VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF OUTLINE • Key points • Intersection between agriculture and VAWG • Ethical and safety recommendations for VAWG interventions • Rapid situation analysis • Key areas for integrating VAWG prevention and response in agriculture projects • Appendices: key areas for integrating VAWG prevention and response by key agriculture and food project sub-sector, suggested indicators, relevant resource guides and tools • References INTRODUCTION The purpose of this brief is to highlight entry points and provide actionable guidance to support development practitioners in integrating prevention and response measures into food and agriculture projects to address violence against women and girls (VAWG). The following pages contain guidance on ethics and safety, resources for carrying out a rapid situation analysis, specific and actionable ideas for the implementation of policies at the institutional, sectoral, and community levels, detailed examples of promising practices, a menu of indicators for use in monitoring and evaluation (Pawlak and Kołodziejczak 2020), and dozens of active links to more detailed resources and toolkits. The brief is not intended to be exhaustive, nor is it a scientific study of the prevalence and consequences of VAWG in the sectors that fall under a food system. The aim of the brief is to provide an overview and avenues for actions that are to be identified and understood as effective entry points for staff of International Finance Institutions. While the particular risks that arise from operating in the agriculture sector are highlighted, the brief does not focus on mitigating efforts in the agriculture sector, but is aimed at expanding the potential for agriculture projects to include interventions to address any forms of VAWG that may exist in the context of operations. 2 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF KEY POINTS • Globally, agriculture is a key driver of economic growth, employment generation, and food security (Pawlak and Kołodziejczak 2020). However, productivity in the sector depends on a healthy, functional workforce (Asenso-Okyere et al. 2011). • Women and girls are key in agriculture, accounting for 43 percent of the agricultural labor force globally (IISD 2020). They comprise more than 60 percent of the agricultural workforce in countries such as Lesotho, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone (FAO 2011), 80 percent of the rural aquaculture workforce in Viet Nam (Kusabe and Kelker 2001), and 64 percent of the workforce directly growing fresh-cut flowers for export in Colombia (Friedemann-Sánchez 2006). • VAWG aggravates household income vulnerability, promotes the adoption of risky economic coping mechanisms, and exacerbates food and nutrition insecurity, all of which heighten women and girls’ risk of further violence (Conroy, et al. 2019; FAO 2017). • Agricultural value chains, operations, and interventions offer an important entry point for tackling VAWG at multiple levels. They can be key to preventing and responding to VAWG, supporting effective prevention and response in other sectors, promoting women’s empowerment, and achieving gender equality at multiple levels (Castañeda Camey et al. 2020). Agricultural businesses also avert substantial losses by implementing effective VAWG prevention and response policies (EBRD, CDC, and IFC 2020a). • Addressing entrenched gender-specific obstacles to women’s participation in agriculture, including VAWG and limited access to land, information, capital and credit, and other inputs, would increase women’s agricultural productivity by between 20 percent and 30 percent, boosting agricultural production in developing countries by between 2.5 percent and 4.0 percent and reducing the number of hungry people by 12 percent (FAO 2011). • Closing gender gaps within agricultural value chains, such as access to paid labor, land, inputs, and decision-making roles, is key to preventing, reducing, and responding to VAWG (USAID 2014). Effective VAWG prevention and response strategies in the agricultural sector are critical to improving gender equality, ensuring sustainable livelihoods, and expanding women’s well-being, access to land, credit, technology, and training (FAO 2018; USAID 2020). 3 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF INTERSECTION BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND VAWG • Agriculture is a high-risk sector for trafficking, exploitation, violence, and forced labor (UNODC 2020). VAWG occurs in both formal and informal agricultural business operations, in both on- and off-farm contexts, on women’s way to and from agricultural work, at home, and throughout the agricultural value chain, from harvest to postharvest activities (EBRD, CDC, and IFC 2020b, 2020). Gender inequalities and power imbalances are key drivers of VAWG in the agricultural sector (FAO 2018). • Depending on the country, women supply between 30 percent and 80 percent of agricultural labor (Croasdaile 2021), and across their lifetimes, one woman in three is subjected to physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner or a non-partner (WHO 2021). A study of Ecuador’s flower export industry shows that 55.5 percent of women workers and 71 percent of women workers ages 20–24 had experienced sexual violence and harassment (Mena and Proaño 2005). Over half the women interviewed in a study of Ethiopian agribusiness supply chains reported experiencing harassment (Jacobs, Brahic, and Olaiya 2015). In Turkey, 66 percent of seasonal women agricultural workers had experienced workplace violence (Şimşek et al. 2016). • Women in the agriculture and agribusiness sectors face violence at virtually every stage of the value chain: from their intimate partners on family farms, often in retribution for seeking paid work outside the home; from supervisors and coworkers in the fields where women are largely engaged as seasonal workers; from supervisors in the packaging and processing stages; and from strangers, acquaintances, partners, buyers, and others they encounter in the distribution chain, particularly if women are traveling long distances (EBRD, CDC, and IFC 2020b). 4 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF • Violence and the threat of violence are used to deny marginalized women, such as widows, Indigenous and pastoral women, women heads of household, and elderly women, access to agricultural lands and resources (Gabrielsson and Ramasar 2013). • In many agricultural communities, VAWG worsens during periods of conflict and displacement. It also intensifies during the clearing of farmland, ploughing, tilling, planting, weeding, harvesting, and selling (Obonyo 2012). Periods of famine and scarcity of land and food lead to competition over agricultural inputs and resources and may escalate into intrafamilial and communal conflicts, increasing the risks of VAWG (Ongoro and Ogara 2012). In South Sudan, famine and food crisis have heightened the incidence of VAWG. Routes to food distribution sites and firewood collection areas are hotspots where the majority of VAWG incidents occur, including rape, robbery, harassment, abduction, physical assault and killing (IRC and GWI 2017). • VAWG has adverse impacts on agriculture and agricultural production. It limits productivity, restricts access to community support, diminishes women and girls’ on- and off-farm work capacities, and increases workplace absenteeism, agribusiness costs, and household expenditure (FAO 2018). When Finlay, a leading Kenyan tea producer and supplier, increased attention to policies and guidelines, particularly procedures for reporting and addressing sexual harassment, the company’s managers reported a boost in staff morale, a surge in productivity, and lower absenteeism (EBRD, CDC, and IFC 2020a). • VAWG also reduces food security and adversely affects individual, family, and community health and well-being (FAO 2018). Because of fear, anxiety, illness, discrimination, stigma, and physical and emotional injury, survivors of VAWG may be unable to work at their full healthy capacities (FAO 2010). • Household food insecurity is a strong predictor of exposure to VAWG. Food crisis and heightened poverty in agricultural communities can force families to resort to child, early, and forced marriage (CEFM) to conserve already limited resources. Drawing examples from the famine brides during the droughts in Kenya in 2010 and in the Sahel in 2012, flooding in Pakistan in 2010, and the environmental challenges facing poor Bangladesh families, Girls Not Brides and ICRW (2017) suggest that families use CEFM to mitigate economic pressure and place girls in more food-secure households. In many rural contexts, young brides are also pressured to have early and frequent pregnancies to increase the number of hands to contribute to the family farm. A recent World Bank study shows that over 105 million adults were affected by moderate or severe food insecurity across Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and that women who have experienced or know other women who have experienced VAWG since the pandemic also tend to be women who felt less safe at home during the period (Amankwah, Gourlay and Zezza 20221). This suggests there is an additional stressor among these women or even possibly the denial of food as a manifestation of such violence. 5 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF Box 1. Promising Practices: Zero-Tolerance Programming in Agribusiness in Egypt UN Women and USAID, in partnership with 10 leading agribusinesses in Egypt, implemented the Women’s Employment Promotion in the Agriculture Sector: Creating Safe and Women Friendly Workplaces Program. The program included a zero-tolerance gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual harassment policy, development of worker grievance and reporting mechanisms, and awareness- building. The intervention improved employee retention rates by 25 percent and reduced absenteeism by between 9 percent and 31 percent, improved communication between workers and supervisors, and increased worker satisfaction and productivity, while improving the reputation of participating companies within their communities and globally (UN Women 2018). ETHICAL AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VAWG INTERVENTIONS Any intervention that aims to prevent or address VAWG should include precautions above and beyond routine risk assessment to guarantee no harm is caused. This includes following ethical guidelines related to respect for persons, non-maleficence (minimizing harm), beneficence (maximizing benefits), and justice to protect the safety of both service providers and the survivors. The sensitive nature of collecting information about VAWG demands additional precautions above and beyond routine risk assessments to guarantee no harm is caused. Interventions should: • Assess whether the intervention may increase VAWG • Minimize harm to women and girls • Prevent revictimization of VAWG • Consider the implications of mandatory reporting of suspected VAW cases • Be aware of the co-occurrence of child abuse • Minimize harm to staff working with survivors • Provide referrals for care and support for survivors For further details on these Ethical and Safety Recommendations, visit the Ethics section of our website. 6 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF RAPID SITUATION ANALYSIS Building effective and coherent VAWG prevention and response interventions for inclusion in agricultural sector operations requires broad understanding of the legal, social, and epidemiological contexts of VAWG in the sector, and how these influence and are influenced by violence. Rapid situational analysis can be helpful to inform program design, teams are encouraged to work with government actors, private sector, researchers, non-governmental organizations, local experts, communities, media, advocacy groups, service providers, and others at in-country level. Key rapid situation assessment questions for the sector include: For general questions to undertake a Rapid Situation Analysis, visit the Integrate section of our website. • What evidence or research exists on VAWG, in agricultural contexts in the country or region? • What is the legal framework around the protection of agricultural workers from gender-based discrimination and violence (including labor laws, customary and religious laws, and standalone sexual harassment laws)? • Do national and/or local agricultural development strategies or plans take note of VAWG, and include steps towards prevention and response? • Are there associations and unions of agricultural employees, and do they engage in preventing and responding to VAWG? • What are the risk factors for VAWG across the agricultural value chain? Do agricultural projects and activities require women to travel to or work in insecure, isolated and/or remote areas or in spaces that aggravate their risks for VAWG? • What are the community-level entry points for reporting and addressing VAWG and how do these work in the sector? • Do women and girls in agriculture experience unique barriers in accessing services, including protection, security, or keeping jobs? KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG PREVENTION AND RESPONSE IN AGRICULTURE PROJECTS Agricultural projects offer a valuable entry point for tackling VAWG at multiple levels. Interventions to prevent and respond to VAWG can be integrated at policy-, institutional/sectoral- and community-levels to not only forestall violence but also meet VAWG survivors’ needs for care, protection, support, and justice. Such actions call for the coordinated response and effort of multiple stakeholders within the agricultural sector, 7 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF relevant persons in the judicial, enforcement and health sectors, and key actors at various levels, including communities. Promising practices and recommended actions at each level (policy, institutional/sectoral, and community) are outlined in further detail below. Policy-level recommendations • Support national agricultural agencies and ministries to mainstream and integrate national policies and definition of VAWG in their plans. o In the Philippines, all sectoral and agency plans include actions that reflect national policies on and definition of VAWG spelled out in the country’s Strategic Plan on Violence Against Women and their Children 2017-2022 (IACVAWC 2018). All national ministries and agencies adopt these policies and this definition, set the scope of their sectoral action on VAWG, and drive sectoral plans and activities to ensure shared understanding of VAWG, as well as coordinated action to prevent and address it across relevant stakeholders. • Engage policymakers to develop and implement policies, protocols, and legal assurances for advancing protections from VAWG in matters of employment in agribusinesses, and for supporting survivors to access care and services. o In their work in Malaysia, Colombini et al. (2012) showed that robust national VAWG policies and protocols can foster not only well-coordinated intersectoral responsiveness to IPV, but also public awareness of VAWG and shared understanding among services personnel on the rights of women Box 2. COVID-19 and VAWG in Agricultural Communities The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a global crisis on an unprecedented scale that affected individuals and communities worldwide. As a result of the pandemic, adolescent girls in rural agricultural communities face a myriad of risks, including increased exposure to GBV and early marriage. Agricultural communities experiencing food poverty during the pandemic may become dependent on international aid, which has a long history of association with various forms of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). Data collected through the World Bank’s phone survey in Indonesia (late July–early September 2020) found that household food insecurity is among the strongest predictors of exposure to GBV (EAPGIL 2020). Containment measures implemented during the pandemic also have the potential to increase risks for SEA carried out by the armed forces, police, or other officials. These types of conditions were associated with a rise in reported cases of SEA during the Ebola epidemic. The pandemic also increases the risk of child labor exploitation, trafficking, and unsafe work in poor agricultural communities because girls face pressure to support themselves and their families. In addition to increase the risk of violence, girls in such communities face the elevated risk of CEFM. Families with limited financial resources are more likely to consider CEFM as a coping mechanism, an issue that is a form of GBV. The United Nations Population Fund estimates that 13 million more child marriages could take place by 2030 than would have occurred prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of these marriages will occur in poor rural agricultural communities (CARE 2020). 8 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF and girls across sectors, the measures for their protection, and services to effectively support survivors of VAWG more broadly. • Encourage intercountry/intergovernmental policy learning and sharing activities on VAWG prevention, services, and care programs and efforts through international convenings, policy dialogues and evidence sharing. Intercountry policy learning and sharing events are critical spaces for national decision-makers to learn about policy successes, challenges, and failures from their peers in other contexts. Institutional and sectoral level recommendations • Develop and implement mechanisms to track and monitor legal and human resources violations and issues related to labor relations between workers and employers in the sector. VAWG-specific monitoring in agricultural projects offers a tested approach for detecting and responding to rises in existing forms of VAWG or the emergence of new forms of VAWG (USAID 2014). o CARE has developed a guide (2014) for implementing monitoring and mitigation strategies for VAWG into the programming for non-VAWG focused sectors like agriculture. • Encourage agribusiness operators to develop and implement clear, workable, and sustainable action plans for the protection of women and girls in their organizations, defining and integrating specific actions for VAWG prevention and response, and fostering awareness on available services for survivors of VAWG within the local context. o The Business Coalition for Women’s model workplace policy (IFC 2017) on sexual harassment offers an easily replicable policy framework for agricultural enterprises. The model outlines the purpose, principles, and parameters of workplace sexual harassment policy, provides a clear definition of sexual harassment, highlights the complaints procedure, and gives additional guidance on formal versus informal investigations, false accusations, protection against reprisals, and record-keeping. • Encourage agricultural sector stakeholders and business operators to make information about existing and future laws, policies, programs, and complaint mechanisms related to VAWG prevention and response widely available and accessible to all women and girls , including information on services to survivors of violence, laws on women’s equal participation in the sector, complaint mechanism, and confidentiality practices. o In 2013, Unilever Tea Kenya, following an independent review of GBV in the tea plantation sector, developed and disseminated clear policies and procedures —including reporting and grievance mechanisms. The plans put in place not only empowered staff to take appropriate action when needed, but also reassured survivors, bystanders, accused perpetrators, and whistle-blowers that the company will handle cases fairly (Allan 2019). 9 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF Box 3. Promising Practices: Zero-Tolerance Programming in Agribusiness in Egypt UN Women and USAID, in partnership with 10 leading agribusinesses in Egypt, implemented the Women’s Employment Promotion in the Agriculture Sector: Creating Safe and Women Friendly Workplaces Program. The program included a zero-tolerance gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual harassment policy, development of worker grievance and reporting mechanisms, and awareness- building. The intervention improved employee retention rates by 25 percent and reduced absenteeism by between 9 percent and 31 percent, improved communication between workers and supervisors, and increased worker satisfaction and productivity, while improving the reputation of participating companies within their communities and globally (UN Women 2018). • Strengthen the capacity of agricultural project designers and implementers in developing and conducting robust assessments and analyses of the impacts of projects on VAWG by providing them training on the implementation of social impact assessments1 of projects in the field and adaptation of promising solutions in agricultural projects. o Malapit et. al. (2019) show that supporting portfolios of agricultural development projects to build their capacity in the development, adaptation, field-testing and implementation of surveys and assessment tools on VAWG can strengthen their skills and learning on measurement and implementation, under different conditions. • Strengthen the capacity of agricultural project designers and implementers to analyze value-chains for the VAWG risks they carry for different types or groups of women. o Value chains are complex, involve diverse groups of female and male actors at different points, and contain varying types and levels of risk for VAWG. Arellano Gálvez (2014) and Bejarano Celaya and Arellano (2014) note that in Mexico, women agricultural workers who are members of Indigenous groups face an added disadvantage in reporting workplace violence and harassment. They do not often speak Spanish and civil servants do not also often speak their dialects. • Encourage agricultural firms and projects to include professionals with expertise, competency, and experience to empower VAWG survivors by prioritizing their rights, needs and wishes, facilitating survivors’ access to appropriate, responsive, and good quality services including health care, psychological and social support, security, and legal services (UNPF 2015). Professional expertise and competency in survivor-centered case management approaches is key to helping VAWG survivors’ recovery and reinforce their capacity to make decisions about possible interventions (UNFPA and Global Communities GBV Sub-Cluster 2018). • Work with agribusiness employers and sector leaders to prioritize, design, implement, and invest in safe workplaces, well-lit women- and girl-friendly sanitation facilities, and well-sited and lit pick- up and drop-off points for their staff (White et al. 2015). Research in multiple contexts shows that women- and girl-friendly worksites and facilities reduce the incidence of GBV (Emery et al. 2016). 1 A Social Impact Assessment is a process of research, planning and the management of social change or consequences (positive and negative, intended and unintended) arising from policies, plans, developments and projects (UNEP 2008). 10 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF o In response to workers’ safety concerns about travelling through local areas at night, Supreme Poultry in South Africa introduced dedicated transportation for its night-shift workers (Emery et al. 2016). • Support efforts to include temporary and casual agricultural laborers in workers’ unions and collective bargaining agreements. Often, casual and temporary workers are not members of workers’ unions in the sector, which exposes them to harassment and abuse. • Work with banks, lending, insurance, and human resources management institutions to support agribusiness firms to establish contractual stipulations on VAWG that include code of conduct and promote safe reporting structures, anti-harassment training, physical safety of women, accountability, and redress mechanisms. o The Human Rights Campaign’s Corporate Equality Index is a model that banks and insurers can adapt to engage agribusinesses and investors on issues related to violence. The Index rates companies on a series of policies and practices related to human rights and can be adapted to easily screen out companies that do not offer robust systems for VAWG prevention, care and support, or to spur them to develop and implement VAWG prevention and survivor-based models. o The National Australia Bank has also developed programs that directly benefit customers dealing with violence, including VAWG survivors. The program offers customized payments, including reduced payments, waivers of old late fees, access to support services, and grants of up to $2,5000 to survivors and those at risk of VAWG to help them leave unsafe situations. The program saves the bank $70 million annually (Subramanian and Puglia 2020). • Leverage digital and mobile technology for VAWG advocacy, prevention, reporting and survivor care and support, including to improve privacy and confidentiality in reporting and to disseminate information and awareness campaigns. Ensure that women leaders have access to digital technology and can use them, by supporting digital literacy and technology adaptation to meet the needs of women (Ragasa et al. 2014; Adams, Lea, and D'Silva 2021). • Integrate interactions with diverse actors (CSOs, private companies, donors, service providers, etc.) in addressing VAWG to enable cross-learning and align with priorities and programming in project affected communities. This entails leveraging existing VAWG training programs to build the capacity of staff on VAWG prevention, mitigation, and response. o HERProject brings together global brands, their suppliers, and local NGOs to drive impact for women through workplace-based interventions that promote health, financial inclusion, and gender equality. • Encourage agribusiness-focused financial institutions to extend preferential credits and loans to women to advance their entrepreneurship and ownership in the sector and to offer information on available support and resources to survivors on reporting abuse and seeking treatment. It is also critical to promote financial solutions that are responsive to gender disparities in ownership of land and other assets that may be used as collateral. Evidence shows that while stand-alone financial solutions do not contribute to the prevention of VAWG, they should be considered as components of prevention interventions. o The WHO RESPECT Framework recognizes VAWG prevention packages that comprise of an economic component, such as economic empowerment and social empowerment interventions for women to be effective in reducing VAWG. 11 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF o The Women Affirmative Access Window is an initiative of the Agriculture Finance Corporation that seeks to promote financial inclusion in agricultural finance. • Support agribusinesses to invest in VAWG prevention efforts as part of their long-term business strategy. Sexual harassment claims have a greater effect on a company’s reputation than other forms of misconduct, including fraud (Gündemir, Does, and Shih 2018). Because VAWG presents an ongoing danger to business brand, employees, reputation and productivity, prevention should be an integral part of the "big picture" that agribusinesses seek to achieve. o In Peru, companies lose more than $6.7 billion a year because of absenteeism, staff turnover and lost productivity resulting from domestic violence, the equivalent of 3.7 percent of GDP (Vara-Horna 2014). o The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights outlines key steps that businesses can take to ensure long-term integration of VAWG prevention in their plans, including accelerating women’s leadership role in agribusinesses and establishing value-added partnerships with organizations and agencies in the frontline of local, national, and global efforts to prevent and address VAWG. Community-level recommendations • Promote agricultural projects that build on positive household farm approaches and food security coping strategies and that include a strong focus on VAWG prevention and care. Box 4. Selected examples of ongoing World Bank agriculture operations addressing GBV • In Mozambique, the Sustainable Rural Economy Program seeks to implement the Gender Action Learning System (GALS) methodology in selected communities of smallholder farmers to reduce gender inequality at the household level, including contributing to reducing GBV. GALS is a facilitative household methodology aiming to empower households to identify and address intra household gender power relations that limit socioeconomic progression, and a key tool under the Government of Mozambique’s approach to reduce GBV risks. • In Guatemala, the Responding to COVID-19: Modern and Resilient Agri-food Value Chains Project promotes all stakeholders to be agents of change and seeks to address negative stereotypes and behaviors. The project invites women, couples, and male and female leaders from local communities in project sites to participate in gender-sensitivity training, which can contribute to lessening gender stereotypes and social norms, indirectly reducing GBV. Other activities help empower women and close gender gaps in agricultural productivity by offering specific calls for proposals for women-led MSMEs, supporting outreach activities to socialize training opportunities in agro-industrial jobs for women, providing digital literacy training, and facilitating access to the online labor-matching platform. • The National Agriculture Development Program in Democratic Republic of Congo aims to close gender gaps in agricultural productivity and to empower women to improve their agency. Project activities challenge underlying unequal gender social norms, which as a result contribute to preventing GBV. The project recognizes the importance of creating an enabling environment for women’s participation through strategic and behavior change communication that target religious and traditional leaders, community members, and men and women, and offers opportunity to enhance community awareness and to strengthen the capacity of project beneficiary communities, implementing partners and government staff in preventing and reducing risks of GBV. • 12 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF • Target agricultural communities and households with information on services and resources for VAWG and survivors and on the rights and needs of girls and women who have experienced violence in a non-stigmatizing manner, avoiding stereotypes and depictions of survivors as instigators of violence or only as victims. The Food and Agriculture Organization (2010; 2018) suggests that community agricultural extension workers can be a critical resource in VAWG awareness creation and in diffusing information on existing services and resources for VAWG survivors at the community level. • Leverage existing agricultural programs that offer households and communities training on collaborative and equitable household decision-making, capacity building on healthy conflict resolution, and coaching on entrepreneurship, rights, and life skills for women and girls. Box 5. Promising practice: Examining the effectiveness of a gender transformative approach in economic empowerment programs to reduce Intimate Partner Violence Starting in June 2018, Send a Cow (SAC 2022) – a non-profit with operations in Africa- undertook a two- year research study to examine the effectiveness of SAC’s economic interventions in reducing rates of IPV in target communities in western Kenya. Although SAC’s programming was not specifically designed to reduce violence in rural settings, by measuring VAWG the study has shown that the practical tools and methodologies they applied were effective to address this type of GBV. The Economic and Social Empowerment (EASE) approach that SAC’s implemented included a strong gender component combined with agricultural and social inclusion interventions, together with its Transformative Household Methodology (THM). The approach incorporated training, inputs, supportive supervision, and mentoring, and was delivered by SAC and government extension staff to self-help groups where most members were women. The results show that the project has significantly impacted the lives of women by empowering them socially and economically, which has in turn reduced GBV. Household dynamics between men and women have improved and rates of physical, sexual, emotional, and economic IPV have reduced considerably for a high proportion of women. Finally, the study also reveals that the program’s impact goes beyond the specific households considered, having beneficial impacts on the wider community. • Collaborate with existing community-based agricultural interventions to engage communities – including families, women, girls, men, boys, caregivers, service providers, traditional and religious leaders – and incorporate components for exploring, understanding, and disrupting the social and cultural norms that underlie and perpetuate VAWG. o Rabbits for Resilience is a small animal microfinance project with 10-15-year-old male and female adolescents in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. Youth members receive a 2–4- month-old female rabbit. When the rabbit gives birth, the member repays the loan to the project in the form of 2 female rabbits, which are then used as new loans to other youth in the village. Youth and their parents receive support from each other during the group meetings and from trained microfinance agents through supportive home visits and monthly meetings. The program also includes training and discussions to reinforce equitable gender relationships and positive social norms (SVRI 2016). • Strengthen the capacity of community-based agricultural cooperatives to offer equal access to participation and leadership positions for women, become champions of women’s rights, and support VAWG awareness, prevention, and care efforts. Connecting community-based cooperatives and organizations with established and experienced feminist and women-focused organizations for 13 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF mentorship, support, and capacity building on women-friendly leadership strategies, VAWG prevention, and community engagement can transform them into vocal champions and activators of women’s rights and VAWG prevention in their contexts. • Encourage and strengthen associativity among women and women’s cooperatives and organizations in agriculture. These relationships in agricultural and other workplaces can serve as vehicles for survivors of violence to raise complaints and seek support and as surveillance mechanisms to prevent violence. Ensure that membership conditions are not exclusive, based on asset or resource ownership. • Work with local media and advocacy groups to provide awareness and information on VAWG and services and resources for VAWG and survivors, avoiding negative portrayals of survivors. In Mozambique’s Feed the Future Resilient Agricultural Markets Activity initiative, local radio stations were key in promoting awareness on VAWG and disseminating information on services and resources for VAWG survivors in local communities. CARE has identified practical women- and girl-centered strategies for community-focused GBV communication, engagement and advocacy. 14 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG PREVENTION AND RESPONSE BY KEY AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROJECT SUB- SECTOR Agriculture Policy and Institutional Community and Local Incentives and Capacity strengthening of and Food strengthening Government opportunities opportunities for actors involved Project Sub- recommendations and implementation engagement of Private Sector readiness Sector Livestock and Given the multiple roles that women play in the agriculture sector, empowering them to decide and act for better health outcomes One Health for people, animals and the environment is fundamental Support national agricultural Target communities and Incentivize the Private Sector Train public veterinary agencies and ministries to households that specifically establish a policy of “gender services to be gender- mainstream policies that work with livestock with violence free� when deciding sensitive and equip them with prevent and respond to information on services and to invest in livestock the necessary skills to VAWG by, for example, resources for VAWG and producers and suggest they recognize GBV survivors and incorporating a “safe spaces� survivors and on the rights implement clear actions to provide them support; recruit policy in livestock vaccination and needs of girls and women communicate this. female veterinary staff. centers/places for GBV who have experienced survivors. violence. Agribusiness Women occupy a relevant role across all the stages of the agribusiness value chains, from obtaining inputs and production in and value the field to the consumer, through stages such as processing, packaging, and distribution. chains Engage policymakers and Encourage and strengthen Encourage safe and hygienic Train government officials to legislators to promote the associativity among women workplaces for women in the enforce national legislation on approval of regulations for and women’s cooperatives agribusiness across all the VAWG across the whole advancing protections from and organizations in each value chain. agribusiness value chain and VAWG in matters of stage of the value chain, across small, medium and big employment in potentially serving as vehicles producers. for survivors of violence to 15 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF agribusinesses and through seek support and raise its value chains. complaints. Climate Smart Women can become leaders in CSA, addressing the interlinked challenges of food security and climate change but, for this, it is Agriculture urgent to eliminate the violence that can prevent them from doing it. (CSA) Leverage digital and mobile Support community-based Extend preferential credits Ensure that women have technology in the sector for cooperatives to bring women and loans to women to access to digital technology VAWG advocacy, prevention, to the center of CSA and set advance their and CSA tools, and can use reporting and survivor care up community “safe spaces� entrepreneurship and them, by supporting digital and support by requiring CSA for women to report on VAWG ownership in CSA, offer literacy and technology apps to include virtual and get support. information on support and adaptation to meet the needs reporting mechanisms and to resources to survivors who of women, including reporting disseminate information and face barriers to reporting VAWG through these tools. awareness campaigns on abuse. VAWG. Food Security Women occupy a key role in providing food security to their families and the society Promote the adoption of Implement GBV prevention Encourage firms in the food Train women and men in strategies that support the re- campaigns in local security sector to include production systems on design of food-markets to be community-based food professionals with expertise, collaborative and equitable safer places for women and markets. competency, and experience household decision-making, girls. to empower VAWG survivors. capacity building on healthy conflict resolution, and coaching on entrepreneurship, rights, and life skills. Policy and Governance of the Agriculture sector has traditionally been male dominated, despite the relevant role that women have in the Governance of sector. To change this, it is urgent to bring women to the center of the sector’s policy and governance. the Sector Create a national unit Strengthen the capacity of Enact laws that fix quotas for Train and provide VAWG specialized in GBV that community-based agricultural the minimum number of prevention and response directly articulates policies cooperatives to offer equal women that should occupy materials to agriculture and action plans with the access to participation and decision-making positions in authorities across at different agriculture Ministry -or similar leadership positions for the private sector. Suggest a levels (government at all institution. women, thus promoting list of topics that should be levels, non-profits, advocacy 16 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF women’s rights, and addressed in these groups, media and the private supporting VAWG companies’ governing bodies, sector). awareness, prevention, and including addressing VAWG. care efforts. Irrigation and Improving infrastructure such as irrigation systems is a key factor for increasing productivity in the agriculture sector and reducing Infrastructure women’s exposure to violence. Create a strategic action plan Provide counseling/support Incentivize the private sector Provide training to irrigation to address VAWG services for VAWG survivors to establish contractual and infrastructure workers on comprehensively across the in community centers where stipulations on VAWG that prevention of VAWG as well Agriculture, Infrastructure and irrigation and infrastructure include code of conducts and as on early detection of Women/GBV national projects are taking place. promote safe reporting violence survivors, equipping organisms. structures, anti-harassment them with tools to provide training, physical safety of support and advice on current women, accountability, and reporting channels. redress mechanisms by making these a requirement in contracting bids across the irrigation and infrastructure sector. Agriculture Enabling the agriculture sector, farmers and rural entrepreneurs to adapt rapidly when challenges occur (climate change, Innovation urbanization, etc.) and to respond readily when new opportunities arise is central for AIS, and women should play a key role in Systems (AIS) it. Encourage Intergovernmental Work with specialized media, Engage the Private Sector by While training women in policy learning and sharing NGOs and advocacy groups providing them incentives agriculture with digital tools activities on VAWG to provide awareness and (such as tax reductions) to and resources that help them prevention, services, and care information on VAWG and prioritize funding to increase productivity and programs through services and resources for producers/companies that market access while also international convenings, VAWG and survivors. promote the training and promoting their awareness of policy dialogues and evidence development of women in VAWG issues and how to sharing around Agriculture agriculture innovation areas, approach them. Innovation Systems. thus promoting women’s Promoting cross-border rights, and supporting VAWG 17 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF dialogues across VAWG and awareness, prevention, and AIS can lead to the adoption care efforts. of international standards and foster its implementation in the national sphere. 18 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF SUGGESTED INDICATORS Type of Indicator Suggested Indicators Key Performance • Percentage of surveyed agribusinesses reporting workplace VAWG Indicators prevention policies as part of their business strategy and are operationalized. • Percentage of surveyed women and men in agribusinesses who feel empowered to take appropriate action when they experience or observe workplace VAWG • Percentage/number of surveyed women and men working in agriculture whose attitude of acceptance of VAWG or IPV changes • Percentage of women and men who report an incidence of violence in the context of agricultural work receiving referral to appropriate services • Proportion of men and boys involved in agricultural activities willing to act against violence against women and girls • Proportion of men and boys involved in agricultural activities who do not support any form of violence against women under any circumstance • Percentage/number of women and men receiving legal support for VAWG or IPV experienced in the context of agricultural activities • Percentage of women and men involved in the agricultural sector receiving VAWG sensitization, advocacy and legal literacy training focused on the sector Intermediate • Percentage of women in leadership roles in agribusinesses Indicators • Number of agribusinesses conducting staff training on workplace VAWG incorporating prevention and reporting strategies • Number of agricultural communities reached with long term VAWG prevention and reporting training • Percentage/number of women and men involved in agricultural activities who receive VAWG prevention and reporting training 19 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF RECOMMENDED RESOURCES FOR INTEGRATING VAWG INTO AGRICULTURE SECTOR PROJECTS Toolkits and Frameworks Bloom, S., et al.2014. Guidance for Gender Based Violence (GBV) Monitoring and Mitigation within Non- GBV Focused Sectoral Programming. BSR (Business for Social Responsibility). 2017. Women’s Safety in the Workplace Toolkit Guide. Eragon Associates. 2016. Addressing worker vulnerability in agricultural and food supply chains: Pilot toolkit. Eragon. Ethical Tea Partnership. 2015. Social Issues Training Manual on Capacity Building in the Tea Sector on Gender and Social Issues. Ethical Trading Initiative. 2016. Addressing worker vulnerability in agricultural and food supply chains: Pilot Toolkit. Ergon Associates Ltd. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2015. Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery. International Training Center and Fair Wear Foundation. 2016. Gender-based violence in global supply chains: Resource Kit. UN Women (United Nations Women). 2019. Guide to Support the Implementation of the Global Women’s Safety Framework. USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 2014. Toolkit for Integrating GBV Prevention and Response into Economic Growth Projects. WHO (World Health Organization). 2019. RESPECT women: Preventing violence against women. World Health Organization. Manuscripts Allan, A. 2019. How Businesses Can Take the Lead in Combatting Gender-Based Violence. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Arellano Gálvez, M. 2014. Violencia laboral contra jornaleras agrícolas en tres comunidades en el noroeste de México. Región y Sociedad, 26 (Special Issue 4). Arellano Gálvez, M. and Aranda Gallegos, P. 2017. Cultivos de violencia: situación de las jornaleras agrícolas en el noroeste de México. In L. M. Niño Contreras, P. J. González Reyes, M. B.Tinoco, and S. L. Figueroa Ramírez. (eds) Estudios de género en el norte de México: En las fronteras de la violencia, (Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California), pp. 161-188. Bejarano Celaya, M. and Arellano M. 2014. Violencia institucional contra las mujeres en el noroeste de México. Acta Sociológica, 65, 97-120. Conroy, A., et al. 2019. Food insecurity and violence in a prospective cohort of women at risk for or living with HIV in the US. PloS one, 14(3), p.e0213365. Gabrielsson, S., and Ramasar, V. 2013. Widows: Agents of change in a climate of water uncertainty. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 34–42.Jacobs, S., Brahic, B., and Olaiya, M. M. 2015. Sexual harassment in an east African agribusiness supply chain. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 26(3), 20 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF 393-410.Malapit, H., et al. 2019. Development of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). World Development, 122, 675-692. Pawlak, K., & Kołodziejczak, M. 2020. The role of agriculture in ensuring food security in developing countries: Considerations in the context of the problem of sustainable food production. Sustainability, 12(13), 5488. Rodríguez, N. M. 2017. Workplace bullying occurrence in alternative organizational milieus: identifying risk groups among distinct occupations from the organizational behavior and management perspective. Universidad de Córdoba, UCO Press. Schmitt, M. L., Clatworthy, D., Ogello, T., & Sommer, M. 2018. Making the case for a female-friendly toilet. Water, 10(9), 1193. Şimşek, Z., Kara, B., Ersin, F., Ökten, Ş., and Yıldırımkaya, G. 2016. Prevalence of violence: male and female seasonal agricultural workers' approach to violence in Turkey. Social work in Public Health, 31(7), 626-637. Solis-Alvarado, J. 2020. From Fields of Opportunity to Fields De Calzones: Workplace Sexual Violence in America's Agricultural Industry. Drake J Agri L, 25(2), 293. Programmatic Interventions BSR. HERProject. https://herproject.org/ Colombini, M., Mayhew, S. H., Ali, S. H., Shuib, R., and Watts, C. 2012. An integrated health sector response to violence against women in Malaysia: lessons for supporting scale up. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-10.International Finance Corporation. (n.d). Case study: addressing gender based violence with companies in Papua New Guinea. International Finance Corporation. 2019. Respectful Workplaces. exploring the costs of bullying and sexual harassment to businesses in Myanmar. White, P., Finnegan, G., Pehu, E., Poutiaianen, P., and Vyzaki, M. 2015. Linking women with agribusiness in Zambia (Case Study: Working through groups/clubs to empower women in agribusiness). Data Sources and Other Publications Asenso-Okyere, K., Chiang, C., Thangata, P. H. and Andam, K. S. 2011. Interactions between health and farm-labor productivity. International Food Policy Resource Institute. Bizikova, L. 2020. Ending Hunger Sustainably: The role of gender. International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Food Policy Research Institute, and Cornell University. Castañeda Camey, I., Sabater, L., Owren, C. and Boyer, A.E. 2020. Gender-based violence and environment linkages: The violence of inequality. Wen, J. (ed.). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Croasdaile, S. 2021. Identifying Social Norms to Address Gender-Based Violence in Agriculture and Market Systems Programs. EAPGIL (East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab). 2020. What Factors Exacerbate and Mitigate the Risk of Gender-Based Violence during COVID-19?: Insights from a Phone Survey in Indonesia. December, EAPGIL, World Bank, Washington, DC. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2009). How can food security interventions contribute to reducing gender- based violence? Issue Brief. 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Report, World Health Organization, Geneva. 26 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE AGRICULTURE SECTOR BRIEF PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Curt Carnemark / World Bank Page 4: Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank Page 14: Curt Carnemark / World Bank This report was prepared by a team led by Diana J. Arango (World Bank) that include Patricia Van de Velde (World Bank), Mirai Maruo (World Bank), Ariana Maria Del Mar Grossi (World Bank), Chimaraoke Izugbara (ICRW), Carolyne Ajema (ICRW) and Emily Schaub (ICRW). The authors are grateful to Julian Lampietti (World Bank) and Andrea Kucey (World Bank) for their support and guidance. They also thank peer reviewers Chris Ian Brett (World Bank), Melissa Williams (World Bank), Viviana Maria Eugenia Perego (World Bank), and Helle Buchhave (World Bank) for their comment. Inputs were also provided by Christian Berger (World Bank), and Victoria Stanley (World Bank), (IDB) and (GWI). Robert Zimmermann provided editorial support. 27 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Agriculture Sector Brief