption 46.1 Tax rates 44.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 44.7 Tax administration 42.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 13 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.1 0.6 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.0 22.4 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 8.3 12.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­10.2 ­22.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 559.4 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 10.1 12.5 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 13.2 15.1 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.1 6.2 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 8.6 10.1 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 9.2 9.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 18.0 7.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.5 8.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.6 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 78 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 7 31 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 5 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 8.98 0.59 1.99 138 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Malawi Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.5 12.9 2,352 Labor force (millions) 5.4 5.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 0.9 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 150 160 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.8 3.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 39.5 34.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.9 19.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 12.9 12.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 42.5 45.9 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 29.6 15.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 59.5 118.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.6 26.8 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.3 53.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 110 Time to start a business (days) .. 37 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 84.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.6 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.6 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 38 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 13.0 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 64.9 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 27.6 Electricity 19.2 Tax rates 9.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 7.1 Tax administration 6.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 0.9 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.5 0.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.3 13.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 2.3 3.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 7.6 11.1 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.9 19.3 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 9.1 10.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 17.3 15.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 19.9 22.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 45.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 63 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 41 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 4 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.32 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 139 Malaysia East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 23.0 25.3 600 Labor force (millions) 9.7 11.0 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.0 3.5 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,430 4,970 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.7 4.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.8 8.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 50.7 51.8 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 32.6 30.6 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.5 39.6 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.5 3.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.8 3.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 124.4 123.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 104.5 99.9 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 25 Time to start a business (days) .. 30 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 88.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 35.2 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 28 28 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 20.5 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5,525 2,666 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.2 3.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.6 20.0 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 31.8 .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.1 ­4.3 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 97.5 102.0 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 111.8 109.7 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.5 7.9 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 15.4 9.9 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 177.9 128.3 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 2.7 1.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.3 3.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 77.9 81.3 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,774 3,166 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 424 943 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 216 435 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.37 0.71 1.06 140 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia Maldives Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.29 0.33 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.09 0.12 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.0 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,010 2,320 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 8.7 5.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­1.2 3.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 11.8 12.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 89.5 62.1 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 71.6 110.0 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 53 Time to start a business (days) .. 13 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 6.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 9.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2 40 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.1 1.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.3 35.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­5.0 ­13.1 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 40.9 69.3 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 21.2 38.1 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 31.5 55.4 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 19.1 55.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 11.3 8.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.1 6.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 111 564 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 21 59 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 11.72 5.86 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 141 Mali Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.6 13.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.8 5.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.3 8.8 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 220 380 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.5 5.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 41.6 36.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.6 24.2 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 3.8 3.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 37.9 39.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.7 6.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.8 25.9 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.4 37.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 155 Time to start a business (days) .. 42 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 31.4 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.6 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 7.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 50.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 63.6 Corruption 48.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 42.9 Access to land 38.3 Tax rates 36.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 366 55 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.4 3.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.6 22.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.9 15.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 15.8 20.0 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 13.1 18.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 16.6 18.4 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.1 18.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 10 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 4 70 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 4 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 12.64 .. 1.99 142 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Malta High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.39 0.40 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.15 0.17 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.5 7.2 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 9,590 13,610 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 ­0.3 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.4 3.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.4 0.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 92.7 71.2 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 102.5 81.7 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 77.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.2 21.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­5.3 ­5.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 54.5 88.0 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 132.5 143.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 125.9 131.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 107.4 105.5 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­2.2 2.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.4 2.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 88.0 87.5 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,313 4,797 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 817 1,304 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 131 315 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.41 0.77 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 143 Marshall Islands East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.05 0.06 2,475 Labor force (millions) .. .. 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 30.9 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,540 2,930 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­3.7 2.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.4 .. 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.6 .. 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 3.7 .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 72.1 .. 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 87 Time to start a business (days) .. 17 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 66.6 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 84 86 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 15 35 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 2.08 144 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Mauritania Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.6 3.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.0 1.2 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 460 580 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.3 4.0 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 27.6 23.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.7 29.3 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.0 5.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 42.6 47.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.3 12.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 238.9 265.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.2 35.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 74.2 95.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 148 Time to start a business (days) .. 82 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 31.4 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 8.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 104.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 21.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 14.4 Electricity 13.0 Tax rates 12.8 Customs and trade regulations 10.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 43 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.7 6.2 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.4 44.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 23.1 27.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 23.9 3.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 16.2 15.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.3 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 42 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 13 256 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 7 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.36 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 145 Mauritius Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.2 1.2 600 Labor force (millions) 0.53 0.57 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.8 8.5 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,740 5,250 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.5 4.0 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.9 6.1 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.2 28.2 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 23.7 20.2 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.9 65.7 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.2 4.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 26.2 29.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 62.7 56.5 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 64.6 60.9 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 32 Time to start a business (days) .. 46 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 34.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 9.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 24.8 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 62.2 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 52.7 Business licensing and permits 46.8 Skills and education of available workers 42.9 Anticompetitive or informal practices 37.6 Corruption 36.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 338 46 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.9 0.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.3 21.3 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 14.8 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.1 ­2.1 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 34.5 43.8 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 68.0 74.0 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 70.6 74.1 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 60.7 76.7 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 16.5 15.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.2 13.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 97.0 100.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 388 862 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 73 146 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.00 1.59 1.06 146 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Mayotte Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.18 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 147 Mexico Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 98.0 103.1 600 Labor force (millions) 39.4 42.3 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.2 3.0 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 5,110 7,310 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.4 1.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.2 3.8 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.0 25.9 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.3 17.7 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 67.8 70.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 9.5 4.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 9.5 10.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.9 29.9 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.9 31.5 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 43 Time to start a business (days) .. 27 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 74.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.1 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 28.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 19.0 Corruption 17.8 Tax rates 10.6 Access to and cost of financing 8.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 8.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5,277 4,763 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.1 2.4 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 19.3 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.8 15.0 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.2 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) 23.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 32.7 26.8 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 24.6 23.0 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.6 12.0 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 5.8 1.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 18.3 18.2 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 4.3 4.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.7 6.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 32.8 49.5 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,795 1,838 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 270 650 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 52 181 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.01 0.83 1.06 148 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.11 0.11 2,475 Labor force (millions) .. .. 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,170 2,300 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­1.8 0.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 106 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 61.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 33.2 21.3 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 13.0 14.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 10.7 14.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.5 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 90 240 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 37 127 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.50 6.00 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 149 Moldova Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.3 4.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.1 2.2 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.5 8.1 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 370 930 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­2.6 7.1 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.0 17.0 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.7 24.5 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.3 17.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.2 58.5 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 31.3 13.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 12.4 12.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.8 53.1 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 75.4 91.3 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 103 Time to start a business (days) .. 30 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 28.8 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 4.6 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 6.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 40.4 Tax rates 37.2 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 30.7 Tax administration 27.2 Anticompetitive or informal practices 24.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 25 37 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.9 6.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.4 24.4 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.8 22.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.5 1.9 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 73.0 33.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 14.1 23.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 11.0 22.5 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 30.6 17.0 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 20.6 4.3 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.7 24.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 5.1 11.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.9 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.1 86.2 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 845 1,228 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 7 2 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 169 480 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 12 96 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.10 1.46 2.08 150 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Monaco High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.03 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 151 Mongolia East Asia & Pacific Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.4 2.6 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.1 1.2 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 17.5 14.2 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 400 690 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.0 5.8 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.1 21.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.6 29.1 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.7 3.1 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 50.3 49.2 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.2 8.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,076.7 1,205.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 64.9 76.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 81.6 83.5 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 45 Time to start a business (days) .. 20 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 18.0 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 64.9 Access to and cost of financing 64.4 Tax administration 50.5 Corruption 48.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 39.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 2 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.7 9.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 31.6 31.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 28.8 29.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­0.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 95.8 119.8 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 13.0 28.8 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.9 34.1 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.3 37.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 21.8 10.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 15.9 10.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 17 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 113 279 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 13 105 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.92 .. 1.99 152 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Morocco Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 27.8 30.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 10.0 11.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.6 11.2 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,220 1,740 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 4.3 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 13.8 14.1 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.9 29.9 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.6 16.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.2 55.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.9 1.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 10.6 8.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.4 36.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.8 42.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 115 Time to start a business (days) .. 12 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 85.1 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 7.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.7 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 46.4 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 15.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 84.4 Tax rates 62.6 Access to land 43.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 37.6 Tax administration 33.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,135 480 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.7 3.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.1 25.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.4 21.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­5.5 ­5.6 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 63.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 70.7 70.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 62.7 72.5 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.8 7.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 17.5 15.7 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 56.6 62.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 11.6 9.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.2 7.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 56.4 56.9 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 500 595 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 6 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 135 455 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 152 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.03 1.69 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 153 Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 17.9 19.8 2,352 Labor force (millions) 8.6 9.3 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 210 310 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 8.7 8.6 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 26.1 22.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.6 29.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.3 14.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 47.3 47.9 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 12.7 7.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 15.2 23.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.7 32.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 41.6 42.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 140 Time to start a business (days) .. 113 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 142.9 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 39.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 32 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.6 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 45 14 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.7 1.6 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 33.5 20.4 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 23.2 12.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 19.1 15.6 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 22.9 22.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.2 6.5 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 17.8 4.6 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 18.8 11.2 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 8.0 12.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 9.3 11.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.7 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 60 367 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 40 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 7 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 6.21 1.17 1.99 154 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Myanmar Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 47.7 50.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 24.8 27.4 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 7.6 9.2 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 57.2 .. 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 9.7 .. 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.2 .. 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 33.1 .. 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.1 9.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.4 5.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 0.4 .. 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 1.1 .. 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.0 .. 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 7.5 .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 11.3 7.5 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.6 8.9 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 10.4 5.6 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 8.6 ­2.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.5 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.4 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 74 104 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 6 13 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 2 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.44 0.17 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 155 Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.9 2.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.61 0.65 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 33.8 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,870 2,990 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 4.6 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.0 9.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.4 31.7 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.1 13.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 60.7 58.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. 2.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.9 6.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.6 46.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 51.2 45.0 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 42 Time to start a business (days) .. 95 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 24.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 25.6 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Crime and disorder 20.6 Tax rates 17.2 Access to and cost of financing 11.8 Skills and education of available workers 9.4 Corruption 9.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 9 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.8 25.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.7 17.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.0 ­6.8 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.7 7.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.4 2.0 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 45.6 61.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 4.2 8.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.9 4.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.6 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,259 1,389 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 101 206 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 16 37 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.28 .. 2.08 156 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia Nepal Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 24.4 27.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 9.2 10.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 8.8 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 220 270 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.6 2.8 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 39.6 38.2 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.5 21.0 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.2 7.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.9 40.8 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 6.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 71.1 71.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.3 16.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.4 32.6 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 100 Time to start a business (days) .. 31 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 90.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.8 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 54 34 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.0 0.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.3 18.9 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.4 13.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­1.2 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 64.6 57.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 31.9 9.9 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 35.4 36.8 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 30.7 .. 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 4.7 3.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.5 5.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.8 30.3 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 58 69 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 11 26 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 4 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.28 2.04 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 157 Netherlands High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 15.9 16.3 1,011 Labor force (millions) 8.1 8.6 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.3 4.3 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 26,660 39,340 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.8 0.7 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.6 2.1 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.8 24.4 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.8 14.0 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 72.6 73.6 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.0 1.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 69.6 71.2 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 63.9 63.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 22 Time to start a business (days) .. 10 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.7 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.4 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 45.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 16.3 6.5 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.6 19.5 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.0 0.0 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 54.3 55.5 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 146.4 172.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 91.7 105.9 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.1 4.0 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.8 1.2 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 133.7 173.4 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 0.8 1.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 1.9 0.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,559 6,920 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,296 1,436 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 440 739 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.56 0.32 0.76 158 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Netherlands Antilles High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.18 0.18 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.08 0.08 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.0 15.1 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.8 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.8 1.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 36.3 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.3 6.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,562 5,208 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 617 .. 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 11 .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 159 New Caledonia High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.21 0.23 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.09 0.10 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 14,020 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.2 .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.7 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.6 .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.0 .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 76.7 .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 129.5 96.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.1 .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.0 .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 473 808 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 141 324 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.43 3.13 0.76 160 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development New Zealand High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.9 4.1 1,011 Labor force (millions) 1.9 2.2 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.0 3.9 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 13,760 25,920 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.5 3.7 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.9 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.3 .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.9 .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 65.8 .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.6 3.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.2 1.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.5 29.0 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.8 30.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 2 Time to start a business (days) .. 12 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 2 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 36.5 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 82.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.6 1.8 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.4 23.5 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.7 4.6 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 33.9 46.4 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 115.8 121.1 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 85.0 88.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 111.5 133.8 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 6.5 8.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.9 4.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 62.8 64.3 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 8,912 8,937 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 874 1,283 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 393 672 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.80 1.30 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 161 Nicaragua Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.9 5.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.7 1.9 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.8 7.8 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 760 950 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.0 3.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 20.1 18.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.2 28.0 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.4 17.9 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.7 53.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 11.5 9.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 12.7 16.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.9 28.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 51.1 57.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 67 Time to start a business (days) .. 39 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 23.8 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 13.0 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 66.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 32.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 65.9 Corruption 65.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 58.2 Anticompetitive or informal practices 50.2 Crime and disorder 39.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 219 38 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.8 4.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.5 28.4 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 19.8 21.6 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.1 ­0.7 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 31.8 28.6 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 33.5 35.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.3 8.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 5.2 8.0 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 33.2 29.1 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 8.8 1.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.3 8.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.1 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 349 417 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 23 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 52 260 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 10 27 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.20 3.15 2.08 162 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Niger Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 11.8 14.0 2,352 Labor force (millions) 5.0 5.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 160 240 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.4 3.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 37.8 39.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.8 16.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 6.8 6.6 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 44.4 43.4 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.9 7.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.8 15.0 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.7 24.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 160 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 31.4 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 11.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 32.8 Anticompetitive or informal practices 20.8 Access to and cost of financing 12.0 Corruption 11.2 Tax administration 4.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 13 47 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.5 0.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.2 18.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 4.6 8.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 5.8 6.4 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 5.5 7.6 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.8 6.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.9 25.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 11 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 2 23 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 2 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 9.03 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 163 Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 117.6 131.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 42.5 47.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 280 560 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.7 5.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 26.3 23.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 52.7 56.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 3.7 4.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 21.0 19.9 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 8.8 13.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 101.7 131.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 54.3 53.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.2 35.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 108 Time to start a business (days) .. 43 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 49.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.5 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.9 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 76 2,851 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.5 2.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.3 20.9 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.7 11.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 15.5 21.2 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 12.7 17.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.4 9.9 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 22.6 21.9 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.5 14.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) ­12.2 ­7.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 9.6 7.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.9 15.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 77 104 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 5 151 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 38 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.15 1.49 1.99 164 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Northern Mariana Islands East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.08 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 165 Norway High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.5 4.6 1,011 Labor force (millions) 2.4 2.5 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.4 4.4 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 35,660 60,890 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 2.0 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.2 1.6 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 43.0 43.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.0 11.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 54.9 55.1 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.1 1.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 8.8 6.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.7 45.3 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.4 28.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 9 Time to start a business (days) .. 13 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 4 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.9 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 28 28 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.4 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 68.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.5 1.1 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.6 18.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 15.9 16.3 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 23.7 37.0 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 66.8 79.2 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 44.4 51.3 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.0 5.1 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.2 0.7 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 76.4 9.0 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­6.0 ­4.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.2 2.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 24,994 24,645 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,253 1,489 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 267 735 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.40 .. 0.76 166 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Oman Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.4 2.6 600 Labor force (millions) 0.91 0.96 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 6,610 9,070 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 3.0 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.0 1.9 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 57.2 56.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.4 8.4 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.8 42.1 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­1.1 1.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.4 0.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.2 57.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.4 42.7 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 55 Time to start a business (days) .. 34 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.9 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 20.2 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 12 12 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 5.4 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 2.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 38.0 Labor regulations 34.7 Skills and education of available workers 34.4 Access to land 26.4 Anticompetitive or informal practices 22.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 29 1,047 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.4 0.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.9 17.8 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 4.4 4.2 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.4 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) 19.1 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 41.2 41.6 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.1 29.9 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 36.8 34.9 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­8.3 ­1.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.4 3.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.7 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,089 3,836 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. 6 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 157 623 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 37 111 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.89 1.87 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 167 Pakistan South Asia Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 138.1 155.8 2,352 Labor force (millions) 46.7 56.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.2 7.7 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 480 690 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.0 4.8 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 26.2 21.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.6 25.1 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.8 18.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 51.2 53.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.4 9.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 53.6 59.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.6 15.3 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.8 19.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 74 Time to start a business (days) .. 24 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 90.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.8 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) 8.7 .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.4 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. 41 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 4.3 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 19.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 47.5 Tax administration 46.0 Tax rates 45.6 Corruption 40.3 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 40.1 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 77 4,177 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.4 2.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.0 15.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.4 10.9 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­4.1 ­3.2 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 74.7 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 30.1 37.2 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 27.6 35.7 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.9 7.7 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 19.5 10.6 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 22.5 28.4 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 56.0 64.7 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 374 425 375 Electrical outages (days) 11 .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 24 116 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 67 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.60 1.03 1.99 168 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Palau Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.02 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. 7,670 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.2 0.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.9 3.1 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 15.1 19.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 1.4 0.4 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 80.0 76.9 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.6 77.6 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 106.1 81.2 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 62 Time to start a business (days) .. 28 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 74.6 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 169 Panama Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.9 3.2 600 Labor force (millions) 1.3 1.5 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.5 12.3 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,740 4,630 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.0 4.3 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.2 7.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.1 16.4 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.1 7.8 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 73.6 75.9 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.5 3.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 72.6 68.5 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 69.8 72.5 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 81 Time to start a business (days) .. 19 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 44.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.4 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 13.7 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 30.6 Tax rates 14.6 Corruption 10.8 Crime and disorder 7.2 Access to and cost of financing 6.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 447 49 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.4 6.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.2 17.3 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.3 14.3 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.8 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 94.5 86.2 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 67.4 69.1 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.6 12.8 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.4 1.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 101.9 91.7 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 11.9 6.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.4 6.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 34.6 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,301 1,466 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 285 555 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 36 64 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.36 .. 1.06 170 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Papua New Guinea Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.3 5.9 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.2 2.6 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.8 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 650 500 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.7 1.6 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 34.4 41.8 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 39.8 39.1 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.3 6.3 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 25.8 19.0 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 15.6 1.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.8 3.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 70.4 .. 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 61.3 .. 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 57 Time to start a business (days) .. 56 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 39.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 44.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 71 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.7 0.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.1 .. 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.9 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 57.7 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 17.2 13.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 4.7 ­5.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 9.1 10.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 14 15 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 8 23 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.32 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 171 Paraguay Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.3 5.9 2,475 Labor force (millions) 2.3 2.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.6 8.1 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,340 1,040 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.1 2.6 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.0 22.1 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.5 19.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.5 12.4 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 60.5 58.6 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 9.0 6.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3,486.4 6,178.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 38.2 46.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.0 53.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 112 Time to start a business (days) .. 74 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 17 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 112.9 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.9 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 43.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 98.4 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 25.8 Access to and cost of financing 21.0 Corruption 14.8 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 11.5 Skills and education of available workers 6.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 30 37 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.5 0.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 20.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 1.1 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 23.5 17.2 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 26.3 23.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.4 11.0 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.3 3.2 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 29.8 18.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 13.1 22.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 11.1 28.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 880 816 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 206 374 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 34 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.97 0.90 2.08 172 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Peru Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 26.0 28.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 11.6 13.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.3 10.5 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,060 2,650 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.4 4.3 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 8.5 7.2 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.9 34.8 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.8 16.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 61.6 58.0 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.8 1.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.5 3.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.0 24.8 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.2 19.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 65 Time to start a business (days) .. 72 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 52.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.1 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 1.0 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 23.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 22.1 Tax administration 17.9 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 17.0 Access to and cost of financing 9.3 Tax rates 7.7 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 952 834 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.5 3.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.2 18.8 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.3 16.0 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.1 ­0.8 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 29.3 21.5 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 26.2 21.6 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.1 7.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.0 2.1 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 26.0 19.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 23.4 11.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 14.6 11.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.4 14.4 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 679 794 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 6 .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 115 280 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 31 164 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.08 1.80 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 173 Philippines East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 75.8 83.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 30.8 37.1 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.1 10.9 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,060 1,320 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.5 4.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.8 14.3 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.3 32.2 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.2 23.3 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.0 53.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.0 7.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 44.2 55.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.4 47.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.5 52.0 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 126 Time to start a business (days) .. 48 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.9 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 53.0 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 32 32 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 10.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Corruption 35.2 Electricity 33.4 Tax rates 30.4 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 29.5 Crime and disorder 26.5 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,153 745 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.0 1.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.2 14.9 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.8 12.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.9 ­3.0 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 52.9 69.9 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 49.2 47.4 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 52.8 51.5 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 13.6 12.3 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 24.0 20.0 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 43.8 30.5 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 4.3 3.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.6 4.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.0 21.6 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 514 597 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 5 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 126 459 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 20 54 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.07 1.20 2.08 174 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Poland Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 38.5 38.2 600 Labor force (millions) 17.5 17.3 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 16.1 17.7 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,570 7,160 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.4 3.2 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.0 4.8 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.7 30.7 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.5 18.3 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 63.3 64.5 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 10.1 2.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 4.3 3.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.1 37.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.5 37.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 75 Time to start a business (days) .. 31 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 38.4 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 28 19 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.1 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 43.3 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 57.5 Access to and cost of financing 50.7 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 42.3 Tax administration 36.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 21.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 7,807 2,504 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.5 3.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.7 18.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.9 14.8 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.8 ­2.3 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 33.0 41.5 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 34.0 38.5 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 33.9 34.9 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.1 7.8 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 15.5 7.7 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 26.6 27.4 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 11.9 3.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.8 4.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.3 69.7 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,240 3,418 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 460 1,073 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 73 262 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.92 1.35 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 175 Portugal High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.2 10.5 1,011 Labor force (millions) 5.2 5.6 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.9 6.7 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 11,590 17,190 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 0.5 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.8 2.9 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.6 24.6 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.1 15.8 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.6 72.5 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.8 2.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.8 28.5 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.6 37.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 40 Time to start a business (days) .. 8 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 98.7 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 47.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 34 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 2.5 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 66.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 25.6 Anticompetitive or informal practices 25.4 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 21.5 Tax rates 19.6 Business licensing and permits 19.2 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.9 1.7 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 27.1 21.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.4 ­5.8 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 73.7 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 132.2 153.0 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 94.9 90.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 5.8 5.2 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.2 1.6 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 131.5 147.3 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 1.9 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.8 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,014 4,526 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,074 1,486 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 164 279 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.83 1.04 0.76 176 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Puerto Rico High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.8 3.9 1,011 Labor force (millions) 1.4 1.5 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 10.2 10.6 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 10,560 .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.4 .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.9 .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 41.3 .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 38.3 .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.8 .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 75.2 .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 98.0 .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 19 Time to start a business (days) .. 7 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.8 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 94.0 95.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 583 974 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 105 221 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.87 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 177 Qatar High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.61 0.81 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.32 0.47 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 3.9 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. 9.7 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.7 8.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.6 3.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.3 68.3 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.3 33.5 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.5 33.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. 64.0 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. 44.3 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 26.8 31.8 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 14,020 15,853 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 464 1,134 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 49 269 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.45 1.95 0.76 178 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Romania Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 22.4 21.6 600 Labor force (millions) 11.6 10.3 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.1 8.0 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,690 3,910 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­2.1 5.8 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.5 10.1 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.4 35.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.5 23.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 51.1 54.9 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 45.7 9.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.2 2.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.9 33.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 38.5 43.4 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 49 Time to start a business (days) .. 11 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 3.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.6 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 1.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.9 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 11.0 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 18.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax administration 35.6 Tax rates 34.1 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 33.4 Access to and cost of financing 32.9 Corruption 28.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,507 1,303 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.8 6.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.9 23.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. 20.7 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.0 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 11.7 11.1 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 17.5 20.3 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.6 8.8 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.3 8.3 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 7.2 20.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.5 50.7 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,988 2,271 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 5 3 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 285 820 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 36 208 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.49 0.82 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 179 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 146.3 143.1 600 Labor force (millions) 71.2 73.2 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 9.8 7.9 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,710 4,460 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.2 6.2 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 6.4 5.6 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 37.9 38.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.6 17.9 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.6 56.4 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 20.8 12.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 28.1 28.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 44.1 35.1 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.0 21.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 96 Time to start a business (days) .. 28 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.8 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 6.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 54.2 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 24 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 48.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 25.8 Tax administration 24.2 Access to and cost of financing 21.8 Tax rates 21.6 Corruption 15.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,930 4,713 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.0 2.0 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 16.9 18.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.1 15.7 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 7.0 9.9 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 49.0 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 18.5 25.9 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 17.4 24.4 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.1 13.5 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 7.7 3.2 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 13.3 25.7 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­9.6 ­7.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.9 6.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 67.4 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,209 5,642 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 4 3 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 242 1,119 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 20 152 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.56 2.03 1.06 180 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Rwanda Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.0 9.0 2,352 Labor force (millions) 3.6 4.2 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 250 230 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 9.8 5.1 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 41.4 42.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.5 20.5 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.3 8.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.1 37.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.3 9.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 389.7 557.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 8.3 10.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.6 31.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 158 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 41.1 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 31.8 Tax rates 26.9 Access to and cost of financing 13.6 Transportation system 6.5 Access to land 6.4 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 8 13 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.5 0.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 22.4 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.6 12.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 10.2 11.3 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 11.5 13.1 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. 34.1 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 10.0 13.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.3 19.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 7 18 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 6 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 11.23 2.43 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 181 Samoa East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.18 0.18 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.06 0.06 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,350 2,020 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.3 3.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 16.8 13.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.0 27.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 14.8 14.7 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 57.2 59.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.0 1.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.3 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.8 27.4 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 57.2 50.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 41 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 8.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.5 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 22.1 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) ­0.7 ­0.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 30.6 40.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 8.0 5.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.5 4.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.2 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 62 130 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 6 32 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.36 .. 2.08 182 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development San Marino High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) .. 0.03 1,011 Labor force (millions) .. .. 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.3 .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 16.5 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 6.5 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.6 5.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. 1,351 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. 536 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 183 São Tomé and Principe Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.14 0.16 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.04 0.05 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.4 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 310 440 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.1 3.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 20.0 14.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.3 12.6 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.5 3.0 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 62.6 72.5 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 7,978.2 10,558.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.4 40.0 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 81.0 99.4 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 169 Time to start a business (days) .. 144 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 55.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2 50 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.2 9.9 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 36.1 37.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 10.6 21.4 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 7.2 44.7 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 30.1 18.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 18.7 18.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.1 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 33 97 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 47 131 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.56 5.11 1.99 184 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Saudi Arabia High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 20.7 23.1 1,011 Labor force (millions) 6.5 7.5 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.6 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 8,140 12,510 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.3 4.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.9 4.0 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 53.9 58.9 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.7 10.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 41.1 37.1 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­1.1 0.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.8 3.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 43.7 60.7 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.9 26.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 38 Time to start a business (days) .. 39 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 80.1 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.8 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 14.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 0 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 20 4,457 .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 15.0 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 40.6 47.6 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 36.0 41.6 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.6 8.8 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 10.4 3.0 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 52.5 53.9 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.9 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,666 6,571 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 210 740 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 22 70 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.20 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 185 Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.3 11.7 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.1 4.6 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 450 700 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.5 4.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 19.4 17.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.6 18.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.0 10.9 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 60.1 63.2 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.7 1.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.9 27.3 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.8 41.6 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 146 Time to start a business (days) .. 58 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 37.9 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 47.7 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 71.0 Tax rates 50.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 48.5 Tax administration 47.3 Corruption 39.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 79 87 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.4 0.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.0 21.6 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.1 11.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.9 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 78.9 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 19.6 22.1 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 17.2 25.2 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.9 8.4 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 18.1 14.2 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 20.0 23.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 29.3 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 139 176 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 26 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 44 171 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 4 46 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.23 1.02 1.99 186 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Serbia and Montenegro Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.1 8.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.8 3.9 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.6 15.2 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,250 3,220 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.8 5.1 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 21.1 16.2 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.1 32.9 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.1 20.1 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.8 50.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.6 26.9 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.5 49.7 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 68a Time to start a business (days) .. 18a 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10a 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 27.3a 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.7a 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 8.0a Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 38.9a 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.4 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 8.4 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 61.2a Access to and cost of financing 54.8a Tax rates 29.4a Anticompetitive or informal practices 29.1a Corruption 29.1a Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 355 307a 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.3 5.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.3 18.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 12.2 15.9 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.0 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 18.3 17.2 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 21.6 19.8 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 63.0 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,878 4,029 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 9 3 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 456 917 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 49 148 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.52 2.27 2.08 a. Serbia only. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 187 Seychelles Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.08 0.08 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 7,440 8,180 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.7 ­2.5 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.8 2.7 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.0 28.0 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.2 16.7 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.2 69.4 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.3 0.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5.7 5.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 75.5 110.2 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 78.0 120.5 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 84 Time to start a business (days) .. 38 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 38.6 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.8 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 7 15 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.0 11.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.2 12.9 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.4 7.4 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­13.9 5.1 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 90.2 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 80.7 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 22.3 40.6 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 10.7 8.9 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.7 6.3 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 84.5 96.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 574 928 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 74 249 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 5.59 3.78 1.06 188 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Sierra Leone Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.5 5.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 1.9 2.4 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 140 220 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­5.2 13.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 58.4 46.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.4 24.4 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 3.5 3.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 13.3 29.5 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­0.8 12.1 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2,092.1 2,889.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.1 24.0 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.4 42.7 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 168 Time to start a business (days) .. 26 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 328.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.6 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 277.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 29.3 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 0.3 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.2 4.9 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.0 15.0 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 1.7 11.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­9.3 ­2.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 247.4 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 7.3 8.8 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 8.5 10.3 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 18.5 11.6 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 37.9 14.8 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 2.1 4.5 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 19.0 10.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 17.0 13.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.9 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 7 .. 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 2 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.74 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 189 Singapore High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.0 4.3 1,011 Labor force (millions) 2.1 2.2 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.4 5.4 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 23,020 27,580 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.6 4.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 0.1 0.1 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 35.5 33.8 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 27.7 28.4 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 64.4 66.1 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.4 0.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.7 1.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 191.6 243.0 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 176.5 213.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 1 Time to start a business (days) .. 6 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 4.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 0.8 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 28.8 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 26 20 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 12.6 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 32.2 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 17.8 17.2 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 30.6 21.8 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 22.5 17.3 .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 11.4 4.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 86.9 108.9 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 117.2 126.7 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 109.7 107.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.0 10.5 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.4 3.8 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 109.5 101.7 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 2.0 4.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.1 4.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 7,595 8,170 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,168 1,435 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 324 571 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.68 0.69 0.76 190 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Slovak Republic Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.4 5.4 600 Labor force (millions) 2.6 2.7 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 18.8 18.1 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,870 7,950 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.6 4.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.2 3.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 30.3 29.4 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.9 18.8 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 65.5 67.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 12.0 2.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 46.0 31.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 70.8 78.7 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 73.3 83.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 36 Time to start a business (days) .. 25 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.0 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.9 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 29 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 14.1 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 13.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 12.7 Legal system and conflict resolution 12.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 11.8 Access to and cost of financing 10.9 Corruption 10.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 963 1,425 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 10.2 4.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.9 26.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 24.1 21.1 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­3.4 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. 37.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 81.5 52.1 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 63.9 53.7 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.6 7.6 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 13.7 2.0 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 51.3 36.2 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 5.9 4.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.4 4.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.0 87.3 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,956 5,088 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 0 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 546 1,065 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 94 464 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.13 1.06 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 191 Slovenia High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 2.0 2.0 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.97 1.0 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.2 6.1 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 10,780 17,440 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.5 3.4 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.2 2.5 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.2 34.1 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 26.5 24.6 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 60.6 63.4 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 8.9 2.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 222.7 192.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.6 64.6 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.1 65.1 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 61 Time to start a business (days) .. 60 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 39.6 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 39.4 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 25 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.3 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 45.6 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 14.9 Tax administration 14.4 Tax rates 12.6 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 11.3 Anticompetitive or informal practices 9.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.7 1.6 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.6 24.4 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 59.1 61.2 .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.1 ­1.5 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 22.8 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 43.9 53.3 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 40.3 49.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 10.1 7.4 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 6.5 4.9 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 35.8 53.3 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 9.8 6.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.7 4.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,778 6,835 9,609 Electrical outages (days) 1 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,006 1,287 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 151 545 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.81 0.65 0.76 192 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Solomon Islands Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.42 0.48 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.17 0.19 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 680 620 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­1.7 2.4 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 7.1 7.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5.1 7.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.6 48.0 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.0 45.8 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 69 Time to start a business (days) .. 57 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 7 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 44.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 33.6 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.5 ­0.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.7 35.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.1 17.2 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 22.3 .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 22.8 .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 22.2 22.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 4.3 7.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 12.9 15.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.4 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 21 28 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 8 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 193 Somalia Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 7.0 8.2 2,352 Labor force (millions) 3.0 3.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 1 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.8 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 15 73 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 11 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 194 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 44.0 46.9 600 Labor force (millions) 18.6 19.6 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 25.8 27.1 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 3,050 4,770 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.5 3.7 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.3 2.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 31.8 30.3 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.0 18.6 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 64.9 67.1 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.3 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.9 6.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.9 27.1 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.9 28.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 29 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 24.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 9.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 38.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 8.0 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 22.0 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Skills and education of available workers 35.5 Labor regulations 32.8 Crime and disorder 29.0 Access to and cost of financing 22.6 Tax rates 18.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 584 1,191 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.7 2.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.1 17.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.8 14.4 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.0 0.2 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 45.3 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 70.7 86.7 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 50.1 60.2 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.7 8.3 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 3.1 1.5 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 133.7 143.5 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 5.2 5.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.3 4.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.3 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 4,417 4,885 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. 5 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 302 825 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 55 109 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.98 0.79 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 195 Spain High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 40.3 43.4 1,011 Labor force (millions) 18.5 20.9 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.9 11.0 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 15,420 25,250 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 3.1 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.4 3.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.2 29.5 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.6 16.3 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 66.4 67.2 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.4 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.1 0.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.0 25.4 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.2 30.6 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 39 Time to start a business (days) .. 47 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.3 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 0.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 59.1 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 10.3 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 73.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 19.7 Tax rates 18.7 Anticompetitive or informal practices 15.3 Skills and education of available workers 13.8 Business licensing and permits 12.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.7 2.0 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.8 29.4 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.5 1.5 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 58.9 44.4 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 110.8 132.0 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 74.1 83.0 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.5 4.9 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.2 0.6 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 97.7 146.1 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 1.7 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.2 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 99.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 5,207 5,924 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 1 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,027 1,374 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 136 348 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.08 0.60 0.76 196 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development South Asia Sri Lanka Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 19.4 19.6 2,475 Labor force (millions) 8.2 8.4 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 7.4 8.5 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 810 1,160 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.0 4.2 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 19.9 16.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 27.3 26.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.8 14.9 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.8 57.1 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.2 11.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 77.0 100.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.0 34.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.6 45.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 89 Time to start a business (days) .. 50 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 177.7 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.2 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 74.9 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.9 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 6.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 41.3 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 34.0 Access to and cost of financing 28.0 Labor regulations 25.6 Transportation system 22.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 160 216 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.1 1.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 28.0 26.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 24.8 21.0 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­8.4 ­7.3 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 96.9 94.2 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 32.1 34.1 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 31.1 33.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 4.4 6.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 15.3 9.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 28.8 32.9 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 8.3 ­3.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.0 ­3.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.8 81.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 277 344 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 62 235 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 6 14 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.29 2.11 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 197 St. Kitts and Nevis Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.04 0.05 600 Labor force (millions) .. .. 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 6,490 7,840 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.3 2.6 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 2.7 3.2 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.8 27.5 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.4 10.1 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.5 69.3 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.0 1.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.6 49.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 75.6 61.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 85 Time to start a business (days) .. 47 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 60.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 52.7 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4 13 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 29.2 10.4 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 49.6 43.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 39.3 41.5 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 1.2 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 109.4 .. 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 72.7 .. 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 76.6 65.8 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 5.7 8.3 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.8 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 42.5 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 522 745 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 61 .. 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 198 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean St. Lucia Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.16 0.16 600 Labor force (millions) 0.07 0.08 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 16.4 24.8 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,140 4,580 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.9 1.6 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.3 5.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.5 17.9 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.1 5.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 73.1 76.6 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.6 3.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 54.7 59.6 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 65.1 70.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 27 Time to start a business (days) .. 40 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.5 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 33 33 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 15 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 7.8 13.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.5 21.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 17.1 18.9 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 87.2 91.0 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 63.8 74.0 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 80.1 86.1 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 15.8 10.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.3 7.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 329 .. 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 51 339 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 199 St. Vincent & Grenadines Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.12 0.12 600 Labor force (millions) 0.05 0.06 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,730 3,530 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 3.0 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 10.8 8.2 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.0 24.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 6.0 5.5 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 65.2 67.2 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.2 3.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.7 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.5 44.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.7 64.8 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 44 Time to start a business (days) .. 12 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 54.0 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 33.6 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 35 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 11.3 12.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 27.3 39.1 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 20.2 27.8 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 76.7 80.0 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 69.1 73.2 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 65.4 58.4 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 12.1 6.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 6.7 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.0 70.0 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 235 782 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 30 84 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.97 .. 1.06 200 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 32.9 36.2 2,352 Labor force (millions) 9.2 10.5 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 310 640 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.3 6.1 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 41.8 33.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.3 29.7 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.1 6.6 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 36.9 36.6 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.7 8.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 257.1 243.6 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.3 18.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.7 28.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 154 Time to start a business (days) .. 39 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 118.1 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.1 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.7 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 12 152 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 8.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.1 18.5 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 9.7 13.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.4 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 8.7 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 2.2 10.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 36.3 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 63 92 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 12 69 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 77 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 42.02 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 201 Suriname Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.43 0.45 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.14 0.15 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.8 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,070 2,540 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.7 5.2 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.2 10.8 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.2 24.4 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.0 5.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 63.7 64.8 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 59.4 23.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.3 2.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.7 40.6 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.2 60.3 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 122 Time to start a business (days) .. 694 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 27.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.4 33.2 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 9.8 26.2 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 14.2 23.3 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 20.3 44.0 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.4 25.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­16.7 5.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.5 10.1 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 26.0 26.3 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 268 699 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 27 71 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.29 1.33 2.08 202 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Swaziland Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.0 1.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.31 0.34 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 25.2 .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,370 2,280 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.4 2.3 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.5 11.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 44.8 47.6 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 35.8 36.9 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.7 40.9 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 12.2 4.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.9 6.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 81.6 88.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 97.2 95.4 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 76 Time to start a business (days) .. 61 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 53.2 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 39.5 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 25.2 Crime and disorder 18.5 Tax rates 15.4 Access to and cost of financing 10.3 Electricity 6.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 3 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 6.6 ­0.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.9 18.5 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.7 10.5 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­2.6 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 14.4 15.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 21.4 17.2 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 13.7 20.0 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 1.5 5.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 7.5 6.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 62 208 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 10 32 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.68 2.97 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 203 Sweden High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 8.9 9.0 1,011 Labor force (millions) 4.6 4.7 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.8 6.5 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 28,870 40,910 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.3 2.3 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.9 1.1 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.6 28.2 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 22.0 19.7 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 69.5 70.7 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 0.9 0.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 9.2 7.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.9 48.6 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.0 40.9 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 13 Time to start a business (days) .. 16 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 3 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 26.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 57.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 28 28 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 5.3 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 99.6 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 9.1 3.0 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.5 17.0 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 3.2 2.1 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 61.9 54.3 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 47.6 110.1 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.1 43.4 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.5 5.8 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.6 1.1 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 43.2 111.7 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.4 2.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.7 2.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 77.5 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 15,687 15,424 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,477 1,804 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 456 764 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.36 0.41 0.76 204 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Switzerland High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 7.2 7.4 1,011 Labor force (millions) 4.0 4.2 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.7 4.3 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 40,110 55,320 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.0 0.9 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.7 1.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.7 28.3 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 20.2 19.8 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 69.6 70.4 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.5 1.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.7 1.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.7 46.2 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 40.0 38.9 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 15 Time to start a business (days) .. 20 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 24.9 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 45 9 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.0 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 46.9 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.0 4.2 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.8 20.9 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.2 .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 26.0 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 175.6 170.5 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 152.8 148.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.0 5.1 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 4.1 0.5 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 161.0 166.8 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 3.5 2.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 1.3 2.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 7,842 8,204 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. 4 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,374 1,609 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 292 498 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.21 0.32 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 205 Syrian Arab Republic Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 16.8 19.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 6.0 7.6 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 11.6 12.3 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 930 1,380 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 3.7 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 23.8 23.3 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 37.9 35.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 6.5 30.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.3 41.4 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­3.8 .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 11.2 11.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.4 36.6 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.6 40.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 130 Time to start a business (days) .. 43 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 79.8 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.1 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 10.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 35.5 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 62.3 Tax administration 57.7 Electricity 57.5 Corruption 57.1 Business licensing and permits 45.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 161 170 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.5 1.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.3 20.3 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 6.3 9.1 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 33.6 .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 32.6 .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.3 11.8 73.1 Real interest rate (%) ­0.6 2.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.0 7.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.1 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,039 1,317 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 39 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 101 307 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 58 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.81 .. 2.08 206 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Tajikistan Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 6.2 6.5 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.0 2.1 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 180 330 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.1 9.6 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 27.4 24.4 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 38.9 31.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 33.7 24.1 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 33.7 43.7 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 2.1 3.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 84.3 53.9 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 86.3 72.8 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 133 Time to start a business (days) .. 67 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 14 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 21.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 3.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 87.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 14.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 22.0 Tax administration 22.0 Corruption 14.5 Business licensing and permits 12.0 Access to land 11.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 9 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.4 2.4 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 9.5 12.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 2.8 5.9 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.8 ­6.6 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 114.1 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 13.8 17.2 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 2.4 13.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 24.3 13.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,182 2,240 375 Electrical outages (days) 34 32 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 36 46 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 0 1 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 8.10 7.84 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 207 Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 34.8 38.3 2,352 Labor force (millions) 17.3 19.3 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.1 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 260 340 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.9 6.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 45.0 44.5 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 15.7 17.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.5 7.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 39.2 37.6 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 5.9 8.6 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 800.4 1,128.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.4 17.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.7 26.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 142 Time to start a business (days) .. 30 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 32.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 45.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 74.6 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 72.9 Access to and cost of financing 9.3 Tax rates 3.9 Transportation system 3.2 Access to land 2.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 40 121 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 5.1 3.9 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.4 18.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.4 11.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 4.6 10.4 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 13.1 11.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 14.2 10.4 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 4.2 8.6 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 57 53 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 61 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 56 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 9 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 10.70 3.17 1.99 208 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development East Asia & Pacific Thailand Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 61.4 64.2 2,475 Labor force (millions) 33.6 35.7 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.4 1.5 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,990 2,720 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­0.7 5.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 9.0 9.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 42.0 44.1 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 33.6 34.7 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.0 46.0 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.6 4.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 40.1 40.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 66.8 73.6 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 58.1 75.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 18 Time to start a business (days) .. 33 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 54.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 1.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 40.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 9.8 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 13.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Skills and education of available workers 30.0 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 29.1 Electricity 25.6 Tax rates 24.4 Tax administration 22.3 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,370 2,427 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.7 2.6 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.0 29.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.8 21.7 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. 2.5 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. 27.3 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 102.3 81.1 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 102.8 91.3 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.5 9.8 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 17.7 11.1 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 108.3 93.1 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 6.4 1.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 4.5 3.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.5 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,484 1,865 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. 1 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 141 537 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 37 110 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.19 0.67 2.08 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 209 Timor-Leste East Asia & Pacific Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.78 0.98 2,352 Labor force (millions) 0.28 0.39 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 430 600 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. ­0.3 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 25.8 31.6 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.5 14.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 2.8 3.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 55.8 53.5 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 180.1 .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 174 Time to start a business (days) .. 92 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 34.5 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 59.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 4.5 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 41.3 32.0 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 7.1 9.0 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) .. .. 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) .. .. 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 1.99 210 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Togo Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 5.4 6.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 2.1 2.4 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 270 350 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 2.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 34.2 41.8 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.8 22.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 8.4 9.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 47.9 35.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 1.9 6.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 712.0 527.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.7 33.7 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.7 46.6 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 151 Time to start a business (days) .. 53 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 13 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 35.8 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 6.3 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 68 .. 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 0.1 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.8 21.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 17.3 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. ­5.5 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 17.0 17.3 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 15.0 20.7 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 15.6 16.8 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 31.6 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 97 87 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 17 82 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 19 49 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.90 3.98 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 211 Tonga East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.10 0.10 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.04 0.04 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,560 1,750 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.4 2.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.7 28.5 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.2 15.3 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.4 4.8 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 53.1 56.2 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 6.3 8.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.8 1.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 8.2 10.4 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.1 43.9 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 51 Time to start a business (days) .. 32 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 4 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.7 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 56.2 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 7 10 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.2 2.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.5 16.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 52.5 61.4 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 11.1 1.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.0 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.0 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 99 .. 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 24 29 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.09 .. 2.08 212 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Trinidad and Tobago Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 1.3 1.3 600 Labor force (millions) 0.59 0.63 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.1 .. 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 5,230 10,300 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.0 8.3 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.4 0.8 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 49.5 59.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 7.3 6.4 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 49.1 39.6 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.6 6.9 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 6.3 6.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.1 58.3 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.5 46.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 59 Time to start a business (days) .. 43 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 9 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 67.1 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.2 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 14.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 120 .. 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.3 7.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.0 20.2 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 14.3 18.3 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 2.0 2.1 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 35.4 34.3 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 48.1 39.3 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 43.5 38.5 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 3.1 ­0.8 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.3 6.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 51.1 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 3,939 4,658 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 373 861 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 78 123 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.47 2.19 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 213 Tunisia Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 9.6 10.0 2,475 Labor force (millions) 3.3 3.8 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 15.6 14.7 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,090 2,880 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.5 4.5 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.3 11.6 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.6 28.7 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.2 17.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 59.1 59.7 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.9 2.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.4 1.3 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 44.5 48.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 48.2 50.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 80 Time to start a business (days) .. 11 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.3 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 58.8 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.9 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 235 106 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.9 2.5 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.0 22.6 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.7 .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.7 ­3.0 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 62.6 59.0 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 57.8 63.8 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 46.4 48.7 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.5 7.7 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 21.6 20.9 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 66.3 65.6 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.4 65.8 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 991 1,157 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 112 692 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 27 95 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.25 .. 2.08 214 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Turkey Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 67.4 72.1 600 Labor force (millions) 23.6 26.6 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.5 10.3 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 2,980 4,750 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.4 5.2 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.4 11.9 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.3 23.7 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.7 14.0 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 59.4 64.5 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 54.9 8.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 625,219 1,343,583 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.0 27.4 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.5 34.0 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 91 Time to start a business (days) .. 9 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 94.7 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.9 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.3 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 3.1 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 37.6 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 31.1 Anticompetitive or informal practices 26.3 Tax administration 26.1 Access to and cost of financing 25.0 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 8,215 10,900 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.5 2.7 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.4 19.6 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.4 15.3 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­7.9 .. .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 42.0 41.4 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 37.6 38.5 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.1 13.5 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.2 4.8 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 23.7 26.1 38.8 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 35.3 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,550 1,782 3,454 Electrical outages (days) 2 3 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 512 868 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 37 222 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.30 2.40 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 215 Turkmenistan Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 4.5 4.8 2,475 Labor force (millions) 1.9 2.2 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 640 .. 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.0 .. 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 24.8 19.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 45.3 40.8 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 10.8 22.0 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 29.9 39.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5,200.0 .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 97.2 65.3 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 82.4 48.0 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.4 0.8 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 35.4 23.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 2.1 .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.2 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,698 1,740 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 83 82 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 8 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 2.08 216 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 24.3 28.8 2,352 Labor force (millions) 10.2 11.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. 3.2 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 260 280 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.4 5.6 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 37.3 32.7 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 20.3 24.8 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.8 9.2 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 42.4 42.5 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.8 8.2 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1,644.5 1,780.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 11.2 13.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.0 27.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 107 Time to start a business (days) .. 30 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 17 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.2 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 32.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 6.2 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Electricity 63.3 Tax rates 11.0 Anticompetitive or informal practices 8.2 Access to and cost of financing 6.7 Transportation system 2.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 57 201 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 2.7 2.9 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.6 20.9 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.3 16.4 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.0 ­3.8 ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 44.9 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 9.7 14.0 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 10.7 13.8 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.8 10.3 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 9.8 2.2 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 6.5 6.7 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 18.4 11.0 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 13.1 10.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 23.0 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 71 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 8 56 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 17 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.63 3.21 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 217 Ukraine Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 49.2 47.1 2,475 Labor force (millions) 22.9 22.3 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 11.5 8.6 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 700 1,520 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) ­1.9 8.0 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.1 10.9 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.3 33.8 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.2 20.5 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.6 55.3 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 28.2 13.5 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 5.4 5.1 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 62.4 53.5 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 57.9 52.6 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 128 Time to start a business (days) .. 33 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 13.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.9 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 8.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 60.3 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 25 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 7.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 45.6 Access to and cost of financing 40.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 31.0 Corruption 21.2 Skills and education of available workers 19.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 206 1,407 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.9 9.4 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.7 19.0 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 16.8 17.0 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.6 ­1.4 ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 45.3 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 10.7 24.1 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 13.1 27.7 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 16.2 11.5 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 29.6 19.6 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 11.2 33.5 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 15.0 ­3.2 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 27.8 7.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 96.7 97.2 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,773 3,152 1,448 Electrical outages (days) 7 3 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 228 545 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 7 97 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. 1.65 2.08 218 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development United Arab Emirates High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.2 4.5 1,011 Labor force (millions) 1.9 2.7 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.3 .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 19,270 23,950 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.1 8.2 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.5 2.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 55.7 55.7 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 13.5 14.1 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 40.8 42.0 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3.7 3.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 73.3 94.3 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.3 76.3 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 77 Time to start a business (days) .. 63 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 83.6 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.1 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 15.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 20 0 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.1 22.8 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 9.5 11.4 .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.1 .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 12.9 8.3 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.7 8.3 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 46.2 60.9 156.3 Real interest rate (%) ­9.9 .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) 3.5 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 11,886 11,331 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 754 1,273 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 236 308 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 3.51 1.73 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 219 United Kingdom High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 59.7 60.2 1,011 Labor force (millions) 30.1 30.6 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 5.5 4.6 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 25,010 37,740 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 3.2 2.4 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.0 1.0 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.3 26.2 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.1 15.0 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 70.6 72.8 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.9 2.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.7 0.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.0 26.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.1 30.0 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 6 Time to start a business (days) .. 18 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 22.1 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.0 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 35.4 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 19.3 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 73.8 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.5 7.2 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.0 16.6 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 1.7 ­2.9 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 48.8 .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 123.7 147.8 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 101.2 115.3 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 6.5 8.5 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 2.5 1.0 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 132.4 165.5 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 4.7 2.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 2.7 .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 6,031 6,206 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,317 1,616 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 264 473 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.07 0.77 0.76 220 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development United States High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 282.2 296.4 1,011 Labor force (millions) 147.9 155.5 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 4.0 5.5 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 34,400 43,560 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.2 2.6 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 1.2 1.3 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.2 22.0 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 17.0 14.2 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 74.6 76.7 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 3.4 3.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 11.2 10.1 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.1 15.4 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 3 Time to start a business (days) .. 5 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 5 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 0.0 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 1.5 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 46.0 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 20.0 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.3 0.9 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.9 18.7 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) 0.5 ­2.9 ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) 33.0 47.2 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 43.4 46.3 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 54.7 59.2 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 8.5 10.3 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 1.1 0.7 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 170.7 194.8 156.3 Real interest rate (%) 6.9 3.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 58.8 64.5 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 13,667 13,351 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1,070 1,227 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 439 630 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) .. .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 221 Uruguay Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.3 3.5 600 Labor force (millions) 1.6 1.8 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.6 16.8 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 6,150 4,360 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 0.9 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 5.9 9.2 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 26.0 30.8 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 16.1 21.9 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 68.1 60.0 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.8 4.7 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 12.1 24.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.3 29.8 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.0 27.6 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 64 Time to start a business (days) .. 43 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 31.2 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.1 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 27.6 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 42.8 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Anticompetitive or informal practices 32.6 Tax rates 20.8 Access to and cost of financing 11.8 Labor regulations 7.2 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 5.8 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 681 8 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 1.3 4.2 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.2 12.9 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 9.9 10.6 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­3.4 ­1.6 .. Government debt (% of GDP) 45.8 78.7 .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 54.7 43.1 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 44.1 51.9 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 7.2 8.6 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 12.4 2.7 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 51.2 27.0 38.8 Real interest rate (%) 40.5 11.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 27.8 10.8 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,966 1,867 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 401 624 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 105 193 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.88 0.52 1.06 222 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Europe & Central Asia Uzbekistan Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 24.7 26.2 2,352 Labor force (millions) 9.8 11.3 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 630 520 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 4.1 5.3 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 34.4 28.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.1 28.7 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 9.4 11.3 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 42.5 43.2 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 236.6 .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.6 39.6 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.5 30.0 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 147 Time to start a business (days) .. 29 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 30.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 2.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 122.3 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 26 18 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 8.3 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Tax rates 18.1 Access to and cost of financing 16.0 Tax administration 13.7 Business licensing and permits 11.9 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 10.6 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26 85 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.5 0.3 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.0 23.1 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 15.5 18.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 33.9 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.3 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 1,780 1,796 375 Electrical outages (days) 15 6 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 69 80 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 5 34 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 13.95 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 223 Vanuatu East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.19 0.21 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.09 0.11 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,240 1,560 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 1.4 0.4 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 15.6 15.0 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 9.3 8.8 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 4.4 3.6 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) 75.1 76.2 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 2.5 1.4 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 137.6 109.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 43.6 .. 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 56.5 .. 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 58 Time to start a business (days) .. 39 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 8 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 56.3 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 2.6 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 14.4 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 .. 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 8.3 3.9 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.2 .. 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.8 .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) 29.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 34.8 50.2 73.1 Real interest rate (%) 8.6 5.1 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.6 5.5 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 23.9 .. 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 37 83 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 21 38 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 7.45 .. 2.08 224 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Latin America & Caribbean Venezuela, RB Upper middle income Upper middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 24.3 26.6 600 Labor force (millions) 10.5 12.9 268 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 13.9 16.8 9.8 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 4,100 4,820 5,634 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.6 1.3 3.5 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.2 4.5 6.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 49.7 51.6 32.1 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 19.8 18.1 19.0 Services value added (% of GDP) 46.1 43.9 61.7 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 16.2 16.0 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 680.0 2,089.8 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.7 41.0 38.0 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.1 21.3 35.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 164 Time to start a business (days) .. 141 42 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 16 9 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 47.3 44.6 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 4.0 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 51.9 46.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 34 34 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 7.9 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 0.5 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 774 698 41,570 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.0 2.1 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.0 19.0 19.9 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 16.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­1.2 2.3 .. Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 11.9 11.9 48.5 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 14.9 15.2 44.0 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 13.0 11.1 8.7 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 6.6 1.2 2.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 12.5 13.6 38.8 Real interest rate (%) ­3.3 ­9.5 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 8.9 5.2 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 33.6 .. 50.5 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 2,654 2,760 3,454 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 2 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 328 606 901 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 34 125 196 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.78 0.84 1.06 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 225 Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 78.5 83.1 2,352 Labor force (millions) 39.7 44.0 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 2.3 2.1 .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 380 620 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 6.7 7.5 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 24.5 20.9 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 36.7 41.0 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 18.6 20.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 38.7 38.1 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) ­1.7 8.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 14,167.8 15,858.9 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.0 70.1 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 57.5 75.3 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 104 Time to start a business (days) .. 50 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 11 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 86.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 5.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. 5.8 Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 41.6 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 32 28 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 1.1 .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 40.5 Access to land 25.9 Skills and education of available workers 22.2 Transportation system 21.5 Electricity 15.7 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 150 70 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 4.2 3.7 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 27.6 33.1 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 32.0 54.7 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 28.1 47.9 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 35.3 66.0 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 6.9 2.4 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 6.9 3.9 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 25.1 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 292 501 375 Electrical outages (days) .. 11 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 42 306 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 3 129 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 9.29 1.95 1.99 226 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Virgin Islands (U.S.) High income High- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 0.11 0.11 1,011 Labor force (millions) 0.05 0.05 493 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) .. .. 6.4 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) .. .. 35,264 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) .. .. 2.2 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 1.7 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 25.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 17.0 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 72.4 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 1.0 1.0 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. 24.9 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. .. Time to start a business (days) .. .. 21 Procedures to start a business (number) .. .. 7 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. .. 38.4 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 1.8 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. .. 43.8 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 9.6 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 23.2 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. .. Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.0 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­2.0 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. 48.7 Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 113.2 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 95.3 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 5.8 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 1.5 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 156.3 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) .. .. 100.0 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 9,609 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 1 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 951 1,242 1,338 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 138 .. 527 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 0.87 .. 0.76 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 227 West Bank and Gaza Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Lower middle- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 3.0 3.6 2,475 Labor force (millions) 0.62 0.77 1,301 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 14.2 26.8 5.9 GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 1,580 1,230 1,923 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 7.4 ­0.9 6.3 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. 11.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. 41.9 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) .. .. 26.6 Services value added (% of GDP) .. .. 46.6 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) .. .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) .. .. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.0 14.0 34.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 71.2 68.2 31.2 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 127 Time to start a business (days) .. 93 57 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 91.0 51.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. .. 3.2 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 31.5 50.0 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. .. 10.0 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. 27.7 .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 237 23 35,363 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) .. .. 3.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 32.7 25.7 29.1 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. 20.6 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) .. .. ­1.7 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 39.6 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 41.2 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. 10.2 Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. 7.2 Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 73.1 Real interest rate (%) .. .. Interest rate spread (percentage points) .. .. Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 100.0 46.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) .. .. 1,448 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 22 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 151 398 511 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 12 67 95 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 1.11 1.17 2.08 228 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Middle East & North Africa Yemen, Rep. Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 17.9 21.0 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.8 5.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 11.5 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 410 600 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 5.6 3.3 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 10.3 13.3 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 46.5 40.9 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 5.2 4.5 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 43.2 45.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 4.6 10.8 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 161.7 191.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 42.3 45.8 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.6 37.8 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 98 Time to start a business (days) .. 63 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 12 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 17.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.0 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 48.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) .. .. Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 7.1 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) 16.2 .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 20 19 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.1 ­1.8 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.6 26.8 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 13.2 19.4 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­2.3 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) .. .. .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 5.0 7.7 33.9 Real interest rate (%) ­4.9 0.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 5.5 5.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 15.5 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 137 165 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 21 92 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1 9 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.45 2.39 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 229 Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 10.7 11.7 2,352 Labor force (millions) 4.5 4.9 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 12.0 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 290 500 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 2.2 4.7 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 22.3 18.5 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.3 25.1 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 11.4 11.7 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 52.4 56.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 26.0 18.3 Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 3,110.8 4,463.5 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 21.1 16.4 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.4 25.2 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 102 Time to start a business (days) .. 35 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 6 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 177.7 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.1 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) 13.0 .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 22.2 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 35 35 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 10.5 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints Access to and cost of financing 84.5 Tax rates 57.5 Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty 56.5 Crime and disorder 48.8 Corruption 45.9 Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 39 74 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 3.8 3.6 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.2 24.7 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 7.2 15.8 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­0.4 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 176.2 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) .. .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) .. .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) .. .. .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 23.6 10.8 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 8.6 7.6 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 6.7 7.7 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 18.6 17.0 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 22.0 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 581 692 375 Electrical outages (days) 30 .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 17 89 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 2 20 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 2.57 1.41 1.99 230 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Sub-Saharan Africa Zimbabwe Low income Low- Country data income group 2000 2005 2005 Economic and social context Population (millions) 12.6 13.0 2,352 Labor force (millions) 5.3 5.8 965 Unemployment rate (% of labor force) 6.0 .. .. GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($) 460 350 585 GDP growth, 1995­2000 and 2000­05 (average annual %) 0.7 ­5.9 6.1 Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 18.5 18.1 21.5 Industry value added (% of GDP) 25.0 22.6 28.3 Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) 15.8 12.8 15.2 Services value added (% of GDP) 56.5 59.3 50.2 Inflation (annual % change in CPI) 55.9 .. Exchange rate (local currency units per $) 0.0 22.4 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.9 42.8 24.9 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.2 52.9 29.0 Business environment Ease of doing business (ranking 1­175; 1=best) .. 153 Time to start a business (days) .. 96 59 Procedures to start a business (number) .. 10 10 Firing cost (weeks of wages) .. 446.3 65.3 Closing a business (years to resolve insolvency) .. 3.3 3.1 Time dealing with gov't officials (% of management time) .. .. Total tax rate (% of profit) .. 37.0 70.5 Highest marginal tax rate, corporate (%) 30 30 Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total) .. 0.3 9.8 Micro, small, and med.-size enterprises (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. Top-five investment climate constraints -- -- -- -- -- Private sector investment Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 8 51 18,981 Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP) 0.3 3.0 1.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.8 17.3 25.3 Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP) 11.1 16.1 18.2 Finance and banking Government cash surplus or deficit (% of GDP) ­5.2 .. ­3.2 Government debt (% of GDP) 58.1 .. .. Deposit money banks' assets (% of GDP) 25.6 .. 18.0 Total financial system deposits (% of GDP) 29.8 .. 20.5 Bank capital to asset ratio (%) 9.4 12.1 .. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) 19.6 23.2 .. Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) 24.5 26.9 33.9 Real interest rate (%) 7.7 ­0.6 Interest rate spread (percentage points) 18.0 144.6 Infrastructure Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 .. 13.3 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) 847 795 375 Electrical outages (days) .. .. 39 Fixed line and mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 41 79 114 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 4 77 44 Cost of telephone call to U.S. ($ per 3 minutes) 4.36 .. 1.99 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 231 Glossary Agriculture value added is the net output of agriculture (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 1­5, including forestry and fish- ing) after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Bank capital to asset ratio is the ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordi- nated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. (International Monetary Fund) Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of non- performing loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue. (International Monetary Fund) Business entry rate is the number of firms newly registered in the reported year as a percentage of total registered firms. Total firms registered are all firms registered in the reported year and include sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. (International Finance Corporation) Closing a business is the number of years from the time of filing for insolvency in court until resolution of distressed assets. Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Cost of telephone call to U.S. is the cost of a three-minute, peak rate, fixed-line call from the country to the United States. (International Telecommunication Union and World Bank) Deposit money banks' assets are claims on the domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks. (International Monetary Fund) Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector--such as through loans, purchases of nonequity secu- rities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable--that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Ease of doing business index ranks economies from 1 to 175, with first place being the best. A high ranking means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation. The index ranks the simple average of the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in Doing Business 2007: How to Reform. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators. (World Bank) Electrical outages are the average number of days per year that estab- lishments experience power outages or surges from the public grid. (World Bank) Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants minus transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants. (International Energy Agency) 232 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Exchange rate is the exchange rate determined by national authorities or the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calcu- lated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar). (International Monetary Fund) Exports of goods and services are the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of mer- chandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development) Firing cost is the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. One month is recorded as 4 1/3 weeks. Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Fixed line and mobile subscribers are telephone mainlines connecting a subscriber's equipment to the public switched telephone network and users of portable telephones subscribing to an automatic public mobile telephone service using cellular technology that provides access to the public switched telephone network. (International Telecommunication Union) Foreign direct investment, net, is net inflows of private investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital, as shown in the balance of payments. (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) GDP growth is the annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method, is gross national income converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. Gross national income is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Gross national income, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, the World Bank Atlas method is used; it averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country and the euro zone, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (World Bank) Government cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense and net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Government debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term con- tractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 233 Glossary domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, secu- rities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year. (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Gross fixed capital formation includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial build- ings. According to the 1993 System of National Accounts, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Gross fixed private capital formation is gross outlays by the private sector (including private nonprofit organizations) on additions to its fixed domestic assets. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Highest marginal tax rate, corporate, is the highest rate shown on the national level schedule of tax rates applied to the annual taxable income of corporations. (PricewaterhouseCoopers) Imports of goods and services are the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of mer- chandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development) Industry value added is the net output of industry (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 10­45, including mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas) after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-opera- tion and Development) Inflation is the annual percentage change in the cost to the average con- sumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. (International Monetary Fund) Interest rate spread is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus the interest rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits. (International Monetary Fund) Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. (International Telecommunication Union) Investment in infrastructure with private participation refers to infra- structure projects in telecommunications, energy (electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution), transport, and water and sanitation that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public, including operation and management contracts with major capital expen- diture, Greenfield projects (in which a private entity or public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Incinerators, movable assets, stand-alone solid waste projects, and small projects such as windmills are excluded. (World Bank) 234 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development Labor force is all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period, according to the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unem- ployed, and first-time job-seekers, and excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. (International Labour Organization and World Bank) Manufacturing value added refers to the net output of industries belong- ing to International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 15­37 after totaling outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Micro, small, and medium-size enterprises are businesses that can be defined by the number of employees. There is no international standard definition of firm size; however, many institutions that collect information use the following size categories: micro enterprises have 0­9 employees, small enterprises have 10­49 employees, and medium-size enterprises have 50­249 employees. (International Finance Corporation) Paved roads are roads surfaced with concrete, cobblestones, or crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents. (International Road Federation) Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally con- sidered part of the population of their country of origin. Data are midyear estimates. (World Bank) Procedures to start a business are the number of procedures required to start a business, including interactions to obtain necessary permits and licenses and to complete all inscriptions, verifications, and notifications to start operations. Data are for businesses with specific characteristics of ownership, size, and type of production. Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as mea- sured by the GDP deflator. (International Monetary Fund and World Bank) Services value added is the net output of services (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 50­99) after totaling outputs and sub- tracting intermediate inputs. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Time dealing with government officials is the percentage of manage- ment time in a given week spent on requirements imposed by government regulations (taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing, and registration). Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Time to start a business is the number of calendar days needed to complete the required procedures for legally operating a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen. Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Top-five investment climate constraints are based on the share of senior managers surveyed who identified a particular constraint as their biggest constraint (in 2006 Enterprise Surveys in Africa and Latin America and the 2005 surveys in Malawi and Niger) or who ranked the items shown as a The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2007 235 Glossary major or very severe constraint to business in their country (all other sur- veys). In any given country some constraints may not be identified by any firms as the biggest constraint even if they would be considered major or severe. The 2006 Enterprise Surveys in Africa and Latin America--except those in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Cape Verde--have weights for the estimates of the aggregate indicators to account for the random stratified sample design. The constraints from which the top five are drawn are: · Access to and cost of financing. · Access to land. · Anticompetitive or informal practices. · Business licensing and permits. · Corruption. · Crime, theft, and disorders. · Customs and trade regulations. · Economic and regulatory policy uncertainty. · Electricity. · Labor regulations. · Legal system and conflict resolution. · Skills and education of available workers. · Tax administration. · Tax rates. · Transportation system. The surveys have not been conducted in all countries, so this set of indica- tors is blank in some tables. For more information on the investment climate and Enterprise Surveys, see www.enterprisesurveys.org and www.worldbank. org/eca/econ. (World Bank) Total financial system deposits are the demand, time, and saving depos- its in deposit money banks and other financial institutions. (International Monetary Fund) Total tax rate is the total amount of taxes payable by the business (except for labor taxes) after accounting for deductions and exemptions as a percent- age of profit. For further details on the method used for assessing the total tax payable, see the World Bank's Doing Business 2007: How to Reform. Information is benchmarked to April 2006. (World Bank) Unemployment rate is the share of the labor force without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. (International Labour Organization) 236 2007 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202 473 1000 Fax: 202 477 6391 Web site: www.worldbank.org ISBN 0-8213-7076-6 Email: feedback@worldbank.org AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA AMERICAN SAMOA ANDORRA ANGOLA ANTIGUA A BARBUDA ARGENTINA ARMENIA ARUBA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN BAHAM BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BERMUDA BHUT BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BULGAR BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CAPE VERDE CAYMAN ISLAN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD CHANNEL ISLANDS CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA COMOR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO REPUBLIC OF CONGO COSTA RICA CÔTE D'IVOI CROATIA CUBA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK DJIBOUTI DOMINICA DOMINIC REPUBLIC ECUADOR ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA ERITR ESTONIA ETHIOPIA FAEROE ISLANDS FIJI FINLAND FRANCE FRENCH POLYNESIA GABON T GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GREENLAND GRENADA GUAM GUATEMA GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU GUYANA HAITI HONDURAS HONG KONG, CHINA, HUNGARY ICELA INDIA INDONESIA ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISLE OF MAN ISRAEL ITA JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KIRIBATI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF KOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA KUWAIT KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBL LATVIA LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MACA CHINA, FYR MACEDONIA MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALAYSIA MALDIVES MALI MAL MARSHALL ISLANDS MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MAYOTTE MEXICO FEDERATED STATES MICRONESIA MOLDOVA MONACO MONGOLIA MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR NAMIB NEPAL NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS ANTILLES NEW CALEDONIA NEW ZEALAND NICARAG NIGER NIGERIA NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS NORWAY OMAN PAKISTAN PALAU PANAM PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO QAT ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA SAMOA SAN MARINO SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCI SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPO SLOVAK REPUBLIC SLOVENIA SOLOMON ISLANDS SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SRI LAN ST. KITTS AND NEVIS ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES SUDAN SURINA SWAZILAND SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TAJIKISTAN TANZAN THAILAND TIMOR-LESTE TOGO TONGA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TUNISIA TURK TURKMENISTAN UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM UNIT STATES URUGUAY UZBEKISTAN VANUATU REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA VIETNA U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS WEST BANK AND GAZA REPUBLIC OF YEMEN ZAMBIA ZIMBABW