Korea Regional Technology & Innovation Lab EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES CURATION SERIES Issue #2: Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS WB Korea Office Hoon Sahib Soh (Special Representative), Sameer Goyal (Program Manager), Zaki B. Khoury (Senior Digital Development Specialist), and Kevin Yunil Kim (Operations Analyst) WBG, Information Technology Solutions, Technology and Innovation Lab (ITSTI) Yusuf Karacaoglu (Director and Senior Advisor), Stela Mocan (Lead IT Officer), Ji Ho Shin (IT Officer), Jinhee Park (IT Officer), and Mert Ozdag (IT Officer) © 2021 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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Korea Regional Technology & Innovation Lab EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES CURATION SERIES Issue #2: Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact Contents Acronyms....................................................................................5 Abstract......................................................................................6 I. The “ABCs” of Edge Computing: A Primer.............................................................. 8 II. Importance of Edge Computing in Development.................................................... 12 III. Applications of Edge Computing by Sector................................................................ 15 IV. Edge Computing In Korea........................... 20 1. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES................................................20 1.1 Strategy, Policy, and Public Investments in Edge Computing Ecosystem Development.................................................................... 20 1.2 Key Government Bodies Supporting the Korean Edge Ecosystem........................................................................................... 21 2. PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES ............................................22 2.1 Transport/Autonomous Vehicles................................................... 22 2.2 Electronics/Semiconductor........................................................... 22 2.3 Telcom Service Providers/Network............................................... 23 2.4 Smart City/Manufacturing/Retail................................................... 24 3. CONSIDERATIONS....................................... 25 4 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact Acronyms 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project AI Artificial intelligence AR Augmented reality AV Autonomous vehicle CERT Computer Emergency Response Team DD Digital Development Global Practice ETRI Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FCI Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Global Practice IITP Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation IoT Internet of Things ITSTI Information Technology Solutions, Technology, and Innovation Lab/Unit KETI Korea Electronics Technology Institute KIAT Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology KITECH Korea Institute of Industrial Technology KISA The Korea Internet Security Agency MIoT Massive IoT MIST Ministry of Science and ICT (Information and Communications Technology) MEC Multi-access Edge Computing NIPA National IT Industry Promotion Agency PCFIR Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution PGHD Patient-generated Health Information ROK Republic of Korea (South Korea) SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SMIC Smart Manufacturing Innovation Center Telecoms Telecommunication companies US United States VR Virtual Reality WBG World Bank Group Acronyms 5 ABSTRACT Edge computing increases energy efficiency, reduces latency, and provides context awareness for compute-intensive applications far from data centers, increasing the viability of technologies such as autonomous transport and augmented/ virtual reality. The Emerging Technologies Curation Series aims to capture and share Korea’s experience and lessons learned in regard to exploration and adoption of emerging technologies like Blockchain, AI, Edge-computing, IoT, 5G, etc. AI “edge computing,” the second of the series, provides a short description of edge computing and its potential for solving development challenges and key highlights of Korea’s experiences. The Korea edge computing note is a collaboration effort of the WB Korea Country Office, the ITS Technology & Innovation Lab/Unit, the Digital Development (DD) Global Practice, and the Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation (FCI) Global Practice. 6 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact I. THE “ABCS” OF EDGE COMPUTING: A PRIMER I. The “ABCs” of Edge Computing: A Primer E dge computing is a distributed information architecture where information is processed at the edge of the network, as close as possible to the information source. As the number of data sources and size of data being generated increase, it becomes inefficient and slow to transmit all this data to the cloud for processing. The number of internet of things (IoT) devices and the data they produce are increasing day by day. According to Cisco’s newly renamed Annual Internet Report, networked devices around the globe will total 29.3 billion in 2023, outnumbering humans by more than three to one. The number of overall connected devices: 29.3 billion networked devices by 2023 compares to 18.4 billion in 2018. The report also anticipates that the IoT will spread to 50 percent of all networked devices through machine-to-machine (M2M) technology and that the internet will reach 5.3 billion people in 2023, compared to 3.9 billion in 2018. In simplest terms, edge computing moves some portion of storage and computing resources out of the central data center and closer to the source of the data itself. Rather than trans- mitting raw data to a central data center for processing and analysis, that work is instead performed where the data are generated—whether that is a retail store, a factory floor, a sprawling utility, or across a smart city. Only the result of that computing work performed at the edge, such as real-time business insights, equipment maintenance predictions, or other actionable answers, is sent back to the main data center for review and other human interactions. Edge computing does not replace the cloud; it simply puts the parts of the applications that need to be closer to the endpoints where they belong. It’s a type of hybrid cloud in which data do not have to shuttle back and forth between far-away servers and user devices.1 Edge is part of a spectrum of computing capabilities that will change the data processing capabilities of both cloud providers and telecommunication companies (Telecoms). ...some applications require very high speed, which can only be achieved when computational power is located close to the user at the network’s “edge.”2 1 Bigelow, Stephen J. 2020. “What Is Edge Computing? Everything You Need to Know.” SearchDataCenter. October 12, 2020. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/edge-computing. 2 The World Bank Group. “World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives.” World Bank. Accessed April 01, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2021. 8 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) offers application developers and content providers cloud-computing capabilities and an information technology (IT) service environment at the edge of the network. This environment is characterized by ultra-low latency and high bandwidth as well as real-time access to radio network information that can be leveraged by applications. MEC provides a new ecosystem and value chain (see Figure 1). Operators can open their Radio Access Network (RAN) edge to authorized third parties, allowing them to deploy innovative applications and services flexibly and rapidly toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and vertical segments.3 One could argue that edge computing has existed for some time—local infrastructure has been used for computing and storage, be it end-devices, gateways or on-premises data centers. However, edge computing, or edge cloud, refers to bringing the flexibility and openness of cloud-native infrastructure to that local infrastructure.4 3 Dahmen-Lhuissier, Sabine. 2021. “Multi-access Edge Computing—Standards for MEC.” ETSI. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing. 4 “Telco Edge Computing: What’s the Operator Strategy?” STL Partners. November 4, 2020. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/research/telco-edge-computing-whats-the-operator-strategy/. I. The “ABCs” of Edge Computing: A Primer 9 FIGURE 1. Multi-access Edge Computing End-device Enterprise Access Point Access Transport Core Internet Network Network Edge Computing Telco Edge Computing Multi-access Edge Computing/Network Edge On Premise Edge Computing Sensor, Server, Customer Micro cell, Central office CDN, central CDN, actuator, IoT gateway premises macro cell, office data center robot, drone, equipment, cabinet etc. Set Top Box, mobile phone, CDN, internet exchange SIM, gateway / router KEY: Telco-owned May not be telco-owned Not telco-owned Network Peering/ Hyperscale/ Device Customer Access Aggregation Core Exchange/ Private Edge Network Points Network Telco DCs Cloud Level 1: Level 2: Level 3: Level 4: Level 5: 5-12 ms 10-20 ms 20-25 ms 25-50+ ms 30-75+ms End- Customer Cell towers, C-RAN, Central Peering Data devices premises: street exchange offices, points, centers homes, cabinets exchange/ internet offices, (fixed or core data exchange, factories, etc. mobile) centers co-location Network Edge Source: STL Partners (2020). 10 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact II. IMPORTANCE OF EDGE COMPUTING IN DEVELOPMENT I. The “ABCs” of Edge Computing: A Primer 11 II. Importance of Edge Computing in Development T here are various advantages to edge computing. It solves problems such as low latency or network congestions. Particularly, data can be accumulated through IoT devices. Edge computing is expected to bring the following four advantages to a variety of potential areas.5 Advantages of Edge Computing6 Low latency: Edge devices are typically installed closer to the end device, through which the data source and processing outcomes are transmitted. As a result, transmission latency can be significantly reduced compared to cloud computing scenarios. For example, transmission latency typically takes tens of milliseconds between the end user and the cloud server, while edge computing takes milliseconds or even microseconds. In addition, 5G technology maximizes these advantages in terms of low-latency transmission. It furthers the capability of emerging technologies and applications such as autonomous driving, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Energy efficiency: IoT devices typically have limited energy supply due to the size or usage senarios, and they usually perform very complex tasks, which are very power consuming. Given that frequent battery charging/ discharging can be costly, designing a cost-effective solution capable of powering numerous decentralized IoT devices is unattainable. With edge computing, millions of IoT devices can offload the most power-consuming computing tasks to edge servers and enhance processing efficiency. Edge computing brings a number of benefits to the Internet of Things: reduced latency, improved resiliency and availability, lower costs, and local data storage (to assist with regulatory compliance).7 5 Mtshali, Mxolisi, Sabelo Dlamini, Matthew Adigun, and Pragasen Mudali. 2019. “Edge Computing for Emerging Markets Addressing African Needs.” 2019 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa). doi:10.23919/istafrica.2019.8764842. 6 “Deep Learning for Edge Computing Applications: A State-of-the-Art Survey.” IEEE Xplore. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9044329. 7 “What Is Edge Computing?” Cisco. March 29, 2021. Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/computing/what-is-edge-computing.html. 12 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact Context-aware services: Context-aware computing is a vital component of IoT and edge computing applications, as the context of the data can determine the quality of modeling of the collected data. The proximity nature allows the edge computing server to accumulate more contextual information for data processing. Privacy and Security: Edge computing is more effective in protecting users’ data privacy and application security than cloud computing. Laws and regulations on managing their data should be strictly reviewed and followed in an ethical manner. Therefore, sensitive information can be strictly monitored and managed by themselves. II. Importance of Edge Computing in Development 13 III. APPLICATIONS OF EDGE COMPUTING BY SECTOR 14 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact III. Applications of Edge Computing by Sector 1. ENERGY (remote monitoring of assets in the oil and gas industry and smart grids) In the oil and gas industry sector, remote monitoring is very important for safety reasons. Edge computing helps provide real-time analytics with processing much closer to the asset, allowing for less reliance on good quality connectivity to a centralized cloud.8 With edge computing, widespread adoption of smart grids can be more efficient. Edge computing can lessen the burden of the centralized cloud and can send amortized data or statistics. Companies and individuals may be able to better manage their energy consumption with smart grids. In addition, energy plants and offices can monitor energy use and analyze their consumption in real time with IoT devices and sensors connected to an edge platform on the ground. Understanding of the real-time energy consumption allows companies to strike new deals and increase the total amount of green energy.9 2. GAMING/AR/VR (cloud gaming and content delivery) Recent cloud gaming applications stream a live feed of a game directly to devices. They process and host their games in data centers, which results in a heavy reliance on a connection to these data centers with low latency. With edge technology, cloud gaming can move servers closer to gamers, which will help to reduce latency. This will escalate the user’s gaming experience by providing quick response times and an immersive gaming environment .10 In the development context, students in developing countries can benefit from immersive education that will allow learners to control the outcomes by connecting them with real experiences. 3. HEALTH (in-hospital patient monitoring) Edge computing on the hospital site will help patients’ health and data privacy/security. Currently, the monitoring devices such as glucose monitors, health tools, and other sensors are not interconnected or large amounts of unprocessed data from devices are required to 8 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 9 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 10 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. III. Applications of Edge Computing by Sector 15 be stored in a third-party cloud system. This causes data security/privacy problems for both patients and health care providers. Edge technology on the hospital site will process data locally to maintain data privacy. In addition, it can provide real-time analytics of the data and push the notification if there are any unusual patient behaviors or trends. This fast and efficient edge on the hospital site will also fully enable the artificial intelligence capabilities, such as pattern recognition, to intervene and provide better solutions.11 While IoT gadgets deliver huge amounts of Patient-Generated Health Information Data (PGHD), leveraging edge technology can help health care suppliers access essenitial data about patients in an efficient and continuous manner. This will in the future allow medical devices and health IoT gadgets to assemble and process information throughout diagnosis or treatment and provide better data for health professionals to make decisions.12 4. MANUFACTURING/RETAIL (predictive maintenance) Edge computing helps to bring the processing and storage of data closer to the equipment. Therefore, edge computing can play a vital role in smart manufacturing. For example, IoT sensors can monitor machine’s health without any delays and analyses on their performance in a real time. Manufacturers can analyze and detect changes in their production lines before any failures occur and identify issues by observing data.13 By stockpiling data from industrial equipment, manufacturers can better anaylze data to provide insightful service and adequate optimization to reduce costs and increase efficiency. This will lead manufacturers to establish perceptive manufacturing frameworks, which will benefit consumers in the future. 5. NETWORK/5G Virtualized radio access networks (vRANs) and 5G operators are increasingly looking to virtualize parts of their mobile networks. This has both cost and flexibility benefits. The new vRAN hardware needs to do complex processing with a low latency. Operators will therefore need edge servers to support virtualizing their radio access networks (RANs) close to the cell tower. By caching content—e.g., music, video stream, web pages—at the edge, content delivery can be greatly improved, and latency can be reduced significantly. As shown in Figure 2, content providers are looking to distribute Content Delivery Network (CDN) even more widely to the edge, thus guaranteeing flexibility and customization on the network, depending on user traffic demands.14 11 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 12 Writer, AIT Staff. 2020. “5 Innovative Applications of Edge Computing.” AiThority. March 24, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://aithority.com/ait-featured-posts/5-innovative-applications-of-edge-computing/. 13 Writer, AIT Staff. 2020. “5 Innovative Applications of Edge Computing.” AiThority. March 24, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://aithority.com/ait-featured-posts/5-innovative-applications-of-edge-computing/. 14 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 16 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact Figure 2. Content Delivery Network Game hosted on servers High bandwidth Mbps stream User gets video stream Internet Bringing servers closer to the edge Gamepad Demands reduces roundtrip time Source: STL Partners 6. SMART CITY (traffic management and public administration) Traffic management is one of the use cases where edge computing can provide significant benefits. Edge computing allows optimization of traffic based on real-time processing of the data considering bus frequency fluctuations, opening of extra lanes, and car flows. Without the need to send traffic data to a centralized cloud, edge computing can help traffic management and public administration in more efficient ways, with a reduced cost of bandwith and with a lower latency.15 Edge computing enables devices to control utilities and other public administrations to react to changing conditions in real time. By applying edge computing, smart cities—with an increasing number of IoT devices and autonomous vehicles (AVs)—can improve urban environments and change individuals lives, such as improving public safety or reducing traffic congestions.16 7. SMART HOMES/OFFICES The conventional architecture of smart home IoT devices often sends their data to a centralized remote server to process and store the data. This causes problems around backhaul network costs, latency, and security. Edge computing can help to bring the processing and storage closer to the smart home, reduce the long backhaul latency, and better secure sensitive information. In a simple example, AI voice-based assistant 15 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 16 Writer, AIT Staff. 2020. “5 Innovative Applications of Edge Computing.” AiThority. March 24, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://aithority.com/ait-featured-posts/5-innovative-applications-of-edge-computing/. III. Applications of Edge Computing by Sector 17 devices such as Google Home or Alexa can respond faster.17 Smart devices will be able to perform better by leveraging edge computing, from simple tasks such as adjusting thermostat settings and may allow functionality.18 8. TRANSPORT (autonomous vehicles) Autonomous platooning will benefit from edge computing where technologies can link trucks in a convoy that allows trucks to drive closer to one another and thus increase fuel efficiency.19 In addition, edge technology can play a vital role in detecting and providing signals to pedestrians near real time with the possibility to make a decision almost immediately (see Figure 3). Finally, edge technology allows different devices and systems to interact in a faster and more efficient way with enormous data sets such as weather data, accident data, traffic data, and others20. Figure 3. Edge Technology in Transport On vehicle edge Data streamed to edge compute analyses node for communication data from IoT sensors between vehicles in a and provides platoon. automated responses. IoT sensors detect road conditions, speed of vehicle, etc. Source: STL Partners 17 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 18 “Real-Life Use Cases for Edge Computing.” IEEE Innovation at Work. August 26, 2019. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://innovationatwork.ieee.org/real-life-edge-computing-use-cases/. 19 “10 Edge Computing Use Case Examples.” STL Partners. November 6, 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://stlpartners.com/edge-computing/10-edge-computing-use-case-examples/. 20 “Real-Life Use Cases for Edge Computing.” IEEE Innovation at Work. August 26, 2019. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://innovationatwork.ieee.org/real-life-edge-computing-use-cases/. 18 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact IV. EDGE COMPUTING IN KOREA III. Applications of Edge Computing by Sector 19 IV. Edge Computing In Korea 1. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES T he Korean government has been creating an enabling strategy, policy, and investment environment to support the development of the edge computing ecosystem. Korea’s central and local government organizations have been leading efforts to explore edge computing technology to enable innovation in government operations, public service delivery, and digital economy development. 1.1 Strategy, Policy, and Public Investments in Edge Computing Ecosystem Development In 2020, the government of South Korea announced plans for a multi-trillion won ‘new deal’ stimulus package including the ‘green new deal’ and the ‘digital new deal’ which will target digital technologies including artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and edge computing. The “new deal” aims to tackle the Korean economic crisis triggered by COVID-19 while laying the “groundwork” for long-term prosperity.21 • The South Korean government planned to invest US$5 billion through 2020 in IoT systems ranging from wearables to smart cars and has taken a number of steps to foster the growth of IoT since publishing its national master plan in May 2014. • The master plan’s strategies include development of open platforms for IoT through strengthening collaboration among companies involved in the IoT ecosystem, leveraging the concept of open innovation, and strengthening global collaboration with global companies to co-develop products and services and join forces in entering the global market. The plan targeted the commercial- ization of 5G mobile communications by 2020 and aimed to a gigabit internet to achieve 90 percent national penetration by 2017. It aimed to secure over 1 GHz of radio spectrum by 2023 and significantly expanded the deployment of IPv6 by 2017. The plan also expresses support for standards intended to facilitate global interoperability. • In October 2014, the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning released a roadmap for IoT to guide government actions to develop cybersecurity standards and best practices. Its strategy centers on strengthening cybersecurity policy, technology, and industry. The ministry aims to promote the concept of “security by design,” develop test beds to validate security measures and capabilities, build a collaborative network with the US, Japan, and EU to share information, and promptly respond to security incidents or new cyber threats. In June 2015, the ministry launched IoT Security Alliance, which is a public-private joint council. Furthermore, the ministry opened an IoT-ISAC (Information Source: Ministry 21 Insights, Ledger. 2020. “IMF Synthesizes Current Research on Central Bank Digital Currencies.” Ledger Insights—Enterprise Blockchain. July 16, 2020. Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/imf-synthesizes-current-research-central-bank-digital-currencies-cbdc/. 20 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact of Science, ICT & Future Planning 8 Sharing and Analysis Center) in 2015 and launched an IoT-CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) in 2016. • In May 2016, the South Korean government announced plans to ease regulations on the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector as part of its aggressive deregulation drive. It focuses on lowering the barriers for companies to launch businesses in the IoT sector and prompting an early establishment of nationwide networks dedicated to IoT. The launch of new businesses based on location information services will be changed to a report-based system from the current permission-based one. The government also plans to lift a series of regulations covering cloud computing, drones, the biotech industry, autonomous vehicles, and other areas as part of a broader deregulatory campaign aimed at boosting economic growth. • The government’s Telecommunications Strategy Council has been given respon- sibility to adapt existing laws and regulations to ensure a liberal and competitive industrial environment for IoT. When the council finds regulations that hinder ICT convergence, it can request related ministries to improve these regulations.22 1.2 Key Government Bodies Supporting the Korean Edge Ecosystem • Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy: Supports the industry working on edge computing/innovative technologies, encourages university research and development, and makes declarations on mutual development of the industry.23 • Ministry of SMEs and Startups: Promotes business growth of enterprises working on edge computing (development of edge computing networks, obile edge, etc.) and 5G to support the national economy’s growth.24 • Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI): Researches and develops low-latency/intelligent edge networking core technologies for the advancement of local specialized industry through the fusion of traditional industrial operation technology and ICT.25 • Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT): Conducts various activities to promote technological policy on 5G/edge computing, including planning and result analysis; the construction of an industrial technology infrastructure; and the transfer and commercialization of industrial technology.26 • Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI): Provides research specialized on autonomous driving, AI and wearable devices, smart factories, interactive VR/AR, and intelligent energy. KETI provides profound research on edge computing technology and its applications.27 • Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH): Contributes to growth of the manufacturing industry through development, applications, and commercialization 22 American University Kogod School of Business, Gwanhoo Lee. IoT Innovation and Deployment: A Blueprint for U.S. and Korean Leadership. PDF. 23 Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://english.motie.go.kr/www/main.do. 24 Ministry of SMEs and Startups. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://www.mss.go.kr/site/eng/main.do. 25 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. “Edge Computing Application Service Research Section.” Accessed February 24, 2021. https://www.etri.re.kr/eng/sub6/sub6_01020101.etri?departCode=93&departInfoCode=214. 26 KIAT. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://kiat.or.kr/site/engnew/index.jsp. 27 “Korea Electronics Technology Institute.” KETI. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.keti.re.kr/eng/tech/tech_main.php. IV. Edge Computing In Korea 21 of manufacturing technologies and supports SMEs. Engages in R&D on manufactur- ing-related technology, including edge computing for clean manufacturing systems and expansion of industry convergence technology.28 • Smart Manufacturing Innovation Center (SMIC): Works with leading supplying companies to validate and test the enabling technologies required for Smart Factory, including edge computing technologies, and shares Smart Factory references required by manufacturing companies.29 • Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP): Promotes information and telecommunication technologies and industries by supporting R&D in ICT. IITP announced an ICT R&D technology roadmap 2023 and added ‘human-AI collaboration technology’ and ‘intelligent edge computing technology’.30 2. PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES Multinational corporations and start-ups have embarked on developing edge computing protocols and solutions to facilitate enterprise adoption and digital transformation. As edge computing is recognized as a future computing method, global companies such as Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Intel, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) are stepping up efforts to develop related technology and services. For example, in the opening ceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games, edge computing technology was used in an Olympic flag light show by drones.31 2.1 Transport/Autonomous Vehicles • Cellplus Korea: Cellplus developed a high-speed vehicle data interface and storage device based on edge computing called Mobility Platform Generation (MPG). It is being applied to vehicles for development/validation/testing of autonomous vehicle algorithms and sensors.32,33 2.2 Electronics/Semiconductor • Ohsung Electronics: This electronic controller and wireless device manufacturing company was selected by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy to implement the ‘Home IoT hub equipped with an edge computing function development’ project. • OpenEdge: OpenEdge is a company specializing in artificial intelligence (AI) semicon- ductor design and currently carrying out multiple government tasks with domestic companies in the fields of mobile, server, and edge computing.34 28 Korea Institute of Industrial Technology. “About KITECH.” KITECH. Accessed February 25, 2021. http://eng.kitech.re.kr/introduction/page2.php. 29 김영우. “[스타트업-ing] 셀플러스 코리아, 엣지 컴퓨팅 강소기업 노린다.” IT동아. January 4, 2021. Accessed March 11, 2021. https://it.donga.com/31473/. 30 Institute for Information Communication Technology Planning and Evaluation. IITP. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.iitp.kr/en/main.it. 31 Herh, Michael. 2018. “Korea-Led Edge Computing Technology Recognized as Global Standard.” Businesskorea. July 31, 2018. Accessed February 25, 2021. http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=23999. 32 “(주)셀플러스 코리아.” Cellplus Korea. Accessed February 25, 2021. http://cellplus.io/. 33 Dong Woo Kim. “[스타트업-ing] 셀플러스 코리아, 엣지 컴퓨팅 강소기업 노린다.” IT동아. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://it.donga.com/31473/. 34 오픈엣지테크놀로지. “오픈엣지테크놀로지. (2020, December 14)., 글로벌 톱티어 반도체 회사와 반도체 설계 IP 라이선스 계약 체결.” 오픈엣지테크놀 로지, 글로벌 톱티어 반도체 회사와 반도체 설계 IP 라이선스 계약 체결. Retrieved - 뉴스와이어. December 14, 2020. Accessed February 25, 2021, from https://www.newswire.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=915848. 22 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact • Samsung Electronics: Samsung Electronics and IBM announced a collaboration to develop edge computing, 5G, and hybrid cloud solutions to help businesses across industries modernize their operations and realize the promises of Industry 4.0.35 In 2020, Samsung announced that they are also collaborating with Red Hat, that is, Samsung’s 5G network solutions built on Red Hat Openshift designed to help service providers tackle competitive 5G applications and use cases such as edge computing.36 Lastly, Samsung Electronics also joined forces with Microsoft (MS) to launch a cloud-based private 5th generation mobile communication (5G) network solution to minimize the burden of building 5G networks in commercial facilities such as factories and stadiums. As a part of the collaboration, they planned to advance the virtualization of 5G solutions, which will include the deployment of Samsung’s virtualized RAN, virtualized core, and MEC technologies on Microsoft Azure.37 2.3 Telcom Service Providers/Network • Korea Telecom (KT): KT formed an alliance in January 2021 with five major global telecommunication firms to boost its MEC capability. The members of the 5G Future Forum include America Movil of Mexico, Rogers Wireless of Canada, Telstra of Australia, Verizon Wireless of the United States, and Vodafone of Britain.38,39 • LG U+: LG U+ plans to utilize its capability in MEC “for seamless data transmission so that 5G B2C and B2B services can be unique.” LG U+ announced that they have agreed with Google Cloud to take advantage of its AI, automation, and Kubernetes40 capabilities. • SK Telecom: SK Telecom has also been a partner in Amazon’s dedicated edge solution, AWS Wavelength, which extends the Amazon cloud to provide computing and storage at the edge of 5G networks worldwide. SK Telecom has an active roster of partners in MEC use cases, most recently signing up Shinhan Bank for financial services, and Woowa Brothers, the company behind popular food delivery app Baedal Minjok, to build robot delivery service.41 They will also strengthen cooperation with Microsoft in 5G-based) MEC that delivers low-latency networks to mobile and connected devices while improving data throughput, reliability, power efficiency, and security.42 35 Alleven, M. 2020. Samsung, IBM collaborate on Edge COMPUTING, 5G. December 16, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/samsung-ibm-collaborate-edge-computing-5g#:~:text=Samsung%20Electronics%20and%20 IBM%20announced,the%20promises%20of%20Industry%204.0. 36 길민권. “삼성전자-레드햇, 통신사 5G 도입 견인할 쿠버네티스 기반 네트워크 협업 발표.” 데일리시큐. October 4, 2020. Accessed March 11, 2021. https://www.dailysecu.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=114482. 37 Samsung. “Samsung Advances Innovation in Cloud-Based Private 5G Network Solutions on Microsoft Azure.” Samsung Global Newsroom. Accessed March 11, 2021. https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-advances-innovation-in-cloud-based-private-5g-network-solutions-on-microsoft-azure. 38 Reporter, J. 2020. “Edge computing is coming. but what is it?” February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.wired.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1030. 39 Ministry of Science and ICT. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://english.msit.go.kr/eng/bbs/view.do?sCode=eng&mId=7&mPid=2&pageIndex=&bbsSeqNo=44&nttSeqNo=98&searchOpt=&- searchTxt=. 40 News Analysis Robert Clark 9/21/2020, Huawei, Zte, Jay Stewart, A., and Derek DiGiacomo, S. (n.d.). South Korean Operators team up with AWS, Google for MEC. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.lightreading.com/the-edge/south-korean-operators-team-up-with-aws-google-for-mec/d/d-id/764070. 41 News Analysis Robert Clark 9/21/2020, Huawei, Zte, Jay Stewart, A., and Derek DiGiacomo, S. (n.d.). South Korean Operators team up with AWS, Google for MEC. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.lightreading.com/the-edge/south-korean-operators-team-up-with-aws-google-for-mec/d/d-id/764070. 42 Ajudaily. 2020. SK telecom steps up cooperation with Microsoft in 5G mobile edge computing. April 2, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.ajudaily.com/view/20200402172444088 IV. Edge Computing In Korea 23 2.4 Smart City/Manufacturing/Retail • Broadwave: Broadwave developed intelligent edge services and devices for smart waste management. The waste collection device is equipped with an IoT sensor to intelligently detect the amount of garbage collected in real time, fire, and odor, and the edge gateway can determine the fire and odor of the real-time waste collection device.43,44 • Minds Lab: Minds Lab developed a solution called Maum Edge that enables edge devices to easily maintain and manage web-based devices, so that data collected in areas such as smart cities and smart factories where data are generated in real time are processed at the edge to reduce network operation costs, and provide real-time services.45,46 • Samsung SDS: Samsung SDS has been developing intelligent factory solutions by cooperating with HPE Korea to create a defect detection system based on edge computing in the manufacturing plants of semiconductor and display affiliates. Figure 4. Korea Edge Computing Landscape Korea Government Body Transport / Autonomous Car Telecom Service Providers / Network Electronic / Semiconductor Smart City / Manufacturing / Retail 43 Broadwave. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.broadwave.co.kr/about. 44 스마트시티 속 데이터, 엣지 컴퓨터가 판단해 처리한다. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from http://www.engjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1049. 45 마인즈랩, 국내최초 엣지ai플랫폼 공개... 엣지 디바이스와 ai 클라우드 연동한다. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.aitimes.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=17983. 46 Become an AI consultant in 4 easy steps. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://maum.ai/#our_services. 24 Emerging Technologies Curation Series | Technologies Leveraging Edge Computing for Development Impact 3. Considerations This curation note addresses edge computing technology and its application to solve development challenges. By capturing the current state of ecosystem on edge computing in Korea, the document serves to link technology sources to demand in World Bank Projects and engagements. Beyond this effort to navigate the edge computing landscape, there are still many open and outstanding questions. Priority areas will further be explored, and we hope to cover these questions in future work. 3. Considerations 25 April 2021