BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Construnction workers in Quy Nhon, Vietnam. © Angelafoto B BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions. This work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution. Please cite this work as follows: World Bank. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. Credits: The World Bank Group. Translations. If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations. If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content. The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringements rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Graphic design: ULTRA designs, Inc. Cover photo: Construction site in Oran, Algeria. ©Anze Furlan/psgtproductions Back cover photo: Women at a construction of a house near the city Chiang Rai, Thailand. ©urf Chapter 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 List of Acronyms 6 1. Overview 7 2. Introduction 9 3. Objectives 14 4. Guidance: How To Use the Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 17 5. Key Concepts in Structural Resilience Components of Building Codes 23 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 26 Appendix A: Regulatory Frameworks and Terminology 55 Appendix B: Methodology of the Checklist Development 57 Appendix C: Building Typology Assessments 59 3 4 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Adopting technology on a construction site. © PeopleImages Acknowledgements This tool was developed by Katherine Coates (Consultant, World Bank), António A. Correia (Consultant, World Bank) and Julia Ratcliffe (Consultant, World Bank) under the guidance of Keiko Sakoda (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank) and Ana Campos Garcia (Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank). The team is grateful for initial valuable technical inputs provided by Rashmin Gunasekera (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank) as well as James Daniell (Consultant, World Bank) and Antonios Pomonis (Consultant, World Bank). Very helpful technical review comments based on various country codes and design practices were provided by Dr. Svetlana Brezv (Adjunct Professor, University of British Columbia), Jay Elbettar (Consultant, International Code Council), Dr. Paolo Franchin (Professor, Sapienza University of Rome), Dr. Yuji Ishiyama (Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University), Dr. Xiaodong Ji (Associate Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing), Dr. Yogendra Singh (Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) and Dr. Nicola Tarque Ruíz (Visiting Professor, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). The team also appreciate valuable peer review comments from Fernando Ramirez Cortes (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Elif Ayhan (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Artessa Saldivar- Sali (Senior Infrastructure Specialist, World Bank), and Carina Fonseca Ferreira (Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank). We thank the World Bank Global Corporate Solutions Translation and Interpretation Services for editorial assistance and Ultra Designs, Inc for graphic design. 5 6 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE List of Acronyms ACI American Concrete Institute ADs Approved Documents AISC American Institute of Steel Construction ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers BRCA Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment BRR Building Regulation for Resilience CUBiC Caribbean Uniform Building Code DRM Disaster Risk Management EM-DAT International Disasters Database, from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) FRR Fire-resistance Rating IBC International Building Code ISO International Organization for Standardization OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Chapter 1 1. Overview Rapid urbanization and population growth are driving the construction of new buildings, with global building stocks expected to double in the next 15–20 years.1 While such trends will represent significant development advances and offer economic growth opportunities, concern remains regarding the resilience and safety of both new and aging building stocks, increased energy and water consumption, and accessibility of the existing and evolving built environment and infrastructure. This increase in development will result in greater exposure to climate and disaster risks due to the evolving impacts of climate change, depending on where urbanization growth occurs and the standard of construction. Additional vulnerabilities can be compounded in unregulated and informal settlements where buildings are constructed on risky sites, with high density, using substandard building materials, and failing to implement safe design and construction practices. The combination of urbanization and climate change poses significant challenges for countries and cities to form a comprehensive set of regulatory and policy instruments to guide a more resilient, sustainable, and accessible built environment. The World Bank’s Disaster Risk Management (DRM) engagements support countries to design and implement diversified investments for risk reduction and preparedness. Among various approaches, improving the building regulatory framework and implementation capacity proves to be one of the most cost-effective means of reducing underlying climate and disaster risks, in combination with investments for physical structural improvements and retrofits.2 In this context, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)’s global thematic area Building Regulation for Resilience (BRR) aims to promote resilient, green, healthy, and inclusive built environments through enhanced regulatory frameworks and implementation capacities. The BRR offers technical support and advisory services for governments leveraging global experiences underpinned by analytical work to share global good practices and practical tools to identify potential areas of engagement.3 Among various resources developed, Figure 1 highlights two sets of assessment tools and shows their different scope and objectives in the context of an example building regulation framework. The Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment (BRCA) is a methodology to analyze the existing regulatory framework and capacity of countries and identify key issues. It provides targeted recommendations for countries to initiate priority actions, potentially as part of the DRM investments financed by the World Bank or other financial sources. 1 Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/2022%20Global%20Status%20Report%20for%20 Buildings%20and%20Construction_1.pdf. 2 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/building-regulation-resilience-0 3 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/building-regulation-for-resilience 7 8 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE As the BRR expands, demand has grown for technical advice on details of building codes based on global knowledge and practice. Responding to such requests, the BRR has developed a set of checklist tools that support countries in assessing the comprehensiveness and depth of their building code provisions, focusing on four major elements: structural resilience, fire safety, green buildings, and universal accessibility. This will help countries’ governments and code review bodies (or professionals commissioned by governments) to assess their own codes against consolidated checklists referring to global examples of good practices. The methodology has been developed to be carried out by experts in each relevant discipline with broad engineering and architectural backgrounds. While each document presents a methodology and list of checklist questions, users can contact the GFDRR for worksheet templates for convenience of use. This document presents a checklist for structural resilience. The use of the checklist should help identify critical gaps in components of the building code relating to structural provisions. Figure 1. Scope of the different BRR tools Building Code Checklists: Building Act A set of tools to review the provisions of a building code, focusing on four major topics Building Code Building Regulatory Objective, Functional structural Capacity Assessment Requirements, Legislation resilience Performance Criteria (BRCA): (Mandatory) A tool to review the fire safety overall regulatory framework Alternative Solutions Verification Acceptable green Methods Solutions Demonstrate buildings Compliance with Performance Criteria universal Cited Information accessibility Guidance Information Source: Figure adapted and modified from the original figure by Building and maintaining New Zealand’s homes and buildings. 2. Introduction A recent study estimated that there were expected. It is estimated that 70 percent of approximately 1.5 billion buildings globally Africa’s building stock that will exist in 2040 has in 2021. Of these, around 240 million were yet to be built.6 This growth in building stock constructed in reinforced concrete, 630 creates higher levels of exposure to disaster million in masonry, and 630 million using risk as well as more periodic, chronic stresses other materials such as adobe (earth), timber such as extreme heat and more localized fire and steel.4 Moreover, as mentioned in the and flooding events. Additionally, it was found previous section, the world’s building stock is that less than 13 percent of the global building predicted to grow significantly over the coming stock was built according to design regulations decades; for instance, one study indicated that with seismic provisions, although almost half the total global building floor area is expected is exposed to moderate to high seismic hazard. to increase from 162.8 billion square meters Climate change is expected to drive an increase in 2017 to 183.5 billion in 2026.5 Much of the in extreme weather and related events that predicted growth will occur in regions in Africa can damage buildings and affect the comfort and Asia where, globally, the highest levels of people who inhabit them, such as strong of population growth and urbanization are winds, flooding, extreme heat or cold, and 4 Yepes C., Calderon A. et al., (2023). Global Exposure Modelling for Earthquake Risk Assessment. Earthquake Spectra. 5 https://guidehouseinsights.com/news-and-views/the-global-building-stock-is-expected-to-exceed-183-billion- square-meters-in-2026. 6 https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/traditional-building-practices-offer-sustainable-solutions- african-cities. 2. Introduction 10 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE water scarcity. Another recent study found that Building regulatory frameworks, combined almost one quarter of the global population is with capacity building in the form of education exposed to 1-in-100-year floods, but flood risk and training for design and construction is often not addressed during the development practitioners, can help ensure good quality planning process and flood-resilience measures design, materials and construction. are rare in current building codes.7 Strong wind events are also responsible for significant losses, Even without natural hazards triggering with tropical cyclones alone affecting roughly events, losses and damage to the building 22 million people globally and causing 29 billion stock can occur as a result of poor design USD/year in damages on average over the past and construction practices. Some of the 20 years.8 most devastating events are when buildings spontaneously collapse under design gravity, Figure 2 provides an overview of the average thermal and wind, or other loading actions annual human impact (both number of deaths encountered during the building’s life. In and people affected) as well as economic losses many cases, these collapses are triggered by for different disaster types for 2003-2022 and a combination of factors: poor design and the most recent data for 2023. construction, poor quality materials, a change of use without considering if the building Urban risk due to natural hazards, including can withstand additional loading, lack of those driven by climate change, is a global maintenance and damage and/or weakening problem: one which can be heightened of soils from flooding or heavy rains. In many during periods of rapid urban development. cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, building collapses Nevertheless, adequate urban planning, are a chronic problem. For example, between building design and construction practices 2000 and 2021, there were 167 reported cases aimed at structural safety and resilience of spontaneous collapse in the city of Lagos, significantly decrease the potential for Nigeria.9 Spontaneous building collapses also structural damage and loss. A key element to occur in other rapidly urbanizing regions such reduce these risks is robust building regulatory as in South and East Asia. In Asia, an example is frameworks that are well tailored to the local the widely reported Rana Plaza factory collapse context. These frameworks are made up of in 2013 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which killed 1,134 planning regulations, building design codes people and injured at least 2,000 others.10 This (and related guidance), and building control trend also affects high-income countries, as regulations and enforcement mechanisms. many have expanding stocks of aging buildings. 7 Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. & Jafino, B.A. (2022). Flood Exposure and Poverty in 188 Countries. Nat. Commun. 13, 3527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30727-4. 8 Geiger, T., Frieler, K., and Bresch, D. N. (2018). A Global Historical Data Set of Tropical Cyclone Exposure (TCE-DAT). Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 185–194. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-185-2018 9 Okunlola, O. H. 2022. “Quantifying Frequent Building Collapse and Disaster Risk Reduction in Nigeria.” Africa in Focus (blog), April 6, 2022. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/ blog/ africa-in-focus/2022/04/06/quantifying-fre- quent-building-collapse-and-disaster-risk-reduc- tion-in-nigeria/. 10 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/24/10-years-on-bangladesh-rana-plaza-disaster-safety-garment- workers-rights-pay. Chapter 2 Figure 2. Human impact and economic losses by disaster type in the period 2003-2023 Mass Mass Extreme movement movement Volcanic Drought Earthquake temperature Flood (dry) (wet) Storm activity Wildfire 2023 2023 247 10 62 32451 406 10 7 763 164 0 0 654 24 14 666 139 23 4 16 264 2023 2023 2003- 2003-2022 2003- 2003-2022 2022 ANNUAL 116 157 35 27124 11 21470 5 518 170 35 1 803 18 10 017 104 80 5 86 11 2022 ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE ANNUAL ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE Human Impact: Number of Deaths bynumber total of Disaster deaths Type: by disaster 2023 Compared type to 2003-2022 Annual Average 2023 21.8 20.2 1 32.4 0 0.2 17.3 0 0.1 2023 2003-2022 2003-2022 ANNUAL 57.1 5.6 4.8 74.6 0 0.2 32.2 0.3 0.7 ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE Number of Affected by Disaster Type (millions): 2023 Compared to 2003-2022 Annual Average 2023 22.1 51.9 0.6 20.4 0 0 100.8 0 6.8 2023 2003-2022 2003-2022 ANNUAL 9.6 39.9 3.4 41.1 0 0.3 95.6 0.2 6.3 ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE Economic losses by disaster type (billion US$) Source: CRED. 2022 Disasters in numbers. Brussels: CRED; 2023. 2. Introduction 11 12 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE For example, in the USA, a total of 225 building Within the engineered construction sector, failures were reported from 1989 to 2000, with addressing these challenges would improve just under two-thirds occurring in low-rise resilience and result in significant reductions in buildings.11 potential losses. Although cases exist in high-income countries, Unregulated, informal settlements with non- spontaneous collapses occur more frequently engineered construction, are particularly at in rapidly urbanizing parts of developing risk of damage and loss due to natural hazards countries. As urban areas grow, so does the (as well as spontaneous structural collapse and challenge in achieving quality of design and fire). This increased vulnerability stems from construction of both engineered and non- the building materials used, the high density of engineered construction. Non-engineered shelters that create an unhealthy environment, construction is defined in this context lack of safe design and construction quality, as buildings that have been designed and lack of maintenance, limited access to basic constructed with little or no input from services such as water and electricity making architects or engineers: in some cases, modern conditions unhygienic, as well as narrow roads construction materials are used, and in others, and paths which restrict egress (escape). construction of these buildings follows The vulnerability can be exacerbated when traditional, vernacular, building practices. modern building materials or methodologies are adopted with little understanding of Non-engineered construction is often seen appropriate use compared to traditional in informal settlements where structures are construction approaches. Earthquakes, built without the involvement of professional hurricanes or floods in such settlements can engineers or architects, and without formal displace thousands of people, even if few planning or construction permission. Buildings people have been killed or injured. Obtaining in informal settlements are often self-built; an accurate picture of the exposure and either by low-income households themselves, structural vulnerability can be challenging. local community builders, or by landowners for However, simplified engineering design rental properties. provisions can significantly improve structural resilience, presenting “rules of thumb” for Through the Building Regulatory Capacity self-builders with complementary guidance to Assessments (BRCAs) conducted by the achieve compliance with a building regulatory GFDRR’s BRR team in 15 countries and states, a framework for small and non-engineered number of different challenges were identified structures, including incremental construction. for engineered and non-engineered buildings (see Table 1). 11 Wardhana, K. & Hadipriono, F. C., 2003. Study of Recent Building Failures in the United States, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, Vol. 17, Issue 3. Chapter 2 Table 1. Summary of challenges identified through BRCAs for engineered and non-engineered construction Challenges for engineered construction Additional challenges for non-engineered construction Design & • Inadequate design and construction quality; • Limited, poor or no input from engineering Construction • Lack of complementary education and training for professionals and skilled labor; Practices design and construction; • Lack of understanding of risks associated with • Lack of understanding of existing design standards ground conditions or site location and context; among practitioners; • Unsuitable choice of construction methodology, • Lack of professional accreditation and knowledge inappropriate use of modern materials or maintenance mechanism for professional inappropriate use of modern materials combined with community; traditional construction methods; • Use of substandard materials; • Lack of detailing to protect against environmental • Culture of incremental construction which is not damage, or maintenance requirements in general; accounted for in building design regulations and • Lack of accessibility to suitable materials and building control processes. construction equipment, use of substandard construction materials (both locally produced and manufactured products); • Inappropriate storage and use of construction materials and products; • Poor construction quality, generally; • Insufficient construction budget, likely to result in poor quality. Building • Lack of adequate structural design standards; • Lack of design and construction guidance; Regulations & • Lack of country-specific hazard-informed design • Lack of awareness of risks and poor accessibility to Enforcement parameters and materials standards; knowledge, especially detailing practices for seismic • Lack of mechanisms to ensure code compliance; and wind effects; • Lack of technical review for critical design details as • Small, non-engineered buildings may not be included part of building control process; in controls and inspections. • Limited resource availability for building departments in charge of building control; • Lack of clarity of roles and responsibilities and lack of coordination among stakeholders involved in building control process; • Lack of material testing capacity and limited control over substandard materials in the market. Legal & • Barriers to accessing knowledge and information; • Small, non-engineered buildings may remain Administrative • Inefficient and complex building control processes untouched by and disconnected from any building that are costly to comply with; regulatory framework, planning regulations or • Lack of dispute resolution mechanism; associated official controls. • Lack of liability insurance for practitioners, and low penetration of asset insurance in the market. 2. Introduction 13 3. Objectives A robust contemporary building regulatory thermal and wind loading, as well as after framework should include a comprehensive set extreme wind and seismic events. Until recently, of structural provisions as well as fire safety, design codes have not typically been concerned universal access, resource efficiency, sustainability with damage limitation for economic repair and environmental requirements. Although the or for continuity of use of buildings for more building regulatory framework may be of broad extreme events. However, these minimum safety scope, encompassing multiple aspects of land provisions alone do not protect communities use and construction industry regulation, the from significant indirect losses due to their structural design and assessment code provisions inability to recover rapidly after such events. In all seek, fundamentally, to ensure safety and many cases, people lose their homes and serious improved resilience for the built environment. disruption to communities occurs when vital facilities such as hospitals, schools, government Historically, structural provisions in building buildings, and workplaces are damaged. codes originated with “good practice” prescriptive rules and these have been evolving into complete Resilience in this context is considered to sets of requirements focused primarily on “life be the capacity of a building, community, or safety”12 performance under normal gravity, society to absorb shocks and stresses such as 12 Life Safety performance aims to prevent loss of life and limit injury to building occupants and those in the surrounding environment under anticipated design level actions (loading). Under normal loads, such as gravity and wind loading, the building is expected to remain undamaged and maintain function, but for more infrequent events, such as a design level earthquake, Life Safety would allow some damage to the structural and non-structural components. 14 3. Objectives Chapter 3 natural or anthropogenic hazards, and still be Previous analyses of structural sections of able to maintain function. At present, most the building codes in developing countries structural design codes do not explicitly or have shown that they are sometimes lacking comprehensively address the need for the in comprehensiveness, require updating, and resilience of the built environment. This do not adequately consider local hazards, checklist captures some of these resilience building typologies or construction methods. aspects as investment in more resilient Performance requirements, including design buildings is needed now, especially for rapidly criteria and methods within the codes, need developing regions. This checklist follows to be adapted for local capability, conditions a standardized and rigorous approach for and context, including the availability of review of the structural provisions of building construction materials and skilled labor. codes and regulations for structural safety and There is a need to support countries toward resilience through a set of diagnostic questions. creating effective and robust building codes The questions aim to assess the coverage and for structural safety and resilience. A critical depth of building design and construction step is to assess the current code contents regulations in a given country or jurisdiction. against essential elements of a building code The checklist was developed with reference to for resilient construction. This checklist can global examples, as described in Appendix B. serve as a framework to analyze the current structural provisions within a building code as While comprehensive in coverage, this a first step in developing improvements as well checklist review is not intended to be a detailed as future updates. assessment of the quality of the code provisions themselves. It is envisaged that the review would The use of the checklist should help identify be carried out over a relatively short time period, critical gaps in components of the building with input equivalent to five days from structural code relating to structural provisions, while engineering professionals with relevant also supporting a qualitative evaluation of experience of international building codes as the usability of those provisions. It is not well as the local engineering practice and country intended to assess the detail of quality and context. Priority questions have been identified comprehensiveness of the provisions, prescribe to permit a shorter, partial assessment that specific requirements, or propose revisions to can be carried out quickly, yielding a high-level existing code documents, nor will it address overview: focusing on areas where codes have building control and enforcement regulations been found to have critical gaps in past reviews. and processes. The tool has been designed for the assessment This diagnostic tool is designed to work with of regulations in relation to building structures other associated assessments and quantitative only and hence excludes consideration of analyses, such as the BRR’s Building Regulatory civil infrastructure and other non-building Capacity Assessment (BRCA) and building code structures. Refer to section 4.1 for more detail checklists for fire safety, green buildings, and on the scope of the checklist tool. universal accessibility. 3. Objectives 15 Construction on a residential building, Ghana. © fotografixx 4. Guidance: How To Use the Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience When reviewing regulations for structural regulations or design, such expertise will be safety and resilience components, it is helpful essential to navigate and assess the technical to follow a systematic approach as outlined in complexities of the structural provisions. Figure 3. Ideally, the reviewers would include specialists with experience of the country as well as Although it may be possible to complete international subject-matter experts familiar some parts of the checklist without specific with a wide range of building codes, regulatory expertise and experience in structural frameworks and structural design standards. 4. Guidance: How to use the Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 18 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Figure 3. Steps to be taken in a systematic review of code provisions for structural safety and resilience ➊ ➋ ➌ Understand overall Assess scope and Undertake a regulatory framework identify code chapters systematic review of related to structural country context and Identify relevant ministries, legislation and regulations requirements code components with a bearing on the structural using the checklist Assess the scope of the resilience of buildings. structural provisions of the Consider country context and the This may be available as an output building code and identify regulatory and market capacity of a BRCA, if one has been carried significant differences from the that is required to interpret and out. scope of this checklist tool (as act upon the code provisions in a described in section 4.1). manner that can be expected to Identify precise location of achieve the structural resilience the main components and objectives for buildings that are subcomponents for structural compliant with the regulations. safety and resilience provisions The components for country outlined in section 5—in which context are outlined in section regulations, relevant chapters 4.3 with diagnostic questions in or sections are they? Note that section 6.1. there may be fragmentation of Look for provisions that address requirements across different each of the fundamental code documents enforced by structural resilience components different statutory bodies or and subcomponents according jurisdictions (as described in to the checklist, and assess section 4.2). the coverage and depth of the provisions, through the diagnostic questions within the checklist. The checklist has been designed to provide prescriptive answers where possible. The detailed diagnostic questions for code components and subcomponents are in section 6.2. Depending on needs and available resources, a high-level review can be performed instead, by addressing the priority questions in the checklist, rather than the full checklist. Similarly, a review may be focused on a particular component or subcomponent. Chapter 4 ➍ ➎ Assess interface with Finalize the checklist and other regulations provide recommendations Review the interface between After completion of the checklist structural provisions and other in the template provided, the sections of the code and local reviewer should identify and regulations, as appropriate (for summarize key areas of potential example: planning, fire and other opportunities for enhancement in regional regulations). Related coverage and depth in the form diagnostic questions are in of technical recommendations section 6.3. for stakeholders. This summary should note any constraints on the review (such as restricted access to information or resources) and address specific concerns or questions that may have prompted the review. 4. Guidance: How to use the Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 19 20 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE 4.1 Scope of tool scope, the reviewer should consider whether additional diagnostic questions are necessary This tool is intended to assess the structural to determine adequate code coverage for these provisions of the code for the design, aspects. assessment, construction, change of use or occupancy, adaptation, addition, alteration, The checklist was developed by consideration relocation, demolition, retrofit or repair of of a wide range of international model and building structures as defined below. country codes as well as other code assessment methodologies. Refer to Appendix B for more Building: In this document, it is defined information. as a temporary or permanent structure intended for the use or occupancy of people or storage, and any appurtenances 4.2 Reviewing components attached to the building. The checklist questions have been developed to assess the coverage of the sections of the It excludes the following: building code that deal with structural design and construction. In addition to the structural • civil infrastructure (transportation and provisions in the building code, a desktop subterranean transport hubs, tunnels, study may need to be carried out to understand dams, power plants, antennas and the types and levels of hazards in the country masts, road and railway bridges) and and associated structural provisions that will marine structures; be required. Additionally, the review could • construction infrastructure: cranes, include consideration of referenced material scaffolding, formwork and falsework; standards/regulations and may also include • tents and temporary shelters; inspection and code-compliance practices that • industrial infrastructure: silos, tanks, are not encompassed by the main building code industrial chimneys or pipelines. documents. It is also important to evaluate how accessible It is important to understand the scope of the and complete the code documents are. This will building regulatory framework under review. depend on several factors, including: This checklist has not been developed to cover any aspects beyond the building structures i. The availability of building codes and described above, and so the reviewer should referenced standards online; compare and note where the code scope is ii. The cost of obtaining regulatory broader than the definitionin this tool, or documents (ideally, none); where there may be gaps in the code scope (for iii. The extent to which reference standards example, lack of coverage for certain buildings are cited; by construction type or function). Where the iv. The uniformity of and/or the compatibility building code’s scope is broader than this tool’s between the referenced standards (for Chapter 4 example, if they are all national standards, provisions in the codes and standards. For or all international standards from the example, fire-resistance provisions for same organization, or other); structural elements may be entirely prescriptive v. The extent to which non-mandatory whereas a performance-based approach may guidance is included or cited; be allowed to design a tall building for wind vi. The uniformity of or the compatibility action. Refer to Appendix A for information on between the guidance documents; common regulatory and code frameworks. vii. Additionally, factors such as clarity of the writing and navigation of the documents 4.3 Understanding the country can affect ease of meeting compliance context with the code. In order to adequately assess the suitability Structural design and assessment provisions of the building code for the country context, found in building codes and referenced it is important to understand the country’s standards commonly specify the following construction environment, including the approaches to achieve compliance: capacity of construction sector professionals as well as its construction practices. Ideally, A prescriptive-based design approach where these evaluations would be carried out with a set of procedures and methods must be the assistance of country experts and local followed to achieve compliance; professionals/practitioners. or A performance-based design approach To facilitate this, a series of preparatory where performance requirements are set that diagnostic questions and assessments has the design must achieve but the methods to been developed and is presented in section 6.1 demonstrate compliance are not explicitly under the topics outlined in figure 4, below. set in the provisions; There is, naturally, a degree of overlap in or evaluating country context for this tool and for A combination of both: a hybrid approach. the fire safety, green building, and universal accessibility checklists, and so the reviewers In some cases, different approaches may be could consider coordinating this work to avoid allowed for different aspects of the structural duplication of effort. 4. Guidance: How to use the Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 21 22 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Figure 4. Components and subcomponents of the country context assessment A. Country and code context A1 A2 A3 Construction Main hazards Building Code context A1.1 Construction A2.1 Types of A3.1 Evolution & typologies and hazard by region maintenance uses A1.2 Population A3.2 Organization and exposure & accessibility A1.3 Construction industry and practices A1.4 Construction materials 5. Key Concepts in Structural Resilience Components of Building Codes Building codes in most countries include and load combinations should be clearly provisions or requirements associated with the defined. following fundamental structural resilience 3. Geotechnical & substructure design – components: code provisions that address risk related to soil conditions and design parameters 1. Basis of design – regulatory or code for foundations and earth-retaining provisions that outline the overarching structures. These include requirements design and performance requirements related to soil investigations and set and corresponding compliance criteria, design parameters and procedures for as well as coverage of the code, including the design of foundations and retaining fundamental structural safety and structures, ensure serviceability and resilience principles. An example would be prevent impairment due to settlement or the definition of limit states for structural ground deformations, as well as effects of design of buildings. soil-structure interaction, liquefaction, 2. Actions on structures – code provisions slope stability or topographic effects. that state the minimum design loads For example, provisions for geotechnical (actions) on a structure resulting from its characterization and for earth pressure use, environment, and exposure to hazards. calculations are expected to be included in Design criteria informed by country- the code. specific hazards should be included. For 4. Structural design – code provisions example, the load types, characteristics that address methods for the analysis 5. Key Concepts in Structural Resilience Components of Building Codes 24 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE of structural behavior and verification 7. Structural design and construction of the design of structural elements in for small structures – It is highly various construction materials, covering recommended that building codes include common construction typologies and simple rules for low-rise buildings of methodologies. Verification methods for common construction types and regular engineering assessments against failure geometry. “Rules of Thumb” for design modes, for example, would be defined of common, small-scale buildings in this component of the code and/or can facilitate the design of compliant acceptable solutions, where step-by-step buildings without specialist engineering instructions are provided for compliance design input, especially in countries or with the building code. regions where professional engineering capacity and resources are limited. In 5. Construction & demolition – code some countries, separate legally adopted provisions that address safe practices guidelines (say, for housing) are published, related to construction quality control instead of including this in the code. Either for new structures, including temporary approach can be successful, provided that structures during the construction process the documents are written and illustrated as well as for the demolition of existing in a way that can be easily understood structures. by the target audience who may have 6. Existing structures – code provisions that very limited technical knowledge and address assessment of existing buildings experience. in service, considering aging effects and These components may be addressed fully degradation phenomena such as corrosion, within a single stand-alone code document, or weathering related to normal in- or the building code may be supported by service conditions, and the assessment referenced standards, as noted in section 4.2. of buildings with structural damage from hazard events. These provisions provide The fundamental structural safety and methods for the design of modifications, resilience components and subcomponents renovations, additions, or strengthening, presented in Figure 5 are described in detail as possibly also considering the safety level part of the review checklist in chapter 6. in conjunction with the residual life of the building and incremental retrofitting approaches. Many building codes do not have specific provisions for the assessment and rehabilitation of existing structures, even though such works can be more complex to design than those for a new building. Chapter 5 Figure 5. Fundamental Structural Safety and Resilience Components and Subcomponents Structural safety and resilience components of Building Regulatory Framework B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Geotechnical & Actions on Structural Construction & Basis of Design Substructure Existing Structures Structures Design Demolition Design B2.1 Load B3.1 Site B5.1 Site safety & B1.1 Scope B4.1 General B6.1 General combinations Investigations management B5.2 Construction B1.2 Referenced B3.2 Design B4.2 Seismic B6.2 Assessment of B2.2 Dead loads practices & quality standards parameters Design structures control B1.3 Importance B6.3 Rehabilitation B2.3 Live loads B3.3 Foundations B4.3 Concrete B5.3 Demolition classification & retrofit B1.4 Compliance B3.4 Retaining B6.4 Alterations & B2.4 Wind loads B4.4 Steel requirements structures additions B1.5 Prohibited B2.5 Snow and B3.5 Ground bearing B6.5 Maintenance & B4.5 Masonry construction Rain loads slabs inspections B1.6 Definitions and B2.6 Accidental B3.6 Waterproofing B4.6 Timber notations loads B3.7 Buried B1.7 Units B2.7 Seismic action B4.7 Earth structures B1.8 Construction B3.8 Excavation B4.8 Other B2.8 Earth loads documents and fill materials B2.9 Hydrostatic B2.10 Thermal B2.11 Flood B2.12 Minimum Lateral Loading B7 B2.13 Construction Structural Design and Construction for Small Structures B2.14 Other (volcanic, tsunami, B7.1 Prescriptive rules for small buildings and so forth) 5. Key Concepts in Structural Resilience Components of Building Codes 25 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience This checklist is provided as a tool to assist in 6.1 Country and Code Context the review of the structural provisions within building codes based on the components This section provides questions for the described in the previous section. reviewer to understand the wider country context including the construction Presented in the following sections are environment, local hazards and general the questions, alone. Within the checklist information on the building code. It is worksheet template, there is scope to note anticipated that this will be carried out with the observations regarding aspects such as input of local practitioners and officials. The consistency and clarity of wording that may level of detail necessary for this assessment not be captured completely in the checklist should be determined by the reviewer. responses. It is recommended that the reviewer note which regulation document and/or other reference documents are being used to answer each question. Priority questions for a high-level rapid assessment are indicated in the draft by blue text for the diagnostic questions. 26 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience Chapter 6 Table 2. Checklist for the Review of Country and Code Context Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question A1. CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT A1.1 Construction To understand common construction a. For each construction type, please specify methods/materials, typologies and uses typologies for comparison of what is covered typical geographical distribution, occupancies, number of in the structural design regulations. storeys, drivers of vulnerabilities, and age of construction. This should include vernacular and non-engineered typologies as Refer to Appendix C for typology assessment well as emerging construction technologies. references. The GEM global exposure model, for instance, provides information on countries’ building stock. A1.2 Population and To provide an overview of the population a. What is the total population? exposure density, building exposure, and urban areas b. What is the current urban population, as percentage of total evolution. population? c. What is the rate of urbanization building growth? Refer to sources such as the World Bank: d. Please note other characteristics (for example, significant World Development Indicators database. regional variations in population density). A1.3 Construction To provide an understanding of the a. To get an overview of the construction capacity and skills for industry and construction capacity for both large- and different scales of construction in rural/urban settings, the practices small-scale construction. reviewer could consider the following: i. Are there professional organizations or bodies for For example, the World Bank database, construction professionals? “B-READY” includes a helpful global dataset of ii. Is there licensing or accreditation for construction related indicators by country. organizations? iii. Are there professional organizations or bodies for civil/ structural engineering design professionals? iv. Is there licensing or accreditation for civil/structural engineering design professionals? v. Is retention of license subject to requirements for continuing professional development? vi. Are there vocational training and accreditation programs for skilled labor? vii. Are construction professionals distributed with population across country (as opposed to exclusively located within certain regions or urban centers)? viii. Is the person(s) responsible for the design required to be: • registered or licensed? • professionally qualified? ix. Are independent design checks required? If for certain types of buildings, please specify. x. Are large/complex construction projects typically carried out by international contractors? xi. Are large/complex construction projects typically designed by international consultants? xii. Are there requirements for inspections of construction works? xiii. Do contractors rely upon imported labor for skilled labor? If yes, please specify countries of origin and associated skills. xiv. For domestic construction (single family dwellings) – is the design and construction subject to approvals and inspections of construction? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 27 28 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 2. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question A1. CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT A1.4 Construction Understanding of material supply chains and a. Source of common construction materials and products Materials availability can inform assessment of the (1. most often imported; 2. most often locally sourced/ coverage needs of the building code material manufactured; 3. unknown). design sections. i. Sawn timber (for rafters or floor joists) ii. Timber planks iii. Engineered timber products iv. Plywood v. Metal fixings vi. Bamboo vii. Concrete masonry units viii. Fired clay masonry units (bricks and blocks) ix. Earthen masonry (adobe, compressed earth, rammed earth) x. Lime xi. Cement xii. Cement replacements xiii. Sand xiv. Small aggregates (<10mm) xv. Large aggregates (>10mm) xvi. Steel reinforcement xvii. Light gauge steel sections xviii. Profiled metal roof decking xix. Profiled metal floor decking xx. Structural steel sections xxi. Other (state) A2 MAIN HAZARDS A2.1 Types of To identify the types of natural hazards that a. Strong winds (storms/hurricanes/cyclones) hazard by region most contribute to disaster risk in the country b. Flooding (riverine/pluvial) that should be considered in the building design c. Storm surges/coastal floods regulations. Note that the risk from some d. Extreme temperatures (snow/freeze/thaw) hazards such as volcanic activity or landslides e. Extreme temperatures (heat/wildfire, urban fire) are often best addressed by risk-informed land f. Earthquakes use plans and/or other assessment to ensure g. Landslides the building is constructed on a lower risk site— h. Tsunami rather than the building code design provisions. i. Volcanic j. Other (please state) The World Bank GFDRR online tool ThinkHazard! or the UNDRR country risk profiles can be helpful references. Seismic (earthquake) hazard typically governs k. Within the country, what is the range and the levels of seismic building design in regions of moderate to high hazard? seismicity and it is important to have up-to- For the purposes of this checklist: date seismic hazard characterization and • low seismic hazard for a bedrock site can be considered to related design criteria. Even in regions with be a Peak Ground Acceleration for a 475-year return period low seismic hazard, there can be requirements event of <0.1 g, to verify the seismic performance for • moderate seismic hazard 0.1 < PGA <0.3 g, and resilience of higher importance buildings (see • high seismic hazard, PGA> 0.3 g. B1.3 below). To determine whether the code and/or standards should address seismic design, it is important to evaluate the level of seismic hazard in the country. Tools such as the GEM Global Seismic Hazard Map can be used for preliminary evaluation or recent country-specific seismic hazard studies (published in the last 10 years). Chapter 6 Table 2. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question A3 BUILDING CODE A3.1 Evolution & In assessing codes, it is helpful to understand a. Is the structural section of the building code based on an maintenance their development, as this will influence their international model code or code of another country in part or coverage, approach and arrangement as well whole? as how updates are incorporated. i. If yes, please specify code(s). b. When was the first building code legally adopted? c. What year was the current version of the building code legally adopted? d. Is there a statutory mechanism for updates to the code? e. Are there national frameworks for disaster risk reduction and management? i. If yes, are they referenced in the Building Code? f. Is there information on the code development/maintenance process and the organizations and bodies involved? i. If yes, please note what information exists. A3.2 Organization & It is helpful to understand barriers to the use a. How is the building code organized? (single document, accessibility of the codes related to their availability and coordinated set of documents, separate documents) the format in which they are presented. b. Please give full names of each key regulatory document that contains structural provisions. c. For each code document that contains structural provisions, are they available online? d. For each code document, are they available for free or for a fee? e. If the code has referenced design standards for structural design, then are they available online? f. For each referenced standard, are they available for free or for a fee? g. Is the education of professionals based upon the use of these codes and standards or other (please specify)? h. Are there any support documents such as guides or commentaries? i. What language(s) are the code documents written in? j. Are there high levels of comprehension of the code language across the building profession? k. Are the units used in the code consistent with design and construction practice in the region (for example, for materials typically available in country, or typical dimensions on drawings)? l. Are the building typologies addressed in the code consistent with design and construction practice? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 29 30 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE 6.2 Checklist for the review of whether the regulations have provisions Structural resilience provisions related to each topic, rather than evaluating the overall quality and comprehensiveness of the This section comprises the main checklist provisions. for the assessment of the structural safety and resilience provisions of the building code While the checklist is extensive it is not components and subcomponents as shown in necessarily exhaustive and so the reviewer Figure 5. should consider this in their appraisal and add responses and information as appropriate. Not Checklist questions are designed to have all aspects may be required or appropriate for prescriptive answers and intended to assess the country under consideration. Table 3. Checklist for the Review of Structural Resilience Provisions in Building Regulations Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B1 BASIS OF DESIGN B1.1 Scope It is important that the scope of the regulations a. Is the scope and application of the code specified? is clearly stated. For cases where the scope of If yes, does it cover the following? the building code under review extends beyond i. Buildings (defined as structures intended for the buildings, then that should be highlighted and use or occupancy of people or for shelter – both reviewers should note that these parts will be temporary and permanent, including structures that outside this assessment tool. may be moved or relocated). ii. Some aspects covering alterations to existing For structures within the code scope but outside buildings? (Defined as renovations, modifications, the building structures described in the tool change of use, additions, strengthening and/or scope in section 4.1, it is up to the reviewer rehabilitation – see also questions in section B6). to consider coverage in the context of the iii. Are there any types of buildings not covered by the jurisdiction. code (for example rural, small-scale buildings, by usage type, by ownership – public or private, buildings above a certain number of storeys, and so forth). Please list. b. Does the building code cover other structures? i. If yes, please specify. B1.2 Referenced Rather than state all the requirements explicitly, a. Are the requirements related to structural design standards building codes will often reference international organized in one document? model codes or material design codes in part b. Does the building code include a list of referenced or in whole. To reduce the risk of errors in standards related to structural provisions? Refer also to interpretation, it is important that codes and subcomponent A3.2. referenced standards can be navigated simply c. Are there sufficient referenced standards to cover the by those with a reasonable level of technical building code requirements? understanding. d. If the referenced standards did not originate in the country of review, are the current versions being referenced? This section summarizes the findings from e. Are the referenced standards in the same language as the component B4 relating to coverage of the Building Code or code documents? refenced standards. Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B1 BASIS OF DESIGN B1.3 Importance The Importance classification (sometimes a. Are importance classifications for buildings defined? classification referred to as occupancy category or consequence class) is assigned based on the consequences of a building collapse or damage for human life, public safety and civil protection, and on the social and economic consequences of its loss. Higher importance buildings are often subject to increased factors of safety and more stringent performance requirements. B1.4 Compliance requirements B1.4.1 General It is important that the principles and methods by a. Are the permitted approaches for compliance clearly which the building regulations would be satisfied stated? Please note if prescriptive, performance or hybrid. are described. This may be through meeting i. If “prescriptive”, are the design rules and requirements specified performance-based (functional) clearly written and easy to follow? requirements and corresponding compliance ii. If “prescriptive”, are alternative solutions also criteria, or through following a series of permitted (with associated design criteria stated)? prescriptive rules, or a combination or both. Refer iii. If “performance-based” design is adopted, are to section 4.2 and Appendix A for definitions of performance requirements and compliance criteria key terms. clearly defined? Performance-based design is an engineering b. Where performance-based design is permitted, which of approach to designing elements of a building the following areas does it address? based on meeting specific performance goals i. Performance-based design for gravity loading? and defined objectives, such as performance ii. Performance-based design for wind loading? under wind or seismic loads, without directly iii. Performance-based design for earthquake loading? prescribing design, dimensioning or detailing iv. Performance-based design for vibration? rules by which to achieve these goals. This is v. Other? Please specify. in contrast to prescriptive requirements, which would instead give a set of prescriptive design rules and verifications to follow. In the context of structural design, performance-based design requirements set out the acceptable level of structural performance for different loading scenarios. See Appendix A for further discussion of these principles. B1.4.1 Design life Building design life (service life) is used to help a. Is a minimum design life assumption specified for determine durability requirements and also the buildings? magnitude of design loads for probabilistically b. If different types of buildings have different minimum described actions such as wind and seismic design life requirements, please list. effects. B1.4.2 Durability/ Building structures need to resist the effects of a. Are material exposure categories defined? exposure damage and degradation over time, especially i. If yes, are they compatible with the material in particularly aggressive environments. This standards? can be achieved through material specification, protection systems and detailing of structures. 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 31 32 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B1 BASIS OF DESIGN B1.4 Compliance requirements B1.4.3 Progressive Buildings should be designed and detailed a. Are there requirements for robustness to prevent collapse for robustness, such that the failure of one progressive (or disproportionate) collapse? component does not cause a progressive b. If yes, are there associated minimum detailing rules in the collapse or a disproportionate level of damage to relevant material design sections? (If in part, then specify the whole building. omissions). B1.4.4 Fire resistance In the event of a fire, structures need to remain a. Do the building regulations address structural stability stable for sufficient time to allow safe evacuation, under fire load? fire service activities and protection of property. b. Are there specific requirements/ limitations on height Structural elements may also be required to and area of building based on construction materials provide a separation between parts of the (combustibility / fire-resistance rating (FRR))? building to minimize the spread of fire and c. Are tables of fire resistance for structural members smoke. provided? d. Is allowance made for reducing required FRR if a full- Some forms of construction have inherent fire building automatic fire sprinkler system is installed? resistance, whereas others do not and may even e. Are fire stop / sealant requirements provided for fire-rated be combustible and require applied fire protection assemblies? to limit temperatures experienced and/or f. Are alternate methods for assessing fire response of exposure to flames for the specified time periods. structure permitted? Note that some of the diagnostic questions g. Are there provisions for the design of applied fire here replicate relevant parts of the Fire Safety protection to structural elements? checklist tool (subcomponent 2.1). B1.5 Prohibited Some construction types may be unsuitable for a. Are prohibited construction methodologies specified? construction certain locations, such as unreinforced load- i. If yes, please specify. bearing masonry in seismic regions, or be limited b. Are there prohibited structural materials? in their use. Some materials or methodologies i. If yes, please specify. may be associated with historic building failures. B1.6 Definitions and It is helpful for these to be set out for clarity a. Are abbreviations, acronyms and notations defined? notations and consistent use of the codes and reference (Note that the reviewer is not expected to check in detail documents. that they are complete or fully adopted across code documents). b. Are definitions of terms contained in the code included? B1.7 Units Definition of units and consistency of their a. Is the system of units to be used across the code application is important in reducing risk of errors prescribed? in design and construction. (Note that the reviewer is not expected to check in detail that they are complete or fully adopted across code documents). b. Is the system of units compatible with those adopted in key referenced documents? B1.8 Construction It is important that the documents contain the a. Are there requirements for general information to be documents information pertinent for the construction of presented in construction drawings and supporting new buildings in accordance with the design. documents, including governing design codes, material Additionally, these documents should support specifications, member sizes and specifications, the design of modifications and operation of the building geometry and position, applicable design loads building, especially if “as-built” information is (parameters), designer names? available. i. Please note if any requirements are missing. b. Are there requirements for “as-built” construction drawings? c. Are there requirements for operation and maintenance requirements to be communicated in the construction documents? Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.1 Load Load combinations are used to ensure adequate a. Does the code permit allowable stress design approaches combinations level(s) of safety and consideration of different with assumption of linear elastic material response? types of loads being applied to a structure b. Does the code allow for limit state design approaches? simultaneously. c. Are load combinations consistent with the limit state definitions defined for performance? It is important that the load combinations used d. Are load combinations for ultimate limit states (ULS) are compatible with the design approaches and design provided? associated material properties. e. Are load combinations for serviceability limit states (SLS) It should be noted that some codes will allow/ design provided? foresee design strength verifications with either f. Do combinations (and partial load factors, if applicable) ultimate limit stress or permissible stress account for concurrence of multiple variable actions? approaches. It is important that this is set out g. Are there provisions for load combination factors for types clearly, showing which approach applies to each of accidental loads acting concurrently with other actions? type of structural materials. h. Are there provisions for reduction of some design loads for temporary structures and loading conditions? i. Are load factors provided for load combinations associated with construction? B2.2 Dead Loads It is important that requirements for valid, a. Are minimum dead load assumptions defined? country-specific loads are provided for structural b. Is data provided for calculating the self-weight of all safety. Dead loads include the self-weight of the commonly used construction materials? structure and other permanent loads, such as c. Are there provisions for calculating loads associated with finishes and partition walls. internal partitions? B2.3 Live Loads Live loads (often called “imposed loads” or a. Are live loads provided for all anticipated occupancies (for “occupancy loads”) are those associated with the floors, basements and roofs): use and occupancy of a building including people i. Uniformly distributed loads; and furniture. These loads are usually applied ii. Concentrated loads; intermittently (as opposed to permanent loads). b. Are loads (including axel loads) provided for structures that may support vehicles? For non-residential structures, consideration of i. If yes, does this include fire fighting vehicles? future use of spaces in selection of live loads can c. Are loads (both horizontal and vertical) provided for be helpful for flexibility of use over the building’s barriers and balustrades? lifetime. i. If yes, are there higher design values for areas subject to overcrowding? d. Are lateral loads associated with the intended use for structures, such as grandstands, stages and pedestrian walkways, provided? e. Do roof loading requirements consider loads for maintenance activities? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 33 34 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.4 Wind loads B2.4.1 Wind speed Across a country, the wind speed may vary based a. Is there country-specific wind speed data for design? on factors such as distance from the coast, i. If yes, are the mapped measurements (basic wind topography and regional weather patterns. Use speed) consistent with the methods for calculating of reliable wind speed design criteria allow for wind pressures? this to be taken into account in the design of ii. If yes, when was this last updated? structures. iii. If yes, please specify how the design information is provided: • Wind speed map? • Wind speed by zonation map? • Wind speed by city or region name? • Other (please specify)? b. Do the provisions state if design wind levels consider strong wind events such as cyclones, hurricanes, tornados or typhoons? c. For regions prone to hurricanes/cyclones/tornados/ typhoons, are there special requirements for design and detailing of elements (including tie-down fixings)? B2.4.2 Wind a. Are there Importance Factors for wind design? pressures If yes, are they based upon (note all that apply): i. Building occupancy? ii. Building size? iii. Building risk level? iv. Building usage type? v. Other (please specify)? Intensity of wind pressure depends on the b. Do the provisions provide a procedure to determine design building shape and size as well as site context wind pressures for the main load resisting system? and will vary across different parts of a building. c. If yes, which factors are considered for design: Wind pressures need to be determined for overall i. Minimum design wind loads? building stability design as well as design of ii. Exposure/Orientation? individual elements and cladding. iii. Terrain/Topography? iv. Roof shape? v. Building regularity? vi. Dominant openings? vii. Special provisions for tall buildings? viii. Other (please specify)? d. Are there provisions for design of elements susceptible to wind excitation and dynamic effects? Compliance with the code may be achieved e. Are simplified wind design provisions given for common through simplified methods applicable to certain types of low-rise buildings? types of regular low- or mid-rise structures f. If yes, do they include: without need for complex analysis or modelling i. Prescribed design wind pressures for common types of wind actions. of low-rise buildings? ii. Simplified engineering design procedures for the calculation of wind pressures? iii. Other (please specify)? Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.4 Wind loads B2.4.2 Wind Appendages and cladding elements, particularly g. Are coefficients provided for determination of wind loading pressures at edges and projecting from buildings typically on elements (and their fixings), including: experience greater wind pressures than those i. Cladding? considered for the design of the lateral force ii. Roof finishes? resisting system. iii. Parapets? iv. Signs? v. Ornaments? vi. Canopies? vii. Other? B2.4.3 Wind tunnel Wind tunnel testing can be an effective way a. Is determination of design wind pressures by wind tunnel testing of determining design wind pressures for the testing permitted? design of lateral force resisting systems as i. If yes, is it prescribed for certain building types or well as cladding, especially for non-standard locations (please specify)? geometries or where code provisions are unable to adequately account for height, topographic or directional effects. B2.5 Snow & Rain Snow and rain loads should be considered in a. Are there country-specific design precipitation loads building design, depending on the location. Lack requirements for the country? of consideration of the effects of snow/rain i. Snow? and its accumulation on roofs due to drifting or ii. Rain? ponding could lead to collapse. b. If yes, are the mapped values consistent with the methods for calculating snow loads? c. If yes, when was this last updated? d. If yes, please specify how the load parameters are specified: i. Basic ground snow/rain map? ii. Basic ground snow/rain by zonation map? iii. Basic ground snow/rain by city or region name? iv. Other (please specify)? e. Are there requirements for the determination of loading from ice? f. Are there requirements for the determination of loading associated with rain on top of snow? g. Are there requirements for the consideration of rain accumulation (ponding) on roofs? B2.6 Accidental Designers should consider foreseeable risks a. Are there requirements for consideration of accidental loads of accidental loading on structural elements loading? resulting from their use or proximity to external i. Vehicle impact? hazards to maintain building safety. ii. Blast loading? iii. Other (specify in notes) B2.7 Seismic action B2.7.1 Applicability Seismic action effects should be considered in a. Does the code and/or standards have any requirements of seismic code building design, depending on the location. related to specifying seismic design loads/design seismic provisions hazard criteria? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 35 36 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.7 Seismic action B2.7.1 Applicability Some codes or standards (especially in regions b. If seismic design requirements do not apply for all of seismic code of low seismic hazard), may only require seismic buildings, please note all cases that apply when seismic provisions design for certain types of buildings. design is required. i. Buildings sited in areas that are above a certain In some countries, there may be a wide range threshold of seismic hazard of seismic hazard, dependent on location within ii. Buildings over a certain height/number of storeys the country. In those regions within a country (please specify) that have very low seismic hazard, codes may iii. Buildings of a certain importance level (please specify) not require seismic design for typical building iv. Buildings with specific uses (for example, essential typologies, where they are not of high importance. services, buildings with hazardous contents) v. Buildings with specific types of lateral load-resisting systems (please specify, for example, concrete shear walls, steel moment resisting frames). vi. Other (please list in the comments section) B2.7.2 Seismic mass Earthquake ground shaking excites inertial a. Is there a definition of the type and amount of dead and mass; therefore, the requirements for what mass live loads to include in the seismic mass/weight of the is assumed for the calculation of the seismic building for the modelling and calculation of the lateral loading is critical. This is based on assumptions design loading? of the realistic dead load in the structure and likely amount of live loads and non-structural loading present. B2.7.3 Seismic hazard It is important for country-specific design seismic a. Are country-specific seismic hazard parameters provided parameters hazard parameters to be provided as the seismic for design? design requirements are highly dependent on the i. If yes, when were these last updated? level of seismic hazard in a country or region. ii. If yes, how are seismic hazard parameters specified (Please note all that apply) The hazard parameters relate to a certain level of • in the form of seismic hazard maps ground shaking (or response of a structure) that • by PGA value or spectral acceleration values for city has a probability of exceedance over a certain or other geographic subset of the country period. For example, a Peak Ground Acceleration • by PGA value or spectral acceleration values for the (PGA) may have a probability of exceedance over entire country a 475-year period (or having a 10 percent chance • other – please specify in comments of occurring in a 50-year building design life). This seismic hazard specification is typically given assuming a rock site. B2.7.4 Site The type/class of soil of a site can affect the a. Is the effect of soil site conditions considered in considerations response of a structure to earthquake ground the seismic design, for example, by specifying soil shaking. For example, soft soil sites amplify the modification factors linked to soil type and adjusting the response of longer period structures. To account design response spectra by these factors? for this, the design response spectra is typically adjusted by soil site factors. Some codes contain provisions to develop site- b. Do the provisions include the requirements for developing specific response spectra for seismic design. In site-specific seismic hazard analyses? such case, additional geotechnical investigations would be needed to understand the site conditions and seismic hazard modelling for a specific site. Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.7 Seismic action B2.7.4 Site If a site is within a certain proximity to an c. Do the design criteria include the effects of near-fault considerations earthquake source with the capacity to generate seismic hazards? (continued) a large earthquake event, the resulting ground shaking can subject buildings in the near-source region to large, rapid velocity pulses. Some codes capture these effects using simplified factors in the design response spectra or by recommending or requiring site-specific response spectra (this would typically be required for buildings more vulnerable to these effects, such as tall, more flexible buildings). Some codes contain criteria regarding the effects d. Do the design criteria include the effects of amplification of amplification due to site topography, for depending on site topography? example, for buildings sited at the top of tall cliffs or on hilltops. B2.7.5 Seismic load Seismic load combinations a. Are load combinations provided that include seismic combinations loads? i. Load combinations for lateral load in each direction ii. Bi-directional lateral load combinations b. Are there load combinations that include vertical excitation? B2.8 Earth loads Retained earth exerts lateral loads on supporting See geotechnical section, B3. structures. The magnitude of these forces is dependent on the soil properties, ground water level and any vertical loading applied to the retained earth. B2.9 Hydrostatic Ground and stored water exerts forces on a. Are there requirements for consideration of minimum supporting and retaining structures. hydrostatic forces associated with ground water? B2.10 Thermal Changes in temperature make materials want a. Are country-specific ambient temperature ranges to expand or contract. This can induce internal provided? stresses in the structural elements which need to i. If yes, do they account for climate variance across the be assessed with other loads. country? ii. If yes, do they incorporate future climate scenarios? iii. Are there provisions for calculating thermal load on elements exposed to direct sunlight? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 37 38 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B2 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES B2.11 Flood Buildings in flood-prone areas are at risk of a. Does the code advise on where to find information to damage from water pressures (overloading of determine flood design levels? (Sometimes there will be water on floors and surges as well as potential flood risk information within planning regulations). buoyancy issues). b. Are there requirements for the calculation of the following, with associated return periods for design? i. Hydrostatic design forces? ii. Hydrodynamic forces? c. Are there minimum design loads for flat roofs for refuge? d. Are there requirements for the design of structures below the flood/surge level? i. If yes, does this include use of materials resistant to flood waters (as well as structural resistance to forces generated by water)? B2.12 Minimum All structures, even those not exposed to seismic a. Is there a requirement for minimum lateral loading? Lateral Loading actions, need to remain stable and be able to b. Is the method for calculation of these loads in resist minimum lateral loading for structural combination with applied lateral loads clearly stated? stability. This can also address instability effects resulting from construction tolerances. B2.13 Construction Construction loading of structures, (from a. Are there requirements for construction load allowances? temporary storage of materials, or support of b. Are there requirements for design of temporary propping upper floors of multistorey construction, for of multi-story construction and loading of the permanent example) needs to be assessed as in some structure during construction? situations it can govern the design. B2.14 Other Other loading, related to country-specific hazards a. For additional loads that may be applicable please state (volcanic, tsunami, should be covered by the code. Refer to hazards loading type and whether there is sufficient information and so forth) identified in component A2.1. to make safe calculations of design loads in combination with other actions? B3 GEOTECHNICAL & SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN B3.1 Site Since soil properties can vary greatly, site-specific a. Are there requirements for geotechnical site Investigations data is essential for safe and appropriate design investigations depending on the site location, scale and of foundations. A site investigation should type of construction? also inform the designer of external works, site b. Are there requirements for investigation and testing grading or retention systems. to determine the potential for soil to liquefy in seismic event? c. Do site investigation requirements include: i. Understanding the geology of the site and associated hazards? ii. Soil strength properties for foundation design? iii. Ground water level? iv. Assessment of geotechnical instability due to construction activities and in-ground features or topography? v. Hazardous materials and ground gas? vi. Chemicals that may affect durability of foundations? Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B3 GEOTECHNICAL & SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN B3.2 Design The findings of the site investigations are a. Are there provisions for the calculation of geotechnical parameters used to determine criteria for the design of the design parameters based on site investigation substructures and model the behavior of the information? building subjected to geotechnical actions or in a b. Are different soil types defined (for seismic design), based seismic event. on geotechnical parameters? c. Are there provisions for the calculation of soil pressures taking into account ground water and consideration of floatation based on design flood levels? d. Are there provisions for the calculation of seismic earth pressures? e. Are load combinations for geotechnical design provided? f. Are factors of safety specified in relation to the following? i. bearing? ii. sliding? iii. overturning? iv. floatation? v. soil creep? B3.3 Foundations Foundations are the structural elements that a. Are there design and detailing requirements for shallow transfer the building loads to the ground and foundations, including ground deformation? transfer ground movements from seismic activity b. Are there provisions related to seismic design and to the building, above. Depending on the soil detailing of shallow foundations? conditions, these foundations may be shallow c. Are there design and detailing requirements for deep (transferring the loads through bearing of strip or foundations including ground deformations? pad foundations) or deep foundations, such as d. Are there provisions related to seismic design and piles. detailing of deep foundations? e. Are there provisions for design of foundations on sites susceptible to liquefaction? f. Are there provisions related to checking safety against sliding of foundations under lateral loading? g. Is there provision for the capacity design of foundations under seismic loading (for example, overstrength factors or alternative requirements to check that the foundations have greater capacity than the superstructure under seismic loading)? B3.4 Retaining a. Are design procedures prescribed for different types of structures retaining structures, including reinforced earth? Please specify. b. Are there limits on application of different types of temporary and permanent earth retention systems? c. Are there provisions for seismic design of retaining walls? (including unbalanced earth pressures on a basement) d. Are there provisions for verifying slope stability? B3.5 Ground bearing a. Are there provisions for design of ground bearing slabs slabs (slabs on grade)? B3.6 Waterproofing It is important to protect buried portions of the a. Are there requirements for waterproofing of structures in structures from moisture to maintain structural contact with the ground? integrity. Additionally, control of water vapor b. Are there special requirements for containment of water within buildings is part of maintaining a safe and for structures below flood levels? comfortable internal environment. c. Is provision made for freeze-thaw protection of foundations? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 39 40 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B3 GEOTECHNICAL & SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN B3.7 Buried a. Are there provisions for design and detailing of buried structures structures (for example, exposure to aggressive soils, such as salination of groundwater in coastal areas, or below water table, generally?) B3.8 Excavation and a. Are there requirements for excavations (for example: to fill prevent undermining existing footings)? b. Are there requirements for selection and compaction of fill? B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.1 General This section addresses the code provisions with a. What types of construction materials are addressed by methods for the analysis of structural behavior the code? (See individual components for coverage within and verification of the design of structural each material type): elements in various construction materials, i. concrete (ref. subcomponent B4.3) covering all common construction typologies and ii. structural steel (ref. subcomponent B4.4) methodologies. It is important that the methods iii. masonry materials (any type) (ref. subcomponent are compatible with the principles upon which B4.5) the code is based as set out in the previous iv. timber (ref. subcomponent B4.6) components. v. earthen construction (ref. subcomponent B4.7) vi. bamboo vii. vegetative construction viii. wattle and daub ix. aluminum x. glass xi. other – please specify b. Are there other construction materials commonly used in the country that are not covered? i. If so, please specify. B4.2 Seismic Design B4.2.1 Basic This section describes the methods for analyzing a. Do the seismic design provisions address the following principles of the behavior of structures in a seismic event, topics: conceptual design determining how loads are transferred to different i. Regularity: requirements and provisions related to structural elements in the building, and design plan regularity/irregularity? approaches for compliance with the performance ii. Regularity: requirements and provisions related to requirements. vertical regularity/irregularity? iii. Regularity: requirements and provisions related to Structural regularity is one of the key conceptual torsional regularity/irregularity? requirements for adequate seismic response. iv. Redundancy requirements for the design of the lateral Structural redundancy allows for increased load-resisting system? energy dissipation during a seismic event, thus contributing to the safety of the building and its occupants. Redundancy may correspond to having a minimum number of vertical elements of a lateral load-resisting system (for example, walls, frames) that need to be provided in each horizontal direction. Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.2 Seismic Design B4.2.2 Control of Displacements imposed by seismic action need a. Do the seismic design provisions address the following deformations to be accommodated by the building without topics: significant damage. Their magnitude depends on i. Second-order (P-delta) effects? multiple factors, such as soil conditions or the ii. Soil–structure interaction? slenderness of the building. iii. Minimum building separation/seismic joint requirements (to prevent pounding)? To prevent pounding damage, that is, damage due to impact/contact between neighboring buildings due to their deformation during a seismic event, codes specify ways to estimate the required size of seismic joints for a design level earthquake. B4.2.3 Effectiveness Inertia loads need to be transmitted from the a. Are there provisions related to the seismic design of of lateral load- building floors to the lateral load-resisting system, diaphragms to ensure that load can be transferred to resisting system requiring sufficient stiffness and strength of floor vertical elements of the lateral load-resisting system? slabs/elements. b. Is there a differentiation in design provisions for the case of rigid diaphragms and for flexible diaphragms? Inertia loads are required to follow the load-path c. Are there provisions related to transfer of load from through the lateral load-resisting system down to superstructure to foundation elements? the foundation elements. B4.2.4 Control of The seismic response may be mitigated through a. Are there provisions related to passive seismic control vibrations the adoption of base isolation and anti-seismic devices? devices. b. Are there provisions for design of structures equipped with base isolation devices? c. Are there provisions related to the design of structures with energy dissipation devices, often called dampers (for example, braces with added damping, rocking systems with damping) or other anti-seismic devices? B4.2.5 Force Most seismic codes allow for the use of ductility a. Do the provisions include modification factors for forces reduction factors modification factors (often referred to as force and displacements depending on the expected behavior reduction factors or behavior factors) which of the type of lateral load-resisting system? may be applied both to seismic forces and displacements, in order to take into account that a ductile structure will experience non-linear behavior and dissipate the seismic input energy (corresponding to the expected ductility level). B4.2.6 Importance An increased level of seismic loading may be a. Do the criteria include Importance Factors for seismic Factors prescribed for more important structures (for design? example, critical buildings for post-earthquake recovery or buildings hosting a large number of occupants). This is typically achieved by assigning an Importance Factor for different building types. B4.2.7 Deformation The building performance (both structural and a. Are there provisions related to drift limits under seismic limits non-structural) may depend on the level of lateral loading? displacement (drift) which it experiences during i. If yes, are there drift limits for critical structural a design level earthquake. Typically, interstorey elements as well as for non-structural elements? drift limits are set depending on the type of structural system, construction material, and the non-structural interior and exterior vertical components (partition walls, cladding). 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 41 42 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.2 Seismic Design B4.2.8 Performance Damage of non-structural components can a. Are there provisions for the seismic design of non- of non-structural contribute significantly to losses and affect the structural components? elements extent of repairs required for re-occupancy of the i. If yes, are there design methods for limiting the building after an earthquake. damage to these elements under a design-level earthquake? b. If design of non-structural components is included, please note all that apply: i. Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) services equipment ii. Façade elements (including movement joints) iii. Masonry infill walls iv. Other types of infill walls (for example, clay tile, concrete, and so on) v. Lightweight partitions vi. Parapets/appendages vii. Other – please specify in the comments B4.2.9 Analysis With respect to seismic analysis methods, a. Do the design approaches include analysis through an methods and design most codes allow for equivalent static analysis equivalent static loading? approaches procedures to be applied, usually for regular and/ i. If yes, is it limited to some types of building structural or low- to mid-rise buildings. typologies (for example limited height/number of floors)? To capture the building’s dynamic response to b. Do the design approaches include the development of earthquake ground shaking more accurately, linear elastic modal response spectrum analyses and most seismic codes allow for the use of a design verifications? response spectrum together with modal response spectrum analysis. To capture non-linear response for buildings that c. Do the design approaches include the development of non- satisfy certain regularity requirements, some linear static pushover analyses and verifications? seismic codes give the option to perform a non- linear pushover analysis (this is when a set of equivalent static loads are applied incrementally to a model where non-linear behavior is captured in the analysis to better understand damage patterns and failure mechanisms). B4.2.10 Directional Combination of horizontal seismic loads in a. Do the provisions include consideration of biaxial combinations two orthogonal directions, as well as in vertical horizontal and vertical seismic components and their direction is needed to evaluate the performance combination rules? of structures subjected to earthquakes. B4.2.11 Requirements In order to perform linear or non-linear time a. Do the design approaches include the development of for time-history history (sometimes referred to as response time history dynamic analyses and verifications? analyses history) dynamic analyses, a set of site-specific i. If yes, do the provisions include requirements related acceleration time histories need to be developed. to developing site-specific acceleration time histories? Provisions will typically set out the requirements for time history development and the number of time histories required for analyses. Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.3 Concrete B4.3.1 General Concrete is commonly used in building a. Are there requirements for the design of the following foundations and frames, including multistorey, types of concrete structures (if by reference, please state high-rise construction. standard[s]): i. Reinforced concrete (RC), A code needs to include design provisions for ii. Precast concrete (PCC), reinforced, precast and post-tensioned structures iii. Post-tensioned (PT)? to ensure their structural resilience. b. Do the concrete design provisions and verifications align with the performance criteria stated in the Basis of Design (for example compatible load combinations and material properties for strength and serviceability design verification)? c. Do the provisions cover analysis and modelling of concrete structures? d. Do design provisions include serviceability requirements, such as: i. Acceptable crack widths for elements in flexure? ii. Deflections – including effects of long-term creep and shrinkage? iii. Floor vibration? e. Do the design provisions include minimum requirements for specified fire-resistance rating (FRR)? f. Are there requirements for the design of concrete structures for internal stresses resulting from early age shrinkage? B4.3.2 Seismic design a. Do design provisions include seismic design and detailing of concrete structures of concrete structures? b. If yes, please confirm which lateral systems are covered: i. Cast-in-place concrete moment frame – low ductility ii. Cast-in-place concrete moment frame – medium ductility iii. Cast-in-place concrete moment frame – high ductility iv. Cast-in-place concrete shear walls – low ductility v. Cast-in-place concrete shear walls – high ductility vi. Cast-in-place concrete – dual frame-wall systems vii. Precast concrete moment frame? viii. Precast concrete wall system (for example, large panel buildings) ix. Cast-in-place concrete frame with masonry infill walls x. Post-tensioned concrete moment frame B4.3.3 Concrete a. Are material design properties provided for commonly materials available/used concrete grades? (both long- and short- term properties) b. Are minimum strength grades of concrete specified (in cube/cylinder)? c. Are there requirements for the design of concrete mix for strength and durability? d. Does concrete mix guidance permit cement replacements and admixtures to reduce cement content? e. Are there provisions for the use of recycled aggregates? f. Are design material properties provided for steel reinforcement? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 43 44 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.3 Concrete B4.3.4 Concrete Do the provisions cover the design for effects of axial force, element design bending, shear, torsion for the following building elements: a. Horizontal floor/roof systems: i. One-way spanning slabs (supported on beams or walls) ii. One-way ribbed slabs (supported on beams or walls) iii. Two-way spanning slabs (supported on beams or walls) iv. Two-way waffle/coffered slabs (supported on beams or walls) v. Flat slabs (supported on columns, including punching shear checks) vi. Precast floor systems (for example hollow core RC slabs) b. Frame elements: i. Beams ii. Columns iii. Structural walls iv. Stair structures B4.3.5 Concrete a. Are there provisions for the design of curtailment/ detailing anchorage of reinforcement? i. If yes, are these consistent with material availability and accreditation? (including ductility) b. Are provisions in place for ductile detailing of reinforcement for seismic performance (such as confinement requirements, lap splice requirements and transverse reinforcement spacing and detailing requirements)? c. Are minimum reinforcement quantities specified (please note the elements to which they apply)? d. Are there provisions for the design of fixings or anchors into concrete construction? B4.3.6 Simplified Simplified rules may be provided for the a. Are simplified engineering rules provided for simple, concrete design rules compliant design of certain concrete buildings regular concrete buildings? by engineers. This may include sizing tables, i. If yes, please specify the building typologies to which simplified design procedures and associated they apply. requirements to permit the engineering design of some elements and simple, regular buildings of a certain size/height, and/or in specified locations without the need for complex analysis and design. Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.4 Steel B4.4.1 General Structural steel can be used in many kinds of a. Are there requirements for engineering analysis and building structures. It is often the chosen material design of steel structures? for lightweight, long-span structures. i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). b. Do the steel design provisions and verifications align It is important that the code includes design with the performance criteria stated in the Basis of provisions and that the design methodology and Design (for example compatible load combinations and material design parameters are compatible with material properties for strength and serviceability design the locally available materials and fabrication verification). capability. c. Are there requirements for the design for steel/concrete composite structures? d. Do the provisions cover analysis of steel structures? e. Do design provisions include performance requirements that cover: i. Displacements? ii. Assessment of steel structures for vibration (including dynamic excitation) and fatigue? B4.4.2 Seismic design a. Do design provisions include seismic design and detailing? of steel structures b. If seismic design and detailing is covered, please confirm which systems are covered: i. Steel moment frame – low ductility ii. Steel moment frame – medium ductility iii. Steel moment frame – high ductility iv. Steel braced frame – concentric braces v. Steel braced frame – eccentric braces vi. Steel braced frame – buckling restrained braces vii. Dual systems (please specify) viii. Light gauge steel stud construction and bracing ix. Composite construction (steel encased in concrete) x. Composite floors B4.4.3 Steel materials a. Are material properties provided for readily available steel grades (including partial material factors)? b. Are the design parameters consistent with locally used or readily available shapes of steel members? B4.4.4 Steel element a. Do the provisions cover the design for combined effects design of axial force, bending, shear, and torsion for the following building elements: i. Steel rafters/floor beams ii. Steel trusses iii. Light gauge steel iv. Composite floor beams v. Steel columns/struts vi. Composite steel/concrete columns vii. Composite floor: concrete slab on profiled metal decking viii. Rods and cables B4.4.5 Steel detailing a. Are there requirements for the design of protection of steel against corrosion and fire? b. Do the provisions include the design of steel connections? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 45 46 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.4 Steel B4.4.6 Simplified steel Simplified rules may be provided for the compliant a. Are simplified engineering rules provided for simple, design rules design of certain steel buildings by engineers. regular steel buildings? This may include sizing tables, simplified design i. If yes, please specify the building typologies to which procedures and associated requirements to they apply. permit the engineering design of some elements and simple, regular buildings of a certain size/ height, and/or in specified locations without the need for complex analysis and design. B4.5 Masonry B4.5.1 General A code needs to include design provisions for a. Are there design requirements for unreinforced masonry? unreinforced, confined, and reinforced masonry i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). structures to ensure their structural resilience. b. Are there design requirements for confined masonry? i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). c. Are there design requirements for reinforced masonry? i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). d. Do requirements cover seismic design and detailing? i. If yes, please specify the building typologies to which they apply. e. Do design provisions include for serviceability requirements, including: i. Displacements (including effects of long-term creep, wind and thermal effects)? ii. Design of expansion/contraction joints? f. Do the design provisions include minimum requirements for specified fire-resistance rating (FRR)? B4.5.2 Masonry Masonry units are frequently locally a. Does the standard specify requirements related to materials manufactured and may see large variation in minimum material properties/strength of common locally manufacturing and construction quality. available masonry materials? i. Clay masonry units (solid bricks and hollow blocks) ii. Concrete masonry units (solid and hollow) iii. Stone iv. Mortar v. Grout (for reinforced masonry) vi. Other (please specify) b. If material properties are not provided, are there requirements for determining design properties? c. Are there inspection and testing requirements to verify strength assumptions (such as a prism test)? B4.5.3 Masonry a. Do the provisions cover the design for the effects of element design axial force (including slenderness), out-of-plane bending, in-plane shear for the following vertical elements (note if provided for Unreinforced masonry (UM), Reinforced masonry (RM), Confined masonry (CM) and if any effects missing): i. Solid masonry walls (including walls with openings) ii. Cavity masonry walls iii. Piers in solid masonry walls iv. Masonry piers v. Freestanding external wall (without head restraint) vi. Masonry retaining wall vii. Masonry arches and vaults Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.5 Masonry B4.5.4 Masonry a. Are there provisions for the design of bearing supports detailing due to concentrated loads on masonry walls? b. Are there provisions for prevention of transmission of moisture from ground into the superstructure (for example in a form of barrier/flashing)? c. Are there provisions for design of anchorages fixing into masonry construction? d. Are there provisions for the design of ties in cavity wall construction? B4.5.6 Simplified Simplified rules may be provided for the compliant a. Are simplified rules provided for the design of simple, masonry design rules design of certain masonry buildings by engineers. regular buildings of masonry construction? This may include sizing tables, simplified design i. If yes, please specify the building typologies and procedures and associated requirements to masonry types to which they apply. permit the engineering design of some elements and simple, regular buildings of a certain size/ height, and/or in specified locations without the need for complex analysis and design. B4.6 Timber B4.6.1 General This component relates to the structural design a. Are there requirements for engineering analysis and of timber structures, including engineered timber design of timber structures? materials such as plywood and glulam. i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). b. Do the timber design provisions and verifications align with the performance criteria stated in the Basis of Design (for example compatible load combinations and material properties for strength and serviceability design verification). c. Are there any provisions for seismic design and detailing of timber structures? i. If yes, what types of lateral systems are covered (please list)? d. Do design provisions include for serviceability requirements, including: i. Deflections – including effects of long-term creep? ii. Floor vibration? e. Do the requirements cover minimum section sizes of elements for specified fire-resistance rating (FRR)? B4.6.2 Timber a. Are material design properties provided for a range of materials available timber grades and engineered timber products? Please note all that apply. i. Soft wood ii. Hard wood iii. Plywood iv. Engineered timber (cross laminated timber (clt), glulam) v. Other (please specify) b. Are there provisions for determination of timber grade? c. Are there modification factors to material properties for: i. Exposure in use (internal/external): ii. Load duration? d. Are there minimum sustainability requirements for timber sourcing? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 47 48 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.6 Timber B4.6.3 Timber a. Do the provisions cover the design for the effects of axial element design force, bending, shear, torsion for the following building elements? i. Structural flooring (planks, ply, etc.) ii. Timber floor and roof joists (sawn timber) iii. Timber floor and roof joists (rounds) iv. Timber floor diaphragm v. Beams (solid timber and built-up sections) vi. Timber/steel flitch beams vii. Timber trusses (nailed) viii. Timber trusses (bolted) ix. Columns (solid timber) x. Columns (built up sections) xi. Structural walls (including timber shear walls) B4.6.4 Timber a. Do provisions include design of connections: detailing i. For bolted timber–timber connections? ii. For nailed timber–timber connections? iii. For diaphragm floors (including connection to vertical walls)? iv. For anchorage of roofs to supporting walls? v. For foundation anchorage? b. Are prescriptive rules provided for compliant connection design in timber? Please list types. c. Are there provisions for design and detailing to avoid moisture or insect damage? B4.6.5 Simplified Simplified rules may be provided for the design a. Are simplified design rules provided for simple, regular timber design rules of certain buildings by engineers. This may timber buildings? include sizing tables, simplified procedures i. If yes, please specify the building typologies to which and associated requirements to permit the they apply. engineering design of some elements and simple, regular buildings of a certain size/height, and/ or in specified locations without the need for complex analysis and design. B4.7 Earth B4.7.1 General Unfired earthen construction (including adobe a. Are there requirements for engineering analysis and block and rammed earth construction) is design of earthen structures? widely adopted around the world in vernacular i. If by reference, please specify standard(s). construction. It is typically less resource-intensive b. Does the standard specify requirements related to and considered more sustainable, compared to minimum material properties/strength of locally available other construction methods. earth materials? i. Adobe block construction Manufacture of adobe blocks and sourcing ii. Rammed earth construction of earth is typically local to the site and so iii. Stabilized earth block construction construction quality and durability is highly c. Are there any provisions for seismic design and detailing dependent on testing, assessment, mix and of earthen structures? If yes, please list (including grading of earth as well as manufacture and strengthening/reinforcement systems, as applicable). construction. d. Do the provisions cover the design for the effects of axial force, out-of-plane bending, in-plane shear for the following structural elements: i. Walls (with and without head restraint) ii. Arches and vaults e. Are there provisions for protection of earthen masonry from rainwater? Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN B4.7 Earth B4.7.2 Simplified Simplified rules may be provided for the design a. Are simplified design rules provided for simple, regular earthen construction of certain earthen buildings by engineers. This earthen buildings? design rules may include sizing tables, simplified procedures i. If yes, please specify the building typologies to which and associated requirements to permit the they apply. engineering design of some elements and simple, regular buildings of a certain size/height, and/ or in specified locations without the need for complex analysis and design. B4.8 Other materials B4.8 Other materials a. Are design requirements provided for other structural materials? i. If so, please specify which materials. b. Are material properties provided, or requirements for the determination of properties to be used for design? c. Do design provisions include cover analysis, seismic design and detailing? d. Does the code permit the use of further and new materials through “Alternative Solutions” to demonstrate compliance? B5 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION B5.1 Site safety & Site safety may be addressed in legislation a. Are there standards for construction site safety and site management outside the building code, but it is an important management? part of a safe and resilient construction industry. b. If yes, do they include the following? i. Working at height ii. Edge protection iii. Requirements for temporary works (including formwork) (note that design of temporary works is outside the scope of this assessment tool) iv. Control of vehicle movements v. Welfare provisions vi. Excavations and working in confined spaces vii. Control of hazardous materials viii. Lifting ix. Noise & vibrations x. Buried services xi. Protection of the public and the environment adjacent to and beyond the site boundary (including pedestrian protection as well as dust and pollution from construction activities). 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 49 50 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B5 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION B5.2 Construction It is essential for a code to contain requirements a. Are there minimum provisions for quality control of the practices & quality to ensure that appropriate construction practices construction of common structural elements (compatible control are adopted, buildings are constructed according with material design standards)? Do these cover: to the designs, and that material quality i. Foundations? standards are acceptable. ii. Slabs on grade? iii. Walls and columns? iv. Suspended floors and roofs? b. Are construction tolerance limits specified for dimensional control of horizontal and vertical structures? c. Are there requirements for quality control management and independent inspections? d. Are there requirements for on-site testing of materials where not certified by manufacturers/suppliers? e. If so, do these cover: i. Concrete? ii. Masonry (earth/adobe or concrete blocks)? iii. Mortars? iv. Reinforcing bars? v. Weld quality? f. Are there requirements for inspections of temporary works (including temporary stability of structures) and shoring of excavations? Note the design of temporary works is outside this assessment tool. B5.3 Demolition It is important that demolition be under controlled a. Are there provisions for safe demolition of structures? conditions and that materials are safely b. Are there provisions for safe disposal or reuse of repurposed or disposed of. materials? B6 EXISTING STRUCTURES B6.1 General a. Does the building code cover the design of: i. Alterations? ii. Additions? iii. Building renovations/rehabilitation? iv. Change of use and/or occupancy? v. Seismic retrofit? vi. Other types of retrofit that include structural improvements? (Also refer to section B1.1, scope) B6.2 Assessment of It cannot be assumed that the original a. Does the building code cover assessment of building structures construction materials and methods as well as vulnerability and/or damage? any subsequent modifications were compliant b. Does the building code include specific requirements for with the current building code. Furthermore, the material testing in the assessment of existing buildings? structure may have degraded through its life or c. Does the code provide specific criteria and procedures for have been damaged in the event of an earthquake assessing the performance of existing buildings? or in strong winds. d. Do the assessment procedures include provisions related to seismic assessment? Chapter 6 Table 3. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question B6 EXISTING STRUCTURES B6.3 Rehabilitation Rehabilitation is defined as the bringing of a. Are there provisions for the selection and design of and retrofit an existing building up to its original design rehabilitation and retrofitting measures? level of performance, often through repair, i. If yes, are seismic retrofitting provisions and strengthening and replacement of selected procedures included? elements. Rehabilitation remedies damage to b. In relation to the seismic retrofitting of existing buildings, structural elements that may occur as the result does the building code include: of a disaster, or from deterioration through lack of i. Provision for consideration of uncertainties in maintenance over time. geometry, material and detailing characteristics, as well as consideration of reliability in assessment and Retrofitting refers to modifications made to in retrofit design? structural and non-structural components that ii. Assessment and retrofit design procedures, and enhance the performance of a building: the specific requirements and verifications for members reinforcement or upgrading of existing structures of existing structures? to become more resistant and resilient to the iii. Prescriptive rules damaging effects of hazards. Retrofitting requires iv. Linear analysis consideration of the design and function of the v. Non-linear analysis structure, the demands that the structure may be subject to from particular hazards or hazard scenarios. For example, brittle unreinforced masonry walls could be retrofitted by jacketing them with reinforced concrete to improve performance under seismic loading. There may be different rules applied for retrofit of c. Are there any provisions and/or restrictions relating designated heritage structures. to assessment and retrofit/repairs/remedial works to heritage structures? B6.4 Alterations & The structural engineering design of any a. Does the code specify what type or size of addition additions new additions or alterations would need to requires building code compliance? be addressed by the building code. It is also i. If yes, does it specify a size or type of addition or important that the wider implications of these alteration that would require upgrade of the existing works be considered, and whether the works structure to current code provisions? require upgrade of existing retained structures to ii. Other, please note. current code requirements. There may be different rules applied for b. Are there special provisions relating to assessment for works to—and retrofit of—designated heritage alterations, additions to heritage structures? Also see structures. B6.3 for questions relating to rehabilitation and retrofit of heritage structures. B6.5 Maintenance & The structure needs to be maintained and used a. Are the designers required to provide information to the inspections in a way that is in accordance with the design building owners as regards safe loading and maintenance assumptions. during building life, including required inspections of critical elements? B7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR SMALL STRUCTURES B7.1 Prescriptive These requirements are for the design of a. Are prescriptive rules provided for buildings complying with rules for small simple building structures of common building rules on size, construction type, location and regularity? buildings typologies, without the need for engineering i. If yes, please specify limits/applicability. input. As such, it is important that the rules are ii. If yes, are these rules presented in a way that could be set out clearly with diagrams, where appropriate. easily interpreted correctly by non-engineers? Please add notes, as appropriate. iii. Do these rules include provisions for incremental additions and modifications? iv. Do these rules include provisions for design of foundations and simple methods for assessing soil conditions? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 51 52 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE 6.3 Interfaces with other Code but may not be considered as a structural sections engineering issue and so may be contained within related legislation or code sections. There are several related components which The table below includes further diagnostic affect the structural resilience of a building questions relating to these aspects. Table 4. Checklist for the Review of Related Provisions in Building Regulations Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question C1 MASTERPLANNING AND SITE PLAN C1 Site selection and Site selection and use, as well as building a. Do the planning and zoning rules and requirements (including planning location within a site can have a significant maps) at national and/or local level take into account site- effect on the exposure of a building to hazards. specific hazards? i. Please note which apply: (unstable soils, flood, slope stability, coastal erosion, in-ground structures, faults)? C2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND MASSING C2.1 Design for flood While the structural sections of the code may a. Are there rules about not locating critical services and/or or tsunami mitigation cover the engineering design of buildings occupied spaces below the design flood level? for flooding, there are measures that can be b. Are there requirements for the design of vents, valves or applied to the architectural design to mitigate other openings in the walls of enclosed spaces below the the associated risks to life safety and reduce design flood level to equalize lateral water pressures? loading on structures. These provisions c. Are there requirements to allow roof access for building would apply to buildings in flood or tsunami occupants in case of a flood event? inundation zones. d. Are there other specific requirements for the design of buildings with occupied zones below the design flood level? C2.2 Design for strong While the structural sections of the code should a. Are there requirements to protect facades from wind-borne winds cover the engineering design of the structure debris? for strong winds, there are mitigation measures i. If yes, please note if this applies to certain contexts. in relation to building geometry and detailing b. Are there requirements to design non-structural cladding that can reduce the loads applied to the building and appendages (cladding including roof cladding, gutters, and hence reduce vulnerability. equipment and so forth) to resist strong winds? c. Are there requirements to detail façade to resist water ingress during a strong wind event? C2.3 Design for snow In regions susceptible to high snow loading, the a. Where snow accumulation is anticipated, are there configuration and profile or roof geometry will provisions for rails on pitched roofs (or other means) to have a significant effect on the accumulation reduce the risk of dangerous snow slips? of snow, and hence the loads that might be applied to the roof structures. Additionally, sudden snow slips from pitched roofs can present a risk to people and property. C2.4 Acoustic In some situations, such as party floors a. Does the code specify minimum construction build-ups for separation in multistorey apartment blocks, there acoustic separation? are acoustic requirements that prescribe minimum floor construction to satisfy acoustic separation. This may govern choice of structural system over simple load or fire requirements. Chapter 6 Table 4. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question C2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND MASSING C2.5 Fire protection Fire protection will be required for structural a. Are there provisions for the design of fire protection/ elements without inherent fire resistance. enclosure to protect structural elements? C3 RESOURCE-EFFICIENT DESIGN C3.1 Reducing The best way to optimize resource use within a. Are limits set for maximum embodied carbon in the embodied carbon the structural frame is through choice of structural frame? through efficient structural system and spans at schematic i. If yes, is methodology and location/market-specific data design design stage. This is a difficult provision to provided for calculation? make compulsory, however guidance can be b. Are there provisions to reduce waste by encouraging the use provided regarding efficient span ranges and of standard sections or spans based on local availability? depths for different forms of construction and to discourage unnecessary transfer structures. Evaluation of the proposed resource use in the comparison of design options is a helpful way to select the best approach. Carbon limits have the potential to help encourage market supply to shift toward lower embodied carbon materials and solutions C3.2 Design for Consideration of flexibility of buildings for a. Do geotechnical provisions permit increase in bearing adaptation change of use or potential additions at the capacity for existing structures, to facilitate addition of earliest design stage can prolong the life storeys or change of use? of building assets. For some construction b. Are there requirements for provision of riser space for future methodologies, such as concrete frames, flexibility of services distribution through floor structures? adaptation may have significant implications c. Are there requirements to consider addition of solar thermal for the building’s overall integrity. or photovoltaic installations to roof structures? C4 COORDINATION C4.1 Building services Many essential building elements are not a. Are there requirements for the design of below-ground integration prescribed by the structural parts of the building drainage? code, but are required to be integrated into the i. If yes, are there requirements for access for maintenance structural design and detailing. Inadequate and repair? coordination can lead to errors in construction, b. Is drainage by soakaway permitted? building performance, or maintenance. i. If yes, are there requirements for construction near to shallow building foundations? c. Are there requirements for lightning protection? i. If yes, can it rely upon transmission through the structural frame or by external tape conductor to earthing pits? d. Are there requirements for designing the structural frame or elements for MEP (mechanical, electrical & plumbing) plant replacement during the life of the building (loads and access)? C4.2 Facades and a. Are there requirements for thermal break joints at facades to thermal envelope prevent cold bridging? i. If yes, are there permitted calculation methods for determination of design of joint to transmit structural forces where required? 6. Building Code Checklist for Structural Resilience 53 54 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Table 4. (cont.) Component Relevance /Description Diagnostic Question C5 MAINTENANCE C5.1 Maintenance & A maintenance and inspection regime is a. Are there requirements to make sure that maintenance inspections essential to ensure safe and long building life. and periodic inspections of structural and non-structural It is important that necessary maintenance elements are communicated to the client? and inspection activities are communicated b. Are there requirements to consider maintenance activities in to the users and can be carried out in a safe the design (for instance design for loading from maintenance manner. Damage to non-structural elements equipment)? can lead to exposure of structural elements to i. If yes, please note these. risk of damage. For example, damage to roof waterproofing can lead to water ingress that could corrode steel or rot timber. Appendix A: Regulatory Frameworks and Terminology Figure 1 depicted the typical structure of 2. The building act (or equivalent) includes building regulatory frameworks. However, general or high-level performance to some extent, each regulatory framework requirements and the building regulations and building regulation will be structured (or codes) include primarily performance- differently, as they vary between jurisdictions. based requirements where: The organization of the framework will largely i. Detailed criteria for compliance with depend on the country’s system of government the performance-based requirements (unitary, federal, and so forth), legislative of the regulations are in mandatory structure, administration at territory unit level provisions, possibly in other as well as the model used for the development documents. of the building regulations (if any). However, ii. Detailed criteria for compliance with many are variations on the following the performance-based requirements fundamental structures: of the regulations are in non- mandatory provisions, allowing the 1. The building act (or equivalent) includes use of alternative methods and tools. general or high-level performance 3. The building act (or equivalent) includes requirements and the building regulations general or high-level performance (or codes) typically comprise primarily requirements and the building regulations prescriptive-based requirements and (or codes) include a combination of compliance criteria, (although recent codes specific performance and prescriptive- tend also to include specific performance- based approaches). Appendix A – Regulatory frameworks and terminology 56 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE based requirements and compliance Building regulations must be uniform and criteria (hybrid approach). consistent, whether specifically developed for a country, region, or city, or where a jurisdiction Performance-based design and assessment references other international codes and (as noted in section 4.2) is the term used to standards (or a mix of the two). This is to help describe an engineering approach to designing prevent potential inconsistencies that may arise elements of a building based on meeting from: specific performance goals or requirements, such as for energy efficiency or seismic • Mixed use of incompatible reference performance objectives, without prescribing standards (for example, mixing of European restrictive rules or methods by which to achieve and US standards when they are not these goals. This is an evolution with respect to aligned); and more outdated prescriptive-based approaches. • Lack of a reference standard for each Compliance criteria must be defined for regulated area, as failing to provide verification of such performance requirements. standards leaves all decisions to the market, which could result in wide-ranging Regarding performance requirements, the “life variations of safety and resilience. safety” performance objective, as mentioned in section 3, has been traditionally adopted for Additionally, reference standards should structural design and assessment in terms of be aligned with all aspects of the building fulfilling the ultimate limit state requirements. regulatory system capacity, including product This corresponds to a level of building testing, approval and supply chains (for performance where a building can sustain example, it would create challenges if a US significant damage to both structural and non- material test standard were cited in a country structural components, for example during a that lacks test facilities able to test to that design earthquake, while retaining a margin of standard, or if materials that comply with the safety against either partial or total structural standard are unavailable in the market). collapse. This ensures a low risk of loss of life, life-threatening injuries, or entrapment, but Finally, the regulatory framework may also does not preclude the eventuality that the include the so-called “Approved Documents” building may be uneconomic to repair. or “Compliance Documents” for construction products and structural components which However, structural resilience requires that should be carefully aligned and compatible performance objectives aim for stricter with structural provisions in standards and requirements, in terms of design for fulfilling regulations. serviceability limit states, namely including “damage limitation” and “immediate occupancy” performance objectives for cost- effective repair or continuity of use of the buildings. Appendix B: Methodology of the Checklist Development The checklist for Structural Resilience was • Development of a diagnostic checklist for developed through the following steps: code components and subcomponents to assess the coverage and depth of the • Desk-based study of global examples of structural provisions of the building code; and building codes, to understand different • Consultation with World Bank BRR team frameworks, influential international codes and expert peer reviewers with extensive and common practices (code structure, experience in code evaluation to refine relation to other standards, depth of questions. Draft versions of the checklist regulatory guidance, how guidance is were piloted in several countries, and presented and accessed); feedback has been incorporated into the • Identification of the critical structural final checklist questions. provisions included in building codes, and categorization of the key topics to develop Going forward, there will be ongoing review the tool’s component and subcomponent and feedback from users to inform updates. structure (see Figure 5); • Development of a questionnaire to The desk study included codes from a variety of describe the fundamental characteristics countries with different geographical and socio- of the country context (construction and economic conditions as well as international professional practices; potential hazards); standards and model codes, as below: Appendix B – Methodology of the checklist development 58 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Africa: South Africa, Algeria, Kenya; Asia: Singapore, India, Indonesia; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; Latin America and Caribbean: CUBiC, OECS, Colombia, Peru; North America: IBC, ASCE, ACI, AISC (USA) and NBCC (Canada); Europe: Eurocodes, Building Regulations (England and Wales). Appendix C: Building Typology Assessments A building typology assessment describes the World Bank Global Program for Safer prevalent building materials, construction Schools (GPSS), Global Library for School methodologies (for both sub- and Infrastructure (GLOSI) taxonomy: https:// superstructure), sizes, locations, uses and gpss.worldbank.org/sites/gpss/files/knowledge_ associated vulnerabilities through the profiling products/2019/2_TAXONOMY_HIGHRES.pd and description of common building types. This should include vernacular and non-engineered World Housing Encyclopedia: Construction typologies as well as emerging construction types (world-housing.net) https://www.world- technologies. housing.net Preparation and review of these assessments Global Earthquake model (GEM): should help the checklist reviewers understand • GEM Building Taxonomy: GitHub - gem/ the potential application of the code and gem_taxonomy: GEM Building Taxonomy consider the coverage within this context, • Taxonomy tool: TaxtWEB - GEM building especially if they do not have direct familiarity taxonomy editor (openquake.org) with the country’s construction practices. The • “Global Exposure Model – Comprehensive lead reviewer should consider what scope and datasets of the residential, commercial format this should take depending on the needs and industrial building stock” https://www. of the team and variations in typologies across globalquakemodel.org/product/global- the country. exposure-model The following resources can be helpful in A Building Classification for Multi- describing the structural attributes of the hazard Risk Assessment. Silva, V., Brzev, construction typologies: S., Scawthorn, C., Yepes, C., Dabbeek, J. & Crowley, H., 2022. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, Vol. 13, pp. 161–177. Appendix C – Building typology assessments Workers building a wooden house in Nigeria, Africa. © agafapaperiapunta A recent study estimated that there were approximately 1.5 billion buildings globally in 2021 and global building stock is predicted to grow significantly over the coming decades. This growth in building stock creates higher levels of exposure to disaster risk as well as more periodic, chronic stresses such as extreme heat and localized fire and flooding events. It was also found that less than 13 percent of the global building stock was built according to design regulations with seismic provisions, although almost half is exposed to moderate to high seismic hazard. Climate change is expected to drive an increase in extreme weather and related events that can damage buildings and affect the comfort of people who inhabit them. Adequate urban planning, building design and construction practices aimed at structural safety and resilience significantly decrease the potential for structural damage and loss. This checklist aims to facilitate standardized and rigorous approach for review of the structural provisions of building codes and regulations for structural safety and resilience through a set of diagnostic questions.