68747 The Kingdom of Swaziland Protocol Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland National Emergency Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA) The Global HIV/AIDS Program (GHAP) The World Bank National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA) Protocol Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland Foreword and Acknowledgements Swaziland is one of the countries most affected by AIDS, with an adult HIV prevalence rate estimated at 26%. The impact of the epidemic on the nation is enormous -- on individuals, households, families and communities. A growing number of children have lost parents to the disease and had their lives radically changed. Currently, it is estimated that 117,000 of children have been orphaned by the epidemic. The epidemic, together with the changing economic climate, has increased poverty and vulnerability. A wide range of interventions have been initiated by various partners to mitigate the social and economic impact of the epidemic. Effective impact mitigation programming requires clear benchmarks and periodic empirical evidence to monitor the success of impact mitigation strategies and interventions. To date, very few countries have been able to collect quantitative data on the quality of impact mitigation services. The impact mitigation indicators in the second National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Strategic Plan did not adequately reflect the range of impact mitigation interventions. In this context, NERCHA and partners decided to undertake the Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services (QIMS) Survey in Swaziland. This publication presents a protocol for conducting a standardised and population-representative QIMS in Swaziland. The protocol was informed by several processes, including qualitative formative research, a pilot survey, and a series of consultative meetings. The protocol will guide the management, methodology and procedures for the periodic QIMS and production of a report on the survey findings. This protocol presents our contribution to the work of partners in Swaziland, who are working on mitigating the effects of this epidemic, that they realise the results of their efforts. We are hopeful that the QIMS will eventually be integrated in the national statistics generation systems. Derek von Wissell Director NERCHA - ii - Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables and Figures ..............................................................................................................v Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... vi GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Design of the Protocol .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Background to Impact Mitigation in Swaziland....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Impact Mitigation within the Response to HIV&AIDS in Swaziland ................................................... 2 1.5 Rationale for the QIMS................................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 QIMS Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.7 Core QIMS Indicators................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Management of the QIMS ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Managing a QIMS ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 QIMS Survey Team Management Structures ........................................................................................... 9 2.4 Team Management ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Team Leader ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Project Manager ................................................................................................................................... 11 (or additional tasks for the Team Manager, if a Project manager is not appointed) ...................................... 11 2.4.3 Field Managers .................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Field Supervisors.................................................................................................................................. 14 2.4.5 Enumerators......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Overview of QIMS Implementation Process and Timeline .................................................................. 15 2.6 QIMS Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.6.1 Quality Assurance during Questionnaire Design ............................................................................... 16 2.6.2 Quality Assurance During Training and Field Implementation ........................................................ 18 2.6.3 Quality Assurance During Database Management ............................................................................ 19 2.7 Capacity Enhancement .............................................................................................................................. 20 3 Procedures for Start-up, Field Planning, Survey and Sampling Design..................... 21 3.1 Inception Report ......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Population ............................................................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Sample Size .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Sample Frame ....................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.4 Identification of Homesteads for Interview .......................................................................................... 25 3.2.5 Identification of Persons to be Interviewed Within Each Homestead .................................................. 26 3.3 Concluding Comments .............................................................................................................................. 27 4 Procedures for Ethical Approval, Training and Questionnaire Finalisation ............. 28 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2 Questionannaire Review and Revision .................................................................................................... 28 - iii - 4.3 The Pilot+ Survey raised a question about ownership and access to key assets among second and third households in multi-household homesteads, including arable fields. This dynamic may be of interest.Ethical Protocols .......................................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Lessons Learned: International Best Practice ..................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 National Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 30 4.3.3 Homestead Access Ethical Protocol...................................................................................................... 30 4.3.4 Household Member Selection Ethical Protocol .................................................................................... 30 4.3.5 Household Member Selection Ethical Protocol - Second Homestead Member ..................................... 31 4.3.6 Applying the Ethical Protocol in the Field – Guidance to Enumerators ............................................. 32 4.4 Training of Enumerators ............................................................................................................................ 32 4.4.1 Training Agenda .................................................................................................................................. 34 4.4.2 Resources Required for Training ......................................................................................................... 35 4.4.3 Training Goals ..................................................................................................................................... 35 4.5 Reliability and Validity .............................................................................................................................. 36 4.6 Questionnaire Final Validation and Review ........................................................................................... 36 5 Field Preparations and Field Implementation ................................................................. 37 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 37 5.2 Logistical Arrangements ............................................................................................................................ 37 5.2.1 Transport ............................................................................................................................................. 37 5.2.2 Accommodation.................................................................................................................................... 37 5.2.3 Field Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 37 5.2.4 Team Behaviours: Rules and Procedures ............................................................................................ 38 5.2.5 Hours of Work ...................................................................................................................................... 38 5.2.6 Ethical Protocols: Questionnaires and Security Procedures ................................................................ 38 6 Data Entry, Validation and Cleaning ................................................................................. 39 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 39 6.2 Codebook ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3 Questionnaire Check-in ............................................................................................................................. 40 6.4 Data Entry .................................................................................................................................................... 41 6.5 Data Validation ........................................................................................................................................... 42 6.6 Data Back-Up Routines .............................................................................................................................. 43 6.7 Ethical Protocols: Completed Questionnaires ........................................................................................ 43 6.8 Data Cleaning .............................................................................................................................................. 44 6.8.1 General Checks ..................................................................................................................................... 44 6.8.2 Out-of-Range Values ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.8.3 Inconsistencies Across Main and Sub-Questions and Across Main Questions .................................. 44 6.9 Data Exportation for Final Check ............................................................................................................. 45 7 Data Analysis, Report Preparation, and Dissemination ................................................ 46 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 46 7.2 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 46 7.3 Research Questions and Key Points of Analysis .................................................................................... 48 7.3.1 Coverage ............................................................................................................................................... 49 7.3.2 Targeting .............................................................................................................................................. 51 7.3.3 Relevance, Comprehensiveness and Quality of Services ...................................................................... 52 7.3.4 Participation ........................................................................................................................................ 53 7.3.5 Local Coping ........................................................................................................................................ 53 7.4 Reporting ..................................................................................................................................................... 54 7.4.1 Other Annexes ..................................................................................................................................... 55 - iv - 7.5 Report Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 55 7.6 Dissemination and Use of QIMS Results ................................................................................................. 57 Annex A: Impact Mitigation Objectives in the 2006-2008 National HIV Strategic Plan .. 59 Annex B: Impact Mitigation Objectives in the 2008-2014 National HIV Strategic Plan .. 61 i. Food and Nutrition Support for Vulnerable Households ....................................................................... 61 ii. Education Support for OVC ................................................................................................................... 61 iii. Socialisation and Protection of OVC ...................................................................................................... 61 iv. Psychosocial Support .............................................................................................................................. 61 v. Community Systems Strengthening for Impact Mitigation Services .................................................... 61 Annex C: Training Agenda.......................................................................................................... 62 Annex C: List of Documents Consulted ................................................................................... 71 Annex E: QIMS Questionnaire (Training Version)................................................................ 72 Questionnaire Number: _________________________ ............................................................ 72 VERSION 22 – PRE-TRAINING DRAFT – 17/10/08 ................................................................. 72 Quantitative Questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 72 List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Modules in the Questionnaire by Rationale and Outcomes ..................................................... 6 Table 2: QIMS Timeline and Activities ...................................................................................................... 15 Table 3: Survey Flowchart .......................................................................................................................... 17 Table 4: Sample Size Calculation ............................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: QIMS Questionnaire Extract with Variable Names Included ................................................. 39 Table 6: Example of Coding of Question Responses ............................................................................... 40 Table 7: Example of Check-in and Follow-up Schedule ......................................................................... 41 Table 8: Example of Data Entry in MS Excel ............................................................................................ 42 Table 9: Example of Check-out Form......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 1: Example of a Project Management Structure .......................................................................... 10 - v - Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ARV Antiretroviral CBO Community-Based Organisation GAMET Global AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Team of the World Bank HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NERCHA National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSP National Strategic Plan OVC Orphans and other Vulnerable Children PLHIV People Living with HIV or AIDS QIMS Quality, Relevance and Effectiveness of Impact Mitigation Services SHAPMoS Swaziland HIV and AIDS Programme Monitoring System UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme - vi - GLOSSARY Advocacy Organised efforts to influence policy, leadership and opinion at various levels of action in the national response. (NERCHA, 2006) AIDS The late stage of HIV, AIDS involves the loss of function of the immune system as CD4 cells are infected and destroyed, allowing the body to succumb to opportunistic infections and cancers. AIDS is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm3 or the presence of at least one opportunistic illness in an HIV positive individual. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) AIDS Competence The ability of all elements of society (individuals, families, communities, businesses, governmental and non-governmental organisations of all sectors at all levels) to recognise the reality of HIV&AIDS, to analyse how it affects life at home and at work, and to take action to prevent its spread, maintain and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, families affected by AIDS, and the community at large. (NERCHA, 2006) Antiretroviral An agent that suppresses the activity or replication of HIV or other retroviruses by interfering with various stages of the viral life cycle; the four approved classes are nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., AZT, tenofovir), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., efavirenz), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), and entry inhibitors (T-20). (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) Asymptomatic No symptoms or signs of a disease or condition. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) Chronic Food Insecurity A state of continuously inadequate diet, precipitated by the inability to acquire food, for example, because households persistently fail to produce and/or buy enough food. Chronic food insecurity is different from transitory food insecurity, which is a temporary inability to access adequate quantity and quality of food. (UNDP/Swaziland, 2007) Civil Society Organisation Non-governmental groups that provide public services, CSOs may include community-based organisations, faith-based organisations, trade unions, business associations, foundations, academic institutions and the media. (http://www.worldbank.org/urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Comprehensive services Comprehensive services target all those in need with the support they need, and most especially the support they need most. Continuum of Care Users of care services can access various complementary services across different locations where care is provided, so that services ranging from social grants to medical treatment to psychosocial support are knitted into an integrated framework for good access to care. (http://www.worldbank.org/urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Co-ordination A process of facilitation, communications, sharing, planning and monitoring of resources, risks and rewards to improve efficiency and effectiveness in scaling- up all efforts in response to the HIV epidemic. (NERCHA, 2006) Cost Effectiveness Cost-effectiveness compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more strategies or methods for achieving the same objective, selecting the one that provides the best value for money, measured as the greatest benefit (desired effect) for a particular cost. (Wikipedia) - vii - Discrimination Treating people unfairly and unjustly on the basis of their belonging, or being perceived to belong, to a particular group. (http://www.worldbank.org/urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Duty-Bearers Actors with a particular responsibility to respect, promote and realise human rights and to abstain from human rights violations. (UNAIDS, 2007) Epidemic An outbreak of a disease within a population. Normally, an epidemic refers to a disease within a nation. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) Evaluation The periodic measurement of the outcomes and ultimately the impact of a programme. Evaluation asks ‘what have we achieved?’ Frequently, evaluation uses programme monitoring data, and also involves a specific and often independent research effort. Gender Gender refers to differences in social roles and relations between men and women. Gender roles are learned through socialisation and vary widely within and between cultures. Gender roles are also affected by age, class, race, ethnicity and religion, as well as by geographical, economic and political environments. (UNAIDS, 2007) Gender Equality Gender equality means equality of treatment under the law and equality of opportunity for women and men. Gender inequality is generated by society’s written and unwritten norms, rules and shared understandings. (UNAIDS, 2005) Gini Coefficient A commonly used measure of income inequality. The coefficient varies between 0, which reflects complete equality, and 1, which indicates complete inequality. (http://www.web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991~menuPK:492138~pagePK:1489 56~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.htm) HAART Highly active antiretroviral therapy, a term for potent combination anti-HIV treatment, usually with three or more drugs from different classes. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus - The virus that weakens the immune system, ultimately leading to AIDS. There are two major types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, and many subtypes of the virus. HIV-1 is prevalent throughout most of the world, HIV-2 is found mostly in West Africa and typically causes a milder form of immunodeficiency disease. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) HIV-negative Showing no evidence of infection with HIV (e.g., absence of antibodies against HIV) in a blood or tissue test. Synonymous with seronegative. An HIV- negative person may be infected (but show no evidence of infection) if he or she is in the window period between HIV exposure and detection of antibodies. (UNAIDS, 2007) HIV-positive Showing indications of infection with HIV (e.g., presence of antibodies against HIV) on a test of blood or tissue. Synonymous with seropositive. (UNAIDS, 2007) Home-Based Care Any form of care given to sick people in their homes, which includes physical, psychosocial, palliative and spiritual activities. (NERCHA, 2006) Human Development The process of expanding the choices and opportunities that people value highly through enhancing their capacities and functioning. Three opportunities - viii - are considered essential: having a long and health life; acquiring knowledge and becoming part of a world of information, and enjoying a decent standard of living with adequate food, shelter and other basic needs. Other things also recognised as important for human development include political, economic and social freedom, guaranteed human rights as well as dignity, self-respect and a sense of belonging to the community. (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) Impact Impact, in the context of impact mitigation, is the negative effects of chronic illness, premature death, behavioural dysfunction, or environmental circumstance. (Warner, 2007; see also Alumira et. al., 2004) Impact Mitigation Actions by family, neighbourhood, community, or external actors designed to alleviate negative impacts. Effective impact mitigation services generally address broader systematic causes of vulnerability. (Warner, 2007; see also Alumira et. al., 2004) Incidence HIV incidence is the proportion of people who have become infected with HIV during a specified period of time. UNAIDS normally refers to the number of people who have become infected during the past year. In contrast, HIV prevalence refers to the number of infections at a particular point in time, usually measured as the percentage of the population that is infected. (UNAIDS, 2007) Mainstreaming Adapting a ministry or organisation’s core business to cope with the realities of HIV&AIDS. (NERCHA, 2006) MDGs Millennium Development Goals - Eight goals developed at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 to reduce poverty and improve lives. Goal six refers specifically to AIDS but attainment of several goals is hampered by the HIV epidemic. See: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. (UNAIDS, 2007) Mitigation Activities designed to reduce the impact of the epidemic (e.g., provision of school fees, food and/or clothing to children in a household affected by HIV/AIDS, strengthening of social safety nets, etc.). (http://www.worldbank.org/urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Monitoring Routine assessment of ongoing activities and progress. Monitoring asks: ‘What are we doing?’ Monitoring covers all aspects of programme activity and ideally involves a plan for systematically collecting key programme information relating to inputs, activities/processes and outputs and using the information to make improvements. (http://www.worldbank.org/urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Multi-Sectoral Approach A policy or programming strategy which involves many sectors and sections of society in a holistic response to HIV&AIDS. (NERCHA, 2006) Network Individuals and/or organisations willing to assist one another or collaborate to achieve common goals. A network can rapidly disseminate information - lessons, innovations, techniques, ideas, news, requests, or questions. A network may give its participants a strong sense of solidarity and connection. (Source: http://www.worldbank.org/urban/ hivaids/glossary.htm) OIs Opportunistic Infections - Illnesses caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in persons with healthy immune systems. Persons living with advanced HIV infection may suffer opportunistic infections of the lungs, brain, eyes and other organs. Opportunistic illnesses common in persons diagnosed with AIDS include pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, - ix - cryptosporidiosis, histoplasmosis, other parasitic, viral and fungal infections, and some types of cancers. (UNAIDS, 2007) Orphan A child under the age of 18 who has lost one or both parents. (NERCHA, 2006) Pandemic A widespread disease outbreak affecting the population of an extensive area of the world (more than one country). (http://www.sfaf.org/glossary) PLHIV People living with HIV or AIDS. People living with HIV includes everyone with the virus, whether they are asymptomatic or are in a later clinical stage of HIV infection, including exhibiting full-blown AIDS. (http://www.worldbank.org/ urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Prevalence Usually expressed as a percentage, HIV prevalence is the proportion of individuals in a population who have HIV at a specific point in time. (UNAIDS, 2007) Psycho-social Support Interventions to enhance the ability of children, families, and communities to cope with HIV&AIDS and to achieve social, spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being, enabling them to experience love, protection, self-worth and belonging. (NERCHA, 2006) Quality Quality of impact mitigation services refers to services being of a sufficient standard to produce desired outcomes (whether the desired outcomes themselves are achieved or not). (Warner, 2007) Relevance Relevance refers to the extent to which impact mitigation services delivered are appropriate to the particular needs of those receiving the services. (Warner, 2007) Rights-Holders Individuals and social groups that have particular entitlements. (UNAIDS, 2007) Risk Risk refers to risk of exposure to HIV which may be high as a result of specific behaviours or situations. Examples of the latter include risk in discordant couples unaware of their serostatus and recipients of unscreened blood or blood products. (UNAIDS, 2008) Safer Sex Sex is 100% safe from HIV transmission when both partners know their HIV- negative serostatus and neither partner is in the window period between HIV exposure and appearance of HIV antibodies detectable by the HIV test. In other circumstances, reduction in the numbers of sexual partners and correct and consistent use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission. The term safer sex reflects the idea that choices can be made and behaviours adopted to reduce or minimise risk. (UNAIDS, 2008) Seroprevalence As related to HIV infection, the proportion of persons who have serologic evidence of HIV infection (i.e., antibodies to HIV) at any given time. See also prevalence. (UNAIDS, 2007) Social Capital Norms and networks that enable collective action, whether these networks involve family members or non-family members, and whether these networks involve those living proximate to each other, or some distance away. (World Bank, 2007) Stakeholders Individuals and organisations affected (negatively or positively) by the outcome of an activity/project and/or those who can affect the outcome of a proposed intervention (e.g., PLHIV, young people, unions, health care providers, local leaders, etc.). (http://www.worldbank.org/ urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) - x - Stigma The holding of derogatory/negative social attitudes or display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership or perceived membership of that group. (http://www.worldbank.org/ urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Three Ones One agreed HIV/AIDS Action Framework that provides the basis for co- ordinating the work of all partners; One National AIDS Co-ordinating Authority, with a broad-based multisectoral mandate; and One agreed country- level Monitoring and Evaluation System. (UNAIDS, 2007) Vulnerability Vulnerability is defined as the extent to which a unit of interest -- homestead, household, individual -- is able to protect itself from unwanted exposure to negative impacts, whether these impacts come from outside or inside. (http://www.worldbank.org/ urban/hivaids/glossary.htm) Vulnerable Child A child aged 0-17 whose parents or guardians are not able to provide the required care, a child who is mentally or physically challenged, a child who is staying alone or with poor elderly grandparents, a child who lives in a poor sibling-headed household, or a child who has no fixed home. (NERCHA, 2006) siSwati terms Source for all siSwati terms: NERCHA, 2006 Imiphakatsi Chiefdom Indlunkhulu Traditional chief’s homestead kaGogo Grandmother’s hut kaGogo Centre A centre that has been established in a community that offers support services to orphans and other vulnerable children. Lutsango LwakaNgwane Traditional women’s regiment or cohort Tigodzi Sub-chiefdom Tinkhundla The 55 constituencies or administrative subdivisions in Swaziland Umcwasho A cultural practice that aims at preserving chastity among girls by prohibiting sexual contact between girls and men Umphakatsi Chief’s residence, which is used as the headquarters for the chiefdom Yindzaba Yetfu Sonkhe ‘It is everyone’s problem’, a phrase used in Swaziland to respond to the HIV epidemic - xi - 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction This protocol is designed to be used when implementing the Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services (QIMS) Survey in Swaziland. It also serves as a supervision tool for NERCHA to oversee implementation of the QIMS Survey. The protocol was initially written for the Pilot+ Survey field test of the draft QIMS questionnaire, and revised to reflect lessons learned. There has been relatively little applied research – globally and in Swaziland – on the quality of impact mitigation services, and no standards developed for collecting this information. This protocol was developed to provide a standard way of assessing the quality, relevance and comprehensiveness of impact mitigation services in Swaziland. While this Protocol is specific to the QIMS in Swaziland, it could be adapted for use for similar impact mitigation assessments in countries with generalised epidemics and significant numbers of people needing impact mitigation services. The Protocol could also be of use in countries with concentrated, mixed or low level epidemics, but extensive adaptations to the sampling strategy, sample frame and questionnaire would most likely be necessary. Further adaptation might be required depending on the level of economic development in the economy, levels of poverty, etc1. 1.2 Design of the Protocol This protocol is specific to implementing a QIMS in Swaziland. It contains a quantitative questionnaire targeting homesteads in Swaziland directly and indirectly affected by HIV&AIDS, and tailored to the particular country situation, most notably the specific cultural drivers of the epidemic in Swaziland, the HIV&AIDS response, and the interface between traditional authority structures and the national response. It does not include qualitative investigations or quantitative investigations targeting sub-populations (e.g. refugee populations, sex workers). The QIMS process began with a formative research stage that produced the following deliverables: Extensive review of relevant materials and preparation of an Inception Report. The Inception Report included an assessment of risks associated with the conduct of the QIMS and how to mitigate these risks, and a discussion of how to approach the QIMS. Qualitative fieldwork on various aspects of HIV&AIDS and impact mitigation in Swaziland across community opinion leaders, poor households, and very poor households. This yielded a Field Report. Further literature review and integration of the field findings into a Formative Research Report. Design of a Pilot+ Survey Quantitative Questionnaire, and elaboration of this protocol to guide implementation of the survey. Finalisation of this Protocol, and the pre-final version of the QIMS Quantitative Questionnaire. 1 Disclaimer: Due to this Protocol is designed specifically for Swaziland the use of the protocol for other purposes requires extensive alterations to the questionnaire, sample frame, and sampling strategy. The protocol is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall NERCHA and its partners be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The formative research included a review of the international literature on impact mitigation, as well as tools used in various countries to assess service needs and services associated with HIV&AIDS impact mitigation, and consideration of cultural determinants relevant to impact mitigation. This protocol was modified and finalised after a ‘Pilot+ Survey2’ to pre-test the protocol and quantitative questionnaire. The results of the Pilot+ Survey were used in the design of the 2009- 2014 National Strategic Plan for HIV&AIDS. 1.3 Background to Impact Mitigation in Swaziland Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence in the world, currently at 26% of adults aged 15 to 49 (SDHS 2007). An estimated 17,000 people in Swaziland die annually from AIDS-related illnesses (NERCHA, UNAIDS and GAMET, 2008), over half of all hospital admissions are for people living with HIV&AIDS (WHO, 2007), around 60,000 people in Swaziland are in need of antiretroviral drug therapy, and some 25% of all children have been orphaned due to AIDS. Life expectancy has dropped from over 56 years in 1997 to just over 37 years in 2007 (NERCHA, 2007). Between now and 2025, the population pyramid of Swaziland will continue to be severely distorted by AIDS, with many people dying in their thirties and forties of AIDS-related illnesses. 1.4 Impact Mitigation within the Response to HIV&AIDS in Swaziland In 1999, His Majesty the King Mswati III declared HIV&AIDS a national emergency, and has reinforced his commitment to fighting HIV in the last few years. In the past ten years, Swaziland has significantly strengthened its HIV&AIDS response, co-ordinated through the National Emergency Response Council on HIV&AIDS (NERCHA). Resources have risen significantly (from 2005 to 2007 expenditure rose from US$38m to US$50m), co-ordination of funds and activities strengthened, and a more coherent response is emerging (NERCHA and UNAIDS, 2007). Nevertheless, given that Swaziland has had the highest HIV prevalence for a number of years, and is now facing a mature long term epidemic with serious developmental consequences, delays in the response in the 1990s and other constraints will continue to affect Swaziland for the foreseeable future (see Whiteside and Walley, 2007). The first National Strategic Plan for HIV&AIDS 2001-2005 (Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 2001), covering a period of five years, and published in 2001, included impact mitigation as a key component of the national response. The plan was heavily focused on Orphans and other Vulnerable Children (OVC), and did not devote sufficient attention to other affected groups. 2 The term ‘Pilot+’ refers to the extended pilot done after the formative research report was prepared - 2 - Considerable progress was made during the plan period to expand the impact mitigation response. The 2006 National Policy on HIV&AIDS (Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 2006a) includes a section on impact mitigation. The policy notes the importance of protecting and empowering people directly or indirectly affected by HIV&AIDS. Impact mitigation activities are noted as needing to support the following: Protect and empower People Living with HIV or AIDS (PLHIV). Protect and empower vulnerable populations, made vulnerable by HIV&AIDS. Provide psychological and emotional support. Protect those who are affected by HIV&AIDS in the workplace. Provide food security and environmental protection. Offer a supportive legal framework. The second National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Strategic Plan, 2006-2008 (Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 2006b) reflected an increased understanding of the range and depth of HIV-related impacts and therefore impact mitigation measures, and increased commitment to developing a more coherent response. The 2006-2008 Plan, for example, noted a number of problems and challenges facing an effective impact mitigation response: Inadequate legislative framework for protecting the rights of vulnerable groups. Delays in finalising and adopting policies. Inadequate institutional capacity to respond to the epidemic. Increasing vulnerability and poverty. Over-stretched social safety net programmes and the absence of a comprehensive social security system. Inadequate access to basic services. Inadequate mental and emotional care. Inadequate training for caregivers. Challenges facing the care and socialisation of OVC. Limited support for PLHIV networks. Lack of co-ordination of psycho-social support interventions. The severe impact of HIV&AIDS on agriculture. The absence of a national food and nutrition security strategy for vulnerable groups. The impacts of HIV&AIDS on school enrolment. The particularly negative impact of HIV&AIDS on girls’ schooling. Lack of community involvement in designing and managing impact mitigation initiatives. It defined a goal for impact mitigation and objectives to meet in addressing these challenges. The goal of impact mitigation in the 2006-2008 Plan was ‚to mitigate the social and economic impact of the epidemic in Swaziland‛ (Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 2006b: 44) (see Annex A for a list of NSP 2008-2008 impact mitigation objectives). The impact level-result that the 2009 – 2014 strategic plan aims to achieve, is to reduce the percentage of households with vulnerable individual/s3, that are able to cope with the impact of HIV increases from 72% in 2008 to 80% by 3 These individuals include OVC, PLHIV, and the elderly - 3 - 20144. Annex B summarises the outcome-level results that need to be achieved in order to realise this impact-level result. As part of a broader strategic management planning effort, NERCHA used the 2006-2008 Plan to design a National Minimum Package (NMP) for HIV&AIDS-related services. Impact mitigation services included in the NMP were: Physical well-being Socialisation Psychosocial support Education support Caring for caregivers PLHIV services Gender and legal support across these other areas 1.5 Rationale for the QIMS Over the past decade particular gains have been made in Swaziland with HIV care and treatment and, to a lesser extent, rolling out a more coherent and effective prevention response. As the epidemic has matured, and as the demographic impacts and severity and breadth of impacts on households have become better understood, the case for sustained impact mitigation activities has been strengthened. However, the delivery of impact mitigation services has not kept pace with the needs. Further, it has become increasingly clear that the emphasis on short-term emergency response initiatives must give way to long-term initiatives designed to help Swaziland cope with severe distortions to its economy, society, and polity (Whiteside and Walley, 2006). In this respect, despite the gains made in the coherence of policy and programme, it is very unlikely that the impact mitigation objectives in the 2005-2008 Plan have been met. Therefore, as a key step in the roll-out of a more coherent, relevant and sustained impact mitigation response in Swaziland and in response to the national HIV M&E plan objectives, NERCHA and its stakeholders decided to undertake a survey to measure the quality, relevance, and comprehensiveness of impact mitigation services, and to consider the appropriateness of impact mitigation approaches and the effectiveness of targeting. NERCHA’s rationale in undertaking the QIMS is to understand the country’s historical impact mitigation efforts through the eyes of persons who benefited from them, and to influence the design of a more coherent and effective impact mitigation response of greater relevance to the impact of HIV&AIDS in Swaziland. 1.6 QIMS Objective The QIMS objective is to assess the quality, relevance, and comprehensiveness of impact mitigation services provided to vulnerable households in a standardised and population- representative way so that trend analysis over time will be possible. 4The number of households in Swaziland is calculated from data on the total number of persons in Swaziland, SDHS data on demographic characteristics (table 2.1) (the number of persons in rural and urban households) and data from the VAC Report (2008) about the number of vulnerable persons. - 4 - By quality, we mean whether the impact mitigation services delivered were of a sufficient standard to produce desired outcomes (independently of whether the desired outcomes are in fact achieved, which may also depend on other factors or inputs). By relevance, we mean the extent to which impact mitigation services delivered are appropriate given the needs of those receiving the services (needs-relevant), and the extent to which impact mitigation services have effectively supplemented, and not undermined, local means of coping with vulnerability arising principally from HIV&AIDS, food insecurity, and other challenges (contextually-relevant). By comprehensiveness we mean whether the services have targeted all those in need with the support they need, and particularly the support they need most, and whether there are any additional or new support needs to be provided in future. Given this objective, the research questions that the QIMS aims to answer, are: 1) Were services provided relevant? 2) Were services provided of acceptable quality? 3) Were comprehensive services provided? 4) Were the services provided in a timely manner? 5) Were the modes of delivery of services appropriate? Specifically, did various stakeholders play a role in prioritising which services should be provided and to whom? 6) What should be done differently to improve the impact mitigation response? The questionnaire asks the respondent to rate each service on these dimensions. The data will allow analysis that considers variations in responses by, for example, gender of homestead head, gender of beneficiary, status of beneficiary (e.g., orphan, other child, elderly, etc.), and other demographic and socio-economic status variables. 1.7 Core QIMS Indicators In reviewing Swaziland’s National Minimum Package (NMP) (NERCHA, 2007), it became clear that the range of services delivered as part of impact mitigation, and the range of issues needing consideration, were far broader than the three indicators in the 2006-2008 NSP (see section 1.3). That said, it needs to be taken into account that (a) the NSP indicators were responding to the NSP objectives around impact mitigation, and not to the delivery of specific services; (b) the NSP indicators were developed before the NMP was conceptualised; and (c) to ensure better alignment with the NMP, Swaziland’s Swaziland HIV and AIDS Programme Monitoring System (SHAPMoS) collects most data needed to assess impact mitigation services – over and above the NSP indicator requirements. To capture detailed information on all the NMP services, it was necessary to broaden the scope of the data collected in the QIMS (i.e. not only data for the three indicators in the NSP). The following indicator clusters for impact mitigation were therefore developed and used to design the QIMS questionnaire: Living circumstances (modules 1 and 10) - 5 - Levels of service need and service provision to priority populations: orphans and other vulnerable children; people living with HIV or AIDS; bereaved vulnerable elderly; widows; persons living with disabilities5 (modules 5 and 6 in the questionnaire) Impact mitigation service approaches: 1) supply-led service provision that is inclusive; 2) demand-led service provision for those most in need; and 3) clinical identification of vulnerable persons most in need of services (modules 5 and 6 in the questionnaire) Complementarity of impact mitigation services: positive coping behaviour enhancement; negative coping behaviour mitigation; coherence of impact mitigation responses (parts of modules 5 and 6, module 8 in the questionnaire) Reducing vulnerability to internal and external shocks (modules 8 and 9 in the questionnaire) Participation and influence on content and approach (module 7) Access to services and targeting effectiveness (modules 5 and 6) Relevance and quality of impact mitigation services (module 6) Social capital and the effects of impact mitigation activities (module 8) Cultural and legal determinants (throughout the questionnaire) The rationale for each of these, and the intended outcomes associated with quality, timeliness, and relevance are indicated in the following table: Table 1: Modules in the Questionnaire by Rationale and Outcomes Module Rationale Main Intended Outcome(s) [Quality, Comprehensiveness, Relevance] Living Circumstances Gain an understanding of baseline conditions. Improved targeting of services (1, 10) Allow checks of co-variation between living circumstances and reach, impacts Service Needs and Establish what impact mitigation services are Improved relevance and Service Provision (5, 6) being provided to persons in need, and comprehensiveness of services consider this in relation to their need, and in relation to priority groups Complementarity of Consider the extent to which externally Improved relevance of services Impact Mitigation provided impact mitigation services do not Services (5, 6, 8) undermine local positive coping mechanisms Vulnerability to Establish the vulnerability of affected persons to Improved relevance and Shocks (8, 9) shocks, and the impacts of impact mitigation comprehensiveness of services services on vulnerability to shocks Participation and Measure the extent to which affected persons Improved quality and Influence on the influence the process and content of impact relevance of services Process (7) mitigation services Opinions on Access to Solicit opinions on access to services and, in this Improved relevance and Services, Targeting regard, the effectiveness of impact mitigation comprehensiveness of services Effectiveness (5, 6) service provision Opinions on Solicit opinions on the relevance and quality of Improved relevance and Relevance, Quality of services quality of services 5 There are various definitions of disability, depending on national social legislation and cultural standard. This Protocol follows the definition of the Government of Swaziland and refers only to people with permanent disabilities (i.e. any injury that results in the loss or complete loss of use, of any part of the body, or any permanent impairment of functions of the body or a part thereof). - 6 - Module Rationale Main Intended Outcome(s) [Quality, Comprehensiveness, Relevance] Services (6) Social Capital and Assess levels of social capital and consider Improved relevance of services Services (8) covariation with need for impact mitigation services, and ability to utilise these services Cultural, Legal Establish, as relevant, cultural determinants and Improved quality and Determinants (across legal protections that affect impact mitigation relevance of services modules) services Using these indicator clusters, a quantitative questionnaire was developed, pre-tested during a piloting activity, and then finalised. - 7 - 2 Management of the QIMS 2.1 Introduction This section describes the process of managing a QIMS, and provides an overview of the QIMS process. 2.2 Managing a QIMS One of the key lessons learned from the Pilot+ Survey is the need to have a consultancy firm responsible of implementation of the project and a single command structure regardless of the basket of financing for the QIMS. A single officer, in NERCHA, should be tasked with overall management of the consultancy firm engaged for QIMS implementation. This officer would report, through existing channels, to management within NERCHA. To support this officer, three other structures need to be put into place to manage a QIMS: 1. A small Management Group, comprising NERCHA and lead agencies involved in the QIMS process. Ideally, this Management Group would comprise no more than 5 people: two members from the Client’s side, the Team Leader, the Survey Manager from the QIMS contractor, and a representative of the Central Statistics Office. 2. A Reference Group, chaired by a senior government official involved in impact mitigation, but from outside NERCHA, and involving lead agencies involved in impact mitigation in Swaziland. This is a technical group, as explained below. 3. A Stakeholders Group, chaired by the chair of the Reference Group, comprising agencies involved in the provision of impact mitigation services. This would be more inclusive than the Reference Group. The Management Group would focus on the day-to-day management of the consultancy, handling administrative and management issues, and helping to resolve problems that arise. The Management Group would meet with the consulting firm almost daily in the first few weeks of the consultancy, participate in training, pre-review all reports, participate in a retreat in the first week of field implementation, be involved in field visits, be involved in data analysis, and carefully review the full QIMS report prior to its release to the Reference Group for review. The Management Group would be responsible for making decisions necessary to keep the consultancy on track, avoid delays, and make final decisions in the case of contradictory instructions to the consulting firm. The Management Group should try to ensure that the process of QIMS design and implementation is handled in a transparent manner, and that any problems that arise are dealt with in a timely way. The Management Group has an especially important quality control role during design and implementation. Management Group members must be available for a retreat to review all questionnaires from the first few days of field work, travel with the teams into the field as much as possible, and check data entry and data management regularly. The aim is to ensure that the contractor implements effective quality control mechanisms throughout the consultancy. - 8 - The Reference Group would be responsible for providing strategic input; specific Terms of Reference should be developed for this Reference Group. The activities of the Reference Group would include: review of the inception report; review of the draft questionnaire (at least twice – before and after training); review of the training report; review of the field report; and review of the draft and final report on the survey findings. At each stage, the aim would be to provide strategic guidance to the investigation. Regarding the questionnaire review, the role of the Reference Group would be to broadly consider whether the right issues are being covered, and ensure that there are no important gaps. However, for technical review, the Management Group will play a greater role. The Stakeholders Group would serve as a broader consultative forum to consider whether QIMS is proceeding in the right direction, and measuring what it needs to measure. The Stakeholders Group would need to meet three times: 1) to review the training draft of the quantitative questionnaire along with the draft Inception Report; 2) to review the draft report on the survey findings; and 3) to review the final report. The questionnaire review and Inception Report review meeting would be especially important. Others who need to be involved in the process are as follows: Central Statistics Office - The Central Statistics Office (CSO) should have a representative on the Management Committee and the Reference Group, with an alternative representative as well to ensure that at least one member attends. The CSO should also ensure that it is involved with, and approves (in writing) the following: 1) provision of census data and census maps, and resolving any questions that arise about the location etc of the sampled EAs; 2) homestead numbering procedures and sampling; 3) ethical protocols (community, listing, homestead, individual); 4) training in EA boundary identification, homestead numbering procedures and sampling; 5) field testing the boundary and homestead identification procedures and sampling; 6) field visits to support quality control of field work; and 7) review and approval of description of sampling and related issues in reports. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare - Approval of all ethical protocols. 2.3 QIMS Survey Team Management Structures While the consulting firm needs to establish the structure and nature of their own team, the results of the Pilot+ Survey, and discussions among the Formative Research Team, have yielded the following suggested structure. It should be noted that the number of positions indicated in the following figure is an example of eight field teams based on the sample size calculation in this Protocol and that the numbers may vary depending on the sample size and team configuration. - 9 - Figure 1: Example of a Project Management Structure Based on Eight Field Teams NERCHA QIMS Data Manager Manager Survey Team Leader (usually from Data Entry Data Entry Data Entry consulting firm) Officer 1 Officer 2 Officer 3 In-country Project Manager (hired by consulting firm only if Team Leader is located outside of Swaziland) Field Manager 1 Field Manager 2 Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Supervisor Supervisor 2 Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor 6 Supervisor Supervisor 1 3 4 ...5 7 8 Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum erator erator erator erator erator erator erator erator Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum erator erator erator erator erator erator erator erator Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum erator erator erator erator erator erator erator erator Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum Enum erator erator erator erator erator erator erator erator As noted in the figure, a QIMS Manager from NERCHA would be in overall charge of the QIMS. All other positions in the figure fall under a supervision of a single consultancy firm, headed by a Team Leader, with all consultancy staff members reporting to the Team Leader. If the Team Leader is from outside Swaziland, there would need to be a Project Manager who maintains a longer in-country presence, and then there may be instances where the Project Manager would report directly to the NERCHA QIMS Manager. Should a Project Manager be in place, all personnel management would be through the Project Manager, including day-today reporting and supervision of all consultancy team staff. 2.4 Team Management 2.4.1 Team Leader The Team Leader shall have the overall responsibility for the completion and delivery of all outputs under the contract with NERCHA, reporting to NERCHA, and s/he will supervise and lead the team in all aspects of the work, and in particular will have overall responsibility for: Establishing the methodology for the research Quality of all written outputs - 10 - Conducting analysis and writing the final report Ensuring that all deadlines are met Act as a Project Manager responsible for management and implementation of the project field implementation as defined in the section 2.4.3 2.4.2 Project Manager (or additional tasks for the Team Manager, if a Project manager is not appointed) As noted earlier, if the Team Leader is located outside Swaziland, there would need to be a separate Project Manager who maintains a longer in-country presence, and who is responsible for the field implementation and in-country program management. The Project Manager shall work and report to the Team Leader on all activities and outputs defined in the section 2.4.3 - if alternative arrangement have not been agreed. The tasks to be undertaken and the services to be provided by the Project Manager – if appointed – are summarised below. If a Project Manager is NOT appointed, these tasks will need to be completed by the Team Manager: Project administration, logistics, co-ordination and support Oversee preparations for training Support Field Managers in leading quantitative training Manage the Field Managers and overall implementation of quantitative field data collection Review all relevant materials and reports to ensure familiarity with content Ensure quality control of all materials and processes Financial control As Project Manager, attend team and management meetings Provide inputs for reports Supervise the Field Manager, Field Supervisors and Enumerators and ensure proper, accurate collection and assembly of required quantitative information Review all write ups and compile notes from the Field Managers Serve as a liaison between the client (NERCHA) and consulting firm staff More specific tasks to be carried out by the Project Manager are as follows: 1. Design o Review the training version of the Quantitative Questionnaire and associated Protocol and comment, as appropriate, in writing and verbally to NERCHA regarding any queries and any recommended changes. o Review a limited number of additional documents as required. o Prepare a detailed implementation plan of action for the entire survey. o Prepare a brief Inception Report (draft and final) – see section 3.1. o Finalise the sample frame(s) and pull the sample(s). o Finalise ethical protocols in collaboration with NERCHA. o Prepare training materials. - 11 - o Screen and recommend to NERCHA the appointment of enumerators (ideally, two enumerators should be screened for each post, and at least 20% more enumerators trained than the number to be hired, to allow selection for fieldwork during/after training). o Prepare draft contracts for all field personnel, to be submitted to NERCHA for finalisation and contracting. 2. Training and Pre-Testing o A training plan of action and training agenda would be prepared by the Project Manager, and be approved by NERCHA prior to training start-up. o Training is expected to last 8 days, which includes two days of field pre-tests and questionnaire translation and finalisation. Translation will take place as part of training, and will be conducted and checked by groups of trainees. o All trainees would be trained in ethical protocols. The Family Health International protocols will be adapted and followed, and all participants trained accordingly. 3. Field Implementation o For the QIMS, multiple teams will need to be sent to the field (see below). o All teams would be supervised by the Team Leader/Project Manager. o The Project Manager would be assisted by Field Managers, who would be appointed by NERCHA. o Questionnaires would be checked in the field by the Field Supervisors and Field Managers and, in some cases, other management personnel. o All questionnaires would be kept locked in a vehicle during fieldwork. Prior to and after data entry and validation, questionnaires would be kept in a locked cabinet at NERCHA, presumably under the supervision of an M&E Officer at NERCHA. Any personal identification information that could help find a particular household would be kept separately. o Submission of a Training Report and a draft and final Field Report. 4. Data Entry and Validation o As noted, all questionnaires would be kept locked at all times when not in use. o Data entry and validation would be the responsibility of NERCHA, but the Project Manager would advise on the structure of the database for data entry, and would check data entry/validation regularly. o SPSS or a similar data entry package would be used for data entry. Either double data entry or 100% validation routines will apply. A careful check of data prior to analysis is also required, and the proposal must explain in detail how this is going to be done. o The Team Leader would be responsible for analysis and write-up. The Project Manager would assist, via e-mail, with data cleaning, although data cleaning would be primarily the responsibility of NERCHA. The above procedures are relevant for hard copy questionnaires. If the Consulting firm elects to use electronic data collection procedures in the field, collection and back-up routines would differ, and the above procedures would need to be adapted to be relevant. - 12 - 5. Analysis, Write-up, Reporting, Dissemination o The Project Manager is responsible for submission of an Inception Report, a Training report, and a Field Report. o All reports are submitted in electronic form (ie as files using software specified in the proposal. 2.4.3 Field Managers The QIMS will use a number of teams, ideally eight for the current sample size (the geographical focus for each team will need to be decided upon based on the sample. Eight teams allows two teams for each of the four regions) with one Field Manager assuming responsibility for four teams (two regions). For the QIMS, therefore, it is proposed that two Field Managers lead eight teams each consisting of one Supervisor, four Enumerators and one driver. Field Managers will be supervised by either the Team Leader or Project Manager, as summarised in sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2, respectively. The tasks to be undertaken and the services to be provided by Field Managers are as follows: Make preparations for quantitative training. Support the Team Leader, Project Manager (if appointed) and other Field Managers in leading quantitative training. Manage teams during quantitative field data collection. Ensure quality control of all materials and processes. Identify Enumeration Area boundaries. Ensure the smooth functioning of data collection. Supervise Field Team Supervisors and Enumerators and ensure proper, accurate collection and assembly of required quantitative information. Review all quantitative questionnaires and compile notes from the Field Team Supervisors. Submit a summarised field report to the Team Leader for inclusion in the main field report. Identification of Field Managers and Enumerators: A shortlist of potential trainee enumerators and field supervisors for the QIMS needs to be obtained from sources such as CSO and NERCHA. Preference would be given to candidates with CVs that reflect the ability to speak, read and write both English and siSwati, who are graduates or undergraduates and have quantitative and/or qualitative data collection experience. These candidates would be asked to attend interviews with the Team Leader/Project Manager and Field Manager, who would assess each candidate and select suitable trainees for the QIMS. Ideally half the number of trainees selected should be male and the other half female. It is more important that field officers have the necessary experience, and are able to collect accurate data, than requiring them to be a certain age. Successful candidates would be informed in writing that they have been selected, as follows: ‚Congratulations, you have been selected to participate in data collection for the QIMS for NERCHA. Please be at [training venue] for training at [insert time] on [insert date]. Please confirm that you have received this letter and will attend the training session, by [explain how to reply – whether by phone, text message, email or letter – and provide necessary contact information].‛ - 13 - 2.4.4 Field Supervisors Based on the currently calculated QIMS sample size, eight field teams are anticipated, each led by a Field Manager. The tasks to be undertaken and the services to be provided by Field Supervisor are as follows: Review all quantitative questionnaires. As part of the quality assurance procedures establish a feedback system to query incomplete questionnaires with a data entry entry manager. Ensure that enumerators achieve an average of four completed questionnaires per day. Co-ordinate all fieldwork and field team activities. Drive team vehicle as and if required for data collection activities. Handle all team liaison activities. Lead problem-solving activities. Carry out all functions and duties that are assigned. Obey and comply with all lawful and reasonable instructions given to the Field Supervisor by the employer (consulting firm) or his/her representatives. Be true and faithful to the employer (consulting firm) in all dealings and transactions relating to the business and interests of the employer (consulting firm) and endeavour to protect and promote the business, reputation and goodwill of the employer (consulting firm) at all times. Submit to management or to any person nominated by management such information and reports as may be required of the Field Supervisor in connection with the performance of the duties of the Field Supervisor and the business of the employer (consulting firm). Devote full time and attention during the employer’s working hours and such additional time as may be required by the employer for the Fieldwork process of the project to be completed. 2.4.5 Enumerators 32 enumerators are needed – 4 per team for each of the 8 teams. More enumerators will be trained than is necessary, so that the best possible enumerators can be selected. The supervisors also need to be trained – thus, in total, 48 persons will attend the training, after which eight field teams of four Enumerators per team, each led by a Field Supervisor, would be mobilised. To select Enumerators for fieldwork, during the training, facilitators monitor and evaluate participants using diverse criteria such as attitude, leadership skills, social skills, communication skills, good timekeeping, achievement in tests, participation, enthusiasm, understanding the questionnaire, understanding concepts in the questionnaire, approach etc. Selection is also based on technical performance during training and pre-testing. Making the final selection is difficult. The inevitable result will be eight disappointed trainees who have gone through as much as the rest of the team but are ultimately excluded from the field component because they have not performed as well as their colleagues. Those not selected are, however, still part of the team as they remain on call to replace field officers who decide not to accept the offer, fall ill or drop out. Some of the trainees may also be selected for data entry if required, as they would have an intimate knowledge of the questionnaire after training. Also, these persons have gained valuable training in conducting surveys of this nature. It is - 14 - recommended that they are given certificates of completion to prove the capacity they have gained. The tasks to be undertaken and the services to be provided by Enumerators are as follows: Conduct homestead listings for sampling purposes. Conduct all ethical protocols associated with listings. Achieve an average of 4 completed questionnaires per day. Carry out all functions and duties as assigned. Obey and comply with all lawful and reasonable instructions given by Field Supervisors and Field Managers. Be true and faithful to the Employer in all dealings and transactions relating to the business and interests of the Employer and endeavour to protect and promote the business, reputation and goodwill of the Employer at all times. Submit to the management or to any person nominated by the management such information and reports as may be required of the Enumerator in connection with the performance of the duties of the Enumerator and the business of the Employer. Devote the whole of his/her time and attention during the Employer’s working hours and such additional time as may be required by the Employer for the Fieldwork process of the project to be completed. 2.5 Overview of QIMS Implementation Process and Timeline Undertaking a QIMS will entail the activities listed in Table 2 (which also indicates typical duration). Table 3 describes the survey process in detail, with clear responsibilities by different agencies. Table 2: QIMS Timeline and Activities Activity Average Duration Protocol Section that discusses procedures for this step 1. Set up survey governance structures – 1 month Section 2 of this protocol Management Group, Reference Group and Stakeholder Group 2. Final design of protocol and quantitative 2 months Not included in this protocol questionnaire (Reference Group to review and finalise the protocol) 3. Finalise tender documentation and call for 1 month Not included in this protocol – proposals follow standard NERCHA procurement procedures 4. Review proposals 1 month Not included in this protocol – follow standard NERCHA procurement procedures 5. Negotiations and award of tender 2 weeks Not included in this protocol – follow standard NERCHA procurement procedures 6. Mobilisation 2 weeks after the Survey team to assemble their award of the tender team 7. Start-up, field planning, survey and 2 weeks Section 3 of this Protocol sampling design, and ethical protocols - 15 - Activity Average Duration Protocol Section that discusses procedures for this step 8. Enumerator and supervisor training and 2 weeks Section 4 of this Protocol pre-testing 9. Finalise questionnaire 2 weeks Section 4 of this Protocol 10. Field preparations and field 2.5 months Section 5 of this Protocol implementation 11. Data entry/validation 3 months Section 6 of this Protocol 12. Data cleaning/finalise data set last week of data Section 6 of this Protocol entry/validation 13. Data analysis and report preparation 2 months Section 7 of this Protocol 14. Report review 1 month Section 7 of this Protocol 15. Report finalisation and dissemination 2 months (inc. second Section 7 of this Protocol review) 2.6 QIMS Quality Assurance Essential quality control procedures apply at three key stages, each described in detail below: Questionnaire design Training and field implementation Database management 2.6.1 Quality Assurance during Questionnaire Design Quality control procedures during questionnaire design apply for the following activities: Extensive materials review - covering Swazi and international materials Identification of indicator clusters - based on discussions with local stakeholders who knows the Swazi context Review of existing questionnaires, considering what works and what does not - reviewing questionnaires that cover issues of relevance to impact mitigation and HIV&AIDS Review of country-specific findings for factors of cultural and socio-economic relevance - including the collection of primary qualitative data on Swazi society and impact mitigation issues Questionnaire review by NERCHA and other partners Development of successive versions of the questionnaire, and repeated circulation Quality control cover sheet (see the following page) Consideration of possible new impact mitigation services - 16 - The survey flowchart is as follows, abbreviated because of the prior preparation of the Protocol. The shaded columns refer to activities that are the responsibility of NERCHA, rather than the contractor. Table 3: Survey Flowchart Tendering Start-up and Training Field Data Management Data Analysis & Report Review and Finalisation Dissemination Implementation Preparation Finalise tender Presentation to TWG (1) Conduct Days 1-3 Prepare codebook Data weighting to accommo- Circulate draft report with Stakeholder documentation fieldwork date over and under sampling deadline meeting Internal approval Review protocol, adapt Confirm question- Prepare database Checks on data weights TWG meeting (4) to Revise NMP naire security comment on draft Secure finance Prepare survey plan of action Management retreat Initial data entry based on Prepare tables annex showing Revise draft report Inputs into NSP (inc. Client) days 1-3 fieldwork data for each variable by strata Call for proposals issued Prepare Inception Report Reassemble team, Review database procedures, Using tables annex, prepare Submit revised draft report in relevant publications final clarifications confirm user-friendly main report for review Vet proposals, review Screen supervisors and Conduct remaining Data entry, validation (double Conduct additional data runs, Circulate revised draft panel awards enumerators fieldwork data entry) integrate into main report report with deadline Tentative award and Contract supervisors and Presentation to Data entry review and Finalise draft report Client assembles comments negotiations enumerators (training) TWG (2) checking (supervisor) on revised report Establish TWG to Prepare training materials Confirm data security routines, Submit draft report for Prepare final report oversee QIMS lock up all questionnaires circulation Issue contract Sample frame review and Finalise database, check for Present draft report findings to Client circulates final report sampling out-of-range values, correct TWG (3) Mobilise payment Mapping of sampled locations Sort data file and check for ‘illogical’ sequences Field officer training Export database to SPSS for additional checks Pre-testing (x 2) SPSS sorting and checking for out-of-range values Finalise field instrument SPSS sorting and checking for illogical sequences Prepare field schedule, including Clean final dataset, back-up co-ordinated field plan Finalize draft contracts for enumerators (Project manager prepares drafts) Organise field vehicles, finalise all field implementation issues 2.6.2 Quality Assurance During Training and Field Implementation Quality control during training and field implementation needs to encompass the following: Prepare detailed Inception Report that elaborates design and implementation. Screen and select experienced supervisors and enumerators, using a roughly 3 to 1 ratio (3 interviews for every 1 person identified for training). Select an additional 20-25% of enumerators and supervisors for training than needed for fieldwork. Prepare detailed training contracts for all officers that include performance requirements. Prepare detailed training agenda and training materials. Conduct full round of training (12 days). Conduct field visits to sampled locations to ensure that notification has indeed taken place. Conduct at least two questionnaire pre-tests, carefully review the results of the pre-tests. Team translations of questions into siSwati, back translation by other teams, conference committee to agree upon accurate final translation. Select enumerators and supervisors for fieldwork from most successful trainees. Conduct 2-3 days of fieldwork in a single location with all field teams near to each other. At the end of each day, the field supervisors get together to review results and share questionnaires. Conduct a retreat of at least two days with the consultancy firm, including managers and supervisors, as well as members from NERCHA and others (as appropriate). During the retreat, review all completed questionnaires, discuss sampling and field protocols, review supervisory structures and procedures, etc. Ensure that every questionnaire is self-checked by the enumerator, and that every questionnaire is checked by a team’s field supervisor. Resolve any issues identified during the field supervisor check. At least every 10th questionnaire checked again by a more senior field manager. For at least every 10th homestead visited, field supervisor to follow-up on the conduct of the interview. Each field team must be managed by a field supervisor, with a ratio of no more than four enumerators for one field supervisor. In addition, at least every three field teams must be supervised by a field manager. Each field team must meet and discuss upcoming activities at the start of each day, and again at the end of the day to review the day’s activities. For efficiency purposes, each field team should have a full-time driver. Interview Quality Control Cover Sheet / Checklist 1) Interview Status (tick only one): Fully Completed ____ - 1 Partially Completed ____ - 2 2) Total number of visits: _________ 3) Household Substitution Status: Sampled Household ____ - 1 Replacement Household ____ - 2 4) Enumerator Self Check (field), print first name: __________________________ Date: __________________________ 5) Field Supervisor Check (field), print surname: ____________________________ Date: ____________________________ - 18 - 6) # of missing values found by Field Supervisor: ___________________________ 7) Field Supervisor Check of Missing Values, print surname: _________________ Date: ____________________ 8) # of unexpected missing values resolved: ___________________ 9) # of unexpected missing values UNresolved: ___________________ 10) Enumerator Review of Missing Values, print surname: _____________________ Date: ______________________ 11) Field Manager/Study Director Check (field), initial: _____________________ Date: ______________________ Field Manager/Study Director Check (office), print surname: _______________ Date: ______________________ Other Check (field/office), print surname: ________________________________ Date: ______________________ Data Manager Coding of Open-Ended Responses: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ Questionnaire Entry Completed: ___________________________________________ Date: ______________________________ Questionnaire Validation Completed: ______________________________________ Date: ______________________________ 2.6.3 Quality Assurance During Database Management Database management quality control comprises the following: Appoint a data entry manager to oversee all data entry. Establish a feedback system to query incomplete questionnaires with field supervisors. Ensure that sufficient locked cabinet space is available for completed questionnaires. Establish a double back-up routine for all databases, including at least one off-site back-up site. Establish written data management routines. Prepare a codebook based on the quantitative questionnaire, and check codebook. Prepare a database for data entry, preferably using a data entry package that requires double data entry and identifies out-of-range values/miss-entries during data entry. Confirm the database against the codebook. Data manager checks first 100 entries against original questionnaire, thereafter (depending on the error rate) check every nth questionnaire [final decision by NERCHA]. Includes checking the logic of the questionnaires (e.g., if sub-question is dependent on the response to the main question, were the right people asked the sub-questions?). Upon completion of data entry, conduct a visual check for out-of-range values for each variable. Thereafter, check across linked variables (e.g., those with main questions and sub-questions, multiple response questions) for any illogical response sets. Export data to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) [or any other statistical package such as STATA, CSPro or others] for further checks by data analyst, final checks with data manager. Use SPSS to sort and check for out-of-range values. Use SPSS to sort and check for illogical sequences. Final dataset cleaning, back-up. - 19 - As noted earlier, if the Team Leader elects to use an electronic entry system for questionnaire administration, this must include a quality control system of equal rigour. Back-up routines, storage routines, and other routines must be detailed in full in the proposal, to ensure that quality control systems are in place. 2.7 Capacity Enhancement The design, implementation and finalisation of the QIMS will afford an opportunity for NERCHA to strengthen its Monitoring and Evaluation Unit. The Team Leader will be responsible for supporting institutional strengthening in this regard, as per the activities and objectives contained in their proposal, and agreed with NERCHA. - 20 - 3 Procedures for Start-up, Field Planning, Survey and Sampling Design 3.1 Inception Report Early in the implementation of QIMS, the consulting firm shall prepare an Inception Report. NERCHA shall determine the structure of the Inception Report as well as minimum content requirements. An example of an Inception Report of relevance to QIMS is as follows: Executive Summary Section 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem: HIV&AIDS, Vulnerability Response to the Problem Goal, Aim, Objectives of QIMS Section 2: Methods and Approach Overview Approach Methodology Secondary Materials Review Homestead Listing and Sampling Procedures Categories for Listing Primary Data Collection Training Pre-Testing Access Protocols Ethical Procedures Implementation Team Structure Supervision Field Operations Retreat Questionnaire Transfer for Data Entry Security of Information Security of Personnel Data Entry/Validation/Cleaning Section 3: Liaison Channels, Outputs, and Reports Overview Liaison Channels Contractual Arrangements Management Group, Reference Group, Stakeholders Group Outputs Listing of Outputs from the Consultancy and Approximate Timeline - 21 - Reports (including draft table of contents for the final four reports) Inception Report Training Report Progress Report Field Report Draft and Final QIMS Report Section 4: Personnel Section 5: Key Issues for Consideration, Issues, Action Points, Actors, Deadlines Section 6: Schedule Annexes [as appropriate] 3.2 Sampling The Central Statistics Office in Swaziland is charged with pulling the sample, ensuring that the survey utilises the 2007 census data, and that the Government of Swaziland approves the sampling procedures. The implementing partner (consultancy team) will ensure that they have a full understanding of the sampling procedures utilised, and agree with the approach. It is NERCHA’s responsibility to establish a working relationship with the CSO, and to oversee that all proper sampling procedures are put into place. The consultancy team is to support this process. The homestead is the unit of analysis, rather than the household (see ‘glossary’ above). Homesteads have been identified as the unit of analysis for sampling purposes because culturally they serve as a single entity for coping purposes. However, the questionnaire will also allow for intra-homestead assessment of differences across households, so that the dynamics around the distribution of resources and impact mitigation services can be assessed. For urban areas, the homestead will remain the unit of analysis, but it is expected that the majority of urban homesteads will contain a single household. 3.2.1 Population The population for the QIMS survey comprises all homesteads in Swaziland, covering both rural and urban areas. A homestead is defined as a unit as per the 2007 census, comprising one or more households that perceive themselves as a single socio-economic and cultural unit. This means that the survey will include homesteads with at least one person in priority need of impact mitigation services, homesteads with at least one person in need of impact mitigation services, and homesteads with no members in need of impact mitigation services. Rather than pre- listing homesteads eligible for interview, homesteads eligible for impact mitigation services would be identified as the interview proceeds. This sampling approach will allow the analyst to classify homesteads, and establish the relative proportion of homesteads in priority need of impact mitigation services, other homesteads in need of these services, and homesteads not in need. By extrapolation from data weighting, this will also allow the survey to provide the number of persons, the number of households, and the number of - 22 - homesteads in need as well, compared to the totals for Swaziland overall. Data would also be disaggregated by agro-ecological zone and region. 3.2.2 Sample Size The sample size has been calculated based on four considerations: 1) an acceptable sampling error; 2) knowledge that the survey will be repeated in the future, which requires a large enough sample to allow measurement of change over time (as part of evaluation); 3) a sample size that would yield sufficient numbers of interviews for sub-analysis of most variables (for example, if someone says yes, that an orphan came from another household, it would be possible to assess what this means for a variety of other variables on transition problems, social pathologies, education status, etc.); and 4) analysis by each of the four regions and across four agro-ecological zones. Data will be presented for each of the four regions and, after weighting, for the nation as a whole. This yields data for sub-national and national planning. Agro-ecological zones are included because of the varied patterns of vulnerability across these four zones. The zones are found within each of the four regions, but their distribution varies considerably. For this reason, a high number of Enumeration Areas (EAs) will be randomly selected for the survey, ensuring that sufficient EAs cover each of the four agro-ecological zones. If, following sampling, this proves not to be the case, the CSO will be consulted regarding an increase in the number of EAs. Primary data will be collected in a way that will allow presentation of data by each region, as well as nationally (after weighting), and by the four agro-ecological zones. Based on assumptions made about the population eligible for interview, and assuming that the Client would like to measure key variables following implementation of impact mitigation activities, the sample size has been calculated to include 6 interviews per cluster, 420 clusters, yielding a total of 2520 interviews across the four regions (630 interviews per region). Calculations are included in table 4. - 23 - Table 4: Sample Size Calculation QIMS – Swaziland Given Components of the Formula Results P1= (Proportion at Baseline: early 2009) 0.600 PBar= 0.6500 P2=(Expected Proportion at End of Project: mid- 2011) 0.700 P2-P1 (Desired Change at End of Project) 0.100 (PBar(1-Pbar))= 0.2275 alpha (Z 95%) 1.650 beta (power: B 80%) 0.840 P1(1-P1)= 0.2400 P2(1-P2)= 0.2100 Adjust for Non-Response Rate 0.03 P1(1-P1) + P2(1-P2)= 0.4500 Square root of (P1(1-P1) + P2(1-P2))= 0.6708 Z1-b* Square root of(P1(1-P1) + P2(1-P2))= 0.5635 Example Indicators Square root of (2*PBar(1-Pbar)= 0.6745 Proportion of OVC in primary school who attend at least two years of school (example used above) Proportion of elderly caregivers who are receiving services Z1-a*(Square root of (2*Pbar(1-Pbar))= 1.1130 Proportion of OVC elderly caregiving households who have been reached by CBOs Numerator of the Formula= 2.8106 Denominator of the formula={(P2-P1) Squared}= 0.0100 Sample Size From the Formula 562 Adjusted for Non-Response Rate 592 Adjusted to fit across 420 clusters 630 Adjusted, 630 interviews would be carried out in each region, yielding a total of 2520 interviews maximum. Within each region, 105 randomly selected Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) would be identified based on an equal probability sample (that is, every household has the same opportunity to appear in the sample), within which a PSU would be randomly identified and homesteads listed. This will allow analysis by region and agro-ecological zones and, after weighting, for the nation overall. For the nation as a whole, the 2520 interviews would be conducted across 420 clusters; this exceeds the minimum number required by the CSO (413). Within each PSU, homesteads, institutions, and places where homeless people are living would all be listed as eligible for interview. All orphan caregiving institutions would be separately listed and orphans counted by location, and thereafter added to the calculations of orphan numbers in each of the strata. 3.2.3 Sample Frame For QIMS, a two stage sampling strategy will be employed. An equal probability sample will be applied to all enumeration areas countrywide, giving each homestead an equal chance to appear in the sample. No pre-listing procedures will be employed, and all occupied homesteads will be listed as eligible for interview. - 24 - The Pilot+ Survey highlighted the difficulties associated with homestead listing. Distances between homesteads were considerable, and boundary demarcation often proved difficult. Therefore, in estimating the number of days of fieldwork, it is recommended that the consulting firm consider the following: Sending out an initial team to demarcate all enumeration areas falling into the sample, making arrangements with local authorities, and conducting homestead listings. It is estimated that a team of two can prepare one enumeration area per day. Sixteen teams, with four teams per region, would therefore be able to prepare the estimated 480 enumeration areas in 30 days. With 2520 interviews to be accomplished in a six week period (assuming 5 day workweeks), means that around 460 interviews need to take place every week (allowing for some delays along the process). Assuming a half day to re-establish contact and check listings, an average of 3 interviews can be conducted per enumerator per day – thus 13 in a week. This would mean a team of 32 enumerators, across eight enumeration teams (4 enumerators per team). Fortunately, for over 200 EAs nationwide, the CSO has recently re-listed homesteads in these locations, and numbered them. For each EA that overlaps the two surveys, no listing will be required for the QIMS. It is assumed that this will be the case for 100 of the 420 EAs in the QIMS survey. 3.2.4 Identification of Homesteads for Interview Because all occupied homesteads will be listed and numbered, a random number generation system can be used to conduct the selected number of interviews in the EA. With the above sample size, this would mean the random generation of 6 numbers, plus an additional 2 numbers, with interviews conducted with the six or, in the case of substitution, with the 7th or 8th homesteads. 3.2.4.1 Substitution Substitution consists of selecting the next homestead on the list for any homesteads that require substitution. For the QIMS, substitution is allowed, so no over-sampling takes place, under the following circumstances: The selected homestead refuses to participate. This is extremely uncommon in Swaziland, but may happen. No one is available for interview on the days that the survey is taking place in the community. This does sometimes occur, and when it does efforts are made to reschedule interviews. In the unusual event that no one is available, substitution takes place. The interview begins, but is terminated in the first few minutes due to emergent refusal to answer any further questions, or upon finding that the homestead should not have been listed as a homestead eligible for interview. - 25 - 3.2.5 Identification of Persons to be Interviewed Within Each Homestead Once the homesteads are selected for interview, the next step is to select the persons to be interviewed within each homestead. For the QIMS, the interviewee needs to know about a variety of issues around the homestead, including social, cultural and economic issues, awareness of challenges facing the homestead, knowledge about different members of the homestead (including children), and influence in homestead decision-making. With this in mind, it was decided that a senior female homestead member would be ideal for these information and opinion needs. Therefore, a senior female in the homestead would be interviewed, with the senior female identified by the homestead members themselves prior to the interview starting. If no senior female is present, but there is one in the homestead, a return visit should be arranged. If the homestead does not contain any adult female members, but there is a knowledgeable male homestead member, he should be interviewed. If it is a child-headed homestead, a ‘senior female’ should still be identified for interview, if available, and if identified as a decision-maker by the homestead members. The aim should be to interview the most senior female member possible. There is a section of the questionnaire to be answered by a randomly-selected senior female household member, if the homestead contains at least one household with at least one caregiver of a 2-17 year old. The random selection procedures for this household and for the child are indicated in the questionnaire, as shown below: MODULE 9: DISCIPLINE, STIGMA, RELATED For this module, randomly select from all senior females in all households in the homestead caring for at least one child aged 2-17. If there is only one household in the homestead, continue the interview with the senior female respondent, but only if they are looking after at least one child aged 2-17. Adult Females Aged 18 Child Listing and Older Caregiving for at least one Child Aged 2-17 How many adults females live in this household aged 18 and older WHO ARE NOT ALREADY BEING INTERVIEWED? Person 1: Of these, who is the oldest person in this age range who is listed as a person of interest? [age] Person 2: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a person of interest? [age] Person 3: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a person of interest? [age] Person 4: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a person of interest? [age] # of eligible Last 2 digits of questionnaire number adults 00- 05- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95- 04 09 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 [Once the woman is selected, do a listing of the children she is a caregiver for. - 26 - Child Listing Children aged 2-17 How many children are you the main caregiver for in this household aged 2-17? Child 1: Of these, who is the oldest child in this age range? [age] Child 2: Of these, who is the next oldest child in this age range? [age] Child 3: Of these, who is the next oldest child in this age range? [age] # of eligible Last 2 digits of questionnaire number children 00- 05- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95- 04 09 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 First name of child: ___________________________ In cases of a single household homestead, the person being interviewed should be interviewed for this section, if she is the caregiver for at least one 2-17 year old. If there is no female caregiver caregiving for a 2-17 year old, this section of the questionnaire should be skipped. 3.3 Concluding Comments There are three key considerations when preparing for the implementation of a statistically generalisable quantitative survey such as the QIMS: 1. Ensuring proper sampling, and ensuring that the homestead listing process is properly implemented. 2. Ensuring that quality control systems are observed throughout the process. 3. Ensuring the consistency of questionnaire administration across enumerators across teams. For the first one, provision has been made in the schedule for pre-listing of all 420 sampled EAs, and the sampling of homesteads therein. In each of these, boundaries of the EAs must be identified on the ground, and homesteads falling within these boundaries numbered. This requires that access be secured with local leaders. - 27 - 4 Procedures for Ethical Approval, Training and Questionnaire Finalisation 4.1 Introduction Once the survey has been timelined and sampling issues resolved, final study preparations should begin. Final design tasks include: elaborating ethical protocols and getting them approved, final identification of all personnel, training preparation and training. 4.2 Questionannaire Review and Revision The questionnaire that has been provided, while highly structures and heavily tested, remains a draft version. A central task of the consulting firm will be to revise this questionnaire prior to training, and to finalise it after training and pre-testing. The version of the questionnaire provided in this protocol is the starting point for this finalisation process. After the Formative Research Report and the Pilot+ Survey were completed, additional comments came in regarding what the QIMS Survey might include. In part, the scope of the QIMS is guided by the finalised updated National Strategic Plan, and therefore the consulting firm is required to review the updated National Strategic Plan (2009-2014) to ensure that all measures of interest are contained in the questionnaire. It is also recommended that the consulting firm will review new existing studies on impact mitigation and HIV/AIDS in Swaziland (e.g NERCHA et.al. (2009): Swaziland HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis). Other comments that should be considered by the consulting firm are as follows: Check to ensure that all section titles are consistent with the contents in the relevant sections. Review the orphans table in the questionnaire, as well as other issues around vulnerability for children, and consider the creation of a new table that covers non-orphan vulnerable children. This should include consideration of the health status of caregivers of vulnerable children. Review the questionnaire module 5 and consider including the question on out-of-pocket expenditures for accessing impact mitigation services. This should include possible co- payments and other potential expenditures related to accessing the services such as transportation costs. Consider whether the questionnaire focuses due attention on generational vulnerability (e.g., loss of information and skills, moral guidance, authority over children, etc.) in the absence of parents, the particular problems of elderly-headed households and homesteads, and distribution of resources within homesteads and what this might imply for caregiving. Consider including measures associated with socio-economic decline over time of homesteads and households affected by HIV&AIDS. Also consider whether it would be possible to measure trends in social capital, and consider how any decline in social capital is due to the inability of affected households and persons to ‘recharge’ or reciprocate social capital by being an active member of the community and helping others. - 28 - 4.3 The Pilot+ Survey raised a question about ownership and access to key assets among second and third households in multi-household homesteads, including arable fields. This dynamic may be of interest.Ethical Protocols Over the years strong ethical protocols have emerged around HIV&AIDS. Much of their focus is on medical issues and human subjects and, increasingly, on privacy and disclosure issues around sexual behaviour surveys. For impact mitigation, the issues are not as clear, for two main reasons: 1) target groups for impact mitigation may or may not be directly or even indirectly affected by HIV&AIDS; and 2) most issues considered under impact mitigation, including disclosure of eligibility for services, are not issues of particular sensitivity. Indeed, the success of impact mitigation service delivery is heavily dependent on public involvement in targeting. Nevertheless, there are clear benefits in adapting protocols that have been established for surveys associated with HIV&AIDS, paying particular attention to national requirements. 4.3.1 Lessons Learned: International Best Practice In reviewing ethical protocols, one of the easiest and most relevant protocols for HIV&AIDS surveys can be found on the website of Family Health International (http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Training/trainmat/ethicscurr/RETCCREn/index.htm). This presents a self-administered ‘Research Ethics Training Curriculum’ and a link for downloading the full curriculum. It draws from human subject curricula, and highlights basic principles to respect in research on HIV&AIDS. Potential respondents need to be given the following information: They have the choice to participate or not participate in the research (the ability to ‘opt-out’ entirely from the survey). An understanding of why the research is being carried out. The possible positive outcomes associated with the research. The possible negative outcomes associated with the research. The possibility that there will be no individual impacts of the research. That they are free to stop the survey at any point during the survey (the ability to ‘opt-out’ following start-up). That they are free to refuse to answer any questions they do not want to answer (the ability to ‘opt-out’ of particular questions). That their answers are strictly confidential, will be aggregated with no name identifiers, and will not be attributed to any individual. Each survey has tailored statements of relevance to the particular issues being investigated, and the populations being interviewed. In cases where interviews are being conducted with children, for example, permission needs to be secured from a responsible adult. In the case of household- based surveys, parental/caregiver permission is required to interview non-adults (with ages for this varying, but often set at eighteen). In the case of institutional interviews, for example in schools, generally it is acceptable to secure the approval of school authorities, although the situation varies from country to country and depending on survey content. - 29 - A second resource to consider is www.citiprogram.org/default.asp, a website devoted to the elaboration of ethical procedures associated with HIV&AIDS. The Contractor is urged to visit both sites and recommend a way forward to the Management Committee. 4.3.2 National Requirements The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare handles all biomedical research approvals, but approval procedures for social sciences research are not currently functioning. Given this, the QIMS Technical Working Group will oversee ethical procedure content, linking to the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the Central Statistics Office in this respect. ‘Best practice’ disclosure to participants involves the following: Choosing to participate in the research, understanding why the research is being carried out, and considering the positive, negative, or lack of impacts. For Swaziland, this applies at three points: 1) agreement to allow a homestead to be listed for possible interview; 2) agreement to allow a homestead to be interviewed; and 3) individual agreement to be interviewed. The ability to ‘opt-out’ after the interview starts. For Swaziland, this applies at two points: 1) in the interview with the senior homestead member; and 2) in the interview with the randomly-selected household member. That their answers are strictly confidential, will be aggregated with no name identifiers, and will not be attributed to any individual. This also requires to no GPS co-ordinates be collected for the homestead. For Swaziland, this applies as follows: 1) ensuring that no homestead, household or individual identifiers are included on the questionnaire; 2) that no one but the enumerator and supervisor can identify which questionnaire applies to which homestead/household/individual; 3) contractually requiring the enumerator/supervisor to not disclose which homestead/household/individual is linked to which questionnaire; and 4) that no GPS co-ordinates are recorded for the homestead. In addition, on a related issue of confidentiality, the questionnaire will not be administered in the presence of other persons. 4.3.3 Homestead Access Ethical Protocol Once the final list of homesteads eligible for interview has been compiled, the sampling process noted above would be followed. For the homesteads randomly selected, the enumerator would need to introduce her/himself, and then the topic, briefly state who/what the survey is being done for, and that their homestead was randomly selected for interview. The enumerator would then ask for the senior homestead member (male or female), and note the following: Good day. My name is ________________. I am a member of a team with the Swaziland’s National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA). I am part of a team conducting a survey to help government understand how well we have been doing and what we can do differently to help vulnerable people in Swaziland. Ideally, we would like to speak to a senior female in this homestead who is informed about issues around the economic and social status of the homestead, across the different households. [Enum: If no such senior female is available, secure access to a senior male.] 4.3.4 Household Member Selection Ethical Protocol Thank the senior homestead member and ask the person to be interviewed to sit separately with you. Once you are alone, state the following to the person to be interviewed: - 30 - Good day. My name is ________________. I have been hired by Swaziland’s National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA). I am part of a team conducting a survey to help government understand how well we have been doing and what we can do differently to help vulnerable people in Swaziland. We are interviewing persons from randomly-selected homesteads throughout the country – the homestead in which your household is based has been selected. I assure you that everything you tell me in this interview will be kept completely private, anonymous and confidential. I do not need to know your name or personal details for this survey and there will not be any way for anyone to link your answers back to you. The only other person from this study who may visit you after the interview would be my supervisor, and [s/he] would only visit to make sure that I conducted the interview properly. It is entirely up to you whether you want to take part in this survey. Please note that you have the right to refuse to answer any question or to change your mind at any point in the interview, and stop the interview at that point. If you feel uncomfortable with a question, just let me know and we can skip it. However, because your answers are very important to us, I ask that, if you do agree to be part of this survey, you be completely honest and sincere with me, and answer all the questions. Please note that, following our interview, we would like to interview a second randomly-selected homestead member to discuss a few issues around caregiving for children. We would be listing all of those caregiving for any children living in this homestead aged 2-17 (if there are any). If you are a caregiver for one or more 2-17 year olds, we would include you in this listing. The main interview is expected to take ________ minutes. The second interview would take approximately ___ minutes. May we proceed? ____ - 1 Yes ____ - 2 No _________ The introduction serves three essential purposes: 1) ensures that the interviewee understands what the study is about; 2) ensures that the interviewee understands that the interview is confidential; and 3) ensures that the interviewee gives her/his consent to participate in the interview 4.3.5 Household Member Selection Ethical Protocol - Second Homestead Member When reaching the section of the questionnaire that requires the enumerator to speak to a second homestead member, an additional selection process is required, discussed earlier in this protocol. For ethical purposes, the following statement would be read to the randomly-selected member: Good day. My name is ________________. I have been hired by Swaziland’s National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA). I am part of a team conducting a survey to help government understand how well we have been doing and what we can do differently to help vulnerable people in Swaziland. We are interviewing persons from randomly-selected homesteads throughout the country – the homestead in which your household is based has been selected. I assure you that everything you tell me in this interview will be kept completely private, anonymous and confidential. I do not need to know your name or personal details for this survey and there will not be any way for anyone to link your answers back to you. The only other person from this study who may visit you after the interview would be my supervisor, and [s/he] would only visit to make sure that I conducted the interview properly. It is entirely up to you whether you want to take part in this survey. Please note that you have the right to refuse to answer any question or to change your mind at any point in the interview, and stop the interview at that point. If you feel uncomfortable with a question, just let me know and we can skip it. However, because your answers are very important to us, I ask that, if you do agree to be part of this survey, you be completely honest and sincere with me, and answer all the questions. - 31 - Please remember that we are not here to list the specific impact mitigation service needs of each homestead, but rather to understand these needs overall, so that services can be better organised and directed to those most in need. It is therefore especially important to the situation you describe to us is an open and honest assessment of needs, income levels, etc. The interview would take approximately ___ minutes. May we proceed? ____ - 1 Yes ____ - 2 No _________ If the same person as interviewed in the previous sections also answers teh second part of the survey, instead of the above statement, the following statement would be used: As noted earlier, everything you tell me in this interview will be kept completely private, anonymous and confidential. It is entirely up to you whether you want to answer any or all of the questions put to you in this part of the interview. 4.3.6 Applying the Ethical Protocol in the Field – Guidance to Enumerators 1. The interviewer should ask if there are any questions about before starting with the survey questions. 2. The interviewer must ensure that he/she does not give away information during the introduction or make any promises (e.g. an orphanage will be opened after the completion of this study, etc.), or raise expectations during the interview. The interviewer must also ensure that the interviewee is given an accurate assessment of time, when asked how long the interview will take (remembering that it depends largely on how well you conduct the interview and the length of responses). To ensure that the time is well managed, enumerators should not let the interviewee wander off the subject, but politely repeat questions and be professional in handling any responses, whatever the enumerator’s own opinions. 3. The first impression with the interviewee is very important, the way enumerators dress is therefore important. Making a positive impression will enable the interviewee to trust the enumerator and to be open and honest about personal, sensitive and or controversial issues. It is important not to dress in a manner that would provoke the participants or members of their community or make them feel inadequate or poor. Field workers should avoid heavy jewellery, t-shirts with political logos/colours (or any other signs that might suggest a link to organisations or parties other than NERCHA). 4. Enumerators should avoid wearing trousers and shirts that have holes in them or that look unwashed or not ironed. Women should be especially aware of some cultures that do not agree with modern dress codes. Clothing should not offend and should comply with acceptable dress code in the survey area. 5. Enumerators should be polite, friendly and sensitive to accepted ways of greeting members of a community. 6. Interviewees should be thanked for their time and contribution to the investigation. 4.4 Training of Enumerators Training will take place at a suitable venue that can accommodate 48 persons plus 5 trainers in the case of QIMS. Arrangements would need to be made for morning and afternoon refreshments in addition to lunch every day at the training facility. The facility should be central, easily accessible and a suitable venue for training. - 32 - When trainee field officers arrive for the first day of training, they would be requested to sign the attendance register and each be issued with a ‘training pack’ containing the following: Clipboard Notepad Pens Agenda Quantitative Training Manual Quantitative training handout ( Methodology, reliability and validity) Training Objectives Definitions On the morning of the first day each participant will be asked to introduce her/him self. The Project Manager would then give a short introduction to the project and request that a senior officer representing the client officially open the training workshop. The speaker would normally reiterate the importance of the investigation and focus on the vital role of field officers in ensuring collection of reliable and valid data. The speaker could also describe the roles of development partners with regard to the national response to HIV/AIDS and the challenges that lie ahead. After the official opening speech, discussion and signing of training contracts, trainees would be asked to contribute to a list of house rules that would ensure the smooth and successful completion of the training workshop. These could include some or all of the following: Punctuality Cell phones off or on silent mode Minimise disturbances Good attendance Full participation Teamwork No ‘mini meetings’ during training sessions Mutual respect for each other Asking for clarification if something is not understood or is not heard properly Friendliness After lunch, facilitators would introduce the concepts of research methodology, reliability and validity and participants will be taught about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. The main components of the training version of the questionnaire will be introduced, after which an intensive session on the tables, which are normally the most difficult section of the questionnaire to master, will be held. The ‘orphan status’ table is the most challenging section of the entire instrument and facilitators feel that once this component is understood in its complexity and mastered by trainees, the rest of the questionnaire is much easier to follow and master. Participants will be given a simple test on the following day in order to evaluate how well they understand the orphan status table. - 33 - All other tables in the questionnaire will be dealt with over the next few days and ‘skip to’ and ‘go to’ instructions explained. Normally, as the team works through the questionnaire, simultaneous translation into siSwati would take place. Experience has shown this approach to be too time consuming, as there tends to be much animated debate among trainees regarding the accurate translation from English into another language. It has therefore been found to be more effective if the necessary translation of the training version of the questionnaire is done by a smaller team before training begins, and the translation is reviewed and corrected by all participants during training and finalised before the final version of the questionnaire goes to the printer. This strategy also ensures that there is a translated version of the questionnaire available for the first pre-test which normally takes place two or three days into the training. For QIMS, many questions have already been translated, and it therefore remains for the translation to be confirmed, and for remaining question translations to either be adjusted (in the case of adapted questions) or translated in full (in the case of new questions). Before the second pre-test, officers from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) would be requested to join the training session to discuss listing and sampling procedures. They would explan sampling and listing and reiterate the importance of each field officer’s role in collecting reliable data. The rest of the week will be used to identify areas in the questionnaire that need to be improved. Trainees will be divided into pairs, each member of which will proceed to repeatedly role play first as an enumerator and then as an interviewee. This process familiarises trainees with what they would be doing in the field and helps improve the instrument. Prior arrangements would need to be made with the local authority concerned for pre-tests to be undertaken. Transport would need to be arranged to transport all trainees to the pre-test sites. On arrival, all trainees would be shown the existing boundaries of the enumeration area (EA) by the local authority officer. Thereafter, groups of trainees would go about listing all homesteads using listing sheets and listing criteria to identify eligible homesteads. After listing, a systematic sampling technique would be used to select the homesteads to be interviewed. All questionnaires would be checked and coded by field managers that night. The following day, sections of the questionnaire that were not clearly understood by trainees, or that have to be improved upon, would be dealt with in detail. The results of the pre-tests will also show facilitators, who would constantly monitor and evaluate the trainees, which trainees were grasping the complexities of the questionnaire better than others. After the second pre-test, it would become clearer to facilitators who the best potential candidates would be for selection as supervisors and enumerators. Should the Consulting firm elect to use electronic data collection approaches, these approaches will need to be pre-tested as well. 4.4.1 Training Agenda An example training agenda is included in Annex B. It is important that this be adapted to the particular training approach employed by the agency conducting the investigation. Our example agenda assumes 9 days of training and two pre-tests. - 34 - The trainer should ensure that the training agenda is developed in full prior to training. 4.4.2 Resources Required for Training Training venue Transport to and from the training venue Morning and afternoon refreshments Lunch Printer Plastic Nametags (1 per participant) Pens – Black – Enumerators (2 per participant) Pens – Red – Supervisors (2 per supervisor) Pens – Green – Field Managers (2 per manager) Marker Pens (Blue, Black, Green, Red) Exam Pads (1 per trainee) Paper-sticking putty (e.g. ‚Prestick‛) for hanging flipchart pages on walls Flipchart stand Flipchart paper Clipboards (1 per participant) Plastic document folder (1 per participant) Staplers and staples Scissors Training Questionnaires Projector 4.4.3 Training Goals By the end of the training the participants will be able to: Demonstrate adequate abilty to administer the quantitative data collection instrument to a respondent. Show adequate understanding of the issues to be covered in the research study. Understand household listing, sampling, and interviewing processes. Demonstrate adequate quality assurance techniques. Demonstrate adequate understanding of proper data collection planning and implementation. Show adequate understanding of ‘reliability’ and ‘validity’ of social research data. Show commitment towards effective and proper data collection in the interest of NERCHA in Swaziland. Participants in this training exercise will concentrate only on quantitative research methods. - 35 - 4.5 Reliability and Validity Validity asks the question ‚Are we asking what we think we are asking?‛ Poor question design, poor questionnaire design and poor constructs can undermine validity. Poor Question Design: Questions can be culturally/socially inappropriate, too direct, or too aggressive. Examples: Why did you spend your retrenchment money on alcohol and not invest in a business? Poor Questionnaire Design: Questions can be asked too early in a questionnaire, a question can be introduced inappropriately, or questions can be poorly organised. Examples: asking very sensitive questions at the beginning of a questionnaire; giving away too much information on the reasons for the study when introducing the questionnaire (leading to inaccurate responses, particularly over-response to knowledge questions) or can mislead the respondent (giving them confusing or contradictory information) Poor Constructs: Poor construct refers to inadequate attention to the link between the construct of interest and the empirical indicators used in preparing a questionnaire. For example, can the construct ‘wealth’ be used as an empirical indicator, measured by the question ‚How much did you earn in the past month‛? Even if an appropriate answer is given, what about non-earned income? What about income from other household members? What about remittances? What about disposable assets? What about earnings on investments? What about savings? In short, the empirical indicator ‘amount of money earned’ does not measure the construct ‘wealth’. Reliability refers to the degree to which empirical measures yield consistent results over time. Poor reliability can come from poor question structure, poor supervisor/enumerator training, or poor supervision. Problems could also arise due to poor translation, which could lead to unreliable implementation. As an example, if a study is being implemented in siSwati and English, and the siSwati translation of a word in the questionnaire has a different meaning to the English version, the study would not be implemented in a reliable fashion. Poor training or poor supervision is central to poor implementation, and lead to inconsistent field implementation. 4.6 Questionnaire Final Validation and Review Following the second questionnaire pre-test, during the training, agreement needs to be reached on the final questions to be included in the questionnaire, and exactly how the questions would be written in English. Thereafter, a correct translation into siSwati needs to be agreed. All questions that are asked must appear in siSwati and English on the questionnaire. Enumerator instructions, response codes, and supervisory notes remain only in English. However, agreement needs to be obtained on response code translations during training, to enhance inter-coder reliability. Questionnaire review processes were noted above, and include reviews by the Management Committee, the Reference Group, and the Stakeholders Group. - 36 - 5 Field Preparations and Field Implementation 5.1 Introduction As noted, only those enumerators who performed best in training will be selected for fieldwork. If necessary, some trainees may be selected as substitute enumerators or data entry clerks. Quantitative Questionnaire field implementation for the QIMS would proceed in two phases: Phase 1: All teams would conduct quantitative data collection for two or three days in their selected regions in EA’s near to Mbabane. This allows careful monitoring of fieldwork, ensuring that all team members are ‘on the same page’. In addition, following the first few days of field implementation, the field managers, project management and members of the TWG would hold a 2.5 day quality control retreat to review all questionnaires administered to date. Phase 2: Following Phase 1 and review of questionnaires completed to date, the teams would continue fieldwork in their respective regions. Quality control measures were discussed earlier in this Protocol. Briefly, each and every questionnaire would be checked by the Field Supervisor, with most checked on the same day of administration while still on site. This will allow the enumerator to correct any mistakes, and fill any gaps by returning to the homestead to ask missed questions. The Field Supervisor will also handle liaison, protocol, and logistical matters, deal with problems arising, and ensure that the team continues to function as an efficient team. The Field Manager will check a subset of questionnaires, discuss operational issues with the Field Supervisor, and handle all protocol issues. Questionnaires would be conveyed to Mbabane daily if possible. The questionnaires would be kept in a locked room at NERCHA. 5.2 Logistical Arrangements 5.2.1 Transport The QIMS would require nine 4x4 vehicles (1 for each team of 1 supervisor and 4 enumerators and a vehicle for the field manager); the Team Leader will also visit the field in a separate vehicle. 5.2.2 Accommodation Teams will be based in the capital, Mbabane, for EAs close to the city and where it would make more sense to return each night. This simplifies logistics around personnel being away from their homes and also saves on costs. If teams return to their homes each night, then only a lunch need be provided, wheres if teams spend nights away from Mbabane then per diems are required. 5.2.3 Field Materials Each team would require the following materials: Field Schedule Listing Sheets Questionnaires - 37 - Questionnaire Control Sheets Selection Criteria Sheets Definitions Sheets A3 Envelopes Telephone Contact list Pens (Black, red & green) Marker pens Stapler & staples Nametags Fuel money 5.2.4 Team Behaviours: Rules and Procedures Each Enumerator is expected to accurately complete an average number of four questionnaires per day. Failure to achieve this daily average may result in his/her remuneration being reduced unless it is determined that the Enumerator’s work performance was below standard due to circumstances beyond his/her control. The Enumerator will report to the Field Supervisor, who will evaluate and review the quality of the Enumerator’s work performance. The Enumerator needs to understand that any missing values resulting from poor administration of the questionnaires will result in his/her pay being reduced. (This should be clearly explained during training.) While deductions will be at the sole discretion of the Employer, it is anticipated that the deduction would be up to 20% of the daily amount of an Enumerator’s contract for each completed questionnaire submitted which contains unexplained and unwarranted missing values. The Enumerator is expected to fully participate in all fieldwork activities. He/she is expected to be on time each day, and to work for the requisite number of hours. There will be no exceptions. The Enumerator will sign in on a time card each day, and late arrivals will be recorded. Poor timekeeping will be considered in the evaluation of the Enumerator’s performance. Any delays in fieldwork directly due to neglect of duties by the Enumerator may affect his/her final pay. 5.2.5 Hours of Work Working hours will be determined in discussions with the Supervisor and Field Manager, but are expected to average 9-10 hours per day. 5.2.6 Ethical Protocols: Questionnaires and Security Procedures All questionnaires are to be kept locked in a vehicle during fieldwork, and prior to and after data entry and validation are to be kept in a locked cabinet at NERCHA, presumably under the supervision of an M&E Officer at NERCHA. Any personal identities that could help find a particular household must be kept in a separate locked place. When completed final questionnaires are submitted for data entry, they are handed over and signed for by the Data Manager, and immediately put into a locked cupboard. Following data entry of a particular questionnaire, the questionnaire is returned to the locked cupboard. - 38 - 6 Data Entry, Validation and Cleaning 6.1 Introduction In this section, two of the most common data entry procedures/packages are discussed: SPSS and Microsoft Excel. It is recognised that the firm conducting the QIMS may decide to use another data entry package. However, there are a number of generic issues that would apply to any data entry process, and rules that guide data entry, validation, and cleaning. If the Consulting firm elects to use electronic means to enter data in the field, then different data entry and validation protocols are required. These would need to be elaborated by the Consulting firm in the Inception Report. 6.2 Codebook As a first step, the quantitative questionnaire should be ‘saved as’ a codebook. Each column for data entry needs a variable name, identified in the codebook itself. With new versions of SPSS, which easily allow variable identifiers different from the variable name, it is generally best to simply create an alphanumeric variable name containing the questionnaire number. For example, for question 1, the variable name could be Q1, or V1, etc. This system would continue throughout the questionnaire, with sub-questions following a similar rule (e.g., Q1a, Q1ai, etc.). In cases where additional identifiers are required, for example for a question that has a sub-question asking about males and a separate sub-question about females, variations are needed (e.g., Q1amale, Q1afemale). For example, the following is an extract of the quantitative questionnaire, which includes the variable names to the right: Table 5: QIMS Questionnaire Extract with Variable Names Included Q# Questions and Enumerator Responses Codes GO TO Var Name Instruments 101 Time Q101 Start Time: __________ Finish Time: __________ Total Time: (minutes)______________________ 102 Date of Interview [Day, then Q102 Month, as a single 4 ______________________________ digit code] 103 Who is the head of this Male [male head/other senior male Q103 homestead? decision-maker present at least 6 months over the past 12 months] 1 Female de facto [stated male head absent at least 6 months over the past 12 months, and no ‘replacement’ male 2 lives in the homestead] 3 Female de jure [female stated as head] 104 What is the highest level of None 1 Q104 education of the head of the Lower Primary (1-3) 2 homestead? Upper Primary (4-6) 3 Lower Secondary (7-9) 4 Upper Secondary (10-12) 5 > Secondary 6 105 What is the age of the head of Q105 the homestead? ____________________________________________ - 39 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Responses Codes GO TO Var Name Instruments _ [If do not know, secure or make an estimate.] 106 What is the homestead head’s Married 1 106a Q106 marital status? Cohabitating/Living in Communion 2 107 Single (never married) 3 107 Divorced/Permanently Separated 4 107 Widowed 5 107 106a [If male headed and male Monogamous 1 Q106a is married] Is the homestead Polygamous 2 head in a monogamous or polygamous marriage? As another example, if there is a multiple response question, that is, a question that the respondent can provide more than one response to, the system is slightly different. For each variable name, one system would be to include a response number. In the example below, where there are three possible responses to 701c, the codes Q701cr1, Q701cr2, and Q701cr3 could apply: Table 6: Example of Coding of Question Responses 701b school fees (who involved) person/persons in need of service 1 Q701b caregiver 2 other person not in need of service/not caregiver 3 701c school fees (community community meeting 1 Q701cr1 involvement) [tick up to 3 local traditional authority 2 responses] community based organisation 3 Q701cr2 other local opinion leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 Q701cr3 It is important to note that ONLY a single codebook, backed-up, can be maintained at any one time, which means only one person can be charged with making any changes to the codebook. Normally, during data entry, working hard copies of the codebook would exist, one for each data entry officer, and a master copy with the data entry manager. Any time there is a response code that was not already pre-coded, a value needs to be given to this new code by the data manager. In the example above (701c), community involvement might have included ‘neighbourhood group meeting’. In this case, because numbers 1-5 are already pre-coded, the value for neighbourhood group meeting would be ‘6’. This would be hand-written on the data manager’s master codebook, and thereafter also hand-written on each hard copy of the codebook. After a few days of adding codes in this manner, the data manager would update the electronic copy of the codebook with the additional codes, print new versions for the data entry officers and a master copy, and destroy all earlier versions. 6.3 Questionnaire Check-in A control sheet is required for checking in completed questionnaires. The questionnaire numbering system should be used for this checking procedure. Ideally, this would be done using an excel file, that would also include data entry and validation checking procedures. The following is an example of a check-in and follow-up cycle: - 40 - Table 7: Example of Check-in and Follow-up Schedule Row Questionnaire Check-in Status Data Entry Status Data Validation Data Entry # Number (date and (date and Status (date and Manager (date and signature) signature) signature) signature) 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc. 6.4 Data Entry SPSS and Excel use different data entry procedures. For SPSS, the data entry package prompts you for variable name, variable type, width, decimals, variable label, values for each response, missing values, columns, and alignment. If SPSS is being used for data entry, the variable name would be defined as noted above. Variable type for quantitative data is normally numeric, but it could be that a particular variable is, for example, a currency value, date, etc. The default is numeric. Variable width is defined by variable type, and for numeric variables, the width is eight, indicating the total number of digits in the variable (in this case, up to eight numbers can appear). Decimals define any variables that may have decimal points, such as currency. However, it is rare to have decimals in survey work of this nature, and the default value is zero. Variable labels allow you to describe the variable. This is the label or title that appears for all tables generated in SPSS, and ensures that you are running the right variable(s). Unfortunately, SPSS does not include the variable name as part of the label automatically. It is therefore generally better to refer to the variable name in the label. For example, for question 701b noted above, a possible label would be: ‘Q701b) school fees who involved’. Value labels give a value for each response code. For example, for 701b above, the response codes are: 1. person/persons in need of service 2. caregiver 3. other person in need of service/not caregiver Therefore, when prompted for values, the response code is specified by number. For ‘columns’, the default value for numeric variables is 8, specifying the width of the variable in the database. ‘Alignment’ indicates whether the numbers in the database are left, centre, or right aligned. ‘Measure’ indicates the type of variable, with the options being nominal, ordinal or scale. ‘Nominal’ variables are those that do not have an order or an equal gap between the different responses. For example, ‘yes’ or ‘no’ are nominal measures. ‘Ordinal’ variables are those where the order is important, although the intervals between values may be unequal. For example, the variable ‘education status’ asks the respondents how many years they attended school. The higher the number, the higher the level of education. ‘Scale’ variables have equal intervals (that is, the - 41 - distance between the response codes ‘1’ and ‘2’ is equal to the distance between ‘3’ and ‘4’), and a zero point. An example of a scale variable is the number of males aged 0-17 who live in a homestead. For MS Excel, the variable name is entered into a row. It is best to also include a row that describes the variable so that it is easy to understand what the variable is. A short variable name is needed for use in formulae/ when specifying the tables for analysis. Table 8: Example of Data Entry in MS Excel Row Questionnaire Interview # of Visits to Enumerator Field Super- Field Manager # Number Status Homestead Self Check visor Check Check Qno IntStatus NumVisits EnumCheck FieldSupCheck FieldMgrCheck 1 2 3 4 etc. Whatever package is used, it is best for the data manager to enter the first 4-5 questionnaires her/himself to check the codebook and the database. It is particularly easy to miss a variable when creating a database, and if so the data manager will find it through this process. Once the data manager has confirmed that the spreadsheet for data entry is correct, the data entry file needs to be copied for each data entry officer. Once this is done, each data entry officer should enter 4-5 questionnaires and have these checked by the data entry manager. A particularly common data entry problem is skipping too few columns before beginning data entry on a new variable. As a result, all data points thereafter would be one column off. For example, using the 701c example above, there are up to three answers for the question. However, a respondent may only give one or two answers, meaning that either q701cr2 and Q701cr3 would be blank (in the case of one response), or Q701cr3 would be blank (in the case of two responses). Using the ‘two blank’ example, If the columns allocated for Q701r2 or Q701r3 are not skipped, the response for question Q702 would be entered instead under Q701r2, and the response for question 703 would be entered instead under Q701r3. Fortunately, SPSS will not allow out of range values, and this allows SPSS to identify a mis-entry. However, in many cases the value entered, while wrong, is within-range, and the error is not spotted. For Excel, you can also write a formula for each column that limits the range of numbers allowed, and this would yield the same situation as with SPSS. Mis-entry (but within range) errors will need to be identified through data validation procedures noted in the next section. 6.5 Data Validation For SPSS, double data entry routines serve to validate data. Following entry of the questionnaire, the questionnaire is re-entered. If any new values are entered in any cell, SPSS notifies the data entry officer of this discrepancy. The correct values can then be checked. For Excel, it is generally easier to have a separate officer validate print outs of data for each questionnaire entered. Different colour highlighters can be used to signify: 1) completion of validation with no errors found; 2) designation of points to be queried, including unexpected - 42 - missing values; or 3) designation of data entry errors. Any queries would be brought to the attention of the data entry manager, who would go to the relevant data entry officer to correct the dataset. Once the correction is made, the correction on the hard copy is signed off by the data validation officer and the data entry manager. Whatever package is used, 100% of all data points must be checked. In addition to the above validation procedures, the data entry manager should also randomly check at least every 5th questionnaire in the first days of data entry, and at least every 10th questionnaire thereafter. For SPSS, this would involve printing out selected cases and checking them against the original questionnaires. For Excel, it would involve a second check of the data print-outs. 6.6 Data Back-Up Routines Data back-up routines should comprise the following: Daily back-up of each dataset on an external device. Daily back-up of all datasets on a single computer, controlled by the Data Entry Manager. The Data Entry Manager should take all external back-up devices home each night, and store them in a secure location. Weekly merging of the datasets by the Data Entry Manager, and back-up of the merged dataset on an external device. Each computer, whether desktop or laptop, should be locked, and access restricted to the computer through a password. 6.7 Ethical Protocols: Completed Questionnaires Questionnaires should only be removed from the locked cabinet for data entry and validation purposes. Following completion of work associated with the questionnaires, they must be returned to the locked cabinet. Every questionnaire that is removed from the storage cabinet must be noted on a check-out form, and checked-in following completion. Ideally, this check-out form is taped to the front of the cabinet. An example of the form is as follows: Table 9: Example of Check-out Form Row Questionnaire Checked Date Checked In Date Checked Data Manager # Number Out Checked In Confirmation Out 1 2 3 4 etc. - 43 - 6.8 Data Cleaning Following completion of data entry and validation, a single data file would need to be created by the Data Manager. After this final merger, final dataset cleaning is done using these steps: 1) General checks 2) Checks for out-of-range values 3) Checks for inconsistencies across main and sub-questions and across main questions 4) Export of data for final check 6.8.1 General Checks After merging the data, first the data manager would search for any duplicate questionnaire numbers. Any duplicate numbers would need to be checked to ensure that the same questionnaire was not entered twice. If the data are different, the original questionnaires need to be checked to see which questionnaire number was entered wrongly, and corrected. Second, if any questionnaires have not been signed and dated for ‘questionnaire entry completed’ and ‘questionnaire validation completed’, these questionnaires need to be checked to ensure that they have indeed been validated. 6.8.2 Out-of-Range Values If double data entry routines have been used effectively, there should be very few out-of-range values. Nevertheless, there may still be a few cases. Data should be sorted, variable by variable, and any out-of-range values checked. As noted earlier, aside from random mistakes, a common mistake is for data to be entered in the wrong column. This means that a single questionnaire may contain a number of errors. In each case where a questionnaire is found with multiple errors, the entire questionnaire must be checked again and corrected. 6.8.3 Inconsistencies Across Main and Sub-Questions and Across Main Questions Questionnaire completion errors are more common and difficult to resoolve than data entry errors. There are a number of complex instructions such as ‘go to’ and ‘skip to’ in the QIMS questionnaire, and there are sections completed late in the questionnaire that depend on responses earlier in the questionnaire. For example, sub-questions (that is, questions that have a letter after the number, such as 201a) are linked to the response to the main question (in this case, 201) and should only be answered in cases where the ‘go to’ instruction says to ask that question. This can be found by sorting by the main variable, and seeing whether any sub-questions were asked when they should not have been. It should be noted that often it is the main question that has the inaccurate response. There are also cases where questions asked later in the questionnaire depend on the findings from earlier in the questionnaire. For example, Module 5 deals with access to services and targeting, while Module 6 deals with different aspects of these services, and should only be asked if the respondent noted receiving the service in Module 5. This means that the data file must be checked for inconsistencies across these two modules. - 44 - Finally, there are also a few complex skips in the questionnaire. For example, question 414 deals with remittances over the past year, while 414a deals with the situation five years ago. Question 414b is only asked if Q414a has a lower value than 414. If a question has been asked but should not have been asked, the response needs to be deleted from the database. 6.9 Data Exportation for Final Check Once the final data checks have been done, the dataset should be re-sorted by questionnaire number, and exported to the statistical analysis software. Following importation, the same set of checks should be done again, this time by the data analyst. Out-of-range values would first need to be checked, followed by main question - sub-question checks. Statistical analysis software allows the out-of-range values to be checked by running each variable and seeing if all responses are within range. For main question - sub-question checks, visual inspection should be conducted in the same manner as was done for the final data check, by sorting for main variable and checking sub-variables, and by sorting from earlier questions and later questions when the two questions should yield a consistent response. Any outstanding queries are directed back to the data entry manager, with the question number and questionnaire number indicated and the specific query noted. The data entry manager checks the queries against the original questionnaire, and final corrections are made in the analysis software. It should be noted that, despite the repeated efforts to ensure a completely clean data file, additional mistakes will be found as analysis proceeds. Therefore, final questions to the data entry manager may come weeks after final cleaning. - 45 - 7 Data Analysis, Report Preparation, and Dissemination 7.1 Introduction Following the final cleaning of the database, data analysis can begin. For SPSS, data file definition was described above, and is not repeated here. The same holds true for other software. If data entry was done in a package that does not allow data definition, SPSS data file definition must take place prior to final data cleaning. In this chapter, it is assumed that the data file has been fully defined, and the dataset final cleaned. 7.2 Data Analysis If there has been over- and under-sampling across strata, the dataset will need to be weighted before analysis. The data should be weighted up to the numbers in each strata in the total population. In most statistical software packages, cases are randomly selected and weighted. Normally, data weighting comprises a comparison of the sample size with the total population in the particular category. For example, consider the following: Group 1 - 300 homesteads were interviewed out of a population of 1177 homesteads. Group 2 - 300 homesteads were interviewed out of a population of 1729 homesteads. Group 3 - 300 homesteads were interviewed out of a population of 3822 homesteads. Group 4 - 300 homesteads were interviewed out of a population of 1,342 homesteads. For Group 1, the data weight would be 3.923333, which is the figure that 300 need to be multiplied by to yield 1177 homesteads. For Group 2, the weight is 5.763333, for Group 3, the weight is 12.74, and for Group 4, the weight is 4,473333. Once weighted, this yields a merged finding for all homesteads across the three groups (in this example, there are 8,070 homesteads), allowing analysis for all groups together, as well as separate analysis for each group. Once data weights have been applied (if required), the recommended first step in data analysis is to prepare detailed tables comprising all findings by each variable. Ideally, these would be included in an annex, allowing the main report to include a clear presentation of key findings. In the above example, findings would be presented for the merged grouping, and thereafter by each group. In this example, say that the four groups represent Swaziland’s four regions of Manzini, Hhohho, Lubombo, and Shiselweni, and the merged column Swaziland overall. If agro-ecological zones were also to be included, this would yield the following table: - 46 - Table __: Sex of Homestead Head Response National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Male Female de facto Female de jure In some cases, the results of a statistical test might also appear as part of the table: Table __: Sex of Homestead Head with Statistical Test Results Included Response National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Male Female de facto Female de jure  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for region.  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for agro-ecological zone. There are cases where further sub-division might be conducted. For example, consider level of education of the homestead head. It might be useful to present the findings by males and females, as well as by region. An additional table could be added in the annex below the main table: Table __: Example of Response Table for Education Status of Homestead Head Response National Manzini Hhohho Lubombo Shiselweni All M F All M F All M F All M F All M F Male Primary school Secondary school Agro-Ecological Zones Agro-Zone 1 Agro-Zone 2 Agro-Zone 3 Agro-Zone 4 Male Primary school Secondary school M = male, F = female  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for region.  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for agro-ecological zone. In further discussions around the results of the Pilot+ Survey Report, it was felt that it would also be necessary to present data across Swaziland’s four agro-ecological zones. Adapting the above two tables, there are two approaches, depending on how sampling proceeds: Table __: Example of Response Table for Sex of Homestead Head with Statistical Test Results Included Response National Manzini Hhohho Lubombo Shiselweni Male Female de facto Female de jure Agro-Ecological Zones Agro- zone 1 Agro- zone 2 Agro- zone 3 Agro- zone 4 Male - 47 - Female de facto Female de jure If data are to be presented for each agro-ecological zone by each region, as well as nationally, this would yield a more detailed presentation: Table __: Example of Response Table for Sex of Homestead Head Res- National Manzini Hhohho Lubombo Shiselweni ponse Agro Zone 2 Agro Zone 2 Agro Zone 2 Agro Zone 2 Agro Zone 2 Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone Agro-Zone 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 Male F de facto F de jure  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for region.  Chi-square significant/insignificant at the .1 level; [chi-square value], p=[significance test value] for agro-ecological zone. The nature and extent of these tables will need to be identified in consultation with the Client, and agreed as analysis proceeds. 7.3 Research Questions and Key Points of Analysis The consulting firm will conduct detailed analysis of the data collected through QIMS, and is responsible for elaborating on these findings in light of a review of the literature also to be conducted by the consulting firm. There is a set of core findings that the consulting firm needs to include in the main body of the report. The core findings tables are elaborated in this sub-section, organised around five key research questions: 1. Coverage - What are the current levels of impact mitigation service delivery to those in need? INDICATOR 1a: Percentage of homesteads receiving support, by type of support received, by region, and by agro-ecological zone (Table 1a) 2. Targeting - To what extent are services reaching those most in need versus those less in need, and what are the factors leading to any mal-distribution? INDICATOR 2a: Percentage of homesteads in need of services, which have been reached with services, by number of vulnerabilities in the homestead, by type of service, by region and by agro-ecological zone (for all types of services rendered) (Table 2a) INDICATOR 2b: Percentage of school children (target group) reached, of those who need school fee support (repeated for each type of support, and with a target group relevant to that type of support) - 48 - 3. Relevance, Comprehensiveness, Quality and Timeline - Were the impact mitigation services that were provided relevant, comprehensive, of sufficient quality, and timely? INDICATOR 3a: Percentage of homesteads that express that service was of quality, of those who were reached with service (for each type of service) – Table 3a INDICATOR 3b: Percentage of homesteads that express that service was relevant, of those who were reached with service (for each type of service) – Table 3b INDICATOR 3c: Percentage of homesteads that express that service was timely, of those who were reached with service (for each type of service) – Table 3c INDICATOR 3d: Percentage of homesteads that express that service was comprehensive, of those who were reached with service (for each type of service) – Table 3d 4. Participation - To what extent are local communities, local opinion leaders and those in need of impact mitigation services involved in decisions around what services are offered, what services are prioritised, who should receive services, etc? INDICATOR 4a: Percentage of homesteads involved in making decisions about the service that was provided, by region and agro ecological zone – Table 4a INDICATOR 4b: Percentage of homesteads who were involved in service through specific mechanism of involvement, by region and by agro-ecological zone – Table 4b 5. Local Coping - What local coping mechanisms are in place, that are intended to protect homesteads and persons? Are impact mitigation services strengthening or weakening these local coping mechanisms? INDICATOR 5a: Percentage of homesteads that use different coping mechanisms, by region and agro ecological zone – Table 5a This indicator will also provide data for the impact-level result of the 2009 to 2014 National HIV Strategic Plan. 7.3.1 Coverage Module 5 in the questionnaire considers access to services. In looking at the rows for the various services on offer, respondents are first asked whether anyone in the homestead has ever received the services, and if so whether anyone has received such support in the past year. The next set of rows covers who received, and who did not receive but would have been eligible for the service. The figure for reach in the past year becomes the numerator in a calculation of the total percentage reached. The denominator is the total number reached plus the total number in need, divided by the numerator. For example, if out of 1000 elderly caregivers, 100 are in need of trauma counselling, coverage is calculated as the numbers who have received the service relative to 100, not 1000. For the corresponding table, this yields the percentage reached overall, and the percentage reached by strata: - 49 - Table 1a: Types of Support Received (% Reached) – for Indicator 1a Service Received National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Education ECCD non-formal education (adults) non-formal education (children) vocational education food support to homestead food support to children at public feeding venues provision of agricultural support (crop farming) provision of agricultural support (livestock farming) provision of agric. support (gardens, cash crops) grief/trauma counselling other emotional counselling substance use/abuse counselling home-based care legal support income generation activities housing support credit/development finance neighbourhood care points (to access services) kaGogo Centre (access to services) External caregiving support, child-headed HSs Basic medical services - primary care Medical services for the chronically ill * Any statistical tests of other information should be included in the table, or footnoted after the table, as appropriate. The Consulting firm should also look at other variables of interest related to access, for example sex of homestead head, marital status, etc. The value of packages provided should also be considered. - 50 - 7.3.2 Targeting Module 5 in the questionnaire also provides information on who has been reached and who has not, by type of vulnerable person/group in need. To an extent this varies across service, making the table somewhat more complex. It is also important to consider reach by the number of vulnerabilities a particular homestead faces. For this, question 424 is used to classify the number of vulnerabilities facing the homestead overall, or members of the homestead. Fifteen categories of vulnerability have been agreed. Homesteads are classified as those having ‘no vulnerabilities’, ‘1-4 vulnerabilities’, ‘5-9 vulnerabilities’, and ’10 or more vulnerabilities’. The following tables reflect the percentages of households who needed and received school fee support, by number of vulnerabilities, region and zone, and by type of vulnerable group. Table 2a: Targeting (% Homesteads reached with services, of those who need services, by number of vulnerabilities in the homestead) – Indicator 2a Service Received National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 By the number of vulnerabilities No vulnerabilities 1-4 vulnerabilities 5-9 vulnerabilities 10+ vulnerabilities Table 2b (i): School Fee Targeting (% School Children Reached, of those who need services) – Indicator 2b Group needing the service National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Orphan Female Orphan Male Non-Orphan Vulnerable F Non-Orphan Vulnerable M Non-Vulnerable Child Table 2b (ii): Support for Chronically Ill (% Chronically Ill Reached, of all Chronically Ill persons in Homesteads) – Indicator 2b Type of person needing National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro support zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Chronically Ill Adult 15-49 Bereaved Vulnerable Elderly Disabled Adult Other Adult [Tables 2b (i) and (ii) are repeated for each type of service.] The above tables would need to be prepared for each category of those in need who are reached by type of those in need (numerator), compared to the number of those in need who are reached plus the number of those who are not reached but who are in need (denominator). It would also be useful to consider measuring reach not just across vulnerabilities, but across different groups across the strength of social capital networks (Module 8 and some questions under Module 9). Other variables to consider are contained in Module 10, covering income status and vulnerability ratings, and Module 9 (question 903), covering levels of consumption for a child in the homestead. - 51 - 7.3.3 Relevance, Comprehensiveness and Quality of Services Questions concerning relevance, comprehensiveness, and quality are covered largely by Module 6. For each type of support provided for a particular homestead, questions are asked about these three issues, as well as a question on timeliness. For each service, quality, relevance, timeliness, and comprehensiveness need to each be considered, as follows: Table 3: Types of Support Received: Early Childhood Care and Development Service Received National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 % Reached With Service # Reached With Service* Table 3a (i): Early Childhood Care and Development: % who express that services was of each quality, of those who were reached with service – Indicator 3a Category National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Very Good Quality Somewhat Good Quality Just Acceptable Quality Poor Quality Very Poor Quality Do Not Know/Cannot Say Table 3b (i): Early Childhood Care and Development: (% who express that service was relevant, of those who were reached with service) – Indicator 3b Category National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Very Relevant Somewhat Relevant Not Very Relevant Not At All Relevant Do Not Know/Cannot Say Table 3c (i): Early Childhood Care and Development: (% who express that service was timely, of those who were reached with service) – Indicator 3c Category National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Very Timely Somewhat Timely Not Very Timely Not At All Timely Do Not Know/Cannot Say Table 3d (i): Early Childhood Care and Development: % who express that service was comprehensive, of those who were reached with service) – Indicator 3d Category National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Very Comprehensive Somewhat Comprehensive Not Very Comprehensive Not At All Comprehensive Do Not Know/Cannot Say * # reached with the service is the weighted number nationally and for each strata. - 52 - These tables are repeated for each service provided. For a few of the services, there are variations (e.g., school fees exclude quality; legal support covers other issues beyond these four). For medical services for the chronically ill, a screening question is included about HIV. For those in need of ARVs, ARV services are also considered. 7.3.4 Participation Participation is covered in Module 7. It considers each service and, for each service, the following dimensions: Table 4: Participation in Service Delivery: School Fees % homesteads who were involved in service Service Received National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 % Reached With Service # Reached With Service* Table 4a (i): Participation in Service Delivery: % homesteads who were involved in service – Indicator 4a Involved or Not National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Involved Not Involved Do Not Know Table 4b (ii): % homesteads who were involved in service through specific mechanism of involvement Mechanism of Involvement National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 % Involved Community Meeting Local Traditional Authority CBO Other Local Comm. Leader NGO Political Leader * # reached with the service is the weighted number nationally and for each strata. Repeat Tables 4a and 4b for each type of service. There are also questions under Module 8 that cover participation (e.g., 846). Module 8 should be reviewed to consider these questions under participation. There is a section in Module 7 on co-ordination and coherence that should be analysed separately. 7.3.5 Local Coping Coping consider social capital, trends in social capital, and impact mitigation services impact on social capital and local coping. Current social capital is probed in Module 8, questions 802-812. Trends over time are covered under 813-816, as well as later in the same module (e.g., 828). Later in Module 8 there are questions on the impacts of impact mitigation services on social capital and local coping (831, 832). The analyst should review other sections of Module 8 to ensure that these issues are considered. - 53 - Table 5a: Current Social Capital: % of homesteads that use different coping mechanisms, by region and agro ecological zone – Indicator 5a Service Received National Man- Hho- Lu- Shisel- Agro Agro Agro Agro zini hho bombo weni Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Live Proximate to Family Members Live Nearby Do Not Live Nearby Regularity of Contact with Family Members 1+ a week 1+ a month 1+ a year Hardly Ever/Never Rely on Family if Have a Serious Problem Always Sometimes Rarely Never Do Not Know/Not Certain Able to Rely on Family Members for Financial Support Yes No Do Not Know If Crisis and Needed Funds for Sustained Period, Can Rely on Family Members Completely Partially Very Little Not At All Do Not Know/Not Certain If Crisis and Needed Labour Support for Sustained Period, Can Rely on Family Members Completely Partially Very Little Not At All Do Not Know/Not Certain The same table would need to be prepared for the next set of questions on neighbours as well. Questions on change over time would need to be included in a separate table. 7.4 Reporting Once all of the tables have been prepared, preparation of the main report can proceed. Key findings from the data can be presented, with the emphasis on straightforward and visual presentation of findings. For example, for the above two examples, a section of the report on demographic findings would include a discussion of factors such as sex, education status, age, marital status, etc. Findings for the nation as a whole could be presented in a figure for each (or some) of these, while the description of findings could also include any interesting points of variation across the four regions. Two examples are provided: - 54 - Figure __: Graphical Representation in Report for Sex of Homestead Head (National Data) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Fe male de facto Fe male de jure National 72 12 16 Figure __: Example - Graphical Representation in Report for Sex of Homestead Head (National and Regional Data) 100 80 60 40 20 0 National Manzini Hhohho Lubombo Shiselweni Female de jure 16 28 8 15 20 Female de facto 12 7 1 30 17 Male 72 65 91 55 63 7.4.1 Other Annexes In addition to the annex showing detailed findings, additional annexes should include the questionnaire, further information (if required) on listing, sampling and field procedures (and other methodological details), and information on quality control systems, field challenges, data limitations, etc. 7.5 Report Structure The structure of the report is at the discretion of the Management Committee and the Consulting firm, but one example follows: - 55 - Title Page Inside Title Page Acknowledgements Preface Table of Contents Abbreviations Definitions List of Tables List of Figures List of Maps Introductory Maps Map 1: Map of Swaziland Showing its Position in Southern Africa Map 2: Map of Swaziland Showing Regions and Major Urban Centres Map 3: Map of Swaziland Showing … Executive summary: Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Background Goal and Objectives Methods and Approach Administrative Issues Structure of the Report Homestead Categorisation Chapter 2: Homestead Characteristics Introduction Rationale for Homestead Selection Homestead and Household Structures Homestead Head Homestead Member Status Basic Services (water and sanitation) Chapter 3: Employment and Income Status Introduction Income Status Remittances Agriculture Assets Chapter 4: Social Capital and Coping Mechanisms Introduction Systems of Social Capital Changes in Social Capital Cultural Factors and Social Protection Violence and Abuse Impacts on Livelihoods - 56 - Chapter 5: Homestead Orphan Status Introduction Type of Orphan Demographic Status of Orphans Household Status Special Circumstances Orphan Caregivers Chapter 6: Provision of Impact Mitigation Services Introduction Need for Services Access to Government Transfer Schemes Services Delivered Participation in Determining Services Delivered Chapter 7: Relevance, Quality, Timeliness and Comprehensive of Impact Mitigation Services Introduction Services Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations Annex A: Detailed Tabular Findings Annex B: Quantitative Questionnaire Annex C: Protocol Annex D: … Annex E: … Ideally, the report should be circulated at four points in time: 1) Completion of tables and circulation to core team members for review and comment 2) Completion of Draft Report and circulation to the Reference Group 3) Completion of the Revised Draft Report taking into account comments on the draft report 4) Completion of the Final Report For the Draft Report and the Revised Draft Report, findings should be presented to the Reference Group, preferably a week after circulation. This allows the TWG some time to review the report, and discuss findings with the researcher. For the Final Report, a broader group of stakeholders would ideally be involved. 7.6 Dissemination and Use of QIMS Results Once the report has been finalised and approved, the most important part of the QIMS can start: disseminating and using the QIMS results. Throughout this protocol, specific strategies have been followed to promote the use of the QIMS data, including: - 57 - Define information products and dissemination channels Produce good-quality data Define the different target end-users Present and package data in a format relevant to different target end-users Ensure ownership from governments at the planning, implementation, analysis and reporting stages Set up an M&E working group composed of a wide selection of M&E actors that assist the government in the development and implementation of M&E strategies Allocate sufficient resources for the data-use plan Provided that sufficient resources have been allocated for the QIMS dissemination, there should be no problems in disseminating and using the QIMS data. In disseminating data, there are a few key aspects to consider: a) Who to disseminate to – different formats of the report (shorter, longer, more technical or less technical) may be applicable to different audiences. b) When to disseminate – there may be important impact mitigation meetings or events, where the QIMS results can be shared, instead of organising a separate event. c) How to disseminate – the full report, a brochure, executive summary, and/or PowerPoint presentation: these are all options for dissemination. Also, once more than one QIMS has been implemented, it will be possible to present trend analysis over time, which will yield a powerful answer to the main research question: Have the services that we have implemented, been relevant, comprehensive, and of quality, and how can we improve these services in future? - 58 - Annex A: Impact Mitigation Objectives in the 2006-2008 National HIV Strategic Plan Objectives associated with impact mitigation under the 2006-2008 Plan were as follows: Objective 40 To ensure that by the end of 2006, 100% of draft policies are adopted, and 100% of draft bills are enacted. Objective 41 To ensure that by 2007, 100% of policies are translated into acts. Objective 42 To ensure that by 2008, 100% of ratified impact mitigation-related international conventions are domesticated. Objective 43 To increase to at least 80% by 2008 public awareness about the rights and obligations of PLHIV and other vulnerable groups. Social Protection and Livelihoods Support Objective 44 To increase the proportion of eligible households with child heads, PLHIV, people with disabilities, and bereaved vulnerable elderly persons that have access to basic services to 50% by 2007. Objective 45 To establish a national social security system by 2008. Objective 46 To ensure that by 2008, 50% of eligible households have access to micro-credit and development finance. Counselling and Emotional Care Objective 47 To ensure that, by 2008, at least 50% of registered OVC, PLHIV, bereaved vulnerable elderly persons, persons with disabilities and caregivers receive counselling and emotional care. Objective 48 To ensure that, by 2008, at least 50% of registered OVC, PLHIV, bereaved vulnerable elderly persons, persons with disabilities and caregivers receive appropriate mental health services. Objective 49 To ensure that at least 10% of registered needy OVC are adopted and/or fostered by locally-based families by 2008. Food and Nutrition Security Support Objective 50 To increase to 100% by 2008 the proportion of eligible vulnerable OVC, PLHIV, and bereaved vulnerable elderly persons who have access to at least one nutritious meal a day. - 59 - Education Support Objective 51 To ensure that, by 2008, at least 100% of OVC aged 6-14 years have access to free formal or non-formal education. Objective 52 To ensure that, by 2008, at least 80% of OVC and disadvantaged youth have access to formal and non-formal education. Community-Driven Impact Mitigation Programme Objective 53 To ensure that, by 2008, 100% of chiefdoms and towns have the capacity to provide basic impact mitigation services. - 60 - Annex B: Impact Mitigation Objectives in the 2008-2014 National HIV Strategic Plan Impact mitigation objectives stated in the 2008-2014 Plan are listed below. This impact-level result will be measured through the QIMS (see Section 7 for how the data will be analysed). Impact-level results Percentage of households with vulnerable individual/s6, that are able to cope with the impact of HIV increases from 72% in 2008 to 80% by 20147 The NSF has prioritised the following programmes for the impact mitigation thematic area: i. Food and Nutrition Support for Vulnerable Households Outcome Level Result Baseline 2007 Target 2011 % of children under five who are stunted is reduced from 29% in 2008 to 29% 20% 20% by 2014 % of women and men aged 15-49 whose BMI is <18.5 is reduced from 3% 3% (W) 1% (W) for women and 10% for men in 2007 to 1% for women and 5% for men by 10% (M) 5% (M) 2014 ii. Education Support for OVC Outcome-level Results for IMS Baseline Target 2011 School attendance among orphans and non orphans aged 10-14 is 90% orphans 100% (for both) increased from 90% for orphans and 93% for non-orphans in 2007 to 93% non orphans 100% by 2014 (2007) iii. Socialisation and Protection of OVC Outcome-Level Result for Impact Mitigation Services Baseline Target 2011 % of OVC 0-17 whose household received external support8 to provide 8% 50% socialisation and protection is increased from 8% in 2007 to 80% by 2014 (2007) iv. Psychosocial Support Outcome-Level Result for Impact Mitigation Services Baseline Target 2011 % of OVC aged 0-17 whose household receives external emotional support 5% (2007) 20% in caring for the OVC is increased from 5% in 2007 to 50% by 2014 v. Community Systems Strengthening for Impact Mitigation Services Outcome Baseline Target 2011 % of vulnerable people is reduced from 28%9 in 2008 to 14% by 2014 28% (2008) 21% 6 These individuals include OVC, PLHIV, and the elderly 7 The number of households in Swaziland is calculated from data on the total number of persons in Swaziland, SDHS data on demographic characteristics (table 2.1) (the number of persons in rural and urban households) and data from the VAC Report (2008) about the number of vulnerable persons. 8 The minimum package for enabling socialisation would include protection (from abuse, violence and provision of housing), socialisation, provision of access documents (birth and death certificates, immunisation cards etc) and availability of a caregiver. 9 The VAC Report (2008) estimate that approximately 287,000 people were vulnerable. This constitutes 28% of the general population (estimated at 1018449) - 61 - Annex C: Training Agenda TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE - Day 1] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 9h30 Welcome & Introductions: Trainees and facilitators All Participants Short Introduction to project and the importance of enumerator commitment to quality work Trainer 09h30 – 09h50 Magnitude of the Problem National Response Importance of surveys Official Opening NERCHA 09h50 – 10h00 Review Agenda Trainer 10h00 – 10h30 Expectations & Ground Rules during Training All Participants 10h30 – 11h00 BREAK 11h00 – 11h30 Purpose and Objectives of Training Trainer 11h30 – 13h00 Explanation, Comments, Questions and Answers and Contractual Obligations NERCHA 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h00 Research Methodology, Validity and Reliability Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches Trainer 15h00 – 16h00 Goal, Aim, Benefits and Objectives of survey Trainer 16h00 – 16h30 BREAK 16h30 – 17h30 Introduction to Main Components of Questionnaire Trainer - 62 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 2] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 9h30 Recap Purpose and Objectives of Training Trainer Recap Norms, Expectations and Importance of Training Recap Validity and Reliability Recap Research Methodology Recap Goal, Aim, Benefits and Objectives of OVC Study 9h30 – 10h30 Review of Impact Mitigation Services Trainer 10h30 – 11h00 BREAK 11h00 – 13h00 Review of Impact Mitigation Services Trainer 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h30 Ethics Training Trainer 15h30 – 16h00 BREAK 16h00 – 16h30 Ethics Training Trainer 16h30 – 17h00 Recap Trainer Note 1: A trainer would inform relevant community leaders in pre-test locations about the 2 pre-tests that would take place. Note 2: Someone (either a trainer or NERCHA) would arrange for transport to and from pre-test sites as well as lunch packs for all participants - 63 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 3] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 10h30 Understanding Administration of Questionnaires (Go to, skip to, instructions, etc.) Trainer 11h00 – 13h00 Interviewer Techniques (including short role-plays) Trainer 10h30 – 11h00 BREAK 11h00 - 1h:00 Cultural and Other Sensitive Issues Trainer 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h30 Detailed Understanding of Questions Trainer Check and finalise siSwati translation 15h30 – 16h00 BREAK 16h00 – 16h30 Detailed Understanding of Questions Trainer Check and finalise siSwati translation 16h30 – 17h00 Recap Trainer - 64 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 4] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 10h30 Detailed Understanding of Questions Trainer Final siSwati translation 10h30 – 11h00 BREAK 11h00 – 13h00 Detailed Understanding of Questions Trainer Final siSwati translation 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h30 Sampling Techniques and Discussion Central Statistics Office 15h30 – 16h00 BREAK 16h00 – 16h30 Sampling Discussion Central Statistics Office Homestead Listing Discussion Central Statistics Office 16h30 – 17h00 Recap Trainer - 65 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 5] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 10h30 Review the Household Quantitative Questionnaire Pay special attention to:  Sensitive Questions  Culturally Inappropriate Questions  Questionnaire Structure  Question Structure  Validity and Reliability of Questions Trainer 10h30 – 11h00 BREAK 11h00 – 13h00 Role Play in Groups and Discussions All Participants 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h30 Role Play in Groups and Discussions All Participants 15h30 – 16h00 BREAK 16h00 – 17h30 Discuss & Prepare for Household Listing & Pre-test Trainer Note 3: Trainer would confirm with the relevant community leaders in pre-test location about the pre- test that would take place - 66 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 6] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration & Travel from training venue to a pre-test site Entire Team 08h30 – 10h00 Courtesy Visits to Community Leaders Entire Team Household Listing in Community 10h00 – 13h00 Begin Pre-test Entire Team  Each enumerator conduct at least two interviews  Field Managers observe and make role calls  Field Managers check/code the questionnaires and discuss with the enumerators (send enumerators back to interviewees if questionnaire was incorrectly filled-out)  Field managers Collect and Review Pre-test Questionnaires 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 17h00 Review and Discuss Pre-test Results Entire Team - 67 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 7] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08h30 – 10h30 Review Pre-test Results Entire Team 10h30 – 113h00 BREAK Entire Team 11h00 – 13h00 Review Pre-test Results Entire Team Modify Questionnaire Based on Pre-Test Results 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 15h30 Review Pre-test Results Entire Team Modify Questionnaire Based on Pre-Test Results 15h30 – 16h00 BREAK 16h00 – 17h00 Review Pre-test Results Entire Team Modify Questionnaire Based on Pre-Test Results Note 4: Trainer would confirm with the relevant community leaders in pre-test location about the pre- test that would take place - 68 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 8] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration & Travel from training venue to a pre-test site Entire Team 08h30 – 10h00 Courtesy Visits to Community Leaders Entire Team Household Listing in Community 10h00 – 13h00 Begin Pre-test Entire Team  Each enumerator conduct at least two interviews  Field Managers observe and make role calls  Field Managers check/code the questionnaires and discuss with the enumerators (send enumerators back to interviewees if questionnaire was incorrectly filled-out)  Field managers Collect and Review Pre-test Questionnaires 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 17h00 Review and Discuss Pre-test Results Entire Team - 69 - TRAINING AGENDA Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) in Swaziland [DATE – Day 9] 08h00 – 08h30 Registration Trainer 08:30 – 13h00 Review Pre-test Results Entire Team 13h00 – 14h00 LUNCH 14h00 – 16h00 Administration and logistics Entire Team 16h00 – 17h00 Contractual Obligations - Field Component Trainer Note 5: Field vehicle, materials and equipment prepared in order to begin data collection in first field location - 70 - Annex C: List of Documents Consulted Alumira, J. et. al. (2004). HIV/AIDS Impact Mitigation: Short-Term Humanitarian Versus Longer- term Development Interventions: Challenges for Research. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Harare, Zimbabwe. CSO (2007). 2007 Census, Central Statistical Office, Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland (2001). The First National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Strategic Plan 2001-2005, Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland (2006a). The National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Policy, Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland (2006b). The Second National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Strategic Plan 2006-2008, Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. NERCHA (2006). The Second National Multisectoral HIV&AIDS Strategic Plan 2006-2008, prepared by NERCHA on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. NERCHA (2007). The Sector Director’s Meeting on the National Minimum Package (NMP) and Decentralisation, compiled on behalf of NERCHA by Stratcom, Mbabane. NERCHA and UNAIDS (2007). National AIDS Spending Assessment 2005/06 and 2006/07, UNAIDS and NERCHA, Mbabane. NERCHA (2009). The National Multi-sectoral Strategic Framework For HIV and AIDS 2009 – 2014 , prepared by NERCHA on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane. UNAIDS (2007). UNAIDS’ Terminology Guidelines, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. UNAIDS (2008). Organizing Framework for a Functional National HIV Monitoring and Evaluation System, Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. UNDP/Swaziland (2007). Swaziland Human Development Report: HIV&AIDS and Culture, prepared by J. Ntozi et. al., on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland and UNDP/Swaziland, Mbabane. Warner, K. (ed.) (2007). ‚Perspectives on Social Vulnerability‛, Source, Vol 6, 2007. Whiteside, A. and H. Whalley (2007). Reviewing Emergencies for Swaziland: Shifting the Paradigm in a New Era, NERCHA, Mbabane. - 71 - Annex E: QIMS Questionnaire (Training Version) Questionnaire Number: _________________________ VERSION 22 – PRE-TRAINING DRAFT – 17/10/08 Quantitative Questionnaire Swaziland: Quality, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of Impact Mitigation Services Survey (QIMS) Prepared by NERCHA 1) Interview Status (tick only one): Fully Completed ____ - 1 Partially Completed ____ - 2 2) Total number of visits: _________ 3) Household Substitution Status: Sampled Household ____ - 1 Replacement Household ____ - 2 4) Enumerator Self Check (field), print first name: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ 5) Field Supervisor Check (field), print surname: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ 6) # of missing values found by Field Supervisor: ______________________________ 7) Field Supervisor Check of Missing Values, print surname: ________________________ Date: ______________________________ 8) # of unexpected missing values resolved: ______________________________ 9) # of unexpected missing values UNresolved: ______________________________ 10) Enumerator Review of Missing Values, print surname: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ 11) Field Manager/Study Director Check (field), initial: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ Field Manager/Study Director Check (office), print surname: _________________________ Date: ______________________________ Other Check (field/office), print surname: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ Data Manager Coding of Open-Ended Responses: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ Questionnaire Entry Completed: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ Questionnaire Validation Completed: ______________________________ Date: ______________________________ [Enum: Interview a Senior Female in the Homestead or, if appropriate, a Senior Male] [For a Child-Headed Homestead, Interview Senior Child] - 72 - 12) Enumerator Name: ____ ____ - 1 ____ - 11 ____ - 2 ____ - 12 ____ - 3 ____ - 13 ____ - 4 ____ - 14 ____ - 5 ____ - 15 ____ - 6 ____ - 16 ____ - 7 ____ - 17 ____ - 8 ____ - 18 ____ - 9 ____ - 19 ____ - 10 ____ - 20 13) Field Supervisor Name: ____ ____ - 1 ____ - 5 ____ - 2 ____ - 6 ____ - 3 ____ - 7 ____ - 4 ____ - 8 14) Field Manager Name: ____ ____ - 1 ____ - 3 ____ - 2 ____ - 4 15) Survey Manager Name: ____ ____ - 1 ____ - 2 16) Region: ____ ____ - 1 Hhohho ____ - 3 Lubombo ____ - 2 Manzini ____ - 4 Shiselweni 17) Location: ____ ____ - 1 urban ____ - 2 rural 18) Agro-Ecological Zone ____ ____ - 1 ____ - 4 ____ - 2 ____ - 5 ____ - 3 19) Inkhundla Name: _______________________________________________________ ____ 20) EA# and Umphakatsi (rural community)/EA number and Zone (urban): ____ ______________________________________ name ______________________________________ EA number - 73 - INTRODUCTION Sawubona. Ligama lami ngingu _______________ . Ngisuka enhlanganweni yaka NERCHA (inhlangano lebukete tindzaba letiphatselene nembulalave eSwatini). Ngingulomunye walabenta lucwaningo lwekusita hulumende kutsi abone tinhlelo NERCHA latentako emiphakatsini nekutsi yini langayenta kancono kusita labadzingile kaNgwane. Kulolucwaningo akusiwo onkhe emakhaya lesiwahambelako kodvwa ngulawo lambalwa. Ngiyakwetsembisa kutsi konkhe lesitawukhuluma ngako kutawuba yimfihlo, kungako ngingadzingi kwati ligama lakho nemininingwane yakho. Lomunye longefika emuva kwami ngulongiphetse kutokwenta siciniseko sekutsi sikhulumisene kahle yini. Kukuwe kuba yincenye yalolucwaningo. Unelilungelo lekutsi ungaphendvuli leminye imibuto noma ungimise lapho sewuva ungasakhoni kuchubeka. Uma kwenteka ungakhululeki kuphendvula leminye imibuto ngicela ungatise kute sikhone kuchubekela kulomunye. Kodvwake, ngoba timphedvulo takho timcoka kitsi, ngicela kutsi uma uvuma kuba yincenye yalolucwanigo uyiphendvule yonkhe imibuto ngekwetsembeka nangeliciniso. Ngitawucela kutsi ungiphe sikhatsi sakho. Singachubeka yini 1 yebo 2 Chake Good day. My name is ________________. I am working for Swaziland’s National Emergency Response Council on HIV&AIDS (NERCHA). I am part of a team conducting a survey to help government understand how well we have been doing and what we can do differently to help vulnerable people in Swaziland. We are interviewing persons from randomly-selected homesteads throughout the country. Your homestead has been randomly selected. I assure you that everything you tell me in this interview will be kept completely anonymous and confidential. I do not need to know your name or personal details for this survey and there will not be any way for anyone to link your answers back to you. The only other person from this study who may visit you during or after the interview would be my supervisor, and [s/he] would only visit to make sure that I conducted the interview properly. It is entirely up to you whether you want to take part in this survey. Please note that you have the right to refuse to answer any question or to change your mind at any point in the interview, and stop the interview at that point. If you feel uncomfortable with a question, just let me know and we can skip it. However, because your answers are very important to us, I ask that, if you do agree to be part of this survey, you be completely honest and sincere with me, and answer all the questions. The interview will take less than an hour. Please remember that we are not here to list our the specific impact mitigation service needs of each homestead, but rather to understand these needs overall, so that services can be better organised and directed to those most in need. It is therefore especially important to the situation you describe to us is an open and honest assessment of needs, income levels, etc. 21) May we proceed? ____ - 1 Yes ____ - 2 No _________ Modules to be administered to senior homestead member, ideally a senior female member actively involved in homestead activities. - 74 - MODULE 1. HOMESTEAD CHARACTERISTICS Q# Questions and Enumerator Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Instruments 101 Time Start Time: __________ Finish Time: __________ Total Time: (minutes)______________________ 102 Date of Interview [Day, Month, as a single 4 digit code] ______________________________ 103 Ngubani inhloko yalelikhaya? Male [male head/other senior male Who is the head of this homestead? decision-maker present at least 6 months over the past 12 months] 1 Female de facto [stated male head absent at least 6 months over the past 12 months, and no ‘replacement’ male lives in the homestead] 2 Female de jure [female stated as head] 3 Female child (aged < 18) 4 Male child (aged < 18) 5 104 Wafundza wagcina kabana? none 1 What is the highest level of education of Primary (Grade 1-7) 2 the head of the homestead? Secondary (Form 1-3) 3 High (Form 4-5) 4 Tertiary 5 Non formal 6 105 Uneminyaka lemingakhi? What is the age of the head of the _____________________________________________ homestead? [If do not know, secure or make an estimate.] 106 Sewutsetse/ sewutsetfwe yini? Married (male) 1 106a What is the homestead head’s marital Married (female) 2 107 status? Cohabitating/Living in Communion 3 108 Single (never married) 4 108 Divorced/Permanently Separated 5 108 Widowed 6 108 106a Unesitsembu yini? Monogamous 1 108 Is the homestead head in a Polygamous 2 106b monogamous or polygamous marriage? 106b [If male headed and homestead head is in a polygamous # ___________________________ marriage]Unangakhi webafati? How many wives does the homestead head currently have? 106c [If male headed and homestead head is in a polygamous # here ___________________________ marriage] How many of these wives live in this homestead, and how many # elsewhere ___________________________ live in other homesteads 107 [If female headed and living here 1 homestead head is married] Is living elsewhere 2 your husband living in this homestead, or does he live elsewhere? By living here, we mean that he has lived at least six months over the past twelve months here. 108 Mangakhi emadladla lakhaya? How many households are there in this homestead? # ___________________________ [Enum: 1 is a valid value] - 75 - MODULE 2: HOUSEHOLD AND HOMESTEAD COMPOSITION Ngicela usichazele kutsi inhloko yelikhaya Male/ Household House- House- Sup Sup Sup ihlobane njani nemalunga alo. Female 1 (main hold 2 hold 3 1 2 3 Please indicate the composition of household HH in members for households (note: all refer to homestead) relationship status to the Homestead Head) [Enum: For each cell where a number has to be entered, enter a number from 1 or higher for each cell. If none, enter a ‘0’.] 201 Inhloko yelidladla Household Head 1 - male 1 - male 2 - fem 2 - fem 202 Lotsetse noma lotsetfwe yinhloko yelidladla 1 - male lengikilo. 2 - female Spouse of Homestead Head 203 Lotsetse noma lotsetfwe yinhloko yelidladla 1 - male 1 - male Spouse of Household Head 2 - fem 2 – fem 203a Is homestead head also the household head of 1 - yes 1 yes either or both household 2 or household 3? 2 - no 2 - no 204 Bantfwana Belidladla # males # of male and female children in each household # females 204a [For children aged 0-17 in the males household] Kulabantfwana lababafana, ______ # O ___ # O ____ # O bangakhi labashonelwe ngumake, ngubabe noma bobabili batali, bangakhi labadzingile, bangakhi labangakadzingi futsi labanabobobabili batali? [Enum: 0 is a valid value] [SUP: check total against 204] _____ # VC __ # VC ___ # VC Of these male children, how many are classified as orphans (having lost their mother, father, or both parents), how many are classified as other vulnerable children, and how many are non- _______ # _____ # _____ # vulnerable/non-orphans? non-VC non VC non VC 204b [For children aged 0-17 in the females household] Kulabantfwana ______ # O ___ # O ____ # O labamantfombatana, bangakhi labashonelwe ngumake, ngubabe noma bobabili batali, bangakhi labadzingile, bangakhi labangakadzingi futsi labanabo bobabili batali? [Enum: 0 is a valid value] [SUP: _____ # VC __ # VC ___ # VC check total against 204] Of these female children, how many are classified as orphans (having lost their mother, father, or both parents), how many are classified as other _______ # _____ # _____ # vulnerable children, and how many are non- non-VC non VC non VC vulnerable/non-orphans? 205 Kulabana 17 kuya phansi kulelikhaya, bangakhi # males labalashonelwa ngumake, ngubabe noma paternal bobabili? [Enum: Check against the number of orphans noted in 204a and # males 204b above] maternal Of those aged 0-17 in this homestead who were noted as orphans above, how many have lost their # males mother, father, or both? double # females paternal # females maternal # females double - 76 - Ngicela usichazele kutsi inhloko yelikhaya Male/ Household House- House- Sup Sup Sup ihlobane njani nemalunga alo. Female 1 (main hold 2 hold 3 1 2 3 Please indicate the composition of household HH in members for households (note: all refer to homestead) relationship status to the Homestead Head) 206 Bangakhi bomnakabo nhloko yelikhaya # Brother of Homestead Head 207 Bangakhi bodzadze wabo nhloko yelikhaya # Sister of Homestead Head 208 Bangakhi bo anti nabo make labancane/khulu # benhlokoyelikhaya Aunt of Homestead Head 209 Bangakhi bo malume nabo babe lomncane/khulu # benhloko yelikhaya Uncle of Homestead Head 210 Bangakhi labangakahlobani nenhloko yelikhaya # males kodvwa bahlobene nalamanye emalunga elidladla? # females Non-Relative to Homestead Head (but related to other members of HH) 211 Bangakhi labangakahlobani nenhloko yelikhaya # males kanye nalamanye emalunga alo? Non-Relative to Homestead Head (not related to # females other members of HH) 212 Bangakhi labadzala, labasuka ku60 kuya etulu # males labahlala kulelo nalelo dladla Total Number of Adults in Each Household Aged # females 60+ 213 Bangakhi labadzala, labasuka ku 50 kuya ku 59 # males labahlala kulelo nalelo dladla Total Number of Adults in Each Household Aged # females 50-59 214 Bangakhi labadzala, labasuka ku 18 kuya ku 49 # males labahlala kulelo nalelo dladla Total Number of Adults in Each Household Aged # females 18-49 215 Bangakhi bantfwana sebabonkhe labasukela ku 0 # males kuya ku 4 labahlala kulelo nalelo dladla Total Number of Children in Each Household # females Aged 0-4 216 Total number of Children in the Homestead Aged # males 5-6 # females 217 Bangakhi bantfwana sebabonkhe labasukela ku 6 # males kuya ku 17 labahlala kulelo nalelo dladla Total Number of Children in Each Household # females Aged 7-17 218 Kulabo labaneminyaka lengu 6 kuya ku 17 # males bangakhi labasesikolweni. Of those aged 7-17, how many are currently # females attending school - 77 - 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 Orphan # A Type B Status Parent C Sex D Age E Sibling Sibling Other HH F Fostered, Adopted G Step-Child H I Disability J Related Side of Family K L # Families Care Dying Parent M - 78 - N Time in HH O In HH Before [If �1� to N] P How long as orphan in household Q Same/Other MODULE 3: HOMESTEAD ORPHAN STATUS If Other, Where R Caregiver Healthy S Caregiver Age T Caregiver Sex U Caregiver Education V Caregiver # Children W Household # X a Luhlobo lwentsandzane Type of Orphan 1 = maternal 2 = paternal 3 = double b [If maternal or parternal orphan] Is the mother/father dead, or is the 1 = maternal dead 2 = maternal not known 3 = paternal dead 4 = paternal not status of the mother/father not known? know c Bulili bakhe Sex of Orphan 1 = male 2 = female d Umnyaka wakhe Age of Orphan (can only be aged 0-17) (if child is < 1 year old, enter ‘0’ for age) e Wakubo leta naye Sibling came to this household 1 = yes 2 = no 3 = no siblings 4 = not applicable f Wakubo lowaya kulelinye lidladla Sibling sent to another HH 1 = yes 2 = no 3 = no siblings g Kukhona lokwasayinwa ekunakekeleni lomntfwana Foster/Adoption Status 1 = fostered 2 = adopted 3 = neither/no formal procedure h Ngumntfwana wababe make lamkhandza noma make weta naye Step Child 1 = step child to mother 2 = step child to father 3 = not applicable i Ukhubatekile emtimbeni noma 1=no; 2=yes – mental; 3=yes-physical: difficulty seeing, even with glasses; 4=yes-physical: difficulty hearing, even with aid; 5=yes- engcondvweni Physical or mental difficulty speaking/being understood; 6=difficulty climbing/carrying objects; 7=difficulty remembering/concentrating; 8=yes - disability difficulty with self-care, such as washing, dressing; 9=yes-physical: other j Nihlobene ngekwengati yini Biologically related to the caregiver 1 = yes 2 = no 3 = not applicable if the child is also the caregiver in a CHILD HEADED household k Uhlala khabomake noma khabobabe Orphan living with mother’s side or father’s 1 = mother’s side 2 = father’s side 3 = neither - non-relative side of family l Mingakhi imindeni leletse bantfwana lakhaya Total # of different ‘sending’ # of families multiple orphans have come from [Enum: only write in blank families cell] m Bekamnakekela yini umtali wakhe nakasagula Care for dying parent 1 = yes 2 = no 3 = DK 4 = not applicable n Sikhatsi lasasihleti kulelidladla Length of time in household (in years; if less than one year, indicate 1) o Uke wahlala yini kulelidladla phambilini Lived in household before 1 = yes 2 = no 3 = not applicable p Nangabe ake, sikhatsi lesinganani ahlala njengemntfwana lolahlekelwe batali If Time in HH as an orphan (in years; if less than one year, indicate ‘1’) yes, how long q Ubuya emmangweni munye nani yini Same community 1 = same community 2 = other community r Uyini lommango If other community 1 = urban to rural 2 = rural to urban 3 = urban to urban 4 = rural to rural s Usesimeni lesinjani semphilo lomnakekeli Caregiver healthy or infirm 1 = healthy 2 = sickly 3 = infirm/bedridden t Umnyaka wemnakekeli Age of caregiver 1 = < 18 2 = 18-49 3 = 50-59 4 = 60 or older u Sex of the caregiver 1 = male 2 = female v Ufundze wagcinaphi umnakekeli Education of caregiver 1 = none 2 = Primary(Gr 1-7) 3 = Secon(Form 1-3) 4 = High (Form 4-5) 5 = Tertiary 6 = Non formal w Linani lebantfwana labanakekelako Total # of children (includes non-orphans Enter ‘0’ if the child is also the caregiver in a CHILD HEADED household. AND orphans) x Kuliphi lidladla Household # Which household does the child live in [Refer to household number in module 2] - 79 - MODULE 4: EMPLOYMENT, INCOME, ASSETS & LOSS, NEEDS Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 401 Mangakhi emalunga alakhaya, lahlala If ‘0’, khona langenisa imali. (lokungenani skip to tinyanga letisitfupha kulomnyaka 402 lowengcile) How many homestead members, living _____________________ here, of all ages, currently earn cash [Enum: 0 is a valid value] income? By cash income, I mean work for pay at least 6 months over the past 12 months. 401a [If anyone earning cash income If ‘0’, to 401] Kulaba labangenisa imali skip to bangakhi labangenisa imali njalonjalo 402 (lokungenani kane kulomnyaka lowengcile) _____________________ Of these, how many contribute cash [Enum: 0 is a valid value] income on a regular basis? By regular, I mean at least four times over the past 12 months. 402 How many homestead members, living If ‘0’, away from this homestead either short- skip to term or long-term, currently earn cash 403 income? By cash income, we mean work for pay at least 6 months over the past 12 _____________________ months. [Enum: 0 is a valid value] 402a [If anyone earning cash income to 402] Kulaba labangenisa imali bangakhi labangenisa imali njalonjalo (lokungenani kane kulomnyaka lowengcile) Of these, how many _____________________ contribute cash income on a regular basis? [Enum: 0 is a valid value] By regular, we mean at least four times over the past year. 403 [If anyone earning cash income, If ‘0’, either living at the homestead skip to or away] Kulaba, bangakhi 404 _____________________ labaneminyaka lesukela ku 5 kuya ku 14? [Enum: 0 is a valid value] Of these, how many are aged 5-14? 403a [If any 5-14s earning cash income] Kulaba, bangakhi labaneminyaka lesukela ku 5 kuya ku 14 labamakethako kunome nguluphi _____________________ luhlobo? Of these, how many aged 5-14 [Enum: 0 is a valid value] are working in a street enterprise of any type? 403b [If any 5-14s earning cash income] Kulaba, bangakhi labaneminyaka lesukela ku 5 kuya ku 14 labasebenta imsebenti lengaba yingoti, ibalimate engcondvweni noma emtimbeni? Of these, how many aged 5- _____________________ 14 are working in a type of paid labour [Enum: 0 is a valid value] that is dangerous, or potentially dangerous? By dangerous, I mean an activity that could harm them physically or mentally. - 80 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 404 Kukhona yini longahlali lakhaya loye yes (multiple household homestead) 1 404a atfumele imali, kudla noma lokunye yes (single household homestead) 2 405 kwekusita lakhaya lokungenani kane no 3 405 ngemnyaka? Does anyone living away from this homestead regularly contribute cash income (remittances), food or other resources to this homestead? By regular, I mean at least four times a year over the past year? 404a [If regular remittances or yes – shared amongst all households 1 resources and the homestead has 2 no - only main household benefits multiple households] Kukhona yini 3 no – only a single HH other than main one benefits kugiyelana kuleto tintfo letitfolakala 4 no – more than one HH benefits kulamadladla? Are these contributions shared across households in the homestead? 405 [If no household members 1-2 years 1 405a earning cash income and no 2 405a 3-4 years remittances]Semingakhi iminyaka 3 405a 5+ years kwagcina kutsi kube nalotfumela imali, 4 406 never kudla noma lolunye lusito njalonjalo? How many years ago did anyone contribute cash, food or other resources to this household on a regular basis? 405a [If cash income did occur she/he/they passed away 1 previously, but was stopped in she/he/they lost his/her job 2 405] Yini tizatfu letenta kutsi ayekele she/he/they got married 3 kusita lakhaya? Why did the illness 4 contributions stop? [tick up to 3 responses] do not know 5 other (specify) __________ __________________ # 406 Kulenyanga lendlulile benisebentisa bush/fence/other outdoors 1 luhlobo luni lwendlu lencane lakhaya? bucket 2 Over the past month, what has been your unimproved pit latrine 3 homestead’s primary means of human improved pit latrine 4 waste disposal? neighbour’s/public pit latrine 5 flush toilet/flush latrine 6 neighbour’s flush toilet 7 407 Kulomnyaka lowengcile ngabe emanti in-house plumbing 1 ekunatsa beniwatfolaphi? tap in yard 2 Over the past year, what has been your neighbour’s tap 3 homestead’s primary source of drinking community waterpoint 4 water? capped well/protected well 5 protected spring 6 rainwater 7 unprotected dug well 8 unprotected spring 9 tanker truck/cart 10 surface water (river, stream, other) 11 other (specify) ______________________ 12 408 Kukhona yini lakhaya lonendzawo yes - agriculture 1 408a yekulima? yes - grazing 2 408a Does anyone in this homestead have yes - home garden 3 408a access to agricultural fields? [tick up yes - outgrower 4 409 to 4 ‘yes’ responses] no [tick by itself] 5 409 do not know/not certain [tick by itself] 6 409 - 81 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 408a [If yes to 408] Kulomnyaka yes 1 409 lowengcile, ngabe nikhonile yini no 2 408b kukhichita sivuno lesenele kondla do not know/not certain 3 409 lelikhaya kulamasimu? Over the past year, have you been able to produce enough food to meet most or all of the homestead’s agricultural produce consumption needs? 408b [If no to 408a] Yini lokubangele not interested in doing so [tick by itself] 1 kutsi ningakhoni kukhichita kudla shortage of labour 2 lokwanele? What are the main reasons shortage of implements 3 you have not been able to produce enough inconsistent rainfall 4 food for the homestead’s consumption? shortage of seed 5 [Tick up to 3 responses] shortage of fertilisers 6 shortage of pestcides 7 shortage of land 8 disputes over land 9 natural disasters (inc. drought) 10 pests 11 lost land 12 < 13 < 14 < 15 other (specify) ______________________ ## 409 Ninciphisile yini emasimu enu, noma yes 1 nashintja tilimo kuya kuleto letingadzingi no 2 umsebenti lomyenti netimali nobe ke do not know/not certain 3 nashintja indlela lebenilima ngayo ngenca yekweswela timali netandla tekusita? Have you reduced the amount of land cultivated, changed the crop to one that requires less labour, or reduced labour or other inputs due to the recent loss of labour or funds? By recent, we mean over the past three years. 410 [If any children aged 0-4] Kubantfwana labaneminyaka lesukela eminyakeni lemine kuya phansi bangakhi _________ # registered births labanetitifiketi tekutalwa noma labatibhalisela kanjalo nalabangazange babhalise. Of those 0-4, how many have _________ # not registered births birth certificates/have had their births registered and how many have not? 411 Eminyakeni lendlulile ngabe kukhona yini yes 1 410a kugula noma kushona kwemuntfu no 2 411 lokukhinyabete lelikhaya endleleni lebelitiphilisa ngayo? In recent years, say over the past three years, has increased ill health or the premature death of an adult homestead member undermined the ability of your homestead to cope with the socio- economic situation, meeting homestead needs, pay school fees, etc? 411a [If yes to 411] Emnyakeni yes 1 lowengcile ukhona yini loshonile no 2 lakhaya? Over the past year, has any homestead member passed away? - 82 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 412 Emnyakeni lowengcile mingakhi imingcwabo lebekhona lakhaya ledzinge tindleko letiphuma lakhaya? Over the past year, how many funerals _______________________________ have taken place that have required a [Enum: 0 is a valid value] financial contribution from this homestead, including any funerals of those from this homestead? 413 Emnyakeni lotsandza kwengca, ngabe sidzingo sekunakekela yes 1 labaphatsekile lakhaya sikhinyabetile yini indlela likhaya no 2 lelitiphilisa ngayo? In recent years, say over the past three years, has the level of care members have had to give to others in this homestead increased to such an extent that it has undermined the ability of your homestead to cope with the socio-economic situation? 414 Emnyakeni lowengcile lelikhaya like lahlaselwa yini somiso yes 1 noma lilunga lalahlekelwa ngumsebenti, lokutsikamete simo no 2 semnotfo walakhaya? Overall, over the past three years, has this homestead suffered from any major shocks, such as drought or job loss, other than the above loss of homestead member or rising caregiving burden that affected the economic status of the homestead? 415 Lelikhaya libhalisiwe yini njengelikhaya yes 1 412a lelidzinga lusito? no 2 412b Is this homestead currently registered as a do not know 3 413 homestead in need of support? 415a [If yes to 415] Kwaba yini sizatfu do not know [circle by itself] 1 sekutsi nikhetfwe? caring for orphans 2 Why were you selected? chronic illness in homestead 3 elderly (60+) head of homestead/household 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 other(specify):_____________________ # 412b [If NO to 412] Kwaba yini sizatfu do not know [circle by itself] 1 sekutsi ningakhetfwa? [Circle up to we have no information about selection process 2 3 responses] Why were you not we were not present during registration 3 selected? we were overlooked by selection team 4 we do not qualify for selection 5 < 6 < 7 other (specify)________________________________ # 413 Ngabe akhona yini emadladla lakhaya yes 1 413a labhaliswe njenge madladla ladzinga no (multiple household homestead) 2 414 lusito? Are any of the households in this no (single household homestead) 3 414 homestead registered as a household in do not know 4 414 need? 413a [If yes to 413] Kukhona yini yes 1 kulamadladla latfola lusito, lokungenani no 2 kane kuletimnyaka londlulile? Have any do not know 3 of these households received support regularly over the past year? By ‘regularly’, we mean at least four times. 414 Ukhona yini lakhaya lonaloku lokulandzelako? Does anyone in this homestead own any of the following - 83 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 414a Imfuyo yes 1 any livestock no 2 do not know 3 414b Lonelibhuku lasebhange? yes 1 hold a bank account no 2 do not know 3 414c Lone moto, Sigulumba, sidududu yes 1 own a motorised vehicle of any type no 2 do not know 3 414d Lonelibhayisikili yes 1 own a bicycle no 2 do not know 3 415a [If more than one household in the homestead. See Household 1 (main Q107 page 4] Phambilini, utsite emadladla alakhaya homestead) angu........... Ngicela ungibekiselekutsi lilinye lidladla liba nencenye lenganani ekunbeniseni kudla? [Enum and ____________________% Supervisor: check proportions when finished to ensure that it approximates 100%] Household 2 You noted earlier that you have ____ households in this homestead. If you had to provide a breakdown of the monthly ____________________% income of each of these households, what proportion would you Household 3 say applies for each household? ____________________% 416 [For rural homesteads only. See Q17 page 2] Nincike none 1 417 kanganani kulenikutfunyelelwa ngulaba sebenta edolobheni quarter 2 416a balakhaya.( Kungaba yimali nobe lokunye). Anikanciki sanhlobo, half 3 416a nincike ngencenye, ngehhafu noma ngetulu kwehhafu yemholo > half 4 416a wenu? To what extent, if at all, do you rely on remittances (in cash and in kind) from urban households/household members? Do you rely on such remittances for none of your income, a quarter of your income, half or your income, or more than half of your income? 416a [For rural homesteads only. See Q17 page 2] none 1 417 Eminyakeni lesihlanu lengcile, benincike kanganani quarter 2 416b kulenikutfunyelelwa ngulaba sebenta edolobheni? (kungaba half 3 416b yimali noma lokunye) Beningakanciki sanhlobo, benincike > half 4 416b ngencenye, benincike ngehhafu noma ngetulu kwehhafu yemholo wenu? Five years ago, how reliant were you on remittances (in cash and in kind) from urban households/household members? Did you rely on such remittance for none of your income, a quarter of your income, half of your income, or more than half of your income? 416b Ingabe lelikhaya likhinyabeteke kanganani ngekulahlekelwa very severe 1 ngulolusito? Kabi kakhulu, kakhulu, akukabi kubi kakhulu noma somewhat severe 2 bekungakubi sanhlobo? not very severe 3 How severe would you say the loss of this support stream has not at all severe 4 been on your homestead? Would you say it has been ‘very severe’, do not know/cannot say 5 ‘somewhat severe’, ‘not very severe’, or ‘not at all severe’. not applicable (416a has lower value than 416) 6 417 [For urban homesteads only See Q17 page 2] Nincike none 1 418 kanganani kulenikutfunyelelwa ngulabasemakhaya lenihlobene quarter 2 417a nabo.( Kungaba yimali nobe lokunye). Anikanciki sanhlobo, half 3 417a nincike ngencenye, ngehhafu noma ngetulu kwehhafu yemholo > half 4 417a wenu? To what extent, if at all, do you rely on remittances (in cash and in kind) from rural households/household members? Do you rely on such remittances for none or your income, a quarter of your income, half or your income, or more than half of your income? - 84 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 417a [For urban homesteads only See Q17 page 2] none 1 418 Eminyakeni lesihlanu lengcile, benincike kanganani quarter 2 417b kulenikutfunyelelwa ngulabasemakhaya lenihlobene nabo? half 3 417b (kungaba yimali noma lokunye) Beningakanciki sanhlobo, > half 4 417b benincike ngencenye, benincike ngehhafu noma ngetulu kwehhafu yemholo wenu? Five years ago, how reliant were you on remittances (in cash and in kind) from rural households/household members? Did you rely on such remittance for none of your income, a quarter of your income, half of your income, or more than half of your income? 417b Ingabe lelikhaya likhinyabeteke kanganani ngekulahlekelwa very severe 1 ngulolusito? Kabi kakhulu, kakhulu, akukabi kubi kakhulu noma somewhat severe 2 bekungakubi sanhlobo? not very severe 3 How severe would you say the loss of this support stream has not at all severe 4 do not know/cannot say 5 been on your homestead? Would you say it has been ‘very severe’, ‘somewhat severe’, ‘not very severe’, or ‘not at all severe’. not applicable (417a has 6 lower value than 417) 418 Ingabe ukhona yini lapha ekhaya loke watfola naku lokulandzelako? At any time, has anyone in this homestead received any of the following? 418a Imbasha yebantfu labadzala ever received old age grant yes (E___________)/month 1 418ai no 2 418b # males # fems 418ai [If ever received an old age grant] Ngabe yes 1 usayitfola yini?Is this person/are these persons currently no 2 receiving such a grant? do not know 3 418aii [If ever received an old age grant] If you had to very important 1 rate the importance of the old age grant in terms of its somewhat important 2 contribution to household income, compared to other sources, not very important 3 how important would you rate it? Would you rate it ‘very not at all important 4 important’, ‘somewhat important’, ‘not very important’, ‘not at do not know/not certain 5 all important’, or do you not know? 418b Lusito loluvela ku hulumende ever received public assistance grant yes (E___________)/month 1 418bi no 2 418c # males # fems 418bi [If ever received a public assistance grant] yes 1 Ingabe usalitfola yini? Is this person/are these persons no 2 currently receiving such a grant? do not know 3 418bii [If ever received a public assistance grant] If very important 1 you had to rate the importance of the public assistance grant in somewhat important 2 terms of its contribution to household income, compared to not very important 3 other sources, how important would you rate it? Would you not at all important 4 rate it ‘very important’, ‘somewhat important’, ‘not very do not know/not certain 5 important’, ‘not at all important’, or do you not know? 418c Lusito lwalabakhubatekile yes ever received disability grant (E__________________)/month 1 418ci no 2 418d # males # fems - 85 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 418ci [If ever received a disability grant] Ngabe yes 1 usalutfola yini? no 2 Is this person/are these persons currently receiving such a do not know 3 grant? 418cii [If ever received a disability grant] If you had very important 1 to rate the importance of the disability grant in terms of its somewhat important 2 contribution to household income, compared to other sources, not very important 3 how important would you rate it? Would you rate it ‘very not at all important 4 important’, ‘somewhat important’, ‘not very important’, ‘not at do not know/not certain 5 all important’, or do you not know? 418d Ingabe ukhona yini loke watfola lusito kuloluhlelo lwe Young Heroes yes (E_________)/month 1 Has anyone in this homestead ever received any support from no 2 the Young Heroes Project? # males # fems 419 Ingabe ukhona yini lakhaya lodzinge kwenta naku lokulandzelako: Has anyone in this homestead needed to engage in any of the following strategies: 419a Kulomnyaka lowengcile, lodzinge yes 1 419ai kushinjta kakhulu kudla lakudlako no 2 419b Over the past year, extreme change in diet 419ai Ngumaphi emadladla latsikametekile Household 1 (homestead) 1 kulolushintjo lwekudlla? Which Household 2 2 households in the homestead have been Household 3 3 affected by this extreme change in diet? [Mark all that apply] 419aii Ngumaphi emalunga homestead head 1 i kuladladla spouse of homestead head (household 1) 2 latsikametekile spouse of homestead head (household 2) 3 kulolushintjo? spouse of homestead head (household 3) 4 Which household brother of homestead head 1 5 members in these brother of homestead head 2 6 households have been affected by this sister of homestead head 1 7 extreme change in diet sister of homestead head 2 8 [Mark all that aunt of homestead head 9 apply] uncle of homestead head 10 child of homestead head 1 11 child of homestead head 2 12 child of homestead head 3 13 child of homestead head 4 14 nephew of homestead head 15 niece of homestead head 16 non-relative to homestead head (but related other household member) 17 non-relative of homestead head (and non-relative to any others) 18 419b Kulomnyaka lowengcile lodzinge kutsi ahambe kulendzawo yes 1 Over the past year, migration out of the area no 2 419c Kulomnyaka lowengcile lodzinge kuboleka imali yes 1 Over the past year, accessed credit/loans no 2 419d Kulomnyaka lowengcile lodzinge kutsi atsengise lokumcoka yes 1 kuye njenge, mhlaba, imoto nalokunye. no 2 Over the past year, sold major assets 419e Kulomnyaka lowengcile, kuke kwaba khona yini lushintjo yes 1 ekusebenteni kwetindleko talakhaya Over the past year, no 2 major changes in homestead expenditure patterns - 86 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 419f Kulomnyaka lowengcile, kuke kwaba khona yini lushintjo yes 1 endleleni yekungenisa imali Over the past year, major changes in no 2 income strategies 420 Kulomnyaka lowengcile, ukhona yini umntfwana lekudzingeke yes 1 kutsi ayekele sikolwa ngenca yekweswela imali. no 2 Over the past year, has a child had to drop out of school due to a lack of funds? 421 Kulomnyaka lowengcile lelikhaya like lalahlekelwa yini yincenye yes 1 lenkhulu lebekuyindlela yekutiphilisa Over the past year, has this no 2 homestead lost a major source of livelihood? 422 Kuleminyaka lelishumi leyengcile ngabe ukhona yini loke yes 1 walahlekelwa lifa ngenca yetihlobo ndlela tsite. no 2 Over the past ten years, has anyone in this homestead lost their inheritance from relatives for any reason? 423 Bakhona yini bafelokati lakhaya? yes 423a Are there any widowed women living in this homestead? no mod 5 423a [If yes to 423]Kulaba labakhona, ngabe bangakhi labatsatselwe ngenkhani umhlaba wekulima noma likhaya? ________________________ How many, if any, of these widowed women were forceably [Enum: 0 is a valid value] dispossessed of any land, whether the land was for agricultural purposes, was the main residence, etc? 424 Please indicate which of the following is a situation which affects your homestead (including any household in your homestead) 424a 1 or more orphans live in the homestead yes 1 no 2 424b 1 or more children live in this homestead who has a parent in prison yes 1 no 2 424c 1 or more children live in this homestead who is disabled, either yes 1 physically or mentally no 2 424d 1 or more non-orphan child/ren aged 0-17 who is chronically ill who lives yes 1 in the homestead. By this, I mean bedridden at least 3 months over the no 2 past 12 424e 1 or more adult member aged 18 or older who is chronically ill who lives yes 1 in the homestead. By this, I mean bedridden at least 3 months over the no 2 past 12 424f 1 or more homestead member aged 60 or older who has lost one or more yes 1 of his/her children in the past three years no 2 424g 1 or more child-headed (currently aged below 18) households in this yes 1 homestead no 2 424h Homestead where there is 1 or more adults physically or mentally yes 1 disabled no 2 424j Homestead where 1 or more adult members aged 18-59 have died in the yes 1 12 months before the survey no 2 424k Homestead where no household has any members who have cash income yes 1 (cash income is defined as financial income of any type, from any source, no 2 including remitances or grant transfers or other pensions, occuring at least four times over the 12 months before the survey) 424l Homestead where there are no members aged 15-59 who are capable of yes 1 providing labour no 2 424m Homestead where there is at least 1 child which had an adult member yes 1 (aged 18 or older) who abuses alcohol, drugs, or other substances. By no 2 abuse, we mean consumes sufficient to impair decision-making at least three times a week. 424n Homestead with children where the main dwelling is made of regular yes 1 building materials but is of very poor quality, or is largely or entirely no 2 made of informal materials 424o Homestead where at least one child aged under 15 is employed for cash yes 1 or in-kind payment no 2 424p Homestead where at leaset one child aged under 16 is married yes 1 no 2 - 87 - MODULE 5: ACCESS TO SERVICES AND TARGETING Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Ngicela ungatise tintfo letike tatfolwa malunga emndeni mahhala emnyakeni lowengcile etinhlanganweni tangephandle Please indicate which of the following services, if any, have been received by any homestead members ever, and over the past year from outside agencies for free, or for only a minimal charge/fee 501 Lusito etimalini tesikolo nalabaludzingako School fee support 501a Lusito etimalini tesikolwa yes 1 501b School fee support – ever no 2 501g 501b [If yes to 501a] Lusito etimalini tesikolo kulomnyaka lophelile yes (E__________________)/annum 1 501c School fee support - past year [Enum: no 2 501g Estimate total value of support # for all homestead members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] E 501c [If yes to 501b] Ngubani lowatfola orphan female 1 lolusito? School fee support - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 1) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 501d [If yes to 501b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowatfola lolusito? School fee support - orphan male 2 past year - who received (person 2) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 501e [If yes to 501b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowatfola lolusito? School fee support - orphan male 2 past year - who received (person 3) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 501f [If yes to 501b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowatfola lolusito? School fee support - orphan male 2 past year - who received (person 4) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 501g Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga? School fee support - past year - orphan male 2 who did NOT receive but needed it 1 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (unable to attend school because of lack of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 support) non-vulnerable child 5 501h Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 School fee support - past year - who did non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 NOT receive but needed it 2 (unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 attend school because of lack of support) non-vulnerable child 5 501j Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 School fee support - past year - who did non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 NOT receive but needed it 3 (unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 attend school because of lack of support) non-vulnerable child 5 501k Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 School fee support - past year - who did non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 NOT receive but needed it 4 (unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 attend school because of lack of support) non-vulnerable child 5 - 88 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 502 Early childhoold care and development (aged 3-6) 502a Lusito etimalini tesikolwa yes 1 502b early childhoold care and development – no 2 502f ever 502b [If yes to 502a] early childhoold care and development - past year [Enum: yes (E__________________)/annum 1 502c Estimate total value of support no 2 502f for all homestead members for # the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] E 502c [If yes to 502b] early childhoold care orphan female 1 and development - past year - who received orphan male 2 (person 1) (aged 3-6) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 502d [If yes to 502b] early childhoold care orphan female 1 and development - past year - who received orphan male 2 (person 2) (aged 3-6) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 502f early childhoold care and development - orphan female 1 past year - who did NOT receive but orphan male 2 needed it 1 (unable to attend school because non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 of lack of support) (aged 3-6) non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 502g early childhoold care and development - orphan female 1 past year - who did NOT receive but orphan male 2 needed it 2 (unable to attend school because non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 of lack of support) (aged 3-6) non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 503 Lusito ngetemfundvo lengekho esikolweni kungaba nguSebenta Support for non-formal education (Sebenta classes for ADULTS) 503a Lusito ngemfundvo lengekho esikolweni yes 1 503b (Sebenta) no 2 503e Support for non-formal education - ever 503b [If yes to 503a] Lusito emnyakeni lophelile ngemfundvo lengekho esikolweni yes (E__________________)/annum 1 503c (Sebenta) Support for non-formal education no 2 503e - past year [Enum: Estimate total # value of support for all homestead members for the past year and record # of recipients. E If value unknown, leave blank] 503c [If yes to 503b] Ngubani chronically ill adult 15-49 1 lowalutfola? bereaved vulnerable elderly 2 Support for non-formal education - past disabled adult 3 year - who received (person 1) other adult 4 503d Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? chronically ill adult 15-49 1 Support for non-formal education - past bereaved vulnerable elderly 2 year - who received (person 2) disabled adult 3 other adult 4 503e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa chronically ill adult 15-49 1 aludzinga Support for non-formal bereaved vulnerable elderly 2 education - past year - who did NOT disabled adult 3 receive but needed it 1 (tried to secure non- other adult 4 formal education enrolment but unable to do so because of lack of funds to do so/lack of support to do so) - 89 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 503f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito chronically ill adult 15-49 1 kodvwa aludzinga Support for non-formal bereaved vulnerable elderly 2 education - past year - who did NOT receive disabled adult 3 but needed it 2 (tried to secure non-formal other adult 4 education enrolment but unable to do so because of lack of funds to do so/lack of support to do so) 503 Lusito ngetemfundvo lengekho esikolweni kungaba nguSebenta Support for non-formal education (Sebenta classes for CHILDREN) 504a Lusito ngemfundvo lengekho esikolweni yes 1 504b (Sebenta) Support for non-formal no 2 504e education - ever 504b [If yes to 504a] Lusito emnyakeni lophelile ngemfundvo lengekho esikolweni yes (E__________________)/annum 1 504c (Sebenta) Support for non-formal education no 2 504e - past year [Enum: Estimate total # value of support for all homestead members for the past year and record # of recipients. E If value unknown, leave blank] 504c [If yes to 504b] Ngubani lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Support for non-formal education - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 1) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 504d Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Support for non-formal education - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 2) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 504e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga Support for non-formal education - orphan male 2 past year - who did NOT receive but needed it non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 1 (tried to secure non-formal education non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 enrolment but unable to do so because of lack non-vulnerable child 5 of funds to do so/lack of support to do so) 504f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Support for non-formal orphan male 2 education - past year - who did NOT non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 receive but needed it 2 (tried to secure non- non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 formal education enrolment but unable to non-vulnerable child 5 do so because of lack of funds to do so/lack of support to do so) 505 Lusito ngemsebenti wetandla Support for vocational education 505a Lusito ngemsebenti wetandla yes 1 505b Support for vocational education - ever no 2 505e 505b [If yes to 505a] Lusito emnyakeni lophelile ngemsebenti wetandla yes (E__________________)/annum 1 505c Support for vocational education - past year no 2 505e [Enum: Estimate total value of # support for all homestead members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value E unknown, leave blank] 505c [If yes to 505b] Ngubani lowalutfola orphan male (aged 15-17) 1 Support for vocational education - past year orphan female (aged 15-17) 2 - who received 1 non-oprhan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 3 non-orphan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 4 non-vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 - 90 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 505d Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan male (aged 15-17) 1 Support for vocational education - past year - orphan female (aged 15-17) 2 who received 2 non-oprhan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 3 non-orphan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 4 non-vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 505e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan male (aged 15-17) 1 aludzinga Support for vocational education - orphan female (aged 15-17) 2 past year - who did NOT receive but needed it non-oprhan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 3 1 (tried to secure vocational education non-orphan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 4 enrolment but unable to do so because of lack non-vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 5 of funds to do so/lack of support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 505f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male (aged 15-17) 1 kodvwa aludzinga Support for vocational orphan female (aged 15-17) 2 education - past year - who did NOT receive non-oprhan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 3 but needed it 2 (tried to secure vocational non-orphan vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 4 education enrolment but unable to do so non-vulnerable child (aged 15-17) 5 because of lack of funds to do so/lack of chronically ill adult 15-49 6 support to do so) bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506 Lusito ngekudla lakhaya Food Support to Homestead 506a Lusito ngekudla lakhaya yes 1 506b Food support – ever no 2 506h 506b [If yes to 506a] Lusito ngekudla yes (E__________________)/annum 1 506c lakhaya emnyakeni lophelile [Enum: no 2 506h Estimate total value of support # for all homestead members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, E leave blank] Food support - past year 506c [If yes to 506b] Ngubani orphan male 1 lowalutfola? orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who received non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 (person 1) non-orphan vulnerable child 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506d [If yes to 506b] Ngubani lomunye orphan male 1 lowalutfola? orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who received non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 (person 2) non-orphan vulnerable child 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506e [If yes to 506b] Ngubani lowalutfola? orphan male 1 Food support - past year - who received orphan female 2 (person 3) non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 non-orphan vulnerable child 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 - 91 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 506f [If yes to 506b] Ngubani lomunye orphan male 1 lowalutfola? orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who received non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 (person 4) non-orphan vulnerable child 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506g Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan male 1 aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 1 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack non-vulnerable child 5 of support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506h Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 2 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack of non-vulnerable child 5 support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506j Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 3 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack of non-vulnerable child 5 support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506k Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 4 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack of non-vulnerable child 5 support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506l Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 5 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack of non-vulnerable child 5 support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 506m Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan male 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 2 Food support - past year - who did NOT non-oprhan vulnerable child 3 receive but needed it 6 (tried to secure food non-orphan vulnerable child 4 support but unable to do so because of lack non-vulnerable child 5 of support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 bereaved vulnerable elderly 7 disabled adult 8 non-vulnerable adult 9 - 92 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 507 Lusito ngekudla emadladleni asemmangweni Food Support to Child/ren at Public Feeding Place 507a Lusito ngekudla emadladleni yes 1 507b asemmangweni Food support – ever no 2 507e 507b [If yes to 507a] Lusito ngekudla yes 1 507c emadladleni asemmangweni emnyakeni no 2 507e lophelile Food support - past year [Enum: # Record # of recipients.] 507c [If yes to 507b] Ngubani orphan female 1 lowalutfola? Food support - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 1) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 507d [If yes to 507b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowalutfola? Food support - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 2) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 507d [If yes to 507b] Ngubani orphan female 1 lowalutfola? Food support - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 3) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 507e [If yes to 507b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowalutfola? Food support - past year - orphan male 2 who received (person 4) non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 507e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga Food support - past year - who orphan male 2 did NOT receive but needed it 1 (tried to non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 secure food support but unable to do so non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 507f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Food support - past year orphan male 2 - who did NOT receive but needed it 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (tried to secure food support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 507g Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Food support - past year orphan male 2 - who did NOT receive but needed it 3 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (tried to secure food support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 507h Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Food support - past year orphan male 2 - who did NOT receive but needed it 4 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (tried to secure food support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 507j Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Food support - past year orphan male 2 - who did NOT receive but needed it 5 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (tried to secure food support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 507k Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga Food support - past year orphan male 2 - who did NOT receive but needed it 6 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 (tried to secure food support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 - 93 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo Provision of Agricultural Support (crop farming for own use) (any support, seeds, 508 implements, traction power, emergency services of farming inputs, etc.) 508a Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi yes 1 508b luhlobo Agricultural support – ever no 2 508c 508b [If yes to 508a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni 509 yes (E__________________)/annum 1 lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 508c value of support for all no 2 homestead members for the past # year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] Agricultural support - past year 508c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito yes 1 kodvwa baludzinga? no 2 Agricultural support - past year - did NOT receive but needed it (tried to secure agricultural support but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo 509 Provision of Agricultural Support (livestock farming) 509a Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi yes 1 509b luhlobo Agricultural support – ever no 2 509c 509b [If yes to 509a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni 510 yes (E__________________)/annum 1 lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 509c value of support for all no 2 homestead members for the past # year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] Agricultural support - past year 509c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa yes 1 baludzinga? Agricultural support - past year - no 2 did NOT receive but needed it (tried to secure agricultural support but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo 510 Provision of Agricultural Support (gardens, cash cropping, etc.) 510a Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi yes 1 510b luhlobo Agricultural support – ever no 2 510c 510b [If yes to 510a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni 510 yes (E__________________)/annum 1 lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 510c value of support for all no 2 homestead members for the past # year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] Agricultural support - past year 510c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa yes 1 baludzinga? Agricultural support - past year - no 2 did NOT receive but needed it (tried to secure agricultural support but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 511 Lusito ngekweluleka labaphatseke kabi emoyeni nalabetfukile Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related Support 511a Lusito ngekwluleka labaphatseke kabi emoyeni nalabetfukile yes 1 511b Grief /Trauma Counselling/Related support – ever no 2 511e 511b [If yes to 511a] Lusito ngekweluleka labaphatseke kabi yes 1 511c emoyeni nalabetfukile emnyakeni lophelile Grief/Trauma no 2 511e Counselling/Related support - past year [Enum: Estimate total value of support for all homestead # members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] - 94 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 511c [If yes to 511b] Ngubani lowalutfola? Grief/Trauma orphan female 1 Counselling/Related support - past year - who received 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 511d [If yes to 511b] Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related support - past year - who orphan male 2 received 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 511e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Grief/Trauma Counselling /Related - past year - who did NOT orphan male 2 receive but needed it 1 (perceived a need for emotional non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 counselling/related support but unable to do so because of lack of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 511f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related - past year - who did NOT orphan male 2 receive but needed it 2 (perceived a need for emotional non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 counselling/related support but unable to do so because of lack of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 511g Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Grief /Trauma Counselling/Related - past year - who did NOT orphan male 2 receive but needed it 3 (perceived a need for emotional non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 counselling/related support but unable to do so because of lack of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 511h Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Grief /Trauma Counselling/Related - past year - who did NOT orphan male 2 receive but needed it 4 (perceived a need for emotional non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 counselling/related support but unable to do so because of lack of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 Lusito ngetekweluleka emphefumlweni 512 Other Emotional Counselling/Related Support 512a Lusito ngetekweluleka emphefumlweni yes 1 512b Other Emotional Counselling/Related support – ever no 2 512e 512b [If yes to 512a] Lusito ngetekweluleka emphefumlweni yes 1 512c emnyakeni lophelile Other Emotional Counselling/ Related no 2 512e support - past year [Enum: Estimate total value of support for all homestead members for the past # year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] - 95 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 512c [If yes to 512b] Ngubani lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support - past year - orphan male 2 who received 1 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 512d [If yes to 512b] Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support - past year - orphan male 2 who received 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 512e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga Other orphan female 1 Emotional Counselling /Related - past year - who did NOT orphan male 2 receive but needed it 1 (perceived a need for emotional non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 counselling/related support but unable to do so because of non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 512f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga Other Emotional Counselling/Related - past year - orphan male 2 who did NOT receive but needed it 2 (perceived a need for non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 emotional counselling/related support but unable to do so non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 Lusito ekwelulekeni labasebentisa tidzakamiva 513 Substance Use/Abuse Counselling/Related 513a Lusito ekwelulekeni labasebentisa tidzakamiva Substance yes 1 513b Use/Abuse Counselling/Related support – ever no 2 513e 513b [If yes to 513a] Lusito ekwelulekeni labasebentisa yes 1 513c tidzakamiva emnyakeni lophelile Substance Use/Abuse no 2 513e Counselling/Related support - past year [Enum: Estimate total value of support for all homestead # members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] 513c [If yes to 513b] Ngubani lowalutfola? Substance orphan female 1 Use/Abuse Counselling/Related support - past year - who orphan male 2 received 1 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 - 96 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 513d [If yes to 513b] Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Substance Use/Abuse Counselling/Related support - past year orphan male 2 - who received 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 513e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Substance Use/Abuse Counselling/Related - past year - who orphan male 2 did NOT receive but needed it 1 (perceived a need for non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 substance use/abuse counselling/related support but unable to non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 do so because of lack of support to do so) non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 513f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga orphan male 2 Substance Use/Abuse Counselling/Related - past year - who non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 did NOT receive but needed it 2 (perceived a need for non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 substance use/abuse counselling/related support but unable to non-vulnerable child 5 do so because of lack of support to do so) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 514 Lusito lwekunakekela labagulela emakhaya Home-Based Care for the Chronically Ill 514a Lusito lwekunakekela labagulela emakhaya yes 1 512b Home-based care for the chronically ill – ever no 2 512e 514b [If yes to 514a] Lusito lwekunakekela labagulela yes 1 512c emakhaya emnyakeni lophelile no 2 512e Home-based care for the chronically ill - past year # 514c [If yes to 514b] Ngubani lowalutfola? chronically ill child 1 Home-based care for the chronically ill - past year - who chronically ill adult 2 received 1 disabled person 3 514d [If yes to 514b] Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? Home- chronically ill child 1 based care for the chronically ill - past year - who received 2 chronically ill adult 2 disabled person 3 514e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga Home- chronically ill child 1 based care for the chronically ill - past year - who did NOT chronically ill adult 2 receive but needed it 1 (perceived a need for home-based care disabled person 3 services for the chronically ill but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 514f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga chronically ill child 1 Home-based care for the chronically ill - past year - who did NOT chronically ill adult 2 receive but needed it 2 (perceived a need for home-based care disabled person 3 services for the chronically ill but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 515 Lusito ngakutemtsetfo Legal Support (any type) - 97 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 515a Lusito ngakutemtsetfo yes 1 515b Legal support – ever no 2 515f 515b [If yes to 513a] Lusito ngakutemtsetfo emnyakeni lophelile yes (E__________________)/annum 1 515c Legal support - past year [Enum: Estimate total no 2 515f value of support for all homestead # members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] E 515c [If yes to 515b] Kwakulusito luni? maintenance 1 Legal support – type land rights 2 abuse/violence 3 inheritance 4 exploitation/related 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9 < 10 other (specify): ______________ ## 515d [If yes to 515b] Ngubani lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Legal support - past year - who received 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 515e Ngubani lomunye lowalutfola? orphan female 1 Legal support - past year - who received 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 515f Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa aludzinga orphan female 1 Legal support - past year - who did NOT receive but orphan male 2 needed it 1 (perceived a need for legal support but non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 unable to do so because of lack of support to do non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 so/lack of knowledge of support/lack of availability of non-vulnerable child 5 support) chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 515g Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga orphan male 2 Legal support - past year - who did NOT receive but non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 needed it 2 (perceived a need for legal support but non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 unable to do so because of lack of support to do non-vulnerable child 5 so/lack of knowledge of support/lack of availability of chronically ill adult 15-49 6 support) chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 - 98 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 516 Kungena kwemali Income generation 516a Lusito ngetekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo IGA support yes 1 516b – ever no 2 516c 516b [If yes to 516a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 517 value of support for all homestead members yes (E__________________)/annum 1 516c for the past year and record # of recipients. no 2 If value unknown, leave blank] IGA support - past # year 516c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa baludzinga? yes 1 IGA support - past year - did NOT receive but needed it (tried no 2 to secure IGA support but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 517 Lusito ngetindlu Housing 517a Lusito ngetindlu yes 1 517b Housing support - ever no 2 518 517b [If yes to 517a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 518 yes (E_________________)/annum 1 value of support for all homestead members 517c for the past year and record # of recipients. no 2 If value unknown, leave blank] Housing support - # past year 517c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa baludzinga? yes 1 Housing support - past year - did NOT receive but needed it no 2 (tried to secure housing support but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 518 Kubolekisana nasekutfutfukeni ngase timalini Credit/development finance 518a Lusito ekubolekisaneni nesekutfutfukeni ngase timalini yes 1 518b Credit/development finance - ever no 2 518e 518b [If yes to 518a] Lusito netekulima kwanoma nguluphi luhlobo emnyakeni lophelile [Enum: Estimate total 519 value of support for all homestead members yes (E_________________)/annum 1 518c for the past year and record # of recipients. no 2 If value unknown, leave blank] Credit support - # past year 518c Bakhona labangalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa baludzinga? yes 1 Credit support - past year - did NOT receive but needed it no 2 (tried to secure credit but unable to do so because of lack of support to do so) 519 Neighbourhood Care Points - access for services 519a NCP - ever yes 1 516b no 2 516e 519b [If yes to 519a] NCP - past year 516c [Enum: Estimate total value of yes (E__________________)/annum 1 516e support for all homestead no 2 members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value # unknown, leave blank] E - 99 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 519c [If yes to 519b] NCP - who received 1 orphan female 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 519d [If yes to 519b] NCP - past year - orphan female 1 who received 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 519e NCP - past year - who did NOT receive but orphan female 1 needed it 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 519f NCP - past year - who did NOT receive but orphan female 1 needed it 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 520 kaGogo Centre - access to services, such as training, workshopping, skills building, etc. 520a kaGogo - ever yes 1 520b no 2 520e 520b [If yes to 520a] kaGogo - past year 520c [Enum: Estimate total value of yes (E__________________)/annum 1 520e support for all homestead no 2 members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value # unknown, leave blank] E 520c [If yes to 520b] kaGogo - who received 1 orphan female 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 520d [If yes to 520b] kaGogo - past year - orphan female 1 who received 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 - 100 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 520e kaGogo - past year - who did NOT receive orphan female 1 but needed it 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 520f kaGogo - past year - who did NOT receive orphan female 1 but needed it 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 521 [Enum: Child-headed homesteads or homesteads with a child headed household ONLY] External caregiver support programme for parenting and skills transfer for children in child-headed households 521a CHH - ever yes 1 521b no 2 521e 521b [If yes to 521a] CHH - past year 521c [Enum: Estimate total value of yes (E__________________)/annum 1 521e support for all homestead no 2 members for the past year and record # of recipients. If value # unknown, leave blank] E 521c [If yes to 521b] orphan - female 1 CHH - past year - who received 1 orphan - male 2 non-orphan - male 3 non-orphan - female 4 521d [If yes to 521b] orphan - female 1 CHH - past year - who received 2 orphan - male 2 non-orphan - male 3 non-orphan - female 4 521e CHH - past year - who did NOT receive but orphan - female 1 needed it 1 orphan - male 2 non-orphan - male 3 non-orphan - female 4 521f CHH - past year - who did NOT receive but orphan - female 1 needed it 2 orphan - male 2 non-orphan - male 3 non-orphan - female 4 522 Basic medical - primary health care 522a Basic medical services - ever yes 522b no 522e 522b [If yes to 522a] Basic medical services - past year [Enum: Estimate yes (E__________________)/annum 1 522c total value of support for all no 2 522g homestead members for the past # year and record # of recipients. If value unknown, leave blank] E - 101 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 522c [If yes to 522b] Basic medical orphan female 1 services - who received 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522d [If yes to 522b] Basic medical orphan female 1 services - who received 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522e [If yes to 522b] Basic medical orphan female 1 services - who received 3 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522f [If yes to 522b] Basic medical orphan female 1 services - who received 4 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522g Basic medical services - who did NOT receive orphan female 1 but needed it 1 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522h Basic medical services - who did NOT receive orphan female 1 but needed it 2 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 522j Basic medical services - who did NOT receive orphan female 1 but needed it 3 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 - 102 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 522k Basic medical services - who did NOT orphan female 1 receive but needed it 4 orphan male 2 non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 chronically ill adult 15-49 6 chronically ill adult 50+ 7 bereaved vulnerable elderly 8 disabled adult 9 523 Lusito kutemphilo kulabo labanetifo letingalapheki labanemimnyaka lesuka ku o kuya ku 49 lwamahhala. Bangaba sesibhedlela noma lapho bangatfola imitsi khona. Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 - treatment access (in hospital care and access to medication) for free 523a Lusito kutemphilo kulabo labanetifo yes 1 523b letingalapheki labanemimnyaka lesuka ku no 2 523e o kuya ku 49 lwamahhala Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 – ever 523b [If yes to 523a] Lusito kutemphilo kulabo labanetifo letingalapheki yes (E__________________)/annum 1 523c labanemimnyaka lesuka ku o kuya ku 49 no 2 523e lwamahhala emnyakeni lophelile Medical services for the chronically ill aged # 0-49 - past year E 523c [If yes to 523b] Ngubani orphan female 1 lowalutfola? orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who received 1 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 523d [If yes to 523b] Ngubani lomunye orphan female 1 lowalutfola? orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who received 2 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 523e Ngubani longalutfolanga lolusito kodvwa orphan female 1 aludzinga orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who did NOT receive but needed it 1 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 523f Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who did NOT receive but needed it 2 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 523g Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who did NOT receive but needed it 2 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 523h Ngubani lomunye longalutfolanga lolusito orphan female 1 kodvwa aludzinga orphan male 2 Medical services for the chronically ill aged non-orphan female (vulnerable) 3 0-49 - who did NOT receive but needed it 2 non-orphan male (vulnerable 4 non-vulnerable child 5 adult aged 18-49 6 - 103 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 524 Ngabe lolusito lwalufaka lusito yes 1 524a ngemaphilisi ladzindzibalisa ligciwane le no 2 525 HIV Did these medical services include do not know 3 anti-retroviral therapy for HIV? 524a [If yes to 524] Bangakhi lebebasebentisa lamaphilisi emnyakeni ____ # children londlulile, kubantfwana nalabadzala? How many were on treatment at least sometime over the past year, by adults and ____ # adults children? 524b [If yes to 524] Kubantfwana < 1 year 1 labanatsa lamaphilisi ekudzindzibalisa 1-2 years 2 ligciwane, lomntfwana sewuwanatse > 2 to < 5 years 3 sikhatsi lesinganani? How many years has 5-17 years 4 the youngest child on ARVs been taking them? 524c [If yes to 524] Kukhona yini lakhaya yes 1 lobekanatsa lamaphilisi lowabese no 2 uyayekela kuwasebentisa? [Enum: do not know 3 excludes no longer taking them due to death] Has any homestead member who had ever taken ARVs ever stopped taking them? 524d [If yes to 524] Bangakhi labancane kanye nalabadzala lebebanatsa lamaphilisi ____ # children base bayawayekela? How many children and adults stopped taking the ARVs? ____ # adults 524e [If yes to 524] Kulaba bangakhi labawayekeliswa kutsi kulukhuni ____ # children kuwatfola nekutsi akapheleli Of these, how many stopped taking the ARVs because of inadequate ____ # adults supply/difficult access? 524f [If yes to 524] Kulaba bangakhi labawayekeliswa kutsi abanako kudla ____ # children lokwanele? Of these, how many stopped taking the ____ # adults ARVs because of lack of food? 524g [If yes to 524] Kulaba bangakhi labawayekeliswa kutsi abita kakhulu ____ # children (adulile) Of these, how many stopped taking the ____ # adults ARVs because of costs being too high? 524h [If yes to 524] Kulaba bangakhi labawayekeliswa kutsi ababangela lokunye ____ # children kugula lokutsite noma abaphatsa kabi? Of these, how many stopped taking the ARVs because of side effects? ____ # adults 524j [If yes to 524] Kulaba bangakhi labawayekeliswa kutsi bativa sebaphilile? ____ # children Of these, how many stopped taking the ARVs because they felt that they had recovered? ____ # adults - 104 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 525 Of all of the services we have discussed, none 1 526 INCLUDING services your homestead has School fee support 2 525a received and those that your homestead has ECCD 3 525a NOT received, what is your number one Non-formal education - adults 4 525a priority need for this homestead, assuming Non-formal education - children 5 525a that the service offered would be Vocational education 525a 6 comprehensive, meeting all needs in this Food support to homestead 525a 7 respect in the homestead? [Tick only Food support public feeding place 525a one] 8 Agriculture Support (crop farming) 525a 9 Agriculture Support (livestock farming) 525a Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) 10 525a Grief/Trauma Counselling 11 525a Other Emotional Counselling 12 525a Substance Use/Abuse Counselling 13 525a HBC for the Chronically Ill 14 525a Legal Support 15 525a Income Generation 16 525a Housing 17 525a Credit 18 525a Neighbourhood Care Points 19 525a kaGogo Centres 20 525a CHH 21 525a Basic Medical Services 525a 22 Medical Services for the Chronically Ill 525a 23 525a 24 525a 25 525a [If homestead did NOT receive do not know 1 this particular service] not selected in community meeting 2 not selected by traditional authority 3 not selected by service provider 4 tried but turned down 5 Why didn’t this homestead this service? < 6 other ____________________________ # 525b [If homestead did NOT receive this yes 1 particular service] Had anyone in this no 2 homestead been aware that someone was do not know/do not remember 3 offering this particular service before today? 526 Of all of the services we have discussed, none 1 527 INCLUDING services your homestead has School fee support 2 526a received and those that your homestead has ECCD 3 526a NOT received, what is your number two Non-formal education - adults 4 526a priority need for this homestead, assuming Non-formal education - children 5 526a that the service offered would be Vocational education 6 526a comprehensive, meeting all needs in this Food support to homestead 7 526a respect in the homestead? [Tick only Food support public feeding place 8 526a one] Agriculture Support (crop farming) 9 526a Agriculture Support (livestock farming) 10 526a Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) 11 526a Grief/Trauma Counselling 12 526a Other Emotional Counselling 13 526a Substance Use/Abuse Counselling 14 526a HBC for the Chronically Ill 15 526a Legal Support 16 526a Income Generation 17 526a Housing 18 526a Credit 19 526a Neighbourhood Care Points 20 526a kaGogo Centres 21 526a CHH 22 526a Basic Medical Services 23 526a Medical Services for the Chronically Ill 24 526a - 105 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 526a [If homestead did NOT receive do not know 1 this particular service] Why not selected in community meeting 2 didn’t this homestead this service? not selected by traditional authority 3 not selected by service provider 4 tried but turned down 5 < 6 other ________________________________ 7 # 526b [If homestead did NOT receive yes 1 this particular service] Had no 2 anyone in this homestead been aware that do not know/do not remember 3 someone was offering this particular service before today? 527 Of all of the services we have discussed, none 1 528 INCLUDING services your homestead has School fee support 2 527a received and those that your homestead has ECCD 3 527a NOT received, what is your number three Non-formal education - adults 4 527a priority need for this homestead, assuming Non-formal education - children 5 527a that the service offered would be Vocational education 6 527a Food support to homestead 7 527a comprehensive, meeting all needs in this Food support public feeding place 8 527a respect in the homestead? [Tick only Agriculture Support (crop farming) 9 527a one] Agriculture Support (livestock farming) 10 527a Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) 11 527a Grief/Trauma Counselling 12 527a Other Emotional Counselling 13 527a Substance Use/Abuse Counselling 14 527a HBC for the Chronically Ill 15 527a Legal Support 16 527a Income Generation 17 527a Housing 18 527a Credit 19 527a Neighbourhood Care Points 20 527a kaGogo Centres 21 527a CHH 22 527a Basic Medical Services 23 527a Medical Services for the Chronically Ill 24 527a 25 527a 527a [If homestead did NOT receive do not know 1 this particular service] Why not selected in community meeting 2 didn’t this homestead this service? not selected by traditional authority 3 not selected by service provider 4 tried but turned down 5 < 6 other ________________________________ # 527b [If homestead did NOT receive yes 1 this particular service] no 2 Had anyone in this homestead been aware do not know/do not remember 3 that someone was offering this particular service before today? - 106 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 528 Of all of the services we have discussed, none 1 529 INCLUDING services your homestead has School fee support 2 528a received and those that your homestead has ECCD 3 528a NOT received, what is your number four Non-formal education - adults 4 528a priority need for this homestead, assuming Non-formal education - children 5 528a that the service offered would be Vocational education 6 528a comprehensive, meeting all needs in this Food support to homestead 7 528a respect in the homestead? [Tick only Food support public feeding place 8 528a one] Agriculture Support (crop farming) 9 528a Agriculture Support (livestock farming) 10 528a Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) 11 528a Grief/Trauma Counselling 12 528a Other Emotional Counselling 13 528a Substance Use/Abuse Counselling 14 528a HBC for the Chronically Ill 15 528a Legal Support 16 528a Income Generation 17 528a Housing 18 528a Credit 19 528a Neighbourhood Care Points 20 528a kaGogo Centres 21 528a CHH 22 528a Basic Medical Services 23 528a Medical Services for the Chronically Ill 24 528a 528a [If homestead did NOT receive do not know 1 this particular service] Why not selected in community meeting 2 didn’t this homestead this service? not selected by traditional authority 3 not selected by service provider 4 tried but turned down 5 < 6 other ________________________________ # 528b [If homestead did NOT receive this yes 1 particular service] Had anyone in this no 2 homestead been aware that someone was do not know/do not remember 3 offering this particular service before today? 529 Of all of the services we have discussed, none 1 mod 6 INCLUDING services your homestead has School fee support 2 529a received and those that your homestead has ECCD 3 529a NOT received, what is your number five Non-formal education - adults 4 529a priority need for this homestead, assuming Non-formal education - children 5 529a that the service offered would be Vocational education 6 529a comprehensive, meeting all needs in this Food support to homestead 7 529a respect in the homestead? [Tick only Food support public feeding place 8 529a one] Agriculture Support (crop farming) 9 529a Agriculture Support (livestock farming) 10 529a Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) 11 529a Grief/Trauma Counselling 12 529a Other Emotional Counselling 13 529a Substance Use/Abuse Counselling 14 529a HBC for the Chronically Ill 15 529a Legal Support 16 529a Income Generation 17 529a Housing 18 529a Credit 19 529a Neighbourhood Care Points 20 529a kaGogo Centres 21 529a CHH 22 529a Basic Medical Services 23 529a Medical Services for the Chronically Ill 24 529a 25 529a 26 529a - 107 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 529a [If homestead did NOT receive do not know 1 this particular service] Why not selected in community meeting 2 didn’t this homestead this service? not selected by traditional authority 3 not selected by service provider 4 tried but turned down 5 < 6 other ________________________________ # 529b [If homestead did NOT receive yes 1 this particular service] Had no 2 anyone in this homestead been aware that do not know/do not remember 3 someone was offering this particular service before today? [ENUMERATOR: for the next module, tick the services RECEIVED based on module 5, and use this for moduel 6] School fee support ECCD Non-formal education - adults Non-formal education - children Vocational education Food support to homestead Food support public feeding place Agriculture Support (crop farming) Agriculture Support (livestock farming) Agriculture Support (gardens, cash cropping) Grief/Trauma Counselling Other Emotional Counselling Substance Use/Abuse Counselling HBC for the Chronically Ill Legal Support Income Generation Housing Neighbourhood Care Points kaGogo Centres CHH Basic Medical Services Medical Services for the Chronically Ill - 108 - MODULE 6: RELEVANCE, QUALITY, TIMELINESS, COMPREHENSIVENESS, AND TARGETING Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Kulolusito lesesikhulume ngalo langenhla ngicela ungikalele kuts, lusezingeni lelinjani, luyahambelana yini netidzingo, lufika ngesikhatsi yini nekutsi lwanele yini? For each service mentioned above, please rate the overall quality of the service or services provided using the following scale: ‘very good quality’, ‘somewhat good quality’, ‘just acceptable quality’, ‘poor quality’, and ‘very poor quality’. If you cannot say, just indicate ‘do not know’. Thereafter, rate the relevance of the service or services provided using the following scale: ‘very relevant’, ‘somewhat relevant’, ‘not very relevant’, or ‘not at all relevant’. If you cannot say, just indicate ‘do not know’. Thereafter, rate the timeliness of the service or services provided using the following scale: ‘very timely’, ‘somewhat timely’, ‘not very timely’, or ‘not at all timely’. If you cannot say, just indicate ‘do not know’. Rate the comprehensiveness of the service or services provided in terms of the extent to which the services fully covered what was needed, partially covered, or did not cover using the following scale: ‘very comprehensive’, ‘somewhat comprehensive’, ‘not very comprehensive’, or ‘not at all comprehensive’. If you cannot say, just indicate ‘do not know’. If you have received multiple services, or more than one person had received services, please give us an ‘average’ of these services. [ENUM: FIRST ENSURE THAT SERVICE HAS BEEN RECIEVED BY COMPARING MODULE 5 TO THIS MODULE.IF A SERVICE HAS NOT BEEN RECEIVED BY ANYONE IN THE HOMESTEAD, SKIP THE QUESTION AND LEAVE IT BLANK] 601a Tindleko tesikolwa tiyahambelana nesidzingo very relevant 1 yini somewhat relevant 2 school fees (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 601b Tindleko tesikolwa tifika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 school fees (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 601c Tindleko tesikolwa tanele yini? very comprehensive 1 school fees (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 602a [NOTE: if received school fee very good quality 1 support to attend, ask about quality somewhat good quality 2 of school materials provided at not very good quality 3 school] Tinfo tesikolwa tisezingeni lelikahle yini? school materials (quality) poor quality 4 do not know/cannot say 5 602b [NOTE: if received school fee very relevant 1 support to attend, ask about somewhat relevant 2 relevance of school materials not very relevant 3 provided at school] Tintfo tesikolwa tiyahambelana nesidzingo yini? school materials not at all relevant 4 (relevance) do not know/cannot say 5 602c [NOTE: if received school fee very timely 1 support to attend, ask about somewhat timely 2 timeliness of school materials not very timely 3 provided at school] Tintfo tesikolwa tifika ngesikhatsi yini? school materials (timeliness) not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 602d [NOTE: if received school fee very comprehensive 1 support to attend, ask about somewhat comprehensive 2 comprehensiveness of school materials not very comprehensive 3 provided at school] Tintfo tesikolwa tanele yini? school materials (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 109 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 603a Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very good quality 1 lusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 early childhood care and development (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 603b Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very relevant 1 luhambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 early childhood care and development (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603c Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lufika very timely 1 ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 early childhood care and development not very timely 3 (timeliness) not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603d Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lwanele very comprehensive 1 yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 early childhood care and development not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603a Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very good quality 1 lusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 non-formal education - adults (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 603b Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very relevant 1 luhambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 non-formal education - adults (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603c Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lufika very timely 1 ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 non-formal education - adults (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603d Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lwanele very comprehensive 1 yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 non-formal education - adults not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603a Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very good quality 1 lusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 non-formal education - children (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 603b Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni very relevant 1 luhambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 non-formal education - children (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 110 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 603c Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lufika very timely 1 ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 non-formal education - children (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 603d Luhlelo lwemfundvo lengekho esikolweni lwanele very comprehensive 1 yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 non-formal education - children not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 604a Imfundvo kutemakhono isezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 vocational education (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 604b Imfundvo kutemakhono iyahambelana yini very relevant 1 netidzingo? somewhat relevant 2 vocational education (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 604c Imfundvo kutemakhono ifika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 vocational education (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 604d Imfundvo kutemakhono beyanele yini? very comprehensive 1 vocational education (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 605a Lusito ngekudla emakhaya lusezingeni lelikahle very good quality 1 yini? somewhat good quality 2 food support to hometead(quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 605b Lusito ngekudla emakhaya luyahambelana yini very relevant 1 netidzingo? somewhat relevant 2 food support to homestead (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 605c Lusito ngekudla emakhaya lufika ngesikhatsi very timely 1 yini? somewhat timely 2 food support to homestead (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 605d Lusito ngekudla emakhaya lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 food support to homestead (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 111 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 606a Lusito ngekudla emadladleni lusezingeni lelikahle very good quality 1 yini? somewhat good quality 2 Food Support to Child/ren at Public Feeding Place just acceptable quality 3 (quality) poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 606b Lusito ngekudla emadladleni luyahambelana yini very relevant 1 netidzingo? somewhat relevant 2 Food Support to Child/ren at Public Feeding Place not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 606c Lusito ngekudla emadladleni lufika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Food Support to Child/ren at Public Feeding Place somewhat timely 2 (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 606d Lusito ngekudla emadladleni lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Food Support to Child/ren at Public Feeding Place somewhat comprehensive 2 (comprehensiveness) not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 607a Lusito ngetekulima lusezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Agricultural Support - crop farming (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 607b Lusito ngetekulima luyahambelana netidzingo yini? very relevant 1 Agricultural Support - crop farming (relevance) somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 607c Lusito ngetekulima lufika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Agricultural Support - crop farming (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 607d Lusito ngetekulima lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Agricultural Support - crop farming somewhat comprehensive 2 (comprehensiveness) not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 608a Lusito ngetekulima lusezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Agricultural Support - livestock farming (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 608b Lusito ngetekulima luyahambelana netidzingo very relevant 1 yini? somewhat relevant 2 Agricultural Support - livestock farming not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 608c Lusito ngetekulima lufika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Agricultural Support - livestock farming somewhat timely 2 (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 112 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 608d Lusito ngetekulima lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Agricultural Support - livestock farming somewhat comprehensive 2 (comprehensiveness) not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 609a Lusito ngetekulima lusezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Agricultural Support - gardens, cash cropping somewhat good quality 2 (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 609b Lusito ngetekulima luyahambelana netidzingo very relevant 1 yini? somewhat relevant 2 Agricultural Support - gardens, cash cropping not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 609c Lusito ngetekulima lufika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Agricultural Support - gardens, cash cropping somewhat timely 2 (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 609d Lusito ngetekulima lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Agricultural Support - gardens, cash cropping somewhat comprehensive 2 (comprehensiveness) not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 610a Lusito kululeka labo labahlukubetekile emoyeni very good quality 1 nekwetfuka lusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related support (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 610b Lusito kululeka labo labahlukubetekile emoyeni very relevant 1 nekwetfuka luyahambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related support not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 610c Lusito kululeka labo labahlukubetekile emoyeni very timely 1 nekwetfuka lufika ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related support not very timely 3 (timeliness) not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 610d Lusito kululeka labo labahlukubetekile emoyeni very comprehensive 1 nekwetfuka lwanele yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 Grief/Trauma Counselling/Related support not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 611a Lolunye lusito lwekweluleka emoyeni lusezingeni very good quality 1 lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support just acceptable quality 3 (quality) poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 611b Lolunye lusito lwekweluleka emoyeni very relevant 1 luyahambelana yini netidzingo? somewhat relevant 2 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 113 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 611c Lolunye lusito lwekweluleka emoyeni lufika very timely 1 ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support not very timely 3 (timeliness) not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 611d Lolunye lusito lwekweluleka emoyeni lwanele very comprehensive 1 yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 Other Emotional Counselling/Related support not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 612a Substance Abuse Counselling/Related support very good quality 1 (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 612b Substance Abuse Counselling/Related support very relevant 1 (relevance) somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 612c Substance Abuse Counselling/Related support very timely 1 (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 612d Substance Abuse Counselling/Related support very comprehensive 1 (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 613a Kunakekelwa kwalabagula emakhaya very good quality 1 kusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 Home-based care services for the chronically ill just acceptable quality 3 (quality) poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 613b Kunakekelwa kwalabagula emakhaya very relevant 1 kuhambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 Home-based care services for the chronically ill not very relevant 3 (relevance) not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 613c Kunakekelwa kwalabagula emakhaya kufika very timely 1 ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 Home-based care services for the chronically ill not very timely 3 (timeliness) not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 613d Kunakekelwa kwalabagula emakhaya kwanele very comprehensive 1 yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 Home-based care services for the chronically ill not very comprehensive 3 (comprehensiveness) not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 114 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 614a Lusito ngakutemtsetfo lusezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Legal support (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 614b Lusito ngakutemtsetfo luyahambisana netidzingo very relevant 1 yini? somewhat relevant 2 Legal support (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 614c Lusito ngakutemtsetfo lufika ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Legal support (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 614d Lusito ngakutemtsetfo lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Legal support (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 614e Ngabe kukhona yini tinyatselo letatsatfwa yes 1 613f kusita letimo lebetidzinga umtsetfo? no 2 614a Legal support - Were any actions taken in do not know/do not remember 3 614a response to these legal needs? 614f Ngabe tanigculisa yini letinyatselo? Kanganani? very satisfied 1 Legal support - How satisfied were you with the somewhat satisfied 2 action/actions taken? Were you ‘very satisfied’, not very satisfied 3 ‘somewhat satisfied’, ‘not very satisfied’, or ‘not at all not at all satisfied 4 satisfied’. If you cannot say, or do not know, please do not know/cannot say 5 just tell me. 615a Tindlela tekwakha imali tisezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Income generation (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 615b Tindlela tekwakha imali tiyahambelana netidzingo very relevant 1 yini? somewhat relevant 2 Income generation (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 615c Tindlela tekwakha imali tenteka ngesikhatsi yini? very timely 1 Income generation (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 615d Tindlela tekwakha imali tanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Income generation (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 616a Lusito ngetindlu tekuhlala tisezingeni lelikahle yini? very good quality 1 Housing support (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 - 115 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 616b Lusito ngetindlu tekuhlala tiyahambelana very relevant 1 netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 Housing support (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 616c Lusito ngetindlu tekuhlala lufika ngesikhatsi very timely 1 yini? somewhat timely 2 Housing support (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 616d Lusito ngetindlu tekuhlala lwanele yini? very comprehensive 1 Housing support (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 617a Tekwebolekisana nekutfutfuka ngasetimalini very good quality 1 kusezingeni lelikahle yini? somewhat good quality 2 Credit/development finance (quality) just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 617b Tekwebolekisana nekutfutfuka ngasetimalini very relevant 1 kuyahambelana netidzingo yini? somewhat relevant 2 Credit/development finance (relevance) not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 617c Tekwebolekisana nekutfutfuka ngasetimalini very timely 1 kufika ngesikhatsi yini? somewhat timely 2 Credit/development finance (timeliness) not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 617d Tekwebolekisana nekutfutfuka ngasetimalini very comprehensive 1 kwanele yini? somewhat comprehensive 2 Credit/development finance (comprehensiveness) not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 618a Neighbourhood care points (quality) very good quality 1 somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 618b Neighbourhood care points (relevance) very relevant 1 somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 618c Neighbourhood care points (timeliness) very timely 1 somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 618d Neighbourhood care points (comprehensiveness) very comprehensive 1 somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 116 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 619a kaGogo centres (quality) very good quality 1 somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 619b kaGogo centres (relevance) very relevant 1 somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 619c kaGogo centres (timeliness) very timely 1 somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 619d kaGogo centres (comprehensiveness) very comprehensive 1 somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 620a child headed households external caregiving very good quality 1 support (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 620b child headed households external caregiving very relevant 1 support (relevance) somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 620c child headed households external caregiving very timely 1 support (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 620d child headed households external caregiving very comprehensive 1 support (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 621a Basic medical services (quality) very good quality 1 somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 621b Basic medical services (relevance) very relevant 1 somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 - 117 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 621c Basic medical services (timeliness) very timely 1 somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 621d Basic medical services (comprehensiveness) very comprehensive 1 somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 622a Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 very good quality 1 (quality) somewhat good quality 2 just acceptable quality 3 poor quality 4 very poor quality 5 do not know/cannot say 6 622b Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 very relevant 1 (relevance) somewhat relevant 2 not very relevant 3 not at all relevant 4 do not know/cannot say 5 622c Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 very timely 1 (timeliness) somewhat timely 2 not very timely 3 not at all timely 4 do not know/cannot say 5 622d Medical services for the chronically ill aged 0-49 very comprehensive 1 (comprehensiveness) somewhat comprehensive 2 not very comprehensive 3 not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/cannot say 5 623 Ngekubuka kwakho, lolusito luyafika yini very well targeted 1 kulabaludzinga kakhulu lakhaya lakho? somewhat well targeted 2 Overall, considering the services provided, please not very well targeted 3 rate the extent to which you believe that the not at all well targeted 4 services reached those most in need in your do not know/cannot say 5 homestead. Rate this as ‘very well targeted’, ‘somewhat well targeted’, ‘not very well targeted’, ‘not at all well targeted’. 624 [If homestead contains more than one very well targeted 1 household.][Enum:see Q107 page 4] somewhat well targeted 2 Ngekubuka kwakho lolusito luyafika yini not very well targeted 3 kulabaludzinga kakhulu kulamadladla not at all well targeted 4 lalakhaya? do not know/cannot say 5 Overall, considering the services provided, please rate the extent to which you believe that the services reached the households most in need in your homestead. Rate this as ‘very well targeted’, ‘somewhat well targeted’, ‘not very well targeted’, ‘not at all well targeted’. - 118 - MODULE 7: PARTICIPATION AND CO-ORDINATION Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Kulele nalelo lusito ngicela usho kutsi kukhona yini walakhaya lobekayincenye yekukhipha tincumo kutsi nguluphi lusito lobeludzingeka nekutsi ngubani lobekaludzinga. Sifuna kwat kutsi loyomuntfu lobkayincenye nguye yini lobedzinga lolusito noma beludzingwa ngulomunye lakhaya? Sitawucela kutsi uphindze usatise nekutsi bobani lebatfweswe lomsebenti wekukhetsa loyo muntfu lamangweninangabe bebakhona? [ENUM: FIRST ENSURE THAT SERVICE HAS BEEN RECIEVED BY COMPARING MODULE 5 TO THIS MODULE. IF A SERVICE HAS NOT BEEN RECEIVED BY ANYONE IN THE HOMESTEAD, SKIP THE QUESTION AND LEAVE IT BLANK] For each service mentioned above, please indicate whether anyone in this homestead was involved in deciding what service was received and in deciding who needed the services or materials, and if so who in the homestead was involved. We want to know: 1) whether anyone was involved and, if yes; 2) whether the person involved was someone who needed the service, or whether it was another homestead member. Thereafter, please tell us whether there were any community consultations, local traditional authority, community level organisations, other local opinion leader, non-governmental, or other involvement in the selection process. 701a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 701b setindleko tesikolo? not involved in determining the need for service 2 702a school fees (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 702a 701b Ummango wawuyincenye ekubuketeni sidzingo yini community meeting 1 etindlekweni tesikolwa? local traditional authority 2 school fees (community involvement) [circle up community based organisation 3 to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 702a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo setindleko involved in determining the need for service 1 702b tesikolo? early childhood care and development not involved in determining the need for service 2 703a (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 703a 702b Ummango wawuyincenye ekubuketeni sidzingo yini community meeting 1 etindlekweni tesikolwa? local traditional authority 2 early childhood care and development (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 703a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo kutemfundvo involved in determining the need for service 1 703b lengatfolakali esikolweni? not involved in determining the need for service 2 704a non-formal education - adults (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 704a 703b Umango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 kutemfundvo lengatfolakali esikolweni? local traditional authority 2 non-formal education - adults (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 704a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo kutemfundvo involved in determining the need for service 1 704b lengatfolakali esikolweni? not involved in determining the need for service 2 705a non-formal education - child (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 705a 704b Umango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 kutemfundvo lengatfolakali esikolweni? local traditional authority 2 non-formal education - child (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 705a vocational education (involvement) involved in determining the need for service 1 705b not involved in determining the need for service 2 706a do not remember/not certain 3 706a 705b vocational education (community involvement) community meeting 1 [circle up to 3 responses] local traditional authority 2 community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 - 119 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 706a food support to homestead (involvement) involved in determining the need for service 1 706b not involved in determining the need for service 2 707a do not remember/not certain 3 707a 706b Umango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni community meeting 1 sidzingo ngelusito lwekudla emakhaya? local traditional authority 2 food support to homestead (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 707a food support to school children via public feeding involved in determining the need for service 1 707b place (involvement) not involved in determining the need for service 2 708a do not remember/not certain 3 708a 707b food support to children via public feeding place community meeting 1 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 local traditional authority 2 responses] community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 708a agricultural support - crop farming (involvement) involved in determining the need for service 1 708b not involved in determining the need for service 2 709a do not remember/not certain 3 709a 708b agricultural support - crop farming (community community meeting 1 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] local traditional authority 2 community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 709a agricultural support - livestock farming involved in determining the need for service 1 709b (involvement) not involved in determining the need for service 2 710a do not remember/not certain 3 710a 709b agricultural support - livestock farming (community community meeting 1 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] local traditional authority 2 community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 710a agricultural support - gardens, cash cropping involved in determining the need for service 1 710b (involvement) not involved in determining the need for service 2 709a do not remember/not certain 3 709a 710b agricultural support - gardens, cash cropping community meeting 1 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 local traditional authority 2 responses] community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 711a Grief/trauma counselling (involvement) involved in determining the need for service 1 711b not involved in determining the need for service 2 712a do not remember/not certain 3 712a 711b Umango bewuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 ekwelulekeni labahlukubetekile emoyeni local traditional authority 2 nalabatfukile? community based organisation 3 Grief/trauma counselling (community involvement) other local community leader (any) 4 [circle up to 3 responses] non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 - 120 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 712a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 712b ekwelulekeni kwalabahlukubetekile emoyeni? not involved in determining the need for service 2 713a Other emotional counselling/related do not remember/not certain 3 713a (involvement) 712b Umango bewuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 ekwelulekeni kwalabahlukubetekile emoyeni? local traditional authority 2 Other emotional counselling/related (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 713a Substance Abuse Counselling/Related involved in determining the need for service 1 713b (involvement) not involved in determining the need for service 2 714a do not remember/not certain 3 714a 713b Substance Abuse Counselling/Related community meeting 1 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 local traditional authority 2 responses] community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 714a Home-based care services for the chronically ill involved in determining the need for service 1 714b (involvement) not involved in determining the need for service 2 715a do not remember/not certain 3 715a 714b Umango bewuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 ekunakekeleni kwalabagulela emakhaya? local traditional authority 2 Home-based care services for the chronically ill community based organisation 3 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 other local community leader (any) 4 responses] non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 715a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo selusito involved in determining the need for service 1 715b kutemtsetfo? not involved in determining the need for service 2 716a Legal support(involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 716a 715b Umango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 kulolusito lwemtsetfo? local traditional authority 2 Legal support(community involvement) [circle community based organisation 3 up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 716a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 716b etindleleni tekwakha imali? not involved in determining the need for service 2 717a Income generation (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 717a 716b Umango bewuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 etindleleni tekwakha imali. local traditional authority 2 Income generation (community involvement) community based organisation 3 [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 717a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 714b elusitweni lwetindlu tekuhlala? not involved in determining the need for service 2 715a Housing support (involvement) do not remember/not certain 3 715a 717b Umango bewuyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo community meeting 1 elusitweni ngetindlu tekuhlala? local traditional authority 2 Housing support (community involvement) community based organisation 3 [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 - 121 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 718a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 718b ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni ngakutetimali? not involved in determining the need for service 2 719a Credit/development finance (involved) do not remember/not certain 3 719a 718b Ummango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni community meeting 1 sidzingo ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni local traditional authority 2 ngakutetimali? Credit/development finance community based organisation 3 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 other local community leader (any) 4 responses] non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 719a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 719b ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni ngakutetimali? not involved in determining the need for service 2 720a Neighbourhood Care Points (involved) do not remember/not certain 3 720a 719b Ummango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni community meeting 1 sidzingo ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni local traditional authority 2 ngakutetimali? Neighbourhood Care Points community based organisation 3 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 other local community leader (any) 4 responses] non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 720a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 720b ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni ngakutetimali? not involved in determining the need for service 2 721a kaGogo centres (involved) do not remember/not certain 3 721a 720b Ummango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni community meeting 1 sidzingo ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni local traditional authority 2 ngakutetimali? kaGogo centres (community community based organisation 3 involvement) [circle up to 3 responses] other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 721a Beniyincenye yini ekubuketeni sidzingo involved in determining the need for service 1 721b ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni ngakutetimali? not involved in determining the need for service 2 722a child-headed households caregivers (involved) do not remember/not certain 3 722a 721b Ummango wawuyincenye yini ekubuketeni community meeting 1 sidzingo ekwebolekiseni nasekutfutfukeni local traditional authority 2 ngakutetimali? child-headed households community based organisation 3 caregivers (community involvement) [circle other local community leader (any) 4 up to 3 responses] non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 722a Basic Medical Services(involved) involved in determining the need for service 1 722b not involved in determining the need for service 2 723a do not remember/not certain 3 723a 722b Basic Medical Services (community involvement) community meeting 1 [circle up to 3 responses] local traditional authority 2 community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 723a Medical Services for the Chronically Ill Aged -0-49 involved in determining the need for service 1 723b (involved) not involved in determining the need for service 2 724 do not remember/not certain 3 724 723b Medical Services for the Chronically Ill Aged -0-49 community meeting 1 (community involvement) [circle up to 3 local traditional authority 2 responses] community based organisation 3 other local community leader (any) 4 non-governmental organisation 5 political leader (non-traditional authority) 6 - 122 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. How ‘coherent’ (logical or consistent) would you rate the response in terms of the following, using the scale ‘very coherent’, ‘somewhat coherent’, ‘not very coherent’, or ‘not at all coherent’. If you do not know, please let me know. 718 Likhono lebantfu bendzawo ekuchubeni tinhlelo very coherent 1 temmango netangephandle. somewhat coherent 2 The ability of local actors to co-ordinate various not very coherent 3 activities, from within the community and from not at all coherent 4 outside do not know/cannot say 5 not applicable (no such actors) 6 719 Likhono lebantfu labehluke kutiphatsa ngendlela very coherent 1 letsite ekuhambeni kwesikhatsi kusita ummango somewhat coherent 2 The ability of different actors to behave in a not very coherent 3 coherent manner over time in support to this not at all coherent 4 community do not know/cannot say 5 not applicable (no such actors) 6 720 Likhono lalabaphetse ummango kusita bantfu very coherent 1 labehlukene ekutfutfukiseni ummango somewhat coherent 2 ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi not very coherent 3 The ability of traditional authorities in this not at all coherent 4 community to help co-ordinate various actors do not know/cannot say 5 involved in development activities over time not applicable (no such actors) 6 MODULE 8: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND LOCAL COPING MECHANISMS Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 801 Sewuhlale sikhatsi lesinganani kulomphakatsi? How long have you lived in this chiefdom? ____________ years ______ all my life 88 do not know 99 802 Akhona yini emalunga lamadzala emndeni lawutalwa khona yes 1 lahlala edvute kangangoba kulula kuwavakashela? no 2 Do any adult members of your birth family live close enough for you to easily visit them? 803 Uvamise kuwabona noma kukhulumisane nawo kanganani, kanye 1+ a week 1 evikini, enyangeni, emnyakeni noma anibonani sanhlobo. 1+ a month 2 How often do you see or talk to a member of your family of birth? 1+ a year 3 Would you say at least once a week, once a month, once a year, or hardly ever/never 4 hardly ever? 804 Nawunenkinga noma udzinga lusito lwangephandle, esikhatsini always 1 lesinyenti ungetsembela yini kubakini ekusitakaleni? sometimes 2 When you need help or have a serious problem when you need rarely 3 outside assistance, can you usually rely on members of your birth never 4 family for support? Can you rely on them ‘always’, ‘sometimes’, do not know/not certain 5 ‘rarely’, ‘never’? 805 Over the past three years, how many times, if any, have you been yes 1 able to able to rely on family members for financial support when no 2 you were in need? Were you able to rely on them at least four times do not know 3 a year each year over the past three years? 806 Ungatsi bomakhelwane batana kanganani kulommango? How well very well 1 would you say that neighbours know each other in this community? somewhat well 2 Would you say they know each other ‘very well’, ‘somewhat well’, not very well 3 ‘not very well’, or ‘not at all well’? not at all well 4 do not know/not certain 5 - 123 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 807 Nawungabekisa ungatsi kubambana njengemmango nekuphilelana very strong 1 njengebantu bendzawo, kucinile, kuyaceka noma akukho sanhlobo? If somewhat strong 2 you had to rate the ‘sense of community’ in this area, that is, how much not very strong 3 people feel that they share a common history, and have a common bond, not at all strong 4 and identify with each other, would you rate it as ‘very strong’, do not know/not certain 5 ‘somewhat strong’, ‘not very strong’, or ‘not at all strong’? 808 Nawungaba nenkinga ledzinga imali lokungenani tinyanga letisitfupha completely 1 ungetsembela kanganani etihlobeni takho kutsi tikusite? partially 2 Ngalokuphelele, ngencenye, kancane, ngeke noma awati? very little 3 If you had a crisis and needed cash for a sustained period of time, say, not at all 4 for up to 6 months, to what extent would you be able to rely on extended do not know/not certain 5 family members? How much would you say that you would be able to rely on them? ‘Completely’, ‘partially’, ‘very little’, or ‘not at all’. 809 Nawungaba nenkinga ledzinga imali lokungenani tinyanga letisitfupha completely 1 ungetsembela kanganani kubangani noma bomakhelwane bakho kutsi partially 2 bakusite? Ngalokuphelele, ngencenye, kancane, ngeke noma awati? If very little 3 you had a crisis and needed cash for a sustained period of time, say, for not at all 4 up to 6 months, to what extent would you be able to rely on friends or do not know/not certain 5 neighbours from outside your homestead? How much would you say that you would be able to rely on them? ‘Completely’, ‘partially’, ‘very little’, or ‘not at all’. 810 Nawungaba nenkinga ledzinga lusito ngemandla (umsebenti) completely 1 lokungenani tinyanga letisitfupha ungetsembela kanganani etihlobeni partially 2 takho kutsi tikusite? Ngalokuphelele, ngencenye, kancane, ngeke noma very little 3 awati? If you had a crisis and needed labour support for a sustained not at all 4 period of time, say, for up to 6 months, to what extent would you be able do not know/not certain 5 to rely on extended family members? How much would you say that you would be able to rely on them? ‘Completely’, ‘partially’, ‘very little’, or ‘not at all’. 811 Nawungaba nenkinga ledzinga lusito ngemandla (umsebenti) completely 1 lokungenani tinyanga letisitfupha ungetsembela kanganani kubangani partially 2 noma bomakhelwane bakho kutsi bakusite? Ngalokuphelele, ngencenye, very little 3 kancane, ngeke noma awati? If you had a crisis and needed labour not at all 4 support for a sustained period of time, say, for up to 6 months, to what do not know/not certain 5 extent would you be able to rely on friends or neighbours? How much would you say that you would be able to rely on them? ‘Completely’, ‘partially’, ‘very little’, or ‘not at all’. 812 Over the past three years, how many times, if any, have you been able to yes 1 able to rely on friends/neighbours for financial support when you were no 2 in need? Were you able to rely on them at least four times a year each do not know 3 year over the past three years? Ngicela sicatsanise simo nyalo naleso seminyaka lesihlanu leyengcile kunaku lokulandzelako Compare the current situation with the situation, say, three years ago. Consider the following issues 813 Kukhona kwemalunga emadladla kwetsembela lakhaya ngetikhatsi much more common now 1 tebumatima somewhat more common now 2 Ability to rely on household members in this homestead in times of somewhat less common now 3 difficulty much less common now 4 do not know/not certain 5 814 Kukhona kwemalunga emndeni kwetsembela kulomunye ngetikhatsi much more common now 1 tebumatima somewhat more common now 2 Ability to rely on other family members in times of difficulty somewhat less common now 3 much less common now 4 do not know/not certain 5 815 Kukhona kwetsembela kubangani nabomakhelwane ngetikhatsi much more common now 1 tebumatima somewhat more common now 2 Ability to rely on friends/neighbours in times of difficulty somewhat less common now 3 much less common now 4 do not know/not certain 5 816 Lizinga besifazane labanalo ekwakheni tincumo lakhaya much more common now 1 Degree of influence females have in decision making in homesteads that somewhat more common now 2 are male headed somewhat less common now 3 much less common now 4 do not know/not certain 5 - 124 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. Ngicela ungitjele kutsi uyavumelana yini naloku lokulandzelako nekutsi kanganani Please consider whether you ‘strongly agree’, ‘somewhat agree’, ‘somewhat disagree’, or ‘strongly disagree’ with the following statements. If you do not know, please just let me know 817 Bangani nabomakhelwane bayawasita lamanye emadladla strongly agree 1 nakasacala kugulelwa kodvwa uma kugula kudlanga lolusito bese somewhat agree 2 luyanyamalala. Friends and neighbours help households with somewhat disagree 3 someone ill at the beginning, but if the illness lasts a long time, this strongly disagree 4 support fades away do not know/not certain 5 818 Esikhatsini lesinyenti, imihambo yesiSwati yenta kutsi strongly agree 1 kubelukhuni kutsi besifazane bamelane netinkinga lababhekana somewhat agree 2 nato. For the most part, cultural factors here make it more difficult somewhat disagree 3 for females to cope with the problems they face strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 819 Imihambo lefaka ekhatsi iminyaka lemibili yenzilo kubesifazane strongly agree 1 kwenta kutsi bangafinyeleli kuletinye tintfo.Overall, cultural somewhat agree 2 factors such as the 2 year mourning period for females symbolised somewhat disagree 3 by the mourning gown limits females ability cope strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 820 Emasiko labukele kwaba lifa egcekela phansi besifazane strongly agree 1 ekumlaneni netintfo letitsite. somewhat agree 2 Traditional practices around inheritance undermines female ability somewhat disagree 3 to cope strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 821 Kusimama kwetfu lakhaya kusekubambisaneni kwetfu strongly agree 1 ekusebentiseni kwetintfo ngekuphilelana kulamadladla somewhat agree 2 Our strength is our homestead system, where we can effectively somewhat disagree 3 share resources across households strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 822 Nawubuka eminyakeni leyengcile, ungasho kutsi ka Ngwane kube strongly agree 1 nekulahleka kwesimilo kubantfu . lokwentela phansi indlela somewhat agree 2 lesimelana ngayo netinkinga. In the past few decades, there has somewhat disagree 3 been a moral decline in Swaziland that undermines our coping strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 823 Eminyakeni lelishumi lelengcile sisindvo seligciwane le HIV strongly agree 1 emphakatsini selenta emakhaya lamanyenti angakhoni kumelana somewhat agree 2 nesimo. In the past decade or so, the impacts of HIV&AIDS on our somewhat disagree 3 communities has been so severe that many of our homesteads strongly disagree 4 simply cannot cope any more do not know/not certain 5 824 Emnyakeni lowengcile sisindvo sekwenyuka kwentsengo yekudla strongly agree 1 nemafutsa etimoto sesente emakhaya lamanyenti angakhoni somewhat agree 2 kumelana netimo. In the past year or so, the impacts of food and somewhat disagree 3 fuel price rises has been such that many of our homesteads simply strongly disagree 4 cannot cope any more do not know/not certain 5 825 Eminyakeni leyengcile lizinga letemphilo nemnotfo lakhaya liyehla strongly agree 1 ngenca yekugula kanye nekuhamba noma kulahlekelwa bantfu somewhat agree 2 lebebalusito. Over the past few years, our homestead has become somewhat disagree 3 poorer due to the loss of human resources and chronic illness strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 826 Eminyakeni lemiblwa leyengcile lizinga lemphilo lakhaya liyehla strongly agree 1 ngenca yekulahlekelwa yimisebenti kwemalunga. somewhat agree 2 Over the past few years, our homestead has become poorer due to somewhat disagree 3 the loss of jobs strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 827 Indlela yelisiko lekutsatsa sitsembu imcoka ekuvikeleni bantfu strongly agree 1 ekwehleni kwelizinga lemnotfo ngoba lolusito lwakha budlelwane somewhat agree 2 kubantfu. The system of polygamy has been important in protecting somewhat disagree 3 us from economic decline, because it strengthens our social systems strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 - 125 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 828 Sitsembu sentela phansi indlela bomake labatsetfwe ngayo strongly agree 1 kumelana nesimo lesiletfwa yi HIV. somewhat agree 2 The system of polygamy has weakened the ability of married somewhat disagree 3 women to cope with the situation we all face in Swaziland due to strongly disagree 4 HIV&AIDS do not know/not certain 5 829 Kuchutjwa kwendlela yekulobola kumcoka ngoba kuvikela strongly agree 1 besifazane etintfweni letimbi emangweni netemnotfo letiletswa yi somewhat agree 2 HIV. The continuation of the system of bride price has an important somewhat disagree 3 positive impact on protecting women from the negative impacts on strongly disagree 4 the society and economy due to HIV&AIDS do not know/not certain 5 830 Ngenca ye HIV sidzingo sekutsi bantfwana bafake emandla strongly agree 1 kakhulu ekusebenteni lakhaya kute kungene imali. Because of somewhat agree 2 HIV&AIDS,children have had to contribute more labour to generate somewhat disagree 3 homestead income for many homesteads here strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 831 Lendlela lekutfolakala ngayo lusito lwangaphandle kusita strongly agree 1 emakhaya sekwentele phansi indlela bantfu bebakhona somewhat agree 2 kwetsembela kulabanye phambilini. somewhat disagree 3 The way in which interventions to support homesteads have come strongly disagree 4 from outside has undermined the extent to which we used to be do not know/not certain 5 able to rely on one another not true - interventions do not come from outside 6 832 Lendlela lekutfolakala ngayo lusito lwangaphandle noma strongly agree 1 etinhlanganweni sekwenta kutsi bantfu lamangweni bangasafuni somewhat agree 2 kusita emangweni. somewhat disagree 3 The way in which interventions to support homesteads have come strongly disagree 4 from outside has weakened the willingness of local people to help do not know/not certain 5 in the community not true - interventions do not come from outside 6 833 Kunelusito loluchamuka ngaphandle lolucondziswa kubantfu strongly agree 1 kungakabi nekukhulumisan emangweni lokubese kubanga somewhat agree 2 kungevani kahle. somewhat disagree 3 There are some interventions here that target need based on outside strongly disagree 4 criteria, and this causes conflict do not know/not certain 5 not true - no such interventions 6 834 Liningi lwelusito lwangephandle luvame kuletsa lusito lesinalo strongly agree 1 kunaloku lesikudzingile. somewhat agree 2 Most interventions by outside agencies here are based on what they somewhat disagree 3 have to offer, not based on what we need strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not true - no such interventions 6 835 Igogo centre isebenta kahle lamangweni. strongly agree 1 The kaGogo centre system works well in this community somewhat agree 2 somewhat disagree 3 strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not relevant - no kaGogo system here 6 836 Igogo centre isebenta kahle lamangweni ekuboneni labo laba dzinge strongly agree 1 lusito kakhulu. somewhat agree 2 The kaGogo system of listing those most in need of assistance is somewhat disagree 3 quite effective strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not relevant - no kaGogo system here 6 - 126 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 837 Igogo centre isebenta kahle kuchuba tinhlelo letiphakanyiswa strongly agree 1 ngumango. somewhat agree 2 The kaGogo system is an effective centre for co-ordinating somewhat disagree 3 community initiatives strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not relevant - no kaGogo system here 6 838 Emadladla asemangweni ebantfwana ekuboneni labo labadzingile. strongly agree 1 The neighbourhood care point (NCP) system is quite effective in somewhat agree 2 targeting those most in need somewhat disagree 3 strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not relevant - no NCP here 6 839 Lokwentela phansi letinhlelo leticondze kusita kutsi kute kahle strongly agree 1 lusito lwemali noma lokunye nje kulabo labatimisele ngekusita somewhat agree 2 emangweni.One of the main weaknesses in impact mitigation somewhat disagree 3 activities is that there is no clear financial or material support to strongly disagree 4 caregivers to allow them to volunteer in their communities do not know/not certain 5 840 Lokungasita indlela lusito loluchutjwa ngayo emadladleni strongly agree 1 nakulabagulela emakhaya kugcugcutela lalabasitako kutsi bangene somewhat agree 2 kulentinhlelo tekusita. The most effective way to provide local somewhat disagree 3 support through NCP’s and home based care is to encourage local strongly disagree 4 caregivers to provide impact mitigation services do not know/not certain 5 841 Inkinga yebantfwana bendlunkhulu iyandza kulommango. strongly agree 1 The problem of ‘children of the community’ is worsening somewhat agree 2 somewhat disagree 3 strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 842 Lenye yetinkinga letivetwe yi HIV kulahleka kwelwati lebeluye strongly agree 1 lusuke esitukulwaneni luye kulesinye. somewhat agree 2 One of the main impacts of HIV&AIDS has been the loss of somewhat disagree 3 generational knowledge from parents to their children strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 843 Inchubo yemakhaya ivumela kutsi lamanye emadladla ahlupheke strongly agree 1 kakhulu kunalamanye ngenca yeticu tsite. somewhat agree 2 The homestead system allows some households in the homestead to somewhat disagree 3 suffer more than others, because they may be stigmatised strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 844 Indlela lekukhetfwa ngayo tindlela tekusita tivame kuvela strongly agree 1 kulababntfu bemmango labangati kahle ngesimo sekweswela somewhat agree 2 ngako lolusito alufiki lapho ludzingeke khona. somewhat disagree 3 Selection criteria of aid services often come from those in the strongly disagree 4 community who know little about the situation of the poor, and this do not know/not certain 5 mis-directs resources not applicable - no local involvement 6 845 Indlela lekukhetfwa ngayo tindlela tekusita tivumela kutsi bantfu strongly agree 1 bangaphandle labafuna kusita bangakhoni kusita lapho kudzingeke somewhat agree 2 khona. somewhat disagree 3 Selection criteria of aid services that allows outsiders who know strongly disagree 4 little about the situation of the poor in this community helps to mis- do not know/not certain 5 direct resources not applicable - no outside resources 6 846 Akusilo kuphela lwati lolusuka esitukulwaneni kuya kulesinye strongly agree 1 lolulahlekile ngence ye HIV kodwva nesimilo lesihle somewhat agree 2 lebesihlanganisa sive. It is not only generational knowledge from somewhat disagree 3 parents to children that has been lost due to HIV&AIDS, but moral strongly disagree 4 values that used to strengthen Swazi society has also declined do not know/not certain 5 - 127 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 847 Liningi lemaSwati selilahlekelwa litsemba kulesimo lesesikhona strongly agree 1 More and more, Swazis are falling into a situation of hopelessness somewhat agree 2 somewhat disagree 3 strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 848 Bancane betfu labangatsi lolusito labalutfolako lwabo, sesemukela strongly agree 1 loko lesinikwe kona somewhat agree 2 Few of us that are receiving services can really claim them as our somewhat disagree 3 own -- we simply receive what is offered strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not applicable - not receive 6 services 849 Inkinga lenkhulu lesibhekene nayo kutsi lolusito aluti njalonjalo strongly agree 1 nangetikhatsi letihlelekile somewhat agree 2 One of the main problems we face is the inconsistency and somewhat disagree 3 irregularity of services offered strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not applicable - not receive 6 services 850 Tinhlelo tekusita tangaphandle aenetisi kahle tidzingo talabo strongly agree 1 labadzingile emmangweni somewhat agree 2 Overall, services that are determined from outside do not serve the somewhat disagree 3 needs of the most needy in this community strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not applicable - services not offered 6 851 Empeleni kusimo sekwemukele loko lesinikwa kona kunekufuna strongly agree 1 loko lesikudzingako. somewhat agree 2 It really is a situation of ‘accepting services offered’, not ‘demanding somewhat disagree 3 services we need’ strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 not applicable - services not offered 6 852 Liningi letfu linelitsemba lelincane ngelikusasa. strongly agree 1 Most of us have little hope for the future somewhat agree 2 somewhat disagree 3 strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 853 Liningi lemadvodza leselitsetse liba nelidladla lelishende lalo. strongly agree 1 Many married men in Swaziland maintain a separate household for somewhat agree 2 a woman they are not married to, but have a long-term relationship somewhat disagree 3 with strongly disagree 4 do not know/not certain 5 854 Emnyakeni lowengcile ukhona yini lakhaya loke waba kunasi simo Over the year, has anyone in this homestead been in the following situations 854a Wakhatsateka kutsi kudla kutawuphela ningakayitfoli imali yes 1 852ai yekutsenga lokunye noma ningakavuni? Worried that food would no 2 852b run out before we got money to buy food, or that we would run out before we were able to harvest 854ai [If yes to 853a and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 854b Nabhekana nesimo lapho kudla kwaphela sangabi nalenye indlela yes 1 852bi yekutfola lokunye? Faced a situation where food ran out and we no 2 852c did not have any way to get more 854bi [If yes to 853b and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? - 128 - Q# Questions & Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO TO Sup. 854c Nabhekana nesimo lapho singakhoni kudla, kudla lokunemaseko yes 1 852ci lamtsatfu? Faced a situation where we could not eat balanced meals no 2 852d that included at least some meat 854ci [If yes to 852c and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 854d Nabhekana nesimo lapho satsembela khona kakhulu ekudleni yes 1 852di lokunchutfwa emasimini. Faced a situation where we had to rely no 2 852e heavily on veld foods 854di [If yes to 852d and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 854e Nabhekana nesimo sekungadli ekuseni, emini nantsambama? Faced yes 1 852ei a situation where we had to reduce the number of meals we had no 2 852f 854ei [If yes to 852e and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 854f Nabhekana nesimo lapho kwadzingeka kutsi ninciphise lizinga yes 1 852fi lekudla? Faced a situation where we had to eat inadequate portions no 2 852g of food with each meal 854fi [If yes to 852f and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe some of them 2 emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 854g Nabhekana nesimo lapho khona kute lowadla lilanga lonkhe ngoba yes 1 852gi bekute kudla noma imali yekukutsenga noma sivuno? no 2 mod 9 Faced a situation where no one in the household ate for at least one entire day because we had no food and could not afford to purchase/could not harvest 854gi [If yes to 852g and there is more than one all of them 1 household in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? - 129 - MODULE 9: DISCIPLINE, STIGMA, RELATED For this module, randomly select from all senior females in all households in the homestead caring for at least one child aged 2-17. If there is only one household in the homestead, continue the interview with the senior female respondent, but only if they are looking after at least one child aged 2-17. Adult Females Aged 18 Child Listing and Older Caregiving for at least one Child Aged 2-17 How many adult females live in this homestead aged 18 and older WHO ARE HERE NOW AND NOT ALREADY BEING INTERVIEWED? Person 1: Of these, who is the oldest person in this age range who is listed as a caregiver? [age] Person 2: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a caregiver? [age] Person 3: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a caregiver? [age] Person 4: Of these, who is the next oldest person in this age range who is listed as a caregiver? [age] # of eligible Last 2 digits of questionnaire number adults 00- 05- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95- 04 09 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 Once the woman is selected, do a listing of the children she is a caregiver for. Child Listing Children aged 2-17 How many children are you the main caregiver for in this household aged 2-17? Child 1: Of these, who is the oldest child in this age range? [age] Child 2: Of these, who is the next oldest child in this age range? [age] Child 3: Of these, who is the next oldest child in this age range? [age] # of eligible Last 2 digits of questionnaire number children 00- 05- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95- 04 09 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 900) Age of child selected: ____________ [ONLY aged 2-17] ____ 901) Sex of child selected: ____ - 1 male ____ - 2 female ____ 902) Child status of child selected: ____ ____ - 1 non-orphan ____ - 3 paternal orphan ____ - 2 maternal orphan ____ - 4 double orphan - 130 - 903) [Enum: Begin with yesterday, then move to the day before, etc. Be sure to indicate the day of the week in row 2.] Ngitotsandza kukubuta ngendlela labekadla ngayo lomntfwana kuleliviki leselengcile lokusho kutsi kulamalanga lasikhombisa lengcile: We would like to ask you a few questions about this child’s eating habits over the past week. Please consider her/his consumption patterns over the past seven days as follows: [Supervisor: Tally the number of ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses per row and enter relevant numbers in your column.] Type Yester- Today Today Today Today Today Today Sup day Minus Minus Minus Minus Minus Minus (Total) 2 3 4 5 6 7 Day of the # # # Week Yes No DK (M,Tu,W, Th,F,Sa, Su) Kudla 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes kwasekuseni 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No Eat Breakfast 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK Kudla 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes kwasemini 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No Eat Lunch 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK Kudla 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes kwantsambama 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No Eat Dinner 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK Kudla inyama 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes noma inhlanti 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No Eat Meat and/or 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK Fish Kudla tibhidvo 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes (emabhontjisi) 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No Eat Vegetables 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK (inc. legumes) Kudla lokunika 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes emandla Eat 2 – No 2 – No 2 – No 2 – No 2 – No 2 – No 2 – No Carbohydrates 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK (e.g., potatoes, cassava, maize) Kudla titselo 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes 1 - Yes Eat Fruit 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 2 - No 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK 3 - DK Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 904 Ngitawutsandza kukubuta imibuto lemibalwa nga....... lomntfwana lomnakekelako, nganaku lokulandzelako: We would like to first ask you a few questions about __________, the child you are looking after. Please consider the following: 904a [If any no responses in the table for 903] yes 1 Evikini lelengcile ukhonile yini kumnika kudla kanye ngelilanga no 2 ngenca yekweswela imali noma kudla? Over the past week, were you able to feed this child only one meal on at least one day because of the lack of food/lack of funds to buy food? 905 Kulamalanga lamatsatfu lengcile, ukhona yini lakhaya loneminyaka lengu 15 noma ngutulu loke wahlanganyela nalomntfwana kunaku lokulandzelako? Over the past three days, did you or any other household member aged 15 or older engage with this child in any of the following ways? - 131 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 905a Bafundza tincwadzi noma babuka titfombe yes 1 read books or look at picture books no 2 do not know/not certain 3 905b Amcocele tindzaba yes 1 tell stories to him/her no 2 do not know/not certain 3 905c Amhlabelele tingoma yes 1 sing songs with him/her no 2 do not know/not certain 3 905d Bahamba bavakasha baphuma ekhaya yes 1 take him/her outside the homestead for an outing no 2 do not know/not certain 3 905e Wadlala naye yes 1 play with him/her no 2 do not know/not certain 3 905f Abenesikhatsi naye, betsa tintfo, babale noma badvwebe yes 1 spend time with him/her, naming, counting, and/or drawing things no 2 do not know/not certain 3 906 Ngabe lomntfwana uke waba nabo yini bulukhuni ekutiphatseni yes 1 906a kwakhe asahleti kulelikhaya? Has this child had any behavioural no 2 907 difficulties while living in this household? 906a [If yes to 906] Ungabuchaza kanjani lobumatima very severe 1 balomntfwana, bekulukhuni kakhulu, bekulukhuni, bekungelukhuni somewhat severe 2 kangako, bekungelukhuni sanhlobo. not very severe 3 How severe would you rate these behavioural difficulties? Would you not at all severe 4 rate them ‘very severe’, ‘somewhat severe’, ‘not very severe’, or ‘not at do not know/cannot say 5 all severe’. 906b [If yes to 906] Walutfola yini lusito lomntfwana kulobo yes 1 906c bumatima? Has this child ever received any support in response to no 2 907 these behavioural difficulties? do not know/not certain 3 907 906c [If yes to 906b] Ungatsi wasitakala kanganani lomntfwana? very successful 1 How successful would you rate this support in helping to overcome somewhat successful 2 these behavioural difficulties? Would you rate them ‘very successful’, only a little successful 3 ‘somewhat successful’, ‘only a little successful’, or ‘not at all not at all successful 4 successful’. do not know/not certain 5 906d [If yes to 906b] Ungatsi lolusito lwasita nhlangotsi tonkhe yini very comprehensive 1 ebumatimeni balomntfwana? somewhat 2 How comprehensive would you rate this support in helping to comprehensive 3 overcome these behavioural difficulties? Would you rate them ‘very not very comprehensive 4 comprehensive’, ‘somewhat comprehensive’, ‘not very not at all comprehensive 5 comprehensive’, or ‘not at all comprehensive. do not know/not certain 907 Lomtfwana uke waba yini kunati timo letilandzelako? Has this child ever been in any of the following situations? 907a Angavamisi kudlala noma kuhleka yes 1 child rarely plays, rarely laughs no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 907b Angavamisi kuhlanganyela nala banye bantfwana yes 1 child rarely socialises with other children no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 907c Abekwe sicu ngulabanye bantfwana yes 1 child is stigmatised by other children no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 907d Abekwe sicu bantfu labadzala yes 1 child is stigmatised by adults no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 - 132 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 907e Ativele ayedvwa nekutse angakanakekeleki emoyeni yes 1 child seems isolated, depressed no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 908 [If yes to 907a, b, c, d, or e] Wake walutfola yini lusito yes 1 908a kuloku lahlangabetene nako? Has this child ever received any support in no 2 909 response to any of these? do not know/cannot say 3 909 908a [If yes to 908] Lwaba yimphumelelo kanganani lolusito? very successful 1 How successful would you rate this support in helping to overcome these somewhat successful 2 issues? Would you rate them ‘very successful’, ‘somewhat successful’, only a little successful 3 ‘only a little successful’, or ‘not at all successful’. not at all successful 4 do not know/not certain 5 908b [If yes to 908] Belwanele yini lolusito nhlangotsi tonkhe? very comprehensive 1 How comprehensive would you rate this support in helping to overcome somewhat comprehensive 2 these issues? Would you rate them ‘very com-prehensive’, ‘somewhat not very comprehensive 3 comprehensive’, ‘not very comprehensive’, or ‘not at all comprehensive. not at all comprehensive 4 do not know/not certain 5 Bonkhe bantfu labadzala banendlela yekufundzisa bantfwana indlela yekutiphatsa kahle noma bacondzise kutiphatsa lokubi. 909 Ngitakunika tindlela letingasentjetiswa kufundzisa loku. Ngicela kwati kutsi ikhona yini kuletindlela lenike nayisebentisa kuletinyanga letintsatfu letengcile. All adults use certain ways to teach children the right behaviours or to address what they feel is a behavioural problem. I will now read various methods that may be used, and I want you to tell me if you or anyone in your household has used this method with this child in the past 3 months 909a Wamukwa tintfo letitsite lebekadlala ngato atitsandza noma wamalela yes 1 kutsi aphume endlini no 2 took away privileges, forbade something the child liked, or did not allow do not know/cannot say 3 the child to leave the house 909b Wamchazela kutsi lalakwenta kwakukabi ngani yes 1 explained why the behaviour was wrong no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909c Wamkhuhlutisa lomntfwana yes 1 shook the child no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909d Wamtsetsisa noma wamemeta nawukhuluma naye yes 1 shouted, yelled at or screamed at the child no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909e Wamnika umsebenti langawenta yes 1 gave the child something else to do no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909f Wamshaya ngemphama etibunu spanked, hit or slapped the child on the yes 1 bottom with a bare hand no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909g Kumshaya ngemphama atibunu noma kuphi emtimbeni ngentfo lefana yes 1 nelibhande, luswati namani lenye lecinile hit the child on the bottom or no 2 elsewhere on the body with something like a belt, hairbrush, stick or other do not know/cannot say 3 hard object 909h Wambita ngesilima, ngelivila noma ngaliphi lelinye ligama yes 1 called the child stupid, lazy, or another name like that no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909j Wamshaya ngemphama ebusweni, enhloko noma etindlebeni yes 1 hit or slapped the child on the face, head or ears no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909k Wamshaya esandleni, emkhonweneni nase mlenteni yes 1 hit or slapped the child on the hand, arm, or leg no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909l Wamshaya ngentfo letsite ngekuphindza phindza yes 1 beat the child with an implement over and over no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 909m Uyakholelwa yini kutsi kuze ukhulise umntfwana kudzinga umjezise? yes 1 Do you believe that, in order to bring this child up, you need to physically no 2 punish him/her? do not know/cannot say 3 - 133 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 909n Mayelana nalomntfwana lesikhuluma ngaye ukhona yini lomunye yes 1 longamnakekela? Finally, with regard to the child that we have been no 2 discussing, has another caregiver been identified to care for this child in case you are unable to do so 909ni [If yes to 940] Unangakhi nyalo? _______________ years How old is this person right now? [if do not know, 99] Njengoba ngishito ekucaleni leminye yalemibuto itsintsana nawe kuphela. Ngicela uphendvule yonkhe lemibuto ngeliciniso nangesicinisek. Nakunemibuto longakhululeki kuyiphendvula ngicela ungitjele sitokhona kuchubekela kulomunye. Lemibuto iphatselene nalo vana naye nyalo noma loyo lotsandza kwehlukana naye lokungenani eminyakeni lemibili leyengcile. [Enum: If the respondent is unmarried, and does not have a current long-term partner, ask her/him to answer these questions with regard to a previous ‘serious’ partner over the past 2 years. If a widow or no serious relationship over the past 2 years leave blank and go to 912][Enum: Ensure that only respondent and no-one else is present in the room] As noted earlier, some of the questions we are asking are quite personal. We would ask that you answer all questions truthfully and honestly. If you feel that you do not want to answer a question, please just tell me so, and I will skip it and move on. The questions refer to your current or most recent partner/spouse over the past 2 years. 910 Kulokuvana kwenu nicabana kanganani? often 1 In your relationship, how frequently would you say you quarrel? sometimes 2 Would you say ‘often’, ‘sometimes’, or ‘rarely/never’? will not say/rarely/never 3 Uma bantfu lababili batsandzana bavamise kubambisana ebumnandzini nase lusizini. Ngitawutsandza kukubuta ngekutsi lolovana naye nyalo niphatsana njani. Uma kukhona losiphatamisako ngingayishintja lenkhulumo. Sebentisa, Kakhulu, ngalesinye sikhatsi, akukavami, akwenteki When two people become a couple, they usually share both good and bad moments. I would now like to ask you some questions about your most recent relationship and how your spouse/partner treats you. If anyone interrupts us, I will change the topic of conversation. In your relationship, has your most recent spouse/partner ever tried to do any of the following, using a scale from ‘often’, ‘sometimes’, ‘rarely’, or ‘never’. If you ‘do not know’, please just let me know 910a Angakuvumeli kutsi ubone bangani lobulili bunye nabo often 1 kept you from seeing same-sex friends sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/ will not say 5 910b Angakuvumeli uchumane netihlobo takho often 1 kept you from contacting your birth family sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910c Afune kwati lapho ungakhona ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi often 1 insists on knowing where you are all the time sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910d Akucwaye noma akuphatse ngendlela lengakhombi kutsi often 1 niyatsandzana sometimes 2 ignores you and treats you with indifference rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910e Akakwetsembi ngemali often 1 does not trust you with money sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910f Akhubeke uma ukhulumisa longasibo bulili bunye naywe often 1 gets angry if you speak to someone of the opposite sex sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 - 134 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 910g Ukuzindlela kutsi awuketsembeki often 1 is often suspicious that you are unfaithful sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910h Wakwetfuka noma wakwenta wativa utenyanya often 1 insulted you or made you feel bad about yourself sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910j Wakwenta wativa umncane noma wabukisa ngawe embikwebantfu often 1 belittled or humiliated you in front of other people sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910k Wenta tinfo kukutfusa noma kukwesabisa (ngendlela lakubuka often 1 ngayo, latsetsa ngayo, wabulala tintfo) sometimes 2 did things to scare or intimidate you on purpose (by the way they rarely 3 looked at you, by yelling at you, by smashing things, etc.) never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910l Wasongela kukulimata noma loyo lodvute nawe often 1 threatened to hurt you or someone you care about sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910m Wakushaya ngemphama noma wakujikijela ngentfo lengakulimata often 1 slapped you or threw something at you that could hurt sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910n Wakufuca, wakukhuhlutisa noma wakujikijela ngentfo often 1 pushed you, shook you, or threw something at you sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910o Wakushaya ngetibhakela noma ngentfo lengakulimata often 1 hit you with fists or with something else that could hurt you sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910p Wakukhahlela, wakuhudvula noma wakushaya often 1 kicked you, dragged you or beat you up sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910q Wakwekhama noma wakushisa ngemabomu often 1 choked or burned you on purpose sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910r Wasonga kusebentisa noma wasebentisa sibhamu, umukhwa noma often 1 lesinye silimato kuwe sometimes 2 threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon rarely 3 against you never 4 do not know/will not say 5 - 135 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 910s Wakuphocelela kutsi ulale naye ngenkhani often 1 physically forced you to have sex when you did not want to sometimes 2 rarely 3 never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910t Wakusongela waze weva ngatsi kumele ulale naye ngoba wesaba often 1 lokungahle kukuvelele sometimes 2 threatened you so that you felt you had to have sex because you were rarely 3 afraid of what might be done if you refused never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910u Wakuphocelela kutsi wente lutfo loluphetselene netelicansi often 1 lokwakwenta weva ungaphatseki kahle sometimes 2 ever forced you to do something sexual against your will that you rarely 3 found degrading or humiliating never 4 do not know/will not say 5 910v [only for those who have ever been pregnant] often 1 Wakushaya, wakuwatsa ngemphama, wakukhahlela noma sometimes 2 wakulimata nawukhulelwe rarely 3 hit, slapped, kicked or physically hurt you when you were pregnant never 4 do not know/will not say 5 911 [If yes to ANY ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ to any yes 1 911a response in 910] Uke walutfola yini lusito mayelana naloku? no 2 912 Have you ever received any support in response to any of these? do not know/cannot say 3 912 911a [If yes to 911] Lwaba yimphumelelo kanganani lolusito? very successful 1 How successful would you rate this support in helping to overcome somewhat successful 2 these issues? Would you rate them ‘very successful’, ‘somewhat only a little successful 3 successful’, ‘only a little successful’, or ‘not at all successful’. not at all successful 4 do not know/not certain 5 911b [If yes to 911] Belwanele yini lolusito? very comprehensive 1 How comprehensive would you rate this support in helping to somewhat 2 overcome these issues? Would you rate them ‘very comprehensive’, comprehensive 3 ‘somewhat comprehensive’, ‘not very comprehensive’, or ‘not at all not very comprehensive 4 comprehensive. not at all comprehensive 5 do not know/not certain 912 We want to now ask you a few questions that are similar to the ones we asked you about the child you are caring for. For each of these, please indicate whether you face any of the following: 912a yes 1 you rarely socialise with others no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 912b yes 1 you feel stigmatised by others no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 912c yes 1 you feel isolated, depressed no 2 do not know/cannot say 3 913 [If yes to 912a, b, or c] yes 1 913a no 2 914 Have you ever received any support in response to any of these? do not know/cannot say 3 914 913a [If yes to 913] very successful 1 somewhat successful 2 How successful would you rate this support in helping to overcome only a little successful 3 these issues? Would you rate them ‘very successful’, ‘somewhat not at all successful 4 successful’, ‘only a little successful’, or ‘not at all successful’. do not know/not certain 5 - 136 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 913b [If yes to 913] very comprehensive 1 somewhat comprehensive 2 How comprehensive would you rate this support in helping to not very comprehensive 3 overcome these issues? Would you rate them ‘very comprehensive’, not at all comprehensive 4 ‘somewhat comprehensive’, ‘not very comprehensive’, or ‘not at all do not know/not certain 5 comprehensive. 914 Nawubuka lolusito loluletfwako, ungasho yini kutsi lwafika yini very well targeted 1 lapho lwaludzingeke khona kakhulu kulelikhaya? somewhat well targeted 2 Overall, considering the services provided, please rate the extent to not very well targeted 3 which you believe that the services reached those most in need in your not at all well targeted 4 homestead. Rate this as ‘very well targeted’, ‘somewhat well targeted’, do not know/cannot say 5 ‘not very well targeted’, ‘not at all well targeted’. 915 [If homestead contains more than one household] very well targeted 1 Nawubuka lolusito loluletfwako, ungasho yini kutsi lwafika yini somewhat well targeted 2 lapho lwaludzingeke khona kakhulu kulelidladla? not very well targeted 3 Overall, considering the services provided, please rate the extent to not at all well targeted 4 which you believe that the services reached the households most in do not know/cannot say 5 need in your homestead. Rate this as ‘very well targeted’, ‘somewhat well targeted’, ‘not very well targeted’, ‘not at all well targeted’. 916 Over the year, has anyone in this HOUSEHOLD been in the following situation: 916a Wakhatsateka kutsi kudla kutawuphela ningakayitfoli imali yes 1 916ai yekutsenga lokunye noma ningakavuni? no 2 916b Worried that food would run out before we got money to buy food, or that we would run out before we were able to harvest 916ai [If yes to 916a and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma some of them 2 lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 916b Nabhekana nesimo lapho kudla kwaphela sangabi nalenye indlela yes 1 916bi yekutfola lokunye? Faced a situation where food ran out and we did no 2 916c not have any way to get more 916bi [If yes to 916b and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 916c Nabhekana nesimo lapho singakhoni kudla, kudla lokunemaseko yes 1 916ci lamtsatsatfu? Faced a situation where we could not eat balanced meals no 2 916d that included at least some meat 916ci [If yes to 916c and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? Nabhekana nesimo sekungadli ekuseni, emini nantsambama? 916d Nabhekana nesimo lapho satsembela khona kakhulu ekudleni yes 1 916di lokunchutfwa emasimini. no 2 916e Faced a situation where we had to rely heavily on veld foods 916di [If yes to 916d and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 916e Nabhekana nesimo sekungadli ekuseni, emini nantsambama? yes 1 916ei Faced a situation where we had to reduce the number of meals we had no 2 916f 916ei [If yes to 916e and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? - 137 - Q# Questions and Enumerator Instructions Responses Codes GO Sup. TO 916f Nabhekana nesimo lapho kwadzingeka kutsi ninciphise lizinga yes 1 916fi lekudla? no 2 916g Faced a situation where we had to eat inadequate portions of food with each meal 916fi [If yes to 916f and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? 916g Nabhekana nesimo lapho khona kute lowadla lilanga lonkhe ngoba yes 1 916gi bekute kudla noma imali lekukutsenga? no 2 mod Faced a situation where no one in the household ate for at least one 10 entire day because we had no food and could not afford to purchase/could not harvest 916gi [If yes to 916g and there is more than one household all of them 1 in the homestead] some of them 2 Lesimo sibe kuwo wonkhe emadladla noma lamanye Did this affect all households in the homestead, or just some of them? MODULE 10: CLOSING QUESTIONS Kukhona Longakusho noma longafuna kukubuta singakaphetsi? Do you have any final comments to make before we close? Any questions of your own? End of interview. Thank the person for their cooperation. Record finish time. Circle level of co- operation below. If there are any responses that you think are unreliable, write under "comments" which questions and why you think that they are unreliable. 1001) Sengigcina nje, kukhona yini indlela yekuphalala lengasita ekutseni lelikhaya lingagcini nje ngekumelana nesimo kuphela kodvwa liphindze litfutfuke. As a final question, are there any interventions that would have a significant impact on the ability of your homestead to recover from just coping to moving towards growth and recovery? ____ ____ - 1 yes [go to 1001a] ____ - 2 no/DK [finish interview] 1001a) [If yes to 1001] Kungaba yini lolosito? What would the two most important interventions be? [Enum: tick up to 2 responses] ____ - 1 legal support ____ - 6 material support ____ ____ - 2 land (agriculture) ____ - 7 psychosocial support ____ ____ - 3 socialisation ____ - 8 financial support ____ - 4 education ____ - 9 housing ____ - 5 medical support ____ - 10 other___________________ - 138 - 1002) Could you please estimate the average monthly income of all members of this homestad, including cash income from employment, remittances from outside, and the value of own production. [Enum: Get the total income of all homestead members with an income, get a value for in-kind income, and divide the total by the number of all homestead members. Show the calculation] ____ ____ - 1 no reliable income / < E250 per month ____ - 2 E251-500 per month ____ - 3 E501-1000 per month ____ - 4 E1001-2000 per month ____ - 5 E2001+ per month 1003) [Enum: Rate the homestead in terms of poverty categories as follows:] ____ ____ - 1 not vulnerable (and not at risk) ____ - 2 not vulnerable (but at risk of vulnerability in future) ____ - 3 somewhat vulnerable to poverty ____ - 4 vulnerable to poverty ____ - 5 very vulnerable ____ - 6 destitute ____ - 7 most vulnerable (no longer in the cash economy) 1004) Indicate the materials used for the main structure on the property: ____ ____ - 1 informal materials ____ - 2 formal materials 1005) Rate the seriousness of hygiene and environmental sanitation challenges at the household: ____ ____ - 1 very serious ____ - 3 not very serious ____ - 2 somewhat serious ____ - 4 not at all serious 1006) Level of co-operation ____ ____ - 1 high ____ - 2 medium ____ - 3 low PLEASE RECORD THE FINISH TIME: __________________ [Enum: Please transfer answer to Q101, page 4 and calculate total time] - 139 -