Policy Research Working Paper 10525 Global Trends in Child Monetary Poverty According to International Poverty Lines Daylan Salmeron-Gomez Solrun Engilbertsdottir Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva David Newhouse David Stewart Poverty and Equity Global Practice Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice & Development Data Group July 2023 Policy Research Working Paper 10525 Abstract This paper analyzes extreme child poverty ($2.15/day pov- and older. More recent “nowcasted” estimates suggest that erty line) trends, as well as child poverty based on the higher at least 333 million children were expected to be living international poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85. The paper in extremely poor households in 2022, implying that 14 provides a trajectory of extreme child poverty (children million more children were extremely poor in 2022 than living in extremely poor households) from 2013 to 2019 in 2019. Following an increase in extreme child poverty at (based on the most recent surveys included in the Global the height of the pandemic in 2020, nowcasted estimates Monitoring Database), complemented by nowcasting for show that the rate of extreme child poverty fell again in 2020 to 2022. Children continue to be disproportionately 2021 and 2022, but only at the slow rate of progress seen affected by extreme poverty. Children who are younger than prior to the COVID-19 crisis. If the COVID-19 pandemic 18 years comprise more than 50 percent of those living in had not occurred, an estimated 79.7 million fewer children extreme poverty, although their share of the population is would have been living in extreme poverty between 2013 31 percent. The paper estimates that in 2019, 15.8 per- and 2022; however, the estimates suggest that the number cent of children in the world (319 million) younger than of children living in extreme poverty decreased by 49.2 18 years lived on less than $2.15 (2017 purchasing power million, due to pandemic disruptions. parity) per day, as opposed to 6.6 percent of adults ages 18 This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice; the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice; and the Development Data Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Produced by the Research Support Team Global Trends in Child Monetary Poverty According to International Poverty Lines Daylan Salmeron-Gomez *† Solrun Engilbertsdottir+ Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva* David Newhouse* David Stewart+ * World Bank Group, Washington DC † UNICEF, New York, NY. The authors gratefully acknowledge support received from the Government of Iceland for the analysis and development of this paper. The authors thank Alexandru Cojocaru, Natalia Winder Rossi and Enrique Delamonica for helpful comments and guidance, Rose Mungai and Nishant Yonzan for assistance with the data, and Joao-Pedro Azevedo, Benu Bidani, Louise Cord, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Haishan Fu, Gabriel Lara Ibarra, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, and Daniel Mahler for overall support. JEL Codes: I32 Keywords: Poverty, Children Abstract Highlights: • This paper presents estimated trends in child poverty from 2013 to 2022, based on three international poverty lines, $2.15 (extreme poverty), $3.65 (lower middle income) and $6.85 (upper middle income). For the trend analysis and the profiling, the key focus is on extreme child poverty. • The estimates show a reduction in the extreme child poverty rate from 20.7% to 15.9% between 2013 and 2022 • While this lifted 49.2 million children out of extreme poverty, this was about 30 million less than what was projected in the absence of COVID-19-related disruptions. • The extreme child poverty nowcasted estimate in 2022 (15.9 percent) is on par with the child poverty rate in 2019, indicating approximately three years of lost progress. • In 2022 nowcasted estimates show: o 333 million children living in extreme poverty ($2.15) o 829 million children living below $3.65 o 1.43 billion children living below $6.85 • Children below the age of 18 years comprise more than half of those living in extreme poverty, while their share of the population is 31 percent. 2 Introduction The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending extreme poverty by 2030 is central to the work of the World Bank Group and UNICEF, recognizing that reducing extreme poverty among children is a crucial element of this goal. This effort requires routine reporting of extreme child poverty to measure progress towards that goal. In 2016, the World Bank and UNICEF released the first ever global estimates of children living in extreme poverty defined by the international poverty line of $1.90 (2011 PPP) per day (UNICEF and World Bank, 2016). Updated child poverty estimates were published in 2020. With only seven years remaining until 2030, this paper provides the third round of global, regional and national estimates of child poverty according to the recently updated international poverty lines of $2.15 (extreme poverty), $3.65 and $6.85 PPP. 3 These updated estimates provide critical information for the tracking of progress for SDG indicator 1.1.1, namely the proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location, expanding upon the analysis provided in the World Bank´s biennial flagship report on Poverty and Shared Prosperity. This paper documents these trends using new poverty lines based on the 2017 round of International Comparison Program (ICP) price data collected to generate estimates of purchasing power parity (PPP). All poverty estimates in this paper use the 2017 PPP-based poverty lines. Specifically, this updated approach changes the specification of the extreme-poverty line from US$1.90 (2011 PPP) to US$2.15 (2017 PPP), as well as the specification of other international poverty lines. The characteristics of children living in monetary poor households and disaggregates by geographic region, income group, and residence in a fragile or conflict-affected country are described. The profile of extreme poor children is also presented by age group, gender, location and household characteristics, providing useful information for governments and all partners working to improve the lives of the poorest children and their families. Extreme child poverty trends The number of children living in extreme poverty decreased by an estimated 63.3 million between 2013 and 2019, from 383 million to 319 million. 4 A slow decrease between 2013 and 2016 in the absolute numbers of children in poverty is largely explained by rapid population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty estimates for 2020, 2021 and 2022 are “nowcasted”—that is, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have been used to forecast household incomes, assuming all households experience equal growth in percentage terms in per capita consumption or income. 5 Nowcast estimates show an increase 3 Although the analysis covers child poverty based on all three international poverty lines, that is extreme poverty ($2.15, 2017 PPP) and the higher poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85, often referred to as lower middle income and upper middle income international poverty lines - the key focus of the trend analysis and the profiling is on extreme child poverty ($2.15). 4 Estimated trends from 2013 to 2018 are based on back casted projections. These are obtained by scaling the distribution of per capita income or consumption by the amount of per capita GDP growth, applied to the latest available survey for each country. 5 Household per capita consumption or income is multiplied by the growth rate of per capita GDP to shift the distribution forwards and backwards, under the assumption that the growth rate in per capita GDP is fully passed through to income or consumption. This follows the methodology used in World Bank (2022) for 2021 and 2022, but not for 2020. Further information can be found in Box 1.3 in World Bank (2022). 3 in extreme child poverty in 2020 at the height of the pandemic, whereas poverty reduction resumed in 2021, but only at the slow rate of progress seen prior to the crisis (figure 1). In the absence of COVID-19 we would have expected a reduction of 68.4 million children in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2020, but only actually witnessed an estimated reduction of 29.2 million children, due to pandemic disruptions. 6 In short, 39 million more children were in extreme poverty in 2020 compared to the historic trend trajectory prior to the crisis, 39 million additional children in extreme poverty are approximately equivalent to the total population of Canada. The extreme child poverty rate in 2022 (15.9 percent) is on par with the child poverty rate in 2019, indicating approximately three years of lost progress (figure 2). Figure 1: Children (millions) living in extreme poverty ($2.15), trends Figure 2: Children (%) living in extreme poverty ($2.15), trends 6 The increase in child poverty in 2020 is consistent with real-time monitoring data from high frequency phone surveys analyzed by the World Bank and UNICEF showing significant impact of the pandemic on households with children. On average across selected countries with data, 76 percent of households with many children reported experiencing total income loss at the onset of the crisis.6 4 Results for 2022 The nowcast estimates for 2022 indicate children remain disproportionately affected by extreme poverty, with 15.9 percent of children living in extremely poor households compared to 6.6 percent of adults (table 1). Furthermore, the share of the extreme poor who are children is continuing to increase. In 2022, children comprised 52.5 percent of the extreme poor, up from 47.3 in 2013. Table 1: Share of children of those living in extreme poverty (PPP $2.15), versus adults 2013 2017 2022 Headcount Share of Headcount Share of Headcount Share of poverty rate extreme poverty rate extreme poor poverty rate extreme poor (%) poor (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Children (0-17 20.7 47.3 18 52.2 15.9 52.5 years) Adults (18+ years) 10.3 52.7 7.5 47.8 6.6 47.5 Age groups: As seen in prior analysis, extreme poverty rates are highest for the youngest children. In 2022, 18.3 percent (99 million) of all children below five years live in extremely poor households (table 2). In addition, the average poverty gap at the $2.15 PPP line of children younger than 18 years is greater (5.1 percent) than that that of adults (1.9 percent). In other words, children live further away from the poverty line than do adults, they are in more severe poverty, and the youngest age group of children are most likely to be living in severe poverty. Table 2: Extreme poverty (PPP $2.15) in 2022, by age groups Extreme Headcount Share of Share of Poverty Gap Age group poor poverty rate extreme population ratio (millions) (%) poor (%) (%) 0_17 Children 0-17 333.34 15.9 52.5 31.6 5.1 0_4 Children 0-4 99.34 18.3 15.8 8.2 6.0 5_9 Children 5-9 105.04 17.1 17 9.3 5.6 10_14 Children 10-14 88.75 14.7 14.1 9.1 4.7 15_17 Children 15-17 40.21 11.9 6.4 5.1 3.6 18plus Adults (18 or more) 301.43 6.6 47.5 68.4 1.9 18_59 Adults 18-59 264.43 7.1 42 56.4 2.1 60plus Adults 60 or more 31.55 4.0 5.0 12.0 1.1 Total Total 629.32 9.48 100.00 100.00 2.9 Higher poverty lines: The higher $3.65 and $6.85 poverty lines are considered more relevant to middle- income countries, $6,85 is the average of the national poverty lines of upper-middle income countries and $3.65 the average for lower-middle income countries. The nowcasted child poverty rates in 2022 at these lines are 41.2 percent (829 million children) for the $3.65 line and 68 percent (1.43 billion children) at the $6.85 line (table 3). 5 Regional differences: The geographic distribution of children living in extreme poor households shows that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to have both the highest rates of children living in extreme poverty at 40 percent in 2022, and the largest share of the world’s extreme poor children (71.1 percent)-table 3 and figures 3-5. South Asia has a rate of 9.7 percent of children living in extreme poverty in 2022 (62 million), and accounts for 18.6 percent of the world’s extremely poor children. Nearly 90 percent of extremely poor children in the world reside in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia. Extreme child poverty has decreased in almost all regions of the world between 2013 and 2022 (appendix table 4), with the most significant decrease in the East Asia and Pacific and South Asia regions. Modest decreases are seen in Sub-Saharan Africa, from 45.2 percent in 2013 to 40.2 percent in 2022. The Middle East and North Africa region is the only region with an estimated increase in the share of children living in extreme poverty, from 3.4 percent in 2013 to 10 percent in 2022. This is largely driven by a large increase in extreme child poverty in the Republic of Yemen. As noted in the 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report, these estimates for the Middle East region are subject to a high degree of uncertainty due to lack of recent data on the Republic of Yemen. Exploring trends in shares, extreme child poverty is increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2013 of those children in extreme poverty, 54.8 percent were in Sub-Saharan Africa and by 2022 the share was up to 71.1 percent. Consequently, the share of children in extreme poverty has decreased in all other regions, besides Latin America where the share has remained constant at around 3 percent and in the Middle East and North Africa which has increased its share of those children in extreme poverty, from 0.9 percent to 3.7 percent (appendix table 5). At the higher international poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85, there are large numbers of children in poverty residing in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. However, at the $6.85 line, often referred to as the upper middle income poverty line, we see significant absolute numbers of children living in poverty in the Europe and Central Asia region (24.3 million children), the Latin America and Caribbean region (64.5 million children), and 68.2 million children in the Middle East and North Africa region (table 3). Table 3: Child poverty in 2022 according to $2.15, $3.65 and $6.85/day (2017 PPP), by region 2.15 3.65 6.85 Children Headcount Children living Headcount Extreme poor Headcount living in Region poverty rate in poverty poverty rate (millions) poverty rate (%) poverty (%) (millions) (%) (millions) East Asia and Pacific 11.7 2.8 55.1 13.3 174.0 42.0 East Asia and Pacific 11.5 5.7 without China 49.7 24.5 117.0 57.7 South Asia 62.0 9.7 300.2 46.7 557.0 86.7 South Asia without 9.8 5.2 India 74.3 39.4 157.1 83.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 237.0 40.2 409.2 69.4 537.8 91.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 196.9 40.7 without Nigeria 332.2 68.6 436.9 90.3 Latin America and 9.7 5.9 Caribbean 24.7 15.1 64.5 39.5 6 Europe and Central 0.6 0.4 Asia 3.8 2.3 24.3 14.8 Middle East and North 12.3 10.0 Africa 26.7 21.6 68.2 55.2 Total 333.3 15.9 819.6 39.1 1425.8 68.0 When examining child poverty trends by region according to the higher poverty line of 2017 PPP $3.65, a significant reduction is seen in East Asia and the Pacific region, largely driven by a reduction in China. The same applies to South Asia, including significant reduction in India. The reductions are less pronounced in other regions, and the Middle East and North Africa region is the only region with an increase in child poverty based on PPP $3.65 between 2013 and 2022. At the higher poverty line of 2017 PPP $6.85, the poverty reduction follows a similar pattern as that for $3.65 for all regions, although poverty at this higher line increased in Europe and Central Asia between 2017 and 2022 (appendix table 9). When zooming in on selected countries, the largest numbers of children in extreme poverty reside in middle income countries, while Madagascar, Burundi, South Sudan, and Malawi have the highest percentage of children living in extreme poverty, at 86.8 percent, 79.1 percent, 77.7 and 75.3 percent, respectively (see appendix tables 30 and 31). Figure 3: World map - children living in extreme poverty at PPP $2.15 poverty line (extreme poverty) 7 Figure 4: World map - children living in poverty at PPP $3.65 poverty line Figure 5: World map – children living in poverty at PPP $6.85 poverty line 8 Conflict and fragility: Extreme child poverty is more prevalent in fragile and conflict prone settings. 7 Around 38.6 percent of children (164.7 million) who live in countries affected by conflict and fragility live in extremely poor households, compared to 10.1 percent of children in non-fragile states (168.7 million) (see appendix table 13). Economies by income: In absolute numbers, most children living in extreme poverty live in middle income countries, 179.4 million children (14.9 percent in lower middle and 2.2 percent in upper middle income in extreme poverty) – including 52.2 million children in India (11.5 percent) and 40 million children in Nigeria (37.9 percent) living in extremely poor households (table 4). Table 4: Children in extreme poverty (PPP $2.15) by income group Headcount Share of Share of Extreme poor Income group poverty extreme population (millions) rate (%) poor (%) (%) Low income 153.7 47.1 46.1 15.5 Lower middle income 166.3 14.9 49.9 53.1 Lower middle income without India 114.1 17.3 40.6 46.1 Lower middle income without Nigeria 126.2 12.5 43.1 56.6 Upper middle income 13.0 2.2 3.9 28.8 Upper middle income without China 12.8 3.3 4.6 27.5 High-income 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.5 Total 333.3 15.9 100.0 100.0 Further results on the extent of child poverty disaggregated by location, household size, and characteristics of the household head such as gender, education, and industry of work, show the following for 2022 (see appendix tables 16 to 30): • 25.7 percent of children (243.5 million) living in households with 6 or more members live in extreme poverty, versus 4.8 percent of children (2.2 million) living in households with one or two members. Similarly, the extreme poverty rate for members in households with no children is 6.6 percent versus the 15.9 percent in households with children. • 22.3 percent of children (276.4 million) living in rural settings live in extreme poverty, versus 6.5 percent of children (53.9 million) in urban settings. It is well documented that deep inequities exist within urban settings with pockets of extreme poverty, in informal settlements. This warrants further analysis of the data, to explore intra-urban child poverty disparities. • There are significant differences in extreme child poverty rates based on education of the head of household, 32.6 percent of children (94.7 million) living in households where the head of household has no education, live in extreme poverty, versus 3.6 percent of children (6.3 million) in households where the head has tertiary education. • Likewise, there are significant differences based on the industry of work of the head of household, 30.8 percent of children (80.8 million) living in households where the head of 7 For the latest list of countries: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/harmonized-list- of-fragile-situations. 9 household works in agriculture live in extreme poverty – and they comprise 71 percent of all children living in extreme poverty. • Contrary to the results of 2017, where children living in female headed households were more likely to be living in extreme poverty, the 2022 nowcasting shows the opposite, 20.4 percent of children living in male headed households are living in extreme poverty, versus 16.6 percent of children in female headed households. There are four key explanations for this shift, namely 1. New surveys included from several countries in the Africa region which included different consumption measurement questionnaires; 2. The updated extreme poverty line ($2.15), resulted in significantly different results in child poverty rates based on sex of head of household in a number of countries; 3. The 2022 nowcasted analysis does not include information on sex of head of household for India (the 2018 survey dataset from India did not include this information), whereas the analysis in 2017 did include this information (based on a 2011 survey dataset for India); and 4. For the 2017 dataset for Nigeria all households were coded as being female headed, significantly skewing the results. This highlights the challenge of relying on self-reported headship to understand gender differences in poverty, as it can hide important differences in the types of households in which individuals live. There are further household characteristics that provide critical information for influencing policies and programs, not least child poverty based on disability status, as well as more nuanced analysis to tease out gender differences – but unfortunately this is not possible at this time using data from the global harmonized database. Conclusion This paper is the result of a collaboration between the World Bank and UNICEF to estimate the global and regional magnitude of child poverty between 2013 and 2019 and specifically includes nowcasts of extreme child poverty for 2020 – 2022, to help monitor progress towards SDG 1.1.1. The trend analysis suggests that in the absence of COVID-19, we would have expected a reduction of 79.7 million children in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022; but our estimates suggest a reduction of only 49.2 million children, due to pandemic disruptions. The extreme child poverty nowcasted estimate in 2022 (15.9 percent) is on par with the child poverty rate in 2019, indicating approximately three years of lost progress. With a staggering 333 million children living in extreme poverty in 2022, addressing the structural root causes that affect children living in extreme poverty is imperative. A key step towards that is to monitor and understand which children and their families are being left behind, what are their characteristics and where do they live, and why existing policy interventions are not effective in curbing child poverty for countries to develop the appropriate policy portfolios to address and end extreme child poverty for good. The analysis shows that these policy portfolios need to consider both the common and distinct vulnerabilities and deprivations of children living in fragile and conflict prone settings, children in large households, younger children, children in rural settings, children in households where the head has no or little education - as these are more likely than other children to be living in extreme poor households. In addition, the focus needs to be on the large concentration of children living in extreme poverty in Sub- Saharan Africa, where a staggering 40 percent of children live in extreme poverty. And while 45 percent of extremely poor children live in low-income countries; half of all extremely poor children live in lower 10 middle-Income countries. As a result, the design of effective policy portfolios needs to take into consideration too that context matters. For example, technical capacity, financial resources, political consensus, and perceptions, attitudes, and social norms might greatly differ across countries where child poverty reduction policies and programs are applied. Ultimately, further research and analysis are warranted to understand the diverse policy portfolios countries need to adopt to address child poverty, including further analyzing the trends in child poverty reduction and the policies and programs that are making the biggest impact – and how these can be brought to scale to reach the SDGs of ending extreme child poverty. 11 References Global Coalition to End Child Poverty (2023) Are countries committed to ending child poverty by 2030? A review of VNR reports from 2017 to 2022 Global Coalition to End Child Poverty (2022) Ending Child Poverty: A Policy Agenda ILO and UNICEF. 2023. More than a billion reasons: The urgent need to build universal social protection for children. Second ILO–UNICEF Joint Report on Social Protection for Children. Geneva and New York. Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria; Buitrago, Paola; Leroy De La Briere, Benedicte; Newhouse, David Locke; Rubiano Matulevich, Eliana Carolina; Scott, Kinnon; Suarez Becerra, Pablo. 2018. Gender differences in poverty and household composition through the life-cycle: a global perspective (English). Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 8360. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group Newhouse, David, Pablo Suárez Becerra, and Martin Evans. New global estimates of child poverty and their sensitivity to alternative equivalence scales. Economics Letters 157 (2017): 125-128. Silwal, Ani Rudra; Engilbertsdottir, Solrun; Cuesta Leiva, Jose Antonio; Newhouse, David Locke; Stewart, David. Global Estimate of Children in Monetary Poverty: An Update (English). Poverty and Equity discussion paper Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight (2023). Too Little, Too Late. An assessment of public spending on children by age in 84 countries. World Bank. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1893-6. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO World Bank, UNICEF 2022. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Welfare of Households with Children. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. 12 Appendix Tables Appendix Table 1: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP by age group Headcount Share of Extreme poor Share of Poverty Gap Age group poverty rate extreme poor (millions) population (%) ratio (%) (%) Children 0-17 333.34 15.9 52.5 31.6 0 Children 0-4 99.34 18.3 15.8 8.2 0 Children 5-9 105.04 17.1 16.7 9.3 0 Children 10- 88.75 14.7 14.1 9.1 0 14 Children 15- 40.21 11.9 6.4 5.1 0 17 Adults (18 or 301.43 6.6 47.5 68.4 0 more) Adults 18-59 264.43 7.1 42.0 56.4 0 Adults 60 or 31.55 4.0 5.0 12.0 0 more Total 629.32 9.5 100.0 100.0 0 Appendix Table 2: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $3.65 PPP (LMIC) and $6.85 PPP (UMIC) lines in 2017 PPP Children in poverty Headcount poverty rate Share of poor (%) Share of population (%) (millions) (%) $3.65 PPP (LMIC) line Children 0-17 819.61 39.1 46.8 31.6 Children 0-4 229.08 42.1 13.1 8.2 Children 5-9 253.37 41.3 14.5 9.3 Children 10-14 227.51 37.7 13.1 9.1 Children 15-17 109.65 32.6 6.3 5.1 Adults (18 or more) 933.22 20.5 53.2 68.4 Adults 18-59 817.86 21.9 46.9 56.4 Adults 60 or more 106.45 13.4 6.1 12.0 Total 1743.92 26.3 100.0 100.0 $6.85 PPP (UMIC) line Children 0-17 1425.77 68.0 40.3 31.6 Children 0-4 384.81 70.8 10.9 8.2 Children 5-9 428.9 69.9 12.2 9.3 Children 10-14 402.48 66.7 11.4 9.1 Children 15-17 209.58 62.3 5.9 5.1 Adults (18 or more) 2111.94 46.4 59.7 68.4 Adults 18-59 1812.36 48.4 51.4 56.4 13 Adults 60 or more 288.67 36.2 8.2 12.0 Total 3526.8 53.2 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 3: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP by region Extreme poor Headcount poverty Share of extreme Share of population Region (millions) rate (%) poor (%) (%) East Asia and Pacific 11.72 2.83 3.52 19.74 East Asia and Pacific without 11.52 5.68 4.79 15.29 China South Asia 62.03 9.66 18.61 30.62 South Asia without India 9.80 5.19 4.07 14.22 Sub-Saharan Africa 237.03 40.18 71.11 28.12 Sub-Saharan Africa without 196.89 40.68 81.77 36.48 Nigeria Latin America and Caribbean 9.66 5.91 2.90 7.79 Europe and Central Asia .61 .37 .18 7.84 Middle East and North Africa 12.30 9.95 3.69 5.89 Total 333.34 15.89 100.00 100.00 Appendix Table 4: Children in monetary poor households at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region 2013 2017 2020 2022 Region East Asia and Pacific 7.2 3.6 3.2 2.8 East Asia and Pacific without 11.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 China South Asia 22.3 15.0 13.8 9.7 South Asia without India 12.9 7.7 6.7 5.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 45.2 42.5 41.0 40.2 Sub-Saharan Africa without 46.5 43.4 41.5 40.7 Nigeria Latin America and Caribbean 7.7 7.6 6.7 5.9 Europe and Central Asia 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 Middle East and North Africa 3.4 8.8 9.9 10.0 Total 20.7 17.7 17.3 15.9 14 Appendix Table 5: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP – trends in shares by regions between 2013 and 2022 (%) 2013 2017 2020 2022 Region East Asia and Pacific 7.24 4.09 3.65 3.52 East Asia and Pacific without China 8.93 5.48 5.31 4.79 South Asia 33.78 26.22 24.69 18.61 South Asia without India 9.20 5.78 5.15 4.07 Sub-Saharan Africa 54.84 63.16 65.08 71.11 Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria 75.14 79.00 79.80 81.77 Latin America and Caribbean 3.00 3.40 3.03 2.90 Europe and Central Asia 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.18 Middle East and North Africa 0.93 2.88 3.35 3.69 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Appendix Table 6: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by region Children in Headcount Share of Share of Region poverty poverty rate population poor (%) (millions) (%) (%) East Asia and Pacific 55.06 13.29 6.72 19.74 East Asia and Pacific without China 49.71 24.51 9.72 15.29 South Asia 300.17 46.74 36.62 30.62 South Asia without India 74.28 39.38 14.52 14.22 Sub-Saharan Africa 409.21 69.36 49.93 28.12 Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria 332.24 68.65 64.97 36.48 Latin America and Caribbean 24.66 15.09 3.01 7.79 Europe and Central Asia 3.76 2.29 .46 7.84 Middle East and North Africa 26.74 21.64 3.26 5.89 Total 819.61 39.07 100.00 100.00 15 Appendix Table 7: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $3.65 PPP (LMIC) in in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region (%) 2013 2017 2020 2022 Region East Asia and Pacific 28.2 17.5 14.6 13.3 East Asia and Pacific without China 38.6 27.8 25.7 24.5 South Asia 65.8 58.6 53.2 46.7 South Asia without India 54.7 45.2 43.5 39.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 73.8 71.0 70.3 69.4 Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria 74.2 70.9 69.6 68.6 Latin America and Caribbean 19.9 18.5 16.9 15.1 Europe and Central Asia 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.3 Middle East and North Africa 16.0 22.0 22.9 21.6 Total 47.8 43.4 41.4 39.1 Appendix Table 8: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by region Region Children in Headcount poverty Share of poor (%) Share of population poverty (millions) rate (%) (%) East Asia and Pacific 174.0 42.0 12.2 19.7 East Asia and Pacific 117.0 57.7 13.5 15.3 without China South Asia 557.0 86.7 39.1 30.6 South Asia without 157.1 83.3 18.1 14.2 India Sub-Saharan Africa 537.8 91.1 37.7 28.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 436.9 90.3 50.3 36.5 without Nigeria Latin America and 64.5 39.5 4.5 7.8 Caribbean Europe and Central 24.3 14.8 1.7 7.8 Asia Middle East and North 68.2 55.2 4.8 5.9 Africa Total 1425.8 68.0 100.0 100.0 16 Appendix Table 9: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $6.85 (UMIC) lines in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region (%) 2013 2017 2020 2022 Region East Asia and Pacific 60.9 49.3 45.0 42.0 East Asia and Pacific without China 69.4 61.3 58.3 57.7 South Asia 92.2 89.3 88.7 86.7 South Asia without India 89.7 85.8 85.0 83.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 92.5 91.7 91.6 91.1 Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria 92.1 91.2 90.7 90.3 Latin America and Caribbean 47.5 44.7 42.9 39.5 Europe and Central Asia 13.2 12.8 11.4 14.8 Middle East and North Africa 52.4 53.9 57.0 55.2 Total 72.9 69.7 69.0 68.0 Appendix Table 10: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by income group Income group Extreme poor Headcount Share of Share of (millions) poverty rate extreme poor population (%) (%) (%) Low income 153.7 47.1 46.1 15.5 Lower middle income 166.3 14.9 49.9 53.1 Lower middle income without 114.1 17.3 40.6 46.1 India Lower middle income without 126.2 12.5 43.1 56.6 Nigeria Upper middle income 13.0 2.2 3.9 28.8 Upper middle income without 12.8 3.3 4.6 27.5 China High-income .3 .5 .1 2.5 Total 333.3 15.9 100.0 100.0 17 Appendix Table 11: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by income group Income group Children in Headcount Share of poor Share of poverty poverty rate (%) (%) population (%) (millions) Low income 241.9 74.2 29.5 15.5 Lower middle income 517.9 46.5 63.2 53.1 Lower middle income 292.0 44.3 49.6 46.1 without India Lower middle income 441.0 43.8 59.8 56.6 without Nigeria Upper middle income 59.2 9.8 7.2 28.8 Upper middle income 53.9 13.7 9.2 27.5 without China High-income 0.6 1.1 0.1 2.5 Total 819.6 39.1 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 12: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by income group Income group Children in Headcount Share of poor Share of poverty poverty rate (%) (%) population (%) (millions) Low income 304.2 93.3 21.3 15.5 Lower middle income 910.4 81.8 63.9 53.1 Lower middle income 510.5 77.4 52.7 46.1 without India Lower middle income 809.6 80.3 63.8 56.6 without Nigeria Upper middle income 209.1 34.6 14.7 28.8 Upper middle income 152.1 38.7 15.7 27.5 without China High-income 2.0 3.8 .1 2.5 Total 1425.8 68.0 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 13: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP in fragile countries GMD sample Extreme poor Headcou Share of extreme poor Share of population (millions) nt (%) (%) poverty rate (%) Non-fragile states 168.7 10.1 50.6 79.7 Fragile states 164.7 38.6 49.4 20.3 Total 333.3 15.9 100.0 100.0 18 Appendix Table 14: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP in fragile countries GMD sample Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of population poverty poverty (%) (millions) rate (%) Non-fragile states 538.2 32.2 65.7 79.7 Fragile states 281.4 66.0 34.3 20.3 Total 819.6 39.1 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 15: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP in fragile countries GMD sample Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of population poverty poverty (%) (millions) rate (%) Non-fragile states 1051.0 62.9 73.7 79.7 Fragile states 374.8 87.9 26.3 20.3 Total 1425.8 68.0 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 16: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by gender Gender Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) Female children 162.80 16.20 25.67 15.29 Male children 170.50 15.81 26.88 16.41 Female adults 158.00 6.92 24.91 34.74 Male adults 142.95 6.48 22.54 33.56 Total 634.25 9.65 100.00 100.00 Appendix Table 17: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by gender Gender Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Female children 397.66 39.6 22.7 15.3 Male children 421.63 39.1 24.1 16.4 Female adults 480.48 21.0 27.4 34.7 Male adults 451.65 20.5 25.8 33.6 Total 1751.42 26.6 100.0 100.0 19 Appendix Table 18: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by gender Gender Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Female children 687.70 68.4 19.5 15.3 Male children 735.12 68.2 20.8 16.4 Female adults 1071.90 46.9 30.4 34.7 Male adults 1032.76 46.8 29.3 33.6 Total 3527.49 53.7 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 19: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location Location Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) Urban 53.93 6.5 16.3 40.1 Rural 276.36 22.3 83.7 59.9 Total 330.30 16.0 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 20: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location Location Children in Headcount Share of extreme Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) Urban 167.28 20.2 20.5 40.1 Rural 647.87 52.4 79.5 59.9 Total 815.16 39.5 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 21: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location Location Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Urban 394.96 47.7 27.9 40.1 Rural 1021.96 82.6 72.1 59.9 Total 1416.92 68.6 100.0 100.0 20 Appendix Table 22: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by household size Household size Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) Two or less 2.18 4.8 0.7 2.2 Three 10.53 4.2 3.2 12.0 Four 29.31 6.6 8.8 21.1 Five 47.79 11.6 14.3 19.6 Six or more 243.51 25.7 73.1 45.1 Total 333.32 15.9 100.0 100.0 Household size Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) No children 301.45 6.6 47.5 68.4 Children 333.32 15.9 52.5 31.6 Total 634.77 9.6 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 23: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by household size Household size Children in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Two or less 6.17 13.6 0.8 2.2 Three 32.82 13.1 4.0 12.0 Four 97.91 22.1 12.0 21.1 Five 141.84 34.4 17.3 19.6 Six or more 540.82 57.1 66.0 45.1 Total 819.56 39.1 100.0 100.0 Household size Children and Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of adults in poverty poverty rate (%) population (%) (millions) No children 933.27 20.5 53.2 68.4 Children 819.56 39.1 46.8 31.6 Total 1752.83 26.4 100.0 100.0 21 Appendix Table 24: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by household size Household size Children living in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Two or less 15.38 34.0 1.1 2.2 Three 87.67 34.9 6.2 12.0 Four 236.67 53.5 16.6 21.1 Five 282.15 68.5 19.8 19.6 Six or more 803.81 84.9 56.4 45.1 Total 1425.68 68.0 100.0 100.0 Household size Children and Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of adults in poverty poverty rate (%) population (%) (millions) No children 2112.03 46.4 59.7 68.4 Children 1425.68 68.0 40.3 31.6 Total 3537.71 53.2 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 25: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head Education of head Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) No education 94.72 32.6 38.0 22.1 Primary 99.92 24.3 40.1 31.2 Secondary 48.57 11.0 19.5 33.5 Tertiary 6.28 3.6 2.5 13.2 Total 249.49 18.9 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 26: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head Education of head Children living in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) No education 189.11 65.0 35.4 22.1 Primary 200.90 48.9 37.6 31.2 Secondary 125.47 28.4 23.5 33.5 Tertiary 19.54 11.2 3.7 13.2 Total 535.03 40.6 100.0 100.0 22 Appendix Table 27: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head Education of head Children living in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) No education 266.00 91.4 29.6 22.1 Primary 317.77 77.3 35.4 31.2 Secondary 259.78 58.8 28.9 33.5 Tertiary 55.35 31.8 6.2 13.2 Total 898.89 68.2 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 28: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head Industry of head Extreme poor Headcount Share of extreme Share of (millions) poverty rate (%) poor (%) population (%) Agriculture 80.81 30.8 71.0 38.3 Industry 10.05 7.4 8.8 19.7 Services 17.19 7.7 15.1 32.7 Other 5.80 9.1 5.1 9.3 Total 113.85 16.6 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 29: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head Industry of head Children living in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Agriculture 153.36 58.4 58.8 38.3 Industry 37.00 27.4 14.2 19.7 Services 52.96 23.6 20.3 32.7 Other 17.60 27.7 6.8 9.3 Total 260.91 38.1 100.0 100.0 Appendix Table 30: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head Industry of head Children living in Headcount Share of poor (%) Share of poverty (millions) poverty rate (%) population (%) Agriculture 225.40 85.8 48.6 38.3 Industry 79.92 59.1 17.2 19.7 Services 119.06 53.0 25.7 32.7 Other 39.28 61.9 8.5 9.3 Total 463.65 67.6 100.0 100.0 23 Note the national child poverty rates according to the different international poverty lines are for international comparison only. National monetary child poverty rates should be based on national poverty lines, not international. Appendix Table 31: Low-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Burkina Faso 32.9 63.3 83.8 Burundi 79.1 93.6 98.9 Central African Republic 72.2 86.9 95.5 Chad 38.2 72.8 93.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. 66.9 87.1 97.4 Ethiopia 20.9 56.4 90.3 Gambia, The 11.2 42.2 81.1 Guinea 16.2 50.6 88.6 Guinea-Bissau 22.9 59.1 89.0 Haiti 33.2 63.2 89.6 Liberia 35.6 70.1 93.8 Madagascar 86.8 96.0 99.3 Malawi 75.3 92.4 98.5 Mali 19.2 53.0 84.0 Niger 51.7 82.5 95.9 Rwanda 47.5 77.2 93.0 Sierra Leone 28.5 68.0 92.7 Somalia 70.4 89.5 98.6 South Sudan 77.7 92.3 98.8 Sudan 31.0 69.3 94.4 Tajikistan 3.3 16.7 54.4 Togo 30.9 62.4 88.9 Uganda 44.4 75.3 93.4 Yemen, Rep. 69.8 89.9 98.0 24 Appendix Table 32: Lower middle-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Angola 39.6 62.7 85.6 Benin 19.9 53.5 85.0 Bangladesh 5.3 35.2 80.0 Bolivia 4.7 9.4 21.7 Bhutan 0.3 5.1 30.3 Côte d'Ivoire 11.8 42.6 80.3 Cameroon 28.4 51.9 80.0 Congo, Rep. 60.5 81.1 94.3 Comoros 23.3 47.0 74.8 Cabo Verde 4.9 18.5 52.1 Djibouti 18.8 42.9 78.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2.9 24.5 80.4 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 19.9 48.0 81.3 Ghana 25.6 49.7 81.6 Honduras 17.1 33.8 59.6 India 11.5 49.8 88.2 Kenya 29.1 62.3 89.6 Kyrgyz Republic 2.0 24.5 76.7 Kiribati 2.6 23.4 74.3 Lao PDR 8.4 37.0 75.4 Sri Lanka 1.5 15.7 57.1 Lesotho 42.1 66.2 89.1 Morocco 1.5 10.2 43.6 Moldova 0.1 0.9 20.5 Myanmar 3.6 27.4 77.2 Mongolia 1.1 9.0 45.0 Mauritania 6.5 26.9 68.4 Nigeria 37.9 72.6 95.2 Nicaragua 3.0 13.8 45.5 Nepal 3.7 28.5 73.6 Pakistan 5.6 45.0 88.5 Philippines 12.4 43.0 77.7 Papua New Guinea 33.4 60.9 87.4 West Bank and Gaza 1.1 5.0 27.7 Senegal 8.3 38.2 77.2 Solomon Islands 34.0 70.6 93.0 El Salvador 1.9 8.9 37.8 São Tomé and Principe 17.5 48.8 84.8 Eswatini 40.6 65.3 84.9 Timor-Leste 11.7 55.5 92.4 25 Tunisia 0.3 3.9 25.6 Tanzania 48.6 78.9 94.8 Ukraine 0.1 2.0 25.0 Vietnam 1.2 6.0 22.9 Vanuatu 15.1 44.9 84.6 Zambia 66.7 82.5 93.6 Zimbabwe 48.0 73.8 90.5 26 Appendix Table 33: Upper middle-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Albania 0.0 0.8 13.7 Armenia 0.2 8.6 60.4 Azerbaijan 0.0 0.0 0.1 Bulgaria 2.2 5.1 17.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1 0.4 4.4 Belarus 0.0 0.2 3.0 Brazil 3.1 9.0 30.2 Botswana 16.8 44.3 72.5 China 0.1 2.5 27.0 Colombia 10.4 22.2 49.0 Costa Rica 3.1 9.0 27.6 Dominican Republic 1.0 5.8 28.1 Ecuador 10.4 19.7 46.4 Fiji 2.0 18.0 65.7 Gabon 3.7 12.2 41.4 Georgia 5.8 22.1 59.5 Guatemala 7.8 24.8 55.7 Indonesia 4.2 25.3 65.8 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.5 3.7 34.9 Iraq 0.0 1.9 24.0 Jordan 0.1 0.3 5.8 Kazakhstan 0.0 0.7 18.0 Lebanon 0.0 0.9 11.1 Maldives 0.0 0.0 0.9 Mexico 4.5 13.6 42.2 North Macedonia 5.3 12.1 29.3 Montenegro 4.1 9.5 27.2 Malaysia 0.0 0.1 4.5 Namibia 24.1 45.3 71.1 Peru 6.4 19.8 47.7 Paraguay 1.1 7.3 29.5 Russian Federation 0.0 0.7 7.7 Serbia 0.0 2.0 12.7 Thailand 0.1 1.1 18.7 Tonga 1.7 13.7 48.9 Turkey 0.2 2.8 18.1 Tuvalu 0.1 10.0 39.1 Samoa 1.8 12.1 46.7 Kosovo 0.3 4.1 33.4 South Africa 7.1 46.6 73.7 27 Appendix Table 34: High-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Austria 0.7 0.7 1.5 Belgium 0.1 0.1 0.1 Switzerland 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chile 0.7 2.0 9.2 Cyprus 0.1 0.5 1.0 Czech Republic 0.0 0.1 0.5 Denmark 0.5 0.5 0.5 Spain 1.2 1.7 4.0 Estonia 0.2 0.4 1.0 Finland 0.0 0.0 0.1 France 0.1 0.1 0.1 United Kingdom 0.1 0.2 0.3 Greece 0.4 1.6 5.4 Croatia 0.5 0.7 2.9 Hungary 0.0 0.1 3.0 Ireland 0.2 0.6 1.1 Iceland 0.0 0.0 0.0 Italy 1.7 2.4 4.0 Lithuania 0.6 1.1 2.8 Luxembourg 0.1 0.1 0.1 Latvia 0.0 0.3 1.7 Malta 0.2 0.2 0.9 Mauritius 0.4 4.1 24.5 Netherlands 0.2 0.2 0.4 Norway 0.3 0.3 0.3 Nauru 0.0 0.0 0.0 Panama 1.5 6.0 19.7 Poland 0.0 0.0 2.6 Portugal 0.3 0.6 2.5 Romania 3.3 8.9 19.8 Slovak Republic 0.2 2.0 6.1 Slovenia 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sweden 0.4 0.4 0.5 Seychelles 0.9 1.9 10.2 Uruguay 0.3 1.4 12.5 28 Appendix Table 35: All countries (alphabetical) - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Albania 0 0.8 13.7 Angola 39.6 62.8 85.6 Armenia 0.3 8.6 60.4 Austria 0.7 0.7 1.5 Azerbaijan 0 0 0.1 Bangladesh 5.3 35.2 80 Belarus 0 0.2 3 Belgium 0.1 0.1 0.1 Benin 19.9 53.5 85 Bhutan 0.3 5.1 30.3 Bolivia 4.7 9.4 21.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1 0.4 4.4 Botswana 16.8 44.3 72.5 Brazil 3.1 9 30.2 Bulgaria 2.2 5.1 17.2 Burkina Faso 32.9 63.3 83.8 Burundi 79.1 93.6 98.9 Cabo Verde 4.9 18.5 52.1 Cameroon 28.4 51.9 80 Central African Republic 72.2 86.9 95.5 Chad 38.2 72.9 93.6 Chile 0.7 2 9.2 China 0.1 2.5 27 Colombia 10.4 22.2 49 Comoros 23.3 47.1 74.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. 66.9 87.2 97.4 Congo, Rep. 60.5 81.1 94.3 Costa Rica 3.1 9 27.6 Côte d'Ivoire 11.8 42.7 80.3 Croatia 0.5 0.7 2.9 Cyprus 0.1 0.5 1 Czechia 0 0.1 0.5 Denmark 0.5 0.5 0.5 Djibouti 18.8 42.9 78.8 Dominican Republic 1 5.8 28.1 Ecuador 10.4 19.7 46.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2.9 24.5 80.4 El Salvador 1.9 8.9 37.8 Estonia 0.2 0.4 1 Eswatini 40.6 65.3 84.9 Ethiopia 20.9 56.4 90.3 Fiji 2 18 65.7 Finland 0 0 0.1 France 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gabon 3.7 12.2 41.4 Gambia, the 11.3 42.2 81.1 Georgia 5.8 22.1 59.5 Ghana 25.6 49.7 81.6 Greece 0.4 1.6 5.4 Guatemala 7.8 24.8 55.7 Guinea 16.2 50.6 88.6 Guinea-Bissau 22.9 59.1 89 Haiti 33.2 63.2 89.6 29 Honduras 17.1 33.8 59.6 Hungary 0 0.1 3 Iceland 0 0 0 India 11.5 49.8 88.2 Indonesia 4.2 25.3 65.8 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.5 3.7 34.9 Iraq 0 1.9 24 Ireland 0.2 0.6 1.1 Italy 1.7 2.4 4 Jordan 0.1 0.3 5.8 Kazakhstan 0 0.7 18 Kenya 29.1 62.3 89.6 Kiribati 2.6 23.4 74.3 Kosovo 0.3 4.1 33.4 Kyrgyz Republic 2 24.5 76.7 Lao PDR 8.4 37 75.4 Latvia 0 0.3 1.7 Lebanon 0 0.9 11.1 Lesotho 42.1 66.2 89.1 Liberia 35.6 70.1 93.8 Lithuania 0.6 1.1 2.8 Luxembourg 0.1 0.1 0.1 Madagascar 86.8 96 99.3 Malawi 75.3 92.4 98.5 Malaysia 0 0.1 4.5 Maldives 0 0 0.9 Mali 19.2 53 84 Malta 0.2 0.2 0.9 Mauritania 6.5 26.9 68.4 Mauritius 0.4 4.1 24.5 Mexico 4.5 13.6 42.2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 19.9 48 81.3 Moldova 0.1 0.9 20.6 Mongolia 1.1 9 45 Montenegro 4.1 9.6 27.2 Morocco 1.5 10.2 43.6 Myanmar 3.6 27.4 77.2 Namibia 24.1 45.3 71.1 Nauru Nepal 3.7 28.5 73.6 Netherlands 0.2 0.2 0.4 Nicaragua 3 13.8 45.5 Niger 51.7 82.5 95.9 Nigeria 37.9 72.6 95.2 North Macedonia 5.3 12.1 29.3 Norway 0.3 0.3 0.3 Pakistan 5.6 45 88.5 Panama 1.5 6 19.7 Papua New Guinea 33.4 61 87.4 Paraguay 1.1 7.3 29.5 Peru 6.4 19.8 47.7 Philippines 12.4 43 77.7 Poland 0 0.1 2.6 Portugal 0.3 0.6 2.5 Romania 3.3 8.9 19.8 30 Russian Federation 0 0.7 7.7 Rwanda 47.5 77.2 93 Samoa 1.8 12.1 46.7 São Tomé and Principe 17.5 48.8 84.8 Senegal 8.4 38.2 77.2 Serbia 0 2 12.7 Seychelles 0.9 1.9 10.2 Sierra Leone 28.5 68 92.8 Slovak Republic 0.2 2 6.1 Slovenia 0 0 0.1 Solomon Islands 34 70.6 93 Somalia 70.4 89.5 98.6 South Africa 7.1 46.6 73.7 South Sudan 77.7 92.3 98.8 Spain 1.2 1.8 4 Sri Lanka 1.5 15.7 57.1 Sudan 31 69.3 94.4 Sweden 0.4 0.4 0.5 Switzerland 0 0 0 Tajikistan 3.3 16.7 54.4 Tanzania 48.6 78.9 94.8 Thailand 0.1 1.1 18.7 Timor-Leste 11.7 55.5 92.4 Togo 30.9 62.4 88.9 Tonga 1.7 13.7 48.9 Tunisia 0.3 3.9 25.6 Türkiye 0.2 2.8 18.1 Tuvalu 0.1 10 39.1 Uganda 44.4 75.3 93.4 Ukraine 0.1 2 25 United Kingdom 0.1 0.2 0.3 Uruguay 0.3 1.4 12.5 Vanuatu 15.1 44.9 84.6 Vietnam 1.2 6 22.9 West Bank and Gaza 1.1 5.1 27.7 Yemen, Rep. 69.8 90 98 Zambia 66.7 82.5 93.6 Zimbabwe 48 73.8 90.5 31 Appendix Table 36: Number of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 (thousands) Country Name $2.15 $3.65 $6.85 Albania 0 5.19 84.11 Angola 7700.47 12206.17 16643.7 Armenia 1.51 52.73 371.77 Austria 5.1 5.1 11 Azerbaijan 0 0 3.26 Bangladesh 3355.1 22467.92 51136.74 Belarus 0 3.77 54.53 Belgium 1 1 1 Benin 1375.8 3695.93 5878.68 Bhutan 0.69 12.91 77.35 Bolivia 188.98 373.86 863.95 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.56 2.38 28.93 Botswana 160.79 423.23 693.22 Brazil 1683.13 4860.82 16363.75 Bulgaria 12.27 28.38 95.3 Burkina Faso 3854.47 7410.35 9815.41 Burundi 5535.42 6549.2 6924.05 Cabo Verde 10.18 38.89 109.36 Cameroon 3921.62 7167.28 11046.97 Central African Republic 1911.73 2301.23 2529.77 Chad 3944.84 7516.33 9660.86 Chile 31.62 87.82 411.66 China 195.65 5349.4 56980.89 Colombia 1613.2 3435.56 7572.7 Comoros 52.11 105.14 167.18 Congo, Dem. Rep. 32787.84 42738.02 47755.2 Congo, Rep. 1610.64 2157.5 2510.47 Costa Rica 38.31 113.13 346.2 Côte d'Ivoire 1554.63 5628.66 10600.42 Croatia 1.51 2.33 9.46 Cyprus 0.11 0.6 1.1 Czechia 0 1.02 4.71 Denmark 2.79 2.79 2.79 Djibouti 79.11 180.29 331.21 Dominican Republic 35.1 200.59 967.03 Ecuador 657.11 1244.76 2936.63 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1173.28 10001.72 32781.28 El Salvador 35.87 169.06 716.22 Estonia 0.19 0.46 1.25 Eswatini 223.95 360.04 468.34 Ethiopia 13005.29 35032.19 56097.48 Fiji 6.12 55.13 201.27 Finland 0 0 0.42 France 6.3 6.3 8.96 Gabon 36.78 121.35 412.14 Gambia, the 142.9 536.33 1029.99 Georgia 48.04 183.67 494.43 Ghana 3717.88 7222.6 11857.61 Greece 3.69 13.75 45.07 Guatemala 600.67 1907.54 4283.85 Guinea 1149.05 3594.73 6300.41 Guinea-Bissau 201.14 519.27 781.21 Haiti 1646.36 3131.1 4438.03 Honduras 627.99 1240.6 2185.67 32 Hungary 0 0.49 24.61 Iceland 0 0 0.02 India 52226.04 225892.1 399907 Indonesia 3472.27 20681.62 53863.48 Iran, Islamic Rep. 118.83 839.3 7849.82 Iraq 5.63 377.95 4799.01 Ireland 1.36 3.49 6.97 Italy 79.06 110.02 180.79 Jordan 2.58 13.86 260.35 Kazakhstan 1.73 41.93 1081.53 Kenya 7830.01 16728.21 24061.78 Kiribati 1.3 11.64 36.92 Kosovo 1.25 19.16 155.3 Kyrgyz Republic 51.99 643.9 2013.27 Lao PDR 226.9 998.07 2032.86 Latvia 0.06 0.52 2.78 Lebanon 0 14.9 191.75 Lesotho 367.39 577.34 777.32 Liberia 951.7 1872.61 2505.49 Lithuania 1.34 2.46 6.61 Luxembourg 0.03 0.03 0.08 Madagascar 13159.26 14558.05 15050.69 Malawi 7825.38 9599.88 10238.13 Malaysia 0.73 11.04 466.74 Maldives 0 0 1.75 Mali 2482.53 6863.11 10879.5 Malta 0.08 0.08 0.42 Mauritania 162.24 669.78 1706.11 Mauritius 1.16 11.96 72.14 Mexico 1698.73 5187.48 16079.05 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 8.45 20.42 34.56 Moldova 0.63 6.44 154.09 Mongolia 13.73 112.08 559.98 Montenegro 5.65 13.03 37.14 Morocco 183.39 1278.56 5453.32 Myanmar 638.43 4862.88 13712.44 Namibia 274.44 516.75 810.47 Nauru 0 0 0 Nepal 484.54 3766.25 9727.02 Netherlands 2.89 3.03 7.1 Nicaragua 76.17 351.43 1154.56 Niger 5737.32 9148.24 10628.14 Nigeria 40141.31 76970.09 100880.9 North Macedonia 20.66 47.2 114.88 Norway 1.88 1.88 1.88 Pakistan 5857.43 46998.08 92432.9 Panama 21.74 86.42 284.16 Papua New Guinea 1453.88 2655.87 3810.1 Paraguay 28.1 187.61 756.25 Peru 670.84 2074.54 5005.5 Philippines 5144.53 17808.07 32232.24 Poland 0 4.59 245.54 Portugal 2.56 4.93 20.18 Romania 56.96 155.3 346.21 Russian Federation 9.78 214.23 2548.58 33 Rwanda 3094.22 5034.31 6061.35 Samoa 1.59 11 42.43 São Tomé and Principe 16.92 47.28 82.18 Senegal 644.7 2947.58 5961.5 Serbia 0 30.6 191.97 Seychelles 0.23 0.5 2.68 Sierra Leone 1149.18 2747.34 3746.2 Slovak Republic 0.83 9.81 30.02 Slovenia 0 0 0.21 Solomon Islands 117.86 244.6 322.23 Somalia 6527.83 8293.9 9134.31 South Africa 1536.89 10095.35 15978.93 South Sudan 5133.43 6094.09 6526.72 Spain 48.57 70.06 160.98 Sri Lanka 101.22 1030.92 3750.06 Sudan 7024.84 15691.02 21387.46 Sweden 4.14 4.14 5.73 Switzerland 0 0 0 Tajikistan 127.67 641.18 2090.67 Tanzania 15236.01 24748.72 29708.87 Thailand 11.04 149.65 2549.37 Timor-Leste 75.18 355.5 592.09 Togo 1314.08 2653.97 3780.48 Tonga 0.61 5.04 18.02 Tunisia 11.29 134.59 882.31 Türkiye 57.43 682.58 4379.83 Tuvalu 0 0.45 1.76 Uganda 11667.06 19785.41 24557.04 Ukraine 48.92 723.29 9269.98 United Kingdom 5.68 14.29 19.84 Uruguay 2.5 12.02 106.36 Vanuatu 21.1 62.66 118.2 Vietnam 328.66 1662.44 6383.12 West Bank and Gaza 26.48 121.44 665.81 Yemen, Rep. 10700.74 13782.11 15021.78 Zambia 5709.1 7062.4 8010.19 Zimbabwe 3515.72 5406.73 6625.74 34 Data and methodology This exercise builds on a similar one conducted in 2020 to examine child poverty using the GMD (Silwal, Engilbertsdottir, Cuesta, Newhouse and Stewart, 2020). The analysis contains records from 10.4 million individuals from 147 countries, taken from the 2022 spring version of the GMD with 2019 as a base year. The GMD is a collection of globally harmonized household survey data compiled by the Data for Goals group of the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Global Practice. Further details on the background of the GMD are given in Castañeda et al. (2016). A unique feature of the GMD is that the welfare aggregates are the same as those used to compute the poverty estimates published by PovcalNet and the World Development Indicators. These aggregates are based on household per capita income or consumption, depending on the specific concept that is used to measure national poverty in any given country. For the effects of this exercise, the rescaling of welfare was performed using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) which contains data on poverty headcounts for each year (2013-2018). For 2020-2022, the data was provided by the Poverty and Shared Prosperity team. A rescaling of the weights was done using the UNDESA population estimates from 2013-2021. In other words, the number of children is estimated by applying the proportion of people that are children in the relevant survey to the total UNDESA national population projections for each country. This could lead to discrepancies with UNDESA estimates of the number of children in a country. For the 2022 estimates, UNDESA population prospects were used. Poverty estimates for 2020, 2021 and 2022 are “nowcasted”—that is, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have been used to forecast household incomes, assuming all households experience equal consumption growth in percentage terms. Trends from 2013 to 2018 are all based on back casted projections rather than repeated survey data. These are based on distributional neutral growth assumptions applied to one survey per country rather than changes observed in repeated cross-sections. 35