AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 2001 ;22025 February 2001 A---s Drawn from WVorld Bank Africa Database .- THE 0 BA N African Development Indicators 2001 The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright C 2001 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing February 2001 1 2 3 4 03 02 01 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should notbe attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsi- bility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Pennission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,USA; telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-7504470. Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover design by Patricia Hord Graphik Design. ISSN 1020-2927 ISBN 0-82134864-7 Contents Acknowledgments xix Preface xx Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 1. Selected Background Data 4 1-1. Basic indicators 5 1-2. Population 6 Technical notes 10 2. National Accounts 13 2-1. Gross domestic product, real 15 2-2. Value added in agriculture 16 2-3. Value added in industry 17 2-4. Value added in services 18 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal 19 2-6. Total consumption 20 2-7. General government consumption 21 2-8. Gross domestic investment 22 2-9. Gross public investment 23 2-10. Gross private investment 24 2-11. Gross domestic savings 25 2-12. Gross national savings 26 iii iv Contents 2-13. Resource balance 27 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 28 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 29 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real 30 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real 31 2-18. GDP growth 32 2-19. GNP per capita 33 2-20. Total consumption per capita 34 Technical notes 38 3. Prices and Exchange Rates 41 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) 42 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) 43 3-3. Consumer price index 44 3-4. Official exchange rate 45 3-5. SDR exchange rate index 46 3-6. Currency conversion factor 47 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate 48 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates 49 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index 50 Technical notes 52 4. Money and Banking 55 4-1. Domestic credit 56 4-2. Credit to the private sector 57 4-3. Credit to the government 58 4-4. Net foreign assets 59 4-5. Growth of money supply 60 4-6. Discount rate 61 4-7. Real discount rate 62 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate 63 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate 64 Technical notes 67 5. External Sector 70 Balance of Payments 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 72 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 73 5-3. Exports of total services 74 5-4. Imports of total services 75 5-5. Net private transfers 76 5-6. Net official current transfers 77 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants 78 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP 79 5-9. Net capital grants 80 Contents v 5-10. Net foreign direct investment 81 5-11. Net long-tenn borrowing 82 5-12. Other capital flows 83 5-13. Use of reserves 84 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves 85 Prices 5-15. Exportunitvalues 86 5-16. Import unit values 87 5-17. Terms of trade 88 Commodity Trade 5-18. Forest products exports 89 5-19. Petroleum exports 90 5-20. Copper exports 91 5-21. Iron exports 92 5-22. Phosphate exports 93 5-23. Cocoa exports 94 5-24. Coffee exports 95 5-25. Cotton exports 96 5-26. Groundnut exports 97 5-27. Oil palm products exports 98 5-28. Sisal exports 99 5-29. Tea exports 100 5-30. Sugar exports 101 5-31. Tobacco exports 102 5-32. Meat exports 103 5-33. Manufactured goods exports 104 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growti 105 5-35. Food imports 106 5-36. Food imports, growth 107 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports 108 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth 109 5-39. Fuel imports 110 5-40. Fuel imports, growth 111 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports 112 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth 113 5-43. Manufactured goods imports 114 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth 115 5-45. Capital goods imports 116 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth 117 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1987 118 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1991 121 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 124 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1987 127 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1991 130 vi Contents 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 133 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1987 136 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1991 139 5-55 Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 142 Technical notes 146 6. External Debt and Related Flows 151 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans 153 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans 154 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans 155 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases 156 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans 157 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans 158 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans 159 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases 160 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans 161 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans 162 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans 163 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges 164 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit 165 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans 166 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 167 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF 168 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 169 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF 170 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional 171 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional 172 6-21. Long-term debt: private 173 6-22. Total external debt 174 6-23. Structure of external debt 175 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments 176 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1998 177 6-26. Extemal debt and debt service ratios, 1998 178 Technical notes 181 7. Government Finance 184 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) 186 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) 187 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus 188 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments 189 7-5. Government interest payments 190 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) 191 7-7. Grants to government 192 7-8. Foreign financing 193 7-9. Taxes on income and profits 194 Contents vii 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions 195 7-11. Indirect taxes 196 7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants 197 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries 198 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries 199 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services 200 7-16. Govemment expenditure: interest payments 201 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers 202 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending 203 7-19. Govemment expenditure: trends in real defense spending 204 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending 205 Technical notes 207 8. Agriculture 211 8-1. Nominal producer prices 212 8-2. Food price index 218 8-3. Food production index 219 8-4. Nonfood production index 220 8-5. Food production per capita index 221 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop 222 8-7. Value of agricultural exports 226 8-8. Cereal production 227 8-9. Crop production index 228 8-10. Fertilizer use 229 8-11. Fertilizer imports 230 8-12. Area under permanent crops 231 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop 232 8-14. Incidence of drought 237 Technical notes 243 9. Power, Communications, and Transportation 246 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita 247 9-2. Energy production and use 248 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1994-98 249 9-4. Vehicle ownership 250 9-5. Road-to-population ratio 251 9-6. Paved primary roads 252 9-7. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio 253 9-8. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio 254 Technical notes 255 10. Privatization of Public Enterprises 258 10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises 259 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 1999) 260 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes 261 Technical notes 262 viii Contents 11. Labor Force and Employment 265 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force 267 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force 268 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers 269 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force 270 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population 271 11-6. Wages in agriculture 272 11-7. Wages in manufacturing 273 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying 274 11-9. Wages in construction 275 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communication 276 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services 277 Technical notes 278 12. Aid Flows 282 12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal 284 12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal 285 12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal 286 12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal 287 12-5. Net ODA from all donors, real 288 12-6. Net ODA from DAC donors, real 289 12-7. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real 290 12-8. Net ODA from multilateral donors, real 291 12-9. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP 292 12-10. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP 293 12-11. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP 294 12-12. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI 295 12-13. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI 296 12-14. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI 297 12-15. Net ODA per capita from all donors 298 12-16. Net ODA per capita from DAC donors 299 12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors 300 Technical notes 303 13. Social Indicators 306 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population 308 13-2. Poverty 309 13-3. Income distribution 310 13-4. Urbanization 311 13-5. Components of population change 312 13-6. Survival prospects 313 13-7. Immunization and ORT use 314 13-8. Child malnutrition 315 13-9. Access to sanitation facilities 316 13-10. Access to safe water 317 Contents ix 13-11. Health expenditure 318 13-12. Health care 319 13-13. Illiteracy rate 320 13-14. Primary school gross enrollment ratio 321 13-15. Pupil progression 322 13-16. Net primary enrollment ratio 323 13-17. Number of school teachers 324 13-18. Pupil/teacher ratio 325 13-19. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio 326 13-20. Public expenditure on education 327 13-21. Economic opportunities of women 328 13-22. Household and economic participation of women 329 13-23. Relative prices of consumption and investment in PPP terms, 1993 330 13-24. Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997 331 Technical notes 337 14. Environmental Indicators 343 14-1. Forest resources, 1990-95 345 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1996 346 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1986-98 347 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-2000 348 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption 349 14-6. Energy production by source 350 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector 351 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1996 352 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, late 1990s 353 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, late 1990s 354 14-11. National protection of natural areas, 1999 355 14-12. Intemational protected areas, 1999 356 Technical notes 357 Bibliography 363 Figures 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 1999 7 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 1999 9 2-1. Gross domestic product, 1999 35 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 1995-99 36 2-3. Composition of GDP, 1999 37 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 1999 51 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 1999 65 x Contents 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1992-98 66 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1992-99 145 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 1998 179 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 1998 180 7.1 Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1992-99 206 8-1. Food price index, 1998 238 8-2. Food production per capita index, 1998 239 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 1999 240 8-4. Agriculture exports, 1998 241 8-5. Drought, 1980-98 242 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1997 301 12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1999 302 13-1. Lifeexpectancy, 1998 332 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 1998 333 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 1998 334 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1997 335 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1997 336 Table des matieres Remerciements xix Preface xx Acronymes et abreviations xxi Introduction 1 1. Statisques de base 4 1-1. Indicateurs generaux 5 1-2. Population 6 Notes techniques 10 2. Comptes nationaux 13 2-1. Produit interieur brut, a prix constants 15 2-2. Valuer ajoutee dans l'agriculture 16 2-3. Valuer ajoutee dans l'industrie 17 2-4. Valuer ajoutee dans les services 18 2-5. Produit interieur brut a prix courants 19 2-6. Consommation totale 20 2-7. Consommation du gouvemement central 21 2-8. Investissement brut 22 2-9. Investissement brut de l'Etat 23 2-10. Investissement brut du secteur prive 24 2-11. Epargne interieure brute 25 2-12. Epargne nationale brute 26 2-13. Solde des ressources 27 xi xii Table des matieres 2-14. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), a prix courants 28 2-15. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), a prix courants 29 2-16. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), a prix constants 30 2-17. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), a prix constants 31 2-18. Croissance du PIB 32 2-19. Revenu national brut par habitant 33 2-20. Consommation totale par habitant 34 Notes techniques 38 3. Prix et taux de change 41 3-1. Deflateur du PIB (serie en monnaie locale) 42 3-2. Deflateur du PIB (serie en dollar des Etats-Unis) 43 3-3. Indice des prix a la consommation 44 3-4. Taux de change officiel 45 3-5. Indice de taux de change du DTS 46 3-6. Facteur de conversion des monnaies 47 3-7. Taux de change sur les march6s paralleles 48 3-8. Rapport du taux de change parallle et du taux de change officiel 49 3-9. Taux de change effectif reel 50 Notes techniques 52 4. Monnaie et banque 55 4-1. Credit int6rieur 56 4-2. Credit au secteur priv6 57 4-3. Credit au gouvemement 58 4-4. Avoirs exterieurs nets 59 4-5. Croissance de la masse monetaire 60 4-6. Taux d'escompte 61 4-7. Taux d'escompte reel 62 4-8. Taux debiteur des banques commerciales 63 4-9. Taux de remuneration des d6p6ts dans les banques commerciales 64 Notes techniques 67 5. Secteur exterieur 70 Balance des paiements 5-1. Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b. 72 5-2. Importations de marchandises, f.o.b. 73 5-3. Exportations totales de services 74 5-4. Importations totales de services 75 5-5. Transferts priv6s nets 76 5-6. Transferts courants officiels nets 77 5-7. Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital 78 5-8. Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, PIB 79 5-9. Transferts nets en capital 80 5-10. Investissements directs nets 81 5-11. Emprunts a long terme nets 82 Table des matieres xiii 5-12. Autres flux de capitaux 83 5-13. Utilisation des reserves 84 5-14. Taux de couverture des importations 85 Prix 5-15. Valeurs unitaires des exportations 86 5-16. Valeurs unitaires des importations 87 5-17. Termes de l'echange 88 Commerce de marchandises 5-18. Exportations de produits forestiers 89 5-19. Exportations de petrole 90 5-20. Exportations de cuivre 91 5-21. Exportations de fer 92 5-22. Exportations de phosphates 93 5-23. Exportations de cacao 94 5-24. Exportations de cafe 95 5-25. Exportations de coton 96 5-26. Exportations d'arachides 97 5-27. Exportations d'huile de palme et produits derives 98 5-28. Exportations de sisal 99 5-29. Exportations de the 100 5-30. Exportations de sucre 101 5-31. Exportation de tabac 102 5-32. Exportations de viande 103 5-33. Exportations de produits manufactures 104 5-34. Exportations de produits manufactures, taux de croissance 105 5-35. Importations de produits alimentaires 106 5-36. Importations de produits alimentaires, taux de croissance 107 5-37. Importations d'autres biens de consommation 108 5-38. Importations d'autres biens de consommation, taux de croissance 109 5-39. Importations de carburants 110 5-40. Importations de carburants, taux de croissance 111 5-41. Importations de biens de consommation intermediaires primaires 112 5-42. Importations de biens de consommation intennrdiaires primaires, taux de croissance 113 5-43. Importations de produits manufactures 114 5-44. Importations de produits manufactures, taux de croissance 115 5-45. Importations de biens d'equipement 116 5-46. Importations de biens d'equipement, taux de croissance 117 5-47. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1987 118 5-48. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1991 121 5-49. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1997 124 5-50. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1987 127 5-51. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1991 130 5-52. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1997 133 xiv Table des matieres 5-53. Matrice de directions du commerce, A prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1987 136 5-54. Matrice de directions du commerce, a prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1991 139 5-55. Matrice de directions du commerce, A prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1997 142 Notes techniques 146 6. Dette exterieure et flux correspondant 151 6-1. D6caissements bruts: prets officiels concessionnels A long terme 153 6-2. Decaissements bruts: prets officiels non concessionnels a long terme 154 6-3. Decaissements bruts: prets prives A long terme 155 6-4. Decaissements A long terme: prets officiels et achats au FMI 156 6-5. Amortissement: prets officiels concessionnels a long terme 157 6-6. Amortissement: prets officiels non concessionnels a long terme 158 6-7. Amortissement: prets prives a long terme 159 6-8. Amortization: prets A long tenne et rachats au FMI 160 6-9. Paiements d'interets: prets officiels concessionnels a long terme 161 6-10. Paiements d'interets: prets officiels non concessionnels A long terme 162 6-11. Paiements d'int6rets: prets privds A long terme 163 6-12. Paiements d'interets: prets A long terme et remunerations du FMI 164 6-13. Service de la dette exterieure: prets A long terme et credits du FMI 165 6-14. Paiements d'int6rets: prets a court terme 166 6-15. Flux nets: prets a court terme et A long tenne, y compris FMI 167 6-16. Flux nets: prets a long terme, y compris FMI 168 6-17. Transferts nets: prets A court terme et a long terme, y compris FMI 169 6-18. Transferts nets: prets A long terme, y compris FMI 170 6-19. Dette A long terme: officielle concessionnelle 171 6-20. Dette A long terme: officielle non concessionnelle 172 6-21. Dette A long terme: priv6e 173 6-22. Dette exterieure totale 174 6-23. Structure de la dette exterieure 175 6-24. Structure du service de la dette exterieure 176 6-25. Conditions des fmancements exterieurs a long terme, 1998 177 6-26. Ratios de le dette exterieure et du service de la dette exterieure, 1998 178 Notes techniques 181 7. Finances publiques 184 7-1. Solde budgetaire (dons compris) 186 7-2. Solde budgetaire (hors dons) 187 7-3. Solde budgetaire primaire 188 7-4. Depenses publiques et prets moins recouvrements 189 7-5. Interets, sur la dette publique 190 7-6. Recettes publiques (hors dons) 191 7-7. Dons recus 192 7-8. Financements exterieurs 193 7-9. Imp6ts sur le revenu 194 7-10. Imp6ts sur le commerce exterieur et les transactions internationales 195 7-11. Imp6ts indirects 196 Table des matieres xv 7-12. Recettes non fiscales, hors dons 197 7-13. D6penses publiques: salaires 198 7-14. Depenses publiques: tendances des salaires r6els 199 7-15. Depenses publiques: autres biens et services 200 7-16. D6penses publiques: interets 201 7-17. D6penses publiques: subventions et transferts courants 202 7-18. Depenses publiques: d6penses en capital et prets nets 203 7-19. Depenses publiques: tendances des d6penses reelles de d6fense nationale 204 7-20. Depenses publiques: depenses reelles d'educatin par habitant 205 Notes techniques 207 8. Agriculture 211 8-1. Prix aux producteurs 212 8-2. Indice des prix des produits alimentaires 218 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire 219 8-4. Indice de la production non alimentaire 220 8-5. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant 221 8-6. Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures 222 8-7. Valeur des exportations agricoles 226 8-8. Production des cereales 227 8-9. Aide alimentaire 228 8-10. Utilisation d'engrais 229 8-11. Importations d'engrais 230 8-12. Aires cultivees, par permanentes cultures 231 8-13. Rendements agricoles par principales cultures 232 8-14. Incidence de secheresse 237 Notes techniques 243 9. Energie, communications, et transports 246 9-1. Consommation electrique par habitant 247 9-2. Production et consommation d'energie 248 9-3. Disponibilit6 de tel6phone, radio et t6levision, 1994-98 249 9-4. Appartenance des v6hicules 250 9-5. Ratio routes/population 251 9-6. Routes primaires recouvertes 252 9-7. Ratio circulation ferroviaire/PIB ($ PPP) 253 9-8. Ratio chargements ferroviaires/locomotives 254 Notes techniques 255 10. Privatisation des entreprises publiques 258 10-1. Tableau synoptique d'activite de privatisation des entreprises publiques 259 10-2. Les techniques de privatisation utilis6es (jusque a la fm 1999) 260 10-3. Progres dans la privatization: changement dans la propriet6 et le contr6le 261 Notes techniques 262 xvi Table des mathres 11. Population active et emploi 265 11-1. Main d'oeuvre et structure par sexe 267 11-2. Enfants en dessous de 14 ans inclus dans la main d'oeuvre 268 11-3. Travailleurs familiaux non remuner6 faisant partie des travailleurs actifs 269 11-4. Structure de la main d'oeuvre par industries 270 11-5. Structure industrielle de la population economiquement active 271 11-6. Salaires dans I'agriculture 272 11-7. Salaires dans l'industrie manufacturiere 273 11-8. Salaires dans l'industrie miniere et les carrinres 274 11-9. Salaires dans le secteur du batiment 275 11-10. Salaires dans les transports, l'entreposage et les communications 276 11-11. Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels 277 Notes techniques 278 12. Flux d'aide 282 12-1. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 284 12-2. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 285 12-3. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 286 12-4. Aide officielle au d6veloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux 287 12-5. Aide officielle au d6veloppement, nette r6elle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 288 12-6. Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 289 12-7. Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 290 12-8. Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux 291 12-9. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du pays ben6ficiaire 292 12-10. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage duPIB du pays beneficiaire 293 12-11. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux en pourcentage du PIB du pays beneficiaire 294 12-12. Aide officielle au d6veloppement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays beneficiaire 295 12-13. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays beneficiaire 296 12-14. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays b6n6ficiaire 297 12-15. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant 298 12-16. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant 299 12-17. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux, par habitant 300 Notes techniques 303 Table des matieres xvii 13. Indicateurs sociaux 306 13-1. Structure de la population par age et par sexe 308 13-2. Pauvrete 309 13-3. Distribution des revenus 310 13-4. Urbanisation 311 13-5. Composantes des changements de la population 312 13-6. Esperance de survie 313 13-7. Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO 314 13-8. Malnutrition enfantine 315 13-9. Acces aux installations sanitaires 316 13-10. Acces a l'eau potable 317 13-11. D6penses dans le secteur de la sante 318 13-12. Soins de sant6 319 13-13. Taux d'analphabetisme 320 13-14. Taux brut de scolarisation primaire 321 13-15. Progres/d6veloppement des ecoliers 322 13-16. Taux net de scolarisation primaire 323 13-17. Nombre d'enseignants 324 13-18. Taux eleves/enseignants 325 13-19. Taux brut de scolarisation secondaire 326 13-20. Depenses publiques pour l'education 327 13-21. Possibilit6s economiques ouvertes aux femmes 328 13-22. Menage et participation des femmes aux activites economiques 329 13-23. Prix relatifs de la consommation et de l'investissement selon les termes de PPP, 1997 330 13-24. Structure de la consommation des menages selon les termes de PPP, 1997 331 Notes techniques 337 14. Indicateurs concernant 1'environnement 343 14-1. Ressources forestieres, 1990-95 345 14-2. Ecosysteme forestier, 1996 346 14-3. Production et commerce des bois, 1986-98 347 14-4. Ressources d'eau douce et retraits, 1970-2000 348 14-5. Consommation des ressources maritimes et d'eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale, et des poissons 349 14-6. Production d'energie par secteur 350 14-7. Consommation d'energie par secteur 351 14-8. Emissions de CO2 resultant de l'activite industrielle, 1996 352 14-9. Especes menacees: mammiferes, oiseaux, et plantes superieures, 1990s 353 14-10. Especes menac6es: reptiles, amphibiens, etpoissons, 1990s 354 14-11. Protection nationale des zones naturelles, 1999 355 14-12. Zones protegees intemationales, 1999 356 Notes techniques 357 xviii Table des matieres Refrences 363 Graphiques 1-1. Losange du d6veloppement, 1999 7 1-2. Indicateurs de base, 1999 9 2-1. Produit interieur brut, 1999 35 2-2. Croissance du PIB et des exportations, 1995-99 36 2-3. Composition du PIB, 1999 37 3-1. Taux de change effectif reel, 1999 51 4-1. Credit au secteur prive et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, 1999 65 4-2. Taux d'escompte r6el, 1992-98 66 5-1. Am6lioration/d6t6rioration des termes de 1'6change, 1992-99 145 6-1. Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), 1998 179 6-2. Ratio dette totale/PIB, 1998 180 7-1. Solde budgetaire en pourcentage du PIB, 1992-99 206 8-1. Indice de la production agricole, 1998 238 8-2. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, 1998 239 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, 1999 240 8-4. Exportations agricoles, 1997 241 8-5. S6cheresse, 1980-98 242 12-1. Aide officielle au developpement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB des pays beneficiaires, 1997 301 12-2. Aide officielle au developpement nette totale par habitant, 1999 302 13-1. Esperance de vie, 1998 332 13-2. PIB par habitant sur base de la parite des pouvoirs d'achat, 1998 333 13-3. Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, 1998 334 13-4. Taux de scolarisation primaire, 1997 335 13-5. Mortalite matemelle, 1997 336 Acknowledgments This volume was produced by the Operational Qual- pared by Ronnie Hammad. Nicki Marrian provided ity and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in assistance in editing and production of the volume. collaboration with the Development Data Group of Lawrence Mastri desktopped the text. the Development Economics Vice Presidency. In addition, many World Bank staff provided The volume was prepared by a team led by Ziad information on their countries or related to their eco- Badr and comprising Jose Delcour, Tosi Mpanu- nomic or sectoral specialties. Other staff aided Mpanu, Rose Mungai, Joan Pandit, and Vildan and advised on the design and content of this volume. Verbeek-Demiraydin. Maria Cristina Germany pro- A new milestone in efficiency and technology was vided valuable guidance. Tariqul Khan prepared the reached in preparing this volume. ADI 2001 was pro- ADI CD-ROM and updated the database. The chap- duced using the data reporting tool of the 2nd Gen- ters on national accounts, balance of payments, trade, eration Live Database (2gLDB) system. This tool was and government finance draw heavily on the work of programmed to generate automatically all the tables World Bank country desks. The chapters on power, in this volume and can be used for other publications. communication and transportation, labor force and so- Using data warehousing technology, the 2gLDB in- cial indicators tap the World Bank's World Develop- stantly recalculates all indicators and aggregates them ment Indicators database. The chapter on external debt once new information is available. This guarantees is heavily drawn from DRS (Debt Reporting System) that the most recent data are reflected in this and fu- of the World Bank. The chapter on environment was ture volumes. In the process of reprogramming the prepared with data from the World Resources Insti- system, a major cleanup of the data was performed, tute. The chapter on privatization of public enterprises which should be reflected in a higher quality product. was provided by Oliver C. Campbell-White and pre- xix Preface African Development Indicators 2001 continues the estimates to help address problems of missing or in- data publication series started by the World Bank in consistent data from standard sources. Some of the 1989 with African Economic and Financial Data estimation methods used here differ from methods (published jointly with the United Nations Develop- used in other sources. This volume addresses these ment Programme), followed byAfrican Development differences in methodologies in the chapter introduc- Indicators 1992, 1994/95, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, and tions and in the technical notes. 2000. These data volumes are intended to provide In the tradition of the first seven volumes, this data Africans and those interested in Africa with a consis- collection is intended to serve as a prime source of tent and convenient set of data to monitor develop- information on Africa. Its wide dissemination to Af- ment programs and aid flows in the region. Each suc- rican and non-African analysts and policymakers will cessive volume provides access to more focused in- contribute to a better understanding of Africa and to formation and represents an improvement in the qual- development on that continent. ity and availability of the data. The data in this volume derive from a variety of sources. In most cases, the original source is national statistical services in Africa. In addition, many inter- national agencies collect or compile data on Africa John Roome and organize national data in a standardized frame- Director, Operational Quality work. This volume draws heavily from such sources. and Knowledge Services The data have been supplemented by World Bank staff Africa Region xx Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB African Development Bank DDG Development Data Group, ADI African Development Indicators World Bank AEFD African Economic and Financial Data DRS Debtor Reporting System (World Bank) (UNDP/World Bank 1989) ECA Economic Commission for Africa AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization Development f.o.b. Free on board BADEA Arab Bank for Economic GDF Global Development Finance (formerly Development in Africa World Debt Tables-WDT BIS Bank for International Settlements GDI Gross domestic investment CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis GDP Gross domestic product Center GDS Gross domestic savings CFA Communaute Financiere Africane GFS Government Finance Statistics (IMF) (franc zone) GNFS Goods and nonfactor services CIDA Canadian International Development GNP Gross national product Agency GNS Gross national savings c.i.f. Cost, insurance, freight IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction CITES Convention on International Trade in and Development Endangered Species of Wild Flora ICP International Comparison Project and Fauna IDA International Development Association CMEA Council for Mutual Economic IEA International Energy Agency Assistance IFAD International Fund for Agricultural COMTRADE Commodity Trade database Development (United Nations) IFS International Financial Statistics (IMF) CPI Consumer price index ILO International Labour Organization DAC Development Assistance Committee IMF International Monetary Fund of the OECD ISIC UN International Standard Industrial Classification xxi xxii Acronyms and Abbreviations ITU International Telecommunications Union UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade IUCN International Union for Conservation of and Development Nature and Natural Resources UNDP United Nations Development LIBOR London interbank offered rate Programme LIMIC Low-income and middle-income UNECE United Nations Economic countries Commission for Europe MBO Management employee buyout UNEP United Nations Environment METMIN Metals and minerals database (World Programme Bank) UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific, ODA Official development assistance and Cultural Organization OECD Organization for Economic UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner Cooperation and Development for Refugees OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund Countries UNIDO United Nations Industrial ORT Oral rehydration therapy Development Organization PE Public enterprise UNSO United Nations Statistical Office SAF Structural adjustment facility UNSTAT United Nations Statistical Department SDA Social dimensions of adjustment UNTA United Nations Technical Assistance SDR Special drawing right WFP World Food Programme SIMA Statistical Information Management WHO World Health Organization and Analysis Database (World Bank) WRI World Resources Institute SITC UN Standard International Trade ZIMCO Zambia Industrial and Mining Classification Corporation SNA System of national accounts Introduction T he task of monitoring Africa's development * The coverage of many of the data series has been progress and aid flows requires basic empirical improved, reflecting improvements in the data that can be readily used by analysts. This underlying data series, as well as estimates made publication-which is the seventh in a series that began by Bank staff. with the African Economic and Financial Data (AEFD), and was followed by African Development Indicators Hiowever, substantial data gaps remain, notably in (ADI) 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, and areas such as public enterprises, gender, and labor. 2000-is meant to provide a starting point to fulfill that Strengthening the statistical capacity in African countries task. is an ongoing process and greater efforts and institutional This volume has been able to extend the work of the SUpport will be required if substantial improvements are previous volumes in this series. In particular: to be made. * Mostmacroeconomicdata(inparticular,national This volume presents the available relevant data accounts, balance ofpayments, government fmance for 1970-99, grouped into 14 chapters: background data; statistics, and trade) reflect data maintained by national accounts; prices and exchange rates; money World Bank country desks, often referred to as and banking; external sector; external debt and related operational data. These data are often more up to flows; government finance; agriculture; power, date and offer better country coverage than the data communications, and transportation; public enterprises; stored in the Bank's central files, SIMA, which were labor force and employment; aid flows; social indicators; used in publications before 1998. SIMA is a large and environmental indicators. Chapter 14 (environmental database that contains some, but not all, data indicators) was once again taken from the World produced by Bank staff-operational and other- Resources Institute's World Resources 2000. and some, but not all, data produced by UN Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on the agencies. nature of the data, followed by a set of charts, statistical tables, and technical notes. These defme the indicators and identify specific sources. 1 2 Introduction A companion CD-Rom, known as World Bank Africa years, when data cannot be readily produced by national Database 2001, provides year-by-year time series of statistical sources. Nonetheless, data gaps exist for many most chapters back to 1970. These series will provide indicators, and some countries are covered only analysts with data needed to help place the most recent sporadically. years in an historical context. Readers are urged to take these limitations into account The data in this volume incorporate numerous in using the data and interpreting the indicators, revisions to those published previously in the series. particularly when making comparisons across There are several reasons for this. economies. Weaknesses in the data point to the need for * Many of the data that were based on estimates in strengthened statistical systems throughout the region. the earliervolumes have been replaced with updated As a visual aid to data interpretation and cross-country actual data or improved estimates. In most cases, comparisons, figures for selected indicators are included. these reflect revisions made by the original reporting As with time series, the figures should also be interpreted authorities or sources, but it also includes corrections with caution, in particular in cross-country analysis, of errors in previous volumes. because countries with missing data are excluded from * Data series expressed in constant U.S. dollars and the charts. exchange rates use a base year of 1995; previous Throughout this volume (except when otherwise ADIs were based on 1987 exchange rates and prices; stated), the symbol ".." indicates that data are not and AEFD used 1980 exchange rate and prices. available or not applicable. A zero (0) indicates - Some series expressed in constant prices have either zero value or an insignificant value, that is, been revised as a result of updated or revised less thanone-half of the smallestunit shown. The symbol deflators. "MR" indicates "most recent year available." In chapter * As in the 2000 volume, macroeconomic data 13, columns headedby aperiod (for example, 1992-95) reflect country desk information. The difference is show data for the latest available year in the period. most noticeable in the chapter on government To facilitate cross-country comparisons, values of finance, as figures reflect consolidated government many national series have been converted from the data instead of only central government data. national currencies to U. S. dollars, using the World Bank Atlas methodology. Considerable effort has been made to standardize and Indicators in this volume generally follow standard to harmonize related data sets drawn from diverse defnitions as far as possible and cover years through sources. Because statistical methods, coverage, practices, 1999, depending on the chapter. Data for 1999 are and definitions differ widely among sources, full preliminary and therefore may not be internally comparability cannot be assured, and the indicators must consistent within and across accounts, and may not be be interpreted with care. In addition, the statistical available for all countries. Because data are continually systems in many developing economies are still weak, updated, the statistics here may be different from those and this affects the availability and reliability of the data in other publications. they report. Moreover, intercountry and intertemporal Shares and ratios are always calculated using current comparisons always involve complex technical price series; when gross domestic product GDP is used problems, which have no full and unequivocal solution. as the denominator for these calculations, it is always The data are drawn from sources thought to be the expressed at market prices (except in Figure 2-3). most authoritative, but many data sources are subject to In all but the last chapter, the data are arranged by considerable margins of error. To provide reasonably indicator to facilitate cross-country comparisons. For timely data required for meaningful monitoring, the country-specific work, data can be arranged to show all World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMvF), indicators together for each country. and other agencies sometimes make estimates on the In this volume, the statistical tables are usually basis of available secondary information to fill critical arranged as time series, by country and by country gaps innational reporting, especially forthe mostrecent groups. The largest country group is All Africa, Introduction 3 consisting of two subgroups: North Africa and denominator. Sometimes, however, when it is Sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa). In turn, appropriate to treat the experiences of different the Sub-Saharan Africa group is shown excluding South countries equally in determining a representative value Africa and Nigeria. These two subgroups correspond for the group, these group averages are arithmetic- to the Sub-Saharan Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa that is, each country has equal weight. excluding Nigeria groups shown in theAEFD andADI Period averages-shown for 1975-84, 1985-89, and 1992, where South Africa was listed separately, 1990to mostrecentyear-are calculatedfromtime series Annual data shown for country groups are totals, (levels, ratios, growth rates, or medians) for both averages, or medians for the countries included in the countries and country groups. They are either simple group, as indicated on the table. These group aggregates averages or average annual percentage growth rates. can be either simple arithmetic)-where missing data These growth rates always use the least-squares method are not imputed-or gap-filled-where weights are used and are usually computed from real-term series. In this to adjust group totals for missing countries. In the latter publication, the least-squares growth rates are computed case, when values are missing for a country or a year, using the level for the year before the first year shown estimates are made to maintain the same country in the label. The least-squares growth rate,r, is estimated composition of the groups through time. However, the by fitting a least-squares linear regression trend line to implicit estimated values for the countries with missing the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the dataarenotshownseparatelyinthetables. Thesegap-fill relevant period. More specifically, the regression estimates are made, and the aggregate statistics shown, equation takes the form: logX = a + bt + e, where this is only if the countries for which data are available for a equivalent to the logarithmic transformAation of the given year account for at least two-thirds of the full compound growth rate equation,X =X (1 + r)'. In these group, asdefinedbybenchmarksin 1995. Thisprocedure equations Xis the variable, t is tim'e, an'd a = logX and is standard for many World Bank statistical publications. b = log (1 + r) are the parameters to be estimated, e is Most group averages are weighted according to the the error term. If b * is the least-squares estimate of b, relative importance of the countries in the group total then the annual average growth rate, r, is obtained as for that indicator, based on simple addition across [anti log (b *)] - 1 and multiplied by 100 to express it in countries when the indicator is expressed in reasonably percentage terms. The least-squares growth rate dampens comparable units. Group averages for analytical ratios the influence of exceptional values, particularly at the (for example, imports to GDP) can be either weighted endpoints. Least-square growth rates are calculated only or simple (arithmetic). Usually they are calculated from if more than two-thirds of consecutive data-carrying the group totals for both the numerator and the the same sign-are present in the time series. denominator, which is analytically equivalent to Throughout this volume, data for Ethiopia include calculating weighted averages, where the weight for each Eritrea up to 1992, except when otherwise indicated. country is its share in the group total for the 1 Selected Background Data T he first two tables ofthe volume provide selected Table 1-1 provides a comparative view, across indica- T indicators, including a series on population, as tors, of some of the more important indicators for all background to the data in the rest of the volume. countries in the most recent year for which relatively complete information is available Selected Background Da t a 55 1-1. Basic indicators GNP per capita L fe Av. annual expectancy Tot al Population Land area Atlas percentage at birth School enrollment net ODA mid-1999 (thousands of dollars growth (years) Primary Secondary per capita (millions) square km.) 1999 1988-99 1998 1980 1994-97 1980 1994-97 1999 SUB-SAHARAN4 AFRICA 642.9 23,628 492 -0.7 50 81 78 15 27 1 8 excluding South Africa 600.8 22,407 306 -0.4 49 50 74 15 2 1 158 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 476.9 21,497 318 -0.6 48 72 67 14 1 7 23 Angola 12.4 1,247 270 -9.7 47 175 . 2 1 . I Benin 6.1 III 380 1.3 53 67 78 16 1 7 34 Botswana 1.6 567 3,240 2.2 46 91 108 19 65 38 Burkina Faso 11.0 274 240 1.0 44 1 8 40 3 ..36 Burundi 6.7 26 120 -4.2 42 26 5 1 3 7 HI Cameroon ~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~14.7 465 600 -.5498 85 1 7-3 Cape Verde 0.4 4 1,330 2.5 68 114 148 8 ..318 Central Afiican Republic 3.5 623 290 -1.0 44 7 1 ..14 ..33 Chad 7.5 1,259 210 -1.1 48 .. 58 ..10 25 Comoros 0.5 2 350 -2.8 60 86 75 22 21 39 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 49.8 2,267 ..-8.0 51 92 72 24 26 3 Congo, Republic of 2.9 342 550 -6.0 48 141 114 74 53 49 C6te dIvoire 14.7 318 710 0.6 46 75 71 19 24 30 Djibouti 0.6 23 790 ..50 37 39 12 14 116 Equatorial Guinea 0.4 28 1,170 11.0 50 160 ... .46 Eritrea 4.0 101 200 ..51 .53 .. 20 Ethiopia 62.8 1,000 100 1.3 43 37 43 9 12 10 Gabon 1.2 258 3,300 0.2 53 174 162 ...39 .Gambia, The 1.3 10 330 -0.5 53 53 77 11 25 26 Ghana 18.9 228 390 1.5 60 79 79 41 ..32 Guinea 7.2 246 510 1.8 47 36 54 17 12 33 Guinea-Bissau 1.2 28 160 -1.0 44 68 62 6 ..44 Kenya 29.4 569 360 0.0 51 115 85 20 24 10 Lesotho 2.1 30 550 -0.2 55 104 108 18 31 15 Liberia 3.0 96 ...47 48 .. 22 ..31 Madagascar 15.1 582 250 -1.0 58 130 92 ..16 24 Malawi 10.8 94 180 0.4 42 60 134 5 17 41 Mali 10.9 1,220 240 0.4 50 26 49 8 10 32 Mauritania 2.6 1,025 390 1.0 54 37 79 11 16 84 Mauritius 1.2 2 3,550 4.0 71 93 106 50 65 35 Mozambique 17.3 784 220 3.1 45 99 60 5 7 7 Narnibia 1.7 823 1,890 1.8 54 .. 131 ..61 104 Niger 10.5 1,267 190 -1.7 46 25 29 5 7 IS Nigeria 123.9 911 260 0.7 53 109 98 15 33 1 Rwanda 8.3 25 250 -3.7 41 63 ..3 ..45 Sato Tomt and Principe 0.1 I 270 -1.1 64 ......190 Senegal 9.3 193 510 0.4 52 46 71 1 1 16 55 Seychelles 0.1 0 6,540 2.5 72 . 162 Sierra Leone 4.9 72 130 -5.6 37 52 .. - 14 Is 1 Somalia 9.4 627 ...48 22 ..9 ..12 South Africa 42.1 1,221 3,170 -0.4 63 90 133 ..94 13 Sudan 29.0 2,376 330 ..55 50 51 16 21 8 Swaziland 1.0 17 1,360 0.8 56 103 117 38 54 28 Tanzania 32.9 884 260 0.4 47 93 67 3 5 30 Togo 4.6 54 310 -1.2 49 118 120 33 27 16 Uganda 21.5 200 320 3.9 42 50 74 5 12 27 Zambia 9.9 743 330 -2.4 43 90 89 16 27 63 Zimbabwe 11.9 387 530 0.2 51 85 112 8 49 21 NORTH AFRICA 135.5 5,738 1,569 1.2 68 84 100 41 64 19 Algeria 30.0 2,382 1,550 -0.9 71 95 1OS 33 63 _ -.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 62.4 995 1,390 2.5 67 73 101 51 75 25 Libya 5.4 1,760 ...70 125 . 76 ..I Morocco 28.2 446 1,190 0.6 67 83 86 26 39 24 Tunisia 9.5 155 2,090 2.9 72 102 118 27 65 26 ALL AFRICA 778.4 29,367 677 -0.2 54 SI 80 20 34 15 Note: 1999 data ar preliminary (sme page 2). 6 Selected Background Data 1-2. Population Average annual Millions of people percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 380.74 508.34 523.12 538.14 549.99 563.62 578.88 594.88 611.59 627.27 642.94 2.9 2.9 2.7 excluding South Africa 353.16 473.14 487.19 501.45 512.51 525.34 539.76 554.97 570.92 585.86 600.84 3.0 3.0 2.7 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 282.01 376.93 388.21 399.57 407.62 417.33 428.49 440.48 453.23 465.05 476.94 3.0 2.9 2.7 Angola 7.02 9.23 9.59 9.94 10.29 10.63 10.97 11.32 11.66 12.00 12.35 2.7 2.8 3.3 Benin 3.46 4.74 4.88 5.03 5.18 5.33 5.48 5.63 5.79 5.95 6.11 2.9 3.2 2.9 Botswana 0.91 1.28 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.50 1.53 1.56 1.59 3.6 3.5 2.6 Burkina Faso 6.96 8.88 9.09 9.31 9.53 9.76 9.99 10.23 10.47 10.73 11.00 2.4 2.4 2.4 Burundi 4.13 5.46 5.60 5.75 5.89 6.02 6.16 6.29 6.42 6.55 6.68 2.5 2.9 2.3 Cameroon 8.66 11.47 11.80 12.13 12.47 12.82 13.18 13.55 13.92 14.30 14.69 2.8 2.9 2.8 Cape Verde 0.29 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 1.0 1.9 2.5 Central African Republic 2.31 2.94 3.01 3.08 3.15 3.22 3.29 3.35 3.42 3.48 3.54 2.4 2.4 2.1 Chad 4.48 5.75 5.89 6.06 6.25 6.46 6.71 6.89 7.09 7.28 7.49 2.4 2.4 3.0 Comoros 0.34 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54 .. 2.6 2.6 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 27.01 37.36 38.60 39.87 41.16 42.49 43.85 45.25 46.71 48.22 49.78 3.1 3.4 3.2 Congo, Republic of 1.67 2.22 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.49 2.56 2.63 2.71 2.78 2.86 2.9 2.9 2.9 C6te d'lvoire 8.19 11.64 12.00 12.37 12.75 13.13 13.53 13.89 14.21 14.49 14.73 3.9 3.4 2.8 Djibouti 0.28 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.65 6.7 6.1 2.7 Equatonial Guinea 0.22 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 2.4 3.4 2.5 Efitrea 2.38 3.14 3.22 3.31 3.39 3.48 3.57 3.67 3.77 3.88 3.99 2.6 3.0 2.7 Ethiopia 37.72 51.18 52.95 54.79 53.30 54.89 56.53 58.23 59.75 61.27 62.78 2.8 3.2 2.3 Gabon 0.69 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.21 3.2 3.4 2.6 Gambia, The 0.64 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.22 1.25 3.1 4.1 3.6 Ghana 10.74 14.87 15.31 15.76 16.20 16.64 17.08 17.52 17.98 18.46 18.95 2.3 3.5 2.7 Guinea 4.46 5.76 5.93 6.10 6.26 6.43 6.59 6.76 6.92 7.08 7.25 1.7 2.8 2.6 Guinea-Bissau 0.80 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.18 3.7 2.3 2.2 Kenya 16.63 23.55 24.28 24.98 25.66 26.31 26.92 27.54 28.16 28.79 29.41 3.8 3.7 2.5 Lesotho 1.35 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.84 1.89 1.93 1.97 2.01 2.06 2.11 2.5 2.5 2.3 Liberia 1.88 2.44 2.48 2.54 2.60 2.66 2.73 2.81 2.88 2.96 3.04 3.2 2.3 2.5 Madagascar 8.87 11.63 11.89 12.20 12.55 12.92 13.30 13.72 14.15 14.59 15.05 2.6 2.8 2.9 Malawi 6.18 8.51 8.74 8.99 9.24 9.49 9.76 10.02 10.28 10.53 10.79 3.2 3.4 2.7 Mali 6.59 8.46 8.70 8.95 9.20 9.45 9.71 9.99 10.29 10.60 10.91 2.2 2.7 2.9 Mauritania 1.55 2.03 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.26 2.33 2.39 2.46 2.53 2.60 2.5 2.8 2.8 Mauritius 0.97 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.4 0.8 1.1 Mozambique 12.10 14.15 14.42 14.69 15.01 15.42 15.82 16.23 16.63 16.95 17.26 2.7 1.0 2.2 Namibia 1.03 1.35 1.39 1.42 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.62 1.66 1.70 2.7 2.8 2.6 Niger 5.59 7.73 7.99 8.26 8.54 8.84 9.15 9.47 9.80 10.14 10.49 3.3 3.2 3.4 Nigeria 71.15 96.20 98.98 101.88 104.89 108.01 111.27 114.50 117.68 120.82 123.90 3.1 3.0 2.9 Rwanda 5.16 6.95 7.15 7.35 7.54 6.23 6.40 6.73 7.90 8.11 8.31 3.3 3.0 1.4 Sao Tome and Principe 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 1.5 2.8 2.6 Senegal 5.54 7.33 7.50 7.69 7.90 8.11 8.33 8.56 8.79 9.04 9.29 2.9 2.8 2.7 Seychelles 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.4 0.7 1.5 Sierra Leone 3.24 4.00 4.09 4.19 4.29 4.40 4.51 4.63 4.75 4.85 4.95 2.0 2.2 2.4 Somalia 5.85 7.77 8.15 8.38 8.47 8.41 8.20 8.48 8.77 9.08 9.39 5.5 2.3 1.9 South Africa 27.58 35.20 35.93 36.69 37.47 38.28 39.12 39.91 40.67 41.40 42.11 2.3 2.5 2.0 Sudan 18.68 24.06 24.57 25.08 25.59 26.10 26.62 27.16 27.74 28.35 28.99 3.1 2.4 2.1 Swaziland 0.57 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 3.2 3.2 3.2 Tanzania 18.58 25.47 26.28 27.10 27.94 28.79 29.65 30.49 31.32 32.13 32.92 3.2 3.2 2.9 Togo 2.62 3.51 3.64 3.75 3.87 3.99 4.11 4.23 4.35 4.46 4.57 2.8 3.0 3.0 Uganda 12.81 16.33 16.89 17.46 18.03 18.60 19.17 19.74 20.32 20.90 21.48 2.4 2.6 3.1 Zatnbia 5.74 7.78 8.02 8.26 8.50 8.74 8.98 9.21 9.44 9.67 9.88 3.4 3.0 2.7 Zimbabwe 7.01 9.75 10.02 10.28 10.53 10.78 11.01 11.24 11.47 11.69 11.90 3.1 3.3 2.3 NORTH AFRICA 88.35 114.07 116.64 119.19 121.68 124.13 126.55 128.85 131.11 133.32 135.49 2.7 2.5 2.0 Algeria 18.67 25.01 25.63 26.25 26.85 27.45 28.06 28.57 29.05 29.51 29.95 3.1 2.8 2.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 40.88 52.44 53.62 54.78 55.93 57.06 58.18 59.27 60.35 61.40 62.43 2.5 2.5 2.0 Libya 3.04 4.42 4.53 4.64 4.75 4.86 4.97 5.08 5.19 5.30 5.42 4.5 3.4 2.3 Morocco 19.38 24.04 24.52 25.00 25.47 25.93 26.39 26.85 27.31 27.78 28.24 2.3 2.2 1.8 Tunisia 6.38 8.16 8.34 8.51 8.68 8.82 8.96 9.09 9.22 9.34 9.46 2.6 2.5 1.7 ALL AFRICA 469.09 622.40 639.77 657.33 671.67 687.75 705.43 723.73 742.69 760.59 778.44 2.9 2.8 2.5 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). 7 Figure 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 1999* Tunisia Seychelles Mauritius Algeria Libya Cape Verde Morocco Egypt, Arab Rep Sao Tome & Principe South Africa +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Comoros Ghana Madagascar Swaziland Lesotho Sudan Namibia Cameroon Mauritania Nigeria .#'9 + 0fF t lL+.4 Benin Gambia, The Gabon Senegal Kenya Zimbabwe Eritrea Congo, Democratic Republic of Mali Equatorial Guinea *Or4 + + *Or most recent year available (Graph continued on the following page) 8 Figure 1-1. (continued) Djibouti Togo Chad Congo, Republic of Somalia A SIq Liberia Tanzania Guinea Angola Cote d'Ivoire Botswana Niger Mozambique Central African Republic Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia Zambia Burundi Malawi Uganda Rwanda Life expectancy Access to safe water + GNP per capita Primary School Enrollment Sierra Leone The development diamond portrays four socioeconomic indicators for a given country and compares them with the average of all Africa. The data is sorted by life expectancy. 9 Figure 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 1999* Literacy rate** GNP per capita Population growth (percent) (US$ thousands) (annual percent change) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0,0 2.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 Zimabab., yt I I I I_Z,oh.h* =h, Soath Afrk, '| i el na ot fx MaorIli. Z_i_i Mo bha,_Ca, Eqo.HIarbl Cut.- L|Ehi . K-ny. __ii_ Na.oIbI. _____ non. N w h Libyn * _ | _Cya SwatIbaod ___ Sabdi _ Sw^lM Zambia __ ZaM I wl Z wh Zoon.. ___ C,. Camaro,y Rn__ C ww= _ RhOw,O hO_O ew CapoVorde _____c. ew rVw Gb.,. - nha,. i _ _ Gh.,. Tali.l | |_ A n,a Ur Aigaria . _i X g0 i _U. Ugafnda r ff r Rga, i _ _ Ra,da Mad.1.. *o r U M.id,O i i i M.daa, DJiboo uii _ Di,ol i _ hUt, Nigoria *U,aqcgot. agn Coogo, Dao,acrad Ropabilo I 0,oo,t,aI iD u C..g.'D.-.tk R.p~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rpal Rptt Maia,.i MUltw. i MaI.Ot Liod..&d oa STdago Togo _Tog. EC pt1 Arab Ropub. Eg Anh C t Anh Liboria Ula,.aii Yuo.o. Eriorca Co, E bOO,i _ .. Morq_o M,oo Mo_b sunqDdi e rtBowd, oa,od, COOte d'ivoiera _ Cdh, Ottvo,,i Cabolvl CooMal AfiMa, Rapabilo _ dCotaC ,n Mozambiqori *i Uooaohiqo. Re a,Mfl,q,o u Ch.d Cha Chid Mail Mbt 0.= c Ia, Th.. G_b ,0, T Bu,iooTa -iao _.F.. Nigar N,go, G.I-P r . Total SPhldap,,. F_ Fem ale d -i, I ... iF. Si.r... L- Too I I * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by total literacy rate. 10 Selected Background Data Technical notes Tables two preceding years, after adjusting them for differ- ences in relative inflation between that country and Table 1-1. Basic indicators. The data for this table the United States. This three-year average smoothes are from the World Bank's Statistical Information fluctuations in prices and exchange rates for each Management and Analysis Database (SIMA), except country. The resulting GNP in U.S. dollars is divided for official development assistance (ODA), which are by the midyear population for the latest of the three from the OECD, Geographical Distribution of Finan- years to derive GNP per capita. cial Flows to Developing Countries database (see tech- The following formulas describe the procedures for nical notes to Chapter 12). Regional aggregates for computing the conversion factor for year t: GNP per capita, life expectancy, and education are weighted by population. Ptt2 = -e1 (3p / p + etl Population estimates for mid-1999 are World Bank I estimates. These are usually projections from the most and for calculating per capita GNP in U.S. dollars for recent population censuses or surveys (mostly from year t: 1980-99). Refugees not permanently settled in the y$ = (YIN) + country of asylum are generally considered to be part of the population of their country of origin (see tech- where Yt = current GNP (local currency) for year t, nical notes to Tables 13-1, 13-4, and 13-5). Pt = GNP deflator for year t, N, midyear popula- Land area refers to the land surface area of a coun- tion for year t, and ps, = US GNP deflator for year t. try, excluding inland waters. GNP per capita figures in U.S. dollars are calcu- Growth rates of GNP per capita for this table are lated according to the World Bank Atlas method de- shown in real terms. They have been calculated by scribed below. GNP measures the total domestic and the least-squares method using constant GNP per foreign value added claimed by residents. It comprises capita series in 1995 prices in national currency GDP (defined in the note for Table 2-5) plus net fac- (World Bank, SIMA). See also technical notes for tor income from abroad, which is the income resi- Table 2-19. dents receive from abroad for factor services (labor Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of and capital) less similar payments made to nonresi- years a newbom infant would live if prevailing pat- dents who contributed to the domestic economy. The tems of mortality at the time of its birth were to re- data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization main the same throughout its life. Figures are World (FAO). Bank estimates based on data from the UN Popula- The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year tion Division, the UN Statistical Office, and national average of conversion factors to convert GNP data, statistical offices. expressed in different national currencies, to a com- Primary school enrollment is the ratio of children mon denomination, conventionally U.S. dollars. The of all ages enrolled in primary school to the popula- Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of tion of children of primary school age. While many the official exchange rate (Table 3-4) or alternative countries consider the primary school age to be 6 to conversion factor (Table 3-6) for that year and for the 11 years, others use different age groups. Th'ese dif- Selected Background Data 11 ferent country practices are also reflected in the ratios. Table 1-2. Population. Average annual percentage Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of 100 growth shown in this table was calculated using the percent if some pupils are younger or older than the least-squares method. country's standard range of primary school age. In prac- Statistical background for the population estimates is tice, enrollment does not necessarily equal attendance, available in the UN Population and Vital Statistics nor does it remain constant throughout the year. Data Report and the World Bank's World Population Pro- are from the United Nations Education, Scientific, and jections (World Bank 1994-95) (see also the techni- Cultural Organization (UNESCO). cal notes to Chapter 13). Secondary school enrollment is the ratio of chil- dren of all ages enrolled in secondary schools to the Figures population of children of secondary school age. The The following indicators have been used to derive the definition of secondary school age differs among figures in this chapter. countries. It is most commonly considered to be 12 Figure 1-1. Life expectancy (Table 1-1); access to to 17 years. Data are from UNESCO. safe water (Table 13-10); GNP per capita (Table 2-19); Total net ODA per capita consists of net disburse- primary school enrollment (Table 1-1). ments of loans and grants from all official sources on Figure 1-2. Literacy rate (Table 13-13); GNP per concessional financial terms, divided by the midyear capita (Table 2-19); populafion growth (Table 1-2) population for the corresponding year (see the tech- nical notes to Chapter 12). 12 Selected Background Data Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 1 Aggregations' Period averagesb Table (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2) (3) Table 1-1 Column 1 x Column 2 x Column 3 x Column 4 x x Column 5 x Column 6 x Column 7 x Column 8 x Column 9 x Column 10 x Table 1-2 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in column 4 for Table 1-I and in the last three columns for Table 1-2. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least- squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). National Accounts N ational accounts data provide the broadest pic- origin are value added in agriculture, value added in ture of a nation's economic performance. Na- industry, and value added in services. (See the tech- tional accounts give information on the struc- nical notes at the end of this chapter.) The national ture of production in the form of gross domestic prod- accounts are constructed in national currencies and uct (GDP) and its components by industrial origin, in current prices. Figures reported in this chapter are, GDP and its components by expenditure, and infor- however, in U.S. dollars, usually converted from na- mation on a nation's economic relations with the out- tional currency series at the official exchange rate. If side world. These are the key statistics for assessing the official exchange rate is significantly different a nation's economic condition at a given time or the from the prevailing market rate or shows extreme trends in a nation's economic performance overtime. volatility, the local currency is converted into U.S. National accounts data also provide a quantitative ba- dollars by using an altemative conversion factor. The sis for forecasting and policymaking and as such are conversion factors used for this purpose are presented used widely both by analysts and policymakers. in Table 3-6. Reporting currencies in a common de- GDP and its components by industrial origin are nominator facilitates cross-country comparisons and compiled following the widely used System of Na- aggregations in country groups. tional Accounts (SNA). The SNA methodology ac- In addition, estimates of GDP and its components counts for virtually all activities pertinent to the pro- by industrial origin are converted into constant prices. duction of goods and the provision of services in an Reporting figures in constant prices is essential for economy by residents and nonresidents, regardless of monitoring real changes in the structure of produc- the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP tion and for analyzing relations among prices, pro- does not account for the depreciation of fixed capital. duction, employment, and so forth. There are three methods of compiling GDP figures: Constant price series in U.S. dollars use a 1995 base income, expenditure, and production methods. Be- year and are converted from national currency series cause of technical and resource constraints, the in- using 1995 exchange rates. To establish a common come method is not used in most developing coun- base year for all countries, national accounts in na- tries. In this volume, GDP and its components by in- tional currencies at constant prices based on years dustrial origin are compiled using the production other than 1995 have been partly rebased to 1995 by method. The three components of GDP by industrial rescaling constant price series of components of GDP. 13 14 National Accounts Using a single base year raises problems when there (1993) reflects differences in concepts, defnitions, are profound structural changes or significant changes and classifications from the UN's SNA guidelines. in relative prices. For example, values expressed in For instance, in the SNA, factor services rendered by constant U.S. dollars necessarily reflect the exchange residents of another country are excluded from goods rates prevailing during the base year. Where subse- and services, but this practice is not universally fol- quent exchange rate changes have been substantial, lowed. The tables on resource balance, and on values as they have for many African countries since 1980, of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) of goods and comparisons among countries and aggregate trends nonfactor services in current U.S. dollars provide a will be affected. For this reason alone, the data should comprehensive and systematic framework for macro- be used with considerable caution. economic analysis in general. Those interested in a Monitoring resource allocations across sectors in more specialized and rigorous study of international any given point in time requires the use of current trade transactions should use the data provided in prices. Accordingly, in addition to GDP in constant Chapter 5. prices, GDP in current prices is provided. Following The rate of growth of real domestic product is an GDP in current prices are components of GDP by important indicator of economic progress and as such expenditure. Data on consumption, investment, and is widely monitored. Because these growth rates are savings are constructed using the SNA's convention. calculated from national series, they are suitable for Conceptually, all income is either consumed or saved, both cross-country comparisons and trend analysis for and as such the sum of total consumption and gross individual countries. Aggregate values and trends, domestic saving equals GDP. however, reflect the choice of the base year, as ex- When viewed from a production point of view, by plained above. definition savings equals investment. Investment Gross national income per capita, which is GDP measures additions to fixed assets of an economy, per capita adjusted for changes in international terms whether it represents additions to the stock of capital of trade and which include net factor income from or merely replenishes depreciated capital stock, plus abroad, and total consumption per capita are also net changes in the level of inventories. It is financed widely monitored indicators of economic progress. either through domestic savings or by drawing on the When expressed in current U.S. dollars to facilitate savings of foreigners. Data on gross domestic invest- comparison and aggregation, however, the values for ment and gross domestic savings thus shed light not these indicators necessarily reflect exchange rate fluc- only on the nature of the domestic inter-temporal re- tuations as well as underlying economic and demo- source allocation but also on the size of the resource graphic changes. These indicators may be used with gap. Gross national savings, however, indicates the caution for cross-country comparison during any amount of savings generated by a nation's residents. single year. They require special attention when used Although this volume includes a chapter on inter- for trend analysis. national trade, the fact that balance of payments is an Data for Chapter 2 are from the World Bank's coun- integral part of the national accounts warrants the in- try desks. Estimates are based on data obtained from clusion of the resource balance and its components in national sources, usually collected by World Bank this chapter. Moreover, a closer examination of the staff who review the quality of national accounts data fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual and, in some instances, help adjust national series. National Accounts 1 5 2-1. Gross domestic product, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 199S prices___ ______ percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 8S-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 252,412 300,100 301,495 298,045 299,889 306,135 318,402 333,583 344,743 352,089 359,810 2.2 2.3 2.1 excluding South Africa 124,817 155,200 158,117 157,759 157,859 159,486 167,204 176,123 183,328 189,700 195,452 1.9 3.3 2.6 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 101,828 130,343 132,058 130,920 130,420 132,024 139,067 146,781 153,202 159,040 164,500 2.5 3.0 2.5 Angola 5,074 6,371 6,412 6,083 4,638 4,703 5,187 5,706 6,060 6,253 6,422 .. 4.5 -0.2 Benin 1,253 1,632 1,709 1,778 1,840 1,921 2,009 2,121 2,242 2,343 2,458 3.8 1.5 4.6 Botswana 1,521 3,986 4,285 4,413 4,501 4,662 4,899 5,239 5,449 5,639 5,893 1 1.5 10.6 4.5 Burkina Faso 1,445 2,002 2,201 2,256 2,238 2,265 2,355 2,496 2,614 2,776 2,936 3.6 4.4 3.6 Burundi 728 1,126 1,182 1,190 1,122 1,079 1,000 917 920 _964___955_ _3.8_ 5.1 -2.4 Cameroon 6,319 8,765 8,431 8,170 7,909 7,711 7,965 -8,364 -8,790 9,233 9,640 8.5 -0. 1 0.5 Cape Verde 171 381 386 399 427 456 491 510 536 579 625 13.8 4.5 5.4 Central African Republic 964 1,069 1,063 994 998 1,047 1,122 1,077 1,134 1,187 1,228 0.4 0.7 1.4 Chad 787 1,308 1,420 1,533 1,292 1,424 1,438 1,473 1,539 1,642 1,631 -1.3 5.4 1.9 Comoros 167 223 211 ....229 _236_ 223 215 214 215 214 211 .. 1.3 -0.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 8,458 9,234 8,457 7,569 -6,549 ~6,294 6,338 6,281 5,923 6,101 -6,589 -0.3 ---17 -4.6 Congo, Republic of 1,536 2,456 2,515 2,580 2,554 2,414 2,510 2,402 2,388 2,476 2,402 9.2 -1.0 -0.3 C6te dIvoire 8,556 9,187 9,191 9,168 9,151 9,332 9,992 10,682 11,389 11,903 12,235 2.2 2.0 3.2 Djibouti . .. 550 548 527 511 491 466 468 471 ... . -2.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 117 116 128 137 144 164 212 363 442 509 .. 1.4 17.1 Eritrea .. . . 521 508 558 574 612 661 686 692 . .. 5.0 Ethiopia .. 5,134 4,893 4,642 5,262 5,446 5,779 6,393 6,725 6,633 7,045 .. 2.9 4.1 Gabon 3,565 4,263 4,524 4,377 4,481 4,635 4,958 5,213 5,514 5,628 5,279 -0.2 -1.4 3.2 Gambia, The 241 344 355 367 378 379 382 390 410 430 457 4.3 3.3 2.8 Ghana 4,231 5,236 5,512 5,726 6,011 6,209 6,457 6,754 7,038 7,369 7,693 -1.1 5.2_ 4.3 Guinea .. 3,106 3,181~ 3,277 3,433 3,571 3,729 3,901 4,088 4,269 4406 4.7 4.1 Guinea-Bissau 134 217 228 231 236 243 254 266 280 201 217 2.1 3.1 0.9 Kenya 5,612 8,360 8,481 8,413 8,443 8,665 9,047 9,422 9,620 9,773 9,900 4.7 5.9 2.2 L.esotho 490 764 793 832 863 892 933 1,026 1,108 1,053 1,079 5.2 5.6 4.5 Madagascar 3,048 3,212 3,009 3,045 3,109 3,108 3,160 3,228 3,347 -3,479 3,641 - -0.2 2.3 -1.4 Malawi 992 1,234 1,341 1,243 1,363 1,224 1,429 1,533 1,591 1,623 1,688 3.2 1.9 3.6 Mali 2,013 2,136 2,170 2,351 2,301 2,322 2,466 2,546 2,718 2,811 2,964 2.3 0.8 3.3 Mauritania 753 887 910 925 976 1,021 1,068 1,127 1,163 1,201 1,252 1.6 3.3 3.8 Mauritiut 1,741 3,123 3,256 3,459 3,647 3,795 3,973 4,199 4,430 4,679 4,838 3.6 7.7 5.2 Mozambique 206 ,36 ,136 1963 2 2134 2,294 2,392 2,562 2,846 3,185 3,417 . . . Namibia 2,280 2,566 2,776 2,974 2,923 3,109 3,224 3,293 3,380 3,461 3,568 .. 2.5 3.6 Niger .1,833 1,813 1,858 1,737 1,762 1,833 1,881 1,945 1,999 2,207 2,194 2.0 4.2 2.0 Nigeria 22,357 24,864 26,046 26,806 27,396 27,423 28,109 29,318 30,109 30,651 30,958 -0.7 5.0 2.7 Rwanda 1,660 2,029 1,978 2,094 1,921 957 1,286 1,489 1,680 1,839 1,952 6.8 2.9 -2.1 Sao Tom6 and Principe .. 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 .. 1.8 1.7 Senegal 3,057 4,150 4,133 4,225 -4,131 -4,253 4,476 4,704 4,939 5,220 5,487 2.1 3.5 3.1 Seychelles 314 441 453 485 515 511 508 532 555 .566 574 3.6 5.2 3.3 Sierra Leone 1,145 1,370 1,261 1,139 1,140 1,179 866 1,114 918 911 837 2.3 1.8 -4.6 South Africa 127,410 144,762 143,288 140,226 141,956 146,547 151,113 157,386 161,359 162,371 164,369 2.4 1.4 1.6 Sudan 4,271 4,763 5,049 5,298 5,525 5,748 7,194 7,482 8,208 8,709 9,161 2.6 0.9 7.6 Swaziland 591 1,113 1,141 1,15 1,9 1,234 1,6137 1,6 ,9 1,23. 99 31 Tanzania .. 4,808 4,908 4,936 4,996 5,074 5,255 5,494 5,687 5,917 6,197 . .. 2.9 Togo 1,175 1,304 1,295 1,244 1,056 1,214 1,309 1,436 1,496 1,463 1,493 2.1 3.4 1.9 Uganda .. 4,102 4,330 4,478 4,851 5,161 5,756 6,278 6,576 6,944 7,458 .. 3.4 7.1 Zambia 3,351 3,716 3,715 3,650 3,898 3,559 3,471 3,699 3,821 3,750 3,841 0.2 2.3 0.2 Zimbabwe 4,347 6,689 7,178 6,576 6,736 7,102 7,120 7,843 8,065 8,362 8,366 3.0 4.2 2.9 NORTH AFRICA 106,581 157,526 160,731 163,896 164,673 171,042 173,657 184,917 189,662 200,327 208,087 6.0 3.0 3.1 Algeri.a 31,561 40,937 40,446 41,093 40,189 39,720 41,248 42,815 43,286 45,494 46,995 5.5 0.8 1.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 29,896 50,915 51,464 53,746 55,295 57,478 60,159 63,173 66,643 70,361 74,610 8.3 4.1 4.3 Morocco 21,590 31,507 33,680 32,322 31,995 35,309 32,986 37,016 36,191 38,657 38,387 4.1 4.7 2.3 Tunisia 10,475 14,867 15,448 16,653 17,018 17,579 17,987 19,256 20,304 21,271 22,600 5.3 2.4 4.7 ALL AFR.ICA 361,709 459,075 463,499 462,827 465,472 477,884 493,114 519,380 535,423 552,957 568,198 3.3 2.5 2.4 Note: t999 data are p,e1i.inary (see page 2). 16 National Accounts 2-2. Value added in agriculture Average annual Millions of US. dollars, constant 199S prices ________ percentage growth 1980 1990 /991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 /998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 42,894 51,715 53,154 50,825 52,898 53,836 54,865 59,263 61,048 62,037 64,484 0.7 4.2 2.4 excluding South Africa 37,334 45,015 46,148 45,831 46,620 47,036 49,519 52,562 54,195 55,422 57,584 0.7 3.6 2.8 exci. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 37,409 38,262 37,754 38,437 38,640 40,833 43,546 44,784 45,880 47,810 .. 3.0 2.7 Angola .. 758 748 544 290 318 388 445 490 516 521 .. 0.5 -4.3 Benin 361 534 581 601 617 673 684 732 774 826 864 3.0 4.6 5.2 Botswana. 159 203 208 209 206 201 195 195 203 210 219 -3.8 13.2 0.4 Burkina Faso 458 594 717 725 735 733 754 810 800 844 870 1.0 4.6 3.3 Burundi 358 494 505 520 499 448 421 427 429 452 438 2.0 4.1 -1.6 Camneroon 2,131 2,702 2,594 2,749 2,782 2,868 3,119 3,350 3,603 3,847 4,078 4.5 0.6 4-.6 Cape Verde 3 1 70 65 60 65 63 67 92 88 90 101 12.7 22.8 3.7 Central African Republic 388 433 443 447 459 464 491 512 546 568 595 0.6 1.1 3.4 Chad 319 336 451 520 406 515 505 519 546 607 567 -1.0 5.1 4.6 Comoros 58 86 86 86 88 84 83 83 83 83 82 .. 3.7 -0.3 Congo. Democratic Rep. of 2,332 2,998 3,082 3,178 3,238 3,211 3,584 3,659 3,622 3,688 3,872 1.7 2.5 2.9 Congo, Republic of 159 224 205 219 200 207 221 232 234 242 246 3.4 4.8 1.3 C6te dIlvoire 2,365 2,550 2,587 2,627 2,629 2,639 2,880 3,011 3,095 3,228 3,251 2.7 3.0 3.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 70 66 64 64 73 83 95 115 102 112 .. 0.1 6.1 Ethiopia .. 2,599 2,733 2,658 2,819 2,716 2,809 3,221 3,331 2,972 3,084 .. 3.4 2.4 Gabon 431 460 464 461 455 448 398 397 417 395 413 .. 0.8 -1.8 Gamnbia, The 95 97 98 96 91 97 99 96 103 106 124 3.0 -2.4 1.5 Ghana 2,143 2,217 2,345 2,316 2,370 2,415 2,504 2,634 2,748 2,888 3,029 0.2 2.3 3.0 Guinea .. 621 643 667 700 735 761 795 835 879 924 .. 3.1 4.4 Guinea-Bissau 59 104 109 110 117 123 132 141 152 126 135 -2.6 3.4 3.5 Kenya 1,660 2,377 2,360 2,281 2,207 2,275 2,384 2,490 2,520 2,560 2,593 4.1 4.4 1.2 Lesotho 136 180 145 142 156 152 145 170 171 178 192 -4.5 4.6 1.4 Madagascar 729 900 905 920 950 946 963 987 1,006 1,008 1,022 0.2 2.8 1.5 Malawi 296 340 383 287 439 310 400 516 542 567 606 2.2 1.2 6.6 Mali 823 994 940 1,083 991 1,057 1,082 1,117 1,168 1,175 1,277 3.2 8.9 2.4 Mauritania 160 190 203 208 235 246 251 251 264 281 306 2.9 4.5 4.5 Mauritius 230 345 338 360 336 311 337 351 364 366 274 -2.5 1.3 -0.2 Mozambique .. 798 766 626 760 710 833 923 1,001 1,081 1,164 .. 7.3 4.5 Namaibia 220 273 305 281 302 348 352 373 348 358 392 .. 3.3 4.2 Niger 577 646 728 673 678 747 756 757 777 941 894 1.1 5.4 3.3 Nigeria 6,432 7,748 8,022 8,187 8,298 8,498 8,809 9,169 9,556 9,699 9,951 -3.0 6.4 2.9 Rwanda 908 948 1,003 1,055 897 529 568 658 681 755 799 5.6 1.1 -4.0 Sto Tomc and Principe .. 10 I I I 1 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 .. 3.5 3.9 Senegal 652 861 817 831 788 861 881 934 911 882 935 -1.2 4.5 1.5 Seychelles 28 27 26 22 20 22 21 21 22 22 22 -2.8 -2.5 -1.4 Sierra Leone 317 419 394 333 335 356 363 444 444 405 462 7.9 0.9 1.2 South Affica 5,448 6,544 6,836 4,973 6,166 6,651 5,326 6,603 6,756 6,545 6,826 0.2 7.6 0.2 Swaziland 161 197 209 168 158 165 157 194 182 187 191 -1.4 2.5 -0.6 Tanzania .. 1,964 2,034 2,059 2,123 2,167 2,294 2,383 2,441 2,488 2,604 . .. 3.4 Togo 285 442 437 442 469 468 494 575 601 582 620 2.8 4.3 4.2 Uganda .. 2,173 2,235 2,213 2,419 2,462 2,607 2,718 2,748 2,800 2,992 .. 2.7 3.7 Zamnbia 253 323 339 227 382 423 564 560 531 541 615 0.5 5.6 7.9 Zimbabwe 686 983 993 763 970 1,040 962 1,152 1,196 1,275 1,360 -0. 1 1.2 4.3 NORTHi AFRICA 16,202 22,284 25,039 22,008 21,631 24,702 21,322' 27,099 24,467 26,972 26,188 2.0 5.4 1.7 Algeria 2,593 3,462 3,996 4,080 3,900 3,468 3,986 4,833 4,183 4,660 4,786 3.6 7.2 2.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,302 8,263 8,465 8,631 8,846 9,185 9,451 9,742 10,076 10,452 10,839 2.8 2.7 3.0 Morocco 5,032 7,282 8,862 5,588 5,328 8,599 4,820 8,580 6,309 7,870 6,309 0.4 10.0 -0.8 Tunisia 1,504 2,215 2,524 2,661 2,527 2,275 2,049 2,655 2,734 2,706 3,007 1.2 -1.2 3.4 ALL AFRICA 59,036 74,051 78,293 72,887 74,557 78,624 76,192 86,456 85,537 89,077 90,702 1.1 4.6 2.2 Note: 1999 data ar preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 1 7 2-3. Value added in industry Average annual Millions of US. dollars, constant I 995 prices percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 83,391 94,117 92,869 91,565 90,144 91,530 94,458 97,737 101,275 102965 104,878 2.2 1.7 1.2 excluding South Africa 39,598 46,221 46,708 46,437 44,941 45,171 46,367 48,999 51,330 53,546 55,615 1.7 3.0 1.9 exci. S.Africa &Nigeria 25,052 34,139 33,521 33,197 31,776 32,400 33,445 35,510 37,447 39,270 40,846 .. 3.4 1.8 Angola .. 3,446 3,423 3,495 2,669 3,052 3,339 3,638 3,837 4,002 4,182 .. 8.1 2.0 Benin 134 237 248 269 272 285 293 306 320 322 333 5.4 -1.9 4.1 Botswana 749 2,041 2,140 2,120 2,108 2,149 2,234 2,385 2,480 2,542 2,593 15.9 8.3 2.7 Burkina Faso 415 548 550 577 566 579 581 600 664 736 815 1.6 4.8 3.5 Burundi 142 230 251 259 217 203 168 146 145 147 158 8.9 3.7 -5.6 Camneroon 1,478 2,773 2,590 2,321 2,221 1,901 1,855 1,939 2,088 2,248 2,360 18.2 0.7 -2.9 Cape Verde 28 74 76 79 85 88 96 99 96 105 112 6.3 17.1 4.4 Central African Republic 189 202 198 188 190 215 224 199 191 198 211 1.4 0.6 0.3 Chad 88 242 209 206 181 172 206 201 223 243 233 -2.0 2.5 0.4 Comoros 25 20 19 28 3 1 30 27 27 27 27 27 .. -9.0 3.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2,768 2,537 2,032 1,424 1,218 1,192 1,069 1,069 1,022 1.042 1,105 -2.0 0.3 -10.0 Congo, Republic of 483 874 870 894 929 901 949 965 849 878 852 11.5 -0.3 0.2 C6te dIvoire 1,406 1,805 1,821 1,878 1,891 1,909 1,999 2,325 2,627 2,896 3,039 6.5 6.5 5.3 Equatorial Guinea .. I 17 _29 35 35 44 84 237 _338__ _399 . 6.4 43.8 Ethiopia .. 535 433 402 516 552 597 629 673 679 726 .. -0. 1 4.2 Gabon 1,859 2,410 2,215 2,173 2,264 2,469 2,597 2,655 2,679 2,714 2,752 .. -1.7 2.8 Gambia, The 3 1 45 46 47 48 46 44 46 46 48 50 3.1 10.6 0.9 Ghana 1,356 1,507 1,563 1,661 1,456 1,508 1,568 1,642 1,747 1,803 1,927 -7.5 9.1 2.5 Guinea .. 1,006 998 1,010 1,081 1,102 1,169 1,271 1,328 1,376 1,431 .. 3.1 4.3 Guinea-Bissau 1 8 26 26 26 28 28 29 30 3 1 19 46 3.2 -3.5 2.6 Kenya 769 1,132 1,161 1,160 1,162 1,184 1,226 1,268 1,294 1,312 1,325 4.7 5.2 2.0 Lesotho 129 216 263 287 280 294 319 348 403 346 377 14.7 8.7 6.5 Madagascar 455 393 391 387 400 396 402 410 429 450 469 -2.9 2.8 1.6 Malawi 185 250 260 266 246 252 259 261 271 277 288 2.7 3.7 1.6 Mali 217 324 365 383 398 382 408 435 532 569 580 1.6 1.4 6.5 Maunitania 169 237 236 234 281 288 298 302 287 286 284 0.6 3.7 2.3 Mauritius 361 882 932 997 1,052 1,106 1,154 1,222 1,277 1,350 1,419 3.6 13.0 5.5 Mozwnbique .. 369 381 359 352 373 425 483 649 943 1,020 .. .5 -10.3 Namibia 849 750 808 910 808 879 921 916 940 949 971 .. 2.1 2.6 Niger 368 331 328 310 315 317 325 346 358 368 376 10.4 -4.1 1.6 Nigeria 13,605 12,217 13,265 13,309 13,210 12,845 13,009 13,591 14,005 14,416 14,918 0.0 2.1 2.0 Rwanda 267 330 254 291 255 128 212 246 302 336 356 7.4 0.3 0.5 Sao Torn6and Principe .. 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 0 .. 0.9 1.3 Senegal 541 854 844 887 865 861 961 1,014 1,071 1,162 1,235 3.7 4.9 4.1 Seychelles 49 72 85 81 91 94 115 126 153 156 159 2.0 3.4 10.0 Sierra Leone 245 320 238 243 238 241 193 235 134 156 231 -3.1 2.2 -4.7 South Africa 43,794 47,832 46,143 45,127 45,169 46,305 48,025 48,713 49,942 49,472 49,363 2.6 0.7 0.6 Swaziland 128 360 356 37-7 387 408 428 437 - 464 -477 490 4.4 2r373 4.3 Tanzania .. 735 736 736 708 719 705 753 803 886 928 . .. 2.6 Togo 277 273 292 270 190 241 290 306 313 316 309 1.5 6.2 1.7 Uganda .. 437 472 512 555 627 754 879 979 1,092 1,191 .. 6.4 12.1 Zamnbia 1,188 1,366 1,349 1,479 1,360 1,274 1,096 1,102 1,181 1,047 996 -0.4 2.7 -3.2 Zimbabwe 1,341 1,861 2,004 1,923 1,893 1,951 1,829 2,004 2,022 2,043 2,005 -1.0 5.4 0.9 NORTH AFRICA 42,479 59,079 60,675 61,607 60,969 62,242 64,250 66,992 70,318 73,825 77,581 6.3 1.8 2.8 Algeria 16,056 20,059 20,394 20,395 19,468 19,073 19,134 19,830 20,767 21,585 22,618 5.3 -0.4 08 Egypt, Arab Republic 9,157 15,038 15,835 16,073 16,431 17,327 18,195 19,089 19,967 21,565 23,006 11.0 4.2 4.6 Morocco 7,171 9,827 9,884 10,119 10,016 10,416 10,882 11,406 12,038 12,257 12,600 3.4 3.1 3.2 Tunisia 2,945 4,211 4,348 4,650 4,791 4,949 5,224 5,390 5,709 5,991 6,297 7.1 2.6 4.4 ALL AFRICA 126,569 153,270 153,385 152,841 150,756 153,377 158,299 164,255 171,014 175,974 181,395 3.5 1.8 1.8 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). 18 National Accounts 2-4. Value added in services Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 108,481 139,349 140,563 140,329 140,817 143,687 150,016 156,458 161,425 165,237 168,522 3.1 2.4 2.2 excluding South Africa 46,372 60,579 61,682 61,558 61,459 61,984 64,652 67,390 70,182 72,304 73,786 3.0 3.1 2.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 42,940 55,605 56,604 56,084 55,647 56,149 58,694 61,166 63,754 65,891 67,541 3.1 2.8 2.1 Angola .. 2,092 2,162 2,001 1,652 1,337 1,460 1,619 1,725 1,731 1,722 .. 1.7 -2.6 Benin 783 867 881 907 953 958 1,033 1,080 1,148 1,192 1,259 3.8 0.4 4.2 Botswana 609 1,736 1,931 2,081 2,184 2,312 2,469 2,660 2,766 2,888 3,084 10.8 13.8 6.8 Burkina Faso 493 795 834 863 846 860 877 934 1,008 1,049 1,119 8.9 4.0 3.5 Burundi 166 303 310 315 308 298 285 252 253 259 267 6.2 4.1 -1.7 Cameroon 2,365 2,844 2,780 2,473 2,332 2,637 2,793 2,714 2,689 2,669 2,716 8.6 -1.4 -0.6 Cape Verde 114 242 248 261 279 306 328 326 356 387 417 10.5 8.2 6.1 Central African Republic 363 391 366 304 292 314 347 301 324 344 342 0.3 1.0 -1.6 Chad 391 671 723 764 662 712 696 725 733 767 799 -0.7 6.3 1.1 Comoros 85 117 105 115 117 109 104 104 105 104 102 .. 2.0 -1.1 Congo, Democratic Rep, of 3,690 3,957 3,512 3,031 2,131 1,926 1,685 1,551 1,274 1,137 1,242 -0.5 2.1 -~13.3 Congo, Republic of 912 1,371 1,477 1,500 1,454 1,312 1,340 1,174 1,308 1,361 1,302 9.3 -2.7 -1.2 C6te d'Ivoire 4,847 4,864 4,803 4,663 4,628 4,795 5,113 5,345 5,685 5,785 5,964 1.0 -0.2 2.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 24 26 30 32 32 34 38 43 52 59 .. 6.5 9.3 Ethiopia .. 1,693 1,478 1,416 1,663 1,794 1,962 2,098 2,246 2,480 2,693 .. 4.1 5.8 Gabon 1,326 1,475 1,848 1,756 1,778 1,755 1,963 2,137 2,362 2,447. 2,108 .. -1.7 4.4 Gainbia, The 119 161 160 171 190 186 188 197 212 221 226 4.7 1.9 4.1 Ghana 1,015 1,685 1,775 1,929 2,189 2,288 2,385 2,482 2,570 2,691 2,780 0.1 7.8 6.1 Guinea .. 1,419 1,454 1,490 1,534 1,596 1,641 1,694 1,756 1,839 1,876 .. 5.3 3.3 Guinea-Bissau 47 73 77 79 76 77 78 80 82 53 23 10.0 4.7 -5.6 Kenya 2,112 3,409 3,531 3,635 3,714 3,842 4,046 4,256 4,387 4,475 4,548 5.9 5.6 3.5 Lesotho 187 274 284 295 315 332 348 371 394 399 401 7.6 4.5 4.8 Madagascar 1,605 1,602 1,489 1,506 1,539 1,547 1,571 1,604 1,680 1,770 1,846 0.1 1.8 1.7 Malawi 411 548 585 570 574 541 657 676 697 715 729 3.1 3.3 3.5 Mali 552 661 657 677 699 695 695 754 770 806 833 1.6 0.0 2.4 Mauritania 353 364 367 378 384 398 402 437 487 507 535 2.1 3.6 4.3 Mauritius 880 1,472 1,545 1,644 1,755 1,887 2,000 2,128 2,256 2,387 2,520 5.4 7.4 6.3 Mozambique .. 705 822 796 801 1,025 939 962 967 895 911 .. 10.0 3.3 Namnibia 969 1,285 1,386 1,454 1,458 1,496 1,529 1,619 1,685 1,736 1,774 .. 0.5 3.4 Niger 888 837 803 754 769 769 800 842 864 898 924 -0. 1 7.6 1.1 Nigeria 3,488 5,117 5,222 5,580 5,884 5,910 6,049 6,317 6,530 6,538 6,401 1.5 7.6 3.5 Rwanda 334 611 632 643 659 278 434 478 537 578 612 11.2 6.7 -1.7 S58o Tonm6 and Principe .. 24 24 23 23 24 25 24 24 25 25 .. 1.4 0.6 Senegal 1,850 2,430 2,467 2,504 2,476 2,525 2,634 2,756 2,958 3,182 3,324 3.1 2.8 3.3 Seychelles 241 343 344 382 403 395 372 384 380 388 250 -1.1 6.1 -0.4 Sierra Leone 391 349 335 299 294 298 254 169 247 269 209 2.5 -3.3 -5.5 South Africa 61,526 78,104 78,259 78,147 78,705 80,975 84,598 88,266 90,472 92,182 93,974 3.2 2.0 2.2 Swaziland 187 340 357 370 390 396 409 412 425 453 457 5.7 4.3 3.4 Tanzania .. 1,722 1,773 1,834 1,810 1,816 1,866 1,934 1,994 2,077 2,177 . .. 2.5 Togo 619 593 568 533 396 506 524 554 582 564 563 2.0 1.5 -0.1I Uganda . . 1,268 1,367 1,467 1,571 1,693 1,917 2,082 2,200 2,345 2,513 . . 3.2 8.1 Zambia 1,750 1,672 1,761 1,647 1,818 1,429 1,396 1,606 1,670 1,744 1,834 0.0 3.2 -0.2 Zimbabwe 2,078 3,016 3,166 3,180 3,198 3,303 3,503 3,779 3,832 3,941 4,019 5.4 3.7 3.6 NORTH AFRICA 42,543 68,917 70,651 73,680 74,678 77,070 80,271 83,639 87,254 91,635 95,936 7.5 3.5 3.6 Algeria 9,061 12,950 12,849 13,290 13,130 13,452 14,330 14,723 14,999 15,693 16,060 5.7 1.8 2.4 Egypt,Arab Republic 12,642 24,548 25,279 25,826 26,520 27,307 28,682 30,279 32,202 33,726 35,862 11.0 4.3 4.2 Morocco 9,925 15,066 15,856 16,776 16,753 17,075 17,285 17,801 18,147 19,081 19,666 5.9 4.0 2.8 Tunisia 6,006 8,402 8,516 9,287 9,659 10,344 10,714 11,186 11,839 12,564 13,279 5.7 3.2 5.3 ALL AFRICA 151,844 208,941 211,839 214,476 215,927 221,154 230,712 240,544 249,093 257,180 264,649 4.3 2.8 2. 7 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (smt page 2). National Accounts 1 9 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARlAN AFRICA 270,870 297,085 302,800 304,333 287,379 281,425 318,402 330,946 343,399 323,644 326,115 209,481 240,765 311,553 excluding South Africa 191,028 185,517 182,880 173,943 156,993 145,536 167,204 187,232 195,177 189,913 195,284 149,285 161,927 177,968 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 123,925 157,086 155,624 141,136 135,711 121,864 139,067 151,827 158,848 157,626 160,163 106,433 138,213 147,895 Angola .. 10,260 12,194 5,779 5,286 4,060 5,187 7,522 7,690 6,449 8,545 .. 7,560 7,297 Benin 1,405 1,845 1,878 1,624 2,106 1,497 2,009 2,208 2,141 2,306 2,414 1,035 1,413 2,003 Botswana 1,130 3,766 3,920 4,147 4,177 4,404 4,899 4,910 5,054 4,876 5,996 865 2,110 4,615 Burkina Faso 1,709 2,765 2,788 1,996 2,049 1,854 2,355 2,538 2,382 2,580 2,580 1,311 2,038 2,389 Burundi 920 1,132 1,167 1,083 939 925 1,000 900 957 878 714 778 1,136 970 Cameroon 6,741 11,152 12,434 11,396 11,891 7,854 7,965 9,109 9,115 8,703 9,187 5,630 10,942 9,881 Cape Verde 107 339 351 394 363 411 491 502 506 540 581 86 233 448 Central African Republic 797 1,488 1,404 1,434 1,299 853 1,122 1,070 997 1,049 1,053 619 1,150 1,177 Chad 1,033 1,739 1,877 1,882 1,463 1,179 1,438 1,605 1,508 1,682 1,530 928 1,236 1,590 Comoros 124 250 247 266 264 186 215 213 194 197 193 113 176 222 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 14,391 9,348 9,086 8,206 8,975 7,158 6,338 5,69 6,lO01- 6,964 7,752 12,212 8,165 7,580 Congo, Republic of 1,706 2,799 2,725 2.933 1,919 1,769 2,510 2,541 2,323 1,949 2,217 1,452 2,182 2,369 C6tedIlvoire 10,175 10,796 10,493 11,153 10,405 7,666 9,992 10,700 10,582 11,236 11,206 7,172 9,247 10,423 Djibouti .. 418 456 470 471 487 491 496 504 513 531 .. 393 484 Equatorial Guinea .. 132 131 154 152 126 164 259 498 456 696 104 107 277 Eritrea .. . . 437 409 510 574 631 655 -680 645 . .. 568 Ethiopia . 6,842 5,321 5,568 6,249 4,894 5,779 6,010 6,383 6,564 6,439 5,603 7,356 6,005 Gabon 4,279 5,952 5,403 5,592 4,381 4,191 4,958 5,741 5,428 4,619 4,352 3,211 3,609 5,062 Gambia,T'Me 241 317 317 347 366 363 382 392 410 417 393 181 236 370 Ghana 4,445 5,886 6,600 6,413 5,966 5,440 6,457 6,988 6,946 7,474 7,774 3,762 5,150 6,594 Guinea .. 2,818 3,015 3,285 3,279 3,435 3,729 3,959 3,895 3,782 3,733 .. 2,230 3,493 Guinea-Bissau ill 244 257 226 237 236 254 271 269 206 218 131 165 242 Kenya 7,265 8,533 8,043 8,002 4,977 7,148 9,047 9,206 10,625 11,465 10,638 5,550 7,641 8,769 Lesotho 432 622 680 827 818 837 933 940 1,023 878 874 328 416 843 Liberia 1,117 . .. . .. ... . .. .. 987 1,143 Madagascar ~~~~~4,042 3,081 2,677 3,001 3,371 2,977 3,160 3,995 3,546 3,739 3,721 3,057 2,724 3,327 Malawi 1,238 1,803 2,204 1,800 2,071 1,182 1,429 2,432 2,534 1,737 1,810 1,018 1,266 1,900 Mali 1,787 2,421 2,423 2,846 2,678 1,763 2,466 2,619 2,475 2,634 2,608 1,285 1,776 2,493 Mauritania 709 1,020 1,130 1,191 944 1,027 1,068 1,113 1,096 1,000 960 645 867 1,055 Mauritius 1,132 2,642 2,831 3,189 3,195 3,503 3,973 4,301 4,079 4,073 4,244 990 1,747 3,603 Mozamtbique 3,526 2,512 2,496 1,955 2,103 2,267 2,392 2,897 3,513 3,910 4,142 3,457 3,293 2,819 Namibia 2,169 2,340 2,483 2,823 2,628 2,978 3,224 3,122 3,234 3,044 3,075 1,903 1,833 2,895 Niger 2,509 2,481 2,328 2,345 1,607 1,563 1,881 1,988 1,846 2,077 2,018 1,725 2,008 2,013 Nigeria 64,202 28,472 27,313 32,710 21,353 23,663 28,109 35,299 36,229 32,249 35,045 42,093 23,750 30,044 Rwanda 1,163 2,584 1,912 2,047 1,956 754 1,286 1,406 1,865 2,024 1,956 1,091 2,123 1,779 Sao Tom6 and Principe 43 50 57 46 48 50 45 45 44 41 47 32 50 47 Senegal 2,97 5,698 5,500 6,027 5,431 3,642 4,476 4,651 4,379 4,666 4,80 -1 --2,36 4,_110 4,927 Seychelles 147 369 375 434 469 483 508 508 539 535 545 112 244 476 Sierra Leone 1,166 897 807 691 771 927 866 942 850 672 669 1,030 1,081 809 Somalia 604 917 .. . . . . . . . . 677 989 917 South Africa 80,544 111.997 120,243 130,533 130,406 135,778 151,113 143,840 148,366 133,962 131,127 61,201 79,315 133,736 Sudan 7,617 13,167 11,410 6,402 7,895 8,170 7,194 7,208 10,275 10,018 9,718 7,964 15,971 9,146 Swaziland 582 860 881 969 988 1,062 1,267 L1228 1,313 1,221 1,223 45 63 1,101 Tanzania .. 4,259 4,957 4,601 4,258 4,511 5,255 6,496 7,684 8,591 8.760 5,569 4,561 5,937 Togo 1,136 1,628 1,602 1,693 1,234 983 1,309 1,473 1,501 1,414 1,405 813 1,161 1,424 Uganda 1,245 4,304 3,322 2,858 3,220 3,997 5,756 6,049 6,298 6,777 6,411 4,108 5.097 4.899 Zamnbia 3,884 3,288 3,377 3,183 3,274 3,347 3,471 3,271 3,911 3,240 3,150 3,159 2,781 3,351 Zimbabwe 6,679 8,784 8,642 6,752 6,564 6,891 7,120 8,632 8,679 6,769 5,608 5,993 6,939 7,444 NORTH AFRICA 124,881 163,130 141,522 153,758 157,689 159,477 173,657 194,565 ~200,303 211-,499 219,904 97,313 144,086 177,550 Algeria 42,345 61,902 46,301 49,116 49,762 42,063 41,248 46,850 47,845 47,362 47,872 -34,782 59,855 48,032 Egypt, Arab Republic 22,912 43,130 36,971 41,856 47,197 51,898 60,159 67,651 75,605 82,710 89,148 20,312 37,154 59,632 Libya 35,545 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 24,534 22,902 Morocco 18,821 25,821 27,837 28,451 26,801 30,351 32,986 36,639 33,415 35,668 34,998 13,499 18,731 31,297 Tunisia 8,743 12,291 13,075 15,497 14,609 15,626 17,987 19,587 18,897 19,847 20,944 6,901 9,465 16,836 ALL AFRICA 394,807 461,130 447,099 460.023 445,949 441,384 493,114 525,546 543,857 533,575 543,926 305,883 386,104 489,560 Note. 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). 20 National Accounts 2-6. Total consumption Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75.84 85-89 90-MR? SUB-SAHFARN AFRICA 74.1 82.1 83.9 87.1 86.0 83.5 83.7 81.9 83.3 84.0 84.2 77.1 81.0 8'4.0 excluding South Africa 77.0 82.6 85.0 89.9 89.3 84.6 86.3 82.2 83.9 85.4 86.4 78.4 83.1 85.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 83.6 85.0 87.8 93.1 91.1 85.7 87.3 86.4 85.9 87.3 87.4 79.7 83.5 87.7 Angola .. 70.3 83.8 98.3 90.1 73.9 85.3 76.5 59.0 67.5 46.7 .. 76.0 75.1 Benin 105.1 94.5 94.1 95.8 94.8 90.5 90.0 92.0 90.2 91.7 91.8 100.0 97.0 92.5 Botswana 65.6 62.9 62.3 64.8 63.9 61.1 59.4 56.6 68.2 78.2 85.8 69.8 50.8 66.3 Burkina Faso 105.8 92.3 93.9 93.0 94.1 92.5 91.4 90.9 89.1 87.3 90.2 101.7 97.6 91.5 Burundi 100.6 105.4 104.2 105.1 104.7 107.6 104.8 97.5 96.1 102.9 100.4 95.9 96.7 102.9 Cameroon 78.3 79.3 78.0 83.5 82.4 82.1 80.5 82.7 80.9 80.1 81.1 76.9 77.1 81i.0 Cape Verde 124.0 108.1 104.2 103.5 96.3 97.2 97.6 94.2 91.9 92.4 89.6 119.8 102.9 97.5 Central African Republic 108.9 100.6 97.4 100.4 98.2 94.0 93.8 99.4 96.4 95.5 92.8 101.6 99.2 96.8 Chad 99.5 105.9 106.3 106.2 101.5 101.7 96.7 97.7 95.7 103.0 97.6 111.1 101.4 Comoros 110.1I 103.2 97.9 101.6 97.1 105.9 109.2 111.4 112.1 98.4 100.0 106.5 102.5 103.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 89.9 90.7 98.2 93.9 96.0 89.4 85.9 86.6 91.0 90.2 88.9 89.5 86.7 91.1 Congo, Republic of 64.3 76.2 81.4 75.6 76.4 73.4 57.5 21.0 50.9 63.9 70.3 73.9 76.8 64.7 C6te d'Ivoire 79.6 88.7 89.6 89.3 90.6 77.6 81.1 78.8 77.5 75.2 76.9 75.7 81.6 82.5 Djibouti . .. 110.2 118.6 111.0 111.3 108.7 105.3 105.4 . ... .. 110.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 120.1 107.2 97.8 101.0 74.9 72.7 69.3 56.9 80.1 42.1 92.4 133.3 82.2 Eritrea .. . . 131.3 124.6 135.4 138.6 131.0 117.4 124.5 121.3 . .. 128.0 Ethiopia .. 92.8 97.3 97.0 94.4 94.6 92.0 97.5 93.5 94.7 97.3 93.6 92.8 95.1 Gabon 39.4 63.1 59.5 65.3 63.3 54.7 52.7 49.0 49.0 61.0 65.2 41.9 67.7 58.3 Gambia, The 94.2 89.3 89.4 90.7 96.0 97.7 99.1 97.9 95.5 97.2 98.3 95.7 92.4 95.1 Ghana 95.1 94.5 92.7 98.7 93.4 87.4 88.3 85.7 95.6 89.3 93.8 93.7 94.5 91.9 Guinea .. 82.3 82.0 88.8 88.9 87.9 87.3 87.1 85.0 84.7 48. 83.6 85.9 Guinea-Bissau 101.0 97.2 96.8 96.8 93.0 96.1 101.2 98.2 97.2 109.3 102.2 103.0 100.1 98.8 Kenya 86.6 85.6 83.1 86.3 76.2 80.4 88.7 86.9 92.2 93.2 93.2 83.0 83.1 86.6 Lesotho 152.0 151.3 149.1 133.9 145.0 135.7 138.4 136.0 130.9 134.6 133.5 164.3 162.3 138.8 Liberia 72.7 . .. . .. ... . ... .. 76.7 83.6 Madagascar 101.4 93.7 99.3 96.6 97.5 96.6 96.4 93.7 96.3 95.4 95.4 98.0 94.2 96.1 Malawi 89.2 90.3 85.8 99.3 100.9 103.0 100.3 97.0 99.1 93.9 100.6 84.4 90.0 97.0 Mali 98.9 93.6 93.6 95.6 93.6 92.5 92.2 92.8 90.0 88.8 89.9 99.8 99.9 92.3 Mauritania 103.5 95.1 90.3 95.2 95.3 83.1 91.1 92.8 92.1 94.9 92.8 105.6 89.7 92.3 Mauritius 89.5 76.4 75.1 73.9 75.5 76.6 76.7 76.2 75.8 76.4 77.3 81.5 74.5 76.0 Mozambique 106 112.3 111.2 117.2 122.4 113.9 101.9 .101.8 99.1 92.8 93.6 110.4 110.2 106.6 Namibia 61.6 81.8 96.0 92.8 94.6 86.0 90.1 89.0 95.3 90.1 90.7 90.3 88.1 90.7 Niger 85.4 98.8 97.2 94.2 96.1 100.0 99.8 96.9 96.8 97.3 96.2 91.6 92.1 97.3 Nigeria 68.6 70.6 70.7 76.5 79.8 79.4 81.6 65.1 75.4 76.6 81.6 78.5 82.3 75.7 Rwanda 95.8 93.8 96.7 98.4 100.9 146.8 105.8 104.3 102.8 101.8 101.3 93.2 94.7 105.3 Sao Tom6 and Principe 114.9 129.2 121.7 128.1 127.6 121.4 137.9 125.8 126.6 98.0 109.3 109.0 114.8 122.5 Senegal 105.0 91.1 94.1 92.6 94.5 88.1 88.9 87.2 87.7 87.2 87.6 98.9 96.2 89.9 Seychelles 72.9 79.7 81.3 82.4 81.6 77.9 76.5 60.4 77.7 79.7 80.1 68.1 69.9 77.7 Sierra Leone 97.1 91.7 91.9 93.7 96.7 96.6 101.8 103.7 104.3 101.9 106.0 95.3 94.3 98.8 Somalia 112.9 112.5 .. . . . . . . . . 111.4 94.4 112.5 South Africa 68.6 82.4 83.1 83.9 82.4 82.1 80.9 81.7 82.9 82.6 81.8 75.6 78.0 82.4 Sudan 97.9 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 94.2 92.0 Swaziland 93.5 79.6 81.8 81.4 73.7 74.0 71.0 81.2 80.5 80.8 78.9 84.0 82.3 78.3 Tanzania .. 98.7 97.0 99.7 104.6 98.4 97.6 95.7 95.0 97.6 97.8 89.0 89.4 98.2 Togo 76.8 85.3 91.0 93.5 100.2 88.7 88.8 92.2 93.4 97.5 96.4 78.6 92.4 92.7 Uganda .. 99.4 99.3 99.6 98.9 95.7 92.6 95.4 92.0 94.4 95.1 97.0 97.0 96.2 Zwnbia 80.7 83.4 91.6 100.0 91.0 92.6 87.8 94.7 90.6 96.1 101.1 81.1 85.1 92.9 Zimbabwe 86.2 82.6 84.2 89.0 83.7 72.8 79.1 80.7 88.0 81.9 89.0 84.8 81.0 83.1 NORTH AFRICA 59.7 78.2 76.3 77.5 80.6 82.6 82.7 81.8 80.5 81.6 80.0 64.6 76.0 80.2 Algeria 56.9 72.5 63.3 67.6 72.2 73.0 71.6 68.6 67.8 72.9 68.3 61.1 69.2 69.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 84.8 83.9 86.8 84.6 86.8 88.6 87.8 89.2 87.0 86.0 85.6 84.6 84.3 86.6 Libya 43.1 . .. . .. . ... .... .. 53.5 . Morocco 87.1 84.3 85.3 86.9 86.6 87.7 89.0 88.0 86.5 85.8 84.7 87.0 85.5 86.5 Tunisia 76.0 74.5 72.9 72.6 78.3 78.5 79.3 76.5 76.0 76.3 75.6 75.8 78.4 76.1 ALL AFRICA 70.1 80.8 81.5 84.0 84.1 83.2 83.3 81.9 82.3 83.1 82.7 73.7 78.8 82.7 Nute: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Sinre 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate uted by the Goveranment fur oil exports nod oil value added is signiricatly over- valued. National Accounts 2 1 2-7. General government consumption ______ ~~~~~~~~~Percentage of GDP __Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 14.4 17.4 18.0 19.0 18.4 17.6 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.7 14.9 16.3 17.2 excluding South Africa 14.6 16.0 16.9 18.0 16.8 15.0 14.3 13.5 13.5 13.9 15.0 14.8 15.1 15.3 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 15.9 16.2 17.8 17.9 16.8 15.2 15.0 14.9 14.5 14.0 15.0 14.9 15.6 15.7 Angola .. 4._5 45.3 41.9 41.5 40.1 46.7 40.8 41.8 31.9 39.5 31.5 40.4 Benin 8.6 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.3 10.1 11.2 10.7 10.4 9.7 10.6 9.9 14.1 10.6 Botswana 19.6 23.8 24.7 26.4 28.5 28.2 28.1 27.4 23.6 26.4 27.7 20.5 22.3 26.5 Burkina Faso 10.4 14.9 14.6 15.8 15.2 17.1 15.6 14.8 14.2 14.3 13.6 12.8 14.2 15.0 Burundi 9.2 10.8 10.8 10.1 13.3 12.7 13.4 12.6 14.5 13.3 16.1 10.3 9.7 12.8 Cjameroon9. 128 1. 128 28 10.0 8.6 8.4 8.2 92 1 0.0 9.7 10.8 10.6 Cape Verde 8.2 14.7 15.7 15.7 17.6 18.3 19.8 17.4 16.2 14.8 15.5 10.0 12.3 16.6 Central African Republic 15.1 14.9 16.3 16.9 15.0 17.5 15.2 9.6 11.0 11.7 11.5 15.0 15.9 14.0 Chad 10.0 8.9 9.2 10.0 12.7 11.8 8.7 7.9 6.9 8.0 13.0 13.8 9.4 Comoros 30.9 16.5 17.5 15.8 15.1 16.7 1 7.2 15.2 1 4.0 11.8 12.4 29.7 27.4 15.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 8.4 11.5 13.3 21.7 15.4 4.4 4.9 5.7 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.1 9.7 10.3 Congo, Republic of 17.6 13.8 21.0 21.1 21.2 16.2 10.9 10.5 19.0 14.4 10.8 17.3 20.5 15.9 C6te dIlvoire 16.9 16.8 16.4 17.4 16.4 13.0 11.9 12.1 11.3 10.4 10.9 16.5 16.2 13.7 Djibouti . .. 32.0 44.2 44.1 40.1 38.3 32.8 27.7 ... 37.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 39.7 34.2 29.4 39.3 15.3 16.4 19.8 11.0 21.0 11.4 28.3 27.4 23.8 Eritrea .. . . 32.9 36.6 43.2 46.7 45.0 32.6 49.0 50.6. 42.1 Ethiopia .. 18.5 15.5 10.1 10.6 12.5 11.8 11.7 11.4 14.3 16.4 15.3 16.0 13.3 Gabon 13.2 13.4 14.3 15.5 15.3 12.0 14.1 13.6 13.7 16.9 16.6 14.5 20.9 14.5 Gambia. The 31.2 13.7 13.3 13.9 14.1 14.5 14.1 15.3 13.9 12.7 14.3 36.6 17.7 14.0 Ghana 11.2 9.3 9.5 12.1 14.4 13.7 12.1 11.9 12.2 10.3 10.8 9.9 10.1 11.6 Guinea .. 11.9 9.7 11.4 11.1 8.7 8.4 82 .1 7.2 7.1 11.4 --- 9.2 Guinea-Bissau 27.6 10.3 10.6 9.0 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.6 7.0 9.3 11.1 23.6 12.5 8.4 Kenya 19.8 18.7 17.0 16.1 16.7 15.2 14.8 16.1 16.1 16.4 17.5 18.4 18.1 16.5 Lesotho 21.8 13.9 15.5 14.7 15.1 16.4 17.9 16.3 17.0 20.0 22.2 17.7 18.9 16.9 Liberia 16.3 .. . . . . . . . .15.8 19.0 Madagascar 121 80 8.7_ 8.3 7.9 -6.9 6.7 6.1 7.6 7.5 7.9 11.1 8.9 7.6 Malawi 19.3 15.7 12.0 14.1 13.0 31.6 18.6 12.5 12.6 13.3 12.4 16.4 18.0 15.6 Mali 9.8 13.8 13.5 13.2 12.8 11.3 9.7 10.2 12.0 11.3 12.6 9.4 13.5 12.0 Mauritania 45.3 25.9 18.2 16.4 20.7 16.5 14.1 14.3 13.8 14.5 15.2 45.2 25.3 17.0 Mauritius 14.1 11.8 11.7 11.5 12.1 12.5 12.1 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.3 13.5 11.7 11.9 Mozambique 12.2 11.6 10.6 1 2.6 -11.7 -12.9 7_.8 8.0'- 9.0- 9.6 10.6 14.2 11.3 10.4 Namibia 17.4 30.7 33.6 35.6 35.0 31.3 32.1 33.0 32.8 31.5 26.3 26.0 29.8 32.2 Niger 10.4 15.0 14.8 17.5 15.8 16.0 14.1 11.3 13.8 13.1 14.9 11.5 12.9 14.6 Nigeria 12.1 15.1 12.2 18.4 17.5 14.3 11.1 8.0 9.4 13.5 14.9 14.4 12.5 13.4 Rwanda 12.5 10.1 12.1 12.9 11.7 10.5 11.3 12.0 10.6 11.3 12.7 14.7 12.6 11.5 Sao Tomd and Principe 23.6 51.2 35.3 31.5 34.5 31.9 27.6 25.2 31.9 25.6 29.8 20.6 39.2 32.5 Senegal 20.3 14.7 13.5 154 14.7 12.8 12.47 12.0 10.4 10.3 10.8 17.2 15.6 12.7 Seychelles 28.7 27.7 28.2 30.4 29.8 29.6 29.3 29.1 27.9 33.2 28.7 28.5 34.5 29.4 Sierra Leone 7.7 9.9 9.4 10.3 11.2 11.1 14.0 10.9 9.0 8.9 11.5 8.8 9.1 10.6 Somalia 15.6 .. . . . . . . . .19.8 South Africa 14.3 19.7 19.8 20.2 20.1 20 .0 18.3 19.4 19.8 19.8 19.2 15.7 18.8 19.6 Swaziland 19.1 18.5 19.6 177 24.2 23.2 20.7 22.6 27.1 20.0 20.0 20.6 18.4 21.4 Tanzania .. 17.8 18.9 19.6 19.4 17.1 11.5 11.6 8.8 11.1 11.6 13.5 14.6 14.7 Togo 22.4 14.2 17.5 12.4 16.1 13.2 12.1 11.7 10.2 12.1 10.9 20.0 15.2 13.0 Uganda .. 7.5 8.8 9.7 9.8 10.3 9.8 10.3 10.4 9.6 9.9 10.8 9.3 9.6 Zamnbia 25.5 19.0 31.8 15.0 18.4 13.1 12.5 11.4 10.9 11.2 9.6 25.7 19.9 15.3 Zimbabwe 18.5 19.4 16.1 24.2 14.9 16.7 18.0 16.9 16.1 16.4 14.9 16.9 22.1 17.4 NORTH AFRICA 12.0 14.6 14.2 14.9 _14.9 14.4 14.2 14.0 14.0 14.3 14.1 13.8 16.3 14.4 Algeria 13.8 16.2 15.0ff 17.2 17.4 16.8 _15.8 16.4 16.7- 18.1 17.0 138 -17.5 16.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 15.7 11.3 11.2 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.2 10.1 10.1 19.5 14.9 10.5 Libya 21.8 . . . . ... . .. . .. 27.8 Morocco 18.3 15.5 15.6 16.8 18.1 17.1 17.4 16.9 17.8 18.1 19.3 18.9 15.6 17.3 Tunisia 14.5 16.4 16.6 16.0 16.3 16.5 _ 16.9 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.5 15.7 17.1 16.1 AILLAFRICA 13.3 16.5 16.8 1 7.7 1 7.2 -1 6.5 -15.6 1 5.4 -15.5 15.6 15.7 14.4 -16_.2 1t 6.3 Note. 1999 data ame preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994. Nigeries ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly o--r valued 22 National Accounts 2-8. Gross domestic investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-A4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.4 14.2 14.9 14.8 15.7 17.5 18.1 17.1 17.3 18.8 18.4 20.1 15.3 16.7 excluding South Aftica 19.3 15.9 17.1 17.0 17.3 19.4 18.0 17.2 18.5 20.8 20.3 19.5 15.6 18.2 exci. S.Aftica & Nigeria 17.9 16.2 15.9 15.8 16.3 19.3 18.4 17.9 18.7 19.2 19.4 17.8 15.8 17.7 Angola .. 11.7 12.9 3.6 11.2 16.6 4.1 -5.6 25.3 24.0 32.3 .. 14.8 13.6 Benin 15.2 14.2 14.5 13.8 15.4 15.8 19.6 17.1 18.5 17.1 17.8 17.7 12.6 16.4 Botswana 36.8 31.7 30.4 28.6 26.6 26.9 26.9 25.8 23.0 20.6 19.7 32.9 25.0 26.0 Burkina Faso 17.0 20.6 20.6 21.1 20.7 20.6 23.9 26.8 27.3 29.6 27.8 20.2 21.7 23.9 Burundi 13.9 14.5 14.4 15.0 16.3 10.6 9.6 12.1 8.1 8.8 9.1 14.3 15.9 11.8 Cameroon 21.0 17.8 16.7 14.3 16.5 15.3 14.5 15.4 16.2 18.4 19.5 25.1 22.6 16.5 Cape Verde 51.6 22.9 26.2 34.5 39.7 43.4 42.4 38.0 37.4 37.0 37.6 49.1 32.3 35.9 Central African Republic 7.0 12.3 12.4 12.2 10.2 11.7 13.5 4.4 9.0 13.5 14.3 10.5 12.5 11.3 Chad 15.9 6.5 7.5 9.8 16.6 10.3 14.9 14.8 16.0 10.3 11.9 7.9 12.3 Comoros 33.2 19.7 20.3 22.2 20.6 21.0 17.6 13.5 15.5 16.6 14.6 33.4 24.2 18.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 10.0 9.1 5.6 6.9 1.8 7.9 9.4 7.1 7.1 8.1 10.6 12.7 13.7 7 .4 Congo. Republic of 35.8 15.9 20.5 21.6 29.5 54.5 30.8 60.1 22.4 26.7 22.3 36.2 22.4 30.4 C6te d'lvoire 26.5 6.7 7.4 6.9 8.3 12.5 13.5 13.4 16.0 18.2 16.3 23.6 11.8 11.9 Djibouti . .. 14.4 19.1 17.3 11.7 8.6 9.0 9.4 . ... .. 12.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 17.4 50.7 24.2 22.0 74.1 76.3 113.6 65.7 91.6 41.4 13.9 0.0 57.7 Eritrea .. . . 5.4 15.1 17.8 19.3 29.3 40.9 47.2 47.3 . .. 27.8 Ethiopia .. 11.8 9.9 9.2 14.2 15.2 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.2 18.1 13.7 14.7 14.6 Gabon 27.5 21.7 26.5 22.4 22.4 21.9 23.7 23.3 29.6 37.3 28.0 42.9 35.7 25.7 Gambia, The 26.7 22.3 21.9 22.2 21.0 18.1 20.2 21.6 17.2 18.4 17.8 19.7 17.1 20.1 Ghana 5.6 14.4 15.9 12.8 22.2 24.0 20.0 22.2 24.8 23.6 23.2 6.9 10.8 20.3 Guinea .. 17.5 18.1 17.4 17.8 15.4 16.4 16.9 17.1 17.1 17.0 .. 16.1 17.1 Guinea-Bissau 28.2 29.9 31.0 48.4 30.9 21.8 22.3 23.0 21.7 11.3 16.3 23.8 35.6 25.7 Kenya 24.5 19.7 17.9 13.7 17.7 16.4 17.5 16.9 15.4 14.6 13.5 21.1 20.3 16.3 Lesotho 37.0 53.2 65.0 66.6 55.0 55.7 60.5 58.3 53.7 47.0 78.6 30.5 43.3 59.4 Liberia 27.3 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 23.8 9.2 Madagascar 15.0 17.0 8.2 11.3 11.4 10.9 10.9 11.6 11.9 12.5 12.9 10.2 10.9 11.9 Malawi 24.7 19.7 20.2 19.9 15.2 29.1 17.0 11.6 12.2 13.5 14.8 25.3 17.3 17.3 Mali 15.5 23.0 22.8 21.9 21.8 27.3 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 21.2 14.8 20.1 22.5 Mauritania 26.3 20.0 17.9 19.3 20.6 20.7 19.3 18.6 17.6 19.0 17.8 26.7 26.6 19.1 Mauritius 20.7 30.9 28.7 29.3 30.7 32.3 25.8 24.7 28.0 24.4 27.7 25.3 26.6 28.3 Mozambique 5.9 15.6 16.0 15.6 12.7 19.8 22.8 20.9 18.3 23.5 31.3 5.8 10.3 19.7 Namibia 30.5 33.8 18.8 22.0 16.7 23.9 21.2 22.8 17.8 19.9 20.1 23.1 13.6 21.7 Niger 28.1 8.1 7.5 6.9 6.4 10.4 7.3 9.7 10.9 11.3 10.2 18.2 13.7 8.9 Nigeria 21.3 14.7 23.4 21.8 23.3 19.6 16.3 14.2 17.4 28.3 24.2 22.3 15.1 20.3 Rwanda 16.1 14.6 14.0 14.3 14.5 11.7 15.0 15.5 14.9 15.7 14.3 14.8 15.4 14.5 SAo Tome and Principe 34.2 36.0 37.0 38.9 39.3 37.6 38.1 44.2 39.1 44.8 40.0 33.4 30.6 39.5 Senegal 11.7 13.8 12.9 14.8 14.1 18.6 16.7 18.5 18.0 18.6 18.8 13.1 11.8 16.5 Seychelles 38.3 24.6 22.3 21.2 28.7 26.2 30.3 50.9 36.0 37.5 37.5 30.1 23.6 31.5 Sierra Leone 17.7 9.4 10.5 8.2 7.7 8.5 5.6 11.0 -2.4 5.3 0.3 14.5 9.3 6.4 Somalia 42.4 15.5 .. . . . . . . . . 27.1 28.5 15.5 South Africa 23.4 11.8 11.9 12.0 14.0 15.6 18.2 16.9 16.0 16.2 15.7 21.3 14.9 14.8 Sudan 14.7 .. . . . . . . 16.5 17.6 16.7 16.0 13.2 16.9 Swaziland 30.3 19.6 20.6 26.1 26.6 32.1 34.1 30.1 33.9 12.3 12.9 31.6 21.6 24.8 Tanzania .. 26.1 26.3 27.2 25.1 24.6 19.8 16.3 14.9 16.5 17.0 .. 16.8 21.4 Togo 28.4 26.6 17.1 15.7 7.5 15.0 16.1 16.4 14.9 13.6 13.4 29.8 17.1 15.6 Uganda 6.2 12.7 15.2 15.9 15.2 14.7 16.4 16.1 16.1 15.0 16.4 7.2 9.8 15.4 Zambia 23.3 17.3 11.0 11.9 15.0 8.2 15.9 12.8 14.6 16.3 17.5 22.3 14.7 14.1 Zimbabwe 16.9 17.4 19.1 20.2 1 8.0 29.1 23.6 19.1 19.0 19.8 11.5 16.7 16.9 19.7 NORTHlAFRICA 28.2 28.7 26.3 25.4 23.5 23.0 22.9- 20.5 20.9 23.4 24.6 31.1 28.2 23.9 Algeria 39.1 29.3 31.0 30.0 29.2 31.7 32.1 25.1 23.8 27.7 27.4 41.5 30.6 28.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 27.5 28.8 21.2 18.2 16.2 16.6 17.2 16.6 17.7 20.5 22.8 29.9 28.6 19.6 Libya 22.1 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 26.3 Morocco 24.2 25.3 22.6 23.2 22.5 21.3 20.7 19.6 20.7 22.5 24.2 26.5 23.1 22.3 Tunisia 29.4 32.5 32.1 34.3 29.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 26.5 26.9 26.6 31.2 25.0 28.2 ALL AFRICA 22.3 19.1. 18.3 18.1 18.3 19.4 19.7 18.3 18.6 20.5 20.7 23.0 19.8 19.1 Note: 19919 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994. Nigerians ratios are distorted because the ofricial exchasge rate ased by the Governsent for oil exports and oil value added is significantly ov~er- raIued. National Accounts 23 2-9. Gross public investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUJB-SAHARAN AFI~RCA 8.9 6.9 6.4 6.7 5.6 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5 7.9 6.7 8.7 7.1 6.2 excluding South Afiica .. 6.9 6.7 8.1 6.8 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.4 9.9 8.3 .. 6.9 7.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 6.1 5.8 6.6 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.3 Benin .. 7.4 7.4 6.6 7.1 9.3 10.4 7.5 7.5 6.4 6.9 .. 9.1 7.6 Botswana 12.5 .. . . . . . . 14.2 14.3 14.4 12.1 .. 14.3 Burkina Faso .. 4.4 6.3 10.1 8.8 7.8 10.2 12.0 13.9 13.6 15.9 .. 7.6 10.3 Burindi 12.8 12.5 12.0 11.7 12.9 9.0 8.3 10.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 14.0 13.6 9.4 Cameroon 4.4 5.5 4.0 2.7 1.8 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.3 4.7 9.0 2.2 Cape Verde .. 10.3 12.5 26.2 28.2 32.0 27.1 25.0 18.0 15.7 20.3 .. 19.3 21.5 Central African Republic 3.7 4.7 7.2 7.5 6.2 7.2 9.8 1.8 4.0 7.2 6.8 4.7 6.3 6.2 Chad 10.0 4.0 4.5 5.8 7.3 6.3 3.5 5.6 6.4 6.4 2.2 4.8 6.0 Comoros 23.2 5.2 4.6 10.9 7.2 10.4 6.9 6.2 6.6 8.5 7.2 23.3 1 4.2 7.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 5.1 4.0 2.6 2.8 0.9 0.6 4.4 2.5 2.5 2.8 4.0 3.9 4.9 2.7 Congo, Republic of 35.8 5.6 4.7 4.7 7.1 12.8 7.8 10.8 3.4 4.7 6.5 35.5 1I.l 6.8 C6te d'Ivoire 11.4 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.6 5.3 3.6 10.5 4.4 4.1 Djibouti . .. 9.2 9.3 8.2 5.6 3.7 3.9 4.3 . ... .. 6.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.5 13.4 10.1 8.9 4.1 1.9 1.2 4.4 7.5 1.6 .. 0.0 6.3 Eritrea .. . . 3.6 14.1 10.5 11.1 15.4 18.9 23.2 28.2 . .. 15.6 Ethiopia .. 5.7 4.3 3.2 5.0 7.1 7.5 7.5 8.3 7.4 7.1 .. 6.9 6.3 Gabon 5.3 3.9 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.9 9.2 13.4 7.3 15.8 5.9 6.6 Gamnbia, The .. 7.4 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.0 10.0 12.9 8.4 5.9 5.8 13.8 7.6 8.0 Ghana .. 7.5 8.3 10.3 11.1 13.3 14.0 13.2 12.3 11.3 9.8 2.5 7.0 11.1 Guinea .. 9.2 7.0 6.7 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.3 5.9 3.9 4.0 .. 7.4 6.0 Guinea-Bissau . 21.5 23.2 28.4 24.6 20.4 15.2 14.8 15.6 6.2 11.1 .. 29.6 18.1 Kenya 10.1 9.4 8.3 7.1 8.0 8.5 7.4 7.1 6.4 5.6 5.0 8.8 7.6 7.3 Lesotho 31.6 45.3 53.7 55.4 58.0 58.6 52.8 55.7 63.3 71.5 15.6 25.9 36.9 53.0 Madagascar .. 7.9 5.9 7.6 7.8 6.2 6.0 6.7 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.4 7.0 6.5 Malawi 17.5 8.0 8.3 10.2 8.4 15.1 9.4 6.1 7.1 8.7 10.6 13.6 8.2 9.2 Mali .. 10.5 12.1 9.5 9.3 13.7 9.4 9.2 8.2 9.5 9.4 .. 10.2 10.1 Mauritania .. 6.2 3.8 3.4 4.3 4.3 3.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 6.0 .. 7.6 4.9 Mauritius 8.4 11.4 8.2 9.6 7.9 9.1 8.0 9.3 6.5 6.1 5.9 7.9 7.9 8.2 Mozamnbique 7.6 12.0 11.4 12.8 12.3 14.0 12.0 10.3 1.05 9.1 10.4 10.4 8.6 11.5 Namnibia 15.7 8.2 7.6 10.1 8.5 8.6 7.9 8.2 8.7 9.3 4.5 13.9 7.5 8.1 Niger 20.4 7.4 3.7 5.4 4.9 6.6 5.2 4.6 5.8 6.4 6.4 13.8 8.5 5.6 Nigenia .. 10.8 11.4 13.4 10.7 3.6 5.3 5.2 7.1 25.1 17.8 . .. 11.0 Rwanda 12.2 5.9 7.0 10.1 8.5 2.7 8.1 9.1 8.2 6.7 6.2 13.7 10.2 7.3 Sao Tom6 and Principe .. 34.0 27.0 23.9 20.3 26.6 33.1 29.2 22.1 19.8 26.0 .. 27.9 26.2 Senegal 5.5 4.1 4.6 5.2 4.2 5.0 4.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 4.1 4.0 5.3 Seychelles .. 8.2 12.9 9.4 11.2 7.5 6.8 10.2 10.0 1 5.0 15.0 16.3 7.6 10.6 Sierra Leone 6.0 3.5 4.4 4.7 5.3 4.4 3.0 3.3 1.5 4.9 2.4 4.9 3.0 3.7 South Africa 13.0 7.0 6.1 5.2 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.4 4.6 13.0 8.1 5.0 Sudan 6.9 .. . . . . . . 0.6 0.8 1.3 5.6 3.0 0.9 Swaziland 11.8 7.2 12.1 12.2 10.3 9.3 6.3 5.6 4.9 5.5 5.7 13.1 8.8 7.9 Tanzania .. 10.5 8.8 9.2 7.5 6.0 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.1 2.8 .. 3.5 5.7 Togo 20.2 7.3 4.5 3.5 2.3 2.3 3.5 2.8 2.0 4.3 3.1 12.2 10.2 3.6 Uganda .. 6.2 7.4 7.4 6.7 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.6 4.7 .. 4.4 5.8 Zamnbia 4.0 6.2 7.8 6.7 4.5 4.0 5.1 6.0 5.4 9.6 10.5 4.1 4.7 6.6 Zimbabwe 1.8 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.7 4.0 2.9 3.3 3.1 NORT'HAFRICA .. 91 8.2 8.5 9.4 8.4 7.6 6.8 70 7.7 ... 11.0 8.1 Algeria .. 8.2 6.1 6.8 8.7 7.9 7.4 6.8 7.3 7.6 5.9 .. 11.2 7.3 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 10.2 9.2 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.5 5.5 5.6 7.2 7.0 .. 12.6 7.2 Morocco 9.8 8.6 9.6 9.5 11.8 10.l 8.9 6.8 7.1 6.5 .. 13.5 8.8 8.8 Tunisia 15.0 11.0 10.2 12.0 15.3 13.7 12.3 11.3 11.9 11.6 12.0 17.2 11.4 12.1 ALL AFRICA .. 7.6 6.9 7.3 6.9 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.0 7.8 6.8 .. 8.4 6.8 Note: 1999 data are prlinsinary (see page 2). Since 1994. Nigeria'. ratios are distorted becaue the officia1 exchange rate used by the Goveneet for oil exports and oil value added is significantly sver- val.ed. 24 National Accounts 2-10. Gross private investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SU.B-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.3 9.6 10.4 9.5 10.6 11.9 11.7 11.8 11.7 10.9 11.1 9.4 9.2 l0.9 excluding South Africa .. 8.0 10.1 8.8 10.9 12.7 11.7 11.9 11.7 10.8 11.6 7.2 7.9 10.8 exci. S.Aftica &Nigeria .. 8.9 9.7 8.8 10.6 12.0 11.9 12.7 12.0 12.4 12.8 8.5 8.3 11.2 Angola .. 1.7 10.5 0.1 19.8 28.4 21.3 21.7 20.7 22.7 28.2 .. 9.2 17.5 Benin .. 6.0 6.1 6.7 7.9 6.2 6.9 9.1 11.0 10.7 10.9 .. 4.5 8.2 Blotswana 19.1 .. . . . . . . 7.1 4.6 3.5 14.1 .. 5.1 Burkina Faso .. 15.3 14.2 13.2 10.7 14.1 13.0 13.6 13.8 16.0 11.9 .. 13.0 13.6 Burundi 1.1 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.3 Cameroon 15.6 11.9 12.7 11.6 14.7 14.0 13.3 14.9 15.2 16.4 17.1 24.2 12.1 14.2 Cape Verde .. 12.6 14.0 8.2 11.5 11.3 15.3 13.0 19.4 21.3 17.3 .. 7.7 14.4 Central African Republic 3.2 6.7 4.7 4.4 3.3 4.5 3.4 1.6 5.0 6.3 7.5 4.1 5.3 4.8 Chad 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.1 4.4 5.3 5.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 0.3 0.8 4.0 Comoros 5.3 6.7 14.3 9.2 9.8 9.5 9.2 7.3 8.9 8.1 13.5 5.4 5.7 9.6 Congo, Democratic Rep, of 3.7 8.9 3.5 4.3 1.4 7.0 5.3 4.6 4.6 5.3 6.6 5.8 8.3 5.1 Congo,Republic of 0.0 11.6 15.0 15.9 21.8 40.1 21.1 48.2 17.9 20.7 15.0 0.0 11.4 22.7 C6te d'lvoire 13.0 4.9 5.1 4.7 4.1 7.0 8.7 9.6 11.4 12.9 12.7 12.3 7.1 8.1 Djibouti . .. 5.1 9.7 9.1 6.2 4.9 5.1 5.1 . ... .. 6.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 6.9 37.3 14.1 13.1 70.0 74.4 112.4 61.3 84.1 39.8 .. 0.0 51.3 Eritrea .. . . 1.8 1.0 7.3 8.2 13.9 22.0 24.0 19.1 ... 12.2 Ethiopia .. 6.2 5.6 6.0 9.2 8.0 9.0 9.4 8.7 9.8 11.0 .. 8.9 8.3 Gabon 21.4 17.6 20.9 16.7 17.8 15.4 17.6 17.3 20.4 23.9 20.8 24.0 29.8 18.8 Gamnbia, The .. 14.9 14.2 14.4 13.5 11.1 10.2 8.6 8.8 12.5 12.0 7.4 9.5 12.0 Ghana .. 6.9 7.5 2.4 12.7 9.3 7.1 8.1 11.6 11.3 12.1 4.4 3.7 8.9 Guinea .. 8.3 10.0 9.8 10.6 11.1 10.2 11.6 11.2 13.1 13.0 .. 8.7 10.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 8.4 7.8 20.0 6.3 1.4 7.1 8.3 6.1 5.2 5.2 .. 10.0 7.6 Kcnya 8.2 6.8 7.7 6.2 8.9 7.5 9.7 9.2 8.1 8.1 7.6 8.1 7.8 8.0 Lesotbo 4.1 8.0 12.0 10.2 -2.4 -1.5 8.4 2.4 -8.6 -22.1 39.5 5.3 6.2 4.6 _Madagascar. 6.9 4.6 3.7 3.7 4.7 4.9 5.0 6.3 6.9 6.2 2.2 3.9 5.3 Malawi 4.7 8.6 8.7 6.9 4.6 11.6 5.1 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.3 7.0 6.0 5.6 Mali .. 12.4 10.7 12.4 12.5 13.7 13.5 13.7 12.4 11.4 11.8 .. 9.9 12.4 Mauritania .. 13.7 14.1 15.9 16.4 16.4 15.5 12.5 12.0 13.3 11.8 .. 19.0 14.1 Mauritius 14.9 19.2 20.4 18.3 20.6 21.7 16.3 16.7. 20.8 18.3 21.0 15.3 15.0 19.3 Mozambique -1.7 3.6 4.7 2.8 0.4 5.8 10.8 10.7 7.8 14.4 20.9 -4.5 1.7 8.2 Namibia 11.4 13.1 8.6 10.9 13.9 13.1 14.3 15.7 9.7 8.8 16.1 8.3 7.3 12.4 Niger 5.1 4.0 4.1 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.8 4.7 4.8 4.6 3.6 3.6 2.4 3.4 Nigeria .. 3.8 12.0 8.3 12.5 16.0 11.1 8.9 10.3 3.2 6.4 5.2 6.1 9.3 Rwanda 0.0 8.7 7.0 4.2 6.1 9.0 6.9 6.4 6.7 9.0 8.0 0.0 4.7 7.2 Sao Tomd and Principe .. 2.1 10.0 15.0 19.1 11.0 5.0 15.0 17.0 25.0 14.0 .. 1.1 13.3 Senegal 7.7 8.8 9.3 9.2 9.7 11.1 10.2 9.9 11.6 11.7 12.3 7.9 8.4 10.4 Seychelles .. 14.8 8.4 11.5 15.6 17.9 23.6 40.6 25.8 22.5 22.5 5.4 14.9 20.3 Sierra Leone 10.7 5.2 4.0 2.9 2.5 4.0 2.4 7.0 -2.6 0.4 -1.7 8.6 5.9 2.4 South Africa 12.9 12.2 11.0 10.4 10.3 11.0 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.1 10.3 13.9 11.8 11.1 Sudan 3.8 . . . .. . . . 15.9 16.8 15.4 8.0 8.3 16.0 Swaziland 13.3 11.7 7.5 13.0 15.5 21.9 27.0 23.6 28.2 6.2 6.6 17.2 11.5 16.1 Tanzania .. 15.3 17.2 17.8 17.4 18.5 16.2 12.8 11.8 13.3 14.0 8.6 11.7 15.4 Togo 8.0 18.0 13.5 12.5 8.6 9.7 10.1 12.2 11.4 9.5 10.1 8.0 7.6 11.6 Uganda .. 6.5 7.8 8.5 8.5 9.2 10.2 11.3 11.6 10.5 11.7 .. 5.4 9.6 Zambia 17.2 7.2 3.5 3.8 7.0 7.3 7.3 5.2 7.7 5.2 5.4 12.6 4.1 6.0 Zimbabwe 12.3 14.8 17.1 18.6 19.9 18.3 21.9 15.7 15.1 17.9 6.2 13.3 11.7 16.6 NORTH AFRICA .. 17.1 15.9 15.4 13.2 14.0 14.3 13.2 13.9 14.8 15.6 12.2 14.7 14.7 Algeria 22.8 17.6 19.0 19.4 18.4 21.0 22.1 18.1 17.4 19.0 20.0 25.3 16.8 19.2 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 16.7 13.1 10.5 9.2 10.5 10.7 10.5 12.1 12.3 13.0 7.1 13.3 11.9 Morocco 12.4 15.4 12.7 12.8 11.0 10.6 12.5 12.6 13.6 15.8 .. 12.3 12.7 13.0 Tunisia 13.3 19.7 19.9 20.3 12.8 13.3 11.9 11.9 12.7 13.2 13.1 13.2 12.2 14.9 ALL AFRICA 10.1 12.1 12.1 11.3 11.5 12.6 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.3 12.7 11.0 11.1 12.2 Nnte: 1999 data are p,elitei.ary (see page 2). Siece 1994, Nigerias ratios are distorted because the official exchaage rate used by the Govemment for nil exports and nil value added is significantly over- valued. National Accounts 25 2-11. Gross domestic savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25.9 17.9 16.1 12.9 14.0 16.5 16.3 18.1 16.7 16.0 15.8 22.9 19.0 16.0 excluding South Africa 23.0 17.4 15.0 10.1 10.7 15.4 13.7 17.8 16.1 14.6 13.6 21.6 16.9 14.4 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 16.4 15.0 12.2 6.9 8.9 14.3 12.7 13.6 14.1 12.7 12.6 20.3 16.5 12.3 Angola. 29.7 16.2 1.7 9.9 26.1 14.7 23.5 41.0 32.5 53.3 .. 24.0 24.9 Benin -5.1 5.5 5.9 4.2 5.2 9.5 10.0 8.0 9.8 8.3 7.5 0.0 3.0 7.4 Botswana 34.4 37.1 37.7 35.2 36.1 38.9 40.6 43.4 31.8 21.8 14.2 30.2 49.2 33.7 Burkina Faso -5.8 7.7 6.1 7.0 5.9 7.5 8.6 9.1 10.9 12.7 9.8 -1.7 2.4 8.5 Burundi -0.6 -5.4 -4.2 -5.1 -4.7 -7.6 -4.8 2.5 3.9 -2.9 -0.4 4.1 3.3 -2.9 Cameroon 21.7 20.7 22.0 16.5 17.6 17.9 19.5 17.3 19.1 19.9 18-.9 2. 22.9 --19_.0 Cape Verde -24.0 -8.1 -4.2 -3.5 3.7 2.8 2.4 5.8 8.1 7.6 10.4 -19.8 -2.9 2.5 Central African Republic -8.9 -0.6 2.6 -0.4 1.8 6.0 6.2 0.6 3.6 4.5 7.2 -1.6 0.8 3.2 Chad -1.1 -5.9 -6.3 -6.2 -1.4 -1.7 3.3 2.3 4.3 -3.0 2.4 -11.1 -1.6 Comoros -10.1 -3.2 2.1 -1.6 2.9 -5.9 -9.2 -11.4 -12.1 1.6 -5.6 -6.5 -2.5 -4.2 Congo,Democratic Rep.of 10.1 9.3 1.8 6.1 4.0 10.6 14.1 13.4 9.0 9.8 11.1 10.5 13.3 8.9 Congo, Republic of 35.7 23.8 18.6 24.4 23.6 26.6 42.5 79.0 49.1 36.1 48.3 26.1 23.2 37.2 Cdte d'Ivoire 20.4 11.3 10.4 10.7 9.4 22.4 18.9 21.2 22.5 24.8 23.1 24.3 18.4 17.5 Djibouti . .. -10.2 -18.6 -11.0 -11.3 -8.7 -7.5 -6.2 . ... .. -10.5 Equatorial Guinea .. -20.1 -7.2 2.2 -1.0 25.1 27.3 30.7 43.1 19.9 57.9 7.6 -15.0 17.8 Eritrea .. . . -31.3 -24.6 -35.4 -38.6 -31.0 -17.4 _ -24._5__ -21.3.. . -20 Ethiopia .. 7.2 2.7 3.0 5.6 5.4 8.0 2.5 6.5 5.3 2.7 6.4 7.2 4.9 Gabon 60.6 36.9 40.5 34.7 36.7 45.3 47.3 51.0 51.0 39.0 34.8 58.1 32.3 41.7 Gambia, The 5.8 10.7 10.6 9.3 4.0 2.3 0.9 2.1 4.5 2.8 1.7 4.3 7.6 4.9 Ghiana 4.9 5.5 7.3 1.3 6.6 12.6 11.7 14.3 4.4 10.7 6.2 6.3 5.5 8.1 uine .. 17.7 18.0 11.2 11.1 12.1 12.7 12.9 15.0 15.3 15.2 .. 16.4 14.1 Guineea-Biasau - 1.0" 2.8 3.2 3.2 7. 0 3.9 -1.2 1.8 2.8 -9.3 -2.2 -3.0 -0. 1 1.2 Kenya 13.4 14.4 16.9 13.7 23.8 19.6 11.3 13.1 7.8 6.8 6.8 17.0 16.9 13.4 Lesotho -52.0 -51.3 -49.1 -33.9 -45.0 -35.7 -38.4 -36.0 -30.9 -34.6 -28.0 -64.3 -62.3 -38.3 Liberia 27.3 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 23.3 16.4 Madagascar -1.4 6.3 0.7 -3. 2.5 3.4 3.6 6.3 3.7 4.6 4.6 2.0 5.8 3.9 Malawi 10.8 9.7 14.2 0.7 -0.9 -3.0 -0.3 3.0 0.9 6.1 -0.6 15.6 10.0 3.0 Mali 1.1 6.4 6.4 4.4 6.4 7.5 7.8 7.2 10.0 11.2 10.1 0.2 0.1 7.7 Mauritania -3.5 4.9 9.7 4.8 4.7 16.9 8.9 7.2 7.9 5.1 7.2 -5.6 10.3 7.7 Mauritius 10.5 23.6 24.9 26.1 24.5 23.4 23.3 23.8 24.2 23.6 22.7 18.5 25.5 24.0 Mozatobique -10.6 -12.3 -11.2 -17.2 -22.4 -13.9 -1.9 -1.8 0.9 7.2 6.4 -10.4 -10.2 -6.6 Namibia 38.4 18.2 4.0 7.2 5.4 14.0 9.9 11.0 4.7 9.9 9.3 9.7 11.9 9.3 Niger 14.6 1.2 2.8 5.8 3.9 0.0 0.2 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.8 8.4 7.9 2.7 Nigeria 31.4 29.4 29.3 23.5 20.2 20.6 18.4 34.9 24.6 23.4 18.4 21.5 17.7 24.3 Rwanda 4.2 6.2 3.3 1.6 -0.9 -46.8 -5.8 -4.3 -2.8 -1.8 -0. 1 6.8 5.3 -5.1 Sto Tom6 and Principe -14.9 -29.2 -21.7 -28.1 -27.6 -21.4 -37.9 -25.8 -26.6 2.0 -9.3 -9.0 -14.8 -22.5 Senegal -5.0 8.9 5.9 7.4 5.5 11.9 11.1 12.8 12.3 12.8 12.4 1.1 3.8 10.1 Seychelles 27.1 20.3 18.7 17.6 18.4 22.1 23.5 39.6 22.3 20.3 19.9 21.9 30.1 22.3 Sierra Leone 2.9 8.3 8.1 6.3 3.3 3.4 -1.8 -3.7 -4.3 -1.9 -6.0 4.7 5.7 1.2 Somalia -12.9 -12.5 .. . . . . . . . . -11.4 5.6 -12.5 South Africa 31.4 17.6 16.9 16.1 17.6 17.9 19.1 18.3 17.1 17.4 18.2 24.4 22.0 17.6 Sudan 2.1 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 5.8 7.9 Swaziland 6.5 20.4 18.2 18.6 26.3 26.0 29.0 18.8 19.5 19.2 21.1- 16.0 17.7 21.7 Tanzania .. 1.3 3.0 0.3 -4.6 1.6 2.4 4.3 5.0 2.4 2.2 11.0 7.1 1.8 Togo 23.2 14.7 9.0 6.5 -0.2 11.3 11.2 7.8 6.6 2.5 3.6 21.4 7.6 7.3 Uganda -0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.1 4.3 7.4 4.6 8.0 5.6 4.9 4.1 3.0 3.8 Zambia 19.3 16.6 8.4 0.0 9.0 7.4 12.2 .5.3 9.4 3.9 -1.1 18.9 14.9 7.1 Zimbabwe 13.8 17.4 15.8 11.0 16.3 27.2 20.9 19.3 12.0 18.1 11.0 15.2 19.0 16.9 NORTH AFRICA 40.3 21.8__ 23.7 22.5 19.4 17.4 17.3 18.2 19.5 18.4 20.0 35.4 2. 19~.8 Al ge'ria 43.1 27.5 - 3.7 -32.4 27.8 27.0 28.4 31.4 32.2 27.1 31.7 38.9 30.8 30.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 15.2 16.1 13.2 15.4 13.2 11.4 12.2 10.8 13.0 14.0 14.4 15.4 15.7 13.4 Libya 56.9 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 46.5 Morocco 12.9 15.7 14.7 13.1 13.4 12.3 11.0 12.0 13.5 14.2 15.3 13.0 14.5 13.5 Tunisia 24.0 .20.0 21.0 22.3 21.3 22.2 20.4 . .. 22.1 19.1 21.2 ALL AFRICA 29.9 19.2 18.5 16.0 15.9 16.8 16.7 18.1 17.7 16.9 17.3 26.3 21.2 17.3 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (seepage 2) Sincelt994, Nigeria's ratios are distortedb--eauetiheofficiat exchangerate..sedby theGtovc~e.set for.nit-epor..adoit alae.added issignificoartly.ove- valued. 26 National Accounts 2-12. Gross national savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 22.0 13.5 12.3 9.7 10.7 13.5 12.9 14.7 13.8 13.3 12.1 19.8 15.7 12.6 excluding South Africa 18.6 12.8 10.7 6.3 6.8 11.5 9.3 13.8 13.0 11.9 9.2 19.0 13.8 I0.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 12.4 11.4 8.7 3.8 5.5 11.2 8.6 9.6 10.6 10.4 8.5 17.5 14.0 8.8 Angola .. 9.0 -2.8 -35.8 -25.6 -20.0 -35.5 -20.2 -0.4 -17.5 -9.2 .. 13.7 -15.8 Benin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 Botswana 36.3 37.7 43.9 40.7 45.0 35.5 39.3 44.4 33.6 24.0 15.0 34.0 44.4 35.9 Burkina Faso .. 16.9 13.9 14.9 14.8 18.7 18.2 16.9 17.2 19.5 15.2 . .. 16.6 Burundi 4.6 3.4 6.3 4.2 7.9 9.0 9.2 7.7 8.8 2.6 4.0 5.6 7.9 6.3 Cameroon ~~~~ ~~~6.3 16.1 16.3 12.4 11.3 11.2 13.6 11.2 13.4 15.7 15.1 13.4 20.6 13.6 Cape Verde 16.4 17.6 21.4 29.3 31.7 31.4 25.6 25.3 23.8 24.1 26.9 4.7 21.6 25.7 Central African Republic 1.6 -0.4 4.5 0.1 1.8 6.1 6.3 -1.5 3.3 5.2 7.1 6.5 4.2 3.3 Chad -7.7 -0.1I -0. 1 -4.6 6.1 1.9 6.5 5.4 6.7 -2.6 6.9 -3.7 1.2 Comoros 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 156.2 0.0 0.0 15.6 Congo, Democratic Rep, of 6.1 0.3 -7.4 4.9 -4.5 -2.6 -1.4 -1.3 -4.6 -0.3 5.1 7.2 4.6 -1.2 Congo, Republic of 26.2 6.8 2.2 11.5 9.7 16.6 5.6 33.8 5.1 7.9 12.6 19.8 16.4 11.2 C6te dilvoire .. -6.0 -5.5 -4.9 -6.2 8.5 4.4 7.9 10.7 13.6 13.2 15.7 5.1 3.6 Djibouti . .. -4.9 -16.1 -3.4 -5.6 -1.5 -0.5 -0.5 .. . . . 4.6 Equatorial Guinea .. -22.0 -13.6 -3.4 -3.5 22.5 23.6 10.1 27.6 9.5 41.8 .. -12.3 9.3 Eritrea .. . . 27.6 43.3 57.8 22.9 32.5 63.2 29.8 34.4 . .. 38.9 Ethiopia .. 9.6 6.3 8.8 9.7 10.7 14.9 9.2 9.0 9.7 6.6 7.9 9.5 9.5 Gabon 47.8 24.2 28.2 18.4 21.4 29.9 29.0 32.3 34.5 24.0 19.0 48.1 21.8 26.1 Gambia, The .. 5.3 9.5 11.4 . 4.8 3.9 4.9 8.6 8.5 7.0 7.5 3.4 7.1 Ghana 4.5 7.0 8.8 3.6 -1.6 15.5 13.7 16.2 10.5 18.8 12.5 5.9 5.8 10.5 Guinea .. 10.4 10.6 4.7 6.1 7.6 7.9 9.3 10.9 11.0 11.0 .. 8.7 9.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 15.3 6.8 10.6 9.8 9.4 4.7 6.6 7.0 -4.3 3.3 -635.9 -108.1 6.9 Kenya 10.7 l1.1 13.0 9.7 18.3 16.2 11.8 15.0 10.3 10.2 10.6 13.9 14.0 12.6 Lesotho -11.4 -8.8 2.0 15.6 1.4 27.8 29.5 29.9 29.7 16.9 21.9 -34.1 -19.0 16.6 Madagascar ~~~~ ~~-2.4 -9.2 0.1 3.9 3.6 1.4 1.2 5.4 6.4 5.3 6.9 1.7 5.6 4.4 Malawi 6.6 16.0 10.6 -0.7 -1.5 -5.0 -4.0 0.4 -1.4 2.2 -3.9 14.4 10.4 1.3 Mali 1.9 15.1 16.6 14.3 14.9 19.1 13.7 12.8 13.0 13.6 12.7 1.0 7.5 14.6 Mauritania -12.8 11.0 4.3 5.7 0.4 13.1 6.8 5.7 8.1 6.6 8.5 -15.5 20.4 7.0 Mauritius 8.4 26.1 28.2 29.3 27.7 25.6 25.5 25.6 26.5 25.2 23.6 17.4 26.7 26.3 rvio -mbique -9.9 -18.1 -17.5 -26.6 -30.9 -22.8 -9.6 -7.7 -4.3 1.7 -3.5 -10.9 -15.5 -13.9 Nanmibia 26.9 35.0 23.0 23.7 20.9 26.7 26.7 ~ 6.5 20.6 25.3 24.5 20.4 16.5 25.3 Niger 13.0 -1.2 1.1 4.5 2.5 -1.9 -2.5 1.7 1.9 1.3 2.2 6.1 3.9 1.0 Nigeria 27.4 22.5 23.2 20.1 10.0 11.1 28.4 29.6 12.0 18.6 12.8 19.1 11.4 18.8 Rwanda 13.3 11.3 12.3 6.6 3.4 4.7 13.9 10.5 7.0 7.4 6.8 15.5 8.8 8.4 S8o Tom8 and Principc -8.1 -39.2 -31.5 -36.5 -35.9 -25.6 -48.7 -35.1 -35.8 -9.0 -18.0 -5.7 -20.8 -31.5 -Senegal -7.4 6.0 2.9 5.8 2.3 11.7 10.1 12.2 11.6 12.4 11.5 -2.8 -0.6 8.6 Seychelles .. 21.7 20.2 19.5 19.6 21.8 21.6 40.1 23.3 19.0 18.2 0.0 .. 22.5 Sierra Leone 2.6 -2.3 -1.5 -10.5 -7.6 -7.9 -4.6 -3.9 -4.9 -3.3 -6.0 4.2 3.3 -5.2 South Africa 27.3 13.7 13.8 13.5 15.1 15.6 16.8 15.6 14.5 14.6 15.3 20.2 18.1 14.8 Sudan 4.6 . . . . . .. . .. . .. 8.0 8.0 Swaziland 20.9 39.1 38.4 41.3 46.9 39.2 46.3 39.0 41.1 39.8 43.5 27.7 31.5 41.5 Tanzania .. 5.9 3.9 4.2 4.9 6.6 -1.2 4.2 4.0 6.1 2.2 13.8 21.5 4.1 Togo 27.2 18.2 12.2 8.7 0.6 8.6 10.7 8.3 7.3 3.3 4.3 24.8 9.4 8.2 Uganda -1.0 0.6 1.4 2.1 3.0 10.4 12.1 10.8 12.8 13.4 10.5 -13.4 3.8 7.7 Zambia 9.3 6.9 -4.2 -10.6 0.7 -0.2 4.6 -1.5 3.7 -3.6 -1.7 9.5 0.3 -0.6 Zimbabwe 10.3 15.7 13.8 11.3 15.9 27.1 20.7 18.6 10.0 15.5 6.7 11.2 17.0 15.5 NORTH AFRICA 36.9 19.3 20.2 19.6 16.5 14.4 14.5 19.8 21.7 21.1 22.5 31.8 20.3 19.0 Algeria 40.8 26.6 34.6 31.0 26.6 26.3 25.8 28.3 30.4 25.7 29.1 37.4 30.6 28.4 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 30.9 14.7 26.2 21.4 17.2 18.8 16.3 19.7 16.8 20.3 . .. 20.2 Libya 53.5 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 39.8 Morocco 16.6 21.1 19.2 18.5 18.0 15.9 14.2 14.9 16.2 17.7 22.0 17.2 18.2 17.8 Tunisia 25.0 22.2 21.5 21.4 19.3 20.4 19.3 . .. . .. 22.5 18.9 20.7 ALL AFRICA 26.6 16.8 17.1 14.5 14.6 15.3 14.9 16.5 16.6 16.2 16.0 23.5 19.0 15.9 Note. 1999 data are p,eli.inary (see page 2). Since 1994. Nigeria's ratios are distorted becasse the official exchange rate ssed by the Government for oil e"ports and oil valse added in significantly over- valued National Accounts 27 2-13. Resource balance Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MRfI SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.7 1.9 0.2 -1.1 -1.6 -1.1 -1.3 1.6 -0.9 -3.0 -2.6 -1.7 0.5 -0.8 excluding South Africa 0.5 -0.5 -3.1 -5.1 -6.1 -4.3 -3.3 1.8 -2.5 -6.1 -6.2 -3.6 -2.7 -3.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -5.5 -3.3 -4.6 -6.7 -6.6 -5.3 -4.4 -2.7 -4.7 -6.3 -6.3 -4.8 -3.7 -5.1 Angola .. 18.0 3.2 -1.9 -1.3 9.5 10.7 29.1 15.7 8.4 21.0 .. 9.1 11.2 Benin -20.3 -8.7 -8.6 -9.5 -10.1 -6.2 -9.6 -9.1 -8.7 -8.8 -9.6 -17.8 -9.5 -8.9 Botswana -2.4 5.3 7.3 6.6 9.5 12.0 13.7 17.6 8.8 1.2 -5.5 -2.8 24.2 7.6 Burkina Faso -22.9 -12.9 -14.5 -14.1 -14.8 -13.1 -15.3 -17.7 -16.5 -16.9 -18.1 -21.8 -19.3 -15.4 Burundi -14.5 -19.9 -18.6 -20.1 -21.0 -18.2 -14.4 -9.6 -4.2 -11.6 -9.6 -10.2 -12.6 -14.7 Camneroon 0.8 2.9 5.4 2.2 1.1 2.6 5.0 2_.0 2 .9 1.5 -0.5 -2.0 0.3 2.5 Cape Verde -75.6 -31.0 -30.4 -38.0 -36.0 -40.5 -40.0 -32.2 -29.4 -29.4 -27.1 -68.9 -35.2 -33.4 Central African Republic -15.9 -12.9 -9.8 -12.6 -8.3 -5.7 -7.3 -3.7 -5.4 -9.0 -7.1 -12.0 -11.7 -8.2 Chad -11.9 -15.5 -12.4 -13.7 -16.0 -18.2 -12.0 -11.6 -12.5 -11.7 -13.4 -10.3 -19.0 -13,7 Comoros -43.2 -22.9 -18.2 -23.8 -17.7 -26.9 -26.8 -24.9 -27.6 -15.0 -14.6 -39.8 -26.7 -21.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.1 0.3 -3.7 -0.8 2.2 2.7 4.8 6.3 1.9 1.8 0.5 -2.2 -0.4 _1.6 Congo. Republic of -0. 1 7.9 -1.9 2.8 -5.9 -27.9 11.6 18.9 26.7 9.4 7.4 -10.2 0.8 4.9 C6te dlvoire -6.2 4.6 3.0 3.8 1.1 9.8 5.4 7.7 6.5 6.6 6.8 0.7 6.6 5.5 Djibouti . .. -24.6 -37.6 -28.2 -23.0 -17.2 -16.5 -15.6 ... . . 23.3 Equatorial Guinea .. -37.4 -57.9 -22.0 -23.0 -49.0 -49.0 -82.8 -22.5 '-71.7 16.5 -6.3 -28.6 -39.9 Eritrea . .. -36.6 -39.7 -53.1 -57.8 -60.3 _-5 8.3 -71.7 --68.7 ... 55.8 Ethiopia .. -4.6 -7.2 -6.2 -8.6 -9.8 -8.5 -14.4 -10.5 -11.9 -15.4 -7.4 -7.5 -9.7 Gabon 33.1 15.2 14.0 12.3 14.2 23.4 23.6 27.6 21.4 1.7 6.8 15.2 -3.4 16.0 Gambia, The -20.9 -11.7 -11.3 -12.9 -17.0 -15.9 -19.2 -19.5 -12.7 -15.6 -16.1 -15.4 -9.5 -15.2 Ghana -0.7 -9.0 -8.6 -11.5 -15.6 -11.3 -8.3 -7.9 -20.4 -12.8 -16.9 -0.6 -5.3 -12.2 Guinea .. 0.2 -0. 1 -6.2 -6.7 -3.3 -3.7 -4.0 -2.2 -1.8 -1.8 . . 0.2 -3.0 Guinea-Bissau -29.2 -27.1 -27.8 -45.2 -23.8 -17.9 -23.5 -21.3 -18.8 -20.6 -18.5 -27.2 -35.6 -24.5 Kenya -11.1 -5.3 -1.0 0.0 6.0 3.2 -6.2 -3.8 -7.5 -7.7 -6.7 -4.1 -3.5 -2.9 Leaotho -89.1 -104.5 -114.1 -100.5 -100.0 -91.4 -98.9 -94.3 -84.5 -81.6 -76.5 -94.8 -105.6 -94.6 Liberia 0.0 . .. . . . ..... .. -0.5 7.2 Mla~dagascar -16.4 -10.7 -7.5 -7.9 -5. 75 -7.3 -5.3 -82 7. -.982 -5179 Malawi -14.0 -10.1 -6.0 -19.2 -16.1 -32.1 -17.4 -8.6 -11.3 -7.4 -15.4 -9.7 -7.2 -14.4 Mali -14.4 -16.6 -16.4 -17.4 -15.4 -19.9 -15.1 -15.7 -10.6 -9.7 -11.1 -14.6 -20.0 -14.8 Mauritania -29.8 -15.1 -8.2 -14.5 -15.9 -3.8 -10.4 -11.5 -9.7 -13.9 -10.6 -32.3 -16.2 -11.3 Mauritiut -10.3 -7.2 -3.8 -3.3 -6.2 -8.9 -2.5 -0.9 -3.9 -0.9 -5.0 -6.8 -1.1 -4.2 Mozambique -16.5 -27.9 -27.3 -32.8 -35.1 -33.7 -24.7 -22.7 -17.4 -16.3 -24.9 -16.2 -20.5 -26.3 Namibia 7.8 -15.6 -14.8 -14.8 -11.4 -9.9 -11.3 -11.9 -13.1 -9.9 -10.8 -13.4 -1.7 -12.4 Niger -13.5 -6.9 -4.7 -1.1 -2.5 -10.3 -7.2 -6.5 -7.6 -8.6 -6.4 -9.8 -5.8 -6.2 Nigeria 10.2 14.6 5.9 1.7 -3.1 1.0 2.1 20.7 7.2 -4.9 -5.8 -0.8 2.6 3.9 Rwanda -11.9 -8.5 -10.7 -12.6 -15.4 -58.5 -20.8 -19.8 -17.7 -17.5 -15.6 -8.0 -10.1 -19.7 Slo Tome and Principe -49.1 -65.3 -58.6 -67.0 -66.9 -59.1 -76.0 -70.0 -65.7 -42.8 -49.3 -42.4 -45.3 -62.1 Senegal -16.7 -4.9 -6.9 -7.4 -8.6 -6.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -6.4 -12.0 -8.0 -6.4 Seychelles -11.2 -4.3 -3.6 -3.6 -10.3 -4.0 -6.8 -11.3 -13.7 -17.2 -17.6 -8.3 6.5 -9.2 Siefra Leone -14.8 -1.2 -2.4 -1.9 -4.5 -5.1 -7.4 -14.7 -1.9 -7.2 -6.3 -11.5 -3.6 -5.3 Somalia -55.3 -28.0 .. . . . .. .. . -38.5 -22.9 -28.0 South Africa 8.0 5.8 5.0 4.0 3.7 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.2 2.5 3.0 7.1 2.8 Sudan -12.6 . . . . ... ...... -10.2 -5.0 S_waziland -23.8 0.8 -2.4 -7.5 -0.3 -6.1d -5.2 4-113 4-14.5 6-.9 8.2 -15.6 -3.9 -3.1 Tanzania .. -24.8 -23.4 -26.9 -29.7 -23.0 -17.4 -12.0 -9.9 -14.1 -14.8 -8.5 -15.3 -19.6 Togo -5.3 -11.9 -8.1 -9.2 -7.7 -3.7 -5.0 -8.6 -8.4 -11.1 -9.8 -8.4 -9.6 -8.3 Uganda -6.6 -12.1 -14.5 -15.5 -14.1 -10.4 -9.0 -11.5 -8.1 -9.4 -11.5 -3.1 -6.8 -11.6 Zambia -4.0 -0.7 -2.6 -11.9 -6.0 -0.8 -3.8 -7.5 -5.2 -12.5 -18.6 -3.4 0.3 -7.0 Zimbabwe -3.2 0.1 -3.3 -9.3 -1.7 -1.9 -2.7 0.2 -6.9 -1.7 -0.4 -1.5 2.1 -2.8 NORTH-IAFRICA 7.9 -2.0 3.2 2.6 1.2 -0.5 -0.2 2.8 3.9 -0.5 0.0 0.7 -1.3 1.1 Algeria 4.0 -1.8 5.6 2.3 -1.4 -4.7 -3.7 6.3 8.4 -0.6 4.3 -2.7 0.2 1.5 Egypt, Arab Republic -12.4 -12.7 -8.0 -2.8 -3.0 -5.2 -5.0 -5.8 -4.7 -6.5 -8.4 -14.5 -12.9 -6.2 Libya 34.8 . . . . ... ...... 20.1 Morocco -11.3 -9.6 -7.9 -10.1 -9.0 -9.1 -9.7 -7.6 -7.2 -8.3 -8.9 -13.5 -8.7 -8.7 Tunisia -5.4 -7.0 -5.0 -6.9 -7.5 -3.0 -4.1 -1.6 -2.5 -3.2 -2.2 -7.0 -3.4 -4.3 ALL AFRICA 3.7 0.3 0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.3 1.7 0.4 -2.4 -2.0 -1.5 -0.3 -. Note. 1999 data are preliminar (see page 2). Since 1994. Nigerias ratios are distorted becauase the official exchange rate ated by the Glovermmeat for nit exports and oit value added is tignificantly over- valued. 28 National Accounts 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of US. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 81,096 78,795 74,434 78,628 72,020 77,864 91,668 103,195 102,607 91,104 96,521 51,982 58,812 86,68 excluding South Afiica 52,934 51,579 47,507 50,875 44,022 47,808 57,021 68,033 66,171 56,771 63,333 34,400 36,372 55,312 excl. S.Afiica &Nigeria 32,811 39,241 37,416 37,042 34,003 38,005 44,645 51,062 49,915 46,186 50,661 25,324 30,948 42,818 Angola .. 3,992 3,690 3,976 2,849 3,465 3,652 6,288 5,237 3,666 g,334 .. 2,613 4,515 Benin 323 402 459 388 478 411 544 559 532 537 516 244 395 483 Botswana 562 2,087 2,091 1,998 1,960 2,124 2,435 2,657 2,210 1,705 1,650 432 1,371 2,092 Burkina Faso 173 352 337 202 237 244 306 276 267 361 292 126 214 287 Burundi 8 1 89 116 95 88 95 129 5 1 96 7 1 63 86 125 89 Cameroon 1,898 2,251 2,487 2,342 2,032 1,734 2,045 2,048 2,306 2,306 2,243 1,615 2,226 2,179 Cape Verde 19 43 39 43 48 61 94 112 132 124 135 18 39 83 Central Afiican Republic 201 220 176 165 182 205 229 185 196 170 178 145 194 191 Chad 175 234 224 209 195 189 321 281 286 314 260 143 173 251 Comoros I 36 49 48 53 38 46 42 38 49 50 15 29 45 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2,371 2,758 1,852 1,369 1,017 1,620 1,805 1,650 1,463 1,656 1,937 1,691 2,105 1,713 Congo, Republic of 1,024 1,502 1,228 1,257 849 1,115 1,366 1,737 1,738 1,442 1,728 782 996 1,396 C6te dIlvoire 3,561 3,421 3,149 3,559 2,991 3,291 4,109 5,014 4,777 4,901 4,967 2,701 3,301 4,018 Djibouti . .. 249 201 233 215 200 200 207 . ... .. 215 Equatorial Guinea .. 4 2 5 8 7 1 201 502 464 712 34 39 224 Eritrea . .. 88 139 144 171 200 203 109 66 . .. 140 Ethiopia .. 535 304 251 521 489 786 785 1,012 1,037 894 560 640 661 Gabon 2,770 2,740 2,554 2,577 2,136 2,585 2,851 3,489 3,199 2,119 1,964 1,877 1,603 2,621 Gambia, The 103 190 202 219 213 182 172 183 185 213 199 77 117 196 Ghana 376 993 1,120 1,105 1,068 1,225 1,582 2,224 2,231 2,531f 2,606 336 850 1,668 Guinea .. 870 694 637 640 763 766 737 771 820 763 .. 660 746 Guinea-Bissau 14 24 26 1 1 21 39 30 28 56 30 56 12 16 32 Kenya 2,030 2,206 2,227 2,149 2,244 2,647 2,948 3,019 2,972 2,849 2,600 1,533 1,779 2.586 Lesotho 91 103 107 151 171 181 199 231 283 239 222 55 70 189 Liberia 614 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 508 466 Madagascar 539 512 480 496 516 656 762 819 773 801 921 415 406 674 Malawi 307 447 513 418 334 350 424 518 586 578 490 258 293 466 Mali 263 415 442 439 424 406 521 525 646 644 650 175 290 511 Mauritania 261 465 498 448 413 431 525 516 430 399 370 255 455 449 Mauritius 579 1,724 1,780 1,912 1.899 2,018 2,370 2,801 2,588 2,739 2,708 471 1,092 2,254 Mozamnbique 383 205 279 271 278 317 363 345 383 410 465 275 155 332 Namnibia 1,712 1,220 1,324 1,481 1,522 1,579 1,734 1,741 1,724 1,605 1,620 1,210 1,078 1,555 Niger 617 372 327 393 251 258 323 337 303 369 322 397 385 326 Nigeria 18,859 12,366 10,165 13,816 10,062 9,881 12,449 16,995 16,286 10,722 12,796 8,898 5,563 12,554 Rwanda 168 145 140 113 102 47 67 83 144 110 109 144 179 106 Sao Tomd and Principe 20 9 1 1 10 I I 1 2 1 1 II1 12 12 16 13 I 1 1 Senegal 803 1,450 1,358 1,404 1,204 1,272 1,544 1,588 1,488 1,538 1,534 775 1,035 1,438 Seychelles 100 230 219 243 257 250 271 317 365 376 386 77 157 291 Sierra Leone 276 215 213 215 187 166 163 164 112 95 93 203 175 162 Somalia 200 90 .. . . . . . . . . 142 64 90 South Africa 28,267 27,327 26,997 27,844 28,025 30,090 34,702 35,307 36,549 34,384 33,321 17,752 22,450 31,454 Sudan 806 .. .. . . . .. .. . . 782 838 Swaziland 404 660 709 761 838 837 1,052 999 1,075 1,239 1,305 290 444 947 Tanzania .. 538 509 573 766 930 1,265 1,295 1,211 1,099 1,163 581 395 935 Togo 580 545 536 456 301 300 425 453 494 453 425 401 498 439 Uganda 242 312 248 250 227 349 679 724 826 697 726 563 483 504 Zamnbia 1,608 .1,180 1,169 1,149 1,046 1,205 1,252 1,024 1,178 865 701 1,138 946 1,077 Zimbabwe 1,561 2,009 2,064 1,838 2,016 2,384 2,721 3,116 3,227 2,911 2,537 1,211 1,631 2,482 NORTHl AFRICA 46,358 45,643 46,420 48,382 47,310 46,567 53,417 57,850 60,743 54,028 58,554 31,029 31,483 51,891 Algeria 14,541 14,425 13,346 12,195 10,880 9,966 11,330 14,156 14,660 10,828 13,233 10,568 9,996 12,502 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,992 8,647 10,284 12,150 13,071 11,904 13,506 13,650 15,251 13,932 14,285 5,294 6,161 12,668 Libya 23,523 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 13,757 Morocco 2,827 5,005 5,092 4,964 4,791 5,227 6,257 6,316 6,274 6,348 6,588 2,398 3,399 5,686 Tunisia 3,518 5,353 5,278 6,127 5,909 7,010 8,031 8,249 8,304 8,464 8,780 2,441 3,504 7,150 ALL AFRICA 123,355 122,839 118,721 124,881 116,808 122,579 143,173 159,329 161,028 143,052 152,622 80,473 89,580 136,503 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 29 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of U. S dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73,736 73,199 73,840 82,011 76,626 80,910 95,814 97,813 105,634 100,909 105,133 55,273 57,744 89,189 excluding South Africa 52,019 52,581 53,098 59,758 53,630 54,110 62,573 64,646 70,981 68,414 75,533 39,624 40,830 61,532 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 39,574 44,494 44,640 46,444 42,902 44,507 50,735 55,090 57,316 56,178 60,699 30,493 36,097 50.300 Angola .. 2,147 3,299 4,088 2,915 3,079 3,099 4,099 4,032 3,121 6,540 .. 1,895 3,642 Benin 608 563 621 543 692 505 736 761 719 740 748 433 531 663 Botswana 589 1,887 1,805 1,724 1,562 1,597 1,765 1,792 1,766 1,646 1,982 439 876 1,753 Burkina Faso 564 709 743 483 540 488 666 725 660 797 759 413 596 657 Burundi 214 314 333 312 285 263 273 137 136 174 131 175 267 236 Camneroon 1,847 1,931 1,820 2,087 1,904 1,532 1,646 1,867 2,041 2,176 2,289 1,696 2,209 1,929 Cape Verde 100 148 146 192 179 227 290 273 281 282 292 77 113 231 Central African Republic 327 411 314 346 290 253 311 225 250 264 253 220 327 292 Chad 298 503 458 467 429 403 493 467 475 510 465 240 404 467 Comoros 64 93 94 111 99 88 103 95 91 79 78 60 75 93 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2,353 2,730 2,192 1,438 818 1,424 1,504 1,281 1,350 1,533 1,902 1,916 2,141 1I617 Congo, Republic of 1,026 1,282 1,280 1,176 962 1,609 1,074 1,257 1,118 1,258 1,563 872 963 1,258 C6te dIlvoire 4,190 2,927 2,832 3,136 2,874 2,538 3,570 4,188 4,086 4,161 4,204 2,714 2,742 3,452 Djibouti . .. 361 378 366 327 284 282 285 . ... .. 326 Equatorial Guinea .. 92 118 92 93 132 171 416 614 791 597 49 72 312 Eritrea . .. . 248 301 415 503 58-0 585 596 509 . . 467 Ethiopia .. 851 686 595 1,059 969 1,276 1,652 1,683 1,815 1,883 973 1,191 1,247 Gabon 1,354 1,837 1,798 1,890 1,513 1,603 1,679 1,904 2,037 2,041 1,669 1,338 1,717 1,797 Gambia, The 153 227 237 263 275 239 246 260 237 278 262 108 140 252 Ghana 407 1,522 1,685 1,845 2,000 1,842 2,119 2,776 3,648 3,490 3,923 360 1,124 2,485 Guinea .. 864 697- 841 86 875 90 895 -855 -887 892-8 - .. 658 -851 Guinea-Bissau 46 90 97 113 78 81 89 86 107 72 96 48 75 91 Kenya 2,837 2,661 2,307 2,152 1,943 2,420 3,512 3,366 3,770 3,737 3,313 1,791 2,063 2,918 Lesotho 475 754 883 982 989 946 1,121 1,117 1,148 956 891 371 508 979 Liberia 614 . .. . .. . .. . . . .. 514 387 Madagascar 1,202 842 681 7_33 817 8_978 994 1,031 1,064 1,097 1,215 691 542 935 Malawi 480 629 646 764 667 730 672 727 873 706 770 352 392 718 Mali 520 817 838 935 836 756 894 936 910 901 939 364 635 876 Mauritania 473 619 591 620 563 470 636 643 536 538 471 463 591 569 Mauritius 695 1,915 1,887 2,017 2,098 2,330 2,468 2,839 2,745 2,773 2,923 541 1,122 2,399 Mozambique ~~~~965 906 959 913 1,017 1,080 955 1,004 994 1,4 144 3 11 ,3 Natnibia 1,542 1,584 1,691 1,899 1,820 1,875 2,100 2,112 2,149 1,908 1,954 1,452 1,127 1,909 Niger 957 545 436 418 291 420 457 466 444 547 452 569 495 448 Nigeria 12,324 8,203 8,559 13,248 10,719 9,646 11,858 9,688 13,677 12,291 14,832 8,996 4,898 11,272 Rwanda 307 364 345 372 404 488 334 362 475 464 414 237 397 402 SAo Tom6 and Principe 41 42 44 41 42 41 46 42 41 30 40 27 33 41 Senegal 1,302 1,728 1,740 1,851 1,668 1,515 1,797 1,5 173 1,804 1,842 1,070 1,340 1,753 Seychelles 117 246 233 259 306 270 306 375 438 468 483 89 141 338 Sierra Leone 449 225 232 228 222 213 228 303 128 143 135 319 215 206 Somalia 534 346 .. . . . . . . . . 400 296 346 South Africa 21,838 20,886 21,014 22,585 23,232 26,965 33,385 33,340 34,879 32,733 30,009 15,866 17,053 27,903 Sudan 1,763 .. . . . .. . . . .. . 1,606 1,637 Swaziland 543 653 730 834 840 901 1,117 -.1,138 1,265 1,155 1,205 371 458 984 Tanzaiia . 1,595 1,667 1,811 2,031 1,968 2,181 2,075 1,974 2,314 2,457 1,058 1,061 2,007 Togo 640 738 665 612 396 337 490 579 619 610 563 471 609 561 Uganda 324 834 729 694 682 763 1,199 1,417 1.335 1,335 1,467 625 873 1,046 Zambia 1,764 1,203 1,258 1,527 1,244 1,232 1,383 1,271 1,381 1,268 1,287 1,249 941 1,305 Zimbabwe 1,771 2,002 2,348 2,463 2,130 2,516 2,912 3,100 3,829 3,027 2,560 1,342 1,481 2,689 NORTHI AFRICA 36,512 48,884 41,933 44,430 45,400 47,363 53,714 52,348 52,882 55,037 58,464 29,786 33,350 50,046 Algeria 12,847 15,529 10,738 1 1,0T48 11,557 11,940 12,861 11,197 1060 1,1 116 1,16 9,83 i11,80 Egypt, Arab Republic 9,822 14,109 13,234 13,325 14,488 14,604 16,544 17,562 18,820 19,274 21,734 8,159 10,934 16,369 Libya 11,167 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 8,634 Morocco 4,951 7,492 7,289 7,827 7,208 7,978 9,463 9,110 8,665 9,312 9,699 4,196 4,945 8,404 Tunisia 3,987 6,220 5,926 7,201 7,007 7,480 8,766 8,553 8,771 9,104 9,237 2,950 3,813 7,826 AILLAFRICA 108,622 121,606 115,719 126,512 121,847 128,121 149,497 150,286 158,881 156,018 163,603 84,104 91,008 139,209 Note t999 data ar p,efitainay (see page 2). 30 National Accounts 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-A4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 66,576 77,669 77,144 79,360 80,072 85,091 91,487 101,789 105,490 107,428 108,003 0.9 2.8 4.4 excluding South Africa 42,559 49,693 49,178 50,689 49,984 53,713 56,840 63,953 65,550 66,573 67,137 1.0 2.8 4.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 28,974 40,227 39,260 40,440 40,140 43,160 44,464 50,125 51,561 51,880 54,307 2.3 2.9 3.8 Angola 1,969 2,614 2,052 4,425 2,643 3,878 3,652 4,658 4,081 3,045 3,203 .. 1.1 4.5 Benin 730 484 602 726 733 579 544 638 652 646 724 4.0 -4.2 2.8 Botswana .. 2,217 2,295 2,140 2,112 2,253 2,435 2,835 2,785 2,610 2,448 .. 10.7 2.2 Burkina Faso 335 375 387 333 398 287 306 290 307 444 395 4.7 -0.2 1.2 Burundi 5 1 89 114 146 131 101 129 82 159 153 208 4.7 0.2 6.1 Camneroon 1,337 2,464 2,363 2,489 2,078 1,976 2,045 2,270 2,590 2,878 3,249 14.0 -1.5 1.4 Cape Verde 3 1 53 47 47 57 68 94 113 140 133 145 11.5 -5.0 14.0 Central African Republic 144 124 123 108 126 239 229 211 293 298 367 -0.4 0.0 13.0 Chad 190 255 246 237 253 258 321 275 346 388 337 -0.3 5.2 3.7 Comoros 8 24 37 33 44 40 46 49 53 67 53 .. 10.2 9.6 Congo. Democratic Rep. of 2,009 3,685 3,054 1,779 1,621 1,499 1,805 2,083 1,834 2,096 2,404 4.2 1.0 -4.9 Congo, Republic of 784 1,425 1,141 1,215 1,219 1,329 1,366 1,557 1,727 1,451 1,726 10.1 2.2 3.0 C6te dIvoire 3,073 4,116 3,796 3,787 3,386 4,093 4,109 5,031 5,262 5,227 5,351 8.5 0.7 4.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 25 27 32 44 80 91 164 365 449 520 .. -1.8 41.2 Eritrea .. .. .. lO 173 158 171 194 205 110 70 .. . 4.8 Ethiopia .. 812 619 329 605 708 786 824 1,169 1,056 1,029 .. 1.6 5.7 Gabon 1,593 2,347 2,415 2,477 2,787 2,913 2,851 2,969 3,060 2,889 2,698 0.7 0.4 2.9 Gamibia,The 113 207 214 218 213 185 172 179 183 214 198 7.3 -1.2 -0.6 Ghana 967 1,139 1,245 1,279 1,497 1,554 1,582 2,267 2,360 2,557 2,885 -9.4 11.3 10.8 G,uinea .. 669 690 643 652 673 766 791 818 923 953 .. 6.6 4.0 Guinea-Bissau 24 20 25 13 19 38 30 28 55 35 58 -1.8 5.8 13.2 Kenya 1,562 2,507 2,475 2,456 3,230 3,193 2,948 3,083 2,666 2,512 2,382 -0.2 5.6 1.2 Lesotho 86 122 132 160 184 193 199 252 299 276 313 9.9 12.3 10.5 Madagascar 889 704 734 707 746 821 762 798 852 870 1,037 4.1 0.3 3.9 Malawi 353 398 419 407 386 426 424 494 533 649 529 2.7 -1.7 5.3 Mali 243 369 416 444 458 490 521 536 777 768 880 8.9 2.7 9.5 Mauritania 366 445 452 371 323 456 525 522 427 447 469 5.8 -0.3 0.6 Mauritius 802 1,851 1,930 1,996 2,156 2,220 2,370 2,658 2,788 3,070 3,113 3.8 15.5 6.4 _Mo -ambique 269 146 187 233 322 383 363 430 476 527 614 .. 2.7 16.4 Namibia 1,313 1,143 1,473 1,566 1,733 1,562 1,734 1,815 1,838 1,821 1,871 .. 2.5 4.4 Niger 388 323 312 356 326 291 323 382 376 439 394 -1.3 -1.3 2.7 Nigeria 12,962 9,571 10,005 10,337 9,940 10,656 12,449 13,913 14,082 14,773 12,969 -2.9 2.3 5.1 Rwanda 175 215 199 182 158 61 67 95 123 126 144 6.5 1.8 -6.9 Sao Tom4 and Principe I. 1 14 14 13 12 1 1 10 II1 14 19 .. 13.6 0.7 Senegal 956 1,485 1,493 1,386 1,353 1,378 1,544 1,568 1,589 1,681 1,782 0.5 2.8 2.0 Seychelles .. 299 318 300 318 339 271 341 368 386 394 .. 21.7 2.8 Sierra Leone 481 514 525 493 427 326 163 304 189 200 187 -11.1 -2.5 -11.1 South Africa 24,198 28,055 28,039 28,749 30,141 31,447 34,702 37,913 40,004 40,916 40,933 0.7 2.8 4.9 Swaziland 468 1,010 1,018 972 997 1,023 1,052 1,104 1,140 1,175 1,213 2.6 20.3 2.0 Tanzania .. 598 535 658 855 954 1,265 1,270 954 1,048 1,098 . .. 8.9 Togo 608 505 509 438 326 360 425 437 473 446 438 4.6 4.2 -1.4 Uganda .. 385 363 420 401 528 679 863 1,118 952 1,265 .. 1.2 14.8 Zambia 1,787 1,230 1,286 1,333 1,379 1,500 1,252 1,336 1,593 1,671 1,754 -2.9 -2.9 2.9 Zimbabwe 965 1,530 1,714 1,790 2,069 2,457 2,721 2,831 2,999 3,596 3,785 5.4 5.5 10.6 NORT'HAFRICA 28,088 45,165 45,849 48,731 50,212 50.722 53,417 54,488 57.825 57,294 61,136 3.3 6.0 3.5 Algeria 7,241 10,923 10,825 11,247 11,033 10,658 11,330 12,134 12,898 13,105 13,917 1.9 3.0 2.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,537 10,481 10,830 12,228 13,113 12,477 13,506 13,718 14,051 12,964 14,152 5.5 7.1 3.5 Morocco 2,938 5,365 5,671 5,460 5,645 6,120 6,257 6,081 6,586 6,733 7,060 1.4 5.5 3.5 Tunisia 3,855 6,311 6,255 6,757 6,985 7,895 8,031 7,975 8,816 9,161 9,648 5.6 10.5 5.0 ALL AFRICA 95,164 121,232 121,213 125,963 127,937 133,823 142,977 155,077 161,813 163,497 167,232 1.5 3.7 4.1 Note: 1999 data are pretiminary (see page 2). National Accounts 3 1 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUIB-SAHARAN AFR.ICA 95,803 78,471 79,919 83,333 83,698 86,829 95,810 103,136 109,536 111,144 113,503 1.5 -0.8 4.3 excluding South Africa 74,091 57,712 58,711 60,977 59.425 58,489 62,590 67,006 71,473 72,284 77.531 3.0 -2.0 3.0 excl. SAfrica & Nigeria 44,495 47,517 47,340 49,363 47,978 47,892 50,754 54,591 57,437 58,675 61,308 .. 2.4 2.6 Angola 2,366 1,936 1,720 4,474 2,435 3,449 3,099 3,037 3,142 2,606 3,465 .. -3.6 4.2 Benin 1,119 678 720 814 819 539 736 767 795 850 864 2.8 -5.3 3.3 Botswana .. 2,213 2,046 1,885 1,716 1,705 1,765 1,927 1,945 1,971 2,044 .. 14.0 -0.6 Burkina Faso 547 687 740 706 763 545 666 709 702 927 875 3.2 4.3 2.6 Burundi 190 247 274 287 313 294 273 162 152 275 311 8.4 -4.1 -0.7 Camron 1,207 1,896 1,960 1,580 1,593 1,628 1,646 1,891 2,203 2,493 2,571 1 10. 5 -3.7 3.6 Cape Verde 160 183 176 214 210 252 290 277 297 303 314 11.9 -3.1 6.4 Central African Republic 319 287 306 329 286 305 311 222 292 298 289 3.0 2.8 -0.8 Chad 379 638 592 584 559 460 493 524 572 578 602 -4.0 7.9 -1.3 Comoros 102 104 106 121 115 98 103 99 102 100 101 -. -3.2 -0.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2,102 3,948 3,677 2,270 1,473 1,101 1,504 1,421 1,386 1,515 1,838 4.3 9.5 -11.1 Congo, Republic of 938 1,014 1,039 926 1,166 1,334 1,074 1,851 1,314 1,146 1,312 8.0 -11.9 4.0 C8te dIlvoire 4,160 2,877 3,013 3,089 3,030 3,077 3,570 3,927 4,193 4,137 4,299 3.2 -0. 1 4.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 54 68 52 60 151 171 340 447 767 437 .. 12.6 31.6 Eritrea .. . . 277 338 449 503 607 645 670 587 .. .. 1 2-.6 Ethiopia .. 1,158 1,250 1.088 1,333 1,174 1,276 1,545 1,573 1,729 2,047 .. 3.0 4.4 Gabon 1,900 1,977 1,939 1,960 2,048 1,723 1,679 1,918 2,295 2,297 1,920 4.0 -9.2 0.4 Gambia, The 337 251 264 274 273 242 246 256 237 274 257 5.3 0.1 0.4 Ghana 2,210 1,803 1,984 2,115 2,472 2,124 2,119 2,747 3,725 3,810 4,267 -9.8 9.9 9.3 Guinea .. 898 901 879 837 858 906 881 883 959 949 .. 4.9 0.9 Guinea-Bissau 98 104 117 130 98 96 89 84 104 79 100 0.1 -5.9 -3.1 Kenya 2,115 2,050 1,958 1,912 2,558 2,989 3,512 3,576 3,670 3,507 3,279 -3.9 9.4 7.7 L.esotho 592 866 948 983 1,047 1,018 1,121 1,207 1,220 1,135 1,211 7.7 4.1 3.7 Madagascar 1,892 1,008 820 841 960 970 994 1,035 1,125 1,143 1,319 -3.2 -5.1 4.3 Malawi 854 790 787 904 834 757 672 737 884 775 838 -2.1 2.2 0.1 Mali 506 882 907 971 895 835 894 963 1,062 1,084 1,145 7.0 2.6 2.8 Mauritania 471 568 547 553 517 473 636 609 538 612 605 2.9 -3.4 1.1 Mauritius 952 2,224 2,188 2,252 2,416 2,546 2,468 2,717 2,967 3,073 3,216 -1.1 20.6 4.6 Mozamnbique 1,501 1,036 1,058 1,139 1,390 1,134 955 976 945 1,041 1,492 .. 1.2 0.4 Namaibia 1,646 1,710 1,770 1,866 1,847 1,846 2,100 2,261 2,102 2,107 2,081 .. 4.0 2.5 Niger 1,151 644 521 447 453 465 457 461 452 529 428 4.9 -3.1 -3.1 Nigeria 27,928 10,254 11,378 11,631 11,458 10,640 11,858 12,451 14,036 13,637 16,176 5.8 -15.1 4.4 Rwanda 175 207 381 392 456 515 334 352 503 544 483 10.4 -0. 1 7.1 Sao Tome and Principe .. 48 50 45 47 43 46 4 1 43 3 5 44 . . 5.3 -2.3 Senegal 1,548 1,928 1,826 1,901 1,816 1,736 1,797 1,851 1,891 2,096 2,188 2.3 1.3 1.1 Seychelles . . 228 222 249 325 279 306 388 448 512 521 . . 14.2 10.6 Sierra Leone 502 339 299 273 264 253 228 352 136 190 181 -7.8 4.3 -6.3 South Africa 22,394 21,144 21,597 22,752 24,599 28,557 33,385 36,294 38,248 39,040 36,298 -1.4 2.8 7.4 Swaziland 716 1,160 1,185 1,240 1,328 1,091 1,117 1,164 1,220 899 898 8.8 7.9 -2.2 Tanzania .. 1,812 1,848 1,927 2,149 2,055 2,181 2,006 1,440 1,435 1,503 . .. -2.1 Togo 760 863 783 688 467 386 490 585 732 739 718 6.0 5.7 -1.7 Uganda .. 763 727 716 692 772 1,199 1,355 1,382 1,425 1,465 .. 7.3 9.0 Zamnbia 2,287 1,364 1,108 1,166 1,080 1,217 1,383 1,322 1,385 1,449 1,473 -10.7 3.8 1.3 Zimbabwe 960 1,528 1,977 2,477 2,200 2,613 2,912 2,826 3,537 3,746 3,833 3.7 3.1 10.6 NORTH AFRI CA 51,854 50,503 47,764 49,497 49,478 50,887 53,714 51,222 53,480 57,293 61,511 4.9 -5.3 1.9 Algeria 18,597 14,832 12,177 12,737 11,884 12,609 12,861 11,151 11,418 12,160 12,379 5.1 -10.1 -2.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 16,885 14,775 14,948 14,253 15,385 15,675 16,544 16,801 17,123 17,311 19,520 4.5 -5.9 2.8 Morocco 5,185 7,595 8,074 8,905 8,391 8,339 9,463 8,964 9,621 11,682 12,236 2.2 4.6 4.9 Tunisia 5,316 7,584 7,157 7,998 8,217 8,504 8,766 8,507 9,263 9,654 10,412 8.5 2.0 3.7 ALL AFRICA 147,489 128,559 127,477 132,634 132,993 137,554 149,494 154,729 163,465 168,709 175,108 2.7 -2.6 3.5 Note: t999 data are pretiminary (sem page 2). 32 National Accounts 2-18. GDP growth Average annual Percent annual change percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-Mi? SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA 5.7 1.0 0.5 -1.1 0.6 2.1 4.0 4.8 3.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 excluding South Africa 1.5 2.4 1.9 -0.2 0.1 1.0 4.8 5.3 4.1 3.5 3.0 1.9 3.3 2.6 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 0.7 1.3 1.3 -0.9 -0.4 1.2 5.3 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.4 2.5 3.0 2.5 Anigola .. -0.3 0.7 -5.1 -23.8 1.4 10.3 10.0 6.2 3.2 2.7 .. 4.5 -0.2 Benin 6.8 3.2 4.7 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.6 5.5 5.7 4.5 4.9 3.8 1.5 4.6 Botswana 11.7 7.2 7.5 3.0 2.0 3.6 5.1 6.9 4.0 3.5 4.5 11.5 10.6 4.5 Burkina Faso 0.8 -1.5 10.0 2.5 -0.8 1.2 4.0 6.0 4.8 6.2 5.8 3.6 4.4 3.6 Burundi 1.0 3.5 5.0 0.7 -5.7 -3.9 -7.3 -8.4 0.4 4.8 -1.0 3.8 5.1 -2.4 Cameroon -2.0 -6.1 -3.8 -3.1 -3.2 -2.5 3.3 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.4 8.5 -0. 1 0.5 Cape Verde 37.7 0.7 1.4 3.3 7.1 6.9 7.5 4.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 13.8 4.5 5.4 Central African Republic 4.5 -2.1 -0.6 -6.4 0.3 4.9 7.2 -4.0 5.3 4.7 3.4 0.4 0.7 1.4 Chad -6.0 -4.2 8.5 8.0 -15.7 10.2 1.0 2.4 4.5 6.7 -0.7 -1.3 5.4 1.9 Comoros 5.1 -5.4 8.5 3.0 -5.3 -3.9 -0. 1 0.5 -0.5 -1.4 .. 1.3 -0.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2.2 -6.6 -8.4 -10.5 -13.5 -3.9 0.7 -0.9 -5.7 3.0 8.0 -0.3 1.7 -4.6 Congo, Republic of 17.6 0.9 2.4 2.6 -1.0 -5.5 4.0 -4.3 -0.6 3.7 -3.0 9.2 -1.0 -0.3 C6te d'Ivoire -11.0 .-1.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 2.0 7.1 6.9 6.6 4.5 2.8 2.2 2.0 3.2 Djibouti .. . . -0.3 -3.9 -2.9 -4.0 -5.1 0.5 0.7 .. . . -2.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 3.3 -1.1 10.7 6.3 5.1 14.3 29.1 71.2 21.9 15.1 .. 1.4 17.1 Eritrea .. . . -2.5 9.8 2.9 6.8 7.9 3.9 0.8 . .. 5.0 Ethiopia .. 2.5 -4.7 -5.1 13.4 3.5 6.1 10.6 5.2 -1.4 6.2 .. 2.9 4.1 Gabon 2.6 5.2 6.1 -3.3 2.4 3.4 7.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 -6.2 -0.2 -1.4 3.2 Gamnbia, T'he 6.3 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.0 0.2 0.9 2.2 4.9 4.9 6.4 4.3 3.3 2.8 Ghana 0.5 3.3 5.3 3.9 5.0 3.3 4.0 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.4 -1.1 5.2 4.3 Guinea .. 4.4 2.4 3.0 4.7 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.4 3.2 .. 4.7 4.1 Guinea-Bissau -16.0 6.1 5.1 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.4 4.6 5.4 -28.1 7.8 2.1 3.1 0.9 Kenya 5.6 4.2 1.4 -0.8 0.4 2.6 4.4 4.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 4.7 5.9 2.2 Lesotho -2.7 6.2 3.8 4.8 3.8 3.4 4.5 10.0 8.0 -5.0 2.5 5.2 5.6 4.5 M4adagascar 0.8 3.1 -6.3 1.2 2.1 0.0 1.7 2.1 3.7 3.9 4.7 -0.2 2.3 1.4 Malawi .0.4 5.7 8.7 -7.3 9.7 -10.2 16.7 7.3 3.8 2.0 4.0 3.2 1.9 3.6 Mali -4.3 -1.9 1.6 8.3 -2.1 0.9 6.2 3.2 6.8 3.4 5.5 2.3 0.8 3.3 Mauritania 3.4 -1.8 2.6 1.7 5.5 4.6 4.6 5.5 3.2 3.2 4.3 1.6 3.3 3.8 Mauritius -10.1 7.2 4.3 6.2 5.4 4.1 4.7 5.7 5.5 5.6 3.4 3.6 7.7 5.2 Mozamhique .. ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~1.0 4.9 -8. 1 8.7 7.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 11.9 73 . . . Namibia .. 2.0 8.2 7.1 -1.7 6.4 3.7 2.1 2.6 2.4 3.1 .. 2.5 3.6 Niger -2.2 -1.3 2.5 -6.5 1.4 4.0 2.6 3.4 2.8 10.4 -0.6 2.0 4.2 2.0 Nigeria 4.2 8.2 4.8 2.9 2.2 0.1 2.5 4.3 2.7 1.8 1.0 -0.7 5.0 2.7 Rwanda 9.0 -2.4 -2.5 5.9 -8.3 -50.2 34.4 15.8 12.8 9.5 6.1 6.8 2.9 -2.1 Sao Tom6 and Principe .. 1.8 2.2 0.7 1.1 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.5 . . 1.8 1.7 Senegal -3.3 3.9 -0.4 2.2 -2.2 2.9 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.7 5.1 2.1 3.5 3.1 Seychelles . -4.2 9.0 2.8 7.2 6.2 -0.8 -0.6 4.7 4.3 2.0 1.5 3.6 5.2 3.3 Sierra Leone 4.8 4.8 -8.0 -9.6 0.1 3.5 -26.6 28.7 -17.6 -0.8 -8. 1 2.3 1.8 -4.6 South Africa 9.2 -0.3 -1.0 -2.1 1.2 3.2 3.1 4.2 2.5 0.6 1.2 2.4 1.4 1.6 Sudan 1.5 -0.4 6.0 4.9 4.3 4.0 25.2 4.0 9.7 6.1 5.2 2.6 0.9 7.6 Swaziland 10.7 8.9 2.5 1.3 3.3 3.5 2.7 3.9 3.7 2.0 2.0 3.3 9.9 3.1 Tanzania ..' 7.0 2.1 0.6 1.2 1.6 3.6 4.5 3.5 4.0 4.7 . . . . 2.9 Togo 14.6 -0.2 -0.7 -4.0 -15.1 15.0 7.8 9.6 4.2 -2.2 2.1 2.1 3.4 1.9 Uganda . . 6.5 5.6 3.4 8.3 6.4 11.5 9.1 4.7 5.6 7.4 . . 3.4 7.1 Zambia 3.0 -0.5 0.0 -1.7 6.8 -8.7 -2.5 6.6 3.3 -1.9 2.4 0.2 2.3 0.2 Zimbabwe 14.4 7.0 7.3 -8.4 2.4 5.4 0.3 10.2 2.8 3.7 0.1 3.0 4.2 2.9 NORTH AFRICA 5.0 3.4 2.0 2.0 0.5 3.9 1.5 6.5 2.6 5.6 3.9 6.0 3.0 3.1 Algeria 0.9 -1.3 -1.2 1.6 -2.2 -1.2 3.8 3.8 1.1 5.1 3.3 5.5 0.8 1.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 10.0 5.7 1.1 4.4 2.9 3.9 4.7 5.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 8.3 4.1 4.3 Morocco 3.6 4.0 6.9 -4.0 -1.0 10.4 -6.6 12.2 -2.2 6.8 -0.7 4.1 4.7 2.3 Tunisia 7.4 8.0 3.9 7.8 2.2 3.3 2.3 7.1 5.4 4.8 6.2 5.3 2.4 4.7 ALL AFRICA 5.5 1.8 1.0 -0. 1 0.6 2.7 3.2 5.3 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.3 2.5 2.4 Note: 1999 data arc preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 33 2-19. GNP per capita U.S. dollars, Atlas method Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA 648 553 552 551 533 512 522 536 543 509 492 540 510 530 excluding South Aftica 509 381 369 349 319 286 288 303 319 312 306 423 371 323 excl. S.Afiica &Nigeria 446 409 395 365 339 303 307 319 331 323 318 367 390 341 Angola .. 840 930 600 370 ISO 240 270 340 320 270 .. 867 433 Benin 410 360 380 370 380 340 350 360 380 380 380 313 326 368 Botswana 1,230 2,730 3,050 3,300 3,200 3,100 3,360 3,410 3,270 3,070 3,240 996 1,604 3,173 Burkina Faso 260 290 320 290 240 210 220 240 240 240 240 198 242 253 Burunidi 220 220 220 210 180 160 150 140 140 140 120 186 246 168 Cameroon - _ _ 650- 970- 910M 920__ 900 730 660 60 620 -610 600 599 996 7-54 Cape Verde .. 980 1,000 1,100 1,110 1,150 1,210 1.270 1,290 1,290 1,330 .. 940 1,173 Central African Republic 340 470 470 460 440 360 350 300 310 300 290 271 392 375 Chad 240 280 310 350 260 230 210 210 220 230 210 221 238 251 Comoros 370 540 530 620 610 490 440 410 400 370 350 348 420 476 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 630 220 210 200 190 160 150 130 110 110 .. 480 238 164 Congo, Republic of 880 980. 1,020 1,120 900 720 510 460 500 580 550 831 1,052 734 COle dIlvoire 1,140 800 780 800 760 680 670 680 730 720 710 856 798 733 Djibouti . .. . .. . ..... . .. 790 ... 790 Equatorial Guinea . 350 340 400 420 370 390 430 860 1,060 1,170 . 340 579 Etitrea .. . . . . 180… 180 200 23 21 20- .. . 20 Ethiopia .. 160 120 110 120 110 110 110 110 100 100 135 162 115 Gabon 4,750 4,750 5,100 5,050 4,480 4,060 3,850 4,020 4,330 4,000 3,300 4,301 3,980 4,294 Gambia, T'he 380 320 330 350 350 340 350 340 340 340 330 297 284 339 Ghana 430 390 410 430 420 370 370 380 390 390 390 356 404 394 Guinea 460 470 520 540 5_50 _ 560 580 580 540 510 .. 445 531 Guinea-Bissau 150 220 250 240 230 220 220 230 230 160 160 179 182 216 Kenya 450 370 340 330 250 240 260 320 340 350 360 340 366 316 Lesotho 490 590 590 650 680 680 690 720 730 590 550 437 470 647 Liberia 620 ... . . . . . 523 470 Madagascar 450 240 T220 230~ 240 240 240 250 250 260 250 353 270 242 Malawi 190 190 230 220 230 160 160 180 210 200 180 162 164 196 Mali 270 270 270 320 300 250 240 240 260 240 240 201 226 263 Mauritania 460 540 540 540 490 470 450 460 440 410 390 404 482 473 Mauritius 1,240 2,430 2,610 2,960 3,080 3,180 3,420 3,720 3,800 3,590 3,550 1,071 1,646 3,234 Mozambique . 170 170 140 -10 40 140 160 180 210 220 240 246 167 Namibia .. 1,800 1,930 2,030 1,940 2.040 2,160 2,130 2,080 1,930 1,890 1,570 1,342 1,993 Niger 440 310 300 290 240 210 190 200 200 200 190 318 288 233 Nigeria 710 270 270 290 240 220 210 240 270 260 260 599 292 253 Rwanda 250 370 320 310 260 140 190 200 220 230 250 207 330 249 Sao Tomt and Principe .. 410 410 390 370 350 340 320 290 270 270 .. 495 342 Senegal 530 720 710 780 710 590 550 530 530 510 510 436 558 614 Seychelles 2,110 5,070 5,240 5,930 6,330 6,440 6,460 6,750 6,910 6,710 6,540 1,646 3,344 6,238 Sierra Leone 360 260 200 150 160 170 180 200 160 150 130 313 296 176 Somalia 110 120 . .. . .. ... . .. 133 140 120 South Africa 2,540 2,890 3,050 3,320 3,460 3,610 3,740 3,770 3,700 3,320 3,170 2,133 2,376 3,403 Sudan 480 610 560 350 300 270 .. . . 290 330 427 656 387 Swaziland 970 1,200 1,210 1,290 1,260 1,220 1,380 1,470 1,520 1,400 1,360 817 868 1,331 Tanzania 190 180 170 170 160 160 190 210 240 260 . .. 193 Togo 440 430 430 440 340 320 310 320 350 320 310 325 340 357 Uganda .. 340 260 200 190 190 250 290 320 310 320 150 324 267 Zambia 630 490 390 360 380 340 340 370 370 330 330 563 332 370 Zimbabwe 950 920 920 750 680 650 630 710 720 640 530 865 808 715 NORT'H AFRICA 1,312 1,388 1,305 1,319 1,261 1,295 1,333 1,45 1,481 1,528 1,569 1,078 1,385 -1,391 Algeria 2,080 2,400 2,050 1,980 1,790 1,660 1,530 1,540 1,520 1,570 1,550 1,771 2,670 1,759 Egypt, Arab Republic 520 810 780 800 800 870 990 1,100 1,200 1,280 1,390 483 782 1,002 Libya 10,460 . .. . .. . . ... 7,927 6,034 Morocco 970 1.030 1,100 1,100 1,060 1,170 1,120 1,300 1,250 1,250 1,190 733 794 1,157 Tunisia 1,360 1,430 1,490 1,700 1,690 1,740 1,820 2,000 2,080 2,050 2,090 1,092 1,244 1,809 ALL AFRICA 769 707 691 692 667 654 668 696 709 687 677 638 674 685 Note: 1999 dnta are preliminary (see page 2). 34 National Accounts 2-20. Total consumption per capita Current US. dollars Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA 527 480 486 493 449 417 461 456 468 433 427 426 417 4757 excluding South Africa 417 324 319 312 274 234 267 277 287 277 281 334 310 285 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 367 354 352 329 303 250 283 298 301 296 293 304 334 306 Angola .. 781 1,066 571 463 282 403 509 389 363 323 .. 676 515 Benin 426 368 362 309 386 254 330 361 334 356 362 300 316 342 Botswana 818 1,858 1,856 1,986 1,921 1,888 1,994 1,856 2,249 2,441 3,241 643 900 2,129 Burkina Faso 260 287 288 199 202 176 216 226 203 210 212 193 239 222 Bunindi 224 219 217 198 167 165 170 140 143 138 107 179 219 166 Cameroon 609 771 822 784 786 503 486 556 530 488 507 - 41 -799 623 Cape Verde 458 1,072 1,056 1,153 965 1,073 1,253 1,205 1,153 1,199 1,213 349 741 1,134 Central African Republic 375 508 454 467 405 249 320 317 281 288 276 274 416 357 Chad 301 337 330 249 185 218 225 208 221 211 200 254 249 Comoros 406 597 545 594 548 410 476 471 419 365 354 343 450 478 Contgo,Democratic Rep. of 479 227 231 .193 209 151 124 112 119 130 138 411- 209 164 Congo,Republic of 658 961 971 943 606 522 564 203 437 447 545 587 818 620 C6te dIlvoire 989 823 784 805 740 453 599 607 577 583 585 671 715 656 Djibouti . .. 943 1,015 924 930 888 853 852 . ... .. 915 Equatorial Guinea .. 451 388 408 405 242 299 438 673 847 662 446 452 481 Eritrea . .. 173 150 198 222 225 204 218 196 . .. 198 Ethiopia .. 124 98 99 III 84 94 101 100 101 100 130 148 101 Gabon 2,438 3,915 3,249 3,584 2,655 2,141 2,379 2,503 2,309 2,388 2,348 1,944 2,794 2,747 Gambia, The 354 308 295 315 338 330 341 335 331 333 309 272 269 323 Ghana 393 374 399 402 344 286 334 342 369 361 .385 326 360 360 Guinea .. 403 417 478 466 470 494 510 479 452 436 .. 348 461 Guinea-Bissau 141 244 251 216 213 214 237 239 229 193 188 180 179 222 Kenya 378 310 275 277 148 218 298 291 348 371 337 280 296 287 Lesotho 487 547 576 614 643 602 670 649 665 575 554 397 417 610 Liberia 433 .. . . . .. . . . . . 408 411 Madagascar 462 248 224 238 262 223 229 273 241 245 236 340 241 242 Malawi 179 191 216 199 226 128 147 236 244 155 169 140 148 191 Mali 268 268 261 304 272 173 234 243 217 221 215 196 225 241 Mauritania 473 479 490 529 408 376 418 432 410 375 343 440 414 426 Mauritius 1,049 1,909 1,993 2,181 2,198 2,412 2,716 2,888 2,695 2,685 2,805 847 1,254 2,448 Mozambique 322 199 192 156 172 167 154 182 209 214 224 300 259 187 Narmibia 1,298 1,417 1,718 1,839 1,699 1,705 1,883 1,756 1,899 1,649 1,640 1,560 1,296 1,721 Niger 384 317 283 267 181 177 205 203 182 199 185 281 260 220 Nigeria 619 209 195 245 162 174 206 201 232 204 231 464 223 206 Rwanda 216 349 259 274 262 178 213 218 243 254 239 196 312 249 S5o Tomd and Principe 556 562 585 479 485 468 475 417 402 282 354 394 536 451 Senegal 566 708 690 725 650 396 478 474 437 450 453 428 579 546 Seychelles 1,667 4,196 4,308 4,986 5,267 5,086 5,163 4,006 5,392 5,424 5,489 1,285 2,480 4,932 Sierra Leone 350 206 181 154 174 204 195 211 187 141 143 365 272 180 Somalia 116 133 .. . . . . . . . . 136 137 133 South Africa 2,004 2,622 2,782 2,986 2,866 2,913 3,125 2,945 3,024 2,672 2,548 1,655 1,873 2,848 Sudan 399 .. . . . . . . . . . 405 659 Swaziland 964 889 907 963 861 .901 1,000 1,074 1,103 97 948 662 -645 964 Tanzania .. 165 183 169 159 154 173 204 233 261 260 246 178 196 Togo 334 395 401 422 319 218 283 321 323 309 296 246 332 329 Uganda .. 262 195 163 177 206 278 292 285 306 284 189 333 245 Zamnbia 546 352 386 385 350 355 339 336 375 322 322 455 334 352 Zimbabwe 822 744 726 585 522 465 512 620 666 474 419 724 629 573 NORTH AFRICA 844 1,119 925 1,000 1,044 1,061 1,135 1,236 1,230 1,294 1,299 705 1,030 1,134 Algeria 1,291 1,795 1,144 1,265 1,337 1,118 1,052 1,125 1,117 1,171 1,092 1,115 1,792 1,222 Egypt, Arab Republic 476 690 599 647 732 806 908 1,018 1,090 1,158 1,222 417 641 887 Libya 5,040 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 4,325 Morocco 846 906 968 988 911 1,027 1,112 1,202 1,058 1,102 1,050 610 705 1,032 Tunisia 1,041 1,123 1,143 1,322 1,318 1,390 1,593 1,648 1,559 1,623 1,674 820 969 1,439 ALL AFRICA 590 599 570 588 559 534 583 595 603 583 578 481 530 579 Note: 1999 data nra pteltminaxy (see page 2). 35 Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product, 1999* GDP level*" GDP per capita (US$ billions) (US$ thousands) 100 75 50 25 0 0 1 2 3 4 131 1 South Africa 091 Egypt, Arb Rep. Algeria Nige.ia Morocco CSite d'Woire Kenya Sudan Tanzania Angola Gh-an Congo, Democratic Republic Ethiopia Ugamda Botsasena Zimbabwe Senegal Gabon Mauntius Moadmbique Guinea Madgascar Zambia Namdbia Mali Burkina Paso Renin Congo Niger REvonda Malawi Chad Tog& Swziland Central African Republic Mauritania Lesotho Burundi Equatoria Guises Siema Leone Eritrea Cape Verde Seychelles Djibouti a Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by GDP level. 36 Figure 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 1995-99* GDP growth rates** Export growth rates (average annual percent change) (average annual percent change) -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 = = = = ~~~~~~C..,p,Denretk R.pubik= _ - - - - ~~~~~~C.p. VA - - - - o~~~~~~G-n'... - - - - ~~~~~Uptd. M.t.bhqo. = = = _ ,C-bi.,Th. R,..w. Egypt, Ab RI.h_ S.d- M.d.g- B.t.- M.l..i C-'.1. Af... R.pubik _ _ dl-l. S_. Tn..h _MPhlp. _ ~~~~* C.~~Zhl. _ _ _ Cemrel Al Repubik _ T.g. S.yd.k.B. K-.y. S._._ h At. ~~~ _ C6k d~~~~~~~~sit,lr. NIS., ch.d B.-n.di C.-" - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C.'.., *_Or most recent year available. **_Sorted by GDP. 37 Figure 2-3. Composition of GDP, 1999* Agriculture share** Industry share Services share (percent) 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 Ce, Dee.tlk Repubi._ Sn.- Lee. C-leel Aftke Repu.b _-e Yudble Y | _ __ B-d Tep. Re.e.le, b Nip,r Ugeed. C.-~~- M.kdbb 1 _ Ch.d NquleerleC DeeIde. Fe.. Sid Ten .d PrVrdpe Cmie. dT1-e MZnmbtle ___ _ _ Eq.eetrle Geise Zisbebe.. CePe Verde Zeneble Egypl, A_b R_p_ N.r os eelbl earaalbe A"gel. G.b.n Seeth Afire *Or most recent year available. 0*Sorted by agriculture share. 38 National Accounts Technical notes Tables Table 2-3. Value added in industry. Value added in Table 2-1. Gross domestic product, real. Gross industry is shown at factor cost (World Bank country domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of desks). It comprises the gross output of mining, manu- goods and services for final use produced by residents facturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas, less and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to do- the value of their intermediate inputs. However, for mestic and foreign claims (World Bank country Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, desks). It is calculated without making deductions for Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, depreciation of "manmade" assets or depletion and Togo, Zaire, and Zambia it is shown at market prices, degradation of natural resources. In this table, GDP that is, including intennediate inputs. figures are shown at market prices (also known as purchaser values) and have been converted to U.S. Table 2-4. Value added in services. Also shown at dollars using constant (1995) exchange rates. For a factor cost, this table consists of the gross output of few countries where the official exchange rate does all other branches of economic activity, including not reflect effectively the rate applied to actual for- govemment, less the value of their intermediate in- eign exchange transactions, an alternative currency puts (World Bank country desks). However, for conversion factor has been used (Table 3-6). The sum Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, of the components of GDP by industrial origin (pre- Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, sented in this volume in the form of value added) will Togo, Zaire, and Zambia it is shown at market prices, not normally equal total GDP for several reasons. that is, including intermediate inputs. Other items, First, components of GDP by expenditure are indi- such as imputed bank service charges (which are vidually rescaled and summed to provide a partially difficult to assess in the same fashion for all coun- rebased series for total GDP. Second, total GDP is tries) and any corrections for statistical discrepancies, shown at purchaser value, while value added compo- are not included. nents are conventionally reported at producer prices. As explained above, the former excludes net indirect Table 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal. This taxes, while the latter includes indirect taxes. Third, table, presented at market prices, is obtained by con- certain items, such as imputed bank charges, are added verting national currency GDP series in current prices in total GDP. (World Bank country desks) to U.S. dollars at offi- cial annual exchange rates (Table 3-4; see also the Table 2-2. Value added in agriculture. Value added note for Table 2-1). GDP growth rates are presented in agriculture is shown at factor cost (World Bank in real terms. country desks). It comprises the gross output of for- estry, hunting, and fishing less the value of their in- Table 2-6. Total consumption. Total consumption termediate inputs. However, for Botswana, Cameroon, is the sum of private consumption (World Bank coun- Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, try desks) and general government consumption Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, Zaire, and (Table 2-7). Private consumption, not separately Zambia it is shown at market prices, that is, including shown here, is the value of all goods and services intermediate inputs. purchased or received as income in kind by house- holds and nonprofit institutions. It excludes purchases National Accounts 39 of dwellings, but includes imputed rent for andnonfactorservices (GNFS)providedto,orby,the owner-occupied dwellings. In practice, it includes any rest of the world, including merchandise, freight, insur- statistical discrepancy in the use of resources. ance, travel, and other nonfactor services. The value of factor services, such as investment income, interest, and Table 2-7. General government consumption. This labor income, is not included. These series are gener- indicator includes all current expenditure for pur- ally estimated on the basis of foreign trade statistics chases of goods and services by all levels of govern- from customs declarations. They are not fully compa- ment, including capital expenditure on national de- rable with the series from the balance of payments, fense and security (World Bank country desks). Other which are based on changes in ownership between resi- capital expenditure by government is included in in- dents of a country and the rest of the world. Exports, as vestment. well as imports of GNFS, are shown in current U.S. dol- lars. Tables 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10. Gross domestic, public, and private investment. Gross domestic investment Tables 2-16 and 2-17. Exports and imports of goods (GDI) consists of gross domestic fixed capital forma- and nonfactor services, real. These are defined as tion plus net changes in the level of inventories (World in Tables 2-14 and 2-15, but expressed in constant Bank country desks). GDI comprises outlays by the 1995 U.S. dollars. public sector (Table 2-9) and the private sector (Table 2-10). Examples include improvements in land, dwell- Table 2-18. GDP growth. This table (World Bank ings, machinery, and other equipment. For some coun- country desks) provides average annual growth rates tries the sum of gross private investment and gross calculated from GDP at constant 1995 prices (Table 2-1). public investment does not add up to gross domestic investment due to statistical discrepancies. Table 2-19. GNP per capita. Figures presented here (World Bank country desks) are calculated using the Table 2-11. Gross domestic savings. Gross domes- WorldBankAtlas method, as described in the techni- tic savings (GDS) is calculated by deducting total cal notes for Table 1-1; they are similar in concept consumption (Table 2-6) from gross domestic prod- to GNP per capita in current prices, except that the uct in current prices (Table 2-5). use ofthree-year averages of exchange rates smoothes out sharp fluctuations from year to year. Table 2-12. Gross national savings. Gross national savings (GNS) is the sum of gross domestic savings Table 2-20. Total consumption per capita. This (Table 2-1 1), net factor income from abroad (World table is obtained by dividing total consumption at Bank country desks) and net private transfers from current U.S. dollars (Table 2-6) by the correspond- abroad (Table 5-5). The estimate here also includes ing midyear population (Table 1-2). net public transfers from abroad (Table 5-6). Figures Table 2-13. Resource balance. The table indicates The following indicators have been used to derive the the difference between exports f.o.b. (Table 2-14) and figures in this chapter. imports c.i.f. (Table 2-15) of goods and nonfactor services (or the difference between GDS and GDI). Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product (Table 2-5); GDP The resource balance is shown as a share of GDP in per capita (Tables 1-2 and 2-5). U.S. dollars at current prices (Table 2-5). Figure 2-2. GDP growth (Table 2-1); export growth (Table 2-16). Tables 2-14 and 2-15. Exports and imports of goods Figure 2-3. Value added in agriculture (Table 2-2); and nonfactor services, nominal. Data for exports value added in industry (Table 2-3); value added in and imports of goods and nonfactor services are from services (Table 2-4); gross domestiproduct (Table 2-1). the World Bank country desks and refer to all goods 40 National Accounts Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 2 Aggregations' Period averages b Table (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) 2-1 x x 2-2 x x 2-3 x x 2-4 x x 2-5 x x 2-6 x x 2-7 x x 2-8 x x 2-9 x x 2-10 x x 2-11 x x 2-12 x x 2-13 x x 2-14 x x 2-15 x x 2-16 x x 2-17 x x 2-18 x x 2-19 x x 2-20 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant temis, with the rest of the table in current terms). n as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant tenns, with the rest of the table in current terms). Prices and Exchange Rates I nformation on prices and exchange rates are im- temational value of domestic currencies because it is portant in monitoring national economic perfor- based on five major currencies: For Sub-Saharan Af- mance. This chapter provides three sets of price de- rica, it may be more representative of movements in flators and six exchange rate indicators. The GDP non-dual exchange rates than that expressed in U.S. deflator for national currency series shows changes dollars alone because a large share of the region's in domestic prices only. The US dollar series GDP foreign trade and debt is not denominated in U.S. dol- deflator includes the effects of both domestic price lars. A decrease in the index shows that the currency changes, as reflected in the national currency series has depreciated, which indicates that foreign goods GDP implicit deflator, and changes in the exchange have become relatively more expensive than domes- rate between national currencies and U. S. dollars. The tic goods. We have included information on the par- consumer price index measures the price changes of allel market exchange rate and the ratio of the paral- a selected bundle of consumer goods, which differs lel to the official exchange rates to provide a measure among countries. of the premium on the official rate. It is tempting to The US dollar exchange rate (units of national cur- view the divergence between the official and parallel rency per US dollar) is reported because of extensive rates as a measure of the disequilibrium in the offi- use of U.S. dollars to denominate international trans- cial exchange rate. However, this is not necessarily actions; U.S. dollars are also widely used for statisti- true. Conversion factors are sometimes used in place cal comparisons across countries. The SDR exchange of official exchange rates when the latter are consid- rate index (based on SDRs per unit of national cur- ered to be especially unrepresentative of rates effec- rency) is a broader measure of the changes in the in- tively applied to international transactions. 41 4 2 P ric e ss and Exchange Rates 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) Index 1995=~100 Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 24.8 60.9 63.9 65.4 69.9 90.0 100.0 108.5 117.1 121.6 127.7 24.2 46.6 92.5 excluding South Africa 26.8 61.4 64.1 65.1 68.5 89.9 100.0 108.5 117.3 121.3 127.4 26.1 48.7 92.3 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 28.7 61.5 64.5 65.4 69.9 90.0 100.0 108.5 116.2 121.2 127.1 28.1 50.5 92.4 Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.9 100.0 5,398.2 10,684A4 14,942.3 89,854.9 .. 0.0 12,098.5 Benin 47.5 61.7 62.1 64.2 64.9 86.7 100.0 106.7 111.7 116.3 121.1 45.9 59.6 89.5 Botswana 20.8 63.4 66.7 71.5 81.1 91.5 100.0 112.4 122.2 131.8 141.7 18.6 45.2 98.2 Burkina Faso 50.1 75.3 71.6 70.3 71.3 91.0 100.0 104.2 106.5 109.9 108.4 49.1 70.8 90.9 Burundi 45.5 69.0 71.8 75.9 81.3 86.7 100.0 119.0 146.8 163.2 168.8 38.2 58.5 108.3 Cameroon 43.0 73.8 76.4 75.4 77.0 85.4 100.0 105.4 108.2 109.5 108.2 42.9 74.0 91.9 Cape Verde 32.6 81.1 84.5 87.4 89.1 95.9 100.0 105.8 114.5 119.1 124.2 30.1 67.1 100.2 Central African Republic 35.0 75.9 74.7 76.5 73.9 90.7 100.0 101.8 102.6 104.4 105.8 35.1 71.6 90.6 Chad 55.6 72.5 74.7 65.1 64.2 92.1 100.0 111.7 114.5 121.0 115.8 54.6 67.7 93.2 Comoros 41.7 81.6 88.2 82.3 84.6 92.6 100.0 102.0 105.1 108.7 112.5 52.3 73.5 95.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 17.7 100.0 713.1 2,049.0 2,356.3 2,639.1 0.0 0.0 787-.5 Congo, Republic of 47.0 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.6 81.5 100.0 108.4 113.7 93.1 113.9 47.7 62.2 85.4 C&e d'Ivoire 50.3 64.1 64.5 64.5 64.5 91.4 100.0 102.7 108.6 111.6 113.0 45.9 69.3 88.5 Djibouti . .. 82.9 85.7 89.5 95.3 100.0 104.1 106.8 110.0 ... . 96.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 61.4 63.6 63.7 63.2 97.5 100.0 125.4 160.5 121.9 168.7 .. 64.5 102.6 Eritrea .. . . 57.0 73.6 89.8 100.0 102.9 105.7 108.5 117.4 . .. 94.4 Ethiopia .. 59.1 68.6 76.4 86.4 88.7 100.0 101.2 105.2 115.8 117.3 41.8 56.4 91.9 Gabon 50.8 76.2 67.5 67.8 68.5 100.6 100.0 112.8 115.1 97.0 101.7 46.6 64.2 90.7 Gambia, The 18.0 76.0 82.3 88.2 92.7 96.2 100.0 102,9 106.9 108.1 102.6 17.6 52.1 95.6 Ghana 0.8 30.6 36.7 40.8 53.7 69.8 100.0 141.1 168.6 195.5 222.8 1.6 14.4 106.0 Guinea .. 60.4 .72.1 91.2 92.1 94.7 100.0 102.8 105.2 110.5 114.8 .. 37.4 9.4 Guinea-Bissau 0.2 13.6 22.8 37.6 56.1 69.1 100.0 148.6 201.3 216.7 222.8 0.3 4.2 108.9 Kenya 18.7 45.5 50.7 59.6 66.5 89.9 100.0 108.5 126.1 137.7 147.1 19.0 35.9 93.2 Lesotho 18.9 58.1 66.2 78.2 85.4 91.8 100.0 108.6 117.3 127.2 136.4 18.5 41.6 96.9 Madagascar 6.6 33.6 38.3 43.1 48.6 68.9 100.0 117.8 126.4 137.1 150.5 7.7 22.6 86.4 Malawi 6.6 26.1 30.1 34.1 43.7 55.2 100.0 158.9 171.3 217.5 309.3 6.9 16.5 114.6 Mali 37.6 61.8 63.1 64.3 66.0 84.4 100.0 105.4 106.5 110.8 108.5 37.1 59.6 87.1 Mauritania 33.3 71.4 78.4 86.3 90.0 95.7 100.0 104.4 110.3 121.3 123.6 33.3 60.4 98.1 Mauritius 28.7 72.3 78.3 82.5 88.9 95.4 100.0 105.7 111.5 120.1 127.1 26.5 53.8 98.2 Mozambique 0.6 12.9 18.9 27.3 41.3 65.8 100.0 143.6 160.3 164.0 174.2 0.8 4.7 90.8 Namibia 20.4 65.1 68.1 74.6 81.0 93.8 100.0 112.4 121.5 134.1 145.1 24.0 47.7 99.6 Niger 57.9 74.6 70.8 71.6 71.5 94.9 100.0 104.7 108.0 111.2 113.4 55.9 77.7 92.1 Nigeria 3.2 14.9 17.9 32.9 50.2 64.1 100.0 136.9 138.8 131.6 148.6 3.2 8.4 83.6 Rwanda 24.8 40.1 46.1 49.7 56.0 66.1 100.0 110.5 127.7 131.1 127.7 25.0 33.9 85.5 SAo Tom6 and Principe .. 12.0 18.9 23.8 33.0 57.3 100.0 150.8 302.0 413.9 480.1 .. 6.7 159.2 Senegal 41.4 74.9 75.2 75.7 74.6 95.3 100.0 101.3 103.7 105.7 107.9 40.8 71.0 91.4 Seychelles 62.9 93.7 91.8 96.1 99.1 100.2 100.0 99.6 102.5 104.5 106.6 55.2 83.4 99.4 Sierra Leone 0.1 13.1 25.0 40.1 50.8 61.1 100.0 103.0 120.3 152.8 191.1 0.2 3.4 85.8 South Africa 13.6 55.2 63.9 73.2 82.8 90.7 100.0 108.3 116.8 125.7 134.4 13.1 36.3 95.1 Sudan 0.2 5.8 10.5 20.3 39.2 70.9 100.0 207.4 339.6 397.7 461.2 0.2 1.8 165.3 Swaziland 21.2 55.1 58.7 66.0 74.6 84.2 100.0 109.8 122.0 132.4 145.0 20.1 40.8 94.8 Tanzania .. 30.1 38.5 48.3 60.1 78.8 100.0 119.3 143.9 167.9 183.2 .. 22.5 97.0 Togo 41.0 68.1 69.9 72.2 66.3 90.0 100.0 105.2 117.3 114.3 116.1 42.2 63.5 91.9 Uganda .. 36.0 45.3 65.8 85.6 91.4 100.0 104.6 108.7 120.3 125.6 0.2 8.5 88.3 Zambia 0.1 3.5 6.8 18.1 44.0 72.9 100.0 123.6 155.7 186.2 226.6 0.1 0.8 93.7 Zimbabwe 11.4 37.1 47.7 60.4 72.8 91.3 100.0 126.1 147.8 200.2 296.6 11.9 24.9 118.0 NORTH AFRICA 26.0 66.3 73.0 81.7 87.5 91.2 100.0 105.9 111.1 114.9 117.9 25.4 49.3 94.9 Algeria 10.8 28.4 44.4 54.8 60.6 77.9 100.0 125.7 133.8 128.3 142.3 9.8 17.2 89.6 Eb,ypt, Arab Republic 16.3 55.7 63.7 76.3 83.9 89.8 100.0 107.1 113.4 117.4 119.5 14.4 34.4 92.7 Morocco 40.2 79.1 84.3 88.0 91.2 92.6 100.0 101.0 103.0 103.8 104.7 38.8 68.2 94.8 Tunisia 35.7 76.9 82.3 87.0 91.1 95.1 100.0 104.7 108.8 112.3 116.2 36.5 64.3 97.5 ALL AFRICA 24.8 60.9 63.9 65.9 71.4 90.0 100.0 108.4 116.0 121.2 127.1 24.2 46.6 92.5 Nate: 1999 data are prelimninary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individuaat country values fur each year. Prices and Exchange Rates 43 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) Index 1995= 100 Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 107.3 99.0 100.4 102.1 95.8 91.9 100.0 99.2 99.6 91.9 90.6 84.9 85.8 97.1 excluding South Africa 153.0 119.5 115.7 110.3 99.5 91.3 100.0 106.3 106.5 100.1 99.9 122.1 114.0 104.9 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 121.7 120.5 117.8 107.8 104.1 92.3 100.0 103.4 103.7 99.1 97.4 104.3 113.6 104.6 Angola .. 166.8 196.9 98.3 118.0 89.3 100.0 135.0 123.2 113.8 90.7 .. 131.1 123.2 Benin 112.1 113.0 109.9 91.4 114.5 77.9 100.0 104.1 95.5 98.4 98.1 83.7 88.8 100.3 Botswana 71.7 89.8 96.1 92.6 99.6 97,1 100.0 103.6 94.0 94.4 100.3 57.9 68.3 96.7 Burkina Faso 118.3 138.1 126.7 88.5 91.6 81.9 100.0 101.7 91.1 93.0 99.1 89.5 105.4 101.1 Burundi 127.7 101.7 99.8 92.2 87.8 85.8 100.0 98.5 104.3 99.0 105.6 104.0 113.4 97.5 Cfame-roon 106.7 127.2 147.5 139.5 150.4 101.9 100.0 108.9 103.7 94.6 99.2 83.4 110.7 117.3 Cape Verde .. 86.1 89.0 96.6 85.7 86.6 100.0 97.2 94.4 96.5 99.1 .. 77.4 93.1 Central Afiican Republic 82.6 139.2 132.2 144.2 130.2 81.5 100.0 99.5 88.7 89.2 91.1 62.5 106.6 109.6 Chad 131.2 149.9 138.7 126.8 117.2 82.6 100.0 109.8 100.9 103.3 106.2 100.2 112.0 113.5 Cotnoros 73.9 112.2 117.1 116.3 111.8 83.2 100.0 99.8 90.6 91.0 92.7 61.8 82.7 101.5 Congo,.Democratic Rep. Of .. 101.2 107.4 108.4 137.0 1 13.7 100.0 93.4 103.0 114.2 117.7 85.5 83.5 109.6 Congo,.Republic of 131.8 135.2 128.5 134.9 89.1 87.0 100.0 112.3 104.4 85.4 93.3 101.1 108.2 107.0 C6le dIlvoire 118.8 117.4 114.0 121.5 113.6 82.1 100.0 100.2 90.6 92.3 99.6 82.9 102.8 103.1 Djibouti . .. 82.9 85.7 89.5 95.3 100.0 104.1 106.8 .. . . 68.5 94.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 112.6 112.5 120.0 111.4 87.6 100.0 122.3 130.3 .. 128.3 .. 96.1 113.9 Eritrea. .. . 83.9 80.5 91.5 100.0 103.0 99.1 95.5 ... . 93.4 Ethiopia .. 133.3 108.7 120.1 118.9 89.9 100.0 93.8 94.0 97.4 90.0 118.4 159.2 104.6 Gabon 120.0 139.6 119.4 127.8 97.7 90.4 100.0 112.3 96.2 101.0 .. 82.9 94.7 109.4 Gamnbia, The 99.9 92.1 89.2 94.7 96.9 95.9 100.0 100.4 99.4 98.8 99.0 75.8 77.4 96.6 Ghana 105.0 112.4 119.7 111.9 99.2 87.6 100.0 102.5 97.8 101.9 103.9 93.9 112.5 103.7 Guinea .. 96.9 101.0 105.5 100.9 97.7 100.0 103.1 97.4 85.9 83.9 .. 84.0 97.2 Guinea-Bissau 82.8 112.3 112.6 98.0 100.5 96.9 100.0 101.8 95.5 101.7 105.5 85.3 87.1 102.5 Kenya 129.5 102.1 94.8 95.1 59.0 82.5 100.0 97.9 109.9 118.3 113.6 104.1 105.7 97.3 Lesodio 88.0 97.5 91.0 99.4 101.3 97.2 100.0 89.6 91.7 79.3 81.4 71.1 71.6 92.8 Madagascar 132.6 95.9 89.0 98.3 108.4 95.8 100.0 123.8 106.1 107.9 113.7 108.3 93.2 103.9 Malawi 119.5 140.0 157.4 138.7 145.5 91.9 100.0 140.0 147.9 96.1 98.6 103.2 107.4 125.6 Mali 90.0 114.8 113.1 122.6 117.7 79.9 100.0 103.7 91.9 95.3 100.2 67.8 90.1 103.9 Mauritania 94.1 127.9 124.1 128.5 96.6 100.5 100.0 97.8 93.9 81.8 78.6 87.4 111.9 103.0 Mauritius 65.1 84.7 87.1 92.4 87.8 92.5 100.0 102.8 .95.0 90.8 92.5 54.3 66.8 92.5 Mozambique 175.8 123.4 116.8 99.6 98.6 98.8 100.0 110.9 120.5 121.9 118.3 188.4 197.9 110o.9 Nainibia 92.1 92.9 88.8 95.0 90.3 95.3 100.0 92.9 93.9 87.6 81.9 81.8 73.8 91.9 Niger 136.8 136.8 125.2 134.9 91.1 85.3 100.0 102.3 92.3 94.0 101.8 100.7 115.4 106.4 Nigeria 287.2 114.5 104.9 122.0 77.9 86.3 100.0 120.4 131.2 133.7 146.3 210.6 116.3 113.7 Rwanda 70.3 127.7 96.9 97.6 102.7 77.4 100.0 93.6 113.0 114.8 114.4 69.8 105.8 103.8 Sho Tom6 and Principe .. 118.5 132.7 105.4 109.1 111.1 100.0 97.2 94.2 85.4 94.8 .. 131.1 104.8 Senegal 96.8 136.1 131.9 141.4 130.2 84.9 100.0 101.3 90.8 91.7 93.7 73.8 105.5 110.2 Seychelles 46.9 83.6 82.8 89.3 91.1 94.4 100.0 95.4 97.1 94.6 82.6 39.3 67.4 91.1 Sierra Leone 115.8 80.2 78.5 74.4 83.0 96.4 100.0 103.6 113.4 88.5 .. 103.1 104.2 90.9 South Africa 70.8 83.2 88.4 96.5 93.0 94.0 100.0 91.5 92.0 83.2 79.8 54.3 61.9 90.2 Sudan 178.4 276.4 226.0 120.8 142.9 142.1 100.0 96.3 126.1 123.7 .. 177.1 344.5 150.5 Swaziland 98.5 77.2 77.2 84.0 82.8 86.1 100.0 93.2 96.1 86.9 82.2 75.8 64.6 86.6 Tanzania .. 94.5 101.8 115.4 95.4 87.2 100.0 113.1 131.6 142.6 144.7 .. 108.4 112.6 Togo 95.8 123.6 122.5 134.8 117.5 80.2 100.0 102.5 100.1 101.7 108.2 76.6 94.2 109.1 Uganda .. 104.9 76.7 63.8 66.4 77.4 100.0 96.4 95.8 97.6 85.0 72.9 147.1 86.4 Zambia 122.9 93.8 96.4 92.5 89.0 94.3 100.0 88.9 102.9 89.5 81.5 98.8 81.3 92.9 Zimbabwe 148.7 127.1 118.5 101.8 97.7 96.0 100.0 111.6 106.2 73.6 68.6 130.8 117.2 100.1 NORT1H AFRICA 117.2 103.6 88.0 93.8 95.8 93.2 100.0 105.2 105.6 105.6 105.7 92.5 100.4 99.7 Algeria 134.1 151.1 114.4 119.4 123.7 105.8 100.0 107.6 108.5 108.9 .. 108.5 147.7 115.5 Egypt, Arab Republic 78.0 86.2 73.1 79.3 86.9 91.9 100.0 109.0 115.5 113.6 .. 70.4 85.5 95.1 Morocco 87.2 82.0 82.6 88.0 83.8 86.0 100.0 99.2 92.5 . .. 66.2 66.6 89.3 Tunisia 83.5 82.7 84.6 93.5 86.2 89.0 100.0 101.7 93.3 103.3 .. 68.3 71.2 92.7 ALL AFRICA 109.2 100.4 96.5 99.4 95.8 92.4 100.0 101.2 101.6 96.5 95.7 86.3 90.7 97.9 Note 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2) Group data are obtained by dividing GDP in current US$ by GDP in constant USS series for each group. 44 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-3. Consumer price index Average annual Index 1995=100 percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.7 57.4 63.9 68.9 70.5 89.0 100.0 108.0 117.1 127.3 134.1 9.8 12.6 10.6 excluding SouthbAfrica 21.9 57.0 63.8 68.7 70.4 88.6 100.0 108.5 117.6 127.8 133.9 9.4 11.4 10.7 excl. S.Aftica &Nigeria 23.0 57.4 63.9 68.9 70.5 89.0 100.0 108.0 116.7 126.5 133.7 9.8 10.6 10.5 Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.7 100.0 1,751.3 2,872.2 5,957.7 13,396.5 .. 3.9 631.5 Botswan a 20.7 56.6 63.3 73.5 81.8 90.5 100.0 110.1 120.6 131.3 142.3 12.1 9.5 11.0 Burkina Faso 59.6 73.6 75.4 73.9 74.4 92.8 100.0 106.1 108.5 111.3 114.0 .. -0.9 5.5 Burundi 28.9 60.0 65.4 66.5 73.0 83.8 100.0 126.4 165.8 186.6 201.6 13.4 5.4 15.0 Camneroon 33.6 73.2 73.3 73.2 70.5 79.5 100.0 106.6 112.1 115.3 117.6 11.5 6.4 6.2 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic 72.0 69.9 69.4 67.4 83.9 100.0 104.4 106.1 104.1 106.6 .. -0.8 5.5 Comoros 75.5 77.7 95.4 96.1 98.2 100.0 103.7 108.0 112.8 108.0 .. 39 3.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of 32.0 58.5 63.9 61.4 64.4 92.0 100.0 110.2 I. . . 1. 3.3 9.9 C8te dIvoire 40.2 64.7 65.7 68.5 70.2 92.9 100.0 103.5 106.6 109.8 112.5 13.3 5.3 7.0 Djibouti .. 77.6 82.9 85.7 89.5 95.3 100.0 104.2 106.3 .. . . 7.1 5.0 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia 34.6 54.2 65.5 79.3 87.2 88.2 100.0 100.9 94.4 97.9 101.4 10.6 2.4 7.0 Gabon 41.0 72.2 76.1 72.4 65.9 96.7 100.0 106.2 108.3 116.0 107.5 12.5 1.0 6.1 Gambia, The 15.6 76.7 83.3 88.2 91.7 95.4 100.0 102.1 105.0 106.1 108.8 10.5 24.3 4.4 Ghana 0.8 28.3 33.4 36.8 45.9 57.4 100.0 146.6 187.5 223.7 246.1 67.9 27.7 30.6 Guinea .. 60.8 72.8 84.8 90.9 94.7 100.0 103.0 106.3 111.1 115.6 .. 30.5 7.7 Guinea-Bissau . 15.1 23.8 40.2 59.7 68.8 100.0 156.6 233.5 252.2 267.3 . .. 40.2 Kenya .. 34.4 41.2 52.4 76.5 98.5 100.0 109.0 121.2 134.1 141.3 .. 10.0 18.0 Lesotho 15.5 54.2 63.8 74.7 84.6 91.5 100.0 109.3 118.7 129.1 138.4 14.2 13.7 11.0 Madagascar .. 35.3 38.3 4472 48.2 67.1 100.0 119.8 125.1 132.9 140.3 .. 17.7 18.9 Malawi 5.5 24.5 27.6 33.9 40.5 54.5 100.0 137.6 150.1 183.3 267.9 .. 20.4 30.6 Mal i .. 75.2 76.6 71.8 71.3 89.0 100.0 106.5 105.8 110.1 111.1 .. 1.3 5.2 Mauritania .. 70.9 74.9 82.5 90.2 93.9 100.0 104.7 109.4 118.2 122.9 .. 6.8 6.4 Mauritius 32.3 71.0 76.0 79.5 87.9 94.3 100.0 106.5 113.8 119.4 125.3 14.9 5.3 7.0 Mozambique 0.4 14.4 19.2 27.9 39.7 64.8 100.0 144.6 153.8 154.7 157.0 .. 68.4 35.8 Namibia 17.0 57.4 64.2 75.6 82.1 90.9 100.0 108.0 117.6 126.5 134.1 .. 13.1 10.2 Nigeria 2.0 14.1 15.9 23.0 36.8 57.8 100.0 129.3 140.0 154.5 169.1 17.7 23.2 35.4 Rwanda 23.0 35.1 42.0 46.0 50.0 82.0 100.0 108.9 122.0 130.3 136.8 11.1 1.9 17.6 S8o Tom6 and Principe .. 22.4 32.8 41.7 52.3 66.3 100.0 145.5 246.5 350.7 403.0 .. 27.4 39.3 Senegal 40.7 71.8 70.6 70.6 69.9 92.2 100.0 102.7 104.6 106.7 108.8 9.7 1.7 5.6 Seychelles 68.5 92.3 94.2 97.2 98.5 100.3 100.0 98.9 99.5 97.0 104.6 10.6 1.5 1.1 Sierra Leone -. 13.4 26.9 53.4 71.7 84.6 100.0 133.5 146.4 154.9 ... 92.4 39.3 Sooth Africa 14.9 58.6 67.6 77.0 84.5 92.1 100.0 107.4 116.6 127.3 136.1 12.8 15.7 10.0 Sudan 0.1 2.7 6.0 13.0 28.5 58.5 100.0 214.3 282.9 305.5 .. 22.9 39.8 88.6 Swaziland 1.7 58.7 65.0 70.4 78.2 89.0 100.0 106.4 114.1 123.8 133.7 14.4 13.5 9.9 Tanzania 2.0 29.2 37.5 45.8 57.3 74.6 100.0 125.7 147.2 162.5 176.1 19.6 30.7 24.5 Togo 43.1 62.7 62.9 63.9 63.8 86.4 100. 104.6 112.0 113.1 116.0 11.1 0.7 8.2 Uganda .. 38.9 48.5 68.9 88.5 94.3 100.0 107.5 115.9 122.6 128.7 .. 158.9 15.7 Zwmbia 0.1 3.2 6.3 16.8 48.5 74.5 100.0 146.3 182.6 234.9 297.1 14.7 57.0 70.6 Zimbabwe .. 29.8 36.8 52.3 66.7 81.6 100.0 121.4 144.5 196.1 282.5 .. 11.2 26.4 NORTH-IAFR.ICA 22.8 52.9 64.7 77.3 85.3 92.3 100.0 107.9 116.5 125.2 136.5 8.2 19.3 9.2 Algeria 12.1 30.6 37.6 49.5 59.7 77.1 100.0 118.7 125.4 131.7 137.0 10.9 8.9 19.9 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 52.9 64.7 77.3 85.3 92.3 100.0 107.9 116.5 125.2 136.5 .. 19.3 9.2 Morocco Tunisia 33.5 75.5 81.7 86.5 90.0 94.1 100.0 103.7 107.4 111.4 115.6 8.5 7.3 4.9 ALL AFRICA 20.7 57.0 64.1 69.2 70.9 89.0 100.0 108.0 116.6 126.9 135.1 9.8 12.7 10.6 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (seepage 2). Group data are medians of indivdual country values for each year. Some mnubers for Angola are sthon in scientific notation. Prices and Exchange Rates 45 3-4. Official exchange rate National currency per US. dollar Annual average 1980 1990 199! 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. . excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Angola 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 Benin 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Botswana 0.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 0.9 1.9 3.0 Burkina Faso 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Burundi 90.0 171.3 181.5 208.3 242.8 252.7 249.8 302.7 352.4 447.8 563.6 91.8 131.5 297.3 Cameroon 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Cape Verde 40.2 70.0 71.4 68.0 80.4 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.2 98.2 102.7 46.6 78.9 82.5 Central African Republic 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Chad 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Comoros 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.7 442.5 461.8 276.7 342.6 361.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.6 140,286.1 0.0 0.0 14,029.0 Congo, Republic of 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Cote dlvoire 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Eritrea .. .. .. 4.6 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.2 7.4 .. .. .. 6.5 Ethiopia 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.8 5.0 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.9 2.1 2.1 5.2 Gabon 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Gambia, The 1.7 7.9 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 2.3 6.4 9.6 Ghana 2.8 326.3 367.8 437.1 649.1 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,647.3 6.1 153.9 1,258.6 Guinea 19.0 660.2 753.9 902.0 955.5 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 .. 21.1 370.4 952.9 Guinea-Bissau 0.5 33.6 56.3 106.7 155.1 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 0.6 11.8 302.3 Kenya 7.4 22.9 27.5 32.2 58.0 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.7 60.4 70.3 9.4 17.5 49.5 Lesotho 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 41.5 41.9 1.0 1.0 9.1 Madagascar 211.3 1,494.1 1,835.4 I,864.0 1,913.8 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 297.7 1,083.7 3,531.8 Malawi 0.8 2.7 2.8 3.6 4.4 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 1.0 2.2 14.4 Mali 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Mauritania 45.9 80.6 81.9 87.0 120.8 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 188.5 209.5 49.0 76.7 131.1 Mauritius 7.7 14.9 15.7 15.6 17.6 18.0 17.4 17.9 21.1 24.0 25.2 8.5 14.1 18.7 Mozambique 324 929.1 1,434.5 2,516.5 ,874.2 6,038.6 9,024.3 11,293.8 11,543.6 11,874.6 12,775.1 34.3 328.8 7,130.4 Namibia 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Niger 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Nigena 0.5 8.0 9.9 17.3 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 92.3 0.6 3.7 25.9 Rwanda 92.8 82.6 125.1 133.4 144.3 220.0 262.2 306.8 301.5 312.3 333.9 93.7 85.0 222.2 SaoTomdandPrincipe 34.8 143.3 201.8 321.3 429.9 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 36.5 69.7 2,400.7 Senegal 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Seychelles 6.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.0 5.1 SierraLeone 1.0 151.4 295.3 499.4 567.5 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.5 1,563.6 1,804.2 1.3 29.5 812.6 Somalia 6.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 175.6 South Africa 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Sudan 0.1 0.4 0.7 9.7 15.9 29.0 58.1 125.1 157.6 200.8 252.6 0.1 0.3 85.0 Swaziland 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Tanzania 8.2 195.1 219.2 297.7 405.3 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 9.2 71.4 480.3 Togo 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Uganda 0.1 428.9 734.0 1,133.8 1,195.0 979.4 968.9 1,046.1 1,083.0 1,240.3 1,454.8 0.7 78.6 1,026.4 Zambia 0.8 30.3 64.6 172.2 452.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 0.9 8.5 902.6 Zimbabwe 0.6 2.5 3.6 5.1 6.5 8.2 8.7 10.0 12.1 23.7 38.3 0.8 1.8 11.9 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 9.0 18.5 21.8 23.3 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 4.3 5.6 39.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.7 1.5 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.6 0.7 3.2 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 Morocco 3.9 8.2 8.7 8.5 9.3 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 5.2 8.8 9.0 Tunisia 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 1999 data are preliminary. Uganda changed ih cunency in 1987 and Congo Dem. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem, Rep. again changed their currecy in 1998. Guineo-Bissau joined W.A M U. in 1997. 46 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-5. SDR exchange rate index SDRs per unit of national currency, index 1995= 100 Annual average 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. Angola 5.E+06 5.E+06 5.E+06 3.E+06 773,107 77,622 6,952 100 4 1 0 5,637,729 5,353,748 929,677 Benin 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Botswana 416 163 167 152 140 124 109 100 88 84 74 402 188 115 Burkina Faso 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Burundi 323 186 163 153 129 112 105 100 86 78 63 354 244 110 Cameroon 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Cape Verde 223 117 123 120 122 104 99 100 97 91 88 240 122 105 CentralAfricanRepublic 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Chad 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Comoros 207 139 154 148 153 144 95 100 102 94 95 184 139 120 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 7.E+ I1 5.E+09 3.E+09 3.E+08 8,131,608 422,108 3,010 100 .. .. .. I;E+12 2.E+10 5.E+08 Congo, Republicof 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Cote d'lvoire 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Djibouti 117 118 112 III 108 109 106 100 104 110 112 130 125 108 Equatorial Guinea 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Eritrea.. . .. . .. . .. ... ....... Ethiopia 347 352 333 330 274 134 120 100 101 101 97 386 373 177 Gabon 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Gambia,The 647 150 136 121 115 114 106 100 102 103 100 568 204 III Ghana 50,406 524 408 359 296 201 132 100 76 64 57 76,474 1,429 188 Guinea 6,092 199 168 146 119 113 108 100 103 171 6,082 1,435 128 Guinea-Bissau 61,655 1,173 909 551 281 193 148 100 73 52 52 62,731 7,181 262 Kenya 796 292 247 205 170 100 98 100 93 96 94 727 369 134 Lesotho 543 164 157 146 137 121 108 100 89 87 74 510 202 113 Liberia 117 118 112 III 108 109 106 100 104 110 112 130 125 108 Madagascar 2,349 314 318 258 246 241 160 100 110 92 87 2,029 587 179 Malawi 2,199 656 627 605 470 377 211 100 104 103 59 2,087 910 295 Mali 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Mauritania 330 182 180 175 164 119 112 100 99 95 77 347 212 124 Mauritius 264 135 131 123 120 107 103 100 101 93 85 284 155 107 Mozamibique 31,524 1,404 1,057 704 385 259 154 100 81 84 83 33,628 13,389 323 Namibia 543 164 157 146 137 121 108 100 89 87 74 510 202 113 Niger 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Nigeria 4,669 352 305 246 145 108 106 100 105 110 112 4,415 1,462 148 Rwanda 302 356 324 213 195 181 115 100 82 88 86 333 356 154 Sao Tomd and Principe 4,681 1,337 1,090 824 477 355 210 100 67 36 23 5,055 3,204 354 Senegal 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Seychelles 87 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 104 101 92 100 101 Sierra Leone 81,552 1,495 569 297 159 141 133 100 84 85 53 78,935 8,296 180 Somalia.. . .. . .. . .. ... ....... South Africa 543 164 157 146 137 121 108 100 89 87 74 510 202 113 Sudan 129,985 14,664 13,854 11,388 865 392 214 100 49 39 31 142,261 23,432 2,992 Swaziland 543 164 157 146 137 121 108 100 89 87 74 510 202 113 Tanzania 8,149 477 329 291 210 156 119 100 103 103 96 8,361 1,975 168 Togo 275 185 205 197 203 192 95 100 102 94 95 245 185 143 Uganda 1,520,277 545 256 150 92 88 105 100 97 99 88 1,025,920 7,512 119 Zambia 126,813 7,855 3,302 1,535 590 210 121 100 75 72 52 127,103 18,640 673 Zimbabwe 1,570 485 395 280 183 145 113 100 91 80 45 1,556 622 159 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. Algeria 1,441 741 600 290 234 221 150 100 91 91 90 1,447 1,103 207 Egypt,ArabRepublic 565 493 267 127 110 110 106 100 105 110 112 823 592 127 Libya 136 137 137 137 131 123 115 100 100 100 .. 152 147 118 Morocco 253 119 116 109 108 100 98 100 102 99 99 225 121 104 Tunisia 272 118 120 114 115 102 99 100 101 94 93 254 140 104 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Guinea-Bissau joined the Western African Monetary Union (W.A.M.U) in May, 1997. Some values for Angola and Congo, Dem, Rep. are in scientific notation. Prices and Exchange Rates 47 3-6. Currency conversion factor Units of national currency per US dollar Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 0.0 0.1 0.5 5.1 152.8 2,711.0 111,008 228,233 392,814 1,830,830 .: 0.0 256,575.4 Benin 211.3 272.3 282.1 350.6 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 454.3 Botswana 0.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 3.9 0.9 1.9 2.9 Burkina Faso 211.3 272.3 282.1 396.6 388.5 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 469.5 Burundi 90.0 171.3 181.5 208.3 242.8 252.7 249.8 302.8 352.4 447.8 563.6 91.8 131.5 297.3 Cameroon 209.2 300.7 268.6 280.4 265.4 435.0 518.5 501.8 541.1 602.1 588.4 265.6 356.7 430.2 Cape Verde 40.2 70.0 71.4 68.0 80.4 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.1 98.2 102.7 46.6 78.9 82.5 Central African Republic 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 582.4 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.6 Chad 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Comoros 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.8 442.5 461.8 274.7 342.6 361.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.0 970.9 6,254.7 47,729 124,416 129,101 140,286 0.0 0.0 44,876.1 Congo, Republic of 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 396.1 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 457.0 C6ted'lvoire 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 110.6 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 146.9 342.6 445.7 Eritrea .. .. .. 4.6 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.2 7.4 8.5 .. .. 6.7 Ethiopia .. 2.6 3.7 3.7 4.3 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.5 2.1 2.1 5.3 Gabon 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 349.6 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 452.4 Gambia,The 1.7 7.9 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 2.3 6.4 9.6 Ghana 9.6 326.3 367.8 437.1 649.1 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,647.3 17.5 157.0 1,258.6 Guinea 19.0 660.2 - 753.9 902.0 955.5 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 1,343.6 21.1 373.0 99sl. Guinea-Bissau 0.8 33.6 56.3 106.7 155.1 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 0.8 12.3 302.3 Kenya 7.4 22.9 27.5 32.2 58.0 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.7 60.4 70.4 9.4 17.5 49.5 Lesotho 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 Madagascar 211.3 1,494.2 1,835.4 1,864.0 1,913.8 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 297.7 1,083.7 3,531.8 Malawi 0.8 2.7 2.8 3.6 4.4 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 1.0 2.2 14.4 Mali 211.3 272.3 282.1 265.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.8 Maunitania 45.9 80.6 81.9 87.0 120.8 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 189.0 209.2 49.0 76.7 131.1 Mauritius 7.7 14.9 15.7 15.6 17.6 18.0 17.4 17.9 21.1 24.0 25.2 8.5 14.1 18.7 Mozambique 32.4 929.1 f,434.5 2,432f7 3,722.7 5,91s8.1s,889.8 11,293.8 11,543.6 11,874.6 12,775.1 - 34.3 32.f8 7,081.4 Namibia 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 0.9 2.3 3.9 Niger 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 391.4 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 456.6 Nigeria 0.8 9.2 12.0 19.0 45.3 52.3 70.4 80.0 81.1 88.0 92.3 1.1 5.3 55.0 Rwanda 92.8 82.6 125.1 133.4 144.3 220.0 262.2 306.8 301.5 312.3 333.9 93.7 85.0 222.2 SaoTomeandPrincipe 34.8 143.3 201.8 320.0 429.9 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 36.5 69.7 2,400.6 Senegal 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Seychelles 6.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.0 5.1 Sierra Leone 1.0 151.4 295.3 499.4 567.5 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.5 1,563.6 1,804.2 1.3 29.1 812.6 Somalia 28.8 1,896.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.1 236.3 1,896.1 South Africa 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Sudan 0.6 12.2 27.0 97.4 159.3 289.6 580.9 1,250.8 1,575.7 2,008.0 2,525.5 0.7 3.1 852.6 Swaziland 0.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 1.0 2.3 3.9 Tanzania 8.2 195.1 219.2 297.7 405.3 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 9.2 71.4 480.3 Togo 211.3 272.3 282.1 264.7 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 276.7 342.6 445.7 Uganda 1.0 319.6 550.9 960.8 1,201.8 1,101.0 932.5 1,012.0 1,058.1 1,149.7 1,362.1 2.1 53.2 964.8 Zambia 0.8 34.5 64.6 178.9 452.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 0.9 8.5 903.7 Zimbabwe 0.6 2.4 3.4 5.1 6.5 8.1 8.7 9.9 11.9 21.4 38.3 0.8 1.8 11.6 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 9.0 18.5 21.8 23.3 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 4.3 5.6 39.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.7 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.7 1.4 3.2 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. 0.4 ,, ,, .. 0.3 0.3 0.3 Morocco 3.9 8.2 8.7 8.5 9.3 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 5.2 8.8 9.0 Tunisia 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.0 ALL AFRICA re dd o. G. .. .. . Note: off. exch. rate adjusted for some countries to better reflect the rate at vhich inti. transactions are carried out. G. Bissau joined w A.M.U. in 1997. 48 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate National currency per US. dollar Annual average 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-AMR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . excluding South Africa . . . . . excl. S.Afiica & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . Angola ..1,850.0 . .. 1,266.7 1,087.5 31,740 203,138 569,574 163,370 283,139 900.0 1,837.5 179,04-5 Benin 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Botswana 0.g 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.7 1.2 2.4 2.8 Burkina Faso 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 17.1 16.8 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 349.9 Burundi 106.0 169.6 214.0 186.1 269.3 310.9 370.7 409.4 340.8 369.6 459.2 122.3 161.7 339.5 Camseroon 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Cape Verde . .. . .. 88.0 79.5 87.0 92.0 89.3 89.5 99.5 . .. 89.3 Central African Republic 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Chad 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Comoros 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 446.0 390.6 415.6 467.6 304.2 343.9 356.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 6.4 235.8 469.4 738.1 19,318.8 756,558 3,112,921 1,210 7,452 52,429 160,358 14.3 182.6 513,873 Congo, Republic of 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 C6te dIlvoire 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Djibouti .. 213.5 217.9 191.8 213.8 205.8 212.0 208.6 198.5 192.1 183.9 .. 207.8 200.8 Equatorial Guinea 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 586.4 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 426.4 Ethiopia 2.8 6.6 5.9 6.0 6.7 9.5 13.3 12.0 10.7 10.2 7.5 3.5 5.1 9.5 Gabon 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 334.6 343.9 415.5 Gambia, The 1.7 8.6 7.4 8.3 8.8 11.5 9.1 9.0 10.4 10.8 10.8 2.5 7.1 9.8 Ghana 15.9 252.2 328.8 360.8 382.2 451.6 665.7 976.4 1,224.3 1,663.4 2,080.7 41.7 222.1 975.6 Guinea 41.7 538.9 580.1 693.3 793.0 1,608.1 1,156.9 1,074.1 1,017.9 1,025.9 1,125.3 102.9 453.8 1,061.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 1,800.0 . .. 4,173 6,075 9,883 14,013 19,167 26,855 ... 1,800 13,361 Kenya 8.2 21.8 22.4 23.3 30.0 44.4 91.7 66.8 53.4 59.5 62.1 11.9 19.0 53.9 Lesotho .. 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 1.4 2.5 3.6 Liberia .. 1.5 . .. . .. 40.0 45.0 42.3 45.8 48.5 .. 1.5 44.3 Madagascar . 265.0 1,671.7 1,639.1 1,589.2 2,071.3 2,239.2 2,217.9 3,122.9 4,397.5 4,551.7 5,582.1 521.1 1,133.5 3,22-1.5 Malawi 1.6 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.9 4.6 5.9 9.2 16.7 16.5 17.6 1.7 2.8 9.7 Mali 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Mauritania 65.0 200.0 . .. 213.3 221.7 247.5 145.0 139.3 144.0 158.9 93.2 178.0 181.4 Mauritius .. 14.1 16.0 15.7 17.1 16.8 18.3 18.4 18.2 19.4 21.4 .. 14.5 18.2 Mozambique 80.0 ..1,250.0 ..2,100.0 2,800.0 3,950.0 6,875.0 9,865.7 12,172.5 12,533.7 322.2 1,793.8 7,185.3 Niger 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Nigeria 0.9 6.7 10.7 9.3 6.7 21.9 56.8 71.7 78.3 81.8 84.7 1.4 6.4 51.4 Rwanda 115.0 98.7 109.8 104.2 209.1 238.9 297.4 286.5 268.1 331.8 360.5 135.4 111.4 262.1 S8o Tomd and Principe . .. . .. 222.5 360.0 432.5 810.0 1,503.3 2,407.5 7,300.0 *. . 1,862.3 Senegal 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Seychelles .. . . 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 . .. 5.6 Sierra Leone 1.4 131.6 180.9 470.6 535.7 845.1 647.5 618.7 741.3 942.1 1,137.9 2.1 86.5 742.4 Somalia 9.9 319.2 398.8 1,982.1 4,675.0 6,095.0 7,456.3 6,961.3 6,549.2 7,789.8 5,919.3 14.7 224.0 5,928.5 South Africa 0.9 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 1.2 2.5 3.6 Sudan 1.0 11.2 15.9 43.6 105.3 62.4 31.6 45.3 77.5 147.2 171.2 1.3 8.4 85.5 Swaziland .. 2.4 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.9 .. 2.5 3.8 Tanzania 21.0 211.0 263.5 292.4 348.5 405.9 443.5 523.2 587.3 604.7 656.9 30.5 175.4 482.8 Togo 209.5 302.1 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 304.2 343.9 415.5 Uganda 75.7 470.8 597.5 685.8 859.2 1,365.4 1,515.8 1,289.2 1,076.2 1,135.2 1,178.1 203.8 3,681.6 1,138.1 Zambia 1.3 30.3 107.8 121.2 133.3 104.2 531.0 805.4 935.6 1,281.8 1,583.0 1.7 33.5 686.9 Zimbabwe 1.1 3.1 3.5 3.3 5.3 6.7 7.7 9.4 8.9 10.8 13.9 1.7 2.8 8.2 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . Algeria 10.9 . 29.7 37.1 29.8 33.8 87.4 106.8 128.7 131.9 127.6 129.8 13.6 27.2 97.0 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.8 2.2 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 0.9 2.0 3.3 Libya 0.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.2 0.5 1.0 1.6 Morocco 4.1 8.5 9.2 9.3 9.2 8.9 9.4 9.4 8.6 8.8 9.7 6.0 9.1 9.2 Tunisia 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.0 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . Nate: Rates are annual avg. uf month-end est., based on a sample afo-an-tainns. G. Bisnau joined the W.A.M.U. is 97. New Ugandan shilling introduced in 1987. Prices and Exchange Rates 49 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Ratio ofparallel market to official exchange rates Annual average 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . ... excluding South Africa.. . .. . .. * excl. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . .. Angola ..6.18E+10 . ..2.30E+10 4.33E+09 1.19E3+10 3.41E+09 2.07E+08 1.28E+06 1.24E+06 3.0IE+10 6.14E+10 6.l2E+09 Benin 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Botswana 1.03 1.15 1.14 1.02 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.08 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.23 1.27 1.08 Burkina Faso 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 0.06 0.06 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 0.78 Burundi 1.1g 1.21 1.35 1.09 1.48 1.49 1.53 1.62 1.36 1.22 1.30 1.28 1.22 1.39 Cameroon 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Cape Verde . .. . .. 1.23 1.17 i.08 1.12 1.16 1.08 1.07 ... 1.13 Central African Republic 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Chad 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Comoros 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.03 1.01 1.05 Congo~Democratic Rep.of 6.86E+11 3.78E+I1I 3.69E+1I1 3.08E+l1 3.72E+11I 3.52E+11I 1.24E+11 1.OIE+05 1.06E+05 1.04E+05 1.22E+05 6.49E+1I1 3.25E+11I 1.44E+11I Congo, Republic of 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.~02 1.03 L.01 1.02 C6te d'Ivoire 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Djibouti .. 1.20 1.23 1.08 1.20 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.12 1.08 1.03 ~ . 1.17 1.13 Equatorial Guinea 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.17 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.04 Ethiopia 1.35 3.19 2.85 2.90 3.24 3.39 2.66 2.20 1.74 1.61 1.12 1.70 2.48 2.36 Gabon 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.02 Gamibia,The 0.99 1.28 0.98 1.05 1.00 1.29 1.00 0.94 1.09 1.10 1.06 1.06 1.10 1.07 Ghana 5.78 1.25 1.22 1.11 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 7.98 1.67 1.03 Guinea 2.20 1.14 0.98 1.05 1.05 1.78 1.21 1.10 1.03 1.02 1.03 4.62 3.42 1.16 Guinea-Bissau .. 105.43 . .. 74.13 56.95 63.72 70.65 68.94 66.19 ... 105.43 66.76 Kenya 1.11 11.23 1.09 1.02 1.09 1.38 1.58 1.19 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.18 1.08 1.17 Lesotho .. 1.06 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.09 1.09 1.05 Liberia .. 1.50 . .. . .. 40.00 45.00 42.30 45.80 48.50 .. 1.50 44.32 Madagascar 1.25 1.19 1.02 1.06 1.13 1.20 1.16 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.10 1.53 1.05 1.10 Malawi 1.97 1.21 1.30 1.21 1.39 1.28 1.34 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.77 1.25 1.19 Mali 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Mauritania 1.42 2.66 . .. 2.60 2.55 2.05 1.17 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.79 2.37 1.65 Mauritius .. 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.02 .. 1.03 1.05 Mozambique 2.47 .. 1.68 .. 1.46 1.11 1.02 1.14 1.09 1.08 1.09 8.19 24.52 1.14 Niger 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Nigeria 1.65 1.48 1.45 1.16 0.68 1.27 2.57 3.26 3.58 3.74 3.87 2.09 2.24 2.51 Rwanda 1.24 1.29 1.37 1.26 1.67 1.79 2.06 1.30 1.02 1.08 1.20 1.44 1.31 1.42 S8o Tomd and Principe . .. . .. 1.10 1.12 1.01 1.11 1.06 1.09 1.60 ... 1.16 Senegal 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Seychelles .. . . 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.09 ... 1.09 Sierra Leone 1.33 4.05 3.02 3.11 1.81 1.69 1.14 1.05 0.98 1.02 1.16 1.42 2.46 1.50 Somalia 1.57 1.87 0.81 . . .. . ..... 1.45 1.76 South Africa 1.16 1.06 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.12 1.09 1.05 Sudan 20.00 24.89 35.33 96.89 151.39 6.40 1.98 1.56 1.33 1.18 1.09 16.25 23.50 32.73 Swaziland .. 1.06 1.14 1.04 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.06 .. 1.11 1.10 Tanzania 2.56 2.13 1.84 1.50 1.59 1.36 1.09 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.07 3.02 3.08 1.21 Togo 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 Uganda 1,020.63 4.44 2.68 1.60 1.17 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.11 1.09 1.09 535.92 151.70 1.23 Zamnbia 1.65 3.67 7.80 4.00 2.06 0.61 1.17 1.20 1.08 1.06 1.20 1.69 3.17 1.55 Zimbabwe 1.71 1.72 1.65 1.35 1.46 1.31 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.08 1.15 2.09 1.55 1.21 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . .. Algeria 2.84 5.02 4.88 3.33 1.83 4.00 4.57 3.67 2.77 2.33 2.25 3.08 4.82 3.09 Egypt, Arab Republic 1.14 3.14 3.00 1.68 1.08 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.00 1.42 2.74 1.11 Libya 1.69 3.50 3.00 3.53 4.27 5.62 5.57 4.99 3.76 5.53 5.77 1.64 3.47 4.88 Morocco 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.07 1.03 1.04 Tunisia 0.99 1.05 1.05 1-.02 1.08 1.13 1.00 1.09 0.95 1.03 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.04 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . .. Note: 1999 data are prelimsinary (see page 2). New Ugandan shilling =155 aid Ugand.n shilling was introduced in 1987. Some valum for Angola and Congo, Dam, Rep. are in scientific notation. 50 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index Index l990=100 Annual average 1980 1990 199/ 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 115.3 100.0 96.3 93.3 91.0 79.9 79.0 82.5 79.9 83.6 82.7 70.3 106.8 86.8 eXcluding South Africa 113.4 100.0 96.0 93.1 90.4 79.9 78.9 82.3 79.1 82.7 81.9 69.4 107.3 86.4 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 112.0 100.0 96.3 93.3 91.0 75.8 78.4 82.3 78.2 82.5 80.8 68.6 106.8 85.9 Benin .. 100.0 98.7 102.5 102.3 65.7 75.2 76.0 76.4 82,2 ... 93.1 86.6 Botswana 117.1 100.0 98.0 101.5 104.2 102.7 104.3 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 114.2 92.4 100.7 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi 129.8 100.0 100.4 84.5 81.7 85.1 92.2 97.9 85.6 87.9 90.1 159.6 137.1 90.5 Cameroon 88.2 100.0 95.7 96.4 89.8 57.6 66.4 67.3 66.1 65.7 71.3 84.0 98.8 77.6 Cape Verde 88.7 100.0 89.0 90.2 87.6 88.0 89.6 89.0 92.1 88,4A 97.2 100.1 90.4 Central African Republic 105.9 100.0 94.4 94.4 89.7 56.0 66.0 67.5 65.2 64.0 64.9 100.7 101.7 76.2 Chad 102.3 100.0 100.6 108.6 111.6 58.7 64.4 66.8 66.9 66.9 66.9 114.4 108.5 81.1 Comoros 100.0 93.6 96.3 97.3 .. . . . . . . 104.9 96.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 332.2 100.0 96.3 93.5 123.3 89.1 83.5 82.6 . . .. 335.1 126.8 95.5 Congo, Republic of 102.2 100.0 89.5 90.0 89.2 69.3 79.0 75.2 77.6 79.9 80.8 102.2 102.1 83.0 C,6te dIvoire 106.1 100.0 96.7 100.8 99.2 60.9 70.3 70.7 69.5 74.1 72.7 90.0 94.5 81.5 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia 92.5 100.0 108.6 98.9 44.5 37.9 38.5 35.4 35.8 35.8 35.3 92 .5 109.5 57.1 Gabon 113.4 100.0 87.1 87.2 84.1 56.5 62.5 63.9 62.4 67.8 68.7 102.5 98.7 74.0 Gambia, The 100.8 100.0 97.1 103.2 103.1 95.9 95.3 94.8 99.6 98.2 96.0 97.0 81.0 98.3 Ghana .. 100.0 101.7 92.1 77.5 63.9 73.4 82.3 88.3 95.4 102.6 312.6 128.9 87.7 Guinea .. 100.0 104.5 96.9 100.6 98.5 92.8 95.1 94.4 93.7 80.6 .. 116.2 95.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 100.0 91.2 75.8 80.8 71.8 66.4 69.6 78.2 81.3 ... 100.0 79.5 Kenya 142.5 100.0 98.1 102.5 87.2 113.1 117.8 113.4 124.4 129.5 144.6 141.2 120.5 113.1 Lesotho 118.4 100.0 66.2 92.2 86.9 79.9 85.9 88.5 72.8 73.8 73.8 116.8 109.9 82.0 Madagascar 193.1 100.0 87.3 92.9 102.7 90.2 81.9 104.1 96.3 96.7 96.1 200.0 130.3 94.8 Malawi 110.6 100.0 103.5 95.2 97.0 68.6 59.6 82.3 91.9 126.2 126.1 108.1 97.5 95.0 Mauritania 120.7 100.0 101.8 102.6 93.8 86.3 78.9 79.6 79.9 . .. 139.8 115.1 90.4 Mozambique 117.6 100.0 8. 65.5 63.5 61.4 58.7 67.4 73.4 75.6 75.6 150.1 205.2 72.6 Nanmibia 129.0 100.0 98.3 103.3 103.5 103.8 104.4 96.5 99.6 84.6 83.0 133.6 105.3 97.7 Niger .. 100.0 87.4 82.8 79.3 55.2 62.1 63.2 62.1 67.8 70.1 .. 108.0 73.0 Nigeria 350.6 100.0 85.0 70.5 77.2 142.8 122.1 167.7 193.1 203.6 193.3 431.4 282.8 135.5 Rwanda 83.3 100.0 76.0 73.4 85.1 128.7 78.0 85.2 102.2 103.2 104.8 60.9 112.9 93.7 SAo Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal 108.2 100.0 93.7 93.3 91.0 58.8 63.7 64.2 59.9 62.2 60.7 98.2 106.9 74.7 Seychelles 90.6 100.0 99.2 99.5 106.0 104.5 102.1 97.3 101.1 101.1 101.1 103.8 109.4 101.2 Sierra Leone 122.8 100.0 101.1 92.1 102.5 116.6 105.4 106.0 122.8 104.3 121.6 173.7 166.9 107.2 South Africa 133.9 100.0 104.2 107.7 105.5 100.8 97.8 90.2 96.5 87.4 82.7 134.6 97.3 97.3 Sudan 45.0 100.0 176.9 28.2 27.9 33.0 25.4 25.3 26.2 19.9 21.5 43.4 47.1 48.4 Tanzania .. 100.0 98.8 86.8 94.0 93.6 97.7 118.3 125.6 135.5 135.5 .. 138.3 108.6 Togo .. 100.0 95.0 96.5 93.1 61.9 71.8 73.6 75.6 82.7 . 117.5 104.9 83.3 Uganda .. 100.0 61.2 49.2 50.4 61.0 65.9 64.8 66.2 67.7 58.9 .. 133.2 64.5 Zambia 135.0 100.0 93.2 89.3 101.4 97.5 93.4 97.7 11I7.0 127.4 134.4 143.7 85.3 105.1 Zimbabwe 165.4 100.0 66.2 92.2 86.9 79.9 85.9 88.5 72.8 73.8 .. 167.1 127.3 82.9 NORTH AFRICA 151.6 100.0 98.2 101.6 103.8 106.2 107.6 108.9 109.3 110.7 118.7 147.8 120.2 106.5 Algeria 133.2 100.0 62.2 60.7 72.3 61.7 51.7 53.0 58.3 61.1 56.2 152.2 152.2 63.7 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 100.0 95.4 100.1 107.6 112.0 116.9 123.2 129.6 148.2 159.2 .. 103.4 119.2 Morocco 156.8 100.0 102.4 103.1 105.9 108.3 1 11.9 113.7 114.7 117.5 118.7 139.6 109.3 109.6 Tunisia 151.6 100.0 101.0 103.1 101.7 104.0 103.4 104.1 103.9 103.9 .. 149.8 117.0 102.8 ALL AFRICA 117.6 100.0 96.3 93.5 93.1 82.5 80.4 83.9 85.6 86.0 82.9 72.9 107.8 88.4 Note: 1999 data are prclimittary (see page 2). 51 Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 1999* (index 1990 = 100) 0 25 50 75 loo 125 150 175 200 Nigeria Egypt, Arab Rep. I Kenya Tanzania _ _ Zambia _ Malawi Sierra Leone Morocco Rwanda Tunisia Ghana Seychelles Botswana Madagascar Gamnbia, The Burundi Cape Verde Namibia South Africa Congo, Democratic Republic Benin Guinea-Bissau Congo Guinea Mauritania Mozambique Lesotho Zimbabwe Cote d'lvoire Cameroon Niger Gabon Chad Central African Republic Senegal Uganda = Algeria Ethiopia Sudan * Or most recent year available. 52 Prices and Exchange Rates Technical notes Tables jor urban areas. Thus, the consumer price indexes shown for some countries may not accurately repre- Table 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series). The sent price movements because the underlying con- implicit GDP deflator for national currency series is sumption basket may not be representative of overall obtained by dividing, for each year of the time series, national consumption patterns, and the weights as- the value of GDP at current prices (World Bank coun- signed to prices may be outdated. try desks) by the value of GDP at constant 1995 prices (World Bank country desks), both in national cur- Table 34. Official exchange rate. The official ex- rency. change rate (IMF, IFS, line rf) is expressed as the annual average of the official market exchange rate Table 3-2. GDP deflator (US dollar series). The in national currency per US dollar. GDP deflator for US dollar series (with base year 1995 = 100) (World Bank country desks) is obtained by Table 3-5. SDR exchange rate index. This index is dividing, for each year of the time series, the value of based on the average annual exchange rate for SDRs GDP at current U.S. dollars (Table 2-5) by the value per unit of national currency (IMF, IFS, line rd-zf). of GDP at constant 1995 dollars (Table 2-1). GDP at current U.S. dollars was obtained by converting cur- Table 3-6. Currency conversion factor. These are rent national series at single-year exchange rates, the annual exchange rates used by the World Bank while GDP at constant 1995 dollars was obtained by (World Bank country desks) to convert national cur- converting constant national series at 1995 prices at a rency series into U.S. dollars. For most countries, in fixed (1995) exchange rate. As a result, the GDP de- most years, the conversion factor is identical to the flator for US dollar series includes both the effects of average annual official exchange rate. However, domestic price changes and the effects of exchange where the official exchange rate is judged to diverge rate variations. by an exceptionally large margin from the rate effec- tively applied to international transactions, a more Table 3-3. Consumer price index. Consumer price appropriate conversion factor is estimated. An alter- indexes (IMF, IFS, line 64) are generally compiled native conversion factor is used when there are egre- using the Laspeyres formula: goods in the consump- gious differences between the official and effective tion basket selected according to consumption pat- transaction rates, when officially recognized multiple tems in the base year, derived from household ex- exchange rates have analytically significant spreads, penditure surveys, are weighted bytheir relative prices or when exchange rates need to be adjusted to a fiscal in the base year. The data often relate only to selected year base. The objective in estimating alternative con- representative income groups in capital cities or ma- version factors is to approximate as closely as possible Prices and Exchange Rates 53 exchange rates actually used. For example, where exchange rates (Table 3-4), to measure the premium multiple exchange rates are maintained, a on the official exchange rate. The premium is usually transaction-weighted rate is calculated. high in the presence of an overvalued exchange rate. Note that national statistical compilers sometimes use This table reflects the corrected series for Table 3-7. an official exchange rate to assign a national currency value to international transactions originally denomi- Table 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index. This nated in foreign currencies. In these cases, the offi- index (MF, IFS Database) gives a measure of price cial rate must be used to convert the same items back competitiveness of the country's exports relative to to dollars, regardless of whether it was the rate actu- its trading partners. A decline (increase) in the index ally applied to the international transactions, even if indicates real depreciation (appreciation) of the ex- an alternative conversion factor is used for other com- change rate. The data have been rebased to 1990. The ponents of GDP. year 1987 coincided with the early period of massive devaluations in the process of adjustment by several Table 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate. Data re- Sub-Saharan African countries. As a result, the sub- ported here are from Pick's Currency Yearbooks and stantial devaluations that continued to take place af- CurrencyAlerts (now discontinued) and Global Cur- ter 1987 may not be very pronounced in the data. rency Report. They are averages of month-end rates Relative movements in the inflation rates between a for the period covered, based on a sample of transac- country and the trading partner(s) may diminish the tions, usually in a capital city or a financial center of real impact of a devaluation, particularly if inflation- the country. They include the rates at the Bureaux de ary tendencies are stronger domestically than abroad. Change that have been established in some countries with auction markets as semi-official foreign exchange Figure windows for small transactions. The current table corrects some errors contained in ADI 1994-95. The following indicator has been used to derive the figure in this chapter. Table 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official ex- change rates. This ratio is obtained by dividing par- Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate (Table 3-9). allel market exchange rates (Table 3-7) by official 54 Prices and Exchange Rates Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 3 Aggregations' Period averages b Table (4) (7) (8) (1) (2) 3-1 x x 3-2 x x 3-3 x x 3-4 x x 3-5 x x 3-6 x x 3-7 x x 3-8 x x 3-9 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same seies as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 4 Money and Banking M onetary variables directly affect prices and ex- financial conditions of a country and to arrive at a M change rates and indirectly affect real eco- proper evaluation of the financial policy options open nomic performance. Money plays a vital role to a country for achieving its macroeconomic objec- in any modem economy. Data in this chapter are con- tives. The government usually intervenes in finance cemed with the creation of the types of assets that to control the supply of money and credit. The pri- transactors in the economy wish to hold from the types mary objective of such intervention is to maintain of liabilities that debtors are willing to incur. How- price stability. However, the govemment may also ever, emphasis here is on the creation of the means of intervene to finance a budget deficit that in turn may payment, that is, on the more liquid end of the liquid- threaten price stability. The government also ensures ity spectrum for assets. that financial institutions are properly supervised to Money and the institutions that deal in money pro- ensure continued confidence in the financial system vide cover against credit risks, limit transactions costs, and to avoid destabilizing runs on the banking sys- help mobilize savings, allocate credit, and facilitate tem. Time series are provided for nine indicators in investment and hence growth of the economy. Data this section. on money and banking help to assess the prevailing 55 5 6 M o n e yy and Banking 4-1. Domestic Credit Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 20 I 1 1 14 9 9 21 14 1 1 excluding South Affica 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 20 1 1 10 13 9 10 21 14 II1 excl. SAfrica &Nigeria 18 1 1 10 10 4 20- 1 1 1 1 14 9 9 21 14 10 Angola 8 404 340 156 -451 Benin 117,710 49 1 I -30 -4 -26 74 21 4 -24 2 6 9 .. -20 Botswana -4,747 -26 28 0 14 10 20 -3 16 146 19 0 -54 20 Burkina Faso 66,293 3 1 -10 -16 -5 4 -14 30 116 9 5 -32 68 9 Burundi 39,933 20 7 16 -6 4 16 -14 52 20 25 34 -12 .. 18 Cameroon 791,344 28 -2 21 -34 -3 -1 -1 -4 6 9 9 -1I 13 Cape Verde 21,027 39 15 27 17 19 23 19 II1 21 6 1 1 -17 -4 -8 Central African Republic 63,333 39 1 18 -18 0 31 -4 -4 -2 1 1 14 -II . 16 Chad 71,325 -1 -17 17 12 -15 30 -10 28 0 2 6 -II . -23 Comoros 12,449 18 1 1 8 -20 9 0 -18 3 -2 20 .. 2 -8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 7 22 341 1,404 2,862 1,648 5,299 182 ... . 3 84 26 Congo, Republic of 183,036 17 -4 3 4 -32 3 10 8 14 1 1 9 -2 -13 7 C6te dlvoire 1,540,052 23 -5 0 2 -3 6 12 3 8 5 -1 -20 35 1 1 Djibouti 45,598 .. -2 3 8 -2 10 17 7 -3 -4 -31 .. -36 23 Equatorial Guinea 20,829 .. -7 91 -10 -28 47 1 1 1 16 -15 36 . .. 6 Ethiopia 14,361 18 19 10 14 6 9 1 1 19 7 9 26 -3 7 0 Gabon 453,735 1 1 -14 3 -7 I 25 IS -4 14 26 -4 -13 -27 29 Gamibia, The 281 23 -61 . .. -17 -13 41 9 35 17 31 -3 Ghana 1,850,561 28 4 82 45 52 19 53 20 73 23 54 I -12 9 Guinea 282,366 .. . . 24 9 18 29 17 -7 -7 . Guinea-Bissau 2,171 .. 265 -70 30 52 14 -50 58 234 15 44 . .. -1I Kenya 198,876 13 26 19 18 -2 50 37 19 21 9 10 -6 -13 -1 Lesotho -212 .. -12 -4 -44 -45 -98 .. 112 119 0 -99 .. 25 Liberia 1,692 2 . .. 14 1 1 6 14 1 1 5 1,783 -9 7 30 28 Madagascar 2,506,189 50 6 12 28 16 29 -3 -2 2 29 10 1 -27 -3 Malawi 2,644 12 3 21 65 14 36 -3 16 12 -3 75 -16 31 12 Mali 136,883 5 -17 -3 2 12 20 15 0 29 29 18 -9 .. 12 Mauritania 32,877 13 II1 10 0 7 -1 -37 -36 -38 -66 -87 -16 44 Mauritius 46,369 14 16 25 19 25 23 13 6 26 22 9 -9 2 -3 Mozamnbique 887,600 .. 25 38 -3 -39 131 28 410 107 4 192 .. 1 8 Namtibia 5,595 . .. 10 91 29 28 31 22 -I 9 9 . .. -14 Niger 81,241 45 -4 -to -4 -17 25 -17 to 23 3 3 -3 Nigeria 444,710 23 34 IS 128 64 57 7 -23 -3 -32 180 -21 31 14 Rwanda 44,016 12 16 -IS 33 23 -7 -7 -2 61 13 13 4 10 0 Sao Tome and Principe 22,360 .. . . . . . . 22 -110 -783 -30 Senegal 538,122 16 -9 -2 -1 -2 7 2 7 2 6 8 -13 -13 9 Seychelles 1,615 12 II 10 II 25 20 15 16 23 31 IS -3 15 4 Sierra Leone 426,184 35 204 24 -8 1 1,076 -12 6 11 7 13 -3 1 -19 South Africa 333,490 21 16 . .. 12 21 12 18 16 17 9 3 1 -2 Sudan 46,238 22 39 56 153 65 48 47 114 18 24 23 -6 16 -9 Swaziland 328 0 38 -67 68 109 163 -36 45 -15 -269 6 -17 Tanzania 693,880 24 72 13 23 40 II 1I -15 -1 17 23 -6 14 -8 Togo' 169,769 13 14 10 -7 2 21 44 10 7 II -7 -20 .. 2 Uganda 234,994 64 .. . 4 -13 -42 34 38 131 15 19 Zambia 1,921,138 17 90 137 .. 123 63 21 0 71 13 -8 62 -15 Zimbabwc 20,496 28 19 29 43 59 20 19 27 83 41 7 .. 15 -3 NORTH AFRICA 18 10 9 II 7 10 IS 6 15 9 12 20 II 10 Algeria 968,930 17 13 17 32 17 4 25 10 10 9 25 -3 -13 1 Egypt, Arab Republic 157,300 42 26 8 4 7 13 17 14 16 19 12 -3 3 1 Libya 11,529 -1I 10 9 I 4 10 8 -4 -16 2 -9 -II 8 -22 Morocco 166,721 18 -1 19 II 9 II 1s 6 49 9 3 -7 -3 -6 Tunisia 9,746 19 6 8 11 5 6 7 0 IS 8 14 -2 -S 0 ALL AFRICA .. 18 11 10 11 6 20 11 10 14 9 10 20 14 II Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). L"evet tar 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Graup data are mediams of dinvldual cousnty values in each year or periad. Money and Banking 5 7 4-2. Credit to the private sector Average annual Level ______Percentage annual change ________ percentage growth 1995 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 /997 1998 1999 75.84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1 5 14 12 7 1 1 14 1 7 1 3 1 6 14 1 1 16 14 1 4 excluding South Africa 1 5 14 1 2 7 1 1 1 4 1 7 1 3 1 6 14 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 3 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 1 5 1 4 1 2 6 10 13 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 3 Angola I .. . . . . . . 3,595 241 -1 381 Benin 80,447 34 -1 -16 -20 -2 1 1 7 27 -30 40 61 -17 Botswana 1,560 1 0 52 43 36 1 2 1 2 -3 4 9 39 43 -2 1 -8 Burkina Faso 80,590 4 4 -23 -12 -9 -17 9 13 80 10 3 -27 5 1 Burundi 30,648 14 35 39 7 35 8 -15 31 7 26 29 -9 57 -4 Cameroon - 371,390 -29 - 1 0 -55 -8 0 1 4 -10 23 12 -5 .. 54 Cape Verde 10,391 -14 20 1 5 20 59 1 37 1 7 20 1 2 12 -10 3 -6 Central African Republic 23,159 so -4 -9 -37 -5 1 7 24 0 4 16 -1 -24 .. -7 Chad 27,790 -2 3 -B -1 -33 14 1 7 8 -3 1 7 0 -7 Comoros 9,525 43 7 3 -_12 -3 10 -29 25 -17 23 .. -3 7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 4 32 77 744 4,696 1,889 22,432 474 . .. . .. I 1 3 89 Congo, Republic of 85,683 23 6 3 -1 -46 1 5 1 3 1 4 9 5 4 1 6 -22 1 5 C6te dIlvoire 1,016,035 12 -3 -I -11 -5 -5 1 9 2 1 3 1 -7 -18 Djibouti 37,901 .. -5 -3 -1 -6 2 1 3 3 -1 9 -35 .. -32 Equatorial Guinea 3,397 .. 58 -36 -75 13 51 82 94 18 51 . .. 30 Ethiopia 5,336 -I -5 -l 22 98 26 47 54 16 7 17 7 .. -18 Gabon 196,080 16 1 7 -28 -3 0 25 -2 41 6 0 -12 -8 -2 Gambia, The 363 19 16 14 -24 59 7 -10 0 23 14 20 -7 -11 -6 Ghana .393,289 18 14 -6 56 35 46 44 73 70 42 50 9 -4 1 Guinea 181,518 .. . . 34 2 11 6 4 -1 -13 . Guinea-Bissau 6,129 .. 72 7 27 78 53 -8 20 51 13 -22 . .. -10 Kenya 118,189 20 12 22 31 5 28 50 24 25 1 1 1 -8 5 -11 Lesotho 739 -10 22 31 16 59 39 6 -10 10 7 3 -5 -1 -16 Liberia 191 -39 . .. 53 -12_ 64 -20 -60 36 1,040 -21 -10 79 Madagascar 1,563,020 26 28 1T2 6-- 1 5 26 16 2 14 1 7 14 -22 -15 Malawi 1,264 8 35 28 34 -12 54 5 12 15 98 6 -13 .. -10 Mali 131,787 8 0 2 7 3 -9 52 31 16 27 14 -22 .. 34 Mauritania 31,417 1 3 13 1 1 2 3 3 -27 13 8 6 18 -10 30 -4 Mauritiut 32,879 9 20 17 23 28_ 20 15 __5 26 31 10 -3 -l -4 Mozamnbique 2,374,200 . 32 44- 45 14 58 - 54 46 50 27 32 . 40 -1-A Namibia 4,743 . .. 1 7 30 30 3 1 34 1 9 1 6 9 4 . .. -17 Niger 42,004 20 -8 -9 -4 -10 1 0 -41 3 -18 39 -3 -21 Nigeria 172,628 38 1 6 26 79 1 7 77 50 24 25 25 35 -19 12 6 Rwanda 28,538 46 -17 -17 26 1 7 -9 74 1 56 20 i I -20 -13 2 SAo Tom6 and Principe 6,694 .. . . . . . . 32 36 88 24 Senegal ~~~~~357,834 16 -7 -4 6 2 -1 2 146 4 2 11 -20 9 9 Seychelles 245 3 8 9 5 10 21 17 10 44 19 9 -6 .. 4 Sierra Leone 17,600 28 19 154 28 44 12 5 23 25 6 -13 4 31 -22 Somalia .. -5 . .. . .. . . . .. . .. 17 64 South Africa 327,114 26 14 . .. 11 18 16 17 14 16 10 7 4 -3 Sudan 13,068 29 55 83 90 69 96 _ 48 144 23 13 -2 -2 -7 -l Swaziland 928 15 39 40 3 - 922 2 6 12 6 6 -13 63 -16~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~92 1 3 4 39222 1 66 1 Tanzania 201,015 11 30 32 -12 40 20 -10 -42 43 44 26 -I 78 -14 Togo 131,241 13 3 12 0 -8 -1 28 7 10 4 -10 -18 -6 5 Uganda 246,361 85 .. . . 56 12 28 31 -l 33 22 5 .. -3 Zambia 253,971 10 61 57 . . 98 81 47 10 3 31 -10 74 -20 Zimbabwe 15,276 18 28 70 42 44 29 28 21 49 37 13 .. 116 -6 NORT'HAFRICA ..- 13 12 9 14 10 11 9 10 12 12 20 18 9 1_1 Algeria 103,499 14 18 32 -77 I 25 7 33 -21 19 35 -4 -13 8 Egypt, Arab Republic 66,777 -9 20 1 25 19 32 37 26 26 27 20 -3 -6 10 Libya 3,7 8 4 2 7 10 7 8 -17 8 0 28 -1 .. 2 Morocco 90,906 13 .. 34 15 II II 15 10 54 12 9 -4 .. -5 Tunisia 9,274 22 _ 5 _ _9_ I4_ 7 8 9 I- 12 10 10 -1 1 -6 ALL AFRICA .. 14 14 12 7 10 14 16 13 16 14 11 17 13 13 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed an mn,lions of units of national currency. Group data are mediass of individual country values in each year or period. 58 Money and Banking 4-3. Credit to the government Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2 1 8 8 21 8 35 3 7 4 16 9 25 II1 8 excluding South Aftica 23 7 8 21 8 35 4 7 2 15 9 26 12 8 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 24 6 8 19 7 34 4 7 4 16 10 28 II1 8- Angola 4 153 652 338 -673 Benin 36,262 -9 -511 -178 -172 -308 -274 73 -45 8 -125 1,037 Botswana -6,521 17 3 1 7 1 9 11 1 9 -3 1 2 IlI 24 6 -11 -24 -I Burkina Faso -14,605 46 6 -51 4 -25 -115 -704 -63 -500 -7 27 .. -60 Burundi 6,347 3 -28 8 -42 -55 176 10 130 80 23 45 10 -50 1 5 Camcroon 368,878 40 73 -675 79 8 1 -4 -10 22 -5 9 . .. -17 Cape Verdc 10,069 -54 29 84 33 27 120 5 6 25 0 8 .. -37 -17 Central African Republic 32,521 26 -21 112 1 5 2 39 -22 -6 -5 5 7 -6 .. -20 Chad 36,281 0 -119 -766 510 22 45 -24 2 1 -9 -11 33 -10 Comnoros 2,924 -24 25 23 -41 49 -23 1 7 -41 62 1 1 . .. -13 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1 19 396 1,399 2,945 1,629 3,724 -30 . .. . .. 3 141 82 Congo, Republic of 82,754 7 -18 7 36 -6 -4 4 3 24 1 7 -17 8 .. -13 C6te d'Ivoire 510,099 -52 -11 6 70 2 35 1 6 0 1 3 1 1 -8 .. -22 Djibouti 7,233 .. -IS -48 -132 192 140 40 30 -16 -83 30 . .. 30 Equatorial Guinea 16,715 .. -29 230 23 4 52 -5 -s -13 -44 21 Ethiopia 8,286 18 26 14 15 -1 5 -4 -6 -1 I 1 38 -26 16 1 Gabon 237,064 -3 -39 -9 75 7 54 9 -6 -13 61 -10 Gambia, The -82 28 797 65 -113 -453 38 -60 -30 -43 -22 -194 -9 Ghana 1,223,690 33 9 165 44 63 3 61 10 85 18 50 -7 52 I Guinea 96,400 .. . . I -14 35 36 43 -16 -19 . Guinea-Bissau -3,959 .. 557 -100 988 -979 324 72 -1 -108 85 1,383 . .. -2 Kenya 64,657 8 57 14 0 -II 97 18 7 14 12 -8 -9 64 5 Lesotho -962 329 -29 -36 -156 364 84 36 17 53 3 -53 -19 -9 -16 Liberia 1,473 63 . .. 10 13 1 25 21 4 1,837 -8 -29 28 36 Madagascar 943,169 81 -20 1 1 68 16 33 -24 -7 -21 102 14 -17 -23 7 Malawi 1,070 3l1 -34 -22 300 31 43 -20 3 12 -120 -408 -10 -27 -1 Mali 5,096 2 -77 -80 -374 -239 639 -84 -799 -37 16 -15 0 Mauritania 1,351 13 4 5 -6 25 -17 -85 -1,167 76 43 31 I 53 12 Mauritius 13,358 18 4 49 10 20 32 1 1 9 26 -1 -2 -25 .. 8 Mozamnbique -1,647,500 .. 38 35 171 105 28 62 84 39 33 -6 .. . 4 Namnibia 724 * .. 57 -255 29 4 17 54 -91 46 228 . .. 22 Niger 39,237 -59 8 -13 -6 -39 102 50 1 7 62 -14 8 -12 16 -6 Nigeria 270,389 6 54 3 201 88 53 -9 -54 -54 -324 -240 -12 38 Rwanda 15,365 132 63 -13 41 28 -7 -50 -7 70 -1 19 .. -15 -4 S8o Tome and Principe 7,829 .. . . . . . . 137 -178 -68 231 Senegal 179,488 53 -IS 2 -26 -23 174 3 -10 -5 18 4 -18 -25 Seychelles 1,277 52 13 8 15 26 17 19 20 20 35 17 -9 -IS S Sierra Leone 408,563 37 260 11 -16 -14 1,691 -12 5 10 7 14 -5 -8 -20 Somalia .. 38 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. -28 -12 South Africa 6,376 0 51 .. .. S 112 -60 81 79 s0 -7 -25 .. 3 Sudan 31,507 13 40 62 174 68 34 49 105 16 30 29 1 29 -II Swaziland -600 27 39 102 -3 -6 -28 50 34 19 50 6 . .. -18 Tanzania 492,865 25 121 1 55 40 7 23 -4 -12 6 21 -7 12 -7 Togo 38,278 14 -60 59 66 -57 -278 177 20 -3 32 0 . .. -48 Uganda -92,176 59 .. . . -25 -43 -166 7 -124 130 18 18 Zamnbia 1,630,301 23 99 154 . .. 147 61 17 -2 83 8 -29 67 -18 Zimbabwe 4,290 48 35 -32 117 103 17 -2 43 194 50 -8 .. 39 13 NORTH AFRICA .. 14 10 6 5 1 2 2 -4 12 7 2 20 15 4 Algeria 403,286 24 6 -5 43 133 -11 -14 -29 49 28 21 -5 -17 12 Egypt, Arab Republic 52,820 14 26 4 5 -7 7 2 -1 9 17 2 -7 12 -12 Libya 5,693 -88 10 6 5 I 2 5 -4 -44 7 -73 23 19 -24 Morocco 74,178 21 -9 6 8 7 10 14 3 12 -1 -11 -10 3 0 Tunisia 473 2 13 6 -13 -14 -12 -16 -22 81 -17 97 -l -26 ALL AFRICA .. 19 8 6 15 7 33 3 6 9 15 8 21 12 8 Note: 1999 data are prelinminary (see page 2). Levels forl1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group datauercmedinosof individualmounty values in each yearor period. Money and Banking 5 9 4-4. Net foreign assets Billions of units of national currency Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 go-w SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Aftica exel. S.Aftica & Nigeria Angola 0 0 0 0 4 I Benin -23 4 41 65 70 160 146 173 215 206 298 -17 43 138 Botswana 0 6 8 9 1 1 11 12 19 22 28 30 0 3 16 Burkina Faso 0 66 76 90 106 164 236 220 204 183 170 6 58 151 Burundi 5 10 18 30 35 45 54 47 46 32 33 3 6 35 Camemon -14 -185 -182 -182 -236 -318 -343 -302 -204 -195 -191 13 -60 -234 Cape Verde 2 5 4 5 6 6 5 7 6 6 8 2 5 6 Central Afiican Republic 3 19 1 4 1 3 21 85 92 101 90 66 66 1 14 57 Chad 4 32 20 1 1 -1 14 48 55 47 35 24 0 1 2 28 Comoros 7 7 7 1 1 16 16 19 1 9 1 5 20 4 6 14 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Republic of 8 -8 -20 -19 4 4 1 5 25 1 8 44 -11 -3 -22 4 C6te d'lvoire -223 495 474 -511 -515 -72 58 62 100 114 25 -211 -409 -171 Djibouti 42 45 35 37 36 34 28 26 24 34 21 32 34 Equatorial Guinea -7 -9 -10 -7 -14 -10 -7 -7 -6 1 -5 -8 Eritrea Ethiopia 0 0 0 1 2 5 5 4 5 6 5 0 0 3 Gabon 16 2 18 -29 -33 52 9 86 69 -64 -74 35 -20 4 Gmnbia, The 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Ghana 0 -152 -11 -126 -146 14 181 206 244 311 -744 -2 -111 -22 Gui ea 76 105 159 112 97 80 -151 120 Guinea-Bissau -1 -2 4 -5 -6 4 -3 16 15 14 -1 2 Kenya 2 -5 -8 -6 30 16 24 47 56 54 55 1 -2 26 Lesotho 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 2 Liberia 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -28 -25 0 0 -6 Madagascar -110 -2,202 -2,807 -133 -11 1 30 W66- 11 1,473 -1 -fl- Malawi 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 2 1 8 9 0 0 2 Mali -8 27 65 69 74 107 120 184 205 172 126 -29 -33 115 Mauritania -2 -16 -24 -32 -30 -33 -25 -11 -2 0 7 -3 -11 -16 Mauritius 0 12 15 16 17 16 19 20 22 20 26 0 3 18 Mozambique -922 -2,002 -2,708 -5,674 -3,167 -3,541 -1,634 -869 -252 725 -26 -354 -2,005- Namibia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 I Niger 5 26 26 28 24 23 22 12 0 -9 -17 5 16 13 Nigeria 6 41 54 36 63 56 109 149 222 661 666 3 8 206 Rwanda 14 3 12 10 5 3 28 38 46 40 45 8 9 23 SAo Tom6 and Piincipe 9 19 101 139 149 83 Senegal -97 -188 -179 -172 -207 -130 -70 46 36 78 119 -102 -233 -76 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 0 -64 -145 -188 -204 -339 -396 -159 -169 -220 -322 0 -11 -221 Somalia 0 0 -63 South Africa 6 1 -11 -16 -21 -18 -31 -23 -32 2 2 1 -16 Sudan 0 -1 -2 -37 -59 -122 -202 444 494 -687 -724 0 -1 -277 Swaziland 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 Tanzania 0 -131 -159 -295 -384 -278 -207 -68 245 275 374 0 -79 -63 Togo 0 70 74 54 23 43 33 13 14 8 23 21 62 35 Uganda 0 -243 -104 64 177 252 392 655 790 0 -3 248 Zainbia .1 -51 -102 -496 -788 -1,022 -1,287 -1,28 -2,397 -2,572 -1 -12 -1,105 Zimbabwe 0 0 -2 -3 -3 -2 -3 -3 -13 -30 -12 0 0 -7 NORTH AFRICA Algena 17 7 24 23 20 60 26 134 350 281 170 12 10 109 Egypt, Arab Republic -1 - 1 17 34 46 51 49 54 49 36 25 - I 1 36 Libya 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 Morocco 0 15 23 30 35 40 34 36 40 43 59 - 1 -3 35 Tunisia 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 ALL AFRICA Note: 1999 d.t. - p,.Iiminy (- page 2). 60 Money and Banking 4-5. Growth of money supply Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1990 199J 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 19 1 1 13 1 1 12 32 15 14 15 9 16 14 1 5 13 excluding South Africa 16 10 12 1 1 12 33 15 14 14 9 16 14 14 13 excl. SAfrica &Nigeria .. 14 9 1 1 1 1 12 32 15 14 14 9 16 14 1 5 13 Angola 3 .. . . . . . . 3,393 108 40 326 Benin 161,730 32 24 12 10 -13 67 -13 17 2 -5 47 -5 .. -I Botswana 829 10 16 5 -l 15 1 1 7 1 5 9 46 17 -10 16 4 Burkina Faso 213,703 20 -2 6 1 1 2 39 25 7 18 -3 -2 -8 -8 28 Burundi 38,802 3 9 1 1 10 12 28 -3 12 10 1 42 -11 -23 4 Cameroon 319,242 13 -7 3 -28 -14 35 -12 -2 35 14 1 1 -I 3 14 Cape Verde 11,867 26 8 9 3 1 7 8 3 1 1 22 -2 17 -11 -14 7 Central African Republic 111,237 32 -4 -3 -4 1 6 74 8 5 -8 -18 1 3 -10 1 5 -6 Chad 85,330 -16 0 4 -9 -28 32 43 33 -5 -8 -3 0 -26 Comoros 12,040 6 -7 9 5 10 -5 8 -19 -6 16 . -4 4 Cog,Democratic Rep. of 1 9 73 176 2,387 4,114 2,461 5,635 407 . .. . .. 3 1 30 54 Congo, Republic of 134,845 37 25 -7 6 -20 40 0 14 9 -14 28 1 .. -1 C8te dIlvoire 944,519 1 3 -3 -4 1 62 1 8 2 1 2 1 3 -2 -15 .. 20 Djibouti 36,998 .. 9 16 1 1 4 3 -2 -3 -10 -10 4 .. 23 -14 Equatorial Guinea 9,509 .. -57 -16 35 -29 135 58 50 -4 10 90 . .. -2 Ethiopia 9,280 0 22 1 8 1 5 4 21 3 0 9 -8 1 3 -3 0 -8 Gabon 219,087 10 6 8 -27 -3 42 1 2 26 8 -5 -5 -17 -6 1 6 Gamnbia, The 471 6 14 33 1 1 6 -12 16 -4 39 0 14 5 -10 I Ghana 925,287 30 1 1 14 53 28 50 33 3 1 45 17 3 1 -l -9 Guinea 274,125 .. . . 20 19 -3 9 0 21 9 . Guinea-Bissau 7,211 .. 729 -75 83 27 58 47 5 1 236 -12 22 . .. -9 Kenya 69,333 -8 27 1 5 47 27 1 3 4 14 1 5 3 16 -2 -23 -10 Lesotho 521 .. 8 18 12 23 12 7 22 20 27 -3 .. -13 8 Liberia 653 -4 . . -6 60 8 42 7 -1 129 15 1 -9 2 Madagascar 1,848,007 22 -4 3 1 22 12 57 1 5 17 23 1 1 20 8 4 - Malawi 2,211 7 6 3 1 19 35 51 44 24 17 56 33 14 -9 18 Mali 198,195 5 -11 9 1 9 48 14 21 6 5 -l -7 -34 8 Mauritania 18,202 12 3 10 4 4 -5 -8 -11 8 33 -16 -4 -12 9 Mautitius 9,573 21 24 20 8 3 19 8 3 8 9 4 -13 5 -13 Mozambique 3,264,000 .. 36 47 45 52 51 35 20 25 15 25 .. 44 -tO Namibia 1,822 * .. 34 22 46 IS 8 54 4 27 22 . .. -8 Niger 100,238 13 -12 3 -tO It I IS 9 -tO -19 -18 1 5 -4 3 13 Nigeri.a 204,415 50 30 41 59 55 46 16 14 18 20 20 -24 36 -8 Rwanda 40,658 7 5 8 25 1 1 16 41 12 23 -1 7 -11 -28 6 SAo Tom6 and Principe 14,225 .. . . . . . . 66 108 -3 4 Senegal 316,756 14 -12 4 2 -9 54 4 8 0 16 1 1 -30 7 1 I Seychelles 335 38 -l 23 10 14 -3 3 34 44 20 37 -7 22 8 Sierra Leone 49,902 20 64 76 25 12 10 29 7 57 7 49 15 9 -12 Somalia .. 19 . .. . .. . .. . .. . . -8 38 South Affica 111,844 36 16 37 3 7 25 18 32 17 23 22 19 -18 9 Sudan 40,464 31 46 60 101 76 55 67 86 32 29 28 -3 19 -8 Swaziland 363 22 14 10 20 14 7 17 16 16 2 32 -15 2- - 4 Tanzania 428,284 28 35 23 34 33 33 30 5 10 10 16 -21 109 -12 Togo 131,199 5 19 4 -27 -18 105 38 -8 2 7 10 -19 .. -9 Uganda 408,701 32 50 50 61 26 36 15 10 14 19 13 9 -10 -16 Zambia 227,058 0 61 78 . .. 45 61 19 31 17 24 4 29 -11 Zimbabwe 11,270 37 28 23 6 95 18 52 23 54 24 35 12 8 7 NORTH AFRICA .. 21 17 8 9 5 11 7 7 13 8 9 19 9 8 Algeria 520,286 17 8 20 16 19 8 7 13 15 21 9 -4 -9 0 Egypt, Arab Republic 41,540 56 17 8 9 12 II 9 7 9 20 1 -5 -7 -10 Libya 6,251 29 26 -4 16 4 13 6 1 5 0 5 -3 .. -24 Morocco 135,964 8 37 14 6 5 11 6 6 16 8 12 -II 7 -5 Tunisia 3,637 21 6 1 7 4 11 10 13 13 8 16 -2 -23 25 ALL AFRICA .. 19 12 12 10 12 25 12 13 14 9 15 15 14 12 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in mitlions of units of national currency, Group data are medians of inclduiaat muntry vatum in each year or period, Money and Banking 6 1 4-6. Discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.5 11.0 11.3 12.5 11.8 12.5 13.3 13.5 11.6 11.4 8.4 9.8 12.1 excluding South Africa 8.5 11.0 11.1 12.5 11.5 12.0 13.1 13.3 10.8 10.2 8.2 9.7 11.7 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 8.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 11.5 12.0 13.0 13.0 10.6 9.1 8.4 9.7 11.5 Angola . .. . .. . .. 160.0 2.0 48.0 58.0 . .. 67.0 Benin 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Botswana 5.8 8.5 12.0 14.3 14.3 13.5 13.0 13.0 12.5 12.5 8.3 7.9 12.6 Burkina Faso 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Burundi 7.0 8.0 10.7 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.9 .. . . 6.4 6.6 9.6 Camueroon 8.5 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5- 7.0 7'.-6 -8.9 -9,3 Cape Verde . . , . . . . . . . Central African Republic 8.5 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.6 8.9 9.4 Chad 8.5 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.7 8.9 9.3 Comoros .. . . . . . . . . 10.0 9.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 12.0 45.0 55.0 55.0 95.0 145.0 125.0 238.0 . .. 14.7 33.6 108.3 Congo,.Republic of 8.5 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 8.9 9.3 C6te dIvoire 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 -8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 .. 8.9 9.3 Ethiopia .. 3.0 3.0 5.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 . .. ... 4.2 7.9 Gabon 8.5 11.0 10.8 12.0 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 8.9 9.3 Garabia, The 8.0 16.5 15.5 17.5 13.5 13.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.0 7.6 18.0 14.6 Ghana 13.5 33.0 20.0 30.0 35.0 33.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 37.0 12.7 22.9__ 35.9 Guinea .. 15.0 19.0 - 19. 0 17.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 15.0 - ... 10.5 17.3 Guinea-Bissau . 42.0 42.0 45.5 41.0 26.0 39.0 54.0 6.0 ... . 36.9 Kenya 8.0 19.4 20.3 20.5 45.5 21.5 24.5 26.9 32.3 17.1 9.9 14.0 25.3 Lesothso 8.0 15.8 18.0 15.0 13.5 13.5 15.5 17.0 15.6 19.5 1 1.8 12.6 15.9 Madagascar 5.5 .. . . . . . . . . 8.0 11.5 Malawi 10.0 14.0 13.0 20.0 25.0 40.0 50.0 27.0 23.0 43.0 8.5 11.6 28.3 Mali 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Mauritania 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 . .. . .. . .. 5.5 6.6 7.0 Mauritius 10.5 12.0 11.3 8.3 8.3 13.8 11.4 11.8 10.5 17.2 9.5- 10.8 1 1.6 Mozamnbique . . . . . . . . . . Namaibia . .. 20.5 16.5 14.5 15.5 17.5 17.8 16.0 18.8 . .. 17.1 Niger 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.4 9.0 Nigeria 6.0 18.5 15.5 17.5 26.0 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 5.9 12.8 16.1 Rwanda 9.0 14.0 14.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 16.0 16.0 10.8 11.4 7.4 9.0 12.8 Sao Tomd and Principe . 25.0 45.0 45.0 30.0 32.0 50.0 35.0 55.0 38.5 . 25.0 39. 5 Senegal 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Seychelles .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 Sierra Leone 12.0 55.0 . .. . .. . .. . .. 10.2 15.6 55.0 Somalia 4.0 .. . . . . . . . . 5.2 25.2 South Africa 6.5 18.0 17.0 14.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 16.0 19.3 11.1 12.9 15.7 Swaziland 7.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 12.0 15.0 16.8 15.8 18&.0 11.1 10.8 -13.9 Tanzania 4.8 . .. 14.5 14.5 67.5 47.9 19.0 16.2 17.6 4.5 11.1 28.2 Togo 10.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 9.5 9.6 9.0 Uganda 8.0 50.0 46.0 41.0 24.0 15.0 13.3 15.9 14.1 9.1 13.7 38.2 25.4 Zambia 6.5 . .. 47.0 72.5 20.5 40.2 . 47.0 17.7 .. 7.5 21.3 40.8 Zimbabwe 4.5 10.3 20.0 29.5 28.5 29.5 29.5 27.0 31.5 39.5 6.3 9.0 27.3 NORTHiAFRICA 5.9 11.9 11.9 11.4 8.9 8.9 11.2 10.4 12.3 12.0 6.0 9.4 11.0 Aligeria-- -. -_ _ - - - - -_ _ _ _ Egypt, Arab Republic 11.0 14.0 20.0 18.4 16.5 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.3 12.0 9.7 13.2 14.8 Libya 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 .. . . . . 5.0 5.0 5.0 Morocco 6.0 . .. . .. 7.0 . .. . .. 5.6 8.5 7.0 Tunisia 5.8 11.9 11.9 11.4 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.9 . .. 6.1 9.7 10.0 ALL AFRICA 8.5 11.0 11.6 12.5 11.5 12.0 13.3 13.0 12.3 11.7 8.1 9.8 12.1 Note: Group data are medians of individuat country valum is each year or period. 62 Money and Banking 4-7. Real discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -4.1 3.1 -1.6 1.7 2.6 -0.8 -0.1 2.4 4.8 4.2 -3.5 1.2 2.2 excluding South Africa -3.6 3.1 1.6 2.1 3.1 -1.2 -0.2 2.1 4.5 4.2 -3.9 1.3 2.1 exci. S.Afiica & Nigeria -3.9 3.1 1.6 2.8 3.6 -0.8 -0. 1 2.4 4.2 4.2 -3.4 1.3 2.3. Angola . . . .. . .. -93.1 -94.2 -9.8 -23.8 ... -55.2 Botswana -6.9 -2.6 0.2 -1.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.7 3.3 -3.1 -1.5 1.3 Burkina Faso .. 11.9 8.3 14.8 9.8 -11.8 -0.3 0.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 10.6 4.5 Burundi -2.3 0.9 1.6 7.9 0.1 -4.7 -7.9 .. . . -5.6 0.9 -0.4 Canmeroon -1.0 9.8 10.6 12.1 15.8 -4.4 -13.7 1.1 2.2 4.1 -3.8 3.1 4.2 Cape Verde.. . .. . .. ... . .. . Central African Republic .. 11.2 14.0 12.9 14.8 -13.5 -8.9 3.2 5.8 9.6 -1.3 8.7 5.5 Comoros .. . . . . . . . . 2.4 6.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . .. . .. . ... Congo, Republic of 1.2 16.5 1.5 16.5 6.3 -24.5 0.0 -2.2 ... -3.4 5.1 2.0 C6te dIlvoire -6.3 11.7 9.3 8.0 7.7 -16.8 -0.2 2.9 2.9 3.2 -2.3 4.8 3.2 Equatorial Guinea.. . .. . .. . .. . ... Ethiopia .. -2.1 -14.8 -13.0 1,8 10.7 -1.2 . ..... 0.5 -3.1 Gabon -3.3 3.0 5.1 17.8 22.4 -26.6 5.0 1.5 5.4 0.0 -4.9 7.0 3.7 Ganmbia, The 1.1 3.8 6.4 11.0 9.1 9.1 8.8 11.7 10.9 11.8 -4.2 -3.1 9.2 Ghana -24.4 -3.1 1.6 18.2 8.0 6.5 -16.8 -1.1 13.4 14.8 -30.2 -2.2 4.6 Guinea .. -3.6 -0.6 2.1 9.2 12.3 1 1.8 14.6 11.4 ... -15.1 7.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 6.8 -9.9 -14.1 -5.0 9.4 -4.4 -1.7 -28.9 ... . -6.0 Kenya .. 3.2 0.6 -5.4 -0.3 -5.7 22.7 16.4 18.9 5.8 . 3.3 6.2 Lesotho -6.6 3.7 0.3 -1.9 0.3 4.9 5.7 7.0 6.4 -9.9 -1.6 -1.0 4.0 Madagascar .. . . . . . . . . . . -6.3 Malawi .. 2.0 0.3 -2.2 4.5 4.0 -18.2 -7.7 12.7 17.1 -3.2 -5.9 1.4 Mali .. 10.3 9.0 20.0 11.2 -1 1.8 -4.3 0.0 6.7 2.1 .. 8.4 4.8 Mauritania .. 0.4 1.3 -2.8 .. . . . . . . -0.6 -0.4 Mauritius -22.3 -1.3 4.0 3.5 -2.0 6.0 5.1 5.0 3.4 11.7 -3.4 4.6 3.9 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . Namibia . .. 7.7 - 1.0 5.5 4.3 6.8 9.0 6.6 10.3 ... 6.1 Nigeria -3.6 10.4 2.2 -18.7 -21.4 -27.7 -34.4 -12.2 4.8 2.9 -11.7 -8.1 -10.5 Rwanda 1.6 9.4 -4.7 1.3 2.2 -32.3 -4.9 6.5 -1.1 4.3 -3.6 7.2 -2.1 Sao Tome and Principe .. -12.1 -1.0 13.9 3.6 4.3 -0.6 -7.2 -8.5 -2.7 .. -14.4 -1.1 Senegal 1.6 10.6 13.0 12.5 11.6 -16.7 -0.9 3.7 4.2 4.2 -1.2 7.1 4.7 Seychelles .. -2.8 -1.0 -2.2 -0.3 -0.8 1.3 2.1 0.4 3.7 1.2 4.5 0.0 Sierra Leone .. -18.8 .. . . . . . . . . -37.0 -18.8 South Africa -6.4 3.1 1.5 0.1 2.1 3.7 5.9 8.9 6.8 9.3 -1.4 -2.4 4.6 Swaziland -9.6 0.9 2.0 3.5 -0.2 -1.6 2.4 9.7 8.0 8.8 -2.4 -2.4 3.7 Tanzania -19.5 . .. -6.0 -8.6 28.6 10.4 -5.3 -0.8 6.5 -13.2 -14.8 3.5 Togo -1.6 9.8 10.7 10.7 10.6 -18.7 -7.2 1.8 -1.0 5.2 -0.8 9.1 2.4 Uganda .. 3.1 17.2 -0.7 -3.4 8.0 6.8 7.8 5.8 3.1 .. -44.4 5.3 Zambia -4.6 .. . 45.4 -40.1 -21.6 4.5 0.5 -5.7 .. -6.7 -17.2 -18.0 Zimbabwe .. -6.1 -2.7 -8.9 0.7 6.0 5.6 4.6 10.5 2.8 -7.4 -1.83 1.4 NORTH AFRICA -2.1 23.9 0.7 2.2 5.1 4.7 3.6 4.4 4.0 4.2 -2.3 -1.3 5.9 Algeria -. . . . . . -. . 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 Egypt,Arab Republic .. 11.7 18.2 16.4 15.4 14.2 12.5 6.0 6.0 8.4 .. 7.3 11.9 Morocco o.o Tunisia -4.0 -3.1 ... -3.6 ALL AFRICA -3.6 3.2 1.6 1.7 3.6 2.6 0.6 2.8 4.5 4.2 -3.4 1.2 2.7 Note Rest discount rate in each year is the nominal discount rate deflated by the annuat change is the CPI. Money and Banking 63 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate ___________________ ~~Percentage___ ____Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAjRAN AFRICA 12.0 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 19.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 12.1 14.0 19.4 excluding South Africa 12.0 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 20.2 22.0 22.0 22.0 12.0 14.0 19.5 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 12.3 18.3 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 19.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 12.2 14.0 19.4 Angola . .. . .. . .. 206.3 217.9 37.8 45.0 . .. 126.7 Benin 14.5 16.0 16.0 16.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Botswana 8.5 7.9 11.8 14.0 14.9 13.9 14.3 14.5 14.1 13.5 13.5 9.6 13.2 Burkina Faso 14.5 16.0 16.0 16.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Burundi 12.0 12.3 12.8 13.7 13.8 14.2 15.3 .. . . 12.0 12.0 13.7 Cameroon ~~~~~~13.0 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 -13.0 13.9 19.0 Cape Verde 6.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.7 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.5 6.5 10.0 11.0 Central Afiican Republic 1o.5 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 11.1 12.2 19.0 Chad 11.0 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 10.7 11.1 19.0 Comoros .. . . . . . . . . 15.0 14.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . .. . . .. . Congo, Republic of 11.0 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 11.3 11.8 19.0 C6te dIlvoire 14.5 16.0 16.0 16.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 .. 14.8 19.0 Ethiopia .. 6.0 6.0 8.0 14.0 14.3 15.1 13.9 10.5 10.5 .. 6.8 10.9 Gabon 12.5 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 11.8 11.9 19.0 Gambia, The 15.0 26.5 26.5 26.8 26.1 25.0 25.0 25.5 25.5 25.4 16.7 25.4 25.8 Ghana 19.0 .. . . . . . . . . 19.3 23.1- Guinea .. 21.2 24.5 27.0 24.5 22.0 21.5 .. . .,. 15.8- 23.4 Guinea-Bissau . 45.8 47.0 50.3 63.6 36.3 32.9 51.8 .. . . 26.1 46.8 Kenya 10.6 18.8 19.0 21.1 30.0 36.2 28.8 33.8 30.2 29.5 11.8 14.9 27.5 Lesotho 11.0 20.4 20.0 18.3 15.8 14.3 16.4 17.7 18.0 20.1 15.2 15.3 17.9 Liberia 18.4 . .. . .. 14.5 . .. 16.8 .. 19.9 14.9 15.7 Madagascar .. 25.8 24.5 2 . 26,0 3 -0.5-- 37.5 32.8 30.0 O. . 22.3 29.0 Malawi 16.7 21.0 20.0 22.0 29.5 31.0 47.3 45.3 28.3 37.7 17.7 20.4 31.3 Mali 14.5 16.0 16.0 16.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Mauritania 12.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 . .. . .. . .. 12.0 11.6 10.0 Mauritius .. 18.0 17.8 17.1 16.6 18.9 20.8 20.8 18.9 19.9 13.5 14.7 18.8 Miozambique . . . . . . . . . . Namibia . .. 23.4 20.2 18.0 17.1 18.5 19.2 20.2 20.7 . .. 19.7 Niger 14.5 16.0 16.0 16.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Nigeria 8.4 25.3 20.0 24.8 31.6 20.5 20.2 20.3 20.4 .. 8.0 14.1 22.9 Rwanda 13.5 13.2 19.0 16.7 15.0 .. . . . . 13.3 13.0 16.0 S8o Tomd and Principe. 20.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 30.0 52.0 38.0 51.5 55.6 .. 20.0 39.8 Senegal 14.5 16.0 16.0 1-6.8 . .. . .. . .. 13.8 14.0 16.3 Seychelles .. 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.8 16.2 14.9 14.4 .. 15.5 15.5 Sierrat.Leone 11.0 52.5 56.3 62.8 50.5 27.3 28.8 32.1 23.9 23.8 12.7 24.1 39.8 Somalia 7.5 .. . . . . . . . . 8.9 23.8 South Africa 9.5 21.0 20.3 18.9 16.2 15.6 17.9 19.5 20.0 21.8 14.1 16.7 19.0 Swaziland 9.5 145 163 1.0 1. 15.0 1870 19.8 - 18.8 21.0 13.2 14.2 16.9 Tanzania 11.5 .. . . 31.0 39.0 42.8 37.2 29.2 26.7 11.4 23.8 34.3 Togo 14.5 16.0 16.0 17.5 -. . . . . . 13.8 14.4 16.5 Uganda 10.8 38.7 34.4 .. . . 20.2 20.3 21.4 20.9 15.2 33.4 26.0 Zambia 9.5 35.1 .. 54.6 113.3 70.6 45.5 53.8 46.7 31.8 9.7 20.8 56.4 Zimbabwe 17.5 11.7 15.5 19.8 36.3 34.9 34.7 34.2 32.5 42.1 20.3 13.8 29.1 NORTH AFRICA ~~~~~7.1 90 8.0 13.7 12.6 13.3 16.5 15.6 13.8 13.0 7.5 9.0 12.8 Algeria - - ______ … ..--____ ____ ___ Egypt, Arab Republic 13.3 19.0 .. 20.3 18.3 16.5 16.5 15.6 13.8 13.0 12.5 16.3 16.6 Libya 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 .. . . . . 7.0 7.0 7.0 Morocco 7.0 9.0 9.0 -. . 10.0 . .. . .. 7.0 8.7 9.3 Tunisia 7.3 .. . . . . . . . . 7.9 8.9 ALL AFRICA 11.8 18.5 18.1 17.8 17. 175 18.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 11.6 14.0 19.3 Note Gmup data are medians of individuat unatry vatum in each year or pcriod. 64 Money and Banking 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.2 7.5 9.6 9.0 10.6 10.7 12.4 12.5 9.5 7.6 6.6 7.9 9.9 excluding South Africa 6.2 7.5 9.2 8.4 9.6 10.4 12.2 12.5 9.4 7.5 6.6 7.8 9.6 exci. S.Afirica & Nigeria 6.2 7.5 8.8 7.8 9.6 10.2 11.8 12.4 9.5 7.5 6.6 7.6 9.4 Angola . .. . .. . .. 125.9 147.1 29.3 36.9 . .. 84.8 Benin 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Botswana 5.0 6.1 11.4 12.5 13.5 10.4 10.0 10.4 9.3 8.7 9.3 7.2 10.3 Burkina Faso 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Burundi 2.5 .. . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.9 Camneroon 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.0 7.3 7.3 6.6 Cape Verde .. 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 .. 4.0 4.5 Central African Republic 5. 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 6.4 7.4 6.6 Chad 5.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.0 6.6 Comoros .. . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Republic of 6.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 6.6 C6te dIlvoire 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Djibouti .. . . 3.0 2.6 ... .. . ... .. 2.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 .. 7.3 6.6 Ethiopia .. 2.4 5.0 3.6 11.5 11.5 11.5 9.4 7.0 6.0 .. 6.5 7.5 Gabon 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 7.4 8.1 6.6 Gamnbia, The 5.0 11.3 12.7 13.8 13.0 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 7.1 13.9 12.6 Ghana 11.5 .. 21.3 16.3 23.6 23.1 28.7 34.5 35.8 32.0 12.0 16.7 26.9 Guinea .. 21.0 22.0 23.0 19.8 18.0 17.5 . .. ... 17.1 20.2 Guinea-Bissau .. 32.7 36.0 39.3 53.9 28.7 26.5 47.3 4.6 ... 25.5 33.6 Kenya 5.8 13.7 . .. . .. 13.6 17.6 16.7 18.4 7.7 11.0 16.0 Lesotho .. 13.0 13.0 10.6 8.1 8.4 13.3 12.7 11.8 10.7 10.2 10.0 11.3 Liberia 10.3 . .. . .. 6.3 . .. 6.5 .. 10.4 6.9 6.4 Madagascar .. 20.5 20.5 20.5 19.5 19.5 18.5 19.0 14.4 ... 17.8 19.0 Malawi 7.9 12.1 12.5 16.5 21.8 25.0 37.3 26.3 10.2 19.1 9.8 13.2 20.1 Mali 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Mauritania .. 5.0 5.0 5.0 . .. . .. . .. 5.5 6.2 5.0 Mauritius .. 12.6 12.3 10.1 8.4 11.0 12.2 10.8 9.1 9.3 10.7 9.9 10.6 Mozamnbique . . . . ,. . . . . . Namibia . .. 12.8 11.4 9.6 9.2 10.8 12.6 12.7 12.9 . .. 11.5 Niger 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Nigeria 5.3 19.8 14.9 18.0 23.2 13.1 13.5 13.0 7.3 .. 5.1 11.8 15.4 Rwanda 6.3 6.9 8.8 7.7 5.0 . .. 10.9 9.5 8.5 5.1 6.3 8.2 Sao Tome and Principe .. 16.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 31.0 36.8 38.3 .. 16.0 33.0 Senegal 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Seychelles .. 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.5 8.9 9.2 9.9 9.2 7.5 9.1 9.8 9.2 Sierra Leone 9.2 40.5 47.8 54.7 27.0 11.6 7.0 14.0 9.9 7.1 9.2 14.9 24.4 Somalia 4.5 .. . . . . . . . . 5.5 18.2 South Africa 5.5 18.9 17.3 13.8 11.5 11.1 13.5 14.9 15.4 16.5 10.0 13.7 14.8 Sudan 6.0 .. . . . . . . . . 9.2 Swaziland 4.5 8.9 10.9 9.0 7.4 8.0 10.3 12.3 11.3 13.4 9.0 7.8 10.1I Tanzania 4.0 .. . . . . 24.6 13.6 7.8 7.8 4.0 12.6 13.5 Togo 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 .. . . . . 3.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 Uganda 6.8 31.3 31.2 35.8 16.3 10.0 7.6 10.6 11.8 11.4 9.9 23.4 18.4 Zambia 7.0 25.7 .. 48.5 .. 46.1 30.2 42.1 34.5 13.1 6.2 13.8 34.3 Zimbabwe 3.5 8.8 14.2 28.6 29.4 26.8 25.9 21.6 18.6 29.1 6.6 9.7 22.6 NORTH AFRICA 5.0 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.8 11.8 10.9 10.5 9.8 9.4 4.9 7.7 9.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 8.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.8 10.9 10.5 9.8 9.4 8.0 11.1 11.2 Libya 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 .. . . . . 4.7 5.5 5.5 Morocco 4.9 8.5 8.5 .. . . . . . . 5.6 8.4 8.5 Tunisia 2.5 .. . . . . . . . . 3.4 6.7 ALL AFRICA 6.2 8.0 9.2 9.0 10.6 11.0 12.2 12.5 9.6 7.8 6.4 7.9 10.0 Note: GIroap data are medioms of indivdual country valum in each year or period. 65 Figure 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 1999* Credit to public sector** Credit to private sector (percent of GDP) (percent of GDP) -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 _ _ ! I ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~Zaymbials Siem Leone Ethiopia Cape Verde Egypt, Arab Rep. Morocco Ghan_ Algeria Mauritim, Burundi Zimbabwe Gabon C6te d'lvoire Tananiau _ ~~~~~~~~ ~~Cameroon_ Congo Togo Madagascar Guinea-Hissau _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Senegal Nigeria Niger Chad Central African Repub Tunisia Rwanda Comoros South Africa Namibia Equatorial Guinea Djibouti Burkina Faso Malawi Uganda Gambia, The Sudan Angola MARi Benin Sbo Tome and Principe Mozambique Lesotho Swaziand Mauriltnia Botswana o Or most recent year available. *0 Sorted by credit to public sector. 66 Figure 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1992-99* (percent) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Gambia, The l Kenya Nanibin South Afeca Leasoth Tanania Zimbabwe Manritiu, Manndjn Uganda Swauiland Ghmaa Ethiopia Baotwaaa Central Afri-an Republic Gabon Seychelles Senegal Barkina Faaa Cameronn Mal Cae d'ivoire Sia Toam and Principe Tunhini Buarndi Rwamda Congo Guinen-BiA - Zambia Nigeria Angola * Or most recent year available. Money and Banking 67 Technical notes Tables eign assets (that is, foreign assets less foreign liabilities) indicate the direct monetary impact of a country's trans- Table 4-1. Domestic credit. Domestic credit (IiMF, IFS actions with the rest of the world. line 32) includes all domestic assets of the banking sys- tem. It is the sum of the claims on the central govern- Table 4-5. Growth of money supply. This table shows ment (net), on official entities, and on the private sector. the annual percentage change in money (MI), defined Domestic credit comprises credit to the private sector as the sum of currency outside of banks and demand (Table 4-2) and credit to the government (Table 4-3). deposits other than those of the central government (IMF, IFS, line 34). The presentation of the money supply in Table 4-2. Credit to the private sector. Credit to the the form of growth rates rather than levels reflects the private sector is taken from IMF, IFS, line 32d. importance from the point of view of macroeconomic stability of the rate of growth rather than the stock of Table 4-3. Credit to the government. Credit to the money. government sector is taken from IMF, IFS, line 32an. Negative numbers for net claims on the central govern- Table 4-6. Discount rate. The discount rate ment indicate that government is a net depositor to the reported here is the nominal interest rate at which banking system. The government's financial position the monetary authorities lend to (or discount with the monetary system is always presented on a net eligible paper from) deposit money banks (IMF, IFS, basis because its recourse to the monetary system can- line 60). not always be analyzed meaningfully in terms of liquid- ity preferences or by considering debtor and creditor Table 4-7. Real discount rate. The real discount rate in positions separately. Movements in net claims on the each year is the nominal discount rate (Table 4-6) de- central govemment (that is, claims or credits less gov- flated by the annual change in inflation as reflected by emnment deposits) indicate the impact of government the consumer price index (CPI) (Table 3-3). It has been operations on the liquidity of the rest of the economy. calculated using the formula: Table 4-4. Net foreign assets. Data for net foreign as- {[1 + (i/l00)] /[(,Et /1t.)I -1} X 100 sets are from the IMF, IFS, line 3 In. As for credit to the government the financial position of the foreign sector where i is nominal interest rate and 7t is inflation rate with the monetary system is presented on a net basis for based on the CPI. the same reason as noted above. Movements in net for- 68 Money and Banking Table 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate. The com- Figures mercial bank lending rate (IMF, IFS, line 60p) is the rate charged to borrowers by commercial banks for short- The following indicators have been used to derive the and medium-term use of funds. figures in this chapter. Table 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate. The deposit Figure 4-1. Credit to theprivate sector (Table 4-2); credit rate (IMF, IFS, line 601) is the rate paid to depositors on to the public sector (Table 4-3); gross domestic product time savings and demand deposits by deposit money (Table 2-5). banks and similar financial institutions. Figure 4-2. Real discount rate (Table 4-7). Money and Banking 69 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 4 Aggregations' Period averages b Table (4) (8) (1) (2) 4-1 x x 4-2 x x 4-3 x x 4-4 x x 4-5 x x 4-6 x x 4-7 x x 4-8 x x 4-9 x x Note: Regional aggregations aTe shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. The definitions of the methodologies used throughout the book are given below. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant ternns, with the rest of the table in curTent terms). External Sector The external sector provides data on economic The tables provide gross entries for goods and ser- land financial relations between African coun- vices and net entries for unrequited transfers (official tries and the rest of the world, with detailed ac- and private) and other financial flows; a table for cur- counting of commodity trade, one of the principal rent account balance as traditionally defined (with components of the current account within the balance transfers above the line) is also shown. The informa- of payments framework. Commodity trade and price tion is presented for broad aggregates; fuller detail data can also provide a partial basis for analyzing can be found in the IMF's Balance of Payments Africa's constraints and performance in the interna- Manual (1993) and Balance of Payments Year books. tional marketplace, including its terms of trade. Com- Unit values for exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) modity exports are a major source of foreign ex- measure changes in the aggregate price level of a change. Other sources of foreign exchange include country's exports and imports of goods and nonfactor receipts from factor and nonfactor services, borrow- services over time. Unit values reflect average price ing from abroad, incoming foreign investment, and changes for broad groups of commodities, rather than foreign transfers and grants. for any single commodity. The terms of trade indi- The balance of payments is a system of accounts, cate relative movements in export and import unit covering a given period, that is intended to record values (here, they are based on goods and nonfactor systematically: flows of real resources, including the services from the national accounts). If the prices of services of the original factors of production, between exports rise while the prices of imports rise more the domestic economy of a country and the rest of the slowly, stay constant, or decline, the same quantity world; changes in the country's foreign assets and li- of exports "buys" a bigger quantity of imports. The abilities that arise from economic transactions; and effect of such price changes is equivalent to an in- transfer payments, which are the counterpart of real crease in the real value of output (or increased pro- resources or financial claims provided to, or received ductivity in value terms) of the export sector. Were from, the rest of the world that carry no provision for import prices to rise more quickly than export prices, repayment. the reverse would be true. Export figures for specific 70 External Sector 71 commodities show physical quantities rather than the five major oil-exporting countries in Sub-Saharan value in either current or constant prices. Most of the Africa (which in the 1980s have accounted for about key nonagricultural primary commodities are exported half of Sub-Saharan export earnings) have dominated from a few countries with substantial mineral re- trends in this region as a whole. sources. Variations in export prices and earnings for 72 External Sector 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 78,665 69,260 66,425 66,500 62,922 65,897 78,545 86,808 87,205 75,695 79,206 6.9 2.9 3.0 excluding South Africa 53,049 45,738 42,645 42,033 38,178 39,558 48,476 56,563 56,025 46,590 50,875 5.3 0.6 2.8 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 26,406 31,800 30,508 30,137 28,255 30,153 36.752 40,431 40,477 36,501 38,964 5.9 3.9 3.5 Angola .. 3,884 3,449 3,833 2,900 3,017 3,723 5,169 5,007 3,543 5,344 .. 7.0 4.1 Benin 222 287 337 371 341 308 405 424 400 393 375 7.1 6.0 4.6 Botswana 544 1,795 1,871 1,744 1,722 1,874 2,160 2,233 2,069 1,711 1,388 20.0 24.5 -0.5 Burkina Faso 161 283 269 238 260 191 237 233 229 325 255 8.1 11.1 0.9 Burundi 66 73 90 77 74 81 113 40 87 64 56 9.9 -1.0 -3.6 Cameroon 1,506 1,882 2,159 1,937 1,652 1,433 1,655 1,605 1,816 1,800 1,684 18.2 -5.5 -1.4 Cape Verde 9 5 4 4 4 20 25 30 40 33 36 15.2 -8.8 29.3 Central African Republic 147 151 126 116 132 162 179 142 155 138 136 8.6 3.9 0.5 Chad 71 193 194 182 152 135 243 238 237 261 211 0.8 10.0 4.0 Comoros I I 1 8 24 21 22 1 1 12 6 6 6 8 .. 15.7 -13.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2,269 2,326 1,649 1,246 1,144 1,256 1,612 1,727 1,395 1,598 1,872 -59 5.8 -2.1 Congo, Republic of 911 1,388 1,110 1,179 1,119 959 1,287 1,655 1,662 1,368 1,662 22.9 -3.2 3.5 C8te dIlvoire 3,013 3,070 2,810 3,189 2,695 3,026 4,304 4,281 4,076 4,045 4,233 6.4 0.8 4.9 Djibouti . .. 72 53 7 1 56 38 40 43 . ... .. -9.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 37 35 52 52 65 86 197 498 460 707 .. 12.7 39.3 Eritrea 0 0 0 1 5 36 65 81 95 54 28 20 . .. 0.3 Ethiopia 459 366 276 154 222 280 454 412 599 602 484 6.3 -0. 1 7.0 Gabon 2,531 2,490 2,230 2,257 2,326 2,365 2,643 3,190 3,043 2,209 2,526 8.9 -6.5 3.2 Gambia, The 5 1 108 132 151 141 124 121 115 108 130 120 3.2 7.9 1.1 Ghana 1,104 897 997 986 1,064 1,227 1,431 1,810 1,810 2,091 2,099 -3.8 8.5 11.0 Guinea 500 671 764 651 672 610 649 613 660 709 717 4.7 2.5 0.5 Guinea-Bissau . 1 9 20 6 1 6 33 24 22 48 26 5 1 .. 1.3 12.5 Kenya 1,363 997 1,056 1,013 1,103 1,484 1,924 2,083 2,060 2,012 1,755 5.8 -2.1 9.6 Lcsotho 58 59 67 109 134 143 154 180 195 183 179 10.4 25.7 13.4 Liberia 600 . . . . . . . . . .. 1.4 -5.6 Madagascar 437 318 334 324 332 447 523 524 505 519 582 2.0 -1.1 7.2 Malawi 281 412 476 397 321 327 404 483 567 476 502 8.8 -0.4 4.5 Mali 205 330 371 362 349 336 442 433 561 561 566 10.9 8.9 7.2 Mauritania 196 414 434 400 380 393 479 484 408 360 333 6.8 7.1 -1.4 Mauritius 434 1,201 1,213 1,303 1,334 1,386 1,530 1,703 1,642 1,741 1,619 2.9 24.5 5.1 Mozaimbique 281 126 162 139 132 164 174 226 230 245 271 .. 4.5 9.2 Namnibia 1,534 1,088 1,179 1,311 1,293 1,320 1,418 1,403 1,343 1,288 1,289 .. 8.3 1.7 Niger 576 313 270 344 301 225 287 302 271 301 256 14.6 3.9 -1.2 Nigeria 25,956 13,914 12,127 11,886 9,924 9,415 11,734 16,117 15,539 10,114 11,927 3.8 -7.1 1.1 Rwanda 134 103 96 69 68 32 50 62 93 64 61 5.6 -6.0 -4.3 SAo Tom6 and Principe 1 7 4 6 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 -3.0 -7.7 -2.0 Senegal 480 912 904 828 719 791 968 986 932 966 960 2.1 6.0 2.0 Seychelles 6 57 49 48 49 52 53 78 115 77 80 -1.8 32.2 12.9 Sierra Leone 214 155 176 1SO 118 194 102 lOS 88 65 61 -1.0 0.0 -9.2 Somalia 133 58 . . . . . . . . . 3.6 -2.7 South Africa 25,698 23,560 23,805 24,487 24,750 26,342 30,084 30,285 31,213 29,116 28,362 10.3 7.4 3.2 Sudan 566 393 346 350 427 462 556 620 594 596 780 2.8 -4.4 6.5 Swaziland 368 550 594 639 685 791 868 896 961 914 1,100 6.3 22.6 7.9 Tanzania 508 389 394 414 411 486 593 696 794 577 541 0.1 1.6 5.9 Togo 476 395 393 327 215 226 355 376 425 386 360 7.1 10.1 0.3 Uganda 319 210 176 172 157 254 595 590 671 458 549 1.3 -6.1 13.9 Zambia 1,457 1,264 1,085 1,120 994 1,067 1,186 993 1,119 816 755 -0.9 10.2 -4.3 Zimbabwe 281 1,753 1,785 1,530 1,610 1,947 2,216 2,496 2,424 1,925 1,924 0.0 9.3 3.0 NORTH AFRICA 41,264 33,432 34,726 33,255 31,134 30,611 37,625 41,279 43,368 38,416 41,015 9.7 -5.0 4.1 Algeria 13,652 12,889 12,387 11,439 10,410 8,899 10,260 13,220 13,820 10,140 12,320 14.3 -7.7 0.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 3,854 3,145 4,250 3,880 3,725 3,337 4,957 4,609 5,345 5,128 4,445 9.4 -8.0 5.4 Libya 21,919 11,352 .. . . . . . . . . 6.7 -10.5 Morocco 2,414 4,936 5,089 5,024 4,922 5,541 6,871 6,886 7,039 7,144 7,402 5.1 14.5 6.3 Tunisia 2,395 3,516 3,708 4,014 3,746 4,643 5,470 5,519 5,559 5,724 5,873 12.0 10.7 7.2 ALL AFRICA 119,816 102,566 100,511 99,409 93,793 96,625 116,086 128,053 130,167 113,607 119,535 7.9 0.2 3.3 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 73 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 61,043 55,739 56,467 59,460 57,382 59,190 71,865 74,226 79,875 77,249 77,381 8.3 4.0 4.7 excluding South Africa 42,766 39,007 39,320 41,281 38,899 37,327 44,459 46,640 51,020 50,010 52,831 8.3 2.7 4.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 28,042 31,950 31,426 32,381 30,599 30,866 36,282 38,435 41,395 40,740 41,820 6.5 6.3 3.9 Angola .. 1,578 1,347 1,988 1,463 1,454 1,852 2,040 2,477 2,079 3,267 .. -1.8 7.2 Benin 499 428 482 561 539 374 561 563 535 550 572 8.3 6.9 4.0 Botswana 602 1,611 1,604 1,557 1,455 1,350 1,579 1,436 1,449 1,486 1,559 17.4 18.4 0.6 Burkina Faso 368 542 490 516 534 355 485 562 511 639 600 8.1 10.3 2.2 Burundi 165 189 196 182 173 173 176 100 96 124 97 17.1 -1.8 -6.4 Camneroon 1,452 1,453 1,251 1,023 1,021 1,017 1,074 1,200 1,347 1,452 1,498 2. 5.5 1.0 Cape Verde 80 119 128 167 152 191 234 206 211 218 236 10.1 6.2 8.1 Central African Republic 185 242 179 189 158 151 179 125 145 150 139 8.7 4.6 -4.2 Chad 55 259 250 243 205 212 277 243 246 272 246 -1.8 12.5 0.5 Comoros 22 45 49 58 50 45 54 48 48 41 43 .. 6.1 0.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1,519 1,739 1,304 935 614 667 997 923 834 936 1,211 0.0 10.7 - 5.0 Congo, Republic of 545 513 494 438 500 613 653 586 649 559 615 15.2 -5.0 2.8 C6te drIvoire 2,614 2,236 2,186 1,984 1,784 1,608 2,474 2,763 2,712 2,777 2,778 6.1 10.4 3.3 Djibouti . .. 258 259 255 237 205 200 203 .. . . . 5.0 Equatorial Guinea - . 52 90 62 52 67 97 248 353 434 304 .. 10.6 26.2 Eritrea ~0 0 0 278 275 396 404 - 514 495 527 495 . .. 10.2 Ethiopia 692 881 1,029 875 1,052 915 1,063 1,144 1,309 1,357 1,558 16.4 1.0 4.8 Gabon 829 805 861 887 845 777 898 969 1,018 987 841 4.6 0.0 1.6 Gamsbia, The 116 134 174 204 205 179 184 196 176 207 194 11.0 7.8 4.1 Ghana 908 1,200 1,313 1,457 1,728 1,580 1,684 2,295 3,042 2,897 3,258 -1.6 11.2 12.3 Guinea 339 586 566 589 602 583 583 584 573 572 580 5.0 5.7 0.3 Guinea-Bissau .. 68 67 84 54 54 59 57 73 51 66 .. 1.5 -1.6 Kenya 2,585 1,992 1,686 1,608 1,385 1,761 2,636 2,512 2,944 3,028 2,626 8.1 4.3 6.6 Lesotho 424 673 804 933 868 810 1,013 1,003 1,012 873 758 14.2 10.5 3.0 Liberia 478 . .. . .. ... . ... .. 1.8 -1.5 Madagascar 764 566 440 465 510 5476 -628 645 682 672 743 5.4 -3.1 6.6 Malawi 308 491 616 712 628 536 474 624 783 646 595 2.7 8.7 3.0 Mali 308 464 505 532 502 466 556 552 556 558 592 9.7 8.3 3.3 Mauritania 321 405 385 424 375 304 395 403 355 358 305 7.0 2.6 -1.4 Mauritius 516 1,469 1,419 1,473 1,576 1,784 1,756 2,004 2,071 2,057 1,942 4.6 27.6 5.2 Mozanmbique 720 780 791 -745 _83-0 881 727 783 7,6o0 817 1,200 11.4 -2.4 Nainibia 1,094 1,230 1,228 1,389 1,335 1,406 1,548 1,531 1,615 1,462 1,479 .. 8.0 3.5 Niger 677 337 281 266 259 263 297 306 298 340 290 11.0 -14.5 3.3 Nigeria 14,735 7,070 7,892 8,891 8,293 6,470 8,183 8,216 9,630 9,276 10,999 12.7 -8.9 4.3 Rwanda 196 228 228 241 268 367 194 213 277 256 225 12.3 6.8 0.0 Sao Tomt and Principe 15 21 24 22 26 24 23 20 19 17 22 12.5 2.1 -2.7 Senegal 973 1,176 1,186 1,192 1,102 1,022 1,217 1,268 1,196 1,239 1,280 4.9 4.7 1.6 Seychelles 84 166 162 180 216 188 214 263 310 317 325 12.4 14.2 9.0 Sierra Leone 334 136 139 136 130 131 120 185 81 85 71 1.4 2.6 -6.8 Somalia 402 211 .. . . . . . . . . 15.0 -6.3 South Africa 18,268 16,778 17,190 18,224 18,518 21,875 27,412 27,599 28,876 27,269 24,614 8.7 7.0 6.2 Sudan-- 1,440 1,092 1,201 1,002 975 957 1,036 1,315 1,343 1,636 1,200 5.6 -0.7 3.4 Swaziland - 538_ 5-89 635 780 .789 832 1,009 1,076 1,173 1,049 1,360 - 16.6 10. 9.4 Tanzania 1,089 1,346 1,381 1,444 1,472 1,591 1,510 1,370 1,388 1,519 1,631 3.6 9.0 2.0 Togo 524 511 452 409 251 212 350 418 455 446 436 9.4 13.8 -0.4 Uganda 318 584 545 451 523 672 1,085 1,218 1,246 1,411 1,376 4.5 9.9 12.8 Zambia 1,114 889 952 1,302 1,019 1,003 1,194 1,056 1,218 971 871 0.3 6.9 0.6 Zimbabwe 308 1,511 1,700 1,781 1,512 1,778 2,128 2,247 2,654 2,020 1,675 1.4 6.5 4.2 NORTH AFRICA 30,995 36,035 37,098 37,012 37,896 37,656 45,426 44,783 46,533 46,560 49,504 8.0 -0.9 4.2 Algeria 9,596 9,659 7,747 8,541 7,990 9,158 10,100 9,090 8,130 8,630 8,960 5.6 -3.1 -0.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,814 10,298 13,410 10,753 12,879 10,377 13,372 14,263 16,718 15,321 16,969 10.2 -3.7 5.5 Libya 10,368 7,575 .. . . . . . . . . 12.0 -3.1 Morocco 3,770 6,805 6,848 7,450 6,981 7,648 9,353 9,080 8,903 9,463 9,956 7.3 8.7 5.5 Tunisia 3,453 5,193 4,895 6,079 5,757 6,210 7,458 7,280 7,514 7,875 8,015 13.2 7.2 6.2 ALL AFRICA 91,096 91,405 93,149 96,183 94,842 96,500 116,891 118,752 126,252 123,547 126,419 7.8 2.0 4.5 Note: 19919 data are preliminary (see page 2). 74 External Sector 5-3. Exports of total services Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 19901 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,220 13,471 13,381 13,677 13,277 13,661 16,242 17,794 18,626 19,124 19,586 6.3 6.1 5.4 excluding South Africa 8,691 9,09 1 9,330 9,406 9,313 8,947 10,493 11,697 11,993 12,547 13,229 7.7 6.8 4.8 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 6,238 8,728 8,872 9,171 9,167 8,783 10,281 11,298 11,617 11,450 12,041 8.8 8.3 4.3 Angola . . 119 186 159 117 163 129 311 251 158 160 . . 3.4 3.5 Benin 84 115 123 143 137 108 145 142 140 151 151 11.3 8.9 3.9 Botswana 203 626 693 731 746 417 744 669 788 851 917 14.8 16.5 5.8 Burkina Faso 65 86 85 83 80 67 80 71 55 53 52 9.2 5.8 -1.9 Burundi 26 25 35 31 25 23 27 17 13 1 1 8 21.0 7.4 -11.1 Camneroon 395 378 334 436 394 310 405 456 507 521 575 21.7 -1.7 3.2 Cape Verde 14 46 41 46 46 53 73 85 99 92 107 43.2 11.5 12.1 Central African Republic 58 70 56 56 54 45 53 47 43 32 43 7.0 10.9 -5.7 Chad 0 44 40 44 47 28 79 55 54 57 54 -13.0 10.2 3.7 Comoros 3 2 1 28 33 35 30 38 38 26 27 28 .. 48.4 2.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 135 258 226 135 151 66 159 66 63 65 83 3.1 13.3 -13.4 Congo, Republic of 119 114 118 79 68 159 82 84 77 74 69 7.6 -28.9 8.3 C6te dIlvoire 587 396 358 404 337 380 328 774 741 814 835 8.4 -3.5 10.3 Djibouti . .. 194 178 192 182 188 184 188 . ... .. -0.1I Equatorial Guinea .. 8 10 7 8 7 5 5 5 7 7 .. 137.4 -4.7 Eritrea 0 0 0 73 103 80 99 113 160 93 61 . .. 0.5 Ethiopia 131 311 271 305 291 283 354 413 442 458 460 5.0 11.5 5.3 Gabon 350 270 352 369 344 231 286 298 263 249 261 12.2 10.1 -2.4 Gambia, The 21 43 58 70 77 62 55 71 80 86 82 10.0 19.7 5.8 Ghana 110 87 103 137 156 159 164 438 448 468 483 -5.8 14.7 23.3 Guinea 54 158 145 160 187 153 118 124 I1 III 112 .. 20.3 -2.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 4 5 .. -13.6 1.0 Kenya 835 1,230 1,177 1,144 1,152 1,184 1,050 958 952 879 873 7.1 9.9 -2.8 Lesotho 305 496 518 538 481 407 476 456 511 449 357 14.8 6.8 -1.4 Liberia 13 . .. . .. ... . ... .. 18.0 17.0 Ma -dagascar 82 209 151 177 187 208 246 306 276 295 335 2.6 24.1 7. Malawi 34 45 45 27 19 29 22 42 61 47 53 -5.4 5.5 3.3 Mali 58 107 96 106 99 78 88 103 102 III 99 10.7 14.1 1.6 Mauritania 73 55 66 53 34 40 48 33 23 41 42 9.6 9.8 -5.6 Mauritius 150 589 643 691 632 677 786 930 942 1,048 1,132 8.1 31.6 8.4 Mozamnbique 171 173 203 223 240 246 292 34 42 333 353 .. 9.0 8.3 Namibia 205 315 388 372 441 473 689 656 632 558 565 .. 8.8 8.0 Niger 68 71 58 56 49 37 41 39 35 39 38 7.4 10.5 -7.0 Nigeria 2,164 379 478 259 171 187 239 427 405 1,129 1,219 2.7 -11.0 11.4 Rwanda 49 47 47 50 37 22 38 27 60 57 56 27.2 8.4 0.0 SRo Tomd and Principe 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 1 3 20.0 17.7 7.8 Senegal 416 602 599 616 577 504 604 630 582 600 600 9.0 10.8 0.7 Seychelles 97 176 173 198 211 201 224 245 256 302 306 15.4 14.2 5.8 Sierra Leone 21 16 18 15 25 18 59 57 16 27 28 42.5 -4.0 3.2 Somalia 71 33 .. . . . . . . . . 13.9 -15.9 South Africa 3,560 4,391 4,062 4,281 3,975 4,720 5,756 6,106 6,640 6,581 6,371 8.5 4.5 6.7 Sudan 228 139 54 74 III 96 134 57 47 29 101 12.6 -3.4 -9.1 Swaziland 82 269 356 296 248 265 324 276 296 206 394 15.4 18.4 0.9 Tanzania 179 134 141 141 206 369 511 472 520 567 672 -1.1 1.8 21.6 Togo 95 180 172 161 121 162 136 158 158 156 161 17.7 10.9 -0.4 Uganda II 36 27 27 85 90 87 157 192 218 227 9.2 1.4 29.5 Zambia 168 79 87 94 107 123 152 143 228 142 116 3.7 1.6 6.6 Zimbabwe 34 287 297 330 401 443 542 646 696 660 656 5.2 8.4 11.3 NORTIHIAFRICA 11,110 15,196 14,999 18,333 18,444 19,234 21,076 23,518 24,448 23,803 24,968 12.2 7.5 6.6 Algeria 978 587 504 729 746 808 800 960 1,330 1,110 940 7.4 3.1 7.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,662 6,783 7,153 8,189 8,332 8,677 9,556 10,636 11,241 10,455 11,015 19.9 11.9 6.2 Libya 1,446 783 .. . . . . . . . . 12.8 1.9 Morocco 896 1,977 1,821 2,402 2,288 2,238 2,425 2,932 2,643 3,020 3,323 8.1 14.5 6.5 Tunisia 1,214 1,783 1,507 2,107 2,143 2,364 2,657 2,697 2,692 2,848 3,009 11.3 14.5 6.7 ALL AFRICA 21,245 26,936 26,683 29,688 29,339 30,394 34,696 38,355 40,012 40,039 41,482 11.5 7.8 5.9 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 75 5-4. Imports of total services Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32,207 37,758 36,849 38,108 36,094 35,633 40,779 42,539 43,284 43,212 45,564 7.8 5.1 2.8 excluding South Africa 24,559 28,634 29,003 29,937 28,071 27,197 30,845 32,661 32,823 33,484 35,983 8.9 5.5 2.9 exci. S.Aftica & Nigeria 15,873 22,860 23,260 24,615 23,273 21,948 25,432 27,423 27,520 26,881 28,348 10.1 7.2 2.9 Angola .. 2,584 2,967 2,980 2,568 2,534 3,149 3,913 3,756 3,804 4,197 .. 20.3 6.4 Benin 112 174 170 219 192 171 226 252 221 224 229 11.2 4.1 4.0 Botswana 351 898 803 790 587 777 960 893 1,214 1,289 1,369 18.6 18.7 6.3 Burkina Faso 228 192 279 238 230 165 204 198 180 191 187 9.1 5.1 -0.9 Burundi 58 149 158 158 133 110 120 57 61 62 44 20.4 14.1 -11.9 Camneroon 1,026 964 1,350 1,741 1,626 1,071 1,115 1,270 1,320 1,208 1,274 19.0 -12.1 0.6 Cape Verde 8 35 24 3 1 36 40 66 77 84 103 119 29.4 15.8 16.8 Central Afiican Republic 144 192 157 179 155 126 156 124 123 134 133 7.0 12.3 -3.7 Chad 28 260 219 239 240 188 235 246 250 257 237 -7.6 16.6 0.7 Comoros 1 2 5 1 48 55 52 45 53 48 30 2 1 21 .. 2.8 -7.7 _Co-ngo, Democr-atic Rep. of 1,160 1,556 1,552 1,223 1,092 1,186 1,266 1,192 1,315 1,359 1,257 8.5 11.3 -1.8 Congo, Republic of 650 1,244 1,232 1,115 1,219 1,253 1,393 1,851 1,497 1,243 1,507 16.3 6.0 5.2 C6te dIvoire 2,110 2,321 2,035 2,725 2,484 1,638 2,359 2,383 2,192 2,251 2,197 11.6 7.4 0.2 Djibouti . .. 110 117 118 97 88 90 92 .. . . . 4.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 49 36 41 51 82 95 224 345 411 410 .. 69.2 32.4 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 1 7 44 70 108 78 112 . .. 105.9 Ethiopia lOS 260 274 292 314 273 293 318 406 386 398 -1.9 16.5 4.5 Gabon 1,414 1,668 1,519 1,781 1,688 1,336 1,679 1,985 1,833 1,511 1,663 10.8 -3.3 2.0 Gainbia, The 44 66 72 80 80 70 70 73 73 82 79 14.3 1 5.0 1.8 Ghana 355 417 461 513 568 543 588 648 767 757 760 0.4 8.9 7.3 Guinea 238 454 484 408 403 365 407 406 406 443 470 .. 12.3 0.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 33 47 43 39 4 1 48 48 48 37 45 .. 10.7 1.2 Kenya 872 1,057 999 906 930 1,041 1,222 1,101 1,036 910 894 4.9 4.3 -0.2 Lesotho 58 103 104 115 93 104 144 137 189 161 144 12.9 14.1 6.2 Liberia 97 . .. . .. ... . ... .. 28.2 7.5 Madagascar 368 436 439 421 457 480 539 555 492 523 524 10.2 8.7 2.5 Malawi 330 100 121 96 84 III 125 149 142 147 140 11.5 -0.9 4.5 Mali 221 391 360 440 356 322 395 446 424 432 417 7.9 8.8 2.2 Mauritania 172 277 270 267 258 221 295 298 233 222 205 13.2 4.2 -2.1 Mauritius 207 519 542 619 591 609 681 691 687 884 1,091 8.7 22.1 7.4 Mozambique 155 286 312 355 366 393 416 404 423 509 628 .. 7.0 6.7 Namibia 787 500 609 696 640 628 787 830 714 628 644 .. 5.2 1.8 Niger 339 198 155 152 143 193 215 193 173 180 165 10.7 3.6 0.0 Nigeria 8,498 5,770 5,743 5,328 4,806 5,250 5,420 5,251 5,315 6,598 7,622 5.3 -0.8 2.7 Rwanda 139 152 131 147 154 132 156 169 222 223 207 13.4 8.8 3.6 Sao Tom6 and Principe 7 26 26 23 22 22 28 27 27 1 8 23 14.7 11.0 0.2 Senegal 475 808 803 832 787 657 763 743 682 670 660 12.0 9.6 -1.9 Seychelles 43 96 84 91 104 94 116 131 144 173 178 14.6 19.7 8.9 Sierra Leone 95 155 148 154 130 161 133 139 57 73 78 3.4 1.0 -6.2 Somalia 139 -211 .. . . . . . . . . 9.9 6.1 South Africa 7,720 9,168 7,904 8,231 8,077 8,485 9,987 9,937 10,518 9,794 9,659 10.5 4.0 2.6 Sudan 416 1,145 1,097 1,091 1,146 1,183 1,236 1,271 1,391 1,493 1,692 19.8 5.6 3.6 Swaziland 121 247 344 282 364 347 291 268 283 121 347 9.8 18.1 -1.6 Tanzania 160 402 379 635 723 805 659 759 793 898 911 5.7 19.5 7.3 Togo 227 288 273 249 202 264 259 281 289 289 289 14.0 9.9 1.1 Uganda 132 169 187 222 223 241 371 450 460 511 521 6.2 11.9 13.0 Zambia 872 799 693 623 530 566 588 490 622 536 483 3.1 7.5 -4.3 Zimbabwe 330 784 931 961 836 1,016 1,120 1,224 1,415 1,048 993 8.8 7.5 4.6 NORTH AFRICA 8,015 14,795 11,294 13,233 12,612 16,131 16,894 16,860 15,468 19,536 17,503 12.7 4.3 3.8 Algeria 5,035 3,984 4,211 4,065 3,507 3,769 4,320 4,710 4,630 4,590 5,070 1-6.1 - 3.11 2.4 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,931 5,100 1,592 3,027 2,620 5,273 4,952 4,688 3,894 7,342 5,069 20.4 2.5 6.0 Libya -10,368 -7,575 . . . . . . . . . Morocco 2,076 2,637 2,752 2,943 3,045 3,124 3,459 3,280 3,072 3,190 3,171 9.0 11.8 2.4 Tunisia 918 1,399 1,461 1,701 2,012 2,138 2,250 2,274 2,121 2,203 2,212 11.5 6.6 6.8 ALL AFRICA 41,911 53,008 48,809 51,917 49,245 52,030 58,090 59,890 59,374 63,078 63,634 11.6 5.3 3.0 Nate: 1999 data are preli.ieary (sem page 2). 76 External Sector 5-5. Net private transfers Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -319 350 617 1,937 1,850 2,329 2,437 2,895 4,533 4,691 4,529 1 9 948 2,617 excluding South Africa -413 395 624 1,934 1,857 2,341 2,454 2,918 4,530 4,681 4,526 -11 857 2,626 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -413 369 596 1,150 1,065 1,792 1,655 1,974 2,663 3,111 2,884 7 864 1,726 Angola .. -142 -32 1 1 -14 - 31 3 1 32 68 70 26 -19 5 Benin 107 86 84 95 94 50 68 67 77 89 95 60 77 8 1 Botswana -11 -41 -39 -19 -65 -85 103 -23 220 220 220 -5 -9 49 Burkina Faso 112 105 98 169 153 98 106 84 75 75 67 75 164 103 Burundi 3 10 13 13 17 21 16 1 1 9 6 6 6 9 12 Cameroon 19 -67 -59 -72 -95 -41 -23 7 86 80 100 I11 -69 -8 Cape Verde 40 55 58 70 71 81 100 96 71 90 96 30 34 79 Central African Republic 0 -31 -30 -27 -31 -10 -11 -10 -10 -9 -6 0 -14 -17 Chad -4 -1 -9 -15 -23 -8 2 4 4 3 3 -6 -5 -4 Comoros 2 6 4 5 1 1 7 9 12 I 1 1 13 2 6 9 Congo, Democratic Rep, of -79 -81 -82 -97 -123 -98 -124 -138 -35 -37 -38 -47 -72 --85 Congo, Republic of -1 -16 -15 -19 -9 60 -1 -4 -4 -11 -13 -44 -64 -3 C6te dIlvoire -706 -501 -368 -379 -305 -259 -439 -470 -417 -450 -475 -403 -413 -406 Djibouti . .. -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -10 -9 . ... . -10 Equatorial Guinea .. -2 -2 -4 -3 0 -3 -3 -1 0 0 0 -1 -2 Eritrea 0 0 0 128 165 276 215 244 352 246 244 0 0 187 Ethiopia 20 171 203 316 248 247 311 313 258 317 289 37 162 267 Gabon -124 -158 -125 -190 -209 -163 -192 -216 -218 -160 -170 -58 -143 -180 Gambia, The 2 9 10 12 13 IS 16 17 17 24 20 2 3 15 Ghana -3 202 220 255 261 271 263 276 400 454 472 7 136 307 Gduinea -3 -53 -57 -73 -79 -82 -92 -49 -37 -32 -31 -3 -26 -59 Guinea-Bissau .. I I I I I 3 2 2 16 5 -10 -1 3 Kenya 27 167 144 68 147 148 408 433 497 474 566 41 76 305 Lesotho 2 19 14 16 13 13 3 2 2 1 2 29 20 8 Liberia -29 . .. . .. ... ... ... -32 -25 Madagascar -21 77 67 109 114 46 75 88 116 83 104 -14 54 88 Malawi .. -11 -33 14 30 20 -4 -24 -19 -22 -23 1 5 13 -7 Mali 40 102 70 74 93 85 96 90 73 68 68 24 53 82 Mauritania -28 6 1 77 28 14 30 39 54 56 46 -25 69 35 Mauritius 0 74 71 79 92 94 90 101 77 182 110 4 47 97 Mozanibique 0 0 ~ ~ ~~0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o Namibia 0 25 27 50 23 16 24 26 21 10 12 0 0 24 Niger -57 -50 -38 -40 -34 -41 -23 -25 -22 -22 -IS -40 -26 -31 Nigeria .. 26 28 784 792 549 799 945 1,867 1,570 1,642 -137 -18 900 Rwanda 0 6 21 20 22 45 16 27 25 1 8 1 8 I 7 22 S8o Tom6 and Principe I 0 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 I 0 1 S enegal 0 29 2 8 26 40 39 40 40 36 37 36 - 1 7 3 5 Seychelles 0 -3 -2 -3 -6 -7 -5 -6 -6 -6 -6 0 5 -5 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 7 1 1 2 Somalia 57 . .. . .. . . . .. . .. 43 South Africa 94 -44 -7 3 -7 -12 -17 -23 3 10 3 79 91 -9 Sudan 257 134 124 138 81 68 60 321 429 490 446 267 330 229 Swaziland 0 4 9 4 27 40 37 32 21 50 24 1 3 25 Tanzania 22 196 172 194 197 465 18 20 26 31 34 22 364 135 Togo I 10 14 9 10 8 13 13 12 13 14 -1 8 12 Uganda -2 78 81 136 108 304 330 421 322 539 375 7 95 269 Zambia -176 -43 -40 -33 -19 -19 -20 -17 -16 -27 -16 -86 -35 -25 Zimbabwe 120 -2 2 40 26 86 120 149 126 128 115 87 23 79 NORTH AFRICA .. . . . . . . 7,170 7,224 7,88 97 7,870 . .. 7,538 Algeria .. . . . . . . 1,045 1,075 1,104 1,108 . .. 1,083 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,791 3,743 2,569 3,029 3,835 3,232 3,279 2,798 3,256 3,718 3,772 2,091 3,289 3,323 Libya -1,089 -446 .. . . . . . . . . -1,075 -571 -446 Morocco 1,070 2,151 2,157 2,325 2,141 2,096 2,261 2,526 2,158 2,293 2,148 822 1,419 2,226 Tunisia 348 613 563 570 597 688 753 801 736 772 842 255 435 693 ALL AFRICA 2,802 6,411 5,906 7,860 8,423 8,346 8,729 10,065 11,757 12,578 12,399 2,308 5,520 9,24_7 Note: t1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's serims shows u data break between 1991 and t992. External Sector 77 5-6. Net official current transfers Millions of U.S. dollars (currentprices) Annual-average - 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,229 2,808 2,184 2,184 1,755 1,973 1,509 1,478 1,303 1,354 1,071 1,365 1,958 1,762 excluding South Africa 2,704 2,689 2,553 2,389 2,569 2,137 2,201 2,028 2,102 2,001 1,330 1,903 2,337 excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria 2,656 2,667 2,562 2,335 2,618 2,203 2,269 2,053 2,156 1,981 1,358 1,895 2,350 Angol 65 60 91 179 249 125 194 74 92 87 67 122 Benin 0 19 19 20 64 5 6 4 0 0 3 0 3 14 Botswana 65 171 218 135 142 160 -131 113 129 129 129 31 135 119 Burkina Faso 0 158 128 79 108 129 133 121 90 115 88 0 0 115 Burundi 42 105 120 102 III 144 136 50 51 50 46 45 65 91 Came 64 28 118 248 76 61 80 28 0 25 17 40 115 68 Cape Verdc 0 30 32 58 35 40 19 9 16 5 5 0 28 25 Central African Rcpublic 0 56 73 50 50 32 33 8 23 34 3 1 27 41 39 Chad 0 105 102 108 49 129 78 57 59 50 21 0 95 76 Comoros I 1 36 33 24 38_ 21 24 21 15 12 4 20 38 23 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 267 54 25 8 7 99 153 112 68 170 240 137 113 93 Congo, Republic of 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 9 44 35 6 6 10 0 3 14 C6te d'Ivoire 0 226 74 -20 46 -31 -27 -28 -22 -21 -20 23 92 1 8 Djibouti 34 26 49 42 50 48 41 41 Equatorial Guinea 8 2 I 1 7 7 4 6 4 3 0 6 4 Eritrea 0 0 0 43 17 44 22 27 0 0 0 o o is Ethiopia 60 49 26 57 108 87 148 133 1 32 13 40 57 65 Gabon 33 21 14 6 14 1 5 0 0 0 17 17 30 16 10 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 287 148 0 0 60 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau 40 25 29 21 26 30 30 23 8 22 6 24 25 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 -2 0 0 8 Lesotho -90 -161 45 -33 -39 139 241 225 225 165 137 -174 -166 86 Liberia 36 57 78 Madagascar 0 161 113 54 70 44 17 33 80 17 37 106 62 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali -6 124 179 214 132 143 97 106 56 47 39 2 98 114 Mauritania 118 67 61 72 86 41 32 104 105 87 118 119 III 77 Mauritius 0 13 17 14 6 7 17 13 35 5 2 3 19 13 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Natnibia 101 329 348 401 328 310 379 390 424 396 393 360 294 370 Niger 154 25 18 34 61 0 0 0 0 0 -5 127 104 13 Nigeria -167 48 22 -9 54 -49 -66 -68 -26 -54 20 44 8 -13 Rwanda 104 138 162 92 78 347 231 196 176 172 206 92 74 180 Sio Tom6 and Principe 0 1 2 9 3 2 3 5 1 10 9 6 0 6 6 Senegal 28 3 3 8 -26 95 70 1 8 5 16 -8 Seychelles 15 21 19 20 22 15 13 22 21 21 21 13 23 19 Sierra Leone 26 30 34 0 0 10 0 21 7 3 11 11 13 12 Somalia 143 265 III 291 265 South Africa 145 104 -505 -369 -634 -596 -628 -723 -725 -748 -930 96 55 -575 Sudan 84 274 237 177 77 55 44 41 23 17 11 124 335 95 Swaziland 79 98 100 124 128 116 102 tio 128 79 129 46 60 III Tanzania 0 264 23 262 266 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 103 Togo 86 77 68 56 28 16 26 24 21 22 55 56 37 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Zainbia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA 1,233 798 962 952 1,101 1,009 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,094 4,851 1,352 1,902 814 919 724 890 883 1,097 584 1,452 Libya 46 -35 -85 -39 -35 Morocco 47 174 118 208 154 173 70 50 48 52 -11 15 95 104 Tunisia 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 18 16 36 7 8 ALL AFRICA 4,041 7,153 3,745 3,811 2,959 2,498 2,276 2,265 2,306 2,173 1,339 2,365 3,323- Note: 1999 data ue preliminary (see page 2). 78 External Sector 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -717 -7,484 -10,584 -13,137 -13,541 -10,817 -13,731 -7,636 -11,285 -19,126 -18,345 -8,867 -7,728 -12,569 excluding South Africa -4,226 -9,550 -12,845 -15,084 -15,030 -10,911 -11,527 -5,745 -9,022 -17,022 -17,878 -8,526 -10,025 -12,461 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -8,536 -11,077 -11,865 -13,786 -12,872 -9,293 -10,630 -9,698 -11,862 -13,907 -14,065 -6,759 -8,184 -11,906 Angola .. -236 -651 -874 -848 -563 -993 -249 -869 -2,023 -1,803 .. 49 -911 Benin -197 -95 -89 -151 -95 -73 -163 -177 -140 -141 -177 -174 -84 -130 Botswana -152 42 337 244 503 239 338 663 542 136 -275 -101 301 277 Burkina Faso -259 -101 -188 -186 -163 -35 -133 -251 -243 -261 -326 -203 -227 -189 Burundi -86 -126 -95 -117 -79 -15 -4 -39 2 -55 -26 -98 -90 -55 Cameroon -495 -196 -50 -216 -620 -324 -71 -375 -258 -235 -396 -389 -356 -274 Cape Verde -25 -18 -17 -20 -33 -38 -83 -64 -69 -100 -110 -38 -14 -55 Central African Republic 43 -189 -111 -173 -108 -48 -81 -63 -57 -87 -67 -24 -96 -98 Chad -16 -178 -143 -162 -219 -115 -110 -134 -143 -158 -195 -80 -150 -156 Comoros 9 -22 -12 -35 -7 -22 -25 -20 -20 -6 -11 -14 -9 -18 Congo, Democratic Rep. of -87 -738 -1,037 -866 -528 -530 465 -348 -658 -583 432 -366 -514 -618 Congo, Republic of -167 -261 -508 -315 -541 -670 -634 -667 -406 -366 -393 -258 -230 476 C6te d'lvoire .. -1,368 -1,347 -1,515 -1,496 -131 -668 -588 -527 -639 401 -594 -686 -868 Djibouti .. .. -77 -130 -71 -64 -28 -29 -32 .. .. .. .. -62 Equatorial Guinea .. -49 -81 -47 -45 -71 -96 -268 -189 -375 3 -15 -35 -122 Eritrea 0 0 0 -19 46 62 -31 -104 -37 -238 -282 0 0 -60 Ethiopia -126 -244 -528 -335 497 -291 -90 -191 -417 -333 -709 -176 -376 -363 Gabon 514 150 91 -226 -58 336 159 317 237 -183 131 157 490 95 Gambia, The -86 -41 -46 -51 -54 48 -62 -65 43 49 -50 -47 -33 -51 Ghana -54 -432 -454 -592 -815 456 -414 -420 -991 -353 -816 -154 -254 -574 Guinea -26 -264 -198 -260 -225 -267 -316 -302 -244 -227 -253 -62 -227 -256 Guinea-Bissau .. -36 -62 -86 -50 -29 45 -45 -39 -34 -28 .. -49 -45 Kenya -1,233 -655 -309 -290 88 14 -475 -140 -472 490 -329 -493 -572 -306 Lesotho -207 -363 -354 -418 -371 -212 -283 -276 -269 -235 -226 -222 -270 -301 Liberia 46 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 -15 Madagascar -635 -238 -216 -222 -263 -280 -307 -249 -198 -281 -211 -264 -142 -247 Malawi -310 -145 -250 -371 -342 -271 -177 -272 -317 -292 -203 -163 -110 -264 Mali -232 -191 -150 -216 -185 -146 -228 -265 -187 -203 -232 -168 -216 -200 Mauritania -133 -139 -93 -90 -I05 -37 -102 -40 1 -36 29 -133 -22 -61 Mauritius -139 -111 -16 -6 -103 -228 -14 52 -62 35 -171 -81 -6 -63 Mozambique -423 -766 -738 -738 -825 -864 -677 -647 -611 -749 -1,204 -489 -635 -782 Namibia -40 28 105 50 110 85 176 116 91 163 136 -13 39 106 Niger -429 -177 -128 -24 -24 -233 -208 -183 -187 -202 -181 -247 -33 -155 Nigeria 4,310 1,527 -980 -1,298 -2,158 -1,618 -897 3,953 2,840 -3,115 -3,813 -1,767 -1,841 -556 Rwanda -48 -86 -33 -157 -218 -53 -15 -70 -146 -167 -90 -23 -157 -103 Sao Tomd and Principe I -26 -30 -31 -33 -28 -35 -34 -23 -12 -21 -6 -19 -28 Senegal -524 -438 -455 -545 -578 -251 -298 -336 -322 -289 -352 -392 -488 -386 Seychelles -23 -11 -8 -8 -42 -21 -44 -55 -68 -98 -103 -17 6 -46 Sierra Leone -168 -90 -60 -125 -117 -69 -93 -140 -21 -58 -42 -128 -56 -82 Somalia -136 -81 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -117 -121 -81 South Africa 3,508 2,065 2,261 1,947 1,489 94 -2,204 -1,891 -2,263 -2,104 -467 -341 2,297 -107 Sudan -721 -1,299 -1,538 -1,354 -1,426 -1,459 -1,479 -1,548 -1,641 -1,997 -1,555 -555 -603 -1,529 Swaziland -130 85 80 1 -64 34 30 -30 -49 280 -61 -61 42 31 Tanzania -540 -764 -818 -1,068 -1,115 -1,076 -1,047 -942 -842 -1,242 -1,295 -424 -586 -1,021 Togo -95 -137 -79 -119 -84 -64 -63 -112 -88 -89 -120 -101 -90 -95 Uganda -121 429 -449 -338 -396 -265 -444 -500 -521 -706 -746 -57 -177 -479 Zambia -538 -388 -513 -743 467 -398 464 427 -509 -576 499 -377 -308 -498 Zimbabwe -444 -257 -547 -842 -311 -318 -370 -180 -823 -355 28 -283 -46 -398 NORTH AFRICA 6,271 2,071 5,053 2,168 1,293 -2,787 -3,870 597 2,858 -4,248 -2,441 -3,616 -3,798 69 Algeria 242 1,352 2,223 1,020 802 -1,820 -2,240 1,260 3,450 -910 20 -1,008 -1,123 516 Egypt, Arab Republic -438 -634 3,821 2,670 2,295 410 386 -185 119 -2,479 -1,709 -1,765 -1,701 469 Libya 8,259 2,236 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,034 -408 2,236 Morocco -1,420 -204 -413 -433 -521 -723 -1,186 35 -87 -144 -265 -1,369 -251 -394 Tunisia -373 -679 -577 -1,089 -1,283 -654 -830 -513 -623 -716 -487 -507 -314 -745 ALL AFRICA 5,553 -5,413 -5,531 -10,970 -12,248 -13,603 -17,601 -7,039 -8,427 -23,374 -20,786 -12,483 -11,526 -12,499 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 79 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.0 -2.5 -3.5 -4.4 -4.8 -3.9 -4.4 -2.3 -3.3 -6.0 -5.7 -4.4 -3.2 -4.1 excluding South Africa -2.3 -5.2 -7.2 -8.8 -9.7 -7.6 -7.0 -3.1 -4.7 -9.1 -9.3 -6.2 -6.2 -7.2 excl. S.AfTica & Nigeria -8.5 -7.2 -7.8 -10.0 -9.7 -7.8 -7.8 -6.5 -7.6 -9.0 -9.0 -7.5 -6.0 -8.2 Angola .. -2.3 -5.3 -15.1 -16.0 -13.9 -19.1 -3.3 -11.3 -31.4 -21.1 .. -0.6 -13.9 Benin -14.0 -5.1 4.8 -9.3 -4.5 -4.9 -8.1 -8.0 -6.5 -6.1 -7.3 -16.6 -5.8 -6.5 Botswana -13.4 1.1 8.6 5.9 12.1 5.4 6.9 13.5 10.7 2.8 4.6 -11.4 13.5 6.2 Burkina Faso -15.2 -3.7 -6.8 -9.3 -7.9 -1.9 -5.7 -9.9 -10.2 -10.1 -12.6 -15.6 -11.4 -7.8 Burundi -9.3 -11.1 -8.2 -10.8 -8.4 -1.6 -0.4 -4.4 0.3 -6.2 -3.6 -9.8 -8.0 -5.4 Cameroon -7.3 -1.8 -0.4 -1.9 -5.2 4.1 -0.9 -4.1 -2.8 -2.7 -4.3 -7.5 -3.2 -2.8 Cape Verde -23.5 -5.3 -4.8 -5.2 -9.0 -9.1 -16.9 -12.7 -13.6 -18.6 -19.0 42.3 -9.4 -11.4 Central African Republic -5.4 -12.7 -7.9 -12.1 -8.3 -5.6 -7.2 -5.9 -5.7 -8.3 -6.4 -4.0 -8.2 -8.0 Chad -1.5 -10.3 -7.6 -8.6 -15.0 -9.8 -7.7 -8.4 -9.5 -9.4 -12.7 -8.6 -12.3 -9.9 Comoros -7.2 -8.7 -5.0 -13.3 -2.5 -11.7 -11.5 -9.2 -10.2 -3.1 -5.7 -13.0 -6.0 -8.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of -0.6 -7.9 -11.4 -10.6 -5.9 -7.4 -7.3 -5.9 -10.8 -8.4 -5.6 -3.4 -6.2 -8.1 Congo, Republic of -9.8 -9.3 -18.7 -10.7 -28.2 -37.8 -25.3 -26.3 -17.5 -18.8 -17.7 -21.5 -11.1 -21.0 Cote d'lvoire .. -12.7 -12.8 -13.6 -14.4 -1.7 -6.7 -5.5 -5.0 -5.7 -3.6 -8.6 -6.8 -8.2 Djibouti .. .. -16.8 -27.6 -15.1 -13.2 -5.7 -6.1 -6.4 . . .. . -13.0 Equatorial Guinea .. -37.1 -61.8 -30.6 -29.7 -56.4 -58.3 -103.5 -38.1 -82.2 0.4 .. -30.6 -49.7 Eritrea .. .. .. 4.4 11.2 12.1 -5.4 -16.5 -5.6 -35.0 43.7 .. .. -10.9 Ethiopia .. -3.6 -9.9 -6.0 -8.0 -5.9 -1.6 -3.2 -6.5 -5.1 -11.0 -5.8 -5.1 -6.1 Gabon 12.0 2.5 1.7 -4.0 -1.3 8.0 3.2 5.5 4.4 -4.0 3.0 4.2 -13.9 1.9 Gambia,The -35.7 -12.8 -14.4 -14.7 -14.6 -13.3 -16.3 -16.6 -10.6 -11.7 -12.8 -22.5 -15.1 -13.8 Ghana -1.2 -7.3 -6.9 -9.2 -13.7 -8.4 -6.4 -6.0 -14.3 -4.7 -10.5 -3.9 -5.0 -8.7 Guinea -9.4 -6.6 -7.9 -6.9 -7.8 -8.5 -7.6 -6.3 -6.0 -6.8 .. -10.1 -7.4 Guinea-Bissau .. -14.6 -24.2 -37.8 -21.0 -12.4 -17.6 -16.5 -14.7 -16.5 -13.0 .. -26.6 -18.8 Kenya -17.0 -7.7 -3.8 -3.6 1.8 0.2 -5.3 -1.5 4.4 -4.3 -3.1 -8.4 -7.4 -3.2 Lesotho -47.9 -58.3 -52.0 -50.5 -45.4 -25.3 -30.4 -29.4 -26.3 -26.8 -25.8 -66.6 -61.1 -37.0 Liberia 4.1 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 1.9 -1.2 . Madagascar -15.7 -7.7 -8.1 -7.4 -7.8 -9.4 -9.7 -6.2 -5.6 -7.5 -5.7 -7.6 -5.3 -7.5 Malawi -25.0 -8.0 -11.3 -20.6 -16.5 -22.9 -12.4 -11.2 -12.5 -16.8 -11.2 -15.6 -8.4 -14.4 Mali -13.0 -7.9 -6.2 -7.6 -6.9 -8.3 -9.2 -10.1 -7.6 -7.7 -8.9 -12.9 -12.6 -8.0 Mauritania -18.8 -13.7 -8.2 -7.6 -11.1 -3.6 -9.5 -3.6 0.1 -3.6 3.1 -19.9 -3.0 -5.8 Mauritius -12.3 -4.2 -0.6 -0.2 -3.2 -6.5 -0.4 1.2 -1.5 0.9 -4.0 -7.6 0.0 -1.9 Mozambique -12.0 -30.5 -29.6 -37.8 -39.2 -38.1 -28.3 -22.3 -17.4 -19.2 -29.1 -14.2 -23.1 -29.1 Namibia -1.8 1.2 4.2 1.8 4.2 2.9 5.5 3.7 2.8 5.4 4.4 -0.6 2.9 3.6 Niger -17.1 -7.1 -5.5 -1.0 -1.5 -14.9 -11.0 -9.2 -10.1 -9.7 -9.0 -13.6 -3.1 -7.9 Nigeria 6.7 5.4 -3.6 -4.0 -10.1 -6.8 -3.2 11.2 7.8 -9.7 -10.9 -4.5 -8.5 -2.4 Rwanda -4.1 -3.3 -1.7 -7.7 -11.1 -7.0 -1.2 -5.0 -7.8 -8.2 -4.6 -1.6 -7.0 -5.8 SaoTomeandPrincipe 2.3 -51.8 -53.3 -67.9 -70.1 -57.4 -76.7 -76.0 -53.1 -30.5 -45.8 -18.5 -40.7 -58.3 Senegal -17.5 -7.7 -8.3 -9.0 -10.6 -6.9 -6.7 -7.2 -7.4 -6.2 -7.3 -16.1 -12.4 -7.7 Seychelles -15.9 -2.9 -2.1 -1.7 -9.0 4.4 -8.7 -10.8 -12.7 -18.3 -18.9 -15.8 2.8 -9.0 Sierra Leone -14.4 -10.0 -7.5 -18.1 -15.2 -7.5 -10.7 -14.9 -2.4 -8.6 -6.3 -10.1 -5.1 -10.1 Somalia -22.6 -8.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -17.3 -12.2 -8.8 South Africa 4.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.1 -1.5 -1.3 -1.5 -1.6 -0.4 -0.5 3.2 0.0 Sudan -9.5 -9.9 -13.5 -21.1 -18.1 -17.9 -20.6 -21.5 -16.0 -19.9 -16.0 -7.0 -3.8 -17.4 Swaziland -22.3 9.8 9.1 0.1 -6.4 3.2 2.4 -2.5 -3.7 22.9 -5.0 -11.0 5.4 3.0 Tanzania .. -17.9 -16.5 -23.2 -26.2 -23.8 -19.9 -14.5 -11.0 -14.5 -14.8 -10.0 -13.5 -18.2 Togo -8.4 -8.4 4.9 -7.0 -6.8 -6.5 -4.8 -7.6 -5.8 -6.3 -8.5 -12.2 -7.8 -6.7 Uganda -9.7 -10.0 -13.5 -11.8 -12.3 -6.6 -7.7 -8.3 -8.3 -10.4 -11.6 -3.1 -3.2 -10.1 Zambia -13.8 -11.8 -15.2 -23.4 -14.3 -11.9 -13.4 -13.1 -13.0 -17.8 -15.8 -11.9 -13.0 -15.0 Zimbabwe -6.6 -2.9 -6.3 -12.5 -4.7 -4.6 -5.2 -2.1 -9.5 -5.2 0.5 -4.0 -0.8 -5.3 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 -0.1 4.1 1.6 0.9 -2.0 -2.5 0.3 1.6 -2.3 -1.3 -4.0 -2.6 0.0 Algeria 0.6 2.2 4.8 2.1 1.6 -4.3 -5.4 2.7 7.2 -1.9 0.0 -4.5 -1.9 0.9 Egypt, Arab Republic -1.9 -1.5 10.3 6.4 4.9 0.8 0.6 -0.3 0.2 -3.0 -1.9 -9.6 -4.7 1.7 Libya 23.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.8 -2.2 Morocco -7.5 -0.8 -1.5 -1.5 -1.9 -2.4 -3.6 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.8 -10.3 -1.7 -1.3 Tunisia -4.3 -5.5 4.4 -7.0 -8.8 4.2 4.6 -2.6 -3.3 -3.6 -2.3 -7.4 -3.5 -4.6 ALL AFRICA 1.7 -1.7 -1.3 -2.5 -2.9 -3.2 -3.8 -1.4 -1.6 4.6 4.0 4.3 -3.0 -2.7 Note: 1999 data re preliminaay (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigefia's ratios re distorted becuse the official exchange ate used by the Govemment for oil exports nd oil value added is significantly over- valued. 80 External Sector 5-9. Net capital grants Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 1,130 3,573 4,040 5,076 4,332 3,932 4,118 3,745 3,459 3,854 3,739 1,095 2,656 3,987 excluding South Africa 1,130 3,561 4,076 5,118 4,390 3,866 4,158 3,792 3,653 3,910 3,782 1,110 2,652 4,031 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 1,130 3,561 4,076 5,118 4,390 3,866 4,158 3,792 3,653 3,910 3,782 1,110 2,652 4,031 Angola 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 63 59 45 59 63 54 70 56 84 62 76 63 63 63 Botswana 8 3 4 7 9 6 3 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 Burkina Faso 211 68 98 142 98 65 103 159 139 144 191 151 193 121 Burundi 34 59 66 63 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 37 24 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 29 2 8 9 19 20 51 53 39 48 57 20 10 31 Central African Republic 0 62 65 82 69 63 56 39 38 70 66 0 43 61 Chad 28 88 77 76 95 70 53 49 53 70 49 76 107 68 Comoros 0 14 11 21 14 0 0 6 8 11 11 0 0 10 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0 163 76 24 19 41 204 110 1 50 50 0 108 74 Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 3 Cote d'lvoire .. 0 53 86 95 53 70 79 69 68 65 0 0 64 Djibouti 0 0 56 58 42 24 10 9 13 0 0 0 0 21 Equatorial Guinea .. 35 35 26 29 5 3 2 3 3 2 7 20 14 Eritrea 0 0 0 125 52 36 49 55 51 63 77 0 0 51 Ethiopia 0 113 266 375 293 199 280 259 225 229 200 26 183 244 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The . 44 38 36 40 35 28 26 28 36 31 17 41 34 Ghana 83 214 202 216 256 201 260 206 159 288 149 69 144 215 Guinea 17 95 114 131 124 124 150 130 125 128 101 13 56 122 Guinea-Bissau .. 30 33 28 37 44 56 41 32 0 21 16 32 32 Kenya 118 205 204 214 94 87 90 125 82 83 62 84 174 125 Lesotho .. 69 58 50 42 40 41 40 43 30 20 6 25 43 L iberia.. . .. . .. ... . .. .... ... Madagascar 0 0 0 72 87 72 85 99 113 100 108 16 0 74 Malawi 50 81 59 147 120 111 152 97 83 157 140 33 50 115 Mali 78 45 63 36 30 57 99 94 92 76 78 95 62 67 Mauritania 0 21 22 21 20 26 30 10 16 25 12 0 42 20 Mauritius it 25 15 19 2 1 13 13 13 13 13 5 18 13 Mozambique 56 448 502 499 503 565 339 225 313 313 434 90 293 414 Namibia 0 42 29 32 27 43 40 42 33 24 22 0 0 34 Niger 0 159 140 95 94 134 120 117 113 127 105 0 55 120 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 79 87 7 69 68 87 71 53 10 0 52 Sao Tome and Principe 0 8 7 4 8 8 18 20 22 4 9 0 3 11 Senegal 92 262 262 328 266 256 272 273 251 209 177 138 226 256 Seychelles 15 21 19 20 22 15 13 22 21 15 16 10 23 18 Sierra Leone 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 5 5 1 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 South Africa 0 12 -36 -42 -58 66 -40 -47 -194 -56 43 -16 4 -44 Sudan 0 0 0 20 29 15 11 8 4 0 23 4 0 11 Swaziland -2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 Tanzania 108 530 549 809 759 634 525 581 690 695 737 115 378 651 Togo .. 37 24 26 4 7 8 7 13 15 .. 24 34 16 Uganda 38 153 262 206 277 228 303 277 307 380 277 47 72 267 Zambia 23 296 521 635 340 338 318 304 198 221 214 13 95 338 Zimbabwe 58 108 95 242 173 181 167 85 85 77 101 39 68 131 NORTH AFRICA 43 210 122 81 104 103 70 46 95 82 73 195 537 98 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Republic 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182 461 0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tunisia 42 210 122 81 104 103 70 46 95 82 73 27 75 98 ALL AFRICA 1,173 3,782 4,162 5,158 4,435 4,035 4,189 3,791 3,554 3,936 3,812 1,290 3,193 4,085 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 8 1 5-10. Net foreign direct investment Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -728 756 1,667 793 999 2,105 2,458 4,012 4,701 5,214 . 690 1,800 2,523 excluding South Africa 37 760 1,656 1,571 1,311 1,921 2,683 3,868 4,017 4,814 . 878 1,934 2,511 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 776 158 1,068 857 730 1,333 2,006 3,109 2,871 3,462 . 796 1,077 1,733 Angola .. -336 665 288 302 327 303 588 492 1,115 2,520 346 192 626 Benin 4 2 4 26 -7 8 4 -6 19 18 31 2 1 10 Botswana 109 89 -17 -12 -296 -24 30 89 100 100 100 46 64 1 6 Burkina Faso 0 -11 22 9 9 25 20 16 1 1 -13 1 3 1 0 1 0 Burundi I I I I 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 1 I 0 Camneroon 105 110 147 206 134 -228 -154 92 100 -50 25 58 322 38 Cape Verde .. 0 I -I 3 2 26 28 12 6 69 .. IS Central African Republic 5 1 -8 4 -15 -13 4 1 2 -5 7 2 6 4 - I Chad 0 25 5 3 21 35 37 43 37 46 45 1 1 21 30 Comoros 0 -1 3 -1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 91 9 1 3 Congo, Republic of 40 -60 -65 49 254 285 181 35 296 42 85 24 1 8 110 C8te dIlvoire 83 26 45 35 24 -25 234 223 314 247 196 5 1 53 132 Djibouti . .. 2 2 1 I 3 3 2 . ... ..2 Equatorial Guinea .. 12 43 -3 -10 65 93 264 185 366 30 0 1 lOS Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 39 52 83 0 0 21 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 7 136 3 0 20 Gabon 24 80 -150 -87 -114 -100 -109 -146 -63 -62 129 59 219 -62 Gatnbia, The .. 6 10 I11 9 6 6 8 9 1 2 7 .. 5 8 Ghana 1 6 1 5 20 22 106 128 83 70 36 45 46 1 3 7 57 Guinea 34 1 0 46 56 6 1 1 2 5 1 7 4 5 29 3 9 1 2 2 5 28 Guinea-Bissau .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Kenya 7 8 23 1 9 6 2 4 33 1 3 40 40 42 2 5 27 22 Lesotho 4 1 7 7 3 185 249 295 278 290 193 180 2 9 170 Liberia .. . . . . . .. . . .47 2 Madagascar 0 22 1 4 21 15 -6 10 tO0 14 --- 16- 58 -1 --3 19 Malawi 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 24 34 39 4 0 13 Mali 2 -14 -8 -9 -7 38 30 60 -14 16 16 0 1 11 Mauritania 27 6 4 5 12 3 7 0 -3 0 0 1 2 3 Mauritius 1 35 14 -16 -18 10 26 18 26 -2 25 2 19 12 Mozamnbique 0 9 23 25 32 35 45 73 64 213 382 0 3 90 Namibia .. 28 114 120 47 104 157 150 90 99 95 .. .. 10 Niger 44 -12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 17 -5 -I Nigeria -739 602 588 714 581 588 677 760 1,539 1,220 1,494 206 857 876 Rwanda 16 7 5 6 6 0 2 2 3 7 2 11 19 4 Sao Tom6 and Principe .. 1 3 1 4 2 2 2 0 4 3 .. 1 2 Senegal 61 -13 4 -53 -8 48 -10 -5 92 10 157 34 -25 17 Seychelles 6 9 8 -3 6 17 27 17 45 28 20 5 II 17 Sierra Leone 10 3 3 5 18 17 -5 0 0 4 2 4 I 5 South Africa -765 -5 40 -1,933 -288 -856 -1,256 -226 1,466 -1,171 262 -178 -134 -397 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 300 700 224 0 0 129 Swaziland 18 23 58 50 44 41 10 23 3 10 30 IS 315 28 Tanzania .. 0 10 15 62 63 104 134 150 172 183 . .. 89 Togo 42 8 12 19 2 6 5 24 19 1 .. 23 13 11 Ugwida 0 6 1 2 4 5 2 110 160 190 230 1 22 71 Zambia 62 0 0 0 3 40 97 117 207 198 163 20 0 83 Zimbabwe -26 -12 3 15 32 30 98 35 107 436 50 -18 -5 79 NORT'H AFRICA -78 336 .. . .. . 1,350 1,465 2,409 2,517 3,571 72 199 1,941 Algeria 281 -39 -34 3 -2 0 0 270 260 50 46 -2 -7 1 42 Egypt, Arab Republic 541 . 136 1,094 1,032 1,021 1,285 735 612 723 967 655 456 171 826 Libya -1,136 54 .. . . . . . . . . -564 -33 54 Morocco 320 327 1,071 313 839 . .. 574 Tunisia 236 185 166 487 545 442 295 261 355 697 337 182 128 377 ALL AFRICA -664 1,319 2,314 2,145 2,585 4,387 3,766 5,409 7,398 7,913 . 809 2,121 4,137 Note: 1999 data are prefinsinary (see page 2). 82 External Sector 5-11. Net long-term borrowing Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,741 5,091 4,351 3,850 4,971 4,427 3,983 765 2,097 -279 261 6,163 5,672 2,952 excluding South Africa 7,741 5,091 4,351 3,850 4,971 2,903 2,505 1,244 2,202 107 959 6,163 5,672 2,818 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 6,231 5,344 4,427 5,193 5,006 3,051 2,990 2,346 2,727 594 1,379 5,148 5,469 3,306 Angola .. 679 96 501 622 263 215 124 385 -122 -672 234 758 209 Benin 56 102 84 65 63 85 77 83 23 32 35 77 57 65 Botswana 21 -37 49 23 45 -10 1 -45 -52 -33 75 28 37 2 Burkina Faso 55 61 121 128 119 80 83 73 39 56 68 48 73 83 Burundi 35 68 60 86 58 31 27 23 7 18 50 37 85 43 Cameroon 500 449 219 520 264 249 -102 -41 -11 -89 -24 313 237 144 Cape Verde .. 8 -I 10 6 23 16 19 12 31 28 18 8 15 Central African Republic 24 105 94 41 48 36 30 25 3 -4 -2 17 68 38 Chad 3 100 88 139 52 61 56 91 68 29 123 21 41 81 Comoros 13 5 -3 15 4 6 9 6 3 -I -5 11 14 4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 271 267 263 55 54 1 0 3 0 0 198 281 239 84 Congo, Republic of 488 -43 -167 33 383 30 -67 -136 -30 -7 -315 222 141 -32 C6ted'1voire 1,017 521 389 351 284 524 204 64 -580 -225 -213 636 141 132 Djibouti 8 18 46 36 19 17 9 15 7 2 1 8 17 17 Equatorial Guinea 18 9 7 13 9 4 2 0 1 0 3 8 17 5 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 7 33 67 106 41 Ethiopia 93 222 357 263 314 170 141 3 127 82 -281 426 448 140 Gabon -109 170 68 8 58 38 57 -42 -23 -66 -264 52 207 0 Gambia,The 51 3 13 37 7 3 9 43 11 1 2 18 21 13 Ghana 143 294 388 354 324 302 405 690 417 273 117 69 244 357 Guinea 47 100 145 149 245 122 49 85 143 54 -35 44 132 105 Guinea-Bissau 72 34 38 37 22 25 13 23 25 12 13 22 40 24 Kenya 424 290 544 175 111 -276 137 -76 -163 -128 229 251 340 84 Lesotho 10 43 47 59 50 44 44 33 34 26 215 15 32 59 Liberia 61 -I -13 0 20 -14 0 0 0 0 0 61 22 -I Madagascar 333 144 150 77 91 51 66 93 217 45 61 171 153 100 Malawi 120 69 120 106 151 74 149 121 129 121 109 75 72 115 Mali 89 141 128 131 58 69 138 110 76 50 88 78 125 99 Mauritania 108 54 23 81 92 82 42 83 26 -7 -35 too 77 44 Mauritius 79 101 77 -1 22 83 255 32 691 -102 349 37 58 151 Mozambique .. 189 73 168 153 176 196 222 221 181 217 300 281 180 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 .. .. 5 Niger 223 92 -31 56 44 36 -3 8 54 49 8 107 105 31 Nigeria 1,510 -253 -76 -1,343 -35 -148 -486 -1,102 -525 -487 -421 1,015 203 -488 Rwanda 25 53 77 71 50 20 43 53 62 79 99 27 71 61 SaoTom6andPrincipe 9 14 29 23 14 14 13 10 3 4 10 6 11 13 Senegal 171 81 33 225 100 7 4 66 124 50 143 166 215 83 Seychelles 12 -4 9 13 6 8 -7 2 2 9 23 7 7 6 Sierra Leone 50 17 14 41 95 47 40 31 33 35 44 25 14 40 Somalia 106 43 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 136 83 6 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 1,524 1,478 -478 -105 -386 -698 .. .. 223 Sudan 658 171 116 94 91 9 36 17 5 -I -6 495 164 53 Swaziland 21 -21 -6 -10 -9 -4 3 8 8 3 3 22 0 -2 Tanzania 318 209 162 222 139 158 131 63 166 120 459 290 183 183 Togo 78 56 47 35 11 34 19 77 25 48 16 88 30 37 Uganda 51 227 119 202 301 183 161 169 235 109 208 62 197 191 Zambia 388 63 102 136 99 109 110 80 108 49 46 205 161 81 Zimbabwe 93 177 239 426 322 57 171 33 63 -165 86 164 44 141 NORTH AFRICA 4,953 1,527 384 1,214 207 1,407 1,376 ' 781 -672 -2,310 -2,143 5,088 3,328 177 Algeria 869 156 -692 475 -446 1,447 1,466 947 -369 -1,541 -1,855 1,435 808 -41 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,337 261 297 -105 180 122 -372 -437 -163 -452 -358 2,162 1,483 -103 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 1,394 965 428 491 196 -293 -183 -202 -794 -148 -441 1,118 825 2 Tunisia 352 144 352 352 277 131 465 473 655 -170 510 373 212 319 ALLAFRICA 12,694 6,618 4,735 5,064 5,178 5,834 5,360 1,546 1,425 -2,589 -1,882 11,251 8,999 3,129 External Sector 83 5-12. Other capital flows Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,210 -743 -5,746 -5,129 -3,687 -6,325 -3,798 -3,717 -11,061 -4,047 -10,660 1,140 -1,949 -5,491 excluding South Africa 2,749 -136 -1,741 -3,222 -4,533 -3,257 -2,445 -4,842 -3,060 -1,177 -1,585 870 88 -2,600 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,966 -999 -2,531 -3,979 -2,012 -3,394 -3.036 -3,318 -2,283 -2,010 -2,204 1,496 666 -2,577 Angola 0 -155 -7 193 -648 -574 199 -379 -700 502 -252 0 342 -182 Benin 116 158 48 89 -109 -120 -77 -49 -89 -95 -32 95 83 -28 Botswana 125 168 50 162 180 -91 -157 -208 -5 -5 0 104 47 9 Burkina Faso .. -63 -190 -144 -24 -29 -44 -148 -124 -130 -183 83 46 -108 Burundi -22 1 -4 -25 -22 34 -1 -55 -29 -16 -9 -24 -27 -13 Cameron _665 -235 -336 -1,143 241 -345 -455 - 76 147 0 10 475 -141 -204 Cape Verde .. 3 -1 5 -24 -40 -72 -66 -29 -40 -97 4 -7 -36 Central African Republic 24 -27 -67 -67 -10 -47 -75 -31 -44 -99 -64 5 -58 -53 Chad -24 7 -40 -32 -48 -103 -102 -87 -91 -79 -63 -27 -21 -64 Comoros -11 -5 24 6 1 6 12 -10 I11 -5 -26 -11 -3 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 652 -81 188 191 -159 -221 -512 -486 -70 30 30 175 -18 -10_9 Congo, Republic of 219 1,209 604 170 463 96 608 458 245 416 538 317 389 481 COte cdlvoire 626 -51 227 144 521 -94 -103 -125 3 546 -214 355 680 85 Djibouti . .. 10 16 -14 13 3 2 -26 I. . . . EquatoraGie . -9 - 5 4 -0 5 -8 3 9 1 1 1 2 -8 2 Eritrea 0 0 0 -13 -4 -8 4133 -125 -194 -72 -43 0 0 -83 Ethiopia -7 -442 -981 -1,277 -856 -55 -416 -461 -521 -149 -47 -4 -148 -521 Gabon -337 -340 33 187 26 -245 -153 -217 -126 -128 -83 -259 -169 -105 Gambia, The .. -24 -17 -10 1 -6 27 33 -26 -30 -21 .. -27 -7 Ghana -189 7 46 -157 249 63 -78 -428 265 -219 268 -25 -15 2 Guinea -8 -3 -176 -115 -176 -84 -75 -91 -164 -145 -151 6 28 --118 Guinea-Bissau . -44 -60 -9 -66 -97 -67 -58 -48 10 -36 -8 -21 -47 Kenya 482 157 -317 -37 54 122 190 419 438 425 400 128 259 185 Lesotho .. 356 400 484 -17 13 21 33 15 -15 13 115 245 130 Madagasa 399 -38 13 -61 -30 45 53 79 1,087 22 146 68 -4 131 Malawi 62 -95 27 14 38 -6 19 105 -5 -85 -171 31 -9 -16 Mali 34 -106 -138 -144 -106 -109 -169 -101 -102 -188 -126 38 -109 -129 Mauritania -5 -39 -66 -75 27 -107 98 40 -16 8 -34 15 -145 -16 Mauritius 74 -10 -78 2 97 86 -181 -70 -8 -80 -17 14 -60 -26 Mozambique -85 -471 -498 -540 -551 -554 -316 -113 -322 -360 -500 -90 -325 -423 Namibia .. -72 -235 -224 -168 -205 -426 -308 -158 -215 -130 . .. -214 Niger 0 -70 -37 -185 -125 -63 16 -40 -132 -106 -78 0 -115 -82 Nigeria -217 863 790 757 -2,521 137 591 -1,524 -777 832 619 -783 -578 -23 Rwanda 1 -18 8 -11 13 27 -46 -40 24 3 -2 -14 49 -4 San Tome and Principe -22 -26 -17 0 -1 -9 -15 -23 -22 -8 -11 0 -2 -13 Senegal -136 -258 -276 -328 -266 -241 -286 -273 -251 -209 -177 -134 -28 -25 7 Seychelles 3 -17 -19 9 12 -8 18 13 -7 44 0 -4 -54 4 Sierra Leone 28 56 29 25 -12 -66 7 66 -21 -9 -4 31 -3 7 South Africa -1.538 -606 -4,005 -1,907 846 -3,068 -1,353 1.125 -8,001 -2,869 -9,076 300 -2,038 -2.891 Sudan -71 107 351 252 394 501 591 614 274 206 151 65 460 344 Swaziland 131 -104 -129 53 -10 -64 -59 -60 43 -268 55 31 -65 -54 Tanzania .. -14 19 -68 -14 -289 -279 -490 -711 -563 -576 . .. -299 Uganda .. 24 -352 -269 -361 -199 -429 -348 -432 -362 -256 -27 -17 -298 Zamnbia -123 -405 -600 -895 -552 -295 -380 -331 -229 -437 -406 12 -124 -453 Zimbabwe 365 -28 39 -51 67 55 225 -50 -118 -94 -34 66 -54 NORTH AFRICA -573 -598 -2,860 -2,170 968 2,129 -646 3 117 1,635 149 152 384 -127 Algeria 201 -1,473 -798 -1,413 -373 180 -180 -220 -40 0 -950 -19 133 -527 Egypt. Arab Republic 0 1,076 -1,221 -333 333 318 -525 237 -138 1,673 -575 0 -595 85 Libya -481 -142 .. . . . . . . . . 161 1,348 -142 Morocco -101 -100 -636 -673 610 1,377 43 -144 268 38 1,398 97 -457 218 Tunisia -192 42 -206 249 398 255 16 130 27 -76 275 -22 -45 III ALL AFRICA 637 -1,340 -8,606 -7,299 -2,719 -4,196 -4,444 -3,714 -10,945 -2,411 -10,512 1,283 -1,565 -5,619 Note: 1ncludes all capital acount flows. e-cpt changes in reserves, that are not included in the tables on foteign in-essnent or long-term borrwing. 84 External Sector 5-13. Use of reserves Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -4,655 -4,225 -6 1,768 -2,356 -1,431 1,706 -7,269 -1,741 -264 4,505 1,262 -1,397 -931 excluding South Africa -3,840 -2,809 -1,505 1,569 373 -2,376 -660 -6,081 -4,097 463 532 1,074 -1,422 -1,459 excl. S.Afica & Nigeria 705 -711 -1,218 -446 -352 -2,377 -261 -3,728 -1,036 348 -1,134 638 -1,280 -1,091 Angola 0 0 0 -115 900 35 626 -1,520 184 317 -534 33 -40 -11 Benin 19 -110 -113 -92 -30 -75 18 -58 -14 -9 -7 10 -5 -49 Botswana -91 -307 -374 -405 -397 -135 -213 -548 -606 -192 100 -55 -416 -308 Burkina Faso -11 -2 -43 -61 -72 -119 -143 4 35 33 15 -13 -14 -35 Burundi 8 2 -26 -13 0 -48 -11 62 19 39 14 -I -37 4 Cameroon -162 -55 -41 -112 -291 333 -13 -81 -142 39 4 -38 -108 -37 Cape Verde 0 7 10 -15 4 3 9 -22 10 0 -9 -1 -4 0 Central African Republic -10 4 10 -4 -27 -72 -11 -20 18 41 -6 -4 3 -7 Chad 5 -3 8 33 32 -19 -58 13 14 20 31 -3 -9 7 Comoros 4 3 4 0 -14 -10 4 -9 4 3 .-4 0 -3 -2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of -35 1 43 -I 14 17 39 -15 21 -188 -137 76 -60 -21 Congo, Republic of -59 0 45 27 5 -56 -6 -37 20 28 2 1 2 3 Cote d'lvoire 112 150 -50 235 -88 -794 -222 -39 -82 3 115 92 -75 -77 Djibouti .. .. -6 17 8 -3 7 -1 12 .. .. .. .. 5 Equatorial Guinea 13 -2 -3 8 2 -1 -8 -4 -7 2 -29 2 3 -4 Eritrea 0 0 0 -91 -109 -78 58 76 61 179 -20 0 0 8 Ethiopia 40 46 -154 -46 -112 -256 -253 -83 -163 -130 50 27 2 -110 Gabon -93 -51 -67 222 79 -137 42 -83 -39 107 59 -9 -180 13 Gambia, The . 8 5 1 -6 5 -4 -13 -7 -10 -3 5 -4 -2 Ghana 96 -118 -171 124 -41 -164 -211 14 -25 -100 94 25 -44 -60 Guinea -25 -51 -18 -3 -49 34 -13 27 -47 5 42 -5 -12 -7 Guinea-Bissau 0 -15 9 -5 9 6 1 -12 -25 -1 10 5 -6 -2 Kenya 131 115 91 -76 -331 -104 133 -417 -5 26 -49 7 -194 -62 Lesotho -41 -17 -42 -50 120 -121 -108 -112 -143 -6 10 -8 -I -47 Liberia 41 -I .. 0 -I -3 .. .. .. .. .. 27 -3 -I Madagascar -83 137 -17 -17 -20 8 46 -117 -24 116 -38 6 44 -2 Malawi 17 -29 -11 93 -7 29 -87 -109 53 -74 2 16 -1 -14 Mali -9 -84 -178 -89 -28 -87 -68 -128 3 61 56 -6 -38 -54 Mauritania 2 32 -28 3 -26 11 -131 -67 -61 -19 -23 9 32 -31 Mauritius -25 -42 -22 0 -8 43 -105 44 -41 -36 -201 24 -28 -46 Mozambique 32 -6 -13 -40 46 -52 -60 -159 -115 -62 -71 46 -17 -53 Namibia .. -37 12 7 -91 -75 -24 -23 -68 -56 -94 .. .. -45 Niger 53 -22 -4 10 -6 5 0 16 21 -7 32 6 5 5 Nigeria 4,545 -2,098 -287 2,015 725 1 -399 -2,353 -3,061 115 1,666 436 -142 -368 Rwanda 33 58 -66 41 31 -4 -35 -8 -29 3 11 19 91 0 Sao Tome and Principe 12 0 0 0 0 0 -5 0 -8 3 -1 0 0 -I Senegal 135 -66 -16 -20 112 -240 -82 -55 -133 -25 -25 56 -5 -55 Seychelles -8 -3 -10 -4 -3 6 1 4 -5 6 -9 -1 -I -2 Sierra Leone 32 7 1 -26 -17 7 18 20 -5 1 1 15 19 -4 3 Somalia 18 -51 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 -12 -51 South Africa -815 -1,416 1,499 199 -2,729 945 2,366 -1,188 2,356 -726 3,973 188 25 528 Sudan 177 -52 -23 35 2 1 -23 -13 -23 -25 -36 85 135 -16 Swaziland -34 -11 -14 -92 64 13 -30 -15 -25 -20 -24 -8 -17 -16 Tanzania 66 -57 -63 -102 123 -107 -46 -81 -208 -34 -129 9 -2 -70 Togo 2 -3 -15 86 125 11 -12 12 -35 19 .. -18 -21 21 Uganda 55 10 37 -2 -29 -90 -146 -73 -132 -134 -33 25 -10 -59 Zambia 162 -116 -31 -76 -17 -77 1,210 -52 -33 211 -19 152 -85 100 Zimbabwe 125 19 126 171 -207 -17 -255 43 739 205 -286 46 -52 54 NORTH AFRICA -7,615 -908 -4,899 -5,350 -4,622 -3,311 865 -3,638 -6,982 1,164 2,139 434 143 -2,554 Algeria -1,341 85 -527 -67 48 -489 740 -2,380 -4,180 1,090 2,350 -39 237 -333 Egypt, Arab Republic 168 1,722 -3,843 -3,999 -4,312 -2,106 -754 -570 -1,912 135 2,117 421 161 -1,352 Libya -6,407 -1,158 150 -520 -35 .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 -81 -391 Morocco 30 -1,641 -782 -683 -284 -361 982 -292 -553 -247 -1,638 0 -117 -550 Tunisia -65 83 103 -82 -39 -355 -103 -397 -336 187 -690 -20 -57 -163 ALL AFRICA -12,270 -5,133 -4,905 -3,582 -6,977 -4,742 2,571 -10,907 -8,723 901 6,644 1,696 -1,254 -3,485 Note: Excludes Iff credit transactions, which appear in the table on long-term bonrowing. External Sector 85 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves Reserves in months of imports of goods and services Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA 4 6 6 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 3 5 8 excluding South Aftica 5 7 7 9 10 10 9 9 10 10 1 2 3 6 9 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 3 8 9 10 I I I11 9 10 I11 1 2 1 2 3 7 1 0 Angola I I I 0 1I Benin 0 1 4 4 4 6 3 4 4 4 6 I 0 4 Botswana 4 16 19 1 9 24 25 22 26 26 26 26 4 1 5 23 Burkina Faso 2 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 2 5 6 Burundi 6 4 5 6 7 9 9 1 1 9 5 5 5 3 7 Cameroon I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I -0 Cape Verde 6 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 6 7 3 Central African Republic 2 3 4 3 4 9 9 1 1 8 6 6 2 3 6 Chad 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 4 3 3 2 1 2 3 Comoros 2 4 4 3 5 6 5 6 6 8 7 2 3 5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2 1 1 I 0 1 I 0 I 2 Congo, Republic of I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6teec'lvoire 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 Djibouti 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 Equatorial Guinea 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eritrea Ethiopia 4 1 1 3 4 6 7 6 4 4 3 S 2 4 Gabon I 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Gambia, The 0 3 3 4 5 5 5 S 4 5 2 2 4 Ghana 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 53 Guinea I I 2 1 I 1 I 3 . _~. Guinea-Bissau .. 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 5 4 I 3 Kenya 2 1 I 0 2 3 I 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 Lesotho I 1 2 2 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 1 1 4 Liberia 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 1 1 I 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 -2 Malawi I 3 3 1' I 1 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 Mali 1 3 5 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 4 1 1 4 Mauritania 4 1 1 I I 1 2 2 4 4 S 3 1 2 Mauritius 2 S 6 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 4 Mozamnbique 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 5 6 4 1 2 3 Namibia 0 1 1 1 1 1 I 2I Niger 2 5 6 7 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 3 Nigeria 5 4 4 1 2 2 2 4 6 5 3 2 3 Rwanda 7 1 4 2 1 I 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 3 S8o Tom6 and Principe I I 3 3 3 2 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 I 2 2 3 3 3 0 0 Seychelles 2 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I Sierra Leone 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 I 0 2 Somalia I 2 0 South Africa 4 1 2 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 3 2 I 2 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Swaziland 3 3 2 _3 3 3 3 2 2 4 33 3 -3 Tanzania 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 1 0 2 Togo I 5 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 Uganda 0 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 I 3 Zambia I I I 1 2 I .2 2 1 0 1 1 Zimbabwe 8 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 NORTHiAFRICA 7 8 8 8 9 9 8 7 8 Algeria 6 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 9 8 5 4 4 5 Egypt, Arab Republic 3 3 5 10 II 11 11 12 11 10 8 2 2 9 Libya . .. . . Morocco 2 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 1 I 4 Tunisia 2 2 2 1 I 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 ALLAFIA4 5 5 7 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 3 4 7 Note, 1999 data are prelimtinary (sea page 2). Bued on total reoerve, excluding gold, at year-ead and on iaports of all goods and se,,ices at curret prices and exchange rates. 86 External Sector -5-15. Export unit values Average annual Index 1995=100 percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 121.8 101.4 96.5 99.1 89.9 91.5 100.2 101.4 97.3 84.8 89.4 6.0 3.6 7-0. excluding South Africa 124.4 1.03.8 96.6 100.4 88.1 89.0 100.3 106.4 100.9 85.3 94.3 4.2 2.8 -0.1I excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 113.2 97.5 95.3 91.6 84.7 88.1 100.4 101.9 96.8 89.0 93.3 2.4 1.4 0.2 Angola .. 152.7 179.9 89.9 107.8 89.3 100.0 135.0 128.3 120.4 260.2 .. 4.1 1.8 Benin 44.2 83.0 76.3 53.5 65.3 71.0 100.0 87.6 81.6 83.2 71.3 5.9 7.6 1.9 Botswana ..' 94.1 91.1 93.3 92.8 94.3 100.0 93.7 79.4 65.3 67.4 .. 12.4 -2.5 Burkina Faso 51.6 93.9 87.2 60.5 59.6 85.0 100.0 95.3 87.0 81.4 73.9 5.1 12.3 -0.1I Bur-undi 159.5 100.0 101.3 64.9 67.1 93.8 100.0 61.4 60.0 46.8 30.1 6.3 -0.9 -10.0 Cameroon 142.0 91.3 105.2 94.1 97.8 87.8 100.0 90.2 89.0 80.1 69.0 4.8 -3.4 -1.9 Cape Verde 62.3 80.9 82.7 89.8 85.1 90.0 100.0 98.4 94.5 93.2 92.9 7.1 11.8 2.4 Central African Republic 139.5 176.8 143.7 153.5 144.1 85.7 100.0 87.8 66.8 57.1 48.5 8.4 6.4 -12.4 Chad 92.3 91.9 91.2 88.2 77.1 73.3 100.0 102.4 82.7 80.8 77.2 -0.7 3.2 0.4 Comoros 135.7 149.8 135.2 144.4 120.8 95.4 100.0 86.9 71.5 72.9 95.7 .. 12.8 -6.5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 118.1 74.8 60.6 76.9 62.7 108.0 100.0 79.2 79.8 79.0 80.6 0.9 1.8 2.7 Congo, Republic of 130.7 105.4 107.6 103.4 69.6 83.9 100.0 111.5 100.6 99.4 100.1 9.7 -6.1 0.7 C6te dIlvoire 115.9 83.1 83.0 94.0 88.3 80.4 100.0 99.7 90.8 93.8 92.8 -1.1 -1.1 1.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 173.2 159.6 180.0 133.3 87.6 100.0 122.4 137.5 103.2 136.9 .. 17.8 -3.4 Erittea .. . . 83.9 80.5 91.5 100.0 103.0 99.1 99.1 93.3 . .. 2.5 Ethiopia .. 65.9 49.1 76.3 86.1 69.1 100.0 95.3 86.5 98.2 86.9 .. 2.0 3.5 Gabon 173.9 116.8 105.7 104.0 76.6 88.7 100.0 117.5 104.5 73.3 72.8 8.8 -4.5 -2.3 Gambia, The 91.0 91.8 94.4 100.3 99.8 98.2 100.0 102.2 100.8 99.5 100.3 3.4 13.0 1.3 Ghana 38.9 87.2 89.9 86.4 71.4 78.8 100.0 98.1 94.5 99.0 90.3 0.9 8.5 1.6 Guinea .. 129.9 100.6 99.0 98.1 113.3 100.0 93.2 94.2 88.8 80.1 .. 0.6 -3.4 Guinea-Bissau 57.5 124.1 102.6 88.7 109.8 102.2 100.0 102.1 102.3 84.1 96.3 14.0 0.9 -2.5 Kenya 130.0 88.0 90.0 87.5 69.5 82.9 100.0 97.9 111.5 113.4 109.1 5.5 -1.8 2.8 Lesotho 105.8 84.5 81.0 94.4 93.1 93.7 100.0 91.7 94.5 86.5 70.9 1.9 5.9 0.3 Madagascar 60.6 72.7 65.5 70.1 69.2 79.9 100.0 102.7 90.8 92.1 88.8 6.5 ~3.4 ~ 3.6 Malawi 87.1 112.5 122.4 102.7 86.5 82.3 100.0 104.9 110.0 89.0 92.8 3.8 1.4 - 1.0 Mali 108.3 112.6 106.3 99.0 92.6 82.7 100.0 97.8 83.2 83.9 73.9 3.5 6.5 -2.8 Mauritania 71.4 104.5 110.1 120.5 127.8 94.6 100.0 98.7 100.8 89.2 78.8 1.7 7.5 -2.4 Mauritius 72.2 93.1 92.2 95.8 88.1 90.9 100.0 105.4 92.8 89.2 87.0 0.5 8.9 0.4 Mozamnbique 126 140.9 149.2 116.5 86.4 82.6 100.0 80.3 80.4 77.8 75.7 .. 4.8 -6.9 Namibia 130.4 106.8 89.9 94.6 87.8 101.1 100.0 95.9 93.8 88.2 86.6 .. 5.2 -1.0 Niger 158.9 115.3 105.0 110.5 77.0 88.7 100.0 88.2 80.6 84.0 81.8 12.0 6.0 -3.5 Nigeria 145.5 129.2 101.6 133.7 101.2 92.7 100.0 122.2 115.6 72.6 98.7 3.1 10.3 -1.4 Rwanda 95.9 67.6 70.5 62.5 64.7 77.4 100.0 88.1 116.9 87.4 75.7 8.0 -8.3 4.0 S8o Tom6 and Principe .. 81.3 77.5 73.1 80.7 94.0 100.0 108.5 111.4 88.5 87.6 . . -12.4 2.9 Senegal 84.0 97.7 91.0 101.3 89.0 92.3 100.0 101.2 93.6 91.5 86.1 2.5 6.8 -0.1I Seychelles . . 77.0 68.9 81.0 80.9 73.8 100.0 93.1 99.2 97.4 98.0 . . -5.3 4.0 Sierra Leone 57.4 41.9 40.5 43.6 43.8 50.9 100.0 54.1 59.2 47.2 49.8 11.7 2.1 3.4 South Africa 116.8 97.4 96.3 96.9 93.0 95.7 100.0 93.1 91.4 84.0 81.4 9.1 5.0 -1.2 Swaziland 86.4 65.4 69.6 78.2 84.0 81.8 100.0 90.5 -94.3 105.5 107.6 3.8 4.5 5.1 Tanzania .. 89.8 95.0 87.0 89.5 97.5 100.0 102.0 126.9 104.8 105.9 . .. 2.2 Togo 95.4 108.0 105.3 104.2 92.3 83.4 100.0 103.6 104.4 101.4 97.1 -1.9 5.9 -0.2 Uganda .. 81.0 68.2 59.6 56.7 66.2 100.0 83.8 73.9 73.3 57.4 .. -2.1 -2.1 Zambia 90.0 95.9 90.9 86.2 75.8 80.3 100.0 76.7 74.0 51.7 40.0 2.4 9.3 -5.8 Zimbabwe 161.6 131.3 120.4 102.7 97.5 97.0 100.0 110.1 107.6 81.0 67.0 0.3 3.9 -4.9 NORTH AFRICA 165.0 101.1 101.2 99.3 94.2 91.8 100.0 106.2 105.0 94.3 95.8 6.8 -6.3 0.7 Algeria 200.8 132.1 123.3 108.4 98.6 93.5 100.0 116.7 113.7 82.6 95.1 11.3 -10.2 -1.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 106.9 82.5 95.0 99.4 99.7 95.4 100.0 99.5 108.5 107.5 100.9 9.8 -7.5 2.9 Morocco 96.2 93.3 89.8 90.9 84.9 85.4 100.0 103.9 95.3 94.3 93.3 1.8 6.0 0.9 Tunisia 91.3 84.8 84.4 90.7 84.6 88.8 100.0 103.4 94.2 92.4 91.0 5.3 1.6 2.0 ALL AFRICA 129.6 101.3 97.9 99.1 91.3 91.6 100.1 102.7 99.5 87.5 91.3 6.7 0.6 -0.2 Nute: 1999 dat. are pretiminaty (see page 2). External Sector 87 5-16. Import unit values Index 1995=100 ~ ~~~~~Average annual 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 77.0 93.3 92.4 98.4 91.6 93.2 100.0 94.8 96.4 90.8 92.6 5.3 7.7 0.5 excluding South Africa 70.2 91.1 90.4 98.0 90.2 92.5 100.0 96.5 99.3 94.6 97.4 3.0 9.2 1.4 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 88.9 93.6 94.3 94.1 89.4 92.9 100.0 100.9 99.8 95.7 99.0 .. 3.9 1.3 Angola .. 110.9 191.8 91.4 119.7 89.3 100.0 135.0 128.3 119.8 188.7 .. 1.4 3.8 Benin 54.3 83.0 86.2 66.7 84.4 93.6 100.0 99.3 90.4 87.1 86.6 6.3 11.7 1.4 Botswana .. 85.2 88.2 91.5 91.0 93.7 100.0 93.0 90.8 83.5 97.0 .. 7.8 1.7 Burkina Faso 103.1 103.2 100.4 68.5 70.8 89.5 100.0 102.2 93.9 86.0 86.7 5.8 4.3 -0.4 Burundi 112.9 127.5 121.5 108.6 91.2 89.7 100.0 84.5 89.5 63.1 42.1 8.9 7.4 -8.1 Camneroon 153.0 101.8 92.9 132.1 119.5 94.1 100, 98.8 92.7 87.3 89.1 6.9 -1.1 -2.4 Cape Verde 62.3 80.9 82.7 89.8 85.1 90.0 100.0 98.4 94.5 93.2 92.9 -0.5 11.8 2.4 Central Affican Republic 102.6 143.1 102.8 105.1 101.4 83.0 100.0 101.7 85.8 88.6 87.5 4.4 4.1 -3.3 Chad 78.6 78.9 77.3 80.0 76.8 87.7 100.0 89.2 83.0 88.2 77.2 2.2 5.8 1.7 Comoros 62.8 89.6 89.1 91.9 86.3 89.3 100.0 96.1 89.7 78.5 77.4 .. 11.9 0.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 111.9 69.1 59.6 63.4 55.5 129.3 100. 90.1 97.4 101.2 103.5 -2.6 -4.9 8.2 Congo, Republic of 109.4 126.4 123.3 127.0 82.5 120.6 100.0 68.0 85.1 109.8 119.2 5.8 7.4 -1.3 C6te dIlvoire 100.7 101.8 94.0 101.5 94.9 82.5 100.0 106.7 97.5 100.6 97.8 4.4 6.3 0.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 169.7 173.3 177.3 156.1 87.7 100.0 122.4 137.3 103.1 136.7 . 29 -. Eritrea .. .. .. 89.5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~89.2 92.4 100.0 95.6 90.8 89.0 86.6 . . -. Ethiopia .. 73.5 54.9 54.7 79.5 82.5 100.0 106.9 107.0 105.0 92.0 .. -0.9 5.2 Gabon 71.2 92.9 92.7 96.4 73.9 93.0 100. 99.3 88.8 88.8 86.9 1.3 10.7 0.3 Gambia, The 45.5 90.3 90.0 96.0 100.7 99.0 100.0 101.5 100.1 101.3 102.0 7.6 10.0 1.8 Ghana 18.4 84.4 84.9 87.2 80.9 86.7 100.0 101.1 97.9 91.6 91.9 2.0 11.9 2.1 G-uinea .. 96.2 77.4 95.7 102~.8 101.9 100.0 101.6 96.9 92.5 87.3 .. 5.8 0.5_ Guinea-Bissau 47.0 86.8 82.9 87.1 79.3 84.3 100.0 102.6 102.7 91.9 96.3 8.1 13.0 2.1 Kenya 134.1 129.8 117.9 112.6 75.9 81.0 100.0 94.1 102.7 106.6 101.0 9.6 -0.6 -2.0 Lesotho 80.3 87.0 93.1 99.8 94.5 92.9 100.0 92.5 94.1 84.2 73.6 6.8 6.4 -0.3 Madagascar 63.5 83.5 83.0 87.1 85.1 90.6 100.0 9976 94.6 96.0 92.1 9.1 6.5 2.4 Malawi 56.3 79.5 82.1 84.5 80.0 96.4 100.0 98.6 98.7 91.2 91.9 6.4 8.7 2.7 Mali 102.9 92.6 92.5 96.3 93.4 90,5 100.0 97.2 85.7 83.1 82.1 1.7 4.9 .0.5 Mauritania 100.4 109.1 108.1 112.0 109.0 99.4 100.0 105.7 99.6 87.9 77.9 5.6 4.9 -2.4 Mauritius 73.0 86.1 86.2 89.6 86.8 91.5 100.0 104.5 92.5 90.3 90.9 6.1 5.5 1.5 Mozambique 64.3 87.5 90~~~~~~.7 80.1 73.2 95.3 100.0 103.0 105.3 100.6 100.1 .. 8.4 2.7 Namibia 93.7 92.7 95.5 101.8 98.5 101.6 100.0 93.4 102.2 90.6 93.9 .. 3.7 0.9 Niger 83.1 84.6 83.7 93.6 64.1 90.4 100.0 101.1 98.1 103.3 105.6 1.8 9.3 3.3 Nigeria 44.1 80.0 75.2 113.9 93.6 90.7 100.0 77.8 97.4 90.1 91.7 -3.4 31.6 2.1 Rwanda 175.5 175.8 90.5 95.0 88.7 94.9 100.0 102.9 94.4 85.4 85.7 5.9 6.4 -5.2 SAo Torn6and Principe .. 87.0 87.8 91.0 90.3 94.4 100.0 102.0 95.6 84.6 90.0 .. 4.6 0.8 Senegal 84.1 89.6 95.3 97.4 91.9 87.3 100.0 100.1 91.9 86.1 84.2 3.8 5.6 0.1 Seychelles .. 107.7 105.1 103.8 94.1 96.5 100.0 96.6 97.8 91.4 92.6 .. 1.8 -1.1 Sierra Leone 89.4 66.6 77.6 83.6 84.0 84.2 100.0 86.0 94.2 75.1 74.8 9.3 -2.9 1.4 South Africa 97.5 98.8 97.3 99.3 94.4 94.4 100.0 91.9 91.2 83.8 82.7 10.'3 4.2" -1.'3 Swaziland 75.8 56.3 61.6 67.2 63.3 ~~~~~~~~~82.6 100.0 97.8 103.7 128.4 134.2 4.6 8.4 8.9 Tanzania .. 88.0 90.2 94.0 94.5 95.8 100.0 103.4 137.1 161.2 163.5 . .. 6.8 Togo 842 85.6 84.9 89.0 84.8 87.1 100.0 99.0 84.6 82.5 78.5 0. 70 02 Uganda .. 109.2 100.2 96.9 98.6 98.9 100.0 104.5 96.6 93.7 100.1 .. 10.9 -1.4 Zambia 77.1 88.2 113.5 130.9 115.2 101.3 100.0 96.2 99.7 87.5 87.4 11.9 3.7 -1.3 Zimbabwe 184.6 131.0 118.7 99.4 96.8 96.3 100.0 109.7 108.3 80.8 66.8 5.7 3.7 -4.8 NORTH AFRICA 70.4 96.8 87.8 89.8 91.8 93.1 100.0 102.2 98.9 96.1 95.0 5.1 6.6 1.7 AlIgeria 69.1 104.7 88.2 86.7 97.2 94.7 100.0 100.4 93.2 91.4 90.3 4.7 4.2 1.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 58.2 95.5 88.5 93.5 94.2 93.2 100.0 104.5 109.9 111.3 111.3 8.6 9.7 2.4 Morocco 95.5 98.6 90.3 87.9 85.9 95.7 100.0 101.6 90.1 79.7 79.3 3.7 2.8 -0.8 Tunisia 75.0 82.0 82.8 90.0 85.3 88.0 100.0 100.5 94.7 94.3 88.7 5.1 4.4 2.3 ALL AFRICA 73.6 94.6 90.8 95.4 91.6 93.1 100.0 97.1 97.2 92.5 93.4 5.4 7.5 0.9 Note. 1999 data arm preliminary (see page 2). 88 External Sector 5-17. Terms of trade Average annual Index 1995= 100 percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 158.3 108.8 104.4 100.7 98.2 98.2 100.0 106.9 100.9 93.4 96.5 0.6 -3.8 7-10- excluding South Africa 177.1 113.9 106.8 102.4 97.6 96.2 100.0 110.3 101.6 90.1 96.8 1.1 -5.8 -1.5 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 127.3 104.2 101.1 97.4 94.7 94.8 100.0 100.9 97.0 93.0 94.2 .. -2.4 -1.0 Angola .. 137.7 93.8 98.4 90.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.5 137.9 .. 2.6 -2.0 Benin 81.4 100.0 88.5 80.1 77.3 75.9 100.0 88.2 90.3 95.4 82.3 -0.3 -3.7 0.6 Botswana .. 110.4 103.2 102.1 101.9 100.6 100.0 100.7 87.4 78.2 69.5 .. 4.3 .4.1 Burkina Faso 50.0 91.0 86.8 88.4 84.2 94.9 100.0 93.2 92.7 94.7 85.2 -0.7 7.7 0.3 Bumundi 141.3 78.5 83.3 59.7 73.6 104.6 100.0 72.7 67.1 74.1 71.6 -2.4 -7.8 -2.0 Camneroon 92.8 89.7 113.3 71.2 81.8 93.2 100.0 91.4 96.1 91.8 77.5 -1.9 -2.4 0.5 Cape Verde 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.6 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic 136.0 123.6 139.8 146.0 142.1 103.3 100.0 86.4 77.9 64.4 55.4 3.9 2.1 -9.4 Chad 117.5 116.4 118.0 110.3 100.4 83.6 100.0 114.8 99.7 91.6 100.0 -2.8 -2.4 -1.3 Comoros 216.1 167.2 151.8 157.1 140.0 106.7 100.0 90.4 79.8 92.8 123.6 .. 0.8 -6.5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 105.5 108.2 101.7 121.4 113.0 83.5 100.0 87.9 81.9 78.1 77.9 3.6 7.0 -5.1 Congo, Republic of 119.5 83.4 87.3 81.4 84.4 69.6 100.0 164.1 118.3 90.5 84.0 3.7 -12.6 2.0 C6te dIlvoire 115.1 81.7 88.3 92.6 93.1 97.5 100.0 93.4 93.2 93.2 94.9 -5.2 -7.0 0.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 102.1 92.1 101.6 85.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.1 .. 4.3 -0.9 Efitrea .. . . 93.8 90.3 98.9 100.0 107.8 109.2 111.4 107.7 . .. 2.9 Ethiopia .. 89.7 89.5 139.4 108.3 83.8 100.0 89.1 80.9 93.6 94.5 .. 2.9 -1.6 Gabon 244.0 125.7 114.0 107.9 103.7 95.4 100.0 118.4 117.7 82.5 83.7 7.5 -13.7 -2.5 Ganbia, The 199.9 101.7 104.9 104.4 99.1 99.3 100.0 100.7 100.7 98.2 98.4 -3.9 2.7 -0.4 Ghana 211.3 103.3 105.9 99.1 88.2 90.9 100.0 97.1 96.5 108.1 98.2 -1.1 -3.0 -0.5 Guinea .. 135.0 130.0 103.4 95.4 111.2 100.0 91.7 97.2 96.0 91.8 .. -5.0 -3.8 Guinea-Bissau 122.2 143.0 123.8 101.8 138.4 121.3 100.0 99.6 99.6 91.5 100.0 5.3 -10.7 -4.5 Kenya 96.9 67.8 76.3 77.7 91.5 102.4 100.0 104.0 108.5 106.4 108.0 -3.8 -1.2 4.9 Lesotho 131.8 97.1 87.0 94.5 98.5 100.9 100.0 99.1 100.5 102.7 96.4 -4.6 -0.4 0.6 Madagascar 95.4 87.1 78.9 80.4 81.4 88.3 100.0 103.1 95.9 95.9 96.4 -2.4 -2.9 1.2 Malawi 154.7 141.4 149.1 121.5 108.2 85.3 100.0 106.3 111.5 97.6 100.9 -2.4 -6.7 -3.6 Mali 105.3 121.6 115.0 102.8 99.1 91.4 100.0 100.7 97.1 101.0 90.1 1.8 1.5 -2.4 Mauritania 71.1 95.8 101.8 107.6 117.2 95.1 100.0 93.4 101.2 101.4 101.1 -3.6 2.5 0.1 Mauritius 98.8 108.2 106.9 107.0 101.5 99.4 100.0 100.8 100.3 98.8 95.7 -5.3 3.2 -1.0 Mozambique 221.8 161.1 164.5 145.4 118.1 86.7 100.0 77.9 76.4 77.4 75.6 - . -3.4 -9.3 Narnibia 139.1 115.2 94.1 92.9 89.1 99.6 100.0 102.7 91.8 97.4 92.2 .. 1.5 -1.9 Niger 191.1 136.4 125.5 118.1 120.1 98.1 100.0 87.2 82.1 81.3 77.5 10.1 -3.0 -6.6 Nigeria 329.7 161.5 135.1 117.3 108.2 102.3 100.0 157.0 118.7 80.5 107.6 6.7 -16.2 -3.4 Rwanda 54.7 38.4 77.8 65.7 73.0 81.6 100.0 85.6 123.9 102.3 88.4 2.0 -13.8 9.8 SAo Tomn6 and Principe .. 93.4 88.3 80.3 89.3 99.5 100.0 106.3 116.6 104.6 97.4 .. -16.3 2.1 Senegal 99.9 109.0 95.5 104.0 96.9 105.8 100.0 101.2 102.0 106.3 102.3 -1.2 1.1 -0.2 Seychellets. 71.5 65.6 78.0 86.0 76.5 100.0 96.3 101.4 106.6 105.9 .. -7.0 5.2 Sierra Leone 64.2 62.9 52.2 52.1 52.2 60.5 100.0 62.9 62.9 62.9 66.5 2.1 5.1 2.0 South Africa 119.8 98.6 99.0 97.6 98.5 101.3 100.0 101.4 100.2 100.2 98.5 -1.2 0.8 0.1 Swaziland 113.9 116.1 113.1 116.3 132.8 99.1 100.0 92.6 90.9 82.2 80.2 -0.7 -3.5 -3.5 Tanzania .. 102.0 105.3 92.6 94.7 101.8 100.0 98.6 92.6 65.0 64.8 .. . 4.3 Togo 113.2 126.2 124.0 117.1 108.8 95.7 100.0 104.6 123.4 122.9 123.8 -2.1 -1.0 -0.4 Uganda .. 74.2 68.1 61.5 57.5 66.9 100.0 80.2 76.5 78.2 57.3 .. -11.7 -0.7 Zambia 116.6 108.7 80.0 65.9 65.8 79.3 100.0 79.7 74.2 59.1 45.7 -8.5 5.4 -4.5 Zimbabwe 87.6 100.2 101.4 103.3 100.7 100.7 100.0 100.3 99.4 100.2 100.3 -5.1 0.1 -0.1I NORT'H AFRICA 234.4 104.4 115.3 110.6 102.7 98.6 100.0 103.9 106.2 98.2 100.8 1.5 -12.1 -1.0 Algeria 290.7 126.1 139.8 125.0 101.4 98.7 100.0 -116.2 122.0 90.4 105.3 6.2 -13.8 -3. Egypt, Arab Republic 183.9 86.4 107.3 106.3 105.9 102.4 100.0 95.2 98.7 96.5 90.7 1.0 -15.6 0.5 Morocco 100.8 94.6 99.5 103.4 98.8 89.3 100.0 102.2 105.8 118.3 117.7 -1.8 3.1 1.7 Tunisia 121.7 103.4 101.9 100.7 99.2 100.9 100.0 102.9 99.5 98.0 102.6 0.2 -2.7 -0.3 ALL AFRICA 176.0 107.1 107.9 103.9 99.7 98.3 100.0 105.8 102.4 94.6 97.7 1.3 -6.4 -1.1 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 89 5-18. Forest products exports Average annual Thousands of cubic meters percentage growth 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,169 6,803 8,821 7,032 6,931 6,824 7,170 4,764 4,364 3,788 4,289 149.9 2.4 -9.3 excluding South Africa 7,413 5,283 6,044 5,855 5,794 5,632 5,478 4,339 3,960 3,300 3,748 149.8 -1.3 -8.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 7,402 5,266 6,028 5,844 5,757 5,583 5,444 3,908 3,672 3,030 3,499 150.2 -1.1 -9.5 Angola .. 0 0 3 0 .. 2 .. .. . . 56.3 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Camneroon 934 521 652 539 837 1,049 816 . ... .. 151.6 -4.7 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic 177 74 80 113 67 37 36 . ... .. 150.6 -5.5 Comoros .. . . I .. 0 .. . ... Congo, Democratic Rep. of 116 147 163 143 142 172 136 113 101 74 91 171.2 0.4 -9.3 Congo, Republic of 385 643 941 937 816 609 530 . ... .. 163.8 28.3 C6te dIlvoire 3,394 1,175 1,138 1,084 1,127 967 878 . ... .. 150.4 -16.9 Equatorial Guinea 16 133 133 142 129 126 143 400 380 .. 5 218.1 12.4 -24.1 Gabon 1,150 1,353 1,343 1,460 1,244 1,392 1,447 1,685 1,729 1,359 1,632 154.9 0.8 2.4 Gambia,The .. . . . . 0 0 .. . .. . Ghana 183 514 531 371 361 390 426 936 735 754 1,0 18 107.8 26.0 17.3 Guinea .. 8 8 8 13 15 17 45 45 45 45 112.1 -7.6 31.0 Guinea-Bissau 6 5 4 4 6 12 9 5 5 6 8 117.7 22.1 1.3 Kenya 33 4 4 3 4 3 0 82 94 95 27 138.6 -26.5 78.3 Liberia 524 255 701 729 663 429 642 149 145 206 225 147.3 30.0 -20.0 Madagascar 0 2 1 2 3 26 6 6 10 8 4 111.7 21.2 10.2 Malawi I. . 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 153.8 .. 20.3 Mozambique 31 5 10 2 5 4 1 149 137 140 158 68.8 -3.8 115.9 Nigeria I11 17 16 1 1 37 49 34 431 288 269 248 143.7 -32.2 59.9 Rwanda .. . . . . 0 . . . . S5o Tome and Principe . .. . .. 0 . .. 0 . . . Seychelles . .. . 0.. . ...... Sierra Leone I. I 0 0 0 0 .. . . . . -8.8 South Africa 756 1,520 2,777 1,177 1,137 1,191 1,692 425 405 488 541 150.9 24.9 -15.6 Swaziland 421 355 293 285 254 254 254 241 239 299 270 163.6 -13.1 0.2 Tanzania 5 5 6 3 25 14 8 40 40 37 9 115.7 3.0 16.4 Togo . .. . .. 0 . .. 0 0 1 0 Uganda 0 . . . . .. 9 11 7 7 45.4 Zambia . .. . .. 0 0 . . . . . Zimbabwe 26 65 17 17 56 83 89 . ... .. 214.2 -14.1 NORTH-IAFRICA 88 94 117 95 95 77 105 78 84 71 60 160.0 6.1 -5.4 Egypt, Arab Republic . .. . .. 0 0 .. 3 6 0... Morocco 74 85 102 88 84 70 98 43 48 50 39 169.1 6.3 -11.4 Tunisia 14 10 16 7 10 8 7 32 29 20 21 135.1 3.4 22.6 ALL AFRICA 8,258 6,897 8,938 7,127 7,026 6,901 7,275 4,842 4,448 3,859 4,349 150.0 2.5 -9.3 90 External Sector 5-19. Petroleum exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 116,952 127,608 132,770 137,869 147,511 145,809 147,326 160,589 172,724 172,919 -4.6 4.9 4.0 excluding South Africa 116,952 127,608 132,770 137,869 147,208 145,613 147,242 160,589 172,724 172,434 -4.6 4.9 4.0 excl. S.Affica & Nigeria 20,221 50,465 52,602 54,862 55,014 56,355 59,925 64,854 69,896 72,217 3.2 9.9 4.8 Angola ~~~~~~6,334 22,198 23,255 25,706 23,497 25,315 28,654 31,441 33,410 35,108 -0.2 21.6 5.9 Benin .. 210 200 138 157 131 97 76 65 53 .. 63.1 -14.6 Botswana.. . .. . .. ... . ... Burkina Faso.. . .. . .. ... . ... Camneroon 3,407 7,166 6,456 6,097 6,091 5,278 5,014 5,354 5,532 6,200 81.7 -0.7 -3.0 Cape Verde.. . .. . .. ... . . . Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . Comoros . . . . . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of 859 1,158 1,125 995 1,019 1,085 1,087 1,087 1,021 963 0.3 -0.8 -1.9 Congo, Republic of 3,383 7,611 7,498 8,136 9,227 8,837 8,001 9,221 12,013 12,811 12.3 3.5 6.1 C6te dIlvoire 122 . .. . . . .. . .. . .. -34.8 Equatorial Guinea . . .. . . . . . . Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon 7,637 12,123 14,068 13,790 15,023 15,710 17,072 17,676 17,855 17,083 -4.5 1.9 6.6 Gamabia, The.. . .. . .. . . ... Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar.. . .. . .. . .. . . Mozarnbique.. . .. . .. . .. . . Nigeria 96,731 77,143 80,168 83,006 92,194 89,258 87,317 95,735 102,828 100,217 -6.8 2.2 3.4 SAo Tom6 and Principe . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles.. . . . . . .. ... Sierra Leone.. . .. . .. .... ... South Affica . .. . .. 303 196 84 . .. 485 . SdnORIlFIA1585 1131 140413901016 9,2 857 1101 9,7 740 -. 06 -. Sazlgran3d1 233 3,4 096 190 3,1 185 3,34 3,3 583 -. . . NOTuniiAFRC 145,747 31,373 3,1214,02 13909 31,44693,4271 38,566 30,03197 6,863 292743 -0.5 -3.9 -1.7 ALL AFRICA 262,817 238,979 246,794 251,819 257,697 245,236 245,842 261,620 269,696 270,349 -4.2 55.7 1.7 External Sector 9 1 5-20. Copper exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,286 973 792 714 598 495 418 392 393 316 5.2 -3.1 -12.8 excluding South Africa 1,164 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248- 4.6 -3.4 -14.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 1,164 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248 4.6 -3.4 -14.0 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana 20 1 9 20 19 22 20 18 23 1 8 20 .. 1.0 0.4 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camneroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central Aftican Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 461 374 252 116 28 14 5 0 . .. 16.8 -2.7 .55.3 Congo, Republic of I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . MOe divoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nainibia 4 1 30 34 35 30 26 25 1 8 . .. 1.9 -7.0 -6.8 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S8o Tom6 and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sien-aLeone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa 121 90 104 132 81 74 79 74 71 68 13.2 -0.8 -5.7 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Zambia 617 460 382 412 437 361 292 . 276 304 228 -1.8 -3.4 -7.0 Zimbabwe 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 3.8 -16.6 NORTH AFRICA 6 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 0 0 .. -13.1 2.5 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Egypt, Arab Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Morocco 6 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 .. . . -12.9 2..5 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. ALL AFRICA 1,292 989 807 730 611 514 434 408 393 316 5.4 -3.3 -12.9 92 External Sector 5-21. Iron exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28,215 22,981 24,956 21,057 17,509 15,778 18,986 19,465 21,397 19,545 .. -0.4 -1.3 excluding South Africa 17,482 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -2.3 -8.7 excl. S.Afica & Nigeria 17,482 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -2.3 -8.7 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo,Democratic Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6te d'lvoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatonial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11,695 9,231 8,540 2,607 670 853 0 0 0 0 .. -5.4 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 5,673 6,503 7,240 7,381 6,804 5,261 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. 3.0 -0.3 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozaunbique 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa 10,733 7,247 9,176 11,069 10,035 9,664 12,710 12,743 14,201 12,545 .. 4.0 5.4 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA 784 48 62 47 50 55 58 42 21 4 .. -11.3 -24.3 Algeria 699 0 10 9 10 20 25 25 5 4 .. -41.9 -6.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 85 48 52 38 40 35 33 17 16 0 .. .. -17.4 Tunisia o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ALLAFRICA 28,999 23,029 25,018 21,104 17,559 15,833 19,044 19,507 21,418 19,549 .. -0.6 -1.4 External Sector 93 5-22. Phosphate exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHIARAN AFRICA 4,277 5,983 5,877 4,995 5,544 4,617 3,747 4,154 4,919 4,496 4,290 0.4 6.9 -3.1 excluding South Africa 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 4.6 -4.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 4.6 -4.3 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ccntral African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6te d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia,The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 0 0o 0o- 0 0 0 0 .- Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozainbique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nanmibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sgo Tome and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 1,378 1,847 1,435 1,356 1,304 1,187 983 648 859 836 598 -3.9 4.4 -10.1 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa 4 1,268 1,094 1,217 1,166 1.344 1,197 1,273 1,408 1,350 1,300 39.6 206 2.2 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 ___ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 2,896 2,868 3,347 2,422 3,074 2,086 1,567 2,234 2,652 2,686 2,392 1.9 4.5 -2.1 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zamnbia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA 18,932 16,560 14,700 13,297 10,537 11,068 10,096 11,523 11,466 12,422 13,398 -1.1 -2.3 _-0.6 Algeria 768 877 970 735 804 800 449 575 671 993 474 5.6 8.5 -4.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 258 268 246 297 164 180 134 114 48 65 12.4 3.8 -21.0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Morocco 16,457 14,260 12,407 11,672 9,143 9,132 8,398 9,527 9,420 10,141 11,669 -0.8 -3.1 -0.9 Tunisia 1,449 1,156 1,077 593 426 956 1,114 1,308 1,327 1,224 1,247 -6.9 -0.8 9.3 ALL AFRICA 23,210 22,543 20,576 18,292 16,080 15,684 13,843 15,678 16,385 16,918 17,688 -0.8 -0. 2 -1.-3 94 External Sector 5-23. Cocoa exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAR-AN AFRICA 869 1,352 1,369 1,190 1,469 1,271 1,340 1,995 1,633 1,749 1,975 0.4 5.3 4.0 excluding South Africa 869 1,349 1,364 1,180 1,456 1,260 1,332 1,985 1,623 1,740 1,967 0.4 5.3 4.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 718 1,196 1,203 1,069 1,296 1,113 1,193 1,803 1,469 1,605 1,759 1.1 5.2 4.3 Benin 5 0 0 . .. . .. . .. 0 .. 6.2 -63.8 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 128.8 -15.0 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Canmeroon 105 119 98 68 112 82 120 142 110 122 121 0.1 3.8 2.4 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Cetitral African Republic C . . . .. . .. . ., . .. -21.8 Comoros 0 * . . .. . . . .. . .. -14.3 Congo, Democratic Rep, of 4 5 4 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 2 -0.2 2.8 -6.7 Congo, Republic of 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 I 1 1 -5.1 -18.7 7.4 C&te dlvoire 332 767 793 724 872 744 795 1,138 1,028 1,103 1,277 9.1 5.4 5.0 Equjatorial Guinea 7 6 6 5 3 3 3 6 4 6 3 -0.2 0.4 -4.1- Gabon 4 2 I 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -4.2 2.6 -12.0 Gamnbia, The . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana 218 270 265 243 278 252 253 478 288 333 321 -7.7 9.0 3.0 Guinea 4 2 2 2 4 4 3 6 7 8 4 4.3 -6.2 11.9 Guinea-Bissau Kenya 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -8.2 46.3 19.8 Liberia 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 I I 2 2 9.1 -15.1 -7.1 Madagascar 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 5.8 7.6 -12.9 Mauritius .. . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -5.5 Mozwnbique . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria 151 154 161 III 161 148 139 182 155 135 208 -2.6 4.2 1.7 Sao Tomseand Principe 7 3 5 4 4 3 3 4 3 5 4 -4.3 0.4 0.3 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65.7 -28.8 51.4 Seychelles . .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 . .. 3.4 Sierra Leone 8 5 1 3 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 6.0 -4.6 -11.0 South Africa 0 3 6 10 13 1 1 8 10 10 9 8 -8.5 34.0 11.3 Swaziland . .. . .. . .. . .. 6 8 7 Tanzania 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 9.0 9.7 2.6 Togo 15 8 6 6 5 6 4 1 1 10 6 8 -1.7 -11.9 1.7 Uganda 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 1 2.5 5.5 16.2 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.6 -4.1 17.2 NORTH AFRICA . I 2 1 0 0 I I 1 1 1 6.1 25.6 -2.7 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 -22.9 81.9 -0.7 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -17.2 0.0 Tunisia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 17.4 -4.7 ALL AFRICA 869 1,353 1,372 1,191 1,469 1,272 1,341 1,996 1,634 1,750 1,976 0.4 5.3 4.0 External Sector 95 5-24. Coffee exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 819 1,032 828 847 830 751 788 949 937 841 791 -2.3 0.0 -0.9 excluding Soudh Africa 818 1,030 827 846 830 750 787 948 933 835 789 -2.4 -0. 1 -0.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 816 1,030 827 846 829 750 786 947 932 834 788 -2.4 -0. 1 -0.9 Angola 47 5 5 5 2 0 2 3 3 3 3 -17.7 -19.0 -7.1 Benin 0 .. 0 0 0 . .. . .. . .. 18.1 -21.6 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 3.8 56.4 -23.1 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi 19 34 41 40 23 29 29 1 3 32 22 24 3.0 -0.2 -4.8 Cameroon 92 158 113 104 67 54 63 74 59 53 69 0.0 4.4 -9.5 Cape Verde . .. . .. 0 .. . . 0 .. . Central African Republic I 13 9 6 8 8 14 5 12 6 1 2 2.2 10.4 -5.2 Comoros 0 * . . .. . .. . .. . .. -17.4 ___ Congo, Democratic Rep, of 74 104 84 104 55 63 61 49 23 38 23 0.3 2.7 -14.0 Congo, Republic of 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 . .. 8.4 -28.7 17.2 C6te dIlvoire 207 232 199 203 226 122 135 145 254 239 132 -2.6 -7.4 -0.2 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -10.7 -18.2 -19.1 Ethiopia . .. . .. 70 89 77 110 119 115 109 . .. 8.5 Gabon I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 26.9 12.9 -13.2 Gambia, The . .. . .. . ..0.. . ... Ghana 0 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 6 6 -21.1 12.5 23.0 Guinea 3 7 4 5 6 12 19 8 20 22 7 0.4 105.1 9.1 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya 80 112 83 78 88 80 89 114 68 51 70 2.9 -2.7 -4.0 Liberia 13 2 .. . . . . . . . . 6.3 -10.9 Madagascar 69 48 41 50 51 37 35 40 26 30 13 -2.5 2. -10 Malawi 0 7 6 9 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 25.2 12.9 -3.7 Mauritius 0 0 .. 0 . .. . .. 0 .. 0 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 -1.8 41.6 20.6 Rwanda 22 46 38 34 30 2 8 18 14 14 17 1.4 1.4 -11.9 Sao Tomd and Principe 0 .. 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.1 -41.0 32.0 Senegal I 0 .. 0 0 .. . . . . 0 0.9 -2.6 Seychelles .. . . . . 0 . . . . Sierra Leone 10 8 6 4 3 4 5 2 3 3 1 -0.7 12.2 -13.1 South Africa 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 6 2 24.9 26.1 18.7 Swaziland . . . .. . .. . .. 0 0 0 . Tanzania 43 61 52 SI 59 37 48 62 47 45 38 0.8 -2.2 -2.4 Togo 9 14 9 19 13 9 13 5 19 10 19 -6.2 28.6 0.0 Uganda 110 141 127 119 114 194 169 279 210 163 230 -2.8 3.8 5.1 Zambia I. 0 I 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 .. 59.2 16.4 Zimbabwe 3 35 9 10 4 4 10 11 12 8 7 13.2 -9.3 -3.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34.0 .. -25.4 Egypt, Arab Republic I. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 . .. -47.1 Morocco . .. 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -4.2 Tunisia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. .. 11.5 ALL AFICA 819 1,033 828 847 830 751 788 949 937 841 791 -2.4 0.0 -0.9 96 External Sector 5-25. Cotton exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 459 700 661 693 695 699 786 833 973 943 792 1.2 7.6 2.5 excluding South Africa 459 694 658 689 695 698 786 833 969 936 787 1.3 7.4 2.5 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 459 691 657 688 691 696 784 811 937 927 778 1.3 7.4 2.3 Angola .. . . . . . . . . . . -27.7 10.4 Benin 8 4 1 43 58 60 74 99 89 112 107 84 -0.6 13.3 9.6 Botswana .. . . 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . .. 20.7 Burkina Faso 28 59 55 55 60 40 55 42 61 96 69 10.8 14.3 3.7 Burundi I 0 . .. 2 2 1 0 .. . . -0.4 2.0 24.7 Camneroon 26 38 23 42 5 1 59 54 66 5 1 61 65 15.1 19.5 3.5 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Central African Republic 14 9 13 6 8 5 1 2 IS5 9 1 5 10 -4.0 -12.8 4.4 Chad 35 57 65 85 40 32 62 50 72 68 37 -2.4 -0.4 -0.9 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Congo, Democratic Rep, of 2 I. . . . I I 0 0 0 . .. -29.7 Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . C8te dIlvoire 39 89 97 67 96 100 88 75 86 117 122 14.7 15.3 2.2 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Ethiopia . .. . .. 0 0 8 1 0 1 5 . .. 43.8 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Gambia, The . 1 2 1 I I I1 1 0 0 0 . 10.6 -17.5 Ghana . .. . .. 2 7 1I . 0 1 7 . .. -19.5 Guinea .. 2 1 4 1 0 6 7 5 4 5 9 . .. 18.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. 25.4 7.2 Kenya 4 .. 1 6 8 7 1 .. 0 0 0 -18.6 -73.2 -47~6 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Liberia 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . Madagascar I 0 3 I. . I 0 .. 0 22.2 -16.8 -6.9 Malawi 3 3 6 3 0 .. . . 9 5 3 -20.5 -0.6 6.0 Mali 53 93 114 1-13 133 90 lOS 130 140 160 138 9.9 14.2 4.2 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Mauritius . .. 0 .. 0 . .. 0 . .. 0 Mozambique 6 6 6 II1 1 3 16 13 16 16 1 7 10 -8.0 1.1 10. 8 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Niger 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 3 1 1 -12.4 80.4 .08 Nigeria .. 3 1 0 3 3 2 22 32 9 9 . .. 36.2 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . SAo Tomd and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Senegal 6 5 1 2 1 6 20 1 5 9 1 1 1 5 1 4 5 2.1 -6.4 0.4 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . .. . South Africa 0 6 3 5 0 0 0 0 4 7 5 -30.6 269.4 -7.9 Sudan 132 126 87 76 48 78 96 104 94 62 24 0.0 1.2 -9.7 Swaziland 4 19 10 6 7 4 3 4 2 0 0 4.8 40.8 -29.1 Tanzania 31 46 39 73 61 60 71 82 86 37 28 -3.9 17.8 -1.2 Togo 5 33 36 39 42 43 61 56 48 67 53 27.3 22.1 6.6 Uganda 2 4 8 8 8 4 6 10 19 1 10 -21.5 -25.3 5.6 Zambia 5 3 2 2 1 I 3 5 17 12 16 15.9 12.7 18.9 Zimbabwe 54 54 34 16 18 47 27 44 91 78 80 4.2 -0.2 7.5 NORTHiAFRICA 167 41 16 16 20 114 68 23 42 67 112 0.1 -17.0 9.0 Egypt, Arab Republic 164 39 13 16 18 113 67 23 42 66 112 0.2 -18.9 10.4 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . .. Morocco 3 1 3 1 2 1 0 .. 0 I 0 3.4 .. -25.6 Tunisia 0 0 . .. 0 0 . ALL AFRICA 627 740 677 710 715 813 854 857 1,015 1,010 904 0.9 3.6 2.9 External Sector 97 5-26. Groundnut exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 605 574 342 336 276 397 280 390 392 405 229 -8.9 15.7 -4.7 excluding South Africa 560 535 309 312 249 337 244 351 334 372 203 -8.7 15.2 -4.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 559 535 309 310 249 330 243 347 312 359 190 -8.2 15.1 -5.5 Benin 2 .. 0 . .. . .. . .. . .. -27.0 Botswana 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.2 29.0 2.8 Burkina Faso I I 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -43.9 152.2 -8.8 Cameroon I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -39.5 15.8 17.9 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic I. . . .. . 0 1 1 .. .. -8.1I Chad . .. 0 1 2 I. 0 0 0 . .. 13.7 Comoros -... . .. . . .. . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of 0 . .. . .. . . . .. . .. -10.6 COte dIlvoire 0 I. . . . . 0 1 1 1 -8.4 Gambia, The 67 24 17 1 8 28 26 38 32 38 37 33 -7.7 -11.7 6.7 Ghana 2 . .. . .. . . 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau 8 2 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -17.9 -14.2 Kenya 0 .. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -24.6 23.1 14.5 Madagascar 4 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -44.9 .. -1.3 Malawi 28 0 1 .. 0 1 I 1 3 4 1 -17.8 23.7 22.8 Mali 15 12 10 I 1 12 17 16 15 15 12 12 -11.7 9.3 2.4 Mauritania .. . . 0 . . . . . . Mauritius .. 0 0 0 0 . .. . .. 0 0 . .. 37.1 Mozambique 10 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -8.5 22.4 -15.3 Niger I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 -38.0 182.2 -2.0 Nigeria I .. 0 1 0 7 1 4 22 13 13 -37.9 .. 73.1 Sao Tom6 and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal 175 360 215 219 119 164 98 207 88 103 54 -9.1 21.2 -14.6 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa 45 39 32 24 27 59 36 38 38 33 26 -12.5 23.7 -2.9 Sudan 238 109 39 51 84 110 82 84 156 167 71 -6.0 15.7 5.0 Swaziland . . . . . . .. 3 11 8 Tanzania 1 7 16 7 . .. 0 I 1 1 0 .. 181.1 -23.1 Togo . .. 0 . .. 0 0 2 0 0 0 -36.2 296.1 28.6 Uganda .. 0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 0 0 . .. -1.9 Zambia 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -26.0 .. -7.7 Zimbabwe 3 16 3 1 3 7 3 1 5 15 2 -19.6 107.4 -3.7 NORTH AFRICA 13 7 5 5 21 16 15 10 19 23 13 -7.3 -19.9 16.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 13 4 2 4 12 9 10 6 11 15 4 -7.3 -19.9 13.1 Libya .. 3 4 I 8 4 5 5 8 8 8 . .. 15.8 Morocco .. 0 0 0 0 .. . . 0 . . Tunisia .. 0 . .. 0 3 0 .. . . .. ALL AFRICA 618 581 347 341 297 413 296 400 411 428 241 -8.9 15.5 -4.3 98 External Sector 5-27. Oil palm products exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 280 233 194 269 319 247 187 221 180 207 191 -12.2 9.5 -1.9 excluding South Africa 280 *.232 194 267 317 244 187 220 179 205 189 -12.2 9.4 -2.0 exci. S.Africa & Nigeria 184 223 186 264 315 237 175 203 169 194 179 -9.3 6.3 -0.9 Benin 13 6 1 2 3 7 9 8 13 17 15 -12.5 8.9 22.6 Botswana . .. 0 0 . .. 0 .. . .. . Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi I. . . . . . 1 0 0 0 Cameroon 2 1 28 10 27 27 30 8 4 1 1 3 1 5 IS5 -7.7 12.3 -4.9 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of 10 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 .. -23.7 -21.9 -17.6 Congo, Republic of 0 . . . . . . . . .. -17.6 C6te d'Ivoire 99 166 158 186 207 153 121 103 76 103 106 -7.9 9.5 -3.9 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon .. 4 2 5 1 .. 3 6 9 3 6 .. 9.6 4.2 Gambia, The I . . . . . . . .. . .. -19.8 Ghana .. 7 3 8 9 1 1 12 21 19 10 I I .. 39.0 10.7 Guinea 15 1 1 1 7 1 0 4 4 1 1 -3.6 15 1.0 Guinea-Bissau 6 2 5 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 2.0 5.1 -7.6 Kenya 0 .. 1 25 53 14 13 10 26 31 12 -52.7 .. 43.8 Liberia 6 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 24.9 12.7 -0.6 Madagascar .. . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 44.3 Mauritius . .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... . 29.1 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria 96 9 8 3 2 6 1 1 17 10 I I I11 -16.9 17.5 -2.0 Sao Tome and Principe 0 . . . . . . . . . .. -19.1- Senegal 0 .. . . 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 -55.4 18.6 62.6 Seychelles .. 0 0 . . . . . . . .. Sierra Leone I 0 0 0 I. 1 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4 -48.9 -15.4 South Africa .. 0 1 2 2 3 0 1 1 3 1 . .. 43.1 Swaziland .. . . . . . . . . 0 ... Tanzania I .. 0 I. . . . . 0 0 . Togo 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 .. . . . . -13.6 -15.9 65.0 Uganda .. . . . . . . . . 3 2 . Zimbabwe .. 0 0 0 .. . .. . .. . ... NORTH AFRICA .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -12.9 Egypt,Arab Republic . .. 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -15.1 Morocco .. 0 . .. . .. 0 . .. 0 0.. . Tunisia 0 0 0 . . . ALL AFRIlCA 280 233 195 269 319 247 _187 -221 181 207 191 -12.2 9.5 -1.9 External Sector 99 5-28. Sisal exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 19801 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 109 50 42 44 42 41 47 36 38 32 37 -9.6 -8.7 -3.4 excluding South Africa 109 50 42 43 42 41 47 36 38 32 37 -9.7 -8.7 -3.4 excl. SAfrica & Nigeria 109 50 42 43 42 41 47 36 38 32 37 -9.7 -8.7 -3.4 Angola 3 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. -30.8 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Botswana . .. . .. . .. 0 .. . .. . Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~0 0 0 .. . Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Central African Republic.. . .. . .. . . .. . Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . C6te d'lvoire .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -4.8 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gambia,The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Kenya 40 30 28 32 27 26 25 17 19 18 17 -1.3 -4.8 -7.0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Madagascar 10 12 ---10 7 9 8 10 10 4 3 5 -5.9 -8.1 -9.0 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Maufitius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mozainbique 7 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.5 1.7 -11.4 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Sao Tomt and Pfincipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Senegal 0 . .. . . . .. . .. . .. 38.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Somalia ..... .. . South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -7.3 -24.5 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Swazilanda. . . . . . . . 0 .. . Tanzania 48 8 5 4 5 7 II1 9 1 5 1 2 1 5 -12.1 -16.9 10.0 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Uganda .. . . . . . . . . 0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 .. . Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 24.4 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Egypt, Arab Republic .. . . . . 0 0 . .. 0 0 .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 43.3 Tunisia 0 .. 0 .. 0 .0 0 0 0 . .. -8.5 ALLf AFRICA 109 50 42 44 42 4 1 47 36 38 32 37 -9.6 -8.7 -3.4 100 External Sector 5-29. Tea exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 182 267 277 271 298 274 347 354 312 380 359 3.8 4.9 3.8 excluding South Africa 180 266 275 270 297 273 346 353 311 377 354 3.7 4.8 3.7 excl. S.Afiica & Nigeria 180 266 275 270 297 273 346 353 311I 377 354 3.7 4.8 3.7 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.8 -48.8 27.5 Burkina Faso .. . . . . . . . . . . -6.7 Burundi 1 4 5 6 5 7 7 4 6 6 6 12.3 2.6 4.0 Cameroon 1 3 0 .. 0 . 0 0 .. . . 23.2 -32.4 -18.7 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Central African Republic.. . .. . .. . .. . Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 -8.5 -4.9 -7.0 Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . C6te d'Ivoire 0 .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Ethiopia .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -5.3 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gambia,Th . . . . .. . 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana .. . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Kenya 84 166 176 172 199 177 259 261 199 264 246 6.7 8.4 4.9 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Liberia . .. . .. 0 0 . . . . . Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -54.8 42.4 Malawi 31 41 37 37 35 35 32 32 40 41 30 3.8 -0.2 -1.3 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mauritius 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 8.2 -7.0 -33.8 Mozamnbique 30 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.2 -48.5 -8.1I Namnibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Nigeria .. 0 0 0 . .. 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 16.7 Rwanda 7 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 5 3 3 1 0 1 2 1 0 8.5 8.0 -5.8 Sao Tomd and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Senegal 0 1 . .. . .. . .. . .. 0 -8.6 281.6 Seychelles 0 .. 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.6 .. -1.9 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . South Africa 2 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 3 5 44.8 13.6 11.0 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Swaziland . .. . .. . .. . .. 0 0 0 Tanzania 13 15 18 20 20 22 22 22 22 22 21 2.6 1.2 5.0 Togo .. 0 0 . .. 0 . . . . . Uganda 1 5 7 8 10 11 11 15 18 19 22 -28.0 11.3 19.3 Zanbia .. 0 0 0 . .. 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 28.0 Zimbabwe 6 12 11 6 8 10 9 12 13 II 16 10.5 5.4 2.5 NORTH AFRICA .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 87.0 16.4 Egypt, Arab Republic . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.. . 29.6 Morocco .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 48.0 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -34.2 ALL AFRICA 182 267 277 271 298 274 348 354 312 380 359 3.8 4.9 3_.8 External Sector 101 5-30. Sugar exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,148 2,441 2,068 1,627 1,259 1,741 1,604 2,356 2,614 2,760 2,476 0.8 2.6 1.9 excluding South Affica 1,362 1,469 1,356 1,343 1,118 1,422 1,215 1,523 1,610 1,527 1,338 3.1 0.5 0.7 excl. S.Afiica &Nigetia 1,362 1,469 1,356 1,343 1,118 1,422 1,215 1,523 1,610 1,527 1,338 3.1 0.3 0.7 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 -14.0 65.9 33.4 Burkina Faso 2 *. *. . . . . . 91.6 Burundi .. 0 0 10 0 0 4 0 1 2 . .. 27.3 Cameroon 9 0 2 I 0 1 7 1 1 1 42.1 -24.4 3.7 Cape Verde.. ... . .. . .. . Central African Republic .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.. . 5. Comnoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . Congo, Republic of 0 26 23 29 18 1 1 14 7 37 21 25 -1.3 -14.0 0.3 C6te dIlvoire I11 23 40 23 39 33 1 2 29 3 1 6 1 8 142.4 -18.9 -6.3 Djibouti . .. 0 . .. . .. . .. 10 10 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gabon 2 .. 8 7 0 . . . . .. 9.3 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana .. . . . . . . 1 0 0 2 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinca-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya 56 0 0 104 50 112 13 52 3'1 2 5 19.0" -15.'5 6 1.9" Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Madagascar 26 47 2 1 1 7 1 1 24 1 5 7 1 1 7 -1.1 19.9 -29.6 Malawi 92 62 5 1 22 26 34 66 5 5 30 72 30 13.9 -5.4 -1.0 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mauritius 618 578 551 598 535 519 524 773 575 602 534 -0.7 4.4 -0.1I Mozanmbique 64 18 25 52 .. 52 54 25 59 20 .. -12.8 -8.1 8.3 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Nigeria .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0.. . 36 Rwanda ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Sgo Tom6 and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Senegal 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 -34.3 244.7 -19.9 Seychelles .. . . . . 0 .. . 0 0 Sien-a Leonec. . . . . .. . . . . . South Africa 786 971 712 ~~~~~~~~284 4 1 390 833 1,005 1,233 1,138 -2.7 6.2 5.0 Sudan .. 65 49 54 39 136 20 49 80 127 76 . .. 5.5 Sw -aziland. 300 425 492 379 363 279 275 241 466 345 395 9.2 1.5 -2.2 Tanzania 13 22 .. I 11 II 11 12 13 22 12 33.4 0.9 0.5 Togo . .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 . .. -1.0 Uganda .. . . . . . . . . 1 5 . Zambia .. 2 4 26 II 7 50 69 63 87 50 60.8 -21.0 47.4 Zimbabwe 169 197 89 12 0 201 160 192 219 207 165 3.9 -7.3 14.0 NORTH AFRICA 23 6 25 1 I 7 6 4 1 2 0 -29.0 53.1 -23.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 10 2 8 1 1 7 6 4 0 2 0 -12.4 134.0 -26.8 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Morocco .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 ... -17.5 39.7 Tunisia 13 3 4 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 -28.6 -44.5 -11.2 ALL AFRICA 2,171 2,446 2,093 1,628 1,260 1,748 1,610 2,360 2,615 2,762 2,477 0.4 2.7 _1_.9 102 External Sector 5-3 1. Tobacco exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,777 2,259 2,494 2,817 3,164 4,414 3,116 3,669 3,364 3,823 3,089 3.0 0.4 5.8 excluding South Africa 1,705 2,179 2,404 2,736 3,070 4,244 3,004 3,581 3,243 3,678 2,930 3.2 0.2 5.8 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 1,705 2,178 2,403 2,731 3,068 4,241 3,003 3,573 3,240 3,677 2,928 3.2 0.2 5.8 Angola 1 6 . .. . .. ... . ... .. -4.7 Benin 0 . .. . .. ... . .. .. -36.9 Botswana I 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 1 1 1 32.5 -1.9 21.7 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . .. Buruindi .. 7 1 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 .. 89.6 -43.2 Cameroon 21 8 7 7 6 1 3 .. I 1 2 -7.9 -11.6 -19.5 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Central African Republic 8 0 1 I I I 2 1 1 1 1 -8.6 -2.0 4.3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of I . .. . . . .. . .. . .. -23.6 -46.4 C6te dIvoire 0 1 .. 0 . .. 2 2 1 1 1 -2.6 .. 10.4 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Gambia, The . .. . .. . .. I I I Ghana .. 3 3 2 3 5 2 7 4 2 3 -33.6 -12.6 5.6 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinea-Bissau Kenya 0 0 1 9 48 56 29 30 76 5 1 50 44 9.8 31.8 35.0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Liberia 0 . .. . .. . . . ... 3.3 Madagascar I .. 0 0 0 0 4 4 I . 0 -11.2 -6.9 -0.1I Malawi 611 874 982 973 957 983 980 1,121 1,168 1,296 930 8.4 -3.3 4.7 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Mauritius .. . . . . 0 0.. . ... Mozanmbique . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Niger 3 9 .. . . . . . . 4 4 39.9 Nigeria .. I 1 5 2 4 2 9 3 2 2 . .. 14.9 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Sao Tom6 and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Senegal .. 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 . .. 8.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Sierra Leone .. 1 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 .. 23.3 -1.8 South Africa 72 80 90 81 94 169 112 88 121 145 159 -1.8 7.0 5.8 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 -17.4 -22.6 -25.9 Tanzania 83 71 80 127 106 154 171 249 279 264 214 -7.4 6.4 16.0 Uganda 3 23 25 23 41 41 35 31 48 72 47 -8.6 -20.7 18.1 ZaTmbia 26 20 13 25 41 30 9 34 31 38 36 -13.6 0.0 10.0 Zimbabwe 930 1,158 1,261 1,505 1,843 2,989 1,760 2,042 1,650 1,941 1,639 3.9 2.3 5.3 NORTH-IAFRICA 15 10 11 7 7 9 12 4 6 5 3 6.5 -7.2 -8.5 Egypt, Arab Republic .. I .. 0 0 0 .. 0 . .. ... . -48.4 Morocco 3 3 1 0 . .. 0 ... Tunisia 15 9 11 4 4 8 12 4 6 5 3 26.9 _-5.4 -5.5 ALL AFRICA 1,792 2,269 2,505 2,825 3,171 4,423 3,128 3,674 3,371 3,828 3,092 3.0 0.4 5.7 External Sector 103 5-32. Meat exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,436 730 839 928 1,281 1,153 1,417 1,320 1,046 1,158 833 -6.8 -8.8 3.8 excluding South Africa 895 648 754 837 1,133 1,068 1,113 978 905 965 641 -7.2 -8.8 2.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 895 647 754 836 1,133 1,068 1,113 978 905 965 641 -7.2 -8.8 2.2 Botswana 249 209 256 240 279 250 241 201 228 217 168 -0.8 -8.6 -2.2 BurkinaFaso 3 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. -4.6 -52.2 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Camneroon 0 0 .. . . 0 .. 0 .. . -53.6 -61.3 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic 20 . . . . . . .. . .. -19.8 Chad 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -37.5 14.5 -1.9 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of 0 .. . . 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 10.0 C6te d'1voire 2 . .. . .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9 .. 16.3 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Ethiopia . .. . .. 0 2 6 6 6 6 6 . .. 42.4 Gabon .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 67.3 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana .. . . . . . . 0 .. 0 Gu-inea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Guinea-Bissau Kenya 16 20 28 6 10 I11 8 1 1 12 12 12 -11.6 -54.6 0.7 Madagascar 72 1 5 17 22 30 49 24 8 1 0 -16.0 -61.1 -5.5 Malawi .. . . . . 0 . .. 0 0 0 .. -61.0 Mauritania .. . . . . 0 . . . . Mauritius 0 6 4 16 32 65 69 45 52 32 1 1 13.7 44.6 19.2 Mozamnbique . .. . .. . . . .. . .. 9.6 Namibia 306 286 350 360 438 459 425 391 265 372 132 5.1 5.8 -3.6 Niger 0 0 . .. ... . .. 0 0 -20.1 Nigeria .. 0 I. 0 . . . . . Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Sao Torn6and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . Senegal ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~3 1 0 I I I 0 0 1 1 I 3.1 _-8.2__-6.1 Seychelles . . . . .. 0 0 .. . Sierra Leone.. . .. . ... ... ... Somalia 10 . . . .. .. . .. . -40.8 South Africa 542 82 85 91 148 84 304 342 141 193 192 -7.0 -9.2 13.3 Sudan 0 . .. 7 61 40 65 134 169 134 78 -12.0 .. 36.8 Sw-aziland 35 10 IS 4 10 10 9 10 16 21 22 -5.1 -53.1 23.7 Tanzania 2 43 I. . . . . 1 1 -37.0 Togo . .. 0 0 ..0 0 0 0 0 . .. 10.4 Uganda .. . . . . . . 0 0 Zambia 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I -11.8 51.9 6.2 Zimbabwe 175 66 91 183 275 195 238 151 143 164 205 -16.5 -19.4 9.2 NORTH AFRICA 34 59 12 45 39 24 17 13 18 19 18 -2.2 19.8 -5.6 Algeria 0 .. 0 .. . . 0 .. . -58.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 1 56 11 43 37 21 14 10 14 II 7 -0.4 60.4 -11.8 Morocco 32 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 -2.5 -19.9 64.8 Tunisia I I 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 5 6 -6.5 -9.8 18.1 ALL AFRICA 1,471 789 851 973 1,320 1,177 1,434 1,333 1,064 1,177 851 -6.7 -8.5 3_.5 104 External Sector 5-33. Manufactured go ods exports Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annua laverage 19801 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,207 10,000 9,789 9,461 9,840 10,990 13,532 13,452 14,587 15,857 10,506 3,212 6,958 11,801 excluding South Afiica 658 3,899 3,768 3,808 3,867 4,196 5,027 5,247 5,131 5,687 5,884 612 2.600 4,652 excl. S.AIica & Nigeria *658 3,830 3,683 3,773 3,828 4,149 4,957 5,200 5,092 5,548 5,858 612 2,586 4,592 Angola 56 56 66 63 72 78 105 101 62 75 89 73 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana .. . . . .0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso .. Burundi 1 4 4 1 1 9 5 7 4 1 0 1 3 8 5 Cameroon 96 359 268 241 227 204 259 302 291 423 281 8 1 232 285 Cape Verde I I I 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 I1 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Chad 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 27 29 5 4 6 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 67 0 5 IS5 Congo, Republic of 0 35 26 25 20 13 23 17 16 10 12 6 40 20 C6&cdIlvoire .. 1,149 988 1,037 956 1,012 1,294 1,329 1,210 1,184 1,309 672 841 1,147 Djibouti... Equatorial Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 1 16 21 31 41 21 7 ..20 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The... Ghana . .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . .. . . . . . Kenya 177 140 171 144 230 224 298 290 283 220 238 128 127 224 Lesotho .. . .5 169 ..87 Liberia Madagascar 146 159 180 183 237 335 356 342 402 443 44 72 278 Malawi .. 36 51 46 45 62 79 112 125 138 102 .. 40 80 Mauritania . .0 Mauritius 410 419 439 417 440 477 576 507 941 1,004 156 76 563 Mozambique 27 40 14 7 3 5 8 20 14 14 0 0 15 Nanmibia 158 344 367 471 480 502 529 461 471 602 649 169 161 488 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 70 85 36 40 47 70 47 40 140 27 .. 34 60 Rwanda 2 2 2 7 2 4 5 18 10 15 4 4 7 Sao Tom? and Principc Senegal 136 181 213 190 164 201 254 250 254 258 244 145 157 221 Seychelles 10 12 13 11 17 18 34 57 60 63 0 5 30 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia South Africa 3,548 6,100 6,021 5,653 5,972 6,794 8,504 8,205 9,455 10,170 4,622 2,600 4,358 7,150 Sudan 11 31..i 30 11 Swaziland 25 42 54 103 117 120 94 114 127 139 20 94 Tanzania 90 104 87 67 59 76 69 117 102 68 84 55 55 83 Togo .. 150 145 128 75 60 86 78 76 81 91 66 92 97 Uganda . . . .. .. Zambia 67 46 62 103 129 155 168 180 194 188 101 47 129 Zimbabwe 571 587 579 652 750 829 846 900 655 640 319 495 701 NORTH AFRICA 1,292 6426 6,642 7,389 6,958 7,178 9,189 8,761 8,903 10,788 11,454 1,039 3,192 8,369 Algeria .. 258 226 213 68 28 30 31 40 42 46 7 lOS 98 Egypt,.Arab Republic .. 1,302 1,163 1,461 1,167 1,127 1,655 1,314 1,302 1,685 2,080 .. 868 1,426 Libya .. .. . .a. . ..* Morocco 387 2,246 2,374 2,612 2,710 3,010 3,754 3,673 3,802 3,932 4,085 320 1,093 3,220 Tunisia 905 2,621 2,880 3,102 3,012 3,012 3,749 3,742 3,759 5,128 5,244 718 1,473 3,625 ALL AFRICA 5,498 16,426 16,430 16,850 16,797 18,168 22,721 22,213 23,490 26,645 21,960 4,251 10,150 20,170 External Sector 105 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 195 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 14.4 2.5 -0.4 1.5 8.1 2.9 10.3 3.8 2.4 4.5 40.2 33.1 4.6 excluding South Africa .. 14.4 2.5 -0.4 1.5 8.1 2.9 10.3 3.8 2.4 4.5 40.2 29.3 4.6 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria . 13.8 2.2 0.8 1.4 8.0 2.6 10.8 3.9 0.6 6.6 40.2 28.9 4.6 Angola .. -54.9 12.6 -6.3 28.3 12.0 -4.9 4.7 -0.6 -20.1 -15.7 .. 9.4 -1.4 Botswana.. . .. . .. . .. . .. Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi .. -5.8_ -15.1 185.4 -19.2 -39.1 19.1 -36.3 _ _-87.7 3.0 2.2 .. 0.3 -22-.5 Cameroon 21.3 4.2 -16.0 1.1 -0.4 -4.6 -5.55 21.1 5.6 2.7 9.6 13.0 0.7 1.1 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . . . . . . Chad 9.9 1.1 -2.9 -4.5 -0.8 22.6 14.0 0.0 5.0 6.1 ... 4.7 Comoros .. . . . . . . . . . Congo, D)emocratic Rep, of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. 0.3 0.3 0.3 -33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... -5.0 C6te d'lvoire .. 15.1 -7.4 5.5 -7.3 19.7 1.2 11.5 2.0 6.0 7.1 .. 0.7 4.7 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . .. . . . . . Kenya .. 27.9 10.3 -8.3 7.0 10.2 9.4 18.8 5.2 2.9 7.7 .. -9.1 8.0 Madagascar .. 25.9 5.6 12.2 5.3 23.6 42.0 12.8 11.2 17.9 10.5 .. 11.3 16.8 Mauritius .. 23.2 6.1 7.4 9.5 1.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.1 2.5 .. 14.9 5.6 Mozambique . .. 45.1 -66.6 -49.5 -55.5 43.4 67.8 159.7 -28.3 -2.2 .. .. 28.8 Namibia .. 70.7 3.1 27.2 10.9 -7.6 1.8 -2.6 1.6 28.2 3.8 .. 3.0 8.1 Nigeria .. 67.9 19.4 -59.7 11.6 14.4 38.3 -30.6 -10.0 260.3 -81.2 ... -1.4 Rwanda .. -28.0 -23.9 16.5 -25.9 -38.8 175.0 -15.5 2.8 2.3 2.5 .. -22.1 -0.3 Sao Tomd and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . Senegali. 27.5 13.1 -4.8 -19.1 -37.5 40.2 -4.0 -10.7 0.5 -9.4 .. 8.8 -5.0 Seychelles .. -34.3 18.2 47.0 27.7 -61.0 33.2 -55.0 -100.0 .. . . . 8.6 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania .. . . -100.0 -22.7 -6.0 30.6 -10.3 70.4 -12.6 -33.1 ... -58.8 Togo .. 10.6 -1.9 -164.5 192.4 -22.7 88.5 -94.3 1,063.5 29.6 . Zambia .. 74.4 -32.4 28.9 67.3 19.9 11L3 13.5 12.5 12.2 -2.2 .. -10.8 17.7 Zimbabwe .. -6.7 2.8 1.3 8.8 20.2 -4.6 5.1 14.9 -25.1 0.2 ... 2.8 NORTH AFRICA ~ 2.2 18.7 -0.5 6.2 -3.7 -9.0 21.1 -6.1 1.1 12.2 -28.1 11.8 29.9 1.0 Algeria .. -9.6 -34.0 8.7 -23.6 -57.6 -1.5 7. 73 4.6 9.2 . 0. 1. Egypt, Arab Republic .. 30.0 -14.0 21.6 -21.6 -5.0 38.6 -21.9 -1.6 43.0 26.3 ... 3.5 Morocco 2.2 29.4 -3.4 5.5 4.0 7.1 15.3 2.1 9.1 7.6 4.5 5.5 23.6 7.7 Tunisia .. 10.5 6.8 0.0 1.7 -19.3 18.3 -4.5 -5.4 2.5 . .. 16.5 -0.4 ALL AFRICA .. 17.0 0.6 3.7 -1.8 -2.5 13.4 0.2 2.2 7.9 -14.7 22.5 31.6 2.5 106 External Sector 5-35. Food Imports Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AI SUJB-SAHAiRAN AFRICA 5,290 5,276 5,417 5,569 5,380 5,882 7,727 7,606 7,630 7,653 7,571 3,634 4,895 6,571 excluding South Africa 4,357 4,331 4,452 4,621 4,431 4,466 5,771 5,765 5,980 6,021 5,986 2,800 3,922 5,182 -excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,196 3,686 3,692 3,814 3,660 3,728 4,712 4,836 4,761 4.625 4,403 893 3,020 4,192 Angola .. 286 57 244 203 215 205 275 365 .. . . 263 231 Benin .. 78 99 116 Ill 80 119 120 114 117 121 .. 141 107 Botswana 109 227 265 347 316 289 305 293 307 322 340 121 140 301 Burkina Faso .. 97 104 90 0 0 70 86 7 1 1.I . 70 Bunindi 1 8 12 IS 1 19 30 29 II 1 10 I I 1 9 14 16 Cameroon 82 190 199 189 161 189 123 138 155 173 194 70 134 171 Cape Verde 0 38 4 1 75 53 65 85 75 78 73 53 0 25 64 Central African Republic *. 34 28 30 25 23 29 22 20 23 23 20 26 26 Chad 1 8 7 0 6 25 22 2 1 1 8 4 4 . 1 6 12 Comoros 10 1 2 1 3 1 0 9 19 12 20 2 1 22 8 8 1 5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 216 234 0 0 66 Congo, Republic of 0 30 31 34 36 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 9 20 21 10 23 24 C6ted'Ilvoire 435 471 490 377 431 317 523 563 538 541 544 389 441 479 Equatorial Guinea . . . Eritrea .. . . 25 35 76 69 92 94 75 ... . 67 Ethiopia .. 73 152 131 167 126 181 103 17 28 100 126 219 108 Gabon .. 143 157 174 166 166 181 191 189 166 138 142 151 167 Gamnbia, The .. 10 12 14 13 7 8 8 8 9 9 .. 7 10 Ghana .. 39 39 38 .. . . . . . . 39 48 39 Guinea .. 12 8 49 53 76 77 76 77 79 82 .. 12 59 Guinea-Bissau .. 15 21 32 25 17 26 25 31 17 31 16 14 24 Xenya 109 125 149 156 145 173 117 199 401 312 189 89 123 197 Lesotho . .. . .. . ..... . .. 75 ...75 Madagascar 89 49 35 58 51 79 67 60 49 54 46 87 42 55 Malawi .. 5 14 63 6 68 92 51 33 47 23 .. 3 40 Mali 103 114 117 97 97 86 III 113 III 123 lOS 113 88 107 Mauritania .. 127 121 137 104 95 128 103 117 103 98 76 107 113 Mauritius .. 197 195 213 237 270 295 340 359 368 276 93 118 275 Mozamnbique . .. . .. . .. 44 29 30 32 39 ..35 Namibia .. . . . .396 413 -. . 360 . 390 Niger .. 40 31 22 22 16 18 19 27 36 ... 30 26 Nigeria 3,161 644 760 807 771 738 1,060 929 1,219 1,397 1,583 1,906 902 991 Rwanda .. 32 35 29 59 218 56 St 54 49 47 27 31 63 -Sio TomC and Principe .. 8 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 5 6 8 7 6 Senegal 210 361 362 .. 348 310 393 395 336 344 345 237 243 355 Seychelles .. 34 33 40 46 42 47 63 88 85 75 17 25 55 SierraLeone .. 37 53 58 57 52 66 110 41 36 28 39 49 54 South Affica 933 945 965 948 950 1,416 1,956 1,842 1,650 1,632 1,585 835 972 1,389 Sudan .. 231 275 166 205 181 215 232 238 264 276 219 189 228 Swaziland 42 98 97 110 134 136 202 172 169 182 199 32 49 150 Tanzania .. 59 32 25 58 97 97 54 57 169 200 96 86 85 Togo . . 160 156 131 82 75 96 149 209 212 . Il11 137 141 Zamnbia .. 9 .. 258 50 55 98 25 12 108 0 24 16 68 Zimbabwe .. 218 245 257 121 43 78 119 84 90 88 77 28 134 NORTH AFRICA . 1,108 5,551 4,626 5,431 5,364 5,541 7,709 7,124 7,246 7,923 6,890 1,102 4,242 6,340 Algeria .. 2,134 1,894 2,127 2,092 2,206 2,762 2,601 2,544 2,657 2,609 1,757 2,102 2,363 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 2,328 1,802 1,979 1,878 1,982 2,760 2,513 2,885 3,194 2,374 .. 1,999 2,369 Morocco 720 584 594 895 978 817 1,373 1,298 1,072 1,191 1,177 594 512 998 Tunisia 388 506 336 430 417 536 815 712 745 882 730 333 428 611 ALL AFRICA 6,398 10,827 10,043 10,999 10,745 11,423 15,437 14,730 14,876 15,577 14,461 4,736 9,136 12,912 External Sector 107 5-36. Food imports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 74.2 20.9 -4.4 4.7 -3.8 -5.3 10.9 -0.8 16.9 -35.8 -3.5 22.4 -2.0 -1.0 excluding South Africa 74.2 20.9 -4.4 4.7 -3.8 -5.3 10.9 -0.8 16.9 -35.8 -3.5 22.4 -2.8 -1.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 181.3 13.9 -9.9 4.5 -4.0 -3.2 5.0 5.1 10.4 -12.8 -3.5 28.6 9.8 0.4 Angola .. 25.1 -79.9 340.6 -12.6 2.5 -13.2 34.2 47.1 .. . . -12.7 7.3 Burkina Faso Burundi .. 0.3 0.2 -0.3 75.5 61.3 -4.0 -62.2 2.8 -9.6 4.0 .. 3.3 0.4 Camneroon 0.8 11.8 35.3 -6.8 -17.2 9.5 -27.6 -3.8 20.6 9.5 5.0 -0.9 20.2 -0.8 Cape Verde .. 13.8 9.8 78.5 -27.7 11.9 19.8 -14.1 11.0 -5.5 3.5 . .. 6.7 Central African Republic 19.6 -19.1 1.4 -16.9 -11.4 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 -3.9 . .. -6.4 Chad 3.0 2.0 -89.5 500.0 25.0 -12.8 -0.3 -1.9 2.8 1.2 . .. -0.3 Comoros -22.4 17.4 1.5 -12.6 32.7 77.9 -30.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. 5.3 6.2 Congo, Democratic Rep, of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. -7.9 -1.9 -16.5 32.2 10.9 -1.1 -0.7 9.6 7.6 3.0 .. -6.5 4.0 C6te dlvoire .. -13.3 2.5 -25.8 13.0 -26.1 52.6 1.5 7.1 5.0 4.5 . .. 1.0 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gambia, The .. 28.6 23.0 8.0 -11.6 -41.9 3.6 -1.8 -1.7 1.3 1.6 .. . 4.9 Ghana .. 1.7 2.7 4.3 5.5 4.2 5.4 7.7 -0.7 7.3 '6.0 .. 8.4 4.5 Giuinea .. 9.6 -34.3 513.8 12.8 38.7 -7.4 0.0 -2.0 5.3 5.8 .. 7.8 23.8 Guinea-Bissau .. -13.9 37.2 43.8 -21.4 -15.6 61.3 -7.9 20.2 -44.9 87.3 . .. 6.1 Kenya .. 1.7 -37.6 112.6 -41.6 186.6 -59.6 66.3 97.6 -20.7 .3.2 .. 22.4 12.1 Madagascar .. 28.1 -40.6 61.7 -17.5 53.4 -26.2 -19.9 -8.8 22.0 -22.2 .. -17.0 -2.0 Malawi .. 30.7 161.0 354.3 -90.5 967.9 23.5 -47.9 -30.5 56.2 -8.6 .. .. 24.2 Mali 2.1 45.4 11.1 -20.9 1.9 -8.7 13.3 11.3 7.5 17.5 -3.3 6.7 -17.6 4.1 Mauritania .. 19.6 -4.5 12.3 -22.4 -5.1 -19.4 4.6 -6.1 11.9 -9.0 .. -3.0 -4.7 Mauritius .. 9.3 5.8 6.9 8.0 6.0 2.5 8.0 7.5 3.5 3.0 .. -11.1 6.1 Mozambique .. . . . . . . -39.4 4.3 ... Nigeria 59.2 63.5 19.0 5.3 -3.0 -11.7 31.3 -17.1 39.8 ... 20.0 -27.0 7.9 Rwanda .. 5.5 5.4 1.5 0.9 5.1 8.1 12.2 -10.8 -12.7 -2.9 .. -11.6 1.7 S8o Tomnd and Principe .. -3.0 -22.1 -1.9 23.6 -14.2 2.9 -24.9 -14.6 25.7 22.5 .. 20.0 -3.9 Senegal .. 26.7 -3.2 . .. -54.6 41.0 -2.0 -25.4 1.3 -4.0 .. 17.0 -8.5 Seychelles .. 9.3 -1.5 14.4 27.2 -16.4 10.4 38.5 40.6 3.0 1.5 .. 6.3 12.6 Sierra Leone . .. 45.9 6.9 5.4 -11.6 16.3 64.9 -60.1 -5.5 -25.8 -. . -2.7 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania .. . . . . . . -64.1 . . . Togo .. 2.2 . .. . .. . .. . ... .. 2.6 Zambia .. -33.1 -100.0 .. -80.3 0.7 64.0 -75.9 -47.3 864.4 -100.0 .. -14.5 -75.1 Zimbabwe .. 773.2 13.1 3.2 -51.0 -65.7 71.9 59.4 -26.4 13.5 0.8 .. -12.7 -1.4 NORT'H AFRICA 5.8 -14.5 -8.9 16.4 -3.4 -0.5 17.0 -12.9 -2.1 18.4 -9.8 9.9 17.7 0.7 Algeria .. -29.4 3.5 8.6 -10.5 7.5 -12.0 -7.0 -10.6 12.4 -2.5 .. 10.0 -3.8 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 0.2 -19.2 9.8 -4.8 2.0 27.8 -15.3 14.0 21.3 -14.6 . .. 2.5 Morocco 5.8 6.9 2.6 49.5 10.9 -22.9 53.6 -10.6 -12.2 23.1 18.4 3.6 -3.8 8.5 Tunisia .. -19.1 -35.5 21.9 2.3 21.1 35.1 -28.5 -6.9 12.2 . .. 6.6 0.4 ALL AFRICA 51.7 -5.3 -7.4 12.4 -3.6 -2.0 15.1 -9.3 4.1 -1I4 -8.3 16.9 10.0 0.3 108 External Sector 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 19901 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,783 11,994 12,146 12,721 11,845 14,267 18,396 17,966 17,091 15,816 10,014 7,286 10,173 14,226 excluding South Afiica 1,577 5,153 5,162 5,862 4,974 5,212 7,066 7,083 7,360 6,191 6,695 1,101 4,386 6,076 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 1,577 5,153 5,162 5,862 4,974 5,212 7,066 7,083 7,360 6,191 6,695 1,101 4,386 6,076 Angola .. 551 676 1,009 778 712 1,069 1,119 1,263 .. . . 328 897 Benin .. 102 107 124 119 85 128 128 122 125 130 .. 97 117 Botswana 146 406 426 394 355 363 367 350 375 403 436 158 197 387 Burkina Faso .. 214 168 215 0 0 170 192 176 160 ... . 144 Burundi 53 44 36 45 33 28 28 8 19 49 -4 43 38 28 Carneroon 136 109 131 68 89 76 64 74 179 244 317 222 262 135 Cape Verde .. 46 57 60 57 65 90 91 81 87 48 0 43 68 Central Affican Republic *. 62 20 27 26 29 1 1 32 51 15 -13 30 45 26 Chad 120 117 102 131 85 103 109 116 120 117 .. 108 112 Comoros 36 40 49 41 36 36 41 25 26 27 25 29 36 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 220 231 256 0 0 71 Congo, Republic of 0 3 2 3 3 5 5 7 9 28 36 26 212 10 C6te dIlvoire 629 438 398 534 491 454 743 793 771 786 789 466 475 620 Equatorial Guinea,. 25 28 33 25 22 29 50 43 39 49 21 27 34 Eritrea .. . . 198 109 95 28 59 69 162 ... . 103 Ethiopia .. 176 168 174 189 183 176 187 177 67 299 116 140 180 Gabon .. 202 224 252 241 71 77 78 79 67 61 330 236 135 Gambhia, The .. 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ghana .. 160 228 306 .. . . . .. .. . 80 125 231 Guinea .. 339 334 313 318 320 389 313 355 378 405 .. 259 346 Guinea-Bissau .. 12 10 7 5 6 7 7 9 9 10 I11 9 8 Kenya 152 727 550 537 376 689 1,008 980 987 1,123 1,035 130 599 801 Madagascar .. 159 155 188- 209 236 299 309 353 363 417 89 90 269 Malawi .. 65 51 57 53 37 26 42 58 45 40 .. 42 47 Mali 181 118 151 182 188 176 159 182 168 171 186 163 95 168 Mauritania .. 38 27 29 16 12 1 8 17 23 22 25 23 32 23 Mauritius .. 126 138 152 163 173 179 169 166 174 229 49 91 167 Mozanmbique . . . .. . .. 140 137 137 164 175 . . 151 Namibia . .. . .. . .. 318 326 . .. 444 . .. 363 Niger .. 93 87 94 92 117 112 154 130 147 ... 113 114 Rwanda .. 83 46 92 88 158 69 71 125 110 106 31 46 95 SAo Tomd and Principe .. 4 9 10 I11 9 7 8 8 3 5 IS5 9 7 Senegal 151 223 216 .. 192 169 199 203 191 199 218 139 166 201I Seychelles .. 26 23 29 39 32 33 40 51 50 51 8 16 38 Sierra Leone .. 15 15 15 19 16 11 it 4 7 6 18 34 12 South Africa 8,206 6,841 6,984 6,859 6,872 9,055 11,330 10,884 9,731 9,625 3,319 6,185 5,787 8,150 Sudan .. 98 126 3 8 15 17 15 32 20 .. 120 88 37 Swaziland 127 64 85 143 81 136 163 101 109 III 120 86 75 III Tanzania .. 144 179 274 293 237 355 268 323 272 357 71 117 270 Togo .. 22 19 27 16 22 27 29 28 14 .. 61 89 23 Zambia .. . . . . 167 199 200 125 121 128 . .. 157 Zimbabwe .. 103 115 121 119 173 205 183 203 77 76 303 198 138 NORTH AFRICA 929 5,275 5,144 5,738 6,125 7,612 7,455 5,366 6,894 7,509 4,483 959 4,160 6,160- Al-geria .. 2,206 1,485 1,617 1,373 2,027 1,757 1,037 1,095 1,314 1,422 2,086 2,029 1,53-3 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 267 799 813 1,448 2,159 1,531 121 1,167 785 582 .. 1,252 967 Morocco 334 1,232 1,337 1,414 1,366 1,525 1,853 2,037 2,134 2,418 2,479 288 580 1,779 Tunisia 595 1,570 1,523 1,895 1,939 1,901 2,315 2,171 2,498 2,992 .. 462 799 2,089 ALL AFRICA 10,712 17,269 17,290 18,459 17,971 21,879 25,851 23,332 23,985 23,325 14,497 8,244 14,333 20,386 External Sector 109 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 12.7 -1.3 10.5 -3.3 12.1 9.2 9.6 10.6 -16.4 -0.6 .. 21.4 4.7 excluding South Africa 2.5 12.7 -1.3 10.5 -3.3 12.1 9.2 9.6 10.6 -16.4 -0.6 .. 18.3 4.7 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 2.5 12.7 -1.3 10.5 -3.3 12.1 9.2 9.6 10.6 -16.4 -0.6 .. 18.3 4.7 Angola .. 24.9 23.4 54.2 -19.0 -11.5 36.7 4.7 25.1 .. . . 52.1 12.3 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi .. 14.2 -18.4 9.2 -33.2 -46.6 0.2 -101.6 -5,796.8 259.1 -130.0 .. -9.7 -7.8 Camecoon -40.2 -10.6 28.4 58.8 -25.5 69.5 -22.2 40.4 21.7 16.6 3.4 -3.7 -3.0 15.6 Cape Verde .. 16.2 30.1 8.2 -4.5 -6.5 27.9 7.6 -8.7 7.3 1.5 . .. 6.3 Central Affican Republic 69.6 -69.0 29.9 -1.4 8.2 -64.1 166.4 66.9 -72.7 -186.3 . .. -8.3 Chad -8.7 -23.3 9.5 -20.4 -96.4 -313.0 183.6 -5.4 4.2 1.9 . .. -43.9 Comoros 15.3 13.9 14.6 -9.5 27.5 -11.0 20.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. -6.6 6.5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. -7.9 -1.9 -16.5 32.2 10.9 -1.1 140.8 -22.9 -22.1 8.7 .. 2.9 9.4 C6te d'Ivoire .. -13.3 2.5 22.8 -8.2 -8.4 48.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.5 . .. 6.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 6.0 38.1 -6.6 13.5 -8.5 18.6 71.3 57.6 157.1 -59.7 .. 1.5 22.5 Gambia, The .. 5.3 144.8 -60.9 -1.7 -5.2 -17.0 -6.2 4.9 -4.5 0.4 . .. -7.1 Ghana .. 10.0 40.0 28.6 69.6 -30.7 4.8 10.3 0.9 7.3 6.1 .. 11.8 11.0 Guinea .. 4.0 -3.8 -9.3 6.2 -3.0 10.6 -20.2 18.6 4.0 4.4 .. 12.1 0.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 11.7 -25.7 -32.3 -36.5 15.8 13.8 10.9 12.2 2.8 9.3 .. .. -4.9 Kenya .. 67.3 -23.5 20.9 -25.3 70.4 -0.9 -19.5 7.1 4.6 0.3 .. 9.0 4.1 Madagascar . 66.0 -0.5 15.5 17.1 8.2 15.9 6.6 23.8 3.8 17.1 . 93 1. Malawi .. 12.4 -23.7 7.3 -5.4 -32.3 -35.3 66.0 45.9 -19.2 -8.9 .. . 4.4 Mali 2.5 -21.2 29.3 9.6 7.7 -9.5 -19.0 17.8 10.4 3.4 1.0 -3.4 9.9 2.2 Mauritania .. 31.1 -31.1 2.8 -46.9 -12.1 23.2 7.7 -7.1 4.3 -42.3 .. -10.9 -10.0 Mauritius .. 7.8 17.3 -3.3 -1.7 6.0 -1.8 5.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 .. 33.0 2.4 Mozanbique .. . . . . . . -1.5 4.3 . . . Rwanda .. 21.7 11.5 3.9 -6.3 3.3 11.8 12.5 177.7 -20.5 -8.2 .. 0.1 14.7 SAo Tom6 and Principe . -47.4 111.2 7.8 13.3 -20.2 -31.9 17.6 5.1 -57.9 64.2 .. -9.4 -4.8 Senegal .. 28.2 -6.4 . .. -55.1 30.4 -0.2 -17.6 3.0 4.9 .. 26.6 -8.9 Seychelles .. 14.8 -10.0 18.3 47.0 -25.4 -1.6 34.6 24.0 3.0 1.5 .. 21.0 9.1 Sierra Leone . .. 4.6 -4.8 34.3 -17.7 -38.2 4.1 -58.2 66.6 -8.0 . .. -11.8 South Africa.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Zambia . .. . .. . .. 10.2 4.9 -33.9 0.0 7.0 . .. -7.0 Zimbabwe .. -15.1 13.1 3.2 2.2 40.9 11.7 .-6.2 15.5 -59.5 0.8 .. -19.5 0.5 NORTH AFRICA 1.5 24.0 13.5 -7.9 16.7 31.2 -5.5 -25.0 11.1 1.4 -38.9 .. -2.9 1.4 Algeria .. 8.5 -1.4 -21.9 -9.3 73.2 17.3 -16.7 -27.0 5.5 7.7 .. -20.3 0.2 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 563.1 146.3 -15.0 60.7 50.8 -38.4 -99.9 68,113.8 -66.3 -9.5 . .. -5.2 Morocco 1.5 41.0 6.2 1.3 -3.1 7.7 12.3 14.7 10.4 17.9 3.1 -4.9 21.0 9.1 Tunisia .. 21.0 -5.0 0.9 19.9 11.6 3.1 -8.7 -12.0 23.1 . .. 9.7 4.2 ALL AFRICA 2.2 17.7 5.5 1.4 5.7 21.6 1.3 -7.7 10.8 -9.1 -18.1 .. 7.2 3.3 110 External Sector 5-39. Fuel imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 7S-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 10,260 10,166 10,192 9,539 9,672 11,474 13,354 14,765 16,028 15,572 7,485 7,148 8,261 11,825 excluding South Africa 2,705 3,793 3,686 3,149 3,270 3,326 3,895 4,768 4,978 4,643 4,608 1,687 2,784 4,012 exci. S.Aftica & Nigeria 2,365 3,739 3,642 3,100 3,225 3,240 3,777 4,679 4,835 4,520 4,450 1,417 2,726 3,921 Angola .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. . . 0 0 Benin .. 54 63 74 7 1 5 I 76 76 73 75 78 .. 38 69 Botswana 90 100 123 102 113 98 98 III 112 116 121 91 68 109 Burkina Faso .. 83 80 53 0 0 52 73 69 72 ... . 54 Burundi 25 30 29 26 24 29 27 1 8 14 14 1 9 30 27 23 Camneroon 187 1 6 9 8 7 7 139 151 136 149 86 96 1 3 7 1 Cape Verde 0 10 8 8 6 5 1 1 9 9 7 13 0 3 9 Central African Republic 23 16 16 15 1 1 17 13 15 14 13 17 1 8 1 5 Chad 37 1 1 4 4 12 12 14 18 22 24 20 28 16 Comoros 6 6 7 6 6 8 4 8 8 8 5 4 7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 157 133 60 61 45 52 82 82 85 97 0 89 85 Congo, Republic of 0 129 196 104 162 367 187 215 225 216 221 2 9 202 C6te dIlvoire 557 569 530 511 459 396 470 589 624 530 576 433 355 525 Equatorial Guinea .. 7 3 4 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 1 13 5 5 6 Eritrea .. . . I I 2 7 6 7 6 ... .4 Ethiopia .. 109 102 120 198 222 169 215 241 332 177 183 125 188 Gabon I. I 10 12 1 1 161 173 221 217 216 162 44 33 119 Gambia, The .. 19 1 16 15 9 9 10 10 10 10 .. 9 II1 Ghana .. 205 175 162 158 176 194 266 240 220 342 168 156 214 Guinea .. 65 68 69 73 69 82 87 90 86 93 .. 55 78 Guinea-Bissau .. 8 10 5 3 6 8 9 9 6 7 9 7 7 Kenya 852 466 385 412 407 333 401 448 519 532 527 456 343 443 Lesotho .. . . . . . . . . .. 167 . .. 167 Madagascar 159 113 71 72 85 72 81 106 117 12 124 123 60 94 Malawi .. 50 54 47 40 25 49 59 79 76 82 .. 38 56 Mali 120 69 79 84 74 52 85 102 105 88 112 99 67 85 Mauritania .. 46 39 36 37 36 51 43 69 50 61 43 34 47 Mauritius .. 131 131 125 120 119 133 166 165 139 184 78 75 141 Mozambique . .. . .. . .. 68 78 78 8 86. .. 79 Namibia . .. . .. . .. 116 122 . . 77 . .. 105 Niger .. 27 19 22 23 20 35 32 28 23 ... 19 25 Nigeria 340 54 44 49 46 86 118 89 143 123 158 270 58 91 Rwanda .. 45 39 37 35 24 22 27 32 35 47 49 52 34 S8o Tom6 and Principe .. 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 5 2 3 .. 0 3 Senegal 276 159 148 .. 124 142 138 176 191 153 202 235 170 159 Seychelles .. 36 38 33 34 32 30 43 50 47 45 26 23 39 Sierra Leone .. 38 26 24 22 29 24 23 15 25 21 45 25 25 South Africa 7,555 6,373 6,506 6,390 6,401 8,148 9,460 9,997 11,050 10,929 2,877 5,461 5,478 7,813 Sudan .. 244 356 225 249 230 225 355 324 308 .. 351 230 280 Swaziland 99 79 95 108 91 42 17 135 184 141 154 57 71 lOS Tanzania .. 174 189 142 101 124 186 189 194 129 104 247 175 153 Togo .. 48 35 37 26 22 41 34 42 38 .. 33 25 36 Uganda .. 78 83 72 58 55 64 90 92 84 65 91 69 74 Zambia .. 119 83 53 47 56 41 51 87 42 115 144 85 69 Zimbabwe .. 176 197 207 260 150 176 222 250 229 216 213 143 208 NORTH AFRICA 1,806 2,580 2,580 2,679 2,820 2,270 2,555 2,856 3,981 3,616 3,317 1,153 2,014 2,925 Algeria .. 141 130 147 14] 150 115 110 132 110 127 211 183 130 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 781 1,062 959 1,267 542 721 854 1,909 2,188 1,319 .. 1,237 1,160 Morocco 1,006 1,171 991 1,124 957 1,113 1,177 1,285 1,296 922 1,330 745 776 1,137 Tunisia 799 487 396 449 455 466 541 607 644 396 541 387 313 498 ALL AFRICA 12,066 12,746 12,772 12,218 12,492 13,744 15,909 1 7,621 20,009 19,188 10,802 8,301 10,275 14,750 External Sector III 5-40. Fuel imports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 60.7 -2.0 15.5 -18.7 27.0 -21.8 17.2 9.1 12.9 5.4 5.8 10.9' 4.5 3.9 excluding South Africa 60.7 -2.0 15.5 -18.7 27.0 -21.8 17.2 9.1 12.9 5.4 5.8 10.9 0.7 3.9 excl. SAfrica &Nigeria 145.4 -1.9 15.9 -19.3 27.5 -24.2 16.7 11.7 11.1 10.7 5.8 26.1 1.1 3.9 Angola .. -14.3 -16.7 -20.0 -25.0 -33.3 -50.0 -100.0 . . . Botswana.. . .. . .. ... . ... Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Burundi .. 15.5 15.3 -8.5 2.4 29.0 -15.1 -42.3 -19.8 50.0 20.0 .. -0.3 -2.8 Cameroon 9.7 17.2 -14.3 -63.5 379.3 -38.3 40.6 -12.19 101.9 -4.4 28.3 -42.7 10.1 14.0 Cape Verde .. 45.9 -9.3 -0.6 -10.2 -15.1 104.1 -15.5 -1.1 -18.2 13.5 . .. 3.7 Central African Republic 9.3 -33.5 -3.7 -5.9 -28.1 46.2 -25.4 18.6 -12.5 -9.0 . .. -6.6 Chad -7.0 -19.2 -61.0 -21.0 190.0 35.4 20.5 9.3 124.3 135.4 . .. 18.7 Comoros 111.5 6.2 8.2 -5.7 42.0 13.8 -47.9 2.0 2.5 2.9 .. -14.2 2.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. -7.9 -1.9 -16.5 32.2 10.9 -1.1 -3.6 12.7 9.4 2.1 .. -2.6 4.1 COle dIlvoire .. -13.3 2.5 -3.1 1.8 27.1 9.8 26.7 6.2 4.8 4.4 . .. 8.6 Equatorial Guinea .. -14.0 -50.3 24.3 -2.4 -4.5 15.8 23.9 126.9 5.3 24.7 .. 22.7 10.6 Ethiopia .. 4.9 46.5 20.0 119.9 .. . . . . . . -10.4 Gambia, The .. 39.1 -94.9 1,470.5 -11.6 -40.3 0.8 -1.8 -1.7 1.3 1.6 . .. -1.5 -Ghana .. -13.3 4.2 -7.1 3.2 19.0 3.9 9.9 17.9 22.7 11.9 .. 9.3 7.6 Guinea .. 3.6 26.1 1.4 1_4.1 0.T -10.2 11.1 1.5 7.7 5.4 . -3.4 7-.5 Guinea-Bissau .. -10.9 16.4 -49.1 -39.3 137.1 44.3 14.9 4.0 -33.1 15.0 . .. 3.4 Kenya .. 6.5 29.8 -9.5 2.8 -18.7 12.8 11.7 16.0 2.5 -2.4 .. -10.2 3.7 Madagascar .. 123.9 -24-.4 1.2 -33.7- -14.4 3.8 11.6 16.9 27.3 -12.1 4.-4.5 8.4 Malawi .. 5.5 27.4 -12.6 -2.8 -33.5 78.2 2.7 41.8 31.5 1.2 . .. 9.1 Mali 3.0 28.2 -9.4 2.5 -14.1 12.9 28.3 14.8 20.2 9.8 4.0 0.7 2.7 8.8 Mauritania .. -12.3 1.3 -7.3 17.2 -2.6 158.8 3.3 -6.1 15.0 17.1 .. 6.2 16.1 Mauritius .. 25.6 9.1 -7.9 1.7 4.8 2.3 5.1 5.0 3.3 4.0 .. -16.9 3.7 Mozambique .. . . . . . . 5.4 -62.5... Nigeria -35.3 -7.5 -5.1 14.8 5.3 98.6 26.6 -36.1 70.8 ... -10.6 -9.8 16.3 Rwanda .. -12.1 -14.1 0.0 -8.2 -5.4 8.0 18.4 -5.4 -14.2 -8.3 .. -6.9 -2.7 S5o Tom6 and Principe . .. -26.0 16.7 -21.7 -1.9 36.5 6.2 40.8 -12.3 -12.1 . .. 4.5 Senegal .. 19.8 -9.9 .. . 41.4 8.1 24.6 -5.1 -20.6 26.3 .. 0.8 -6.6 Seychelles .. 5.9 6.3 0.8 8.2 -3.4 -14.2 44.7 17.7 11.1 1.8 .. 3.2 6.4 Sierra Leone . .. -30.5 -10.4 -0.6 27.3 -25.5 -1.1 -28.4 69.4 -18.4 .. . 4.4 South Africa.. . .. . .. ... . ... .. . Tanzania .. . . . . . . -5.2 ... .. . Togo .. 57.7 -22.8 .. . . . . . . . . 5.3 Zambia .. 9.9 -17.5 -35.0 0.1 25.2 -31.7 4.6 82.1 -29.5 98.0 .. 0.5 -1.5 Zimbabwe .. 28.9 28.3 6.4 42.3 -39.1 8.5 6.3 19.4 34.8 -31.3 .. -0.9 6.4 NORTrH AFRICA 19.0 4.9 4.5 10.6 9.8 -4.1 4.8 -6.8 30.2 18.5 -25.2 5.3 18.1 5.1 Algeria .. 87.6 -10.0 8.0 -13.6 5.9 1.3 -12.8 -9.9 30o.0 3.6 .. -8.7 1.4 Egypt, Arab Republic .. -8.1 31.1 -0.7 41.4 -53.2 31.9 4.1 116.1 38.3 -37.6 . .. 9.4 Morocco 19.0 8.3 0.0 15.5 -3.9 23.3 -2.1 -8.2 7.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 4.7 4.3 Tunisia .. 0.7 -13.2 15.0 16.5 9.8 7.1 -14.0 1.2 12.7 . .. 9.4 3.9 ALL AFRICA 35.5 2.1 8.8 -1.6 15.7 -10.7 8.9 -1.2 23.5 13.8 -14.9 7.5 12.3 4.7 112 External Sector 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANJ AFRICA 4,325 4,218 4,004 3,792 3,624 4,269 5,207 5,050 6,096 5,869 5,913 2,853 3,361 4,804 excluding South Africa 141 1,990 1.730 1,559 1,387 1,616 2,321 2,562 2,589 2,400 2,317 174 1,392 2,047 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 141 1,990 1.730 1,559 1,387 1,616 2,321 2,562 2,589 2,400 2,317 174 1.392 2,047 Angola .. 357 254 223 89 129 157 0 0 ... 292 151 Botswana 22 102 103 106 97 95 145 127 126 125 124 25 41 115 Burkina Faso .. 19 28 28 0 0 42 42 40 68 ... . 30 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caineroon 55 85 65 72 61 60 69 77 94 76 69 61 76 73 Cape Verde .. . . . 1 6 16 1 7 1 8 . 1 7 Central African Republic 63 55 53 40 44 58 44 39 45 54 .. 53 49 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Comoros 4 3 3 4 4 4 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 Congo, Demiocratic Rep. of .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 190 201 225 0 0 62 Congo, Republic of 0 32 23 28 28 72 78 98 89 101 108 0 6 66 COre dIlvoire Equatorial Guinea . . . .. .. Eritrea .. . . 1 5 7 10 17 9 6 ... .8 Ethiopia .. 28 28 17 21 15 21 29 27 28 27 35 28 24 Gabon .. 9 .10 10 10 10 10 10 I11 5 5 .. 10 9 Gamnbia, The . 5 1 79. 85 88 79 76 82 73 87 80 .. 45 78 Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Guinea-Bissau . . . .. . . . 1 2 1 5 4 19 . .. 1 2 Kenya .. 56 57 59 47 5 1 7 1 75 67 60 54 42 47 60 Lesotho . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 188 . . 188 Madagascar . .. . .. . .. . .. 46 41 44 44 Malawi .. 184 76 85 80 56 39 62 86 68 59 .. 119 80 Mauritania .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mauritius .. 169 162 170 179 192 215 245 252 239 251 16 49 208 Mozamnbique . .. . .. . .. 124 140 140 167 178 -. . t50 Namibia . .. . .. . .. 159 163 . .. 0 . .. 107 Rwanda .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SAo Tomd and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Seychelles . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 29 . 0 6 Siefra Leone .. 12 10 14 13 11 18 29 14 12 12 . .. 15 South Africa 4,184 2,227 2,274 2,233 2,237 2,653 2,886 2,487 3,507 3,469 3,596 2,678 1,970 2,757 Sudan .. 81 154 57 113 117 134 234 190 157 .. 172 195 137 Swaziland 64 64 66 67 86 110 152 172 209 213 230 41 34 137 Tanzania .. 371 236 132 116 113 255 381 284 123 207 134 232 222 Zambia .. 49 34 48 20 72 80 s0 50 54 2 .. 4S 49 Zimbabwe .. 255 287 300 292 379 404 424 522 476 332 39 163 367 NORTH AFRICA 501 1,777 1,681 1,796 1,601 1,818 1,072 1,384 1,378 1,452 761 458 1,308 1,472 Algeria .. 939 870 981 942 999 .. . . . . 638 652 946 Egypt, Arab Republic . . . . . . . . . . . Morocco 501 838 811 816 659 819 1,072 893 871 799 761 395 656 834 Tunisia 491 507 653 ... . 550 ALL AFRICA 4,826 5,995 5,68S 5,588 5,225 6,087 6,279 6,433 7,475 7,322 6,674 3,311 4,670 6,276 External Sector 113 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth Average annual_ Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17.2 13.8 6.3 -18.5 -19.2 17.1 14.8 -10.0 12.2 -9.3 -20.9 35.9 36.3 -1.7 excluding South Africa 17.2 13.8 6.3 -18.5 -19.2 17.1 14.8 -10.0 12.2 -9.3 -20.9 35.9 31.9 -1.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 17.2 13.8 6.3 -18.5 -19.2 17.1 14.8 -10.0 12.2 -9.3 -20.9 35.9 31.9 -1.7 Angola .. 24.7 -28.4 -9.4 .58.0 40.2 10.8 -100.0 . .. . .. -3.2 -15.8 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Cwneroon 17.2 39.5 -21.1 15.9 -16.5 -19.4 2.6 -8.7 12.6 -7.3 -4.0 15.3 0.6 -4.3 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic 12.6 -14.4 -8.3 -25.0 8.5 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 17.5 . .. -5.0 Comoros 208.2 -4.2 -5.0 16.6 64.2 -1.4 -46.7 . .. . .. -12.8 15.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gambia, The .. 16.0 51.3 4.7 0.5 -10.8 -8.0 4. 1. 69 -9.5 . .. 1.7 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya .. -11.1 9.4 1.6 -17.6 5.1 50.3 -10.8 14.7 38.5 0.5 .. 0.8 7.1 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi .. 12.4 -59.6 7.3 -5.4 -32.3 -35.3 66.0 45.9 -19.2 -8.9 . .. -9.2 Mauritius .. 40.3 5.2 2.4 10.8 5.1 2.4 4.1 4.5 3.0 4.0 .. -8.4 6.1 Mozamnbique .. . . . . . . 3.7 4.3 .. . S8o Tom6 and Principe . . . . . . . . . Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . .. -8.1 35.4 -6.4 -14.1 52.7 54.4 -45.4 -8.3 -7.1 . .. 3.3 South Africa.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Tanzania .. . . . . . . 43.8 .. . .. . Zambia .. -27.7 -32.5 51.0 -52.3 222.6 0.1 -13.5 -37.5 5.1 -95.8 .. 52.5 -13.6 Zimbabwe .. 4.7 13.1 3.2 1.1 25.6 0.2 10.4 28.2 -2.9 -28.8 .. 42.1 7.3 NORT1H AFRICA 4.3 3.4 -5.1 3.7 -22.7 9.4 13.5 17.9 1.1 22.9 -26.8 8.1 -0.7 2.3 Algeria .. -23.3 -10.0 8.0 -13.6 10.1 1.3 -10.8 -10.6 25.6 4.9 .. -2.7 -2.2 Egypt, Arab Republic.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Morocco 4.3 29.0 -2.4 1.4 -27.9 8.9 21.8 -11.4 9.0 19.5 -6.1 4.7 0.9 1.4 Tunisia -1.3 27.5 . . . ALL AFRICA 5.1 7.7 -0.1 -6.7 -21.3 12.6 14.1 5.7 5.3 10.0 -24.9 9.7 9.5 0.7 114 External Sector 5-43. Manufactured goods imports Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,016 5,876 4,565 4,712 4,681 4,803 5,933 6,847 7,876 7,917 8,849 1,423 3,506 6,206 excluding South Africa 1,057 4,995 3,666 3,829 3,796 3,647 4,556 5,310 5,740 5,805 5,013 715 2,856 4,636 excl. S.Afirica &Nigeria 1,057 4,995 3,666 3,829 3,796 3,647 4,556 5,310 5,740 5,805 5,013 715 2,856 4,636 Angola .. 151 9 1 135 72 7 1 94 343 400 .. . . 154 170 Botswana 54 1,588 174 175 163 159 177 178 188 198 211 59 86 321 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi 40 60 68 55 57 55 62 38 33 35 41 46 49 50 Camneroon 605 603 455 367 378 370 363 398 385 407 424 511 569 415 Cape Verde I. . . . . . . 0 10 12 1 3 I. .I1 Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . Chad 96 108 127 156 136 92 108 109 82 81 .. 87 110 Comoros 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 0 2 2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 182 208 0 0 56 Congo, Republic of 0 149 116 142 141 86 94 118 141 148 156 14 128 129 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Etitrea .. . . 41 63 102 117 177 153 139 113. . Ethiopia .. 156 115 113 95 129 183 200 332 321 312 117 140 195 Gabon .. 85 100 103 89 30 32 286 289 388 401 .. 85 180 Gamsbia, The .. 51 79 85 88 79 76 82 73 87 80 .. 45 78 Guinea .. 211 223 211 196 151 173 159 174 194 215 .. 140 191 Guinca-Bissau .. . . . . . . 5 6 2 8 . ..5 Kenya .. 265 289 291 307 293 487 443 465 413 402 186 268 366 Madagascar . .. . .. . .. . .. 92 83 89 . .. 88 Malawi .. 43 126 170 163 138 86 133 187 149 128 .. 29 132 Mali 193 131 148 156 136 122 150 150 148 159 189 174 93 149 Mauritania .. 139 151 137 133 113 138 200 97 148 86 .. 101 134 Mauritius .. 554 551 587 626 659 695 707 700 735 708 181 412 652 Mozambique . .. . .. . 185 229 221 307 417 . . 272 Namibia . .. . .. . .. 159 164 . .. 0 . . 108 Rwanda .. 97 128 92 91 23 41 55 71 69 37 82 100 70 S8o Tom6 and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Seychelles .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 63 .. 0 11 Sierra Leone .. 20 16 19 15 IS 7 15 6 8 6 . .. 13 South Africa 959 880 899 883 884 1,156 1,377 1,536 2,136 2,112 3,836 707 650 1,570 Sudan .. 77 175 200 293 255 307 324 353 636 .. 160 122 291 Swaziland 165 176 174 241 249 271 322 275 282 290 315 91 104 260 Tanzania .. 7 17 21 12 10 15 17 27 18 15 6 7 16 Togo .. 120 116 102 60 48 80 72 63 75 .. 67 74 82 Zambia .. . . . . 40 54 55 116 108 103 . .. 79 Zimbabwe .. 217 244 256 212 290 364 369 447 365 189 166 184 295 NORTH AFRICA 899 3,968 3,887 4,151 3882 4,342 2,350 3,986 4,061 3,973 2,227 1,021 3,154 3,683 Algeria .. 2,225 2,045 2,306 2,212 2,347 .. . . . . 3,053 2,073 2,227 Egypt, Arab Republic.. . . . .. . .. . .. . ... Morocco 899 1,743 1,842 1,846 1,670 1,994 2,350 2,247 2,210 2,376 2,227 716 1,081 2,050 Tunisia 1,738 1,851 1,597 ... . 1,729 ALL AFRICA 2,916 9,844 8,452 8,863 8,563 9,144 8,282 10,832 11,937 11,890 11,075 2,443 6,659 9,888 External Sector 115 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AfR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 18.5 6.1 -5.4 -1.6 5.6 -1.9 19.0 11.1 10.6 -16.3 -4.8 31.4 10.3 3.2 excluding South Africa 18.5 6.1 -5.4 -1.6 5.6 -1.9 19.0 11.1 10.6 -16.3 -4.8 31.4 9.6 3.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 18.5 6.1 -5.4 -1.6 5.6 -1.9 19.0 11.1 10.6 -16.3 -4.8 31.4 9.6 3.2 Angola .. 24.9 -39.4 53.5 -43.9 -5.0 20.5 264.7 29.4 .. . . -15.4 11.9 Burkina Faso Burundi .. 17.2 9.7 -21.6 1.9 -6.4 4.3 -36.1 -7.9 9.0 15.7 - -4.2 -6.3 Cameroon 16.5 -4.1 -5.0 -17.1 31.5 -12.3 10.6 2.4 0.8 8.1 2.3 -3.9 3.5 1.6 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Chad -7.0 -19.2 19.2 -13.0 27.0 21.5 18.3 -0.6 7.0 3.6 . .. 7.0 Comoros -11.9 60.8 31.2 -1.4 24.3 3.3 6.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. 17.6 11.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. -7.9 -1.9 -16.5 32.2 10.9 -1.1 35.9 35.9 -31.0 8.5 .. 4.7 7.1 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gambia, The .. 16.0 51.3 4.7 0.5 -10.8 -8.0 4.2 -13.8 16.9 -9.5 . .. 1.7 Guinea .. 31.5 2.1 -8.6 -2.0 -25.6 3.2_ 7.5 8.1 9.4 7.9 .. 2.8 -2.5 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya .. -20.6 17.1 -1.5 9.6 -7.7 86.9 -12.3 0.5 -9.8 -2.1 .. 1.3 6.3 Malawi . 12.4 187.3 29.2 -3.9 -18.3 -42.3 60.6 48.2 -18.4 -8.9 . .. 9.9 Mali 4.5 13.7 18.6 4.7 -5.0 -13.6 10.2 3.5 4.7 3.8 3.6 4.6 0.0 2.6 Mauritania .. 5.0 6.4 -13.4 -2.2 -6.3 -20.3 -3.8 0.8 26.6 -23.3 .. -2.7 -4.7 Maufitiuas. 8.3 6.1 3.7 13.1 5.0 2.5 5.6 4.5 3.0 4.0 .. 3.3 5.6 Mozambique .. . . . . . . 13.5 -3.3 .. . Rwanda .. -12.0 -19.8 3.9 -6.3 3.3 11.2 -3.0 -8.2 -1.4 3.4 .. -0.3 -2.2 Sao Tomd and Pfincipe . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . .. -15.7 12.0 -14.2 -2.4 -59.6 120.8 -54.9 47.5 -33.2 . .. -12.1 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania .. . . . . . . -29.3 .. . .. . Zambia .. 47.1 . .. . .. 54.3 55.7 130.3 -0. 1 -8.5 . .. -9.7 Zimbabwe .. 7.1 13.1 3.2 -13.7 32.5 18.1 6.4 26.2 -13.1 -47.0 .. -2.9 5.3 NORTH AFRICA -2.7 -9.1 -4.2 2.5 -11.7 10.5 4.9 40.0 -1.2 8.8 -34.5 6.6 -6.9 2.9 Algeria .. -19.9 -10.0 8.1 -13.6 6.7 1.3 -11.1 -10.6 5.5 5.8 .. -12.3 -3.8 Egypt, Arab Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morocco -2.7 10.5 3.4 -3.9 -9.3 15.2 8.9 -0.2 3.6 11.8 -5.7 -1.2 8.0 3.2 ALL AFRICA 7.2 -2.3 -4.8 0.5 -3.5 4.1 11.8 25.0 4.2 -3.5 -21.9 12.7 -0.3 3.1 116 External Sector 5-45. Capital goods imports Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAI-LARAN AFRICA 2,968 8,276 8,255 7,906 7,264 7,228 9,932 11,044 10,704 10,172 21,660 1,828 6,450 10,244 excluding South Aftica 2,968 8,276 8,255 7,906 7,264 7,228 9,932 11,044 10,704 10,172 9,830 1,828 6,450 9,061 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,968 8,276 8,255 7,906 7,264 7,228 9,932 11,044 10,704 10,172 9,830 1,828 6,450 9,061 Angola 233 269 378 322 327 327 303 354 263 314 Benin 157 182 212 203 146 218 219 208 214 223 120 198 Botswana 195 674 642 536 542 485 657 523 502 487 500 197 348 555 Burkina Faso 129 III 131 0 0 151 169 155 196 116 Burundi 33 80 91 78 78 8 1 88 49 45 49 52 45 67 69 Cameroon 388 452 392 319 325 314 315 362 399 403 407 359 480 369 Cape Vcrdc 0 52 65 98 71 98 129 114 117 125 99 0 29 97 Central African Republic 59 60 64 53 43 63 14 20 54 62 73 67 49 Chad 88 100 97 125 124 126 149 158 174 154 52 67 129 Comoros 13 13 14 13 Congo, Democratic Rcp. of 394 296 192 90 68 III 167 150 231 439 0 217 214 Congo, Rcpublic of 0 237 180 188 203 113 336 1,105 510 371 412 20 249 366 COtc d'lvoire 1,102 397 404 481 417 410 584 734 740 776 801 663 512 574 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 20 60 26 24 42 64 192 300 384 205 10 15 132 Eritrea 12 62 114 173 162 161 139 117 Ethiopia 340 466 320 382 239 334 411 516 582 643 449 396 423 Gabon 354 360 335 320 320 339 355 388 343 311 188 245 342 Gainbia, The 2 1 3 3 3 14 13 12 14 13 4 8 Ghana 226 247 277 200 171 250 Guinca 96 101 98 92 72 88 78 83 85 106 62 90 Guinea-Bissau 22 15 24 14 15 15 10 1 8 26 26 12 13 19 Kenya 409 673 527 411 328 503 995 869 844 896 708 287 455 676 Lesotho 103 103 Liber-ia Madagascar 333 186 165 129 140 143 141 164 146 149 154 160 109 152 Malawi 143 294 291 285 210 181 277 340 305 314 91 264 Mali 225 194 188 201 182 193 246 226 221 218 231 214 146 210 Mautitania 88 78 121 114 73 93 72 79 64 59 85 115 84 Mauritius 439 380 377 394 51 I 381 481 486 510 497 54 224 446 Mozambique 166 170 154 211 307 202 Nainibia 318 322 598 413 Niger 148 102 85 80 67 87 56 68 87 107 87 Nigeria Rwanda 58 54 69 72 36 50 54 62 61 44 50 84 56 Sao Tomu& and Ptincipe 12 13 9 1 1 12 12 7 7 10 12 1 10 I I Senegal 158 195 197 159 154 180 186 184 218 243 136 141 191 Seychelles 49 40 40 60 48 67 166 75 90 91 16 35 73 Sierra Leone 33 38 25 23 27 11 24 12 9 8 54 40 21 Somalia South Africa 11,830 11,830 Sudan 304 348 355 336 259 322 387 443 541 348 266 366 Swaziland 126 181 200 196 231 232 249 312 321 -13 -11 95 107 190 Tanzania 540 579 639 628 597 602 461 503 733 710 458 472 599 Togo 132 113 102 58 41 75 105 101 97 51 95 92 Uganda Zwnbia 346 285 349 328 365 722 645 665 539 523 118 243 477 Zimbabwe 543 611 640 508 743 901 930 1,148 784 773 345 440 758 NORTH AFRICA 1,548 9,353 8,411 8,100 7,895 7,904 9,743 10,633 10,743 12,089 11,560 1,840 5,295 9,643 Algeria 3,092 1,888 1,894 1,835 2,118 2,934 3,023 2,831 2,907 3,155 3,129 2,444 2,568 Egypt, Arab Republic 3,151 3,340 2,610 2,545 2,349 3,108 4,101 4,114 4,801 5,575 2,001 3,569 Libya Morocco 806 1,875 1,880 2,019 1,946 2,003 2,186 1,948 1,939 2,567 2,830 808 1,009 2,119 Tunisia 742 1,235 1,304 1,578 1,569 1,433 1,516 1,561 1,860 1,814 719 642 1,541 ALL AFRICA 4,516 17,629 16,666 16,006 15,159 15,132 19,675 21,677 21,447 22,262 33,220 3,668 11,745 19,887 External Sector 117 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth Average annual Percent percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 7S-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 44.8 -1.8 11.9 -11.0 -1.8 4.2 27.1 11.7 3.5 -6.8 0.9 24.7 14.0 4.5 excluding SoudihAflica 44.8 -1.8 11.9 -11.0 -1.8 4.2 27.1 11.7 3.5 -6.8 0.9 24.7 14.0 4.5 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 44.8 -1.8 11.9 -11.0 -1.8 4.2 27.1 11.7 3.5 -6.8 0.9 24.7 14.0 4.5 Angola .. 24.6 16.2 45.1 -10.5 -1.7 -9.0 -7.3 29.4 .. . . -19.2 6.3 Burkina Faso Bunindi .. 16.1 8.9 -16.8 6.9 0.2 -3.3 -42.7 2.8 12.0 7.0 .. -3.0 -5.6 Cameroon -7.4 3.9 12.2 -1.9 2.3 -15.3 13.2 21.9 6.3 6.0 4.0 -5.6 8.2 4.6 Cape Verde .. 0.1 24.4 49.3 -27.7 36.1 29.4 -14.0 0.1 3.6 4.3 . .. 8.7 Central African Republic 9.0 -1.0 2.9 -17.2 -21.1 34.1 -79.1 47.6 162.6 11.9 . .. -7.9 Chad -7.0 -19.2 -7.0 -8.0 -2.0 29.6 18.9 5.9 0.4 1.1 . .. 2.3 Comoros .. . . . .. . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep.of. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Republic of .. -7.9 -1.9 -16.5 32.2 10.9 -1.1 199.4 -58.4 19.1 2.6 .. 7.6 8.6 C6te dIlvoire .. -13.3 2.5 52.6 -13.5 -2.6 29.4 23.7 8.5 7.5 8.0 . .. 10.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 35.3 194.2 -58.9 -4.3 67.5 39.0 189.2 62.3 22.4 -48.3 .. 3.3 33.5 Gambia, The .. -68.4 -43.2 177.2 -10.8 24.4 322.4 -11.8 -12.6 15.1 -8.5 . .. 22.3 Ghana .. 12.2 7.5 7.2 14.7 6.0 9.1 24.8 -17.1 13.8 9.8 .. -3.1 8.2 Guinea .. 37.3 2.2 -6.7 -0.5 -24.3 9.4 5.2 7.2 23.5 21.2 - . 19- 2.2 Guinea-Bissau .. 3.7 -35.9 58.5 -40.9 26.2 13.8 -37.4 74.0 38.2 3.8 . .. 2.7 Kenya .. 72.9 -19.2 -23.4 -15.9 50.3 102.4 -12.6 -2.9 8.9 -2.0 .. -3.7 9.8 Madagascar .. 41.3 -9.8 -25.4 13.9 -2.1 -9.9 20.1 -3.3 2.8 5.5 .. 3.4 -0.1I Malawi .. 12.4 101.3 -5.4 -1.8 -28.7 -20.4 59.8 29.5 -8.1 1.6 . . . 6.1 Mali 3.0 11.1 0.7 3.0 -5.0 2.2 15.5 -8.0 8.9 -0.9 1.0 -1.1 3.2 2.3 Mauritania .. 8.6 -13.8 48.8 -4.9 -31.0 46.9 -26.3 -15.9 -0. 1 -24.0 .. -14.3 -3.9 Mauritius .. 33.1 -4.5 -4.0 6.7 4.0 -20.0 7.0 7.0 3.0 5.5 .. 19.8 0.9 Mozamibique .. . . . . . . -14.2 -9.6 .. . Rwanda .. 6.9 -10.2 3.9 -6.3 3.3 11.2 -3.0 -8.2 -1.4 3.4 .. 6.4 -0.4 SAo Tom6 and Principe .. -39.5 12.6 -32.4 20.8 3.9 -6.4 -38.0 0.2 51.7 22.9 .. 18.8 -5.1 Senegal .. 32.1 -2.1 . .. -50.7 30.4 0.8 -13.5 17.3 6.8 .. 22.7 -6.8 Seychelles .. -3.9 -9.4 8.8 52.2 -12.7 32.7 125.5 -46.4 25.0 2.0 .. 23.4 13.6 Sieffa Leone . .. 16.2 -35.1 -3.2 16.1 -61.4 106.6 -47.0 -21.1 -15.7 . .. -15.5 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania .. . . . . . . -22.7 . . . Zambia .. -11.9 -19.4 17.4 -5.8 7.3 82.9 -6.8 8.6 -15.7 -2.4 .. 16.6 6.6 Zimbabwe .. 4.7 13.1 3.2 -17.3 41.4 14.0 8.5 28.5 -27.2 0.8 .. 3.4 7.1 NORT'H AFRICA -13.0 45.2 -12.0 -9.9 -3.1 -7.0 9.7 10.8 3.3 25.9 -3.6 8.6 -2.7 2.8 Al_geria -.. 60.1 -35.2 -13.1 -10.5 7.6 7.0 8.9 -1.0 25.3 -1.0 .. -20.6 -0.3 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 50.0 2.0 -24.3 -4.4 -9.2 24.8 29.8 -0.4 28.9 18.8 . .. 6.4 Morocco -13.0 21.8 -1.9 3.0 -3.4 -0.7 0.9 -7.0 4.8 37.7 10.9 -2.0 6.8 3.4 Tunisia .. 27.8 3.4 21.2 8.7 -23.7 -4.1 -10.7 22.4 7.1 . .. -9.2 1.5 ALL AFRICA 8.0 25.6 -4.2 -10.3 -2.6 -27 1. 11.2 34 1. 19 1. . . 118 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1987 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA ** 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.41 53.78 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.17 0.00 0.42 0.02 0.55 0.45 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO * Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camneroon CMR 0.00 0.03 0.60 0.00 0.00 '0.00 0.10 3.92 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.25 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 oo * oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0co Oo .-00- 0.00 Comoros COM Congo, Denm. Rep ZAR Congo. Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.02 0.00 4.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.14 0.00 ~' 1.06 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 Eq~uatorial Guinea GNQ * Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.36 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.02 0.03 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.01 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA. . ........ * Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.01 3.40 0.01 0.00 0.82 0.01 0.00 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG Malawi MW! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mali MLI 0.02 0.02 0.32 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 2.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Mautitania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.00 0.42 2.94 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.07 0.18 0.00 0.21 0.75 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.0! 0.89 0.00 0.08 Mozanmbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.10 1.93 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.60 0.03 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Rwanda RWA SAo Tomne and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.09 1.76 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.39. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.00 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE . Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 1.09 0.00 1.14 5.68 0.05 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.27 0.29 0.22 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.01 1.04 2.45 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0. 02 0.37 Uganda UGA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 1.20 1.91 4.10 5.87 7.26 0.15 0.39 0.30 4.61 0.80 0.40 1.00 4.67 59.86 0.37 0.04 5.74 0.42 0.12 0.05 European Community EEC 66.89 26.38 65.65 38.71 79.92 70.48 44.98 84.30 90.45 35.16 69.44 49.81 71.99 31.49 64.75 96.96 50.17 61.70 64.58 48.29 North America NNA 2.0510 285 0.45 4.83 22.95 0.00 5.08 0.08 56.05 19.17 45.18 14.75 1.08 13.45 0.11 19.95 27.68 0.61 27.71 Rest of World RW 10.02 13.62 17.83 58.36 8.05 6.46 54.63 10.42 5.16 8.13 11.25 4.92 10.42 8.01 21.65 2.89 24.14 10.04 34.68 23.58 World WLD 100.0 100 I010.000 100 0 0000 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Note: means 'not applicable." (rable continues on the following page) External Sector 119 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1987 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.0! 0.85 0.00 19.53 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.88 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camneroon CMR 5.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.03 1.52 0.01 0.15 0.26 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.77 0.00 0.20 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros COM Congo, De-. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C8te dIvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.02 2.28 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.95 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0.03 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB Gambia, T'he 0MB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB . Kenya KEN 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.77 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG * Malawi MWI 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mali MLI 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5* 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.42 0.00 0.01 Mauritania MRT . * Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.60 0.04 0.02 7.60 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.22 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.04 0.01 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.22 0.01 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.10 0.14 0.00 5.35 *4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.01 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 3.16 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.85 0.00 Rwanda RWA * SAo Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.14 0.79 0.29 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 *0 0.00 0.01 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE.......... 4 Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 2.90 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.26 0.00 Togo TGO ~Tunisia TUN 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.56 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.17 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.95 0.00 0.04 Uganda UGA 0.00 0.00 3.19 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 5.15 0.51 6.06 0.24 0.00 3.88 0.49 3.73 2.91 2.39 1.30 2.42 5.37 0.44 0.36 6.80 0.00 10.98 2.13 0.24 European Community EEC 66.59 24.14 63.55 68.37 84.41 54.38 71.00 48.08 54.39 75.40 70.26 24.89 92.26 42.20 94.54 82.13 50.89 72.39 46.39 80.46 North America NNA 25.43 15.44 9.81 10.07 0.00 17.85 9.19 3.84 4.78 19.78 2.30 12.71 1.71 46.03 1.51 8.18 0.00 1.55 19.38 16.72 Rest of World ROW 2.76 59.88 21.88 21.30 15.58 27.07 19.34 47.22 37.59 4.56 27.02 60.28 0.50 11.35 3.~60 2.90 49.02 21.06 34.20 2.55 World WLD 100.00 10.00 100.00 100.00100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00j 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Note: -- means 'not applieable.' (Table continues on the following page) 120 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1987 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.87 0.00 4.03 1.21 0.00 .0.26 0.47 0.18 0.18 0.30 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burnmdi BDI Camneroon CMR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.88 0.00 0.00 ..0.24 0.12 0.02 0.05 0.08 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6le d'Ivoire CIV Djibouti DJI 1.41 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 1.83 0.01 6.05 0.37 0.00 0.04 0.15 0.08 ..0.23 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.33 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.04 0.03 0.07 1.07 0.00 0.07 0.33 0.40 ..0.14 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.07 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.30 0.00 ..0.03 0.31 0.02 0.16 0.20 Madagascar MDG Malawi MWI 0.01 1.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 ..0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Mali MLI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.01 0.00 0.00 ..0.34 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 Mauritania MRT Mauritina MUS 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ,.0.01 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.04 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.57 1.29 0.00 0.00 ..0.18 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.18 Mozamnbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.14 0.24 0.10 0.13 0.17 Reunion REU 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 ..0.18 0.12 0.00 0.03 0.06 Rwanda RWA SAo Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 ..0.38 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.0,4 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAFaa Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.13 0.22 0.07 0.06 0.13 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.16 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 Uganda UGA 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 aa 0.69 ..0.16 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.04 Zambia ZMB.... a Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 1.51 1.79 0.69 1.90 2.86 1.07 0.40 1.86 ..1.90 0.99 0.32 0.57 0.73 European Community EEC 35.19 44.00 46.35 61.24 56.62 80.54 61.83 32.46 . 54.17 67.73 23.20 29.34 44.94 North America NNA 3.54 14.36 4.43 4.10 15.54 3.25 25.62 5.45 ..27.71 10.50 37.79 27.68 21.94 Rest of World ROW 59.77 41.46 49.08 33.49 26.24 15.15 12.15 60.99 ..16.80 21.12 38.77 42.60 32.64 World WLD 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ..1100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Note: - means "nut applicable.' External Sector 121 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1991 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPy CAE TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DII EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.13 000 00 0.10 0 00 .00 Angola AGO ..00 Burkina Faso BFA .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . . Burundi BDI . . . . * . . . . . . . . .. Catneroon CMR .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde CPV . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . Central African CAF . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00w 0.00 0.0-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros COM . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . Congo, Dcm. Rep ZAR . . . . . . . '. . . C6te divoire CIV . . . . . . . . . .. Djibouti DII 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 ** 0.02 0.00 7.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.05 0.70 a' 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 Equatorial Guinea GNQ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Gabon GAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a Gambia, The GMB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,a Guinea-Bissau GNB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya KEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.15 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 Libyra LBR .7 00 .0 00 .0 00 .0 00 .0 00 .0 00 .4 00 .7 05 .0 00 .0 00 Mibadgca MBG 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.0310.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagaia MDG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.81 1.18 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.43 0.00 13.51 0.28 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.55 4.40 0.51 0.03 1.36 0.71 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.12 Mozambique MOZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.20 0.02 0.14 0.00 0.01 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.49 0.31 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 San Tom6 and Principe STP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal SEN 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 2.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.50 0.00 Sierra Leone SLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa ZAF 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tanzania TZA 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.56 0.10 0.01 0.22 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.00 Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.04 3.30 1.05 0.00 0.71 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.57 Zimbabwe ZWE . . . . . . . Sub-Saharan Afirica SSA 0.78 0.00 1.97 1.49 0,17 0.50 0.03 0.64 1.92 3.12 0.25 0.53 3.98 58.16 0.72 0.02 7.50 1.14 0.55 0.04 European Community EEC 75.05 33.86 40.27 41.02 79.28 81.56 95.47 81.04 61.19 61.79 67.03 58.97 73.27 16.25 66.52 98.38 56.46 50.15 69.46 63.99 North America NNA 1.12 59.32 20.46 0.40 12.05 8.14 0.11 0.73 0.24 30.25 19.90 37.68 9.91 0.14 5.64 0.68 8.42 28.01 1.23 18.11 Rest of World ROWI 6.83 6.78 34.04 57.32 7.97 9. 26 4.37 18.~20 36.64 7.95 12.90 3.26 13.68 27.22 27.62 0.90 27.73 20.82 28.76 17.29 World WLD 100.00 100.00 100.00 100'.00~ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Note -- means "anot applicable.' (Table continues on the following page) 122 External Sector 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1991 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 6.991 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00, 0.00 Burkina Faso BFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde CPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Central African CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 .0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros COM . . . . . . . . . Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR . . . . . . . . . Congo, Rep. COG . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti DJI 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.02 0.00 3.43 0.00 0.19 0.02 2.32 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.18 Equatorial Guinea GNQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau GNB . Kenya KEN 0.00 0.03 0.13 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 0.00 0.1! 0.0! 0.00 Liberia LBR ... . . . . . . . . . Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 o.oo ** o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.0! 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.0! 0.00 0.00 Malawi MW! 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0 .oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Mauritania MRT . . . . . s. . . . . Mauritius MUS 0.01 0.0! 1.10 0.00 0.00 4.26 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.32~ 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.92 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.25 0.20 0.82 0.04 0.1! o.oo O 0.06 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 0.00 0.00 Mozambique MOZ . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . Nigeria. NGA 0.06 2.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.65 0.01 0.00 0.18 0.02 1.89 s* 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.03 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 1.0! 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 1.91 0.00 SAo Tom6 and Principe STP .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . Senegal SEN 0.06 0.13 0.0! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 Seychelles SYC .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . * Sierra Leone SLE .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . South Africa ZAF 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.28 0.10 0.00 1.62 0.12 0.00 1.17 0.0! 0.01 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.24 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.66 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.10 0.00 0.0! 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.0! Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.12 2.16 4.77 0.15 0.29 8:.5! 0.22 2.46 0.13 2.10 1.53 1.14 1.94 0.62 1.54 0.9 0.01 0.78 3.83 0.13 European Community EEC 59.43 25.80 63.43 38.34 89.39 5490 49.84 3.2600844 8842.1939 766 55979.97 81.15 69.46 57.24 71.02 North America NNA 27.76 0.28 7.44 1.12 0.00 12.55 18.44 3.75 2.69 12.25 3.94 8.51 6.07 44.89 0.93 7.6 0.2 2.32 0.83 21.94 Rest of World ROW 12.70 71.53 26.41 60.36 10.60 32.32 30.89 57.49~ 27.59 5.13 26.92 68.96 1.42 6.74 3.10 I2.312~ .8.:78 27.6! 41.86 6.87 World WLD 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001 100.00 100.00 10.00 100.001 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nate: -I means 'not applicable.' (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 123 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1991 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 1.42 0.06 0.16 0.031 0.18 275 00 0.00 0.15 036 018 012 023 Angola AGO 27 .601 Benin BEN . . Burkina Faso BFA . . . . . . . . * Burundi BDI . . . . . . . . . . . Camneroon CMR . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde CPV . . . . . . . . . . . Central African CAF . . . . . . . . . . . Chad TCD 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Comoros COM . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Rep. COG . . . . . . . . . . . C6te dilvoire CIV . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti DJI 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 ..0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.85 0.01 0.89 0.35 0.00 0.15 1.46 0.00 ..0.27 0.24 0.25 0.21 0.23 Equatorial Guinea GNQ . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia ETH 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 .. 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Gabon GAB . . . . . . . . . . . Gambia. The GMB . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana GHA . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau GNB . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya KEN 0.06 0.07 0.02 1.99 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.51 ..0.10 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.03 Liberia LBR . . . . . . . . . . . Libya LBY 0.01 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 3.20 0.00 0.00 ..0.04 0.24 0.02 0.13 0.16 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 Malawi MWI 0.00 1.58 0.00 0.12~ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 ..0.10 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 Mauritania MRT . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius MUS 0.00 1.38 0.26 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 0.17 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.05 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.99 0.00 0.07 .. 0.37 0.29 0.12 0.14 0.20 Mozambique MOZ . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 4.83 0.00 0.00 0.01 ..0.09 0.33 0.11 0.13 0.21 Reunion REU 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 0.20 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.00 Rwanda RWA .. . . . . .. . . . . . Sto Tonvi and Principe STP . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal SEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.00 ..0.44 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 Seychelles SYC . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone SLE . . . , . . . . . . . Somalia SOM * . . . . . . . . . . South Africa ZAF 0.00 ~' 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 .. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.51 Sudan SDN . s. . . . . Tanzania TZA 0.01 0.00 0.42 " 0.74 0.00 0.01 0.00 ..0.08 0.27 0.06 0.07 0.15 Togo TGOO . . . . . . . . . Tunitia TUN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .,0.17 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Uganda UGA .. . . . . . . . . . Zambia ZMB .. . .. . . . .. a . . . Zimbabwe ZWE . . . . . . . .. . . Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.47 3.79 0.70 4.44 5.71 0.03 1.05 0.97 .. 1.34 0.92 0.26 1.63 1.12 European Community EEC 22.35 47.60 35.49 54.47 41.27 83.43 76.76 28.88 ..53.87 70.69 24.37 29.84 45.96 North America NNA 3.31 13.92 5.14 4.21 12.21 1.00 11.77 3.56 .,28.04 7.88 31.03 23.34 18.29 Rest of World ROW 73.88 34.16 59.34 38.57 41.56 15.52 10.29 66.09 ..17.07 20.90 44.42 46.51 35.36 World WLDI 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ..100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001 Note: -~ means 'not applicable.' 124 External Sector Table 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB GMB Algeria DZA 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 1.50 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.02 0.00 Angola AGO Benin BEN *. Burkina Faso BFA Burunidi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAP Chad TCD Comtoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR 0.10 0.09 0.51 0.61 0.52 0.27 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.79 Ca .os 0.75 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.24 0.05 Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI. .....a Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.95 0.13 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 4.86 3.21 0.00 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 1.27 0.08 0.00 0.07 1.91 0.00 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Malawi MWI Mali ML] Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.14 0.00 0.20 0.12 0.69 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.76 0.00 7.27 2.08 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.33 1.67 0.00 0.08 0.24 0.77 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.66 0.00 Mozambique MOZ . Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.01 0.04 6.81 0.01 0.06 0.02 29.05 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.32 2.37 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA Silo Tonst and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.45 0.33 2.61 1.89 0.26 0.02 0.06 0.47 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.0-8 0.08 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN .. Uganda UGA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.03 Zambia ZMB .. Zimbabwe ZWE .. Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.61 0.14 7.32 6.49 0.74 0.98 29.52 4.00 1.94 1.06 7.31 0.12 1.59 4.07 0.98 0.03 0.07 2.16 0.35 0.18 European Community EEC 62.36 14.39 23.43 41.47 70.37 78.30 54.51 77.81 66.02 71.41 59.62 32.90 67.67 79.21 53.62 34.55 72.76 56.11 12.36 86.49 North America NNA 20.42 62.57 2.97 0.70 15.67 3.04 1.80 0.841 2.30 19.86 23.72 20.72 9.81 0.05 12.44 9.18 13.67 14.11 68.49 1.84 Rest of World ROW 17.22 23.00 66.79 57.81 13.72 18.62 14.64 20.681 31.67 8.73 16.34 46.35 22.19 17.06 33.79 56.24 13.50 27.81 19.12 11.55 World WLD 100100.0100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001 Note: ** meant "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 125 Table 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 (continued) importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GHA GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC Algeria DZA 0.01 0.34 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 1.97 0.00 0.29 0.02 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.24 0.0! . 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 Angola AGO. ........ j . Benin BEN. ........ j . Burkina Faso BFA _ ........ Burundi BDI Caineroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD Comoros COM Congo. Dem. Rep ZAR 0.24 0.0! 0.23 ogo0 0.80 0.00 0.56 14.46 1.24 0.06 0.33 0.09 12.36 0.42 0.05 ..0.83 0.87 0.13 1.33 Congo, Rep. COG COle dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.06 0.02 0.29 4.63 0.01 0.73 0.02 2.27 0.06 0.29 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.0! . 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN . Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.80 0.03 0.0! . 4.85 0.00 0.04 0.14 Liberia [BR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.. .6 0O.00 0. 00 0.00 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.0! 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.00 0.00 0.0! 1.53 Malawi MWI Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.01 4.51 0.0! 0.72 0.00 0.02 0.32 0.00 0.01 ..0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 Morocco MAR 0.18 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3! 0.14 0.44 1.65 0.10 0.00 0.66 0.00 1.26 ..0.00 0.00 0.46 0.01 Mozarnbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.17 0.0! 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.70 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.02 ..0.02 0.17 0.82 0.03 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA SAo Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.03 0.29 0.25 0.10 0.00 2.35 0.06 0.20 0.96 0.16 0.0! 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0.37 _0.66 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN Uganda UGA 0.00 0.01 0.12 6.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.00 ..1.33 0.00 0.0! 0.00 Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.49 0.31 0.60 783 0.82 2.39 5.15 15,16 3.00 13.93 0.97 0.84 15.21 -0.4-7 0.07 . 704 1.05 1.39 3.93 European Community EEC 66.09 56.58 21.21 59.38 42.68 83.76 70.33 38.79 31.55 56.59 75.16 72.08 42.29 15.94 30.98 . 61.53 75.80 75.89 76.45 North America NNA 11.75 20.23 0.38 8.34 0.43 0.00 10.21 15.29 4.38 0.05 16.14 4.88 11.06 17.82 43.09 . 6.82 2.46 2.15 3.53 Rest of World ROW 21.94 23.17 78.28 25.15 56.86 16.2! 19.41 42.71 63.93 29.66 7.46 22.98 36.5! 66.15 25.92 . 25.45 11.60 21.06 19.85 World WLD1I00.00 100.00 I00.00 100.00 100.00 l00.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 l00.00 100.00 l00.00~ 100.00 100.00 l00.00 ..100.00 100.00 l00.00 100.00 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 126 External Sector Table 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SLE SOM ZAF SDN TZA TOO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.26 0.28 0.40 0.00 ..0.19 0.26 0.15 0.09 0.16 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Bunundi BDI Camneroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.64 7.25 0.13 0.12 4.11 ..1.12 0.60 0.41 0.62 0.58 Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.01 0.45 0.06 5.29 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.15 0.00 ..0.30 0.26 0.20 0.25 0.25 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH . . Gabon GAB Gamnbia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.00 0.02 1.55 1.36 2.23 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.28 ..0.22 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.06 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.96 0.00 0.00 ..0.01 0.16 0.02 0.09 0.10 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Malawi MWI Mali . MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.01 0.00 1.15 0.22 0.14 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.16 ..0.14 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.04 Morocco MAR 0.88 0.00 0.36 0.01 0.08 0.56 0.69 0.03 0,00 ..0.66 0.22 0.07 0.11 0.15 Mozanmbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGiA 0.31 0.00 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.02 ..0.29 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.12 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA S8o Tons6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM . * South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN . .a Tanzania TZA 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.99 a* 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 ..0.12 0.30 0.04 0.07 0.15 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN Uganda UGA 0.00 0.09 0.44 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.46 ..0.24 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 Zamnbia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Aflca SSA 0.52 0.15 3.55 2.70 3.10 8.29 0.14 2.59 5.04 ..2.15 1.17 0.61 0.97 0.979 European Community EEC 81.71 63.89 35.64 44.63 40.34 23.82 85.36 68.67 26.89 . 41.23 62.05 19.16 24.09 36.94 North America NNA 12.57 0.94 13.14 3.03 4.55 15.94 1.32 7.86 8.86 ..29.51 9.54 32.35 24.27 20.48 Rest of World ROW 5.41 35.06 44.04 50.96 50.55 59.25 13.32 21.19 60.54 ..28.28 28.16 48.32 51.35 42.32 World WLD1100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ..1100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001 Notc: ** means "not applicablc." External Sector 127 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1987 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF' TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO Benin BEN .. Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 2.18 0.00 0.01 2.16 0.71 0.00 0.03 1.14 0.00 5.75 0.00 0.04 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 *0 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,05 '~0.05 0.00 5.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ . * Ethiopia ETH 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA ......... 0 Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.01 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.12 1.37 0.03 0.06 0.19 0.86 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG Malawi MWI 0.00 0.02 0.06 0:00 0.18 0,04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.45 0.00 Mali MLI 0.27 0.00 0.01 0.54 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 58,50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.12 0.35 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0,00 0.04 0.00 0.23 0.06 2.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 1.44 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rwanda RWA SAn Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.03 0.00 0.56 0.53 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.48 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.70 0.02 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 3.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 3.12 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.13 0.17 0.00 0.11 0.18 0.05 0.30 0.21 2.70 0.28 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.49 0.05 0,90 European Community EEC 0.45 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.05 North America NNA 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.04 Reat of World ROW 0. 13 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.30 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.02 World WLDI 0.29 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.40 0.001 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.04 Note: ** meant "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 128 External Sector 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1987 (continued) ImpoHters Percentage of total exports Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.03 3.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.01 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Conmoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dilvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0.00 0.00 0.07 0,00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB Gamhia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB . Kenya KEN 0.01 0.00 *~0.00 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.28 0.02 1.36 0.01 0.12 0.41 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG * Malawi MWI 0.05 0.00 0.04 0. 15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 Mali MLI 0.07 0.00 0.00 o,og 0.01 0.00 0.00 ** 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.59 0.00 0.00 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.03 3.25 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 Mozamnbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 a. o.o 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.42 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 " 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 Rwanda RWA S6o Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 1.06 0.37 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.94 3.83 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.23 0.33 0.03 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.03 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.00 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.01 Uganda UGA Zamnbia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.09 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.16 0.20 0.04 0.01 0.16 0.06 0.24 0.07 0.24 0.00 0.75 0.01 0.26 European Community EEC 0.03 0.00 0.08 0,04 0.27 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.02 0.27 0,10 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.01 North Atnerica NNA 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 Rest of World ROW 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.20 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.02 0 .01 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 World WLDI 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03, 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01j 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 129 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1987 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 ..0.64 72.31 19.42 8.20 100.00 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camneroon CMR 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 . 17.47 68.37 7.36 6.88 100.00 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD ~~~~0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 60.4-70.610.44 2.2100 Comoros COM Congo. Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG . .... C6te dIvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 9.40 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 ..9.87 59.10 0.39 25.50 100.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGy 0.00 0.00 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.01 0.00 ..2.89 39.46 8.42 49.25 100.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETHl 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 ..8.83 39.25 18.35 33.62 100.00 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 1.01 0.42 2.66 2.54 0.01 0.03 7.69 0.27 ..23.74 45.92 6.39 24.74 100.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.01 80.65 0.00 19.34 100.00 Madagascar MDG Malawi MWI 0.00 11.13 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.44 ..5.31 55.59 11.03 28.97 100.00 Mali MLI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..97.21 1.46 0.04 1.55 100.00 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.00 67.74 14.69 17.57 100.00 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.09 1.03 0.00 0.00 ..2.40 62.93 2.16 32.71 100.00 Mozamnbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 ..6.04 41.94 49.33 2.73 100.00 Reunion REU) 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..6.89 89.31 0.17 6.75 100.00 Rwanda RWA SAo Tome and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.26 0.00 0.00 ..18.48 45.09 0.37 42.84 100.00 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM Souti Africa ZAF * Sudan SDN * Tanzania TZA 0.08 0.16 0.25 ** 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.58 ..7.16 53.43 2.47 38.09 100.00 Togo TGOO* Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.18 ..0.98 78.42 1.90 18.70 100.00 Uganda UGA Zamnbia ZMB . ... a Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.10 0.31 0.22 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.62 0.05 0.00 9.44 46.98 33.66 10.44 100.00 European Community EEC 0.03 0.58 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.03 ..1.47 64.19 9.70 24.77 100.00 North Amnerica NNA 0.0 1 0.-41 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 ..0.54 19.84 37.82 41.81 100.00 Rest of World ROW 0.01 0 .42 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 ..0.94 24.58 27.76 46.98 100.00 World WLDI 0.02 0.49 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.02 ..1.17 42.82 20.75 3542100.00 Note: ** means "not applicable." 130 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1991 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA .. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central AfHcan CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros com Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te d'Ivoim civ Djibouti DJI 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 Equatorial Guinea GNQ - - - Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB Gainbia, T'he GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.92 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.38 1.01 0.00 0.04 0.30 2.96 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.02 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 Malawi MWI 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 Mali MLI - Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 1.72 0.12 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.01 0.04 Mozarnbique moz Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.29 0.00 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.16 0.00 1.48 Reunion REU 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.82 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rwanda RWA Sdo Tomd and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.00 0.01 0.77 0.33 0.00 1.59 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.78 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 1.46 0.00 Seychelles SYC Sieffa Leone SLE Somalia som South Afiica ZAF 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 2.13 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.13 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.00 2.02 2.25 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.22 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 1.13 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharen Africa SSA 0.18 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 6.12 0.01 0.73 0.02 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.44 European Community EEC 0.37 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.36 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.05 North Ameiica NNA 0.18 0'04 0'0 I 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.03 Rest of World ROW 0. 'I 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 World WLD 0.24 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.34 0.00i 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.041 Note: II mems 'not applicable.' (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 131 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1991 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camieroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central Afiican CAF Chad TCD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 2.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comoros COM Congo. Denm. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dilvoire CIV Djibouti DIl 0.02 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.09 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0! 0.00 0.02 0.01 1.18 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.21 3.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0,00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghwia GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB . Kenya KEN 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.02 0.14 0.00 0.19 0.35 1.83 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.02 Liberia LBR Libya LB3Y 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 *. 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.06 5.19 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.11 0.00 Malawi MWI 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.59 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.04 ** 0.0! 0.01 0.30 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.01 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 Reunion REU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 Rwanda RWA Sao Tom6 and Principe STP . ....... Senegal SEN 0.83 0.43 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3,71 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.33 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 o.oo o.oo 0.06 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.00 5.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Togo TGOO Tunisia TUN 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.03 1.31 7.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.03 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.46 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 European Community EEC 0,02 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.31 0.02 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 North America NNA 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Rest of World ROWI 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.32 0.14 0.01 0.01I 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 World WLD 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.19 0.02, 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.00, 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01I Nate' - means 'anot applicable." (Table oaatiaaes us the fallawing page) 132 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1991 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.86 0.02 0.00 ..0.40 74.07 17.28 8.51 100.00 Angola AGO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..1.12 26.95 62.52 9.41 100.00 Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF- Chad TCD 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..2.87 '78.65 0.06 21.04 100.00 Comoros COM Congo, Deni. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dilvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 4.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.06 0.00 ..5.95 62.65 0.88 29.71 100.00 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.06 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 ..1.22 43.14 7.79 48.02 100.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 ..4.88 53.93 6.04 35.18 100.00 Gabon GAB Gamnbia. The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-B issau GNB Kenya KEN 1.11 0.31 1.81 3.27 0.00 0.09 6.64 0.23 ..19.08 40.76 4.17 35.90 100.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 . 1.37 86.23 0.00 12.40 100.00 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 ..4.14 50.91 14.68 33.35 100.00 Malawi MWI 0.00 8.83 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.59 ..2.82 47.29 15.16 34.95 100.00 Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.11 ..2.54 77.63 12.09 8.36 100.00 Morocco MAR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 1.46 0.00 0.00 ..2.03 63.23 3.09 31.97 100.00 Mozanmbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..5.17 43.76 48.04 3.04 100.00 Reunion REU 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..12.13 80.02 0.15 13.59 100.00 Rwanda RWA S6o Tom4 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.24 0.00 0.00 ..14.08 51.15 1.79 37.05 100.00 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia som a South Afiica ZAF 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 Sudan SDN .n Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.00 oil a 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..0.68 76.91 0.77 21.64 100.00 Togo TGO * Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 " 0.00 0.00 ..15.81 29.45 11.40 43.69 100.600 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB.... a Zimbabwe ZWE. .... a Sub-Saharan Afiica SSA 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.02 ..2.54 26.65 19.67 51.26 100.00 European Community EEC 0.00 0.51 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.01 0.02 ..1.18 66.46 7.20 25.29 100.00 North America NNA 0.00 0.43 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 ..0.50 21.45 33.11 44.96 100.00 Rest of World ROW 0.00 0.28 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.01 ..0.93 24.91 23.17 51.39 100.00 World WLDI 0.00 0.41 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.01 ..1.01 43.58 17.55 38.08 100.00 Note: I* means 'not applicable.' External Sector 133 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 Imtporters Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAP TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB GMB Algeria DZA ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Angola AGO * Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD. Comoros COM Congo, Denm. Rep ZAR Congo. Rep. COG COle dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.02 *~0.100 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.23 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 1.97 0.08 0.02 0.18 2.69 0.01 0.05 1.82 0.02 0.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar MDG 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 Malawi MWI Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUJS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Morocco MAR 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.14 0.46 0.00 0.26 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.39 0.03 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 5.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA Sio Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Afrira ZAF 0.12 0.80 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.79 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.03 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.07 0.63 0.00 0.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.68 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Afzica SSA 0.04 0.24 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.30 0,04 0.79 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.00 0. 07 0.~01 0.01I European Community EEC 0.23 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.36 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 North America NNA 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 Reat of World ROW 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 World WLD 05 0.4 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 134 External Sector 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GHA GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Canmeroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD Comoros COM Congo, Demn. Rep ZAR . Congo, Rep. COG COte dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJIl Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.30 0.01 0.01 0.71 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.14 0.00 3.03 0.00 0.04 0.20 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 W0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 3.94 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.07 Malawi MWI Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 3.61 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.22 Morocco MAR 0.11 0.17 0.00 0.01 0.02 2.79 0.02 0.00 0.17 0.21 0.03 ** 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 1.28 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.00 " 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.00 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA SAo Tome and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF 0.38 0.04 0.00 1.43 0.02 0.02 0.24 1.03 0.07 0.01 0.85 0.12 1.86 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.18 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0.09 0.01 0.00 4.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.90 0.06 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.63 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Sahsaran Africa SSA 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.47 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.33 0.02 0.00 0.29 0.18 0.56 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.11 0.06 European Community EEC 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.28 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 North America NNA 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Rest of World ROW 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.14 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 World WLDI 0.05 0.01 0,00 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00J Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 135 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 ImpoFters Percentage of total exports Exporters SLE SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 ..0.49 63.46 19.38 17.04 100.00 Ango!a AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Catneroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dilvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt, Arab Rep EGy 0.01 0.01 1.03 0.65 0.03 0.01 0.48 0.01 0.05 .. 1.16 41.49 11.60 45.78 100.00 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0.01 1.66 0.89 1.64 12.22 0.00 0.04 14.33 0.21 ..39.64 34.65 3.67 23.42 100.00 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 4.26 0.00 0.00 ..0.12 77.67 0.03 22.18 100.00 Madagascar MDG 0.00 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 ..4.63 65.80 3.99 29.62 100.00 Malawi MWI Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05 ..5.48 74.19 14.77 9.38 100.00 Morocco MAR 0.01 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.01 0.0 0.85 0.00 0.00 ..2.64 60.70 4.18 32.95 100.00 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 ..7.80 29.80 42.85 19.55 100.00 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA S8o Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF 0.03 0.00 ~* 0.02 0.49 0.03 0.01 0.15 1.97 ..15.87 26.24 10.36 51.61 100.00 Sudan SDN * Tanzania TZA 0.00 0.01 1.16 0.26 0 .oo 0.00 1.24 0.28 ..13.31 37.28 2.21 48.68 100.00 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.02 ** 0.00 0.00 ..0.57 78.40 0.73 20.35 100.00 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.01 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.47 0.01 0.00 0.43 0.60 ..~ 48.10 14.41 31.40 100.00 European Community EEC 0.01 0.00 0.53 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.28 0.01 0.01 ..0.89 61.01 8.32 29.93 100.00 North Amnerica NNA 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 . 0.40 16.66 36.33 46.64 100.00 Rest of World ROW 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03 ..0.80 22.63 23.22 ** 100.00 World WLD 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.02 . 0.81 37.56 19.28 42.53 100.00 Note: ** means "not applicable." 136 External Sector 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1987 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA *. 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO . Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camneroon CMR 0 0 0 0 ... 12 18 .. 0 18 6 0 0 9 0 48 0 0 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD..0 Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0.0 0 0 0 2 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 4.00 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Equatorial Guin GNQ Ethiopia ETHl 2.0 ..0 31 0 **0 Gabon GAB Gamnbia,The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0 5 0 0 14 0 .. 0 .. 1 13 0 1 2 8 0 9 0 0 0 Liberia LBR Libya LBY I.. Madagascar MDG Malawi MW! . 0 0 .. 0 0.4 0 0 .. 2 0 0 I 0 Mali MLI 0 .. 0 I . 0 . 0 . 0 73 . . .0 0 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS Morocco MAR 0 0 2 0 0 10 .. I .. 0 5 3 10 0 6 0 .. 6 0 0 Mozanmbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0 0 3 . 4 . 3 0 17 4 219 0 0 0 0 9 0 107 Reunion REU.5. . .0 Rwanda RWA SSo Tome and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0 0 3 3 0 16 0 0 0 .. 1 3 23 .. 0 0 0 1 4 0 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Afiica ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 9 0 . I.I 0 .. 2 I Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 67 0 I 0 .. 7 . 0 0 0 0 2 0 I 0 .. I 0 0 Uganda UGA Z~ambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-SaharanAfiica SSA 12 5 7 4 15 20 0 13 21 7 .36 25 321 33 12 10 II1 58 5 107 European Community EEC 4,717 601 222 195 110 1,091 87 78 87 52 803 355 1,159 119 4,723 36 511 493 94 473 NorthAmnerica NNA 578 98 20 I0 2 57 .. 2 4 22 116 9 90 4 1,573 0 164 53 12 133 Rest of World ROWI 1,0'59 370 198 23 19 297 14 12 4 IS 210 68 388 91 2,398 14 255 82 37 194 World WLD 6,366 1,074 452 240 145 1,467 101 104 116 90 1,161 458 1,886 246 8,704 60 941 686 148 912 Note: -- means "not applicable.' (Table continues os the following page) External Sector 137 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1987(continued) Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA 0 17 1 46 [o 0 5 Angola AGO . Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Bunindi BDI Carmeroon CMR 3 .. 0 0 .. 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 1 0 26 0 0 .. 2 .. 0 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD. . . . 0. . . 0. . .I Comorns COM Congo, Denm. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0 0. . . 0 . .0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0 .. 0. . . 0 5 0 . 0. . .0 Equatorial Guin GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0 .. I ... 0.0 0 0 .. 0 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB a Kenya KEN 0 . aa 0 0 0 0 .. 0 3 0 12 0 1 4 28 I 0 Liberia LBR .. a Libya LBY 52 Madagascar MDG Malawi MWI 0 .. 0 0 a*0 . 2 0 0 .. 0 .. 0 Mali ML] 0 0 0 0c o . 0 0 0. . .47 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS . .... ...3 Morocco MAR 5 0 0 1 91 2 2 1 0 4 2 12 .. 0 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA I 0 0 2 0 I 0 .. I 5 0 0 .. 40 .. 31 Reunion REU . .. . 3. . . I 0 Rwanda RWA. ....... a Sfio Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 6 2 0 0 .. 0 .. 18 23 0 I 0 I 2 0 aa 0 0 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 8. . . 0. . 0 4 . 0 .. 0 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN I 0 8 0 0 .. 17 0 0. . .3 .. 0 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Afiica SSA 10 2 9 3 0 4 I 19 24 4 2 19 7 29 8 28 .. 89 I 31 European Commmnity EEC 271 43 865 434 2,849 202 86 222 299 318 2,714 309 175 2,764 1.045 124 12 665 52 87 North America NNA 38 26 95 70 23 23 8 I0 9 27 489 64 2 310 3 4 .. 55 I 26 Rest of World ROW 48 1 2 451 1,573 1,494 58 24 26 107 379 502 172 4 1 1,167 8 1 5 5 2 190 27 3 1 World WLD 367 83 1,421 2,080 4,366 284 118 277 439 727 3,708 562 227 4,273 1,134 212 14 953 8 1 176 Note,. meant 'not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 138 External Sector 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1987 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0 73 53 5,919 1,590 672 8,186 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR 0 0 0 0 0 0 145 567 61 57 829 Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD 0 0 5 0 2 6 Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te d'lvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 3 0 0 0 3 16 0 7 28 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0 57 0 8 0 59 804 172 1,003 2,037 Equatorial Guin GNQ Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 33 145 68 125 371 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 9 4 24 23 0 0 70 2 217 421 59 227 916 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 1 7,070 1,696 8,766 Madagascar MDG Malawi MWI 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 151 30 79 272 Mali MLI 0 121 2 0 2 125 Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0 624 135 162 921 Morocco MAR 0 0 1 3 29 67 1,766 61 918 2,807 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA I 0 0 1 I 446 3,096 3,642 202 7,383 Reunion REU 0 0 10 132 0 10 148 Rwanda RWA Sao Tome and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 112 273 2 259 605 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM " '. South Africa ZAF " Sudan SDN " Tanzania TZA 0 0 1 ' 3 2 21 155 7 III 291 Togo TGO " Tunisia TUN 0 0 0 I 0 4 21 1,688 41 403 2,152 Uganda UGA . . Zambia ZMB " Zimbabwe ZWE " Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 12 37 26 24 3 3 73 5 1,122 5,588 4,005 1,242 11,896 European Community EEC 263 6,092 495 474 311 2,126 193 275 15,317 669,044 101,155 258,189 1,042,347 North America NNA 37 1,383 155 52 20 159 19 48 1,816 66,781 127,288 140,729 336,567 RestofWorld ROW 51 3,323 325 273 143 333 147 88 7,513 196,168 221,510 374,862 797,968 World WLD 363 10,804 1,001 821 477 2,623 432 415 25,648 936,799 453,824 774,830 2,187,555 Note: * means 'not applicable.' External Sector 139 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1991 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ETH GAB GMB GHA Algeria DZA ... 0. .. . 0 0 . ... 0 Angola AGO *.9.. . Beain BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD ..0 Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV.. Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 2 2 0 0 0 Equatorial Guin GNQ.. Ethiopia ETH.0 0 0 0 7 0 Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GH-A Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB Kenya KEN 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 0 4 II1 0 0 3 34 1 0 0 0 Liberia LBR Libya LBY I.1 90 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 2 0.I 0 0 .. 4 0 0 .. 0 Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 ., 0 Morocco MAR 74 5 2 0 7 0 0 1 3 5 7 0 3 0 8 0 2 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0 0 1 0 0 78 8 0 38 0 298 .. 0 1 0 2 1 0 190 Reunion REU 0.9 0 0 Rwvanda RWA Son Toast and Principe STP Senegal SEN 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 I I 5 1 8 .. 0 2 tO0 0 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 79 0 2 0 0 5 0 It1 0 4 0 .. Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 5 6 .. 0 . 0 0 .. 0 I I 0 0 I. 0 3 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Afiica SSA 79 I 7 2 13 101 0 0 9 1 7 52 6 322 It1 49 I 1 4 23 tO0 195 European Community EEC 5,552 1,194 259 230 104 767 103 94 107 94 552 414 1,075 158 5,360 38 388 574 125 685 North America NNA 934 193 29 28 2 62 4 1 15 0 67 44 84 13 2,785 13 230 90 1 1 173 Rest of World ROW 1,266 329 136 29 38 139 16 20 10 28 119 107 327 136 2,841 2 135 114 84 303 World WLDI 7,753 1,723 436 294 157 1,067 124 116 141 126 797 571 1,804 318 11.026 55 763 801 229 1,356 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 140 External Sector 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1991 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC SLE Algeria DZA . . . 0 7 0 30 0 51 1 0 Angola AGO . ..... I18 Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Cameroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD. . .. 0 0. .. 2 Comoros COM Congo. Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep, COG C6le dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI 0 .. 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt,Arab Rep EGY 0 .. 3 8 120 0 0 0 .. 0 20 0 0 2 .. 0 0 .. 0 Equatorial Guin GNQ Ethiopia ETH I . 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0. . .0 Gabon GAB Gambia. The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-Bissau GNB . Kenya KEN 0 0 ~' 0 0 1 2 0 5 0 2 .. 2 4 21 I 0 Li beria LBR * . . Libya LBY 0. . . a *. . 4. . 0 .. 122 0 0. . . 0 Madagascar MDG ..0 0 . ' .. 9 0 0 .. 0 15 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 .. 0 0 I. 1 . 0 .. 0 0 Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0 .. 1 0 .. 7 0 0 0 0 .. 0 23 2 I I 0 Morocco MAR 6 0 0 0 197 0 .. 5 6 2 I 0 13 2 5 .. 0 Mozamnbique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 13 .. 2 I . 0 0 0 5 3 ~ . 0 0 .. 6 Reunion REU . .. . 5. . . 4 . 0 0 Rwanda RWA SAo Tom6 and Principe STP Senegal SEN 5 3 .. 0 .. 0 0 24 0 .. 0 2 0 I . 0 Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia 5GM Sooth Africa ZAF Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0 2 0 0 202 0 .. 0 2 .. 27 0 0 0. . .I .. 0 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 0 0 0 I2 0 3 19. . .0 .. 0 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 19 5 5 1 202 14 2 25 2 17 33 5 3 22 45 23 I 2 13 6 European Community EEC 324 61 949 582 3.531 207 ISO 227 303 446 4,619 295 169 3.738 1,561 88 24 695 53 101 North America NNA 87 I I01 49 50 IS 56 21 29 15 565 116 12 848 2 4 5 92 2 24 Rest of World ROWI 76 26 604 3,874 1,653 83 61 43 82 515 1,059 226 26 1.772 152 23 3 181 54 35 World WLD 506 91 1,670 4,506 5,236 306 311 315 414 981 6,251 675 213 6,399 1,723 136 33 970 III 166 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 141 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1991 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA * 13 0 lOt 2 47 8,733 2,038 1,003 11,790 Angola . AGO 9. .. .38 919 2,132 321 3,410 Benin BEN ..... . . Burkina Faso BFA ..... . . Burundi BDI ..... . . Camneroon CMR ..... . . Cape Verde CPV ..... . . Central African CAF . .... . . . Chad TCD 0. .. ..0 13 0 3 16 Comoros COM ..... . . Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR ..... . . Congo. Rep. COG ..... . . C8te dilvoire CIV ..... . . Djibouti DJI I. .. 0 0 I I I 0 5 17 Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 0 0 26 2 0 1s 0 0 45 1,593 288 1,773 3,693 Equatorial Guin GNQ . .. .. ... . Ethiopia ETH I 0. . . 0 0 8 90 10 59 167 Gabon GAB ..... . . Gambia. The GMB ..... . . Ghana GHA ..... . . Guinea GIN ..... . . Guinea-Bissau GNB ..... . . Kenya KEN 13 3 21 37 0 I 75 3 216 463 47 407 1,135 Liberia LBR ..... . . Libya LBY 153 96. . . 154 9.668 0 1,390 11,212 Madagascar MDG I 0 0 12 ISO 43 98 294 Malawi MWI 42 0 2 0 3 13 223 72 165 472 Mali MLI ... .. . . Mauritania MRT ..... . . Mauritius MUS S 0 0 0 0 1 31 946 147 102 1,218 Morocco MAR 0 0 3 4 62 87 2,710 132 1,370 4,287 Mozamnbique MOZ ..... . . Niger NER ..... . . Nigeria NGA 0 0 0 2 0 664 5,613 6,163 390 12,828 Reunion REU 0 0. .. .18 120 0 20 150 Rwanda RWA ..... . . SAo Tom6 and Principe STP ..... . . Senegal SEN . .. 2 92 334 12 242 652 Seychelles SYC ..... . . Sierra Leone SLE ..... . . Somalia SOM .... . . . South Africa ZAF .... . . .. 19,944 19,944 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 4 3 0 25 2,845 28 801 3.700 Togo TGOO .. a ... . Tunisia TUN 0 0 40 75 29 III 253 Uganda UGA . . Zambia ZMB .. . . Zimbabwe ZWE .. . Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 13 52 25 48 6 3 76 7 . 1,119 11,727 8,654 22.558 44,005 European Community EEC 55 7,541 533 470 352 3.891 176 255 .. 17,466 987,386 106.985 375,677 1,485,693 North Anmerica NNA 7 2,240 104 49 25 220 15 25 .. 2,593 112,072 172,994 234,930 522,523 Rest of World ROWI 20 13,371 504 361 216 680 115 152 .. 11,187 298,666 277.751 616,084 1,198.937 World WLD 96 13,376 1.163 931 597 4,794 383 481 .. 32,476 1,406,187 566,202 1,228,801 3,226,919 Note: '* means "not applicable." 142 External Sector 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI EThi GAB GMB Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0. .. . 0 50 Angola AGO . Benin BEN Burkmna Faso BFA Burundi BDI Camneroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD. . . . . a Comoros COM Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR Congo, Rep. COG C6te dIlvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt, Arab Rep EGY 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 2 I 0 0 2 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN Guinea-B issau GNB Kenya KEN I 0 0 0 5 I 0 0 3 38 2 0 3 52 0 1 35 0 0 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 0. . . .. 0. .. . 85 Madagascar MDG 2 0 0 0 0. . . I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI Mali MLI Mauritania MRT Mauritius MUS 0 0 1 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0. . .0 Morocco MAR 3 6 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 6 22 0 1 2 2 0 18 Mozambique MOZ Niger NER Nigeria NGA 0 14 0 6 1 0 .. 0 I 569 . 0. . . . 0 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA S8o Tome and Principe STP Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF 26 180 4 I 8 28 4 0 0 13 178 30 24 0 31 0 12 9 6 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA 0 I 0. . . 0 9 0 0 .. I 0 4 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 38 0 3 I 6 0 0 0 .. 0 0 6 .. 24 0 0 I 0 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Aflica SSA 29 181 18 2 14 90 4 0 0 18 226 33 594 4 85 0 I 52 10 8 European Community EEC 4,906 1,176 439 234 46 820 195 65 78 121 319 473 1,449 148 7,548 95 143 517 671 113 NorthAnmerica NNAI 1,143 288 60 19 I 124 10 4 3 0 43 78 155 8 3,951 47 16 128 89 10 Rest of World ROW 1,453 746 301 69 15 187 21 7 II 29 319 116 463 99 6,172 12 50 426 152 lOS World WLD 7,504 2,217 813 322~ 68 1,195 226 76 92 153 738 674 2,637 258 17.730 153 210 1,110 913 228 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) External Sector 143 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 (continued) Inporters Percentage of total exports Exporters GHA GIN GNB KEN LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NER NGA REU RWA STP SEN SYC Algeria DZA . . .0 3 0 .j 0 52 .. 941 .. 1 Angola AGO Benin BEN Burkina Faso BFA Burundi BDI Canmeroon CMR Cape Verde CPV Central African CAF Chad TCD Comoros COM Congo. Dem. Rep ZAR Congo. Rep. COG C6te d'lvoire CIV Djibouti DJI Egypt,Arab Rep EGY 0 0 0 3 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 II1 0 0 2 0 . Equatorial Guinea GNQ- Ethiopia ETH Gabon GAB Gamnbia, The GMB Ghana GHA Guinea GIN . Guinea-Bissau GNB * Kenya KEN 0 0 an 0 0 3 6 0 0 14 0 2 .. 3 59 0 1 4 Liberia LBR Libya LBY 2 an .. .39 . 0 3. . .4 Madagascar MDG 0 0 .. 0 0 a*0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0. . .0 0 Malawi MWI Mali MLI . ...a Mauritania MRT .... n Mauritius MUS 0 0 .. 4 .. 0 58 3 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 Morocco MAR 5 8 .. 0 1 130 I 8 10 I 1 . 5. . . . I Mozamnbique MOZ Niger NER ...... a Nigeria NGA 143 4 .. 0 1 0 . ..109 .. 0 * .. 76 Reunion REU Rwanda RWA SAo Tormi and Principe STP ........ a Senegal SEN Seychelles SYC ......... a Sieffa Leone SLE Somalia SOM South Africa ZAF 86 10 0 321 5 4 53 231 15 2 192 26 419 2 44 5 3 3 40 Sudan SDN Tanzania TZA I 0 .. 24 0 5 0- 0 1 . 0 .. 0 6 0 Togo TGO Tunisia TUN 4 0 0 0 0 257 0 0 I I 0 33 .. I 0 0 4 Uganda UGA Zambia ZMB Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 230 14 0 349 5 4 114 246 Is 2 218 135 421 2 46 72 3 79 47 European Community EEC 1,257 353 59 1,019 603 3.124 359 81 338 315 725 5,830 159 168 2.979 91 24 899 112 North Atnerica NNA 366 88 3 250 44 ISS 12 24 35 21 30 576 62 33 886 38 13 65 6 Rest of World ROW 730 152 22 1,300 2.825 1,676 265 299 78 177 975 1,506 584 36 2,050 57 5 238 121 World WLD 2,500 598 84 2,613 3,472 4,959 638 494 451 513 1,748 8,022 878 237 5,920 253 42 1,277 246 Note: an means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) 144 External Sector 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SLE SOM ZAF SDN TZA TGO TUIN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EEC NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0 4 60 69 8,817 2,692 2,368 13,894 Angola AGO.. Benin BEN.. . Burkina Faso BFA.. . Burundi BDI. . Camneroon CMR. . Cape Verde CPV.. . Central African CAF. . Chad TCD.. . Comoros COM. . Congo, Dem. Rep ZAR.. . Congo. Rep. COG.. . C6te dIlvoire CIV.. . Djibouti DJII.. Egypt. Arab Rep EGY 0 0 40 25 I 0 19 1 2 45 1,621 453 1,789 3,908 Equatorial Guinea GNQ.. . Ethiopia ETH.. . Gabon GAB. . Gambia, T'he GMB.. . Ghana GHA.. . Guinea GIN.. . Guinea-Bissau GNB.. . Kenya KEN 0 32 17 32 239 0 I 280 4 774 676 72 457 1,952 Liberia LBR.. . Libya LBY.I 385 II1 7,012 3 2,003 9,029 Madagascar MDG 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 183 1 1 82 278 Malawi MWI.. . Mali MLI.. . Mauritania MRT.. . Mauritius MUS 9 0 1 0 I 1 88 1,187 236 ISO 1,600 Morocco MAR 1 0 4 I 2 40 0 123 2,837 195 1,540 4,674 Mozarnbique MOZ.. . Niger NER.. . Nigeria NGA 66 I.871 3,327 4.784 2,183 11,164 Reunion REU.. . Rwanda RWA.. . S8o Tom6 and Principe STP.. . Senegal SEN.. . Seychelles SYC.. . Sierra Leone SLE.. . Somalia SOM * South Afiica ZAF 7 0 5 III 6 3 33 444 3,566 5,898 2,329 11,598 22,474 Sudan SDN ** Tanzania TZA 0 7 2 0 7 2 79 222 13 290 597 Togo TGO.. . Tunisia TUN 0 .. 4 1 .. I * .. 0 . 31 4,358 41 1,131 5,559 Uganda UGA.. . Zambia ZMB..... . .. . Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 7 32 103 39 350 7 4 321 450 .. 5,670 36,140 10,828 23,593 75,128 European Community EEC III 1 7 11,157 396 457 281 5,879 213 161 1. 8,633 1,275,384 173,841 625,576 2,090,426 North America NNA 17 4 3,287 56 75 31 312 42 34 .. 3,391 141,823 309,207 397,026 851,173 Rest of World ROW 32 62 8,274 466 662 240 1,343 175 580 1. 6,660 472,199 484,394 1.l118.426 2.086,327 World WLD [__66 I114 23,182 956 1,446 553 7,535 719 898 . 40.753 1,894,397 972,440 2,144,992 5,043,758 Note: ** means "not applicablc." 145 Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1992-99* (annual average percent change) -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Seychelles - Siefra Leone - - - Angola - Kenya Rwanda Congo Ethiopia Madagascar Morocco Eritrea Sao Tome and Principe Equatorial Guinea Lesotho Senegal C6te dIlvoire Nigeria Burundi Toga Mauritania Ghana Gambia, The Comoros Chad Mauritius Guinea-Bissau Egypt, Arab Rep. Congo, Democratic Republic Algeria Mali Gabon Caneroon Swaziland Guinea Malawi Botswana Zambia Tanzania Niger Mozambique Central African Republic I__ _ _____ *Or most recent year available 146 External Sector Technical notes Tables property and labor income. Net interest is recorded on an accrual basis; that is, interest obligations are Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Merchandise exports and mer- included whether payments are made or not. chandise imports, f.o.b. Merchandise exports and imports (World Bank country desks) are both valued Table 5-5. Net private transfers. Net private trans- f.o.b. and comprise all transactions involving a change fers (World Bank country desks) are inflows (from of ownership of goods, including nonmonetary gold, private sources to either private or public recipients) between residents of a country and the rest of the less outflows from private sources to either private or world. These transactions include those in which public recipients that carry no provisions for repay- ownership changes even though goods do not cross ments. They include workers' remittances; transfers customs borders. The few types of goods not covered by migrants; gifts, dowries, and inheritances; and ali- by the merchandise account include travelers' pur- mony and other support remittances. chases abroad, which are included in travel, and pur- chases of goods by diplomatic and military person- Table 5-6. Net current official transfers. Net offi- nel, which are classified under other official goods, cial transfers (World Bank country desks) are the of- services, and income. ficial sources counterpart of Table 5-5. They include transfers on both current and capital accounts, includ- Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Exports and imports of total ing government grants of real resources and financial services. Service exports and imports (World Bank items such as subsidies to current budgets, grants country desks) include total nonfactor and factor ser- of technical assistance, and govemment contributions vices, based on transactions involving ownership to international organizations for administrative changes as explained above for goods. Nonfactor ser- expenses. vices comprise shipment, passenger and other trans- port services, and travel, as well as current account Table 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net transactions not separately reported (that is, not clas- capital grants. Current account balance (World Bank sified as merchandise, nonfactor services, or trans- country desks), as presented here, is the difference fers). These include transactions with nonresidents by between exports of goods and all services plus in- government agencies and their personnel abroad, as flows of unrequited current transfers (official and pri- well as transactions by private residents with foreign vate) and imports of goods and all services plus out- governments and government personnel stationed in flows of unrequited transfers to the rest of the world. the reporting country. Factor services comprise ser- Other common presentations exclude or include both vices of labor and capital, thus covering income from current and capital official transfers. Data in previ- direct investment abroad, interest, dividends, and ous volumes included both. External Sector 147 Table 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net an increase in reserves. This table incorporates cor- capital grants, as a percentage of GDP. It is de- rections to data in ADI 1996. fined as the ratio of figures presented in Table 5-7 to GDP in current prices (Table 2-5). Table 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves. This ratio gives the number of months, at current import Table 5-9. Net capital grants. These grants (World levels, that can adequately be covered by available Bank country desks) are unrequited transfers, often foreign exchange reserves (World Bank country used to finance balance of payments deficits. desks). It is obtained by dividing the stock of reserves by imports divided by 12. Table 5-10. Net foreign direct investment. Net for- eign direct investment (World Bank country desks) Tables 5-15 and 5-16. Export and import unit is the net amount invested or reinvested by nonresi- values. The indexes for total export and import unit dents to acquire a lasting interest in enterprises in values (World Bank country desks) are based on ex- which they exercise significant managerial control. ports and imports of goods and nonfactor services Investment includes equity capital, reinvested eam- from the national accounts. These indexes are calcu- ings, and other capital. The net figures subtract the lated by dividing the values of exports and imports value of direct investment abroad by residents of the expressed in current U.S. dollars (Tables 2-14 and reporting country. 2-15) by the volume of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) expressed in constant 1995 U.S. dollars (Tables Table 5-11. Netlong-term borrowing.Netlong-term 2-16 and 2-17). Because of the way these trade unit borrowing is calculated as disbursements less the re- value indexes are calculated (Paasche indexes, with payment of principal (amortization) of public, pub- changing weights), they reflect the composition of licly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed borrow- exports and imports in each year and may not give a ings that have an original or extended maturity of more reliable trend in unit values when trade composition than one year and that are repayable in foreign cur- changes dramatically. By contrast, this index reflects rencies, goods, or services. These data are as reported more accurately shifts in a country's actual composi- in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS) tion of trade than would an index using weights based and are in accord with the data on extemal debt dis- on trade shares in a single year. Data may differ from cussed in Chapter 6. those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994-95 because a dif- ferent source was used for this volume. Table 5-12. Other capital flows. Other capital flows comprise the net balance of inflows and oufflows of Table 5-17. Terms of trade. Terms of trade measure capital not elsewhere included. It covers, for example, the relative movement of export and import prices. changes in the stock of short-term debt, arrears, and This series is calculated as the ratio of a country's other liabilities (all adjusted for valuation changes export unit values or prices (Table 5-15) to its import resulting from exchange rate changes and other fac- unit values or prices (Table 5-16). It shows changes tors), and errors and omissions. This table incorpo- over a base year (1995) in the level of export unit rates corrections to data in ADI 1992. values as a percentage of import unit values. Data may differ from those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994-95 be- Table 5-13. Use of reserves. This table (World Bank cause a different source was used for this volume. country desks) shows the variation from year to year of the net balance of international reserve assets and Table 5-18. Forest products exports. Exports of is valued throughout at year-end London prices (for forest production (FAO data) is given as an aggre- example, US$37.37 an ounce in 1970 and US$484.10 gate including all wood from trees and forests (conif- an ounce in 1987). Positive numbers represent a de- erous and nonconiferous), whether in natural form or crease or use of reserves; negative numbers represent partially processed (SITC 245, 246, and 247); 148 External Sector sawwood and sleepers (SITC 248); and wood-based Table 5-28. Sisal exports. Only sisal fiber exports panels and fiberwood, compressed ornoncompressed are included (FAO data). (SITC 634 and 641). Table 5-29. Tea exports. Tea exports figures are for Table 5-19. Petroleum exports. This table contains processed tea (FAO data). the volumes of crude petroleum exported (World Bank, IEABAL). Data may differ from ADI 1992 and Table 5-30. Sugar exports. Sugar exports are shown ADI 1994-95 because a different source was used for in terms of raw sugar equivalent. The conversion fac- this volume. tor to express refined sugar in raw sugar equivalent is 1.087 for all countries (FAO data). Table 5-20. Copper exports. The table presents the unweighted sum of the metal content weights of cop- Table 5-31. Tobacco exports. Only tobacco leaves per ore and concentrate and of unrefined plus refined are included (FAO data). copper, metal, and alloys, unwrought (World Bank, METM1N). Data may differ from ADI 1992 and ADI Table 5-32. Meat exports. Meat exports are defined 1994-95 because a different source was used for this as fresh, chilled, or frozen meat (SITC category 011) volume. (FAO data). Table 5-21. Iron exports. These are exports mea- Tables 5-33 and 5-34. Manufactured goods exports. sured in metal content weight of iron ore (World Bank, Data reported in these tables follow the classification METMIN). of manufacturing industries as reported in the UN International Standardlndustrial Classification ofAll Table 5-22. Phosphates exports. These are the vol- Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 (World Bank ume of phosphates exports, expressed as the weight country desks). First table is expressed in current of mineral content in phosphate rock (World Bank, prices; second table shows growth. METMIN). Tables 5-35 and 5-36. Food imports. Data refer to Table 5-23. Cocoa exports. Cocoa exports include the sum of food, beverages, tobacco, oilseeds and ole- cocoa beans, cocoa powder and cake, cocoa paste, aginous fruits, animal and vegetable oils, and fats cocoa butter, and chocolate products not elsewhere (SITC sections 0, 1, and 4 and division 22) (World specified (FAO data). Bank country desks). First table is expressed in cur- rent prices; second table shows growth. Table 5-24. Coffee exports. Coffee exports are shown for green and roasted beans (FAO data). Tables 5-37 and 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports. Data reported in these tables show consumer Table 5-25. Cotton exports. Cotton exports refer to goods imports other than food. Data are calculated as cotton lint only (FAO data). total merchandise imports less food, fuel, intermedi- ate goods, and capital goods imports (World Bank Table 5-26. Groundnut exports. Groundnut exports country desks). First table is expressed in current include the weight of groundnuts in shelled equiva- prices; second table shows growth. lent (using a conversion factor of 70 percent), ground- nut oil, and groundnut cake (FAO data). Tables 5-39 and 5-40. Fuel imports. Figures are defined as SITC section 3 (sum of Canada, Mexico, Table 5-27. Oil palm products exports. Exports of and United States) (World Bank country desks). First oil palm products consist of palm oil and palm ker- table presents data in current prices.; second table nels (FAO data). shows growth. External Sector 149 Tables 5-41 and 5-42. Primary intermediate goods Tables 5-50,5-51, and 5-52. Direction of trade ma- imports. Data on these tables comprise minerals, ores, trix, exports. As with the foregoing, for each exporter, and metals imports (the sum of SITC divisions 27, these tables show the percentage of the value of total 28, and 68 and item 522.56) and agricultural raw exports, f.o.b., that goes to each of its trade partners for materials imports (the sum of SITC section 2, less 1987, 1991, and 1997, respectively. These are calcu- divisions 22, 27, and 28 and groups 233, 244, 266, lated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. and 267). Synthetics are excluded (World Bank coun- In these tables data posted under South Africa are try desks). First table presents data in current prices; for South Africa Customs Union, which comprises second table shows growth. Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. Tables 5-43 and 5-44. Manufactured goods im- ports. Data reported on these tables follow the clas- Tables 5-53, 5-54, and 5-55. Direction of trade sification of manufacturing industries as reported in matrix, current U.S. dollars. These are the value of the UN International StandardIndustrial Classifica- trade in goods and services to or from the countries tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 indicated. Matrices are shownfor 1987,1991, and 1997. (World Bank country desks). First table presents data They form the basis for the calculations in the previous in current prices; second table shows growth. sixtables (UNSTAT, COMTRADE). Data for South Af- rica are for the South Africa Customs Union, which Tables 5-45 and 5-46. Capital goods imports. Data comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, shown here are for machinery and transport equip- and Swaziland. ment (SITC section 7) (World Bank country desks). First table presents data in current prices; second table shows growth. Figure Tables 5-47, 5-48, and 5-49. Direction of trade The following indicator has been used to derive the matrix, imports. These tables show, for each import- figures in this chapter. ing country, the percentage of the value of its total imports that originates from each of the exporting Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains or losses (Table countries for 1987, 1991,and 1997, respectively. They 5-17). are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. In these tables data posted under South Africa are for South Africa Customs Union, which comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. 150 External Sector Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 5 Aggregationsa Period averages v Table (1) (3) (4) (6) (2) (3) 5-1 x x 5-2 x x 5-3 x x 5-4 x x 5-5 x x 5-6 x x 5-7 x x 5-8 x x 5-9 x x 5-10 x x 5-11 x x 5-12 x x 5-13 x x 5-14 x x 5-15 x x 5-16 x x 5-17 x x 5-18 x x 5-19 x x 5-20 x x 5-21 x x 5-22 x x 5-23 x x 5-24 x x 5-25 x x 5-26 x x 5-27 x x 5-28 x x 5-29 x x 5-30 x x 5-31 x x 5-32 x x 5-33 x x 5-34 x x 5-35 x x 5-36 x x 5-37 x x 5-38 x x 5-39 x x 5-40 x x 5-41 x x 5-42 x x 5-43 x x 5-44 x x 5-45 x x 5-46 x x 5-47 x 5-48 x 5-49 x 5-50 x 5-51 x 5-52 x 5-53 x 5-54 x 5-55 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the mws for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Affica, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same countly coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap- filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, gmwth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant tenns, with the rest of the table in current terms). 6 External Debt and Related Flows T he tables in this chapter provide a consistent pre- estimates based on other sources of data supplement sentation of the structure and terms of external DRS data, especially forrecent years, on debtnotguar- debt and debt servicing. No data are presented anteed by debtor governments and on short-term debt. on debt owed to domestic lenders. The aggregates and The figures in this chapter are based mostly on data ratios provide various measures of a country's exter- supplied by debtor countries. Other data series on debt, nal debt situation. These measures include the size of on which the World Bank may base some of its esti- debt and its servicing requirements, the amount of debt mates, are maintained by the Organization for Eco- relative to GDP, the ratio of debt-servicing payments nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the to exports, and the interest rate and terms of the stock Bank for Intemational Settlements (BIS) from data of debt (including grace period, maturity, and grant provided by creditor govemments and agencies. No element). figures are given for Libya and Namibia, which do Unlike the presentation in theADI 1992, these tables not report debt information to the DRS. However, follow the presentation in the Global Development totals do include estimates for these countries. Finance (GDF-formerly World Debt Tables) and The following definitions apply throughout the therefore show IMF purchases, repurchases, charges, chapter. Long-term loans have an original or extended and net purchases separately from long- and short-term maturity of more than one year, while the maturity on lending, repayments, interests, or net lending. While short-term loans is one year or less. Official and pri- IMF purchases and repurchases are not strictly lend- vate refer to the source of the foreign loans. Official ing (they are swaps of currency), they do add to, or loans are from multilateral organizations (excluding subtract from, the resources available for consump- the IMF) and from foreign govemments; these loans tion or investment and do impose a liability against are either made directly to the govemment of the bor- future income streams. For this reason, IMF transac- rowing country or guaranteed by it, or its agencies, tions are included here. when made to a third party. Private loans are from the Data on debt and related flows are drawn largely private sector, including foreign parent companies and from the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System their affiliates, suppliers, financial markets (such as (DRS), to which member countries submit detailed commercial banks), and other sources. These private accounts on the annual status, transactions, and terms loans may or may not be guaranteed by creditor or of debt and related flows. World Bank and IMF staff debtor govemments and agencies. "Public and pub- 151 152 E2ternal Debt and Related Flows licly guaranteed" loans, as defined by the DRS, refer Concessional loans carry a grant element of 25 per- to loans from both official and private foreign sources cent or more (based on a standard 10 percent discount that are made to, or guaranteed by, the debtor govern- rate), which is consistent with the Development As- ment or its agencies. Almost all loans from foreign sistance Committee of the OECD (DAC) definition official sources are public or publicly guaranteed. of ODA (see Chapter 12). Nonconcessional loans Some loans from foreign private sources are made to, carry a grant element of less than 25 percent. In this or guaranteed by, the debtor government or its agen- chapter, private loans are shown separately from of- cies (these are labeledprivate guaranteedby the DRS). ficial nonconcessional loans. Some loans from foreign private sources are not pub- Additional information, definitions, and methodol- lic or publicly guaranteed (these are labeledprivate ogy are available in the World Bank, Global Devel- nonguaranteed by DRS). opment Finance 2000 (formerly WorldDebt Tables). External Debt and Related Flows 153 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (currentprices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,557 4,920 4,508 4,836 4,869 4,830 4,646 4,186 3,970 2,657 4,433 4,596 excluding South Africa 2,557 4,920 4,508 4,836 4,869 4,830 4,646 4,186 3,970 2,657 4,433 4,596 excl. S.Afirica &Nigeria 2,509 4,813 4,464 4,800 4,802 4,753 4,547 4,092 3,873 2,632 4,411 4,518 Angola 4 61 78 40 31 73 63 43 34 4 38 53 Benin 35 III 94 76 79 101 96 104 49 33 66 89 Botswana 9 18 47 21 40 33 57 1 5 13 1 1 1 8 30 Burkina Faso 41 68 137 133 131 105 1 10 102 70 36 75 107 Burundi 38 ___91 84 105 76 52 45 34 1 9 32 95 63 Cameroon ~~~ ~~~143 108 91 380 311 372 64 155 220 118 115 213 CapecVerde 3 7 5 14 6 28 1 6 17 2 1 5 1 1 1 4 Central African Republic 1 9 110 95 45 50 44 32 27 5 1 5 65 5 1 Chad 5 95 91 69 58 69 60 99 80 1 6 43 77 Comoros 1 3 5 3 1 8 6 8 10 7 5 1-1 13 8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 131 214 116 66 58 1 0 3 0 125 234 57 Congo, Republic of 49 116 29 1 7 8 194 14 2 3 61 7 1 48 C6te d'lvoire 42 304 231 366 466 766 546 395 150 62 91 403 Djibouti 1 27 54 43 26 26 1 8 24 1 2 7 23 29 Equatorial Guinea 4 9 7 15 10 4 2 2 3 3 17 6 E,ritrea 0 0 0 0 2 2Y7 7 5 32 0 0 9 Ethiopia 70 259 155 184 348 213 199 224 96 395 438 210 Gabon 16 67 71 10 19 54 64 27 96 1 1 36 51 Gambia, The 27 22 26 48 22 24 19 63 26 1 3 26 3 1 Ghana 114 309 362 318 342 324 389 353 374 66 251 346 Guinea 56 190 185 156 228 125 123 84 177 57 176 158 Guinea-Bissau 49 37 40 40 23 26 21 28 30 16 32 30 Kenya 160 398 389 229 299 169 523 285 151 117 222 305 Lesotho 8 44 45 54 28 43 28 2 1 28 1 1 27 36 L.iberia 39 0 2 0 33 0 0 0 0 34 20 4 Madagascar 153 iqf --i86 102 _10-4 72 -_88 116 214 97 1-6-9 135 Malawi 45 119 172 137 187 107 211 157 138 44 86 154 Mali 75 163 142 162 79 120 188 153 118 73 139 141 Mauritania 96 89 58 73 142 III 101 114 77 82 106 96 Mauritius 16 72 64 48 42 25 22 13 30 14 34 39 Mozam-bique 1 180 98 187 155 221 219 272 239 79 255 197 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 59 90 30 81 67 68 28 40 85 39 108 61 Nigeria 49 107 44 36 67 77 99 94 97 25 21 78 Rwanda 27 62 89 80 61 22 54 62 70 27 80 62 Sao Tome and Principe 8 1 5 1 9 25 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 5 Senegal 113 198 135 241 84 98 15 183 212 8 8 279 163 Seychelles 6 5 9 4 3 1 1 4 6 4 6 4 Sierra Leone 33 20 16 42 96 61 94 76 44 18 19 56 Somalia 74 46 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 82 7 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 270 180 129 93 95 to 27 2 0 313 203 67 Swaziland 9 i0 _7 6 I 16 15 6 6 9 10 8 Tanzania 159 239 255 336 187 230 201 198 245 186 196 236 Togo 35 82 61 43 15 40 26 95 54 35 70 52 Uganda 13 246 175 229 327 267 221 212 275 33 148 244 Zarnbia 243 50 282 223 254 211 296 211 220 100 122 218 Zimbabwe 1 83 89 243 190 183 85 49 141 29 85 133 NORTH AFRICA 2,079 1,561 1,661 1,480 1,625 1,545 1,703 1,386 1,044 1,742 1,087 1,500 Algeria 79 292 164 222 352 392 683 344 148 78 69 324 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,064 721 963 524 534 437 337 408 373 1,085 566 537 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 731 326 296 433 497 439 405 471 360 406 265 403 Tunisia 205 222 239 301 242 277 278 164 163 173 186 236 ALL AFRICA 4,636 6,481 6,169 6,316 6,494 6,375 6,349 5,572 5,014 4,398 5,519 6,096 154 External Debt and Related Flows 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,684 2,280 2,165 2,045 1,664 1,488 1,222 1,112 966 4,289 5,788 1,459 2,030 2,302 excluding South Africa 1,684 2,280 2,165 2,045 1,664 1,488 1,222 1,112 966 4,289 5,778 1,459 2,030 2,301 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 1,611 1,745 1,615 1,550 1,187 966 888 891 749 4,013 5,603 1,280 1,490 1,921 Angola 0 109 60 54 5 0 56 12 2 81 563 6 103 94 Benin 23 9 5 5 2 5 5 5 2 62 71 8 7 17 Botswana 17 12 56 64 31 19 9 13 9 20 130 16 46 36 Burkina Faso 18 11 9 10 7 2 2 1 1 88 105 11 14 24 Burundi 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 30 33 4 8 7 Cameroon 107 450 227 148 84 68 45 21 25 182 240 71 142 149 Cape Verde 0 5 0 4 4 1 1 1 0 47 43 5 0 11 Central African Republic 6 3 3 1 .0 0 1 0 2 3 6 3 9 2 Chad 0 9 1 74 0 0 1 2 0 40 149 3 2 28 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 1 1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 70 99 188 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 82 30 Congo, Republicof 60 11 3 0 0 137 1 2 22 0 0 38 54 18 Coted'Ivoire 189 454 435 285 163 152 123 70 35 389 421 178 234 253 Djibouti 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 1 0 2 Equatorial Guinea II 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 67 110 0 0 18 Ethiopia 7 65 28 30 21 21 33 51 54 136 232 11 62 67 Gabon 20 91 71 99 71 79 158 62 29 36 114 36 71 81 Gambia, The 3 2 3 7 3 0 5 0 0 16 16 2 2 5 Ghana 106 70 57 67 26 21 39 163 67 438 491 38 40 144 Guinea 8 6 44 42 47 44 46 42 35 142 108 12 11 56 Guinea-Bissau 5 0 16 1 0 2 0 0 0 14 19 3 6 5 Kenya 73 7 76 100 31 87 43 74 20 194 320 101 134 95 Lesotho I 8 I1 23 42 17 24 18 14 34 42 3 9 23 Liberia 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 11 0 Madagascar 59 15 14 16 21 10 1 20 103 103 130 47 50 43 Malawi 60 9 9 8 6 3 4 4 28 156 141 26 22 37 Mali 10 4 4 1 5 2 5 3 0 94 116 5 7 23 Mauritania 16 47 13 60 25 28 10 16 12 55 49 24 26 31 Mauritius 20 24 33 16 23 12 17 37 45 49 35 18 37 29 Mozambique 0 6 10 to 27 8 12 10 20 222 134 23 18 46 Namnibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 Niger 33 0 2 1 33 6 0 1 0 85 41 27 10 17 Nigeria 73 535 550 495 477 522 334 222 217 276 175 180 540 380 Rwanda 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 88 82 0 0 17 Sao Tome and Principe 2 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 2 1 3 Senegal 73 9 29 73 68 34 7 0 0 204 279 63 28 70 Seychelles 6 3 1 6 7 8 7 7 5 13 17 2 3 7 Sierra Leone 9 0 0 10 4 3 1 0 0 46 65 4 2 13 Somalia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 2 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 Sudan 296 5 0 15 6 2 24 15 5 0 0 138 23 7 Swaziland 20 6 8 1 7 0 4 23 19 18 15 15 7 10 Tanzania 86 43 21 16 9 12 15 5 8 216 459 82 26 80 Togo 12 1 6 1 2 0 0 2 0 65 33 15 4 11 Uganda 5 8 7 18 65 2 10 14 19 175 260 15 42 58 Zambia 68 67 29 27 0 48 31 13 2 64 208 91 67 49 Zimbabwe 76 75 126 240 370 130 149 189 188 325 301 31 64 209 NORTH AFRICA 1,580 3,309 3,371 2,947 2,626 2,665 2,339 2,766 2,265 2,557 3,197 1,555 2,408 2,804 Algeria 487 1,461 1,540 1,196 792 1,138 911 1,238 1,066 768 661 489 644 1,077 Egypt, Arab Republic 840 477 307 427 450 343 145 148 216 437 500 703 825 345 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 Morocco 135 895 860 882 785 602 950 858 491 894 912 229 616 813 Tunisia 119 477 663 442 599 583 333 522 493 458 1,123 135 323 569 ALL AFRICA 3,264 5,589 5,535 4,992 4,290 4,153 3,561 3,878 3,231 6,846 8,985 3,015 4,438 5,106 External Debt and Related Flows 155 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,289 2,532 1,975 1,915 1,913 4,662 5,195 4,303 7,136 3,252 7,728 4,468 3,511 4,061 excluding South Africa 6,289 2,532 1,975 1,915 1,913 1,144 1,646 2,012 2,560 1,206 1,383 4,468 3,511 1,829 excl. S.Aftica&Nigeria 4,659 2,247 1,782 1,911 1,913 1,144 1,646 2,012 2,560 1,206 1,372 3,069 2,729 1,779 Angola .. 693 191 553 649 344 431 723 1,154 709 29 233 712 548 Benin 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 1 0 Botswana 3 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 3 Burkina Faso 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 Burundi 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 53 5 2 6 Cameroon 364 160 103 141 104 8 0 25 14 10 136 230 354 70 Cape Verde .. 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 1 1 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 263 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 16 0 Congo, Republic of 412 185 6 114 451 1 0 0 0 0 49 207 272 81 C6ted'lvoire 1,508 261 236 202 190 317 75 411 52 56 184 791 219 198 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 Ethiopia 33 51 261 113 10 4 0 22 30 10 4 45 98 50 Gabon 135 37 16 0 3 2 0 0 20 10 -78 174 174 1 Gambia, The 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Ghana 0 59 82 103 77 123 178 381 208 85 0 12 64 130 Guinea 57 0 0 0 11 0 0 17 20 7 1 29 13 6 Guinea-Bissau 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Kenya 387 237 438 173 87 6 132 72 48 36 427 224 284 165 Lesotho 5 7 6 2 0 0 13 12 15 18 8 4 8 8 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 Madagascar 163 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 64 10 0 Malawi 48 7 1 14 1 10 0 0 1 0 2 29 7 4 Mali 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21 6 1 -2 Mauritania 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 24 4 2 Mauritius 61 65 76 63 39 150 369 91 752 7 416 28 45 203 Mozambique .. 44 6 4 8 4 36 0 6 0 360 61 46 47 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Niger 190 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 45 5 Nigeria 1,630 285 193 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1,399 782 49 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 3 1 7 Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Senegal 141 15 11 8 1 1 1 0 21 2 0 74 29 6 Seychelles 0 2 10 15 8 9 0 1 0 10 18 1 6 7 Sierra Leone 42 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 1 0 Somalia 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 0 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 3,518 3,549 2,291 4,575 2,046 6,345 .. .. 3,721 Sudan 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -518 3 3 -52 Tanzania 122 16 3 38 41 17 42 6 0 0 0 62 47 16 Togo 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 Uganda 65 38 5 6 18 0 0 0 0 0 7 36 60 7 Zambia 289 48 47 33 11 35 25 13 50 20 0 154 62 28 Zimbabwe 55 266 284 329 172 115 338 209 167 225 177 167 128 228 NORTH AFRICA 5,015 6,680 6,067 7,529 6,566 4,488 3,644 2,417 1,912 1,343 2,199 4,733 6,358 4,284 Algeria 2,832 5,182 4,824 6,118 5,363 3,268 2,092 1,308 438 400 1,039 2,743 4,206 3,003 Egypt, Arab Republic 776 754 673 375 168 260 40 33 188 22 101 778 1,316 261 Libya ...-. ...-. .. . . . 0 ...0 Morocco 1,119 426 327 569 755 762 734 428 462 732 582 906 519 578 Tunisia 288 318 244 467 281 199 777 648 824 189 477 306 318 442 ALL AFRICA 11,304 9,212 8,042 9,444 8,479 9,150 8,838 6,719 9,048 4,595 9,926 9,201 9,869 8,345 156 External Debt and Related Flows 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 11,748 10,394 9,230 9,323 9,593 11,895 14,056 10,253 12,596 8,342 15,466 9,551 10,784 11,115 excluding South Africa 11,748 10,394 9,230 9,323 8,735 8,377 10,508 7,962 8,020 6,297 9,110 9,551 10,784 8,796 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9,995 9,467 8,443 8,789 8,191 7,778 10,075 7,646 7,706 6,021 8,974 7,948 9,440 8,309 Angola 0 862 328 647 685 417 550 778 1,190 790 592 102 853 684 Benin 71 120 112 81 103 131 115 128 57 62 175 86 76 108 Botswana 28 30 103 85 102 52 66 28 22 20 130 34 69 64 Burkina Faso 70 79 155 143 151 132 139 112 89 106 344 56 90 145 Burundi 45 96 91 126 77 53 45 35 19 31 86 44 113 66 Cameroon 626 718 433 669 499 479 122 230 296 266 376 427 634 409 CapeVerde 0 12 5 18 10 29 21 24 22 47 43 8 12 23 Central African Republic 40 121 98 46 50 59 33 27 7 15 39 27 82 49 Chad 5 112 92 143 58 83 72 125 92 52 100 26 51 93 Comoros 13 5 4 18 6 10 10 7 5 4 37 12 14 11 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 603 315 304 84 58 1 0 3 0 0 576 482 461 134 Congo, Republicof 526 318 38 132 459 350 15 24 24 10 84 310 399 145 Coted'lvoire 1,777 1,172 948 853 819 1,405 924 1,014 236 613 716 1,114 599 870 Djibouti 10 27 54 43 26 26 18 28 14 8 19 9 24 26 Equatorial Guinea 38 10 16 15 14 7 2 2 3 1 0 12 21 7 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 7 33 67 107 .. .. 41 Ethiopia 119 374 443 346 409 258 233 317 179 167 229 470 606 295 Gabon 171 204 162 108 93 198 279 121 168 46 36 222 308 141 Gambia, The 56 33 31 55 26 23 24 58 24 21 13 26 35 31 Ghana 249 503 660 488 509 468 648 936 649 635 528 184 495 602 Guinea 129 196 241 210 286 182 200 143 265 180 109 103 212 201 Guinea-Bissau 75 37 55 41 23 28 24 31 36 18 24 24 44 32 Kenya 714 778 952 502 447 294 698 467 219 231 747 515 722 533 Lesotho 15 62 66 86 80 66 66 51 57 52 56 19 47 64 Liberia 109 0 2 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 113 31 4 Madagascar 444 231 217 117 125 82 90 156 336 103 112 234 264 157 Malawi 190 161 203 159 194 147 227 184 178 173 172 120 129 180 Mali 109 194 146 177 98 164 238 186 147 108 173 95 157 163 Mauritania 155 148 71 145 179 163 133 176 108 55 47 141 150 123 Mauritius 143 161 173 127 105 186 409 140 827 56 481 87 128 266 Mozambique 0 242 156 265 211 254 267 300 300 254 501 122 331 275 Namnibia . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 4 . .. 4 Niger 290 148 32 83 100 g 90 28 55 III III 97 164 180 85 Nigeria 1,752 927 787 535 544 599 433 316 314 276 136 1,603 1,344 487 Rwanda 34 62 101 81 61 22 68 62 92 104 125 31 81 78 SaoTomeandPrincipe 10 16 30 24 15 15 14 11 5 6 10 7 13 15 Senegal 395 252 233 322 154 201 241 216 268 254 327 261 399 247 Seychelles 12 9 20 25 18 18. 8 12 11 23 35 7 16 18 Sierra Leone 104 24 16 52 100 200 115 90 48 62 65 62 26 77 Somalia 135 46 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 101 6 South Africa 0 0 0 0 858 3,518 3,549 2,291 4,575 2,046 6,356 0 0 2,319 Sudan 921 185 129 108 101 12 51 17 5 0 42 655 226 65 Swaziland 31 15 15 7 8 16 19 29 25 18 20 29 21 17 Tanzania 433 327 309 479 238 259 258 246 337 264 539 353 294 326 Togo 119 104 67 55 17 55 59 97 69 80 33 122 89 63 Uganda 161 372 267 308 410 321 287 290 353 225 290 135 287 312 Zambia 690 164 358 283 241 294 2,606 236 286 84 222 482 276 477 Zimbabwe 132 424 499 1,034 799 504 652 447 496 604 513 257 277 597 NORTH AFRICA 9,014 11,614 11,702 12,175 10,817 9,539 8,161 7,312 5,685 4,243. 6,377 8,255 10,211 8,762 Algeria 3,398 6,935 6,835 7,536 6,507 5,639 4,160 3,633 2,116 1,511 2,682 3,310 5,040 4,755 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,743 1,951 2,025 1,445 1,152 1,039 523 588 776 459 689 2,625 2,737 1,065 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 2,262 1,711 1,483 1,910 2,037 1,802 2,089 1,757 1,313 1,625 1,887 1,704 1,557 1,761 Tunisia 611 1,017 1,358 1,283 1,122 1,059 1,389 1,334 1,480 648 1,119 616 877 1,181 ALL AFRICA 20,762 22,007 20,932 21,498 20,410 21,434 22,217 17,565 18,281 12,585 21,843 17,807 20,996 19,877 Note In 1995, Zambit was able to clear us a-ears to the IMFI fter wmpleting a 3 yea Rights A,ragenent Program. External Debt and Related Flows 157 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB1-SAH-ARAN AFRICA 243 587 619 589 773 718 877 885 1,021 1,375 232 533 827 excluding South Africa 243 587 619 589 773 718 877 885 1,021 1,375 232 533 827 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 229 580 616 588 611 716 875 884 949 1,054 219 523 764 Angola 0 1 5 3 2 9 3 8 8 13 0 2 6 Benin 1 7 9 8 12 12 15 14 18 19 2 4 13 Botswana 0 6 7 9 13 14 11 15 30 14 1 5 13 Burkina Faso 4 13 14 9 11 18 20 23 25 27 2 8 18 Burundi 1 14 17 14 15 16 14 6 8 9 1 10 12 Cameroon 13 24 23 20 37 12 12 14 49 75 12 23 30 Cape Verde 0 1 3 6 2 3 4 3 6 6 0 1 4 Central African Republic 0 3 2 2 1 5 2 2 4 6 1 2 3 Chad 3 2 2 3 1 6 2 7 6 7 1 2 4 Comoros 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 3 5 0 0 2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 3 8 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 2 Congo, Republic of 11 2 0 0 1 8 7 22 0 0 10 4 5 C6te dIvoire 18 75 77 88 78 56 65 81 68 106 15 35 77 Djibouti 2 8 8 7 6 9 9 9 5 3 1 5 7 Equatorial Guinea 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 7 19 21 14 16 19 25 35 27 38 9 53 24 Gabon 4 1 7 23 7 8 12 9 39 28 5 4 15 Gambia, The 0 11 9 9 8 9 7 9 10 13 1 5 9 Ghana 14 40 29 33 32 56 55 56 54 83 20 33 49 Guinea 44 53 51 19 16 26 86 44 29 31 36 42 39 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 15 1 1 2 4 3 5 2 0 2 4 Kenya 6 34 42 33 39 67 69 68 59 64 8 25 53 Lesotho 0 4 4 5 9 6 11 11 133 13 1 3 8 Liberia 1 0 11 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 Madagascar 18 17 12 20 12 13 10 21 55 39 19 13 22 Malawi 2 7 14 10 9 10 16 19 21 19 2 4 14 Mali 4 22 14 22 23 39 45 41 38 40 4 17 31 Mauritania 3 26 20 26 40 33 37 37 39 41 3 28 33 Mauritius 2 14 19 31 23 22 24 27 47 23 2 10 25 Mozambique 0- 10 13 12 17 24 29 27 25 2 1 18i Namnibia.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... Niger 16 5 5 4 12 6 6 7 14 12 5 8 8 Nigeria 14 7 2 1 162 1 2 1 72 321 13 10 63 Rwanda 0 7 10 8 11 2 11 8 9 8 1 7 8 Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 I Senegal 7 54 44 32 31 68 72 64 47 89 5 28 56 Seychelles 0 2 3 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 0 1 3 Sierra Leone 2 3 2 5 3 9 7 6 7 10 3 3 6 Somalia 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 14 4 6 8 5 3 9 0 0 0 16 48 4 Swaziland I 6 8 7 7 7 8 11 8 8 1 3 8 Tanzania 19 36 41 36 38 40 38 54 34 48 14 32 41 Togo 2 6 8 5 4 4 7 15 13 13 2 6 8 Uganda 2 8 12 10 16 23 22 24 38 38 2 5 21 Zambia 3 2 4 4 10 21 47 34 33 27 2 3 20 Zimbabwe 2 21 25 31 38 35 58 46 51 48 1 9 39 NORTH AFRICA 294 569 435 512 576 739 701 781 990 1,105 264 374 712 Algeria 73 103 85 86 84 62 54 114 130 179 72 97 100 Egypt,ArabRepublic 119 270 149 99 56 68 151 225 288 432 III 120 193 Libya . . . . . . . . . .. .. Morocco 62 47 55 168 282 343 289 227 361 269 41 48 227 Tunisia 41 150 146 158 154 266 207 216 211 225 39 109 192 ALLAFRICA 537 1,156 1,054 1,101 1,348 1,456 1,578 1,666 2,010 2,479 496 907 1,539 158 External Debt and Related Flows 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of US dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 424 1,972 1,835 1,448 1,432 1,925 2,118 2,446 1,942 1,699 337 1,128 1,868 excluding South Africa 424 1,972 1,835 1,448 1,432 1,925 2,118 2,446 1,942 1,699 337 1,128 1,868 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 392 1,205 1,288 1,117 1,104 1,495 1,650 1,719 1,432 1,281 303 860 1,366 Angola .. 58 62 38 21 25 21 26 29 49 1 31 36 Benin I I1 7 7 6 9 10 11 10 10 2 5 9 Botswana 6 42 45 50 43 46 48 49 40 35 3 22 44 Burkina Faso 4 5 11 6 9 9 10 7 7 5 2 4 8 Burundi 1 6 6 6 3 5 3 6 4 4 0 4 5 Cameroon 16 74 86 61 101 119 134 180 177 147 18 60 120 CapeVerde .. 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 8 1 2 3 Central African Republic 0 4 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 4 1 Chad 0 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 7 5 0 1 3 Comoros o- 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 100 26 24 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 53 8 Congo, Republic of 10 68 4 1 0 137 25 104 53 7 11 16 44 C6te d'lvoire 37 172 196 202 216 299 414 429 261 248 30 103 271 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea I 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 Ethiopia 4 26 17 15 13 13 19 26 18 19 6 30 18 Gabon 15 16 34 61 24 55 78 71 105 67 14 16 57 Gambia, The 0 2 4 6 6 6 7 5 3 2 0 1 5 Ghana 22 25 35 44 36 45 62 45 55 56 15 22 45 Guinea 20 24 22 23 17 12 20 14 21 46 9 18 22 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 2 2 0 1 4 3 1 1 0 1 2 Kenya 25 146 148 141 139 183 201 195 170 142 22 96 163 Lesotho 0 4 7 8 6 6 7 5 8 11 1 4 7 Liberia 2 1 5 0 12 13 0 0 0 0 6 6 3 Madagascar 1 36 27 12 14 14 9 18 43 18 8 36 21 Malawi 3 54 37 26 21 23 27 18 15 14 5 20 26 Mali 0 2 4 7 3 13 11 5 4 5 0 2 6 Mauritania 1 55 26 25 36 24 32 36 22 19 6 25 30 Mauritius 4 25 31 53 34 37 36 31 31 30 4 19 34 Mozambique .. 14 10 13 15 35 34 25 12 10 1 7 19 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . Niger 2 4 3 3 20 8 1 2 2 0 5 12 5 Nigeria 31 767 547 331 328 429 468 727 510 418 34 269 503 Rwanda 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 SaoTome and Principe I I 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Senegal 12 57 54 27 19 47 55 41 42 49 8 45 43 Seychelles 0 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 0 2 3 Sierra Leone 2 5 1 7 2 8 20 38 0 1 2 2 9 Somalia 5 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 South Africa .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 Sudan 32 11 6 6 4 0 6 0 0 1 24 14 4 Swaziland 4 28 12 9 9 12 8 10 8 6 3 13 11 Tanzania 7 41 65 50 50 45 62 74 34 33 8 47 51 Togo 8 21 11 4 2 2 0 6 9 3 8 28 6 Uganda 9 35 26 27 61 49 38 25 20 26 6 21 34 Zambia 34 42 198 97 80 105 132 83 74 53 28 37 96 Zimbabwe 3 57 50 50 71 81 109 121 139 142 5 30 91 NORTH AFRICA 287 2,276 2,526 2,484 2,507 2,367 2,766 2,370 2,932 2,512 312 1,655 2,527 Algeria 171 1,069 1,162 1,092 1,054 591 589 532 917 802 157 760 868 Egypt, Arab Republic 32 615 610 409 336 306 391 346 350 272 54 357 404 Libya . . . . . . . . . .. .. Morocco 52 384 517 677 806 1,128 1,354 1,115 1,293 1,053 57 353 925 Tunisia 32 208 236 307 312 342 432 376 373 386 44 185 330 ALL AFRICA 711 4,248 4,361 3,933 3,939 4,291 4,883 4,816 4,874 4,210 649 2,784 4,395 External Debt and Related Flows 159 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,123 2,084 1,845 2,909 1,271 3,909 4,084 5,505 7,012 4,748 6,375 1,852 2,642 3,974 excluding South Africa 2,123 2,084 1,845 2,909 1,271 1,914 2,014 2,735 2,332 2,317 2,069 1,852 2,642 2,149 excl. S.Aftica5&Nigeria 1,926 1,678 1,533 1,364 1,182 1,599 1,565 2,045 2,074 2,292 1,680 1,312 1,779 1,701 Angola 123 166 106 39 120 312 621 768 850 478 19 62 358 Benin 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 Botswana 0 19 3 3 1 2 6 9 5 5 5 2 6 6 Burkina Faso 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 Burundi 3 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 6 2 Cameroon 85 171 93 67 98 67 65 -49 43 59 28 76 292 74 Cape Verde .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic I 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Chad 0 I 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 90 15 13 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 42 32 4 Congo,Republicof 12 285 200 97 75 157 50 15 0 0 228 62 236 111 C6te d'Ivoire 667 252 240 212 242 356 60 302 487 316 286 350 264 275 Djibouti 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .0 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. - 0 0 0 0 0 0--. -. - 0 Ethiopia 7 107 49 33 37 36 48 231 8 8 10 10 68 57 Gabon 260 8 48 17 4 33 75 51 25 17 17 149 55 29 Gambia, The 0 8 5 5 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 Ghana 42 79 48 58 52 66 85 105 124 110 75 11 56 80 Guinea 11 19 10 8 8 9 15 0 40 17 12 8 9 14 Guinea-Bissau 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kenya 165 172 170 153 126 287 290 243 153 154 165 161 181 191 Lesotho 3 7 5 7 6 5 4 2 2 2 3 2 5 4 Liberia 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Madagascar 23 16 11 8 8 5 5 5 2 1 2 10 28 6 Malawi 28 6 11 16 13 14 23 4 3 1 2 17 19 9 Mali 2 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 Mauritania 13 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 21 5 1 Mauritius 14 21 46 43 26 45 93 50 58 105 74 17 28 56 Mozambique .. 18 21 7 10 5 13 6 5 4 37 0 14 13 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. 0 Niger 40 39 55 20 24 24 24 24 14 24 23 40 38 27 Nigeria 197 406 313 1,546 89 316 448 690 258 25 389 540 863 448 Rwanda 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 SaoTomd andPrincipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 137 30 45 39 4 10 27 11 7 17 28 46 49 22 Seychelles 0 8 5 4 5 4 9 5 3 5 3 0 5 5 Sierra Leone 29 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 16 2 3 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 1,994 2,070 2,770 4,680 2,432 4,306 .. .. 3,042 Sudan 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 Swaziland 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 Tanzania 23 12 12 80 11 16 27 18 19 15 4 18 7 21 Togo 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 16 10 I Uganda 21 22 30 14 32 15 10 7 1 2 3 15 27 14 Zambia 175 57 54 46 51 60 62 39 57 52 20 111 51 50 Zimbabwe 34 169 185 305 301 256 234 247 244 525 170 58 195 264 NORTH AFRICA 3,139 7,177 7,753 7,746 7,527 4,185 2,843 2,636 1,971 2,593 3,485 2,367 4,495 4,792 Algeria 2,284 5,606 5,972 5,883 5,816 2,698 1,577 1,297 975 1,728 2,041 1,646 3,255 3,359 Egypt, Arab Republic 192 806 885 921 579 544 352 454 302 207 266 238 746 531 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 477 250 484 548 754 624 630 617 453 451 847 325 174 566 Tunisia 186 515 411 393 378 320 285 268 241 208 332 157 320 335 ALL AFRICA 5,262 9,261 9,598 10,655 8,798 8,094 6,927 8,141 8,983 7,341 9,861 4,219 7,137 8,766 160 External Debt and Related Flows 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,174 5,593 4,912 5,476 3,930 7,017 9,451 9,432 11,040 8,933 12,108 2,706 5,448 7,789 excluding South Africa 3,174 5,593 4,912 5,476 3,930 5,023 7,380 6,663 5,937 6,085 7,802 2,706 5,448 5,880 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 2,932 4,413 4,050 3,598 3,351 4,276 6,462 5,245 5,097 5,321 7,207 2,118 4,307 4,902 Angola 0 183 233 146 63 153 335 654 806 912 767 8 95 425 Benin 6 21 16 15 18 21 26 27 32 35 45 7 20 26 Botswana 6 67 54 62 57 62 65 73 75 53 55 6 32 62 BurkinaFaso I1 19 25 15 20 27 29 31 34 34 42 7 20 28 Burundi 4 28 25 24 23 28 27 21 20 21 43 5 24 26 Cameroon 131 270 214 203 282 204 217 248 281 297 556 112 381 277 Cape Verde 0 4 6 8 4 6 6 5 10 15 15 0 3 8 Central African Republic 7 17 7 7 3 13 10 8 12 21 30 6 17 13 Chad 5 7 4 4 8 10 10 16 24 23 31 4 7 14 Comoros 0 0 6 3 2 2 0 1 3 5 9 0 0 3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 277 200 91 29 4 5 1 37 0 1 391 123 279 76 Congo, Republic of 41 362 209 98 77 305 84 140 56 18 391 86 259 174 Cdte d'lvoire 722 621 618 594 585 787 625 860 838 670 826 405 550 702 Djibouti 2 9 8 8 6 9 9 9 5 3 14 2 7 8 Equatorial Guinea 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 2 6 2 Eritrea .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. 0 Ethiopia 17 177 92 62 66 68 91 292 52 69 496 30 177 147 Gabon 279 40 114 137 71 119 216 137 172 135 324 169 75 146 Gambia, The 0 26 23 22 21 24 21 22 20 20 11 4 15 21 Ghana 106 260 189 198 186 248 308 331 398 389 449 57 248 296 Guinea 76 110 93 51 44 54 129 67 100 104 151 56 77 90 Guinea-Bissau 3 2 16 3 1 4 9 7 6 3 6 2 4 6 Kenya 205 458 399 410 366 552 600 567 449 421 580 217 411 480 Lesotho 3 15 16 20 20 18 25 22 27 30 37 4 13 23 Liberia 18 2 15 0 13 15 0 0 0 1 1 23 10 5 Madagascar 44 121 84 56 48 43 38 60 118 72 121 43 123 76 Malawi 35 86 83 72 49 53 76 56 55 60 74 30 70 66 Mali 9 44 27 38 35 63 62 54 49 55 23 8 43 45 Mauritania 26 99 62 61 82 63 79 82 70 69 70 35 72 73 Mauritius 19 104 117 128 83 103 154 108 136 158 132 30 99 122 Mozambique .0 41 41 34 44 67 85 92 59 63 286 2 39 81 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. 0 Niger 58 63 74 36 66 48 41 44 45 50 39 50 74 51 Nigeria 242 1,180 862 1,878 579 746 918 1,418 840 763 596 588 1,141 978 Rwanda 3 10 12 10 11 2 11 10 13 11 36 3 13 12 Sao Tome and Principe I I I I I I 1 2 2 2 0 1 2 1 Senegal 165 197 190 142 81 154 195 160 158 215 169 67 183 166 Seychelles 0 13 11 12 12 10 16 10 10 14 12 1 8 12 Sierra Leone 50 12 10 16 13 98 59 47 7 11 33 28 16 31 Somalia 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20 1 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 1,994 2,070 2,769 5,103 2,848 4,306 0 0 1,909 Sudan 131 16 12 14 9 3 54 36 42 59 44 90 63 29 Swaziland 8 36 21 17 17 20 16 21 16 14 17 6 24 20 Tanzania 81 118 145 172 104 116 146 168 118 134 101 59 101 132 Togo 19 43 27 19 14 13 18 32 40 28 27 27 61 26 Uganda 45 109 102 79 120 111 98 106 116 128 134 35 129 110 Zambia 269 126 290 183 211 206 2,067 156 164 132 162 193 130 370 Zimbabwe 40 270 266 387 410 372 401 423 459 763 454 67 306 420 NORTH AFRICA 3,942 10,407 11,102 11,120 11,100 7,660 6,691 6,103 6,312 6,694 8,475 3,022 6,849 8,566 Algeria 2,528 6,779 7,220 7,227 7,282 3,546 2,391 2,079 2,372 3,143 3,850 1,875 4,111 4,589 Egypt,ArabRepublic 446 1,737 1,726 1,470 971 939 989 1,111 955 910 1,047 450 1,273 1,186 Libya.. . .. . .. ... . .. ....... Morocco 678 908 1,227 1,535 1,998 2,246 2,373 2,006 2,110 1,773 2,327 454 849 1,850 Tunisia 290 984 929 887 850 928 939 907 875 867 1,251 243 615 942 ALL AFRICA 7,116 16,000 16,015 16,596 15,030 14,677 16,142 15,536 17,352 15,627 20,583 5,728 12,297 16,356 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arears to the IMF after completing a 3 year Rights Anrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 161 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans Millions of US. dollars (currentprices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 238 725 525 804 762 600 613 793 741 934 172 354 722 excluding South Africa 238 725 525 804 762 600 613 793 741 934 172 354 722 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 229 413 491 443 506 598 611 791 673 798 164 349 592 Angola 0 1 4 3 3 7 7 3 6 4 0 1 4 Benin 1 7 9 7 8 9 10 9 11 12 1 5 9 Botswana 1 4 5 5 6 3 3 8 7 6 1 2 5 Burkina Faso 2 7 6 6 6 7 9 1 1 13 12 2 6 8 Burundi 1 7 8 9 9 10 9 6 7 7 1 8 8 Cameroon 15 32 29 16 24 19 54 36 61 62 13 24 37 Cape Verde 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 Central Aftican Republic 0 5 3 6 2 6 3 3 2 5 0 4 4 Chad 0 3 4 4 4 5 3 7 5 6 0 2 5 Comoros 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 47 16 14 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 12 5 Congo, Republic of 12 30 8 5 4 93 9 35 1 1 6 7 21 C6te dIvoire 14 5 52 29 30 32 47 77 75 145 13 13 54 Djibouti 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Ethiopia 7 16 13 10 12 16 19 19 21 25 7 26 17 Gabon 3 2 9 20 4 15 40 39 36 24 2 2 21 Gambia, The 0 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 5 5 0 2 4 Ghana 11 23 25 32 38 39 28 51 43 64 13 19 38 Guinea 12 29 26 20 23 27 29 22 23 24 10 12 25 Guinea-Bissau 0 2 4 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 0 2 3 Kenya 9 23 54 28 39 47 59 57 47 50 10 23 45 Lesotho 0 3 4 6 5 4 5 5 5 5 0 2 5 Liberia 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Madagascar 4 19 18 19 14 11 11 12 42 36 7 11 20 Malawi 4 9 12 11 13 13 19 17 18 16 4 6 14 Mali 2 14 10 14 38 19 19 57 18 16 3 11 23 Mauritania 8 13 12 11 20 22 18 18 19 18 8 13 17 Mauritius 1 10 11 16 15 16 18 17 15 15 1 6 15 Mozambique 0 9 15 22 31 16 19 25 27 23 0 14 21 Namibia . . . . . . . . . .. . . Niger 2 5 5 4 7 6 7 5 8 8 2 7 6 Nigeria 9 312 34 361 256 2 2 3 68 136 8 4 130 Rwanda 1 6 6 5 4 2 8 6 7 6 1 6 6 Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 Senegal 7 29 31 19 7 25 22 79 29 37 4 30 31 Seychelles 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 Sierra Leone 0 2 1 7 3 4 5 4 6 5 1 1 4 Somalia 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 28 7 8 10 6 0 1 0 0 0 13 17 3 Swaziland 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 Tanzania 15 20 24 22 49 28 28 55 27 76 14 15 37 Togo 1 8 8 7 6 5 5 13 8 8 1 6 7 Uganda 1 6 10 10 13 18 23 25 25 22 1 6 17 Zambia 14 12 14 19 22 36 32 29 20 23 5 8 23 Zimbabwe 1 17 16 18 19 23 26 23 22 20 2 12 20 NORTH AFRICA 289 375 251 577 671 782 907 948 804 781 237 261 677 Algeria 35 22 23 26 26 56 90 144 119 125 32 20 70 Egypt, Arab Republic 153 210 82 392 422 467 567 553 417 381 121 131 388 Libya . . . . . . . . . .. . . Morocco 70 64 69 81 145 153 161 166 190 200 55 44 137 Tunisia 30 79 76 78 78 107 89 84 78 75 29 66 82 ALL AFRICA 526 1,100 775 1,381 1,434 1,382 1,520 1,741 1,545 1,714 409 614 1,399 162 External Debt and Related Flows 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 453 1,988 2,363 1,427 1,190 1,430 1,402 1,864 1,342 1,100 384 1,312 1,567 excluding South Africa 453 1,988 2,363 1,427 1,190 1,430 1,402 1,864 1,342 1,100 384 1,312 1,567 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 399 1,000 1,147 961 877 1,095 1,081 1,351 1,044 861 325 911 1,046 Angola 18 22 12 5 3 5 15 6 4 1 16 10 Benin 1 7 4 4 4 10 I1 7 7 9 1 3 7 Botswana 6 32 28 28 26 26 22 61 19 15 6 26 29 Burkina Faso 2 3 9 9 10 8 9 4 3 3 2 6 6 Burundi 0 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 1 0 4 3 Cameroon 27 93 100 71 106 116 99 185 113 98 22 59 109 CapeVerde .. 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Central African Republic 0 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 Chad 0 I 1 2 4 2 1 6 4 5 0 0 3 Comoros 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 59 60 36 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 33 75 12 Congo, Republic of 13 39 6 1 0 89 11 141 40 6 8 25 37 C6te d'lvoire 64 182 220 210 188 236 206 252 194 224 48 160 212 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Entrea .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 Ethiopia 8 8 9 10 9 15 13 19 21 20 6 10 14 Gabon 17 66 76 182 25 60 134 181 192 110 11 28 114 Gambia, The 0 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 Ghana 13 22 27 30 31 24 24 27 36 26 10 19 27 Guinea 9 19 12 13 13 12 14 21 19 19 7 13 16 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 Kenya 45 111 100 83 87 114 108 106 70 46 37 99 92 Lesotho 0 3 5 6 6 7 8 7 8 8 1 3 6 Liberia 5 1 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 1 Madagascar 3 53 41 11 10 7 4 5 51 15 6 50 22 Malawi 6 22 18 15 12 10 16 9 7 6 8 17 13 Mali 1 3 3 2 2 5 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 Mauritania 1 22 13 8 23 16 14 11 14 12 4 15 15 Mauritius 6 23 25 24 19 18 18 16 14 13 5 18 19 Mozambique 7 13 17 40 36 52 21 14 5 0 8 23 Namibia . . . . . . . . . .. .. Niger 5 2 6 1 7 3 0 1 2 2 5 19 3 Nigeria 54 988 1,216 466 314 335 322 512 297 238 59 401 521 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Senegal 15 42 44 20 14 36 43 36 44 51 13 57 37 Seychelles 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 0 2 2 Sieffa Leone 2 2 1 4 10 16 14 6 1 3 2 1 6 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 Sudan 16 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 2 13 9 1 Swaziland 6 7 5 5 4 4 3 9 5 5 4 9 5 Tanzania 19 25 27 30 49 33 49 36 12 25 15 24 32 Togo II 21 11 3 1 1 2 11 5 2 8 30 6 Uganda I 11 17 11 17 14 9 13 12 7 2 14 12 Zambia 39 31 203 59 54 75 83 39 33 25 31 34 67 Zimbabwe 1 50 49 58 79 90 95 95 93 85 6 40 77 NORTH AFRICA 301 1,485 1,486 1,704 1,812 2,004 2,289 2,499 2,155 2,132 369 1,240 1,952 Algeria 124 290 321 345 339 342 714 1,090 1,007 1,071 104 284 613 Egypt, Arab Republic 68 509 318 448 462 540 534 401 248 229 162 480 410 Libya . . . . . . . . . .. .. Morocco 66 517 661 700 780 865 762 722 639 579 66 352 692 Tunisia 44 170 187 211 231 256 279 286 261 253 37 124 237 ALL AFRICA 754 3,473 3,849 3,131 3,003 3,434 3,691 4,363 3,497 3,231 753 2,553 3,519 External Debt and Related Flows 163 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current-prices). Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SIJB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,685 1,650 1,541 1,623 749 1,942 1,982 2,160 1,640 1,787 1,999 1,257 1,641 1,707 excluding South Africa 1,685 1,650 1,541 1,623 749 1,325 1,127 1,237 790 895 1,129 1,257 1,641 1,207 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 1,219 827 737 620 457 586 592 709 612 750 853 848 974 674 Angola .. 81 78 34 1 8 41 67 266 127 163 171 7 52- 105 Benin I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 Botswana 1 3 3 2 1 1 3 9 2 2 2 1 3 3 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Burundi I I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 Cameroon 7 73 4 65 26 2 21 4 16 19 --- -5-6 93 33 Cape Verde .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 0 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 I Congo, Democratic Rep. of 99 12 7 1 0 0 - 0 0 0O 61 - 40 2 Congo, Republic of 13 52 36 22 17 50 40 3 0 0 176 36 64 40 C6ted'Ivoire 513 256 220 171 163 159 138 145 145 246 212 343 341 185 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea .. . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 o 7.. - 0 Ethiopia 2 24 16 22 3 9 29 IS 4 3 6 4 25 13 Gabon 100 1 1 51 36 6 29 44 12 10 8 22 52 26 23 Gambia, The 0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ghana 7 14 14 19 17 21 8 31 48 59 3 1 4 16 26 Guinea 2 6 I 0 1I 2 1 0 -- 3 -0 1 2I Guinea-Bissau I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 110 96 93 90 82 129 97 82 73 55 34 69 82 83 Lesotho 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 7 1 1 3 Liberia 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 -Madagascar 19- 13 7 3 I 1 1 2 - 0 0 0 12 12 3 Malawi 25 6 7 4 2 2 4 2 1 0 1 13 7 3 Mali I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Mauritania 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 2 Mauritius IS 10 13 13 8 11 21 38 94 100 110 II II 42 Mozambique .. 6 5 5 4 2 4 I 1 8 8 -- 6 4 Niger 58 16 10 8 7 6 6 5 3 2 1 30 26 6 Nigeria 466 823 805 1,004 292 739 535 528 178 145 276 409 667 533 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sao Tom6 and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 46 1 8 8 2 - 2 4 2 1 8 22 26 Seychelles 0 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 2 2 SierTa Leone 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 South Africa .. . . . . 617 855 923 850 892 870 ..835 Sudan 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IS 9 0 Swaziland 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -3I 1 -3 Tanzania 13 3 4 6 5 I 5 5 2 3 2 9 3 3 Togo 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 Uganda I 1 7 5 3 1 2 0 0 2 1 2 4 2 Zambia 63 29 20 20 15 15 20 8 12 7 4 43 23 IS Zimbabwe 9 83 81 81 72 80 75 65 59 60 32 30 83 69 NORT'HAFRICA 2,078 2,111 2,176 3,257 1,972 1,678 1,604 1,452 1,260 1,153 1,282 1,372 2,060 1,794 Algeria 1,280 1,472 1,445 1,443 1,338 1,098 918 77i 818 683 612 837 1,283 1,060 Egypt, Arab Republic 129 280 258 189 170 137 130 97 71 63 67 128 267 146 Morocco 515 213 352 1,516 354 345 437 447 232 239 411 319 370 455 Tunisia 154 146 122 109 109 99 118 137 140 168 192 88 141 134 ALL AFRICA 3,763 3,760 3,717 4,880 2,720 3,620 3,586 3,613 2,900 2,940 3,280 2,629 3,701 3,502_ 164 External Debt and Related Flows 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges Millions of U.S. dollars (currentprices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,479 4,601 4,657 4,041 2,839 4,142 4,556 4,940 3,823 3,885 4,565 1,942 3,661 4,205 excluding South Africa 2,479 4,601 4,657 4,041 2,839 3,487 3,651 3,978 2,940 2,978 3,693 1,942 3,661 3,686 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 1,950 2,478 2,602 2,210 1,977 2,411 2,792 2,935 2,396 2,459 3,405 1,466 2,589 2,567 Angola 0 100 103 48 26 51 80 284 140 171 214 3 69 122 Benin 3 14 13 11 13 19 22 17 19 22 21 5 14 17 Botswana 8 39 35 36 33 31 28 78 28 23 21 8 31 35 Burkina Faso 6 10 15 14 16 15 18 16 16 16 17 5 13 15 Burundi 3 12 13 14 12 13 11 9 9 8 14 2 14 12 Cameroon 121 209 180 160 159 157 176 238 192 181 .. 92 177 184 Cape Verde 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 3 3 Central African Republic I 10 7 7 4 9 5 4 3 7 23 3 10 8 Chad 1 4 5 6 8 8 5 14 11 11 15 1 3 9 Comoros 0 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 1 2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 220 127 67 35 10 2 16 5 0 0 204 118 179 47 Congo, Republic of 38 121 51 29 21 232 62 181 41 7 489 50 97 123 C6te d'lvoire 590 474 524 436 399 437 398 478 416 618 614 417 560 479 Djibouti 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 1 3 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 1 4 2 .. ..I Ethiopia 19 51 38 42 24 40 61 54 46 49 82 20 65 49 Gabon 120 91 148 246 41 106 223 236 244 148 272 66 60 175 Gambia, The 1 12 7 7 6 6 5 5 6 6 5 2 6 6 Ghana 35 96 96 102 100 95 69 116 132 151 123 30 100 108 Guinea 24 55 40 33 37 41 44 44 45 44 60 20 29 44 Guinea-Bissau I 3 5 3 2 4 6 4 3 5 14 1 3 5 Kenya 171 256 266 212 212 292 265 247 191 152 147 126 237 224 Lesotho 2 8 10 13 12 11 15 15 18 21 22 2 6 15 Liberia 24 1 2 1 9 0 2 2 0 0 2 17 11 2 Madagascar 28 95 72 37 27 20 17 19 93 51 44 29 85 47 Malawi 37 42 42 33 28 26 40 29 27 23 28 28 39 32 Mali 4 21 16 18 42 25 23 60 21 19 26 5 19 27 Mauritania 15 38 27 20 43 38 33 30 36 33 37 16 33 34 Mauritius 26 48 51 53 42 45 56 71 123 127 136 24 47 75 Mozambique 0 23 34 43 76 55 76 48 42 37 130 1 27 57 Namnibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 40 .. .. 21 Niger 65 27 24 15 23 16 14 11 14 11 11 37 57 16 Nigeria 529 2,123 2,054 1,831 862 1,075 859 1,043 544 519 288 476 1,072 1,120 Rwanda 2 6 6 6 5 2 8 7 8 7 12 1 7 7 SaoTomd andPrincipe 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 Senegal 70 99 103 53 26 66 72 121 78 91 89 45 126 80 Seychelles 0 6 4 5 5 6 7 5 5 6 6 0 5 5 Sierra Leone 10 4 2 14 14 58 19 11 8 9 19 8 5 16 Somalia 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 5 11 I South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 656 905 962 884 908 871 0 0 519 Sudan 63 9 10 13 11 1 15 12 15 3 13 57 52 10 Swaziland 9 10 8 8 7 6 5 12 7 8 24 5 12 9 Tanzania 54 53 57 59 103 62 83 98 42 105 37 41 46 70 Togo 19 37 22 12 9 6 8 24 14 10 10 17 47 15 Uganda 7 31 41 29 35 35 36 40 39 33 45 14 44 36 Zambia 141 74 302 167 151 167 555 86 71 60 169 102 85 180 Zimbabwe 10 152 147 163 179 203 209 194 184 175 151 41 150 176 NORTH AFRICA 2,698 4,143 4,064 5,684 4,558 4,532 4,902 4,991 4,322 4,172 4,480 2,015 3,662 4,585 Algeria 1,440 1,846 1,848 1,883 1,746 1,527 1,791 2,081 2,037 1,978 1,965 972 1,591 1,870 Egypt, Arab Republic 367 1,014 669 1,042 1,066 1,153 1,241 1,054 736 673 745 422 885 939 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 663 866 1,145 2,341 1,311 1,375 1,367 1,337 1,062 1,018 1,175 466 844 1,300 Tunisia 229 418 402 417 436 477 503 519 488 503 595 155 341 476 ALL AFRICA 5,177 8,743 8,720 9,725 7,396 8,675 9,458 9,932 8,146 8,057 9,045 3,957 7,323 8,790 External Debt and Related Flows 165 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credits Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR7 SUTB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5,658 10,192 9,566 9,511 6,756 11,150 13,984 14,212 12,912 12,388 4,638 9,109 11,186 excluding South Africa 5,658 10,192 9,566 9,511 6,756 8,500 11,009 10,480 8,693 12,388 4,638 9,109 9,677 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,887 6,888 6,650 5,803 5,316 6,678 9,232 8,019 7,310 8,695 3,575 6,896 7,177 Angola 0 283 336 191 87 203 410 783 795 1,118 0 164 467 Benin 9 35 29 26 3 1 40 48 44 5 1 . 1 3 34 38 Botswana 14 106 89 98 90 93 92 151 102 .. 13 64 103 Burkina Faso 1 7 29 40 29 36 42 47 47 49 4 II1 33 36 Burundi 7 41 38 38 35 41 38 30 29 54 8 38 38 Cameroon 252 479 394 363 441 361 393 486 473 18 203 559 379 Cape Verde 0 6 9 1 1 5 6 5 6 12 17 1 6 9 Central African Republic 8 28 14 14 7 21 1 5 12 12 61 9 27 20 Chad 6 10 9 10 16 18 1 5 30 35 45 5 10 21 Comoros 0 1 8 6 2 3 I 1 2 I. 1 3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 497 327 158 64 15 6 1 8 42 0 .. 241 458 79 Congo, Republic of 78 483 260 127 98 538 146 321 96 1,117 136 355 354 C6te dIvoire 1,312 1,095 1,142 1,030 984 1,224 1,023 1,338 1,254 1,502 822 1,110 1,177 Djibouti 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 9 1 1 1 1 12 7 1 6 3 1 0 II1 Equatorial Guinea 2 5 4 3 1 2 2 5 5 3 3 7 3 Eritra .. . . . . 0 0 0I 1 . . Ethiopia 36 228 131 104 90 107 153 346 98 457 5 1 242 190 Gabon 399 131 261 383 112 225 439 373 415 494 235 134 315 Gambia, The I 37 30 29 27 30 26 27 26 22 5 21 28 Ghana 141 356 285 300 286 343 378 442 476 618 87 348 387 Guinea 100 165 133 84 -81 -94- 173- 110 151 0 76 105 110 Guinea-Bissau 4 6 22 6 3 7 15 1 1 9 5 2 8 9 Kenya 376 708 660 616 574 839 859 810 618 644 342 646 703 Lesotho 5 23 26 34 33 29 40 37 45 71 6 19 37 Liberia 43 3 17 1 22 15 2 2 0 .. 41 21 8 Madagascar 76 21-5 - 156 9 5 3 5 7 - 211 168 M7 208 124 Malawi 71 128 126 105 78 79 116 84 75 101 57 109 99 Mali 13 64 42 55 76 87 84 114 75 121 13 62 '80 Mauritania 40 137 89 81 124 102 112 112 106 155 51 104 113 Mauritiua 44 151 168 180 125 148 210 179 259 212 54 146 181 Mozambique 0 64 -75- -- 78- 119 --- 122 - 16 140 - 101 34 0 -6-6 99 Namibia ... . .. I I. . Niger 122 90 98 5I 88 64 55 56 59 14 87 130 64 Nigeria 772 3,304 2,917 3,709 1,441 1,822 1,777 2,461 1,383 3,693 1,064 2,213 2,501 Rwanda 4 16 18 15 16 3 20 17 20 41 4 20 18 SAo Tom6 and Principe 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 I 3 3 Senegal 235 296 293 196 108 220 267 282 236 284 112 309 - 242 Seychelles 0 18 IS 17 17 16 23 1s 14 17 1 13 17 Sierra Leone 60 16 12 30 27 155 78 58 19 48 36 21 49 Somalia 13 10 0 0 0 0 I 3 0 .. 14 31 2 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 2,650 2,976 3,732 4,219 ..0 0 1,697 Sudan 194 25 22 27 20 3 69 48 58 .. 147 115 34 Swaziland 17 46 29 25 24 26 21 33 24 30 12 36 29 Tanzania 135 171 202 231 208 179 228 264 155 152 100 147 199 Togo 38 80 50 32 23 19 26 56 52 .. 44 108 42 Uganda 52 143 143 109 154 148 135 147 187 63 49 172 136 Zambia 411 200 596 352 363 371 2,611 245 258 244 296 219 582 Zimbabwe 50 422 413 550 585 575 613 620 633 740 107 456 572 NORTH AFRICA 6,640 14,569 15,155 16,824 15,638 12,210 11,609 10,934 10,512 3,315 5,037 10,513 12,307 Algeria 3,968 8-g,-624 §9,0o67' 9,110 9,027 5,07 4,179 4,148 4,408 .. 2,848 5,703 6,705 Egypt, Arab Republic 813 2,770 2,385 2,532 2,017 2,109 2,248 2,149 1,665 .. 871 2,160 2,234 Morocco 1,341 1,774 2,372 3,876 3,308 3,622 3,740 3,210 3,075 3,315 921 1,693 3,144 Tunisia siS 1,402 1,331 1,305 1,285 1,405 1,442 1,427 1,363 .. 398 956 1,370 ALL AFRICA 12,298 24,761 24,721 26,335 22,394 23,359 25,593 25,146 23,424 15,703 9,676 19,622 23,493 Nute: In 1995, Zaubia -a aWe to clea its a,emr to the IP after completing a 3 year Rights Arr-genment Pogram. 166 External Debt and Related Flows 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,029 715 603 558 527 636 819 884 1,051 1,155 995 542 691 794 excludingSouthAfrica 1,029 715 603 558 527 384 404 379 496 533 115 542 691 472 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 650 683 575 518 477 334 348 332 463 496 115 306 522 434 Angola .. 43 53 54 66 55 53 49 46 45 0 6 35 46 Benin 11 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 7 3 Botswana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 5 6 6 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 3 Burundi 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 Cameroon 28 43 33 31 30 24 39 24 40 55 . 17 54 35 CapeVerde .. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 Chad 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 45 21 20 13 13 9 8 7 12 18 0 18 27 12 Congo,Republicof 31 48 40 35 30 20 35 18 16 16 0 12 45 26 C6ted'lvoire 95 167 138 130 110 20 23 37 105 96 10 47 80 84 Djibouti 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 Equatorial Guinea I 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. ,. 0 Ethiopia 9 8 7 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 0 4 7 3 Gabon 33 45 48 50 45 43 17 11 18 25 0 13 31 30 Gambia, The 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 Ghana 18 12 17 19 22 26 28 36 29 38 16 12 12 24 Guinea 9 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 10 12 0 4 5 5 Guinea-Bissau 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 Kenya 58 78 55 49 53 38 36 30 30 39 0 24 39 41 Lesotho I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 Madagascar 29 7 5 3 3 2 3 4 1 2 0 9 4 3 Malawi 16 4 4 4 1 1 3 4 3 1 0 5 5 2 Mali 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 15 8 0 2 4 4 Mauritania 7 9 10 6 4 4 5 4 8 8 0 5 7 6 Mauritius 8 5 5 3 4 10 16 19 23 27 0 3 3 11 Mozambique .. 15 7 5 3 1 1 1 3 4 0 0 8 4 Namibia .. .-. . . . , . . 0 19 . -. 9 Niger 19 9 10 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 7 7 3 Nigeria 379 32 28 40 50 50 56 48 33 38 1 236 169 38 Rwanda 3 5 6 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 3 3 Sao Tome and Principe 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 24 29 21 15 15 14 14 7 11 15 6 13 21 15 Seychelles 37 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 2 1 Sierra Leone 6 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 1 0 0 3 4 3 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 251 415 504 555 622 880 .. .. 538 Sudan 70 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 38 3 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 1 1 1 Tanzania 26 9 5 5 4 5 4 6 6 7 6 12 19 6 Togo 14 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 Uganda 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 4 4 0 2 3 3 Zambia 0 3 3 1 1 2 1 9 10 10 0 0 0 4 Zimbabwe 15 49 48 45 33 28 35 44 44 43 41 22 25 41 NORTH AFRICA 669 530 377 420 285 233 216 194 330 305 127 462 569 302 Algeria 116 179 100 200 36 33 22 13 13 15 10 150 125 62 Egypt, Arab Republic 422 301 220 168 164 130 132 133 262 227 40 246 351 178 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 105 20 18 15 18 18 24 9 6 3 0 57 71 13 Tunisia 26 30 39 37 67 52 38 39 49 60 77 9 21 49 ALLAFRICA 1,699 1,245 980 978 812 869 1,035 1,078 1,381 1,460 1,123 1,004 1,260 1,096 External Debt and Related Flows 167 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,996 7,081 3,860 5,028 5,038 10,307 7,383 3,192 5,021 -1,060 1,933 7,831 5,215 4,778 excluding South Africa 9,996 7,081 3,860 5,028 5,038 1,044 3,970 2,511 5,453 -774 294 7,831 5,215 3,351 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 7,215 7,115 4,021 5,736 4,566 1,704 4,529 3,838 6,115 -505 992 6,307 6,101 3,811 Angola .. 977 227 905 294 305 -93 74 429 58 -672 316 1,029 250 Benin 42 92 106 39 87 113 105 101 114 -24 72 85 52 80 Botswana 8 -37 49 23 45 -10 2 -43 -18 -66 130 29 37 8 Burkina Faso 56 70 131 105 109 117 124 81 71 64 125 52 76 100 Burundi 0 65 66 101 45 25 26 4 3 10 -9 0 19 34 Cameroon 538 685 70 380 134 305 65 -188 672 65 48 354 283 224 Cape Verde .. 11 -1 12 6 25 35 -5 14 31 28 18 8 16 Central African Republic 31 107 94 39 54 32 25 14 -3 -8 25 22 67 38 Chad -8 107 97 120 51 72 63 110 77 24 118 22 47 84 Comoros 13 2 -2 15 5 7 11 4 8 -5 1 12 14 5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 278 88 125 -26 0 -140 61 -91 242 -13 185 368 234 43 Congo,Republicof 541 93 -266 -35 310 79 166 -451 96 -66 183 241 189 11 C6ted'lvoire 1,257 1,189 561 627 731 -1,002 935 2,117 413 -1,064 -110 741 351 440 Djibouti 9 21 17 30 36 -10 13 18 11 3 3 10 22 14 Equatorial Guinea 41 10 8 13 13 17 -8 0 19 12 -7 12 12 8 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 7 33 73 106 .. .. 4f Ethiopia 94 204 358 233 314 190 134 23 130 97 -267 446 435 142 Gabon -122 164 87 -193 19 -18 14 -84 260 -172 -288 72 295 -21 Gambia,The 58 16 13 35 26 -20 -6 44 -5 3 4 26 15 11 Ghana 75 341 563 306 370 323 410 654 273 288 40 150 242 357 Guinea 23 86 122 143 228 120 98 72 403 -43 64 52 149 129 Guinea-Bissau 73 46 34 23 19 27 13 30 27 11 6 28 33 24 Kenya 718 615 280 114 154 -322 104 -185 21 -183 167 318 346 76 Lesotho 20 47 51 67 59 47 41 30 30 22 209 16 33 60 Liberia 95 -1 -15 -I 10 -14 0 11 -21 3 1 93 23 -3 Madagascar 476 194 119 51 67 22 59 60 210 100 -28 199 128 85 Malawi 154 88 96 106 107 95 183 181 48 112 174 95 66 119 Mali 99 158 116 119 63 92 200 135 283 -36 118 93 III 125 Mauritania 139 102 60 -49 85 96 68 103 158 -84 -48 115 86 49 Mauritius 104 76 56 56 22 260 312 110 768 -25 349 60 27 198 Mozambique .. 173 58 235 99 189 193 197 341 189 382 320 309 206 Namibia .. . . . . . . . . 5 ... .5 Niger 286 123 -128 48 26 28 -9 13 102 33 -55 120 110 18 Nigeria 2,780 -34 -162 -708 472 -660 -559 -1,327 -663 -269 -698 1,524 -886 -461 Rwanda 36 55 91 73 50 -11 53 52 114 79 89 32 70 64 SaoTomeandPrincipe 7 9 28 26 15 8 14 5 5 5 14 6 14 13 Senegal 246 222 -69 177 70 -29 74 -14 141 98 181 221 214 85 Seychelles -390 7 10 -1 -3 6 -17 -2 9 33 23 8 10 6 Sierra Leone 62 11 19 112 161 90 -136 41 24 58 32 53 40 41 Somalia 138 58 13 0 0 0 0 0 -7 5 0 154 74 7 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 9,263 3,412 681 -432 -287 1,638 .. .. 2,379 Sudan 839 169 116 272 91 9 0 -119 -157 -14 -191 642 243 18 Swaziland 31 -38 -7 -9 -8 -3 7 -I 164 -127 3 24 -1 -2 Tanzania 405 225 131 309 109 162 90 147 231 140 -692 341 157 85 Togo 108 10 44 27 -60 56 39 68 9 49 88 101 48 33 Uganda 130 269 169 236 246 224 184 206 248 100 227 103 164 211 Zambia 360 -127 123 82 29 88 435 169 -83 25 60 305 236 80 Zimbabwe 148 335 202 793 283 28 437 142 213 -369 102 225 -16 217 NORTH AFRICA 5,618 -1,000 1,044 386 -1,014 1,973 1,712 1,598 -251 -1,773 -1,740 5,935 3,180 93 Algeria 1,261 -892 64 -137 -868 2,029 1,392 1,624 -421 -1,609 -1,900 1,611 945 -72 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,465 -1,288 385 -608 -333 28 -28 -547 465 820 -358 2,596 1,411 -146 Libya.. . .. . .. ... . .. ....... Morocco 1,624 889 140 555 -35 -532 -306 -172 -863 -266 -441 1,346 521 -103 Tunisia 267 292 455 576 221 448 654 693 568 -718 958 382 303 414 ALL AFRICA 15,614 6,081 4,903 5,414 4,024 12,280 9,095 4,791 4,770 -2,834 192 13,766 8,395 4,872 168 External Debt and Related Flows 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF Militons of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,742 5,139 4,362 3,872 5,003 4,354 3,880 -43 1,769 -1,072 5,954 5,678 3,029 excluding South Africa 7,742 5,139 4,362 3,872 5,003 2,831 2,402 435 1,278 -1,072 5,954 5,678 2,694 excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria 6,231 5,392 4,437 5,216 5,038 2,979 2,888 1,545 1,803 714 4,938 5,475 3,334 Angola .. 679 95 503 624 264 219 -463 -40 1 -673 . . 758 94- Benin 5 6 102 84 65 63 84 77 83 23 .. 77 5 7 72 Botswana 2 1 -37 49 22 4 5 -10 1 -45 -52 0 2 8 3 7 -3 Burkina Faso 55 61 121 128 119 80 83 73 39 .. 48 73 88 Burundi 35 69 60 86 58 3 1 27 23 7 57 37 85 46 Canmeroon 500 449 22 520 264 249 -103 -41 -II . 313 237 193 Cape Verde 3 8 -l 10 7 24 18 20 16 48 1 0 8 17 Central African Republic 24 105 94 41 48 36 30 25 4 . 1 7 68 48 Chad 3 100 88 139 52 61 56 89 68 107 21 41 85 Comoros 1 3 5 -3 1 5 4 6 9 6 4 .. I 14 6 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 271 267 263 54 53 1 0 3 0 .. 281 239 80 Congo, Republic of 488 -42 -167 33 383 30 -67 -136 -30 -267 222 141 -29 COte divoire 1,017 521 389 351 278 524 204 64 -580 172 636 141 214 Djibouti 8 1 8 46 36 1 9 1 7 9 IS5 7 I 8 1 7 1 9 Equatorial Guinea 1 8 9 7 13 9 4 2 0 I . 8 17 6 Eritrea .. . . . . 27 7 7 33 40 .. . 3 Ethiopia 93 225 357 263 314 170 140 1 128 -153 425 448 161 Gabon -109 170 68 8 5 8 3 8 5 7 -42 -23 62 52 207 44 Gambia, The 51 3 13 37 7 5 5 48 13 19 1 8 21 17 Ghana 143 293 388 353 324 302 338 493 336 224 69 243 339 Guinea 47 100 145 149 245 122 49 85 141 0 44 13 115 Guinea-Bissau 72 34 38 37 22 25 13 23 25 8 22 40 25 Kenya 424 317 545 179 103 -301 138 -66 -165 -173 250 335 64 Lesotho 10 43 47 59 50 44 44 33 34 173 15 32 58 Liberia 61 -1 -13 0 20 -14 0 0 0 .. 61 22 -1 Madagascar 329 144 150 77 89 51 66 93 216 .. 170 153 III Malawi 120 69 120 106 151 74 149 117 106 82 75 72 108 Mali 88 141 127 130 58 69 138 110 71 70 78 123 101 Mauritania 108 54 23 81 91 82 42 83 23 -24 100 77 50 Mauritius 79 102 77 -1 22 83 255 32 691 223 37 58 165 Mozanmbique .. 190 73 168 15 176 196 222 221 91 .. 281 164 Namsibia .. . . . . . . . . .. 5 Niger 223 92 -32 56 44 35 -3 8 54 .. 107 105 32 Nigeria 1,510 -253 -76 -1,343 -35 -148 -486 -1,110 -525 -1,786 1,015 203 -640 Rwanda 25 53 77 71 50 20 43 53 62 191 27 71 69 Sao Tomd and Principe 9 1 5 19 24 14 14 14 10 1 5 6 1 1 13 Senegal 171 81 33 225 100 7 4 67 141 79 166 215 82 Seychelles 12 -4 9 13 6 8 -7 2 2 5 7 7 4 Sierra Leone 50 17 14 41 95 47 40 34 34 6 25 14 36 Somalia 106 43 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 136 83 7 South Africa .. . . . . 1,524 1,478 -478 492 ... . 754 Sudan 658 171 116 94 91 9 36 17 5 .. 495 164 67 Swaziland 21 -21 -6 -10 -9 -4 3 8 8 195 22 0 18 Tanzania 318 215 162 220 151 164 136 65 171 228 290 184 168 Togo 78 56 47 35 11 34 19 77 27 .. 88 30 38 Uganda 51 234 118 204 298 182 162 168 196 -5 62 197 173 Zambia 391 64 127 146 148 57 93 62 76 42 210 175 90 Zimbabwe 93 177 239 437 325 55 144 20 82 -125 164 44 ISO NORTH AFRICA 4,953 1,567 385 1,228 200 1,408 1,499 891 -799 2,129 5,087 3,328 945 Algeria 869 156 -692 474 -453 1,446 1,496 922 -436 3,369 1,35 88 698 Egypt. Arab Republic 2,337 301 299 -89 180 123 -382 -438 -161 .. 2,162 1,483 -21 Morocco 1,394 965 427 491 196 -293 -180 -66 -894 -1,240 1,118 825 -66 Tunisia 352 145 352 352 277 131 565 473 691 .. 373 212 373 ALL AFRICA 12,695 6,706 4,747 5,100 5,203 5,762 5,380 848 971 1,056 11,041 9,006 3,975 External Debt and Related Flows 169 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,527 1,767 -1,401 430 2,530 5,529 2,007 -2,632 146 -5,674 -3,788 5,384 756 -109 excluding South Africa 6,527 1,767 -1,401 430 1,672 -2,826 -85 -1,846 2,017 -4,274 -1,339 5,384 756 -589 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,656 3,957 843 3,009 2,112 -1,041 1,389 572 3,256 -3,448 -631 4,573 2,883 1,002 Angola 0 834 71 802 202 200 -226 -259 243 -157 -886 121 926 82 Benin 27 74 91 26 73 92 81 82 91 -44 37 75 31 60 Botswana -1 -76 13 -13 12 -41 -26 -122 -48 -89 54 21 5 -33 Burkina Faso 45 54 110 86 91 100 104 63 53 31 47 46 59 74 Burundi 36 51 52 85 32 12 15 -5 -6 2 29 37 74 27 Cameroon 389 433 -143 189 -55 124 -150 -450 440 -228 24 245 51 19 Cape Verde 0 9 -3 9 4 21 30 -8 10 27 36 7 5 13 Central African Republic 28 95 85 31 49 21 19 9 -7 -14 -26 18 55 26 Chad 9 102 91 113 42 63 57 96 65 1 93 21 44 72 Comoros 13 1 -4 12 4 6 11 4 7 -5 -12 11 13 2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 13 -60 38 -74 -23 -151 38 -103 229 -31 -18 232 29 -16 Congo, Republic of 473 -75 -357 -99 258 -174 69 -650 39 -76 -306 180 47 -137 Cote d'lvoire 572 549 -100 61 222 -1,459 514 1,602 -109 -1,764 -66 277 -290 -55 Djibouti 7 15 11 26 31 -13 11 15 9 -3 -5 8 16 10 EquatorialGuinea 40 9 6 11 12 15 -9 -1 17 13 1 II 10 8 Entrea .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 7 33 69 104 .. ;, 41 Ethiopia 67 145 313 186 285 146 71 -33 82 27 -349 422 363 87 Gabon -275 28 -109 -489 -67 -167 -226 -331 -2 -343 -559 -7 205 -227 Gambia, The 55 3 5 27 18 -27 -12 39 -12 1 -2 24 7 4 Ghana 22 234 451 185 248 202 312 503 111 98 -98 108 130 225 Guinea - -11 27 79 106 18f 76 49 25 348 -121 -102 28 116 68 Guinea-Bissau 71 40 27 20 17 23 7 26 23 7 7 26 28 20 Kenya 489 281 -41 -147 -111 -651 -197 -462 -199 -373 20 168 70 -188 Lesotho 18 39 40 54 47 36 26 14 11 -1 187 13 27 45 Liberia 60 -2 -17 -1 1 -14 -2 10 -21 3 -I 72 9 -4 Madagascar 419 92 42 11 36 0 39 37 116 60 21 161 38 45 Malawi 101 41 49 70 78 69 141 148 18 87 146 62 14 85 Mali 92 134 97 99 19 67 175 73 247 -63 92 86 87 94 Mauritania 117 55 24 -74 39 54 30 69 114 -126 -85 94 47 10 Mauritius 70 23 0 -1 -24 205 241 21 621 -179 213 34 -23 112 Mozambique 0 136 16 187 20 133 116 148 295 173 84 127 274 131 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 -59 0 0 -5 Niger 202 88 -161 31 1 10 -24 1 87 8 36 75 46 8 Nigeria 1,872 -2,190 -2,244 -2,579 -440 -1,785 -1,474 -2,418 -1,239 -826 -709 811 -2,127 -1,590 Rwanda 31 43 79 61 39 -14 44 45 104 52 78 29 60 53 Sao Tome and Principe 7 7 27 25 13 7 13 3 3 4 8 6 12 11 Senegal 151 94 -193 109 28 -110 -13 -143 52 -8 54 162 67 -13 Seychelles -427 -2 3 -7 -10 -2 -25 -7 4 25 17 3 3 0 Sierra Leone 47 2 14 94 143 28 -156 29 15 33 13 41 31 21 Somalia 135 53 13 0 0 0 -I -3 -7 5 -I 149 62 6 South Africa 0 0 0 0 858 8,356 2,092 -786 -1,870 -1,400 -2,449 0 0 480 Sudan 707 136 106 259 81 9 -15 -131 -173 41 89 544 -17 40 Swaziland 20 -49 -15 -17 -15 -9 2 -13 149 -136 -21 17 -14 -12 Tanzania 325 163 69 245 2 95 4 43 184 71 496 288 92 137 Togo 74 -33 17 11 -72 46 28 42 -7 33 83 78 -5 15 Uganda 118 234 123 202 208 186 147 163 205 71 140 87 117 168 Zambia 219 -203 -182 -86 -124 -81 -121 74 -165 -45 -109 203 151 -104 Zimbabwe 122 135 7 585 70 -202 193 -96 -15 -586 -133 163 -191 -4 NORTH AFRICA 2,250 -5,672 -3,398 -5,716 -5,856 -2,792 -3,406 -3,586 -4,904 -6,570 -7,033 3,458 -1,051 -4,893 Algeria -294 -2,917 -1,884 -2,220 -2,649 468 -422 -470 -2,470 -3,971 -3,831 489 -772 -2,036 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,676 -2,603 -505 -1,816 -1,562 -1,255 -1,401 -1,734 -533 -80 -1,143 1,928 174 -1,263 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 857 3 -1,023 -1,801 -1,363 -1,925 -1,696 -1,517 -1,931 -1,287 -1,616 822 -394 -1,416 Tunisia 12 -156 14 122 -282 -81 113 134 30 -1,232 -444 218 -59 -178 ALL AFRICA 8,778 -3,906 4,798 -5,286 -3,326 2,737 -1,399 -6,218 -4,757 -12,244 -10,822 8,842 -295 -5,002 170 External Debt and Related Flows 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,095 201 -340 -194 2,824 736 49 4,120 -2,268 4,045 4,293 4,904 1,676 -1,145 excluding South Afiica 6,095 201 -340 -194 1,966 -132 -524 -2,679 -857 -2,751 -2,724 4,904 1,676 -803 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 5,114 2,577 1,790 2,981 2,863 1,091 820 -533 212 -1,745 -2,016 4,364 2,544 804 Angola 0 579 -7 452 597 213 135 -161 245 -292 -886 90 689 87 Benin 63 86 84 54 72 91 67 84 6 11 14 74 42 57 Botswana 14 -76 14 -12 12 41 -26 -123 -80 -56 54 20 6 -34 Burkina Faso 53 50 115 114 115 90 92 66 40 41 51 45 57 77 Burundi 38 55 53 87 41 12 7 5 -10 2 29 36 75 28 Cameroon 374 239 38 306 58 118 -271 -256 -177 -270 -24 224 75 -24 Cape Verde 0 6 -3 7 4 20 13 16 8 28 25 7 6 12 Central African Republic 32 94 84 32 43 38 18 15 -8 -12 -25 18 55 28 Chad -1 101 83 134 42 66 57 95 57 6 103 21 40 74 Comoros 13 5 4 12 3 7 9 6 2 -1 -12 11 13 3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 106 -12 146 20 43 -5 -18 -39 0 0 -18 241 3 12 Congo, Republic of 448 -166 -223 4 362 -188 -131 -296 -73 -2 -797 174 44 -151 C6te d'lvoire 465 77 -194 -177 -165 181 -99 -323 -1,018 -662 -724 292 -511 -310 Djibouti 7 16 44 33 17 15 7 16 7 0 -3 7 14 15 Equatorial Guinea 36 5 12 11 12 5 0 -2 -3 -I 2 9 13 4 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 7 33 64 104 .. .. 40 Ethiopia 83 146 313 241 319 150 80 -29 81 29 -349 419 364 98 Gabon -228 73 -99 -275 -19 -27 -160 -252 -247 -236 -559 -13 174 -180 Gambia, The 54 -4 1 27 -2 -7 -2 31 -2 -I -2 21 14 4 Ghana 108 147 375 188 223 125 270 489 120 95 45 96 147 199 Guinea 30 31 108 127 205 88 27 32 119 10 -102 27 107 64 Guinea-Bissau 71 31 33 35 20 21 9 21 27 11 3 22 37 21 Kenya 338 65 287 -119 -132 -549 -168 -347 421 -342 20 172 74 -171 Lesotho 10 39 40 53 47 37 26 15 11 0 187 13 28 45 Libenia 67 -3 -15 -1 1 -15 -2 -2 0 0 -2 72 10 -3 Madagascar 373 16 62 24 49 19 35 77 125 -7 17 162 56 42 Malawi 119 33 77 54 117 68 III 99 96 90 70 63 20 81 Mali 96 129 103 121 22 76 153 72 76 34 92 82 94 88 Mauritania 115 11 -17 64 55 62 22 63 3 47 -71 90 46 14 Mauritius 98 10 5 -53 -21 38 199 -39 568 -229 213 33 -19 69 Mozambique 0 178 81 188 92 132 106 160 199 178 84 119 265 140 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 40 0 0 -4 Niger 168 58 -66 32 12 25 -26 0 52 37 -3 77 49 12 Nigeria 981 -2,377 -2,130 -3,174 -897 -1,223 -1,344 -2,146 -1,069 -1,007 -709 540 -869 -1,607 Rwanda 29 47 83 65 45 19 48 45 72 68 78 27 62 57 Sao Tome and Principe 9 13 28 22 13 12 12 8 2 3 8 6 10 12 Senegal 160 -44 -59 127 46 -19 -26 -65 32 -53 70 ISO 90 1 Seychelles 12 -9 5 8 0 2 -14 -3 -3 3 17 6 3 1 Sierra Leone 45 8 5 22 72 45 37 32 32 26 13 27 5 29 Somalia 122 35 13 0 0 0 -1 -3 0 0 -1 144 70 4 South Africa 0 0 0 0 858 868 573 -1,441 -1,411 -1,294 -1,569 0 0 -342 Sudan 727 161 106 81 81 9 -18 -31 -53 4 -19 509 111 31 Swaziland 15 -31 -14 -17 -16 -10 -2 4 1 -4 -21 17 -16 -12 Tanzania 298 157 107 248 30 80 29 -19 178 68 502 253 148 138 Togo 81 24 17 23 -6 36 33 41 15 38 6 78 -19 23 Uganda 109 233 123 200 256 175 153 143 198 72 128 87 115 168 Zambia 280 -35 -235 -67 -122 -80 -16 -6 51 -109 -109 187 60 -73 Zimbabwe 82 2 85 484 209 -70 42 -170 -147 -335 -92 150 -179 1 NORTH AFRICA 2,374 -2,936 -3,464 4,627 4,841 -2,653 -3,432 -3,782 -4,948 -6,944 -6,675 3,218 -300 4,430 Algeria -570 -1,689 -2,232 -1,574 -2,521 566 -22 -526 -2,292 -3,981 -3,821 463 -663 -1,809 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,930 -800 -371 -1,065 -886 -1,053 -1,708 -1,577 -914 -1,124 -1,103 1,754 578 -1,060 Libya.. . .. . .. ... . .. ....... Morocco 922 -63 -889 -1,966 -1,271 -1,820 -1,650 -1,586 -1,859 -1,166 -1,616 784 -136 -1,389 Tunisia 92 -385 27 -22 -163 -346 -53 -92 117 -673 -136 218 -79 -173 ALL AFRICA 8,469 -2,736 -3,804 4,820 -2,017 -1,917 -3,384 -7,901 -7,216 -10,989 -10,969 8,122 1,376 -5,575 External Debt and Related Flows 171 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16,310 58,608 63,233 66,199 69,819 76,110 80,989 82,970 83,247 90,223 85,163 16,398 42,892 75,656 excluding South Africa 16,310 58,608 63,233 66,199 69,819 76,110 80,989 82,970 83,247 90,223 85,163 16,398 42,892 75,656 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 15,872 58,087 62,271 65,227 68,725 74,820 79,612 81,616 81,925 88,641 83,439 16,030 42,475 74,436 Angola .. 1,197 1,280 1,302 1,315 1,405 1,490 2,152 2,212 2,739 2,754 18 423 1,785 Benin 166 1,009 1,036 1,105 1,165 1,270 1,253 1,293 1,265 1,333 1,359 166 539 1,209 Botswana 59 185 229 233 264 293 340 322 290 296 268 86 126 272 Burkina Faso 221 597 724 820 914 906 1,001 1,085 1,077 1,175 1,249 177 493 955 Burundi 104 779 836 890 946 1,012 1,047 1,040 989 1,048 1,023 107 570 961 Cameroon 873 1,826 1,868 2,350 2,490 3,510 4,108 4,158 4,231 4,559 4,268 690 1,335 3,337 Cape Verde 96 98 105 107 133 147 154 162 194 233 32 80 143 Central African Republic 59 511 609 629 674 723 765 768 724 750 745 64 354 690 Chad 171 402 495 538 592 674 694 763 807 873 928 141 218 677 Comoros 43 159 158 168 163 172 183 184 181 179 171 44 152 172 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 862 3,136 3,269 3,207 3,217 3,403 3,511 3,361 3,127 3,406 3,206 820 1,947 3,284 Congo, Republic of 404 1,739 1,816 1,756 1,690 1,884 1,984 2,003 1,854 1,886 1,730 373 885 1,834 Cote d'ivoire 438 3,096 3,398 3,504 3,696 3,883 4,563 4,806 4,503 4,943 4,418 411 1,770 4,081 Djibouti 15 152 202 217 229 253 267 278 252 263 252 19 123 236 Equatorial Guinea 32 118 125 132 139 142 148 145 139 144 142 31 84 137 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 29 37 42 73 140 237 .. .. 93 Ethiopia 562 7,533 7,677 7,858 8,184 8,485 8,717 8,695 8,633 8,812 4,795 1,352 5,913 7,939 Gabon 113 422 488 448 408 573 702 742 893 948 821 87 230 645 Gambia, The 68 250 269 298 310 336 362 395 389 417 413 59 185 344 Ghana 775 2,120 2,382 2,574 2,895 3,343 3,741 4,006 4,077 4,620 4,822 683 1,447 3,458 Giuinea 678 1,675 1,804 1,977 2,157 2,329 2,457 2,426 2,479 2,649 2,614 734 1,256 2,257 Guinea-Bissau 87 393 415- 439 475 534 565 675 666 702 666 63 238 553 Kenya 684 2,380 2,713 2,788 3,090 3,394 3,879 3,938 3,762 4,123 4,140 650 1,741 3,421 Lesotho 44 292 335 371 382 440 469 465 456 484 472 48 183 417 Liberia 211 594 585 573 599 622 635 610 585 598 582 221 540 598 Madagascar 467 1,723 1,944 1,958 1,952 2,118 2,242 2,132 2,681 2,913 2,919 499 1,249 2,258 Malawi 258 1,051 1,227 1,310 1,502 1,681 1,897 1,946 1,973 2,184 2,475 275 743 1,725 Mali 613 2,247 2,379 2,690 2,692 2,464 2,660 2,687 2,626 2,763 2,744 592 1,652 2,595 Mauritania 526 1,280 1,328 1,327 1,521 1,598 1,688 1,739 1,700 1,842 1,809 507 1,174 1,583 Mauritius 65 349 393 383 383 416 439 402 345 354 316 65 207 378 Mozambique .. 2,083 2,394 2,634 2,864 3,239 2,936 3,204 3,190 4,066 3,485 269 1,910 3,010 Namibia.. . .. . .. ... . .. .... ... Niger 155 826 833 879 932 978 1,017 1,031 1,056 1,169 1,173 173 611 989 Nigeria 439 521 961 972 1,094 1,290 1,377 1,354 1,322 1,582 1,724 368 417 1,220 Rwanda 141 659 743 787 835 903 961 977 985 1,114 1,158 126 487 912 SaoTomeandPrincipe 20 108 124 144 157 177 221 219 219 236 230 16 65 184 Senegal 400 1,968 1,947 2,080 2,111 2,104 2,239 2,286 2,391 2,600 2,521 412 1,598 2,225 Seychelles 19 71 76 70 66 67 68 67 67 70 68 13 55 69 Sierra Leone 175 312 329 384 492 590 700 736 729 780 774 157 266 583 Somalia 546 1,557 1,577 1,540 1,546 1,576 1,596 1,557 1,503 1,531 1,516 564 1,304 1,550 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 Sudan 1,730 4,452 4,599 4,597 4,671 4,775 4,838 4,750 4,636 4,704 4,654 1,697 3,727 4,667 Swaziland 86 160 157 146 135 153 167 154 141 143 131 63 122 149 Tanzania 2,692 3,458 3,577 3,848 4,016 4,372 4,454 4,482 5,096 5,528 5,774 2,556 3,034 4,461 Togo 245 699 760 788 795 880 901 955 943 1,028 1,021 186 456 877 Uganda 254 1,451 1,625 1,806 2,130 2,456 2,767 2,878 2,977 3,192 3,277 222 792 2,456 Zambia 797 2,066 2,494 2,484 2,616 3,087 3,294 3,502 3,488 3,648 3,531 672 1,561 3,021 Zimbabwe 15 906 955 1,089 1,206 1,440 1,462 1,405 1,354 1,492 1,555 81 628 1,286 NORTH AFRICA 13,487 24,145 25,824 26,570 27,751 30,679 32,775 36,810 34,547 35,660 34,438 11,995 22,082 30,920 Algeria 1,269 860 955 1,056 1,313 2,053 3,082 3,285 3,137 3,277 3,287 1,031 599 2,231 Egypt, Arab Republic 8,115 12,520 16,621 17,151 17,996 19,531 20,285 24,030 22,585 23,467 22,533 7,116 13,200 19,672 Libya.. . .. . .. ... . .. .... ... Morocco 2,717 7,984 5,374 5,467 5,532 6,012 6,371 6,659 6,285 6,419 6,046 2,597 5,982 6,215 Tunisia 1,386 2,782 2,874 2,896 2,910 3,082 3,039 2,836 2,539 2,497 2,572 1,251 2,301 2,803 ALL AFRICA 29,798 82,753 89,057 92,769 97,571 106,789 113,765 119,780 117,794 125,884 119,601 28,393 64,974 106,576 172 External Debt and Related Flows 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,328 50,395 52,656 51,765 50,461 54,655 56,269 52,184 47,166 8,369 34,401 51,944 excluding South Africa 9,328 50,395 52,656 51,765 50,461 54,655 56,269 52,184 47,166 8,369 34,401 51,944 excl. S.Afiica & Nigeria 8,774 33,908 34,465 34,410 33,308 36,133 37,153 34,894 31,477 7,635 25,324 34,469 Angola 14 666 654 656 648 712 762 726 661 18 409 686 Benin 50 193 196 215 203 213 226 152 125 30 85 190 Botswana 76 345 360 351 340 334 306 249 205 76 309 311 Burkina Faso 39 115 152 154 148 130 130 70 58 34 111 120 Burundi 6 63 59 52 49 48 47 40 33 9 55 49 Cameroon 364 2,056 2,201 2,658 2,555 2,785 3,007 3,026 3,154 299 961 2,680 CapeVerde 1 33 30 30 31 31 32 30 26 12 32 30 Central African Republic 40 92 87 81 78 62 71 68 64 37 106 75 Chad 34 53 57 126 116 78 137 134 118 24 28 102 Comoros 0 14 9 7 7 8 8 9 8 2 13 9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1,747 5,003 5,157 4,915 4,741 5,044 5,261 5,067 4,681 1,336 3,793 4,984 Congo, Republic of 200 1,318 1,332 1,236 1,192 1,949 2,059 1,797 1,598 158 815 1,560 C6te d'lvoire 809 4,590 5,030 5,086 4,904 4,756 4,652 3,978 3,399 694 3,117 4,549 Djibouti 7 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 4 5 2 Equatorial Guinea 14 74 75 67 61 63 66 62 56 13 62 65 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 1 Ethiopia 76 368 381 380 399 432 462 435 440 82 208 412 Gabon 204 2,013 2,060 1,976 1,929 2,853 2,988 3,004 2,569 173 807 2,424 Gambia, The 5 40 39 39 35 32 24 18 13 5 34 30 Ghana 259 431 442 439 426 417 387 320 279 181 307 393 Guinea 183 469 497 382 398 460 448 458 453 149 378 445 Guinea-Bissau 10 205 230 224 212 200 201 180 172 15 146 203 Kenya 522 1,330 1,261 1,167 1,055 1,436 1,351 1,151 918 490 1,311 1,209 Lesotho 2 52 56 66 97 115 133 129 125 5 38 97 Liberia 148 330 326 314 303 306 318 301 285 131 299 310 Madagascar 105 1,472 1,450 1,398 1,277 1,333 1,380 1,344 1,148 253 1,408 1,350 Malawi 184 253 225 193 177 170 157 126 106 132 256 176 Mali 15 73 71 81 89 79 77 75 66 13 44 76 Mauritania 57 411 398 410 363 383 385 361 316 73 343 378 Mauritius 89 300 304 254 242 234 224 213 210 74 244 248 Mozambique 0 1,478 1,468 1,857 1,832 1,888 2,227 2,132 2,027 61 796 1,864 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 101 288 302 285 277 289 312 298 274 90 302 291 Nigeria 554 16,487 18,191 17,355 17,153 18,521 19,115 17,291 15,689 733 9,077 17,475 Rwanda 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 6 7 1 2 3 Sao Tome and Principe 4 24 24 23 23 23 11 5 4 5 21 17 Senegal 253 791 789 800 829 840 868 817 705 272 916 805 Seychelles 6 27 26 28 31 38 42 41 39 6 24 34 Sierra Leone 71 193 189 257 245 233 198 159 154 52 152 204 Somalia .21 333 332 322 316 323 329 325 315 60 299 324 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 1,564 3,048 3,038 2,911 2,870 2,990 3,083 3,026 2,886 1,201 2,537 2,981 Swaziland 79 83 79 66 63 57 56 66 70 57 113 67 Tanzania 349 1,836 1,766 1,618 1,417 1,391 1,376 1,256 715 343 1,385 1,422 Togo 236 324 319 283 267 287 322 289 253 180 423 293 Uganda 39 375 357 367 354 320 212 196 177 65 311 295 Zambia 704 2,139 1,945 1,782 1,564 1,518 1,475 1,430 1,294 635 1,854 1,643 Zimbabwe 86 602 689 852 1,142 1,271 1,338 1,322 1,272 86 464 1,061 NORTH AFRICA 8,111 24,941 25,793 25,910 25,705 30,746 35,345 32,201 30,667 8,070 26,647 28,914 Algenaa 2,226 4,735 5,313 5,212 4,946 8,610 12,314 14,657 15,165 1,739 3,838 8,869 Egypt, Arab Republic 4,507 8,669 7,848 7,525 7,448 8,201 8,509 3,486 3,142 4,824 15,536 6,854 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 802 9,007 9,608 10,121 9,955 10,114 10,149 9,408 7,908 983 5,535 9,534 Tunisia 575 2,531 3,023 3,052 3,356 3,821 4,373 4,650 4,452 524 1,738 3,657 ALL AFRICA 17,439 75,336 78,449 77,675 76,166 85,401 91,613 84,385 77,833 16,439 61,048 80,857 External Debt and Related Flows 173 6-21. Long-term debt: private Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average IY80 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AMR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20,778 40,631 38,945 32,663 32,673 46,461 48,579 44,747 42,270 40,779 43,293 17,542 37,420 41,104 excluding South Africa 20,778 40,631 38,945 32,663 32,673 33,426 33,807 30,412 28,391 27,512 29,331 17,542 37,420 32,779 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 16,402 25,703 25,429 24,181 24,177 24,971 25,858 23,326 22,476 21,451 23,502 13,046 23,441 24,107 Angola .. 5,767 5,788 6,200 6,781 7,031 7,320 6,511 5,813 5,696 5,886 557 3,853 6,279 Benin 118 1 7 8 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 0 142 295 5 Botswana 8 27 25 2 1 48 50 47 36 28 24 1 8 1 5 43 32 Burkina Faso 20 38 6 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 18 34 8 Burundi 8 9 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 95 10 22 12 Camneroon 1,014 1,713 1,716 1,525 1,467 1,245 1,238 1,119 777 659 508 727 1,386 1,197 Cape Verdce. 3 2 2 2 2 6 12 1 2 1 1 9 0 3 6 Central Aftican Republic 48 22 2 1 20 2 1 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 4 33 265 40 23 45 Chad 54 9 8 7 6 6 2 1 7 1 7 1 7 14 42 3 1 10 Comoros 0 ° °- ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 113 ° ° 11 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1,6 89 872 852 836 860 878 86 834 899 86 139 7 6 Congo, Republic of 652 1,145 893 883 1,232 941 913 866 832 814 555 546 1,408 907 C6te d'lvoire 5,091 5,537 5,436 5,263 5,125 5,210 5,345 4,429 4,592 4,330 6,558 3,507 5,570 5,183 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 Equatorial Guinea 7 1 8 17 16 15 16 17 16 14 1 5 0 9 18 14 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~0 0 0 0 0 0 ..0 Ethiopia 49 577 786 765 704 654 596 354 353 350 333 103 565 547 Gabon 955 715 676 626 596 268 199 143 131 125 207 766 850 369 Gambia, The 24 18 14 9 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 16 25 5 Ghana 131 257 319 332 345 419 525 795 850 838 758 132 291 544 Guinea 159 108 98 91 104 98 82 98 76 30 70 133 133 85 Guinca-Bissau 36 33 32 30 25 28 32 1 1 1 1 17 45 18 ICenya 1,296 1,927 2,273 1,769 1,696 1,266 1,153 953 805 834 857 898 1,235 1,353 Lesotho 11 34 35 28 21 17 28 34 44 55 60 9 19 36 Liberia 156 192 196 195 200 208 208 199 192 199 205 115 186 199 Madagascar _3_46 140 125 -112 897 8_6 _ 84 - 77 45 41 5 256 2 -72 -80- Malawi 192 80 69 64 50 49 28 24 21 20 234 128 72 64 Mali 36 16 12 6 4 2 2 0 0 0 3 30 37 4 Mauritania 131 97 94 88 19 9 8 25 24 22 20 118 125 40 Mauritius 165 262 292 306 275 448 751 783 1,421 1,327 1,669 94 148 754 Mozambique .. 670 491 227 - 162 L,_743 1,815 1,872-1,930 1,1770 2,153 70f _76-8 1,283 Namnibia . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 27 . .. 27 Niger 432 372 226 206 182 157 133 110 96 72 49 267 368 160 Nigeria 4,376 14,928 13,516 8,482 8,496 8,455 7,949 7,086 5,915 6,061 5,829 4,496 13,979 8,672 Rwanda 8 4 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 16 7 9 3 Sao Tome and Principe 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 Senegal 461 241 202 162 156 153 127 53 66 33 63 301 303 126 Seychelles 0 19 23 33 35 43 36 30 25 31 32 2 27 31 Sieffa Leone III 99 98 36 26 26 8 8 6 7 6 91 84 32 Somalia 28 37 36 35 34 36 37 36 34 35 34 86 58 35 South Africa . . . . . 13,035 14,772 14,334 13,878 13,268 13,962 - .. 13,875 Sudan 854 2,151 2,079 1,972 1,949 2,131 2,355 2,090 1,973 2,055 1,843 872 1,730 2,060 Swaziland 24 7 5 It 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 15 2 Tanzania 339 478 462 400 400 397 442 418 277 263 136 259 472 367 Togo 415 52 52 51 so 51 52 50 0 0 0 247 64 36 Uganda 244 335 301 260 115 93 84 77 76 74 58 149 301 147 Zambia 726 446 400 372 333 259 224 193 183 141 121 671 559 267 Zimbabwe 594 1,141 1,233 1,196 1,054 938 1,054 1,011 908 619 603 561 1,113 976 NORTH AFRICA 21,549 35,954 32,033 30,040 28,191 26,952 25,363 22,230 19,871 18,788 18,109 16,616 31,599 25,753 Alge-ria- 13,551K 20,822 19,701 19,221 18,588 i7,5-14 15,60 13,124 10465 9,054 7,43i 9,882 17,164 15,157 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,070 7,184 4,847 3,671 2,859 2,457 1,998 1,420 1,130 957 723 2,131 6,539 2,725 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Morocco 4,505 6,310 6,010 5,646 5,373 5,661 5,901 5,600 5,745 6,155 6,089 3,534 6,064 5,849 Tunisia 1,429 1,638 1,475 1,502 1,372 1,319 1,817 2,086 2,531 2,621 3,859 1,069 1,832 2,022 ALL AFRICA 42,327 76,585 70,978 62,703 60,864 73,413 73,942 66,977 62,140 59,567 61,401 34,159 69,019 66,857 174 External Debt and Related Flows 6-22. Total external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 60,612 177,052 183,248 182,281 188,412 221,424 235,514 231,319 221,371 229,983 227,558 54,892 136,754 209,816 excluding South Africa 60,612 177,052 183,248 182,281 188,412 199,753 210,156 205,269 196,150 205,271 202,657 54,892 136,754 195,025 excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria 51,691 143,613 149,721 153,263 157,677 166,660 176,063 173,862 167,695 174,957 171,040 46,377 110,830 163,455 Angola .. 8,594 9,004 10,070 10,586 11,172 11,382 10,425 9,838 11,223 10,915 695 5,137 10,321 Benin 424 1,292 1,333 1,373 1,447 1,589 1,614 1,594 1,628 1,651 1,419 408 1,078 1,494 Botswana 147 561 620 612 660 689 703 614 562 516 649 182 481 618 BurkinaFaso 330 834 967 1,040 1,117 1,129 1,267 1,294 1,297 1,405 1,452 269 708 1,180 Burundi 166 907 964 1,022 1,062 1,123 1,158 1,127 1,066 1,119 1,126 153 697 1,067 Cameroon 2,588 6,676 6,901 7,426 7,463 8,333 9,444 9,640 9,368 9,930 8,142 1,976 4,445 8,332 Cape Verde .. 135 135 142 148 176 214 202 207 244 258 62 120 186 Central African Republic 195 698 794 814 875 888 946 933 883 924 878 181 557 863 Chad 284 524 629 723 768 828 902 997 1,026 1,092 944 227 323 843 Comoros 44 185 180 188 185 192 204 206 206 203 210 48 175 196 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 4,773 10,274 10,840 10,977 11,282 12,336 13,256 12,840 12,341 13,187 13,358 4,319 7,993 12,069 Congo, Republic of 1,526 4,947 4,832 4,770 5,081 5,413 6,004 5,241 5,071 5,119 5,460 1,227 3,849 5,194 Cote d'lvoire 7,462 17,251 18,174 18,546 19,071 17,395 18,898 19,524 15,609 14,852 14,816 5,644 12,570 17,414 Djibouti 32 205 226 235 264 263 282 296 274 288 280 33 163 261 Equatorial Guinea 76 241 254 255 264 288 292 282 283 306 201 71 185 267 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 29 37 44 76 151 242 .. .. 97 Ethiopia 824 8,630 9,119 9,341 9,703 10,067 10,310 10,079 10,079 10,351 9,286 1,656 6,850 9,696 Gabon 1,514 3,983 4,223 3,850 3,861 4,171 4,360 4,310 4,278 4,425 3,204 1,231 2,393 4,067 Gambia, The 137 369 383 403 426 423 427 453 425 459 432 116 301 420 Ghana 1,402 3,881 4,380 4,508 4,887 5,469 5,936 6,439 6,346 6,883 6,297 1,313 2,974 5,503 Guinea 1,134 2,476 2,622 2,634 2,848 3,110 3,242 3,240 3,519 3,546 3,017 1,119 1,949 3,025 Guinea-Bissau 140 692 745 761 787 852 898 937 921 970 844 110 465 841 Kenya 3,387 7,058 7,453 6,898 7,111 7,202 7,412 6,931 6,603 6,943 6,894 2,646 5,254 7,051 Lesotho 72 396 448 495 541 620 677 670 660 692 712 69 249 591 Liberia 686 1,849 1,954 1,922 1,956 2,056 2,154 2,107 2,012 2,103 2,077 620 1,550 2,019 Madagascar 1,248 3,704 3,908 3,911 3,805 4,096 4,322 4,146 4,109 4,394 4,354 1,187 3,267 4,075 Malawi 830 1,558 1,665 1,709 1,826 2,025 2,243 2,315 2,228 2,444 2,594 659 1,263 2,061 Mali 727 2,467 2,596 2,898 2,902 2,694 2,957 3,006 3,142 3,201 3,018 699 1,879 2,888 Mauritania 840 2,096 2,188 2,088 2,141 2,223 2,349 2,412 2,456 2,589 2,035 805 1,844 2,258 Mauritius 467 984 1,043 1,051 1,008 1,382 1,757 1,818 2,472 2,482 2,392 359 768 1,639 Mozambique .. 4,650 4,718 5,130 5,212 7,272 7,458 7,566 7,638 8,315 6,322 513 3,803 6,428 Narnibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 178 .. .. 151 Niger 863 1,726 1,494 1,517 1,542 1,525 1,587 1,536 1,576 1,663 1,643 640 1,481 1,581 Nigeria 8,921 33,439 33,527 29,019 30,736 33,092 34,093 31,407 28,455 30,315 31,617 8,515 25,924 31,570 Rwanda 190 712 810 857 909 952 1,028 1,043 1,111 1,226 1,253 158 540 990 Sao Tome and Principe 24 150 167 189 209 222 246 230 233 252 296 22 97 219 Senegal 1,473 3,736 3,570 3,666 3,764 3,658 3,841 3,663 3,661 3,847 3,138 1,269 3,396 3,654 Seychelles 84 163 173 164 157 171 159 148 149 187 169 127 140 164 Sierra Leone 469 1,151 1,206 1,245 1,396 1,492 1,178 1,179 1,144 1,256 1,263 442 942 1,251 Somalia 660 2,370 2,449 2,447 2,500 2,616 2,678 2,643 2,561 2,635 2,606 785 1,939 2,551 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 21,671 25,358 26,050 25,221 24,711 24,901 .. .. 24,652 Sudan 5,177 14,762 15,227 15,450 15,836 16,918 17,603 16,972 16,326 16,843 23,700 4,807 10,945 16,964 Swaziland 210 254 245 222 208 220 235 222 368 251 437 149 272 266 Tanzania 5,322 6,451 6,558 6,678 6,791 7,235 7,406 7,362 7,129 7,633 6,385 4,881 6,275 6,963 Togo 1,049 1,275 1,342 1,339 1,278 1,444 1,464 1,472 1,327 1,448 1,382 715 1,127 1,377 Uganda 689 2,583 2,777 2,928 3,029 3,372 3,572 3,675 3,913 4,016 3,480 611 1,733 3,334 Zambia 3,244 6,916 6,968 6,709 6,485 6,804 6,952 7,054 6,654 6,865 6,717 2,954 5,982 6,813 Zimbabwe 786 3,247 3,437 4,060 4,285 4,524 5,007 4,976 4,919 4,707 4,566 982 2,671 4,373 NORTH AFRICA 51,281 92,974 90,884 88,748 86,681 94,059 99,533 97,950 92,131 93,971 91,460 43,825 91,656 92,839 Algeria 19,365 27,877 28,203 27,078 26,020 29,973 32,781 33,421 30,890 30,665 29,381 14,323 23,682 29,629 Egypt, Arab Republic 19,131 32,949 32,564 31,066 30,509 32,314 33,266 31,300 29,850 31,965 29,955 18,165 42,351 31,574 Libya.. . .. . .. ... ... .... ... Morocco 9,259 24,458 21,866 22,061 21,459 22,158 22,665 21,851 20,162 20,491 20,247 8,335 19,338 21,742 Tunisia 3,527 7,690 8,251 8,543 8,694 9,614 10,820 11,379 11,230 10,850 11,877 3,002 6,284 9,895 ALLAFRICA 111,893 270,026 274,133 271,029 275,093 315,483 335,046 329,269 313,502 323,954 319,017 98,717 228,409 302,655 External Debt and Related Flows 175 6-23. Structure of external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMF Concessional Nonconcessional Concessional Nonconcessional 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,374 45,208 5,695 36,680 3,936 45,015 3,601 12,188 20,778 40,779 11,195 42,593 3,033 7,396 excluding South Africa 12,374 45,208 5,695 36,680 3,936 45,015 3,601 12,188 20,778 27,512 11,195 31,149 3,033 7,396 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 11,973 44,289 5,674 24,003 3,899, 44,352 3,068 8,769 16,402 21,451 7,642 24,574 3,033 7,396 Angola .. 2,527 .. 1,011 .. 212 .. 67 .. 5,696 .. 1,710 0 0 Benin 82 429 31 106 84 904 20 28 118 4 73 86 16 94 Botswana 28 102 23 11 32 194 53 178 8 24 4 7 0 0 BurkinaFaso 89 122 30 8 133 1,053 9 47 20 4 35 59 15 112 Burundi 49 157 1 0 55 891 5 30 8 1 12 20 36 20 Cameroon 663 3,724 142 2,506 210 835 222 652 1,014 659 278 1,398 59 156 Cape Verde . 29 .. 17 .. 164 .. 16 .. I .. 6 0 0 Central African Republic 17 138 28 48 42 613 12 15 48 33 25 60 24 18 Chad 97 95 34 78 75 778 0 37 54 17 12 23 14 64 Comoros 21 28 0 0 21 152 0 9 0 0 1 12 0 3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 667 1,806 1,620 4,213 194 1,601 127 681 1,462 899 329 3,565 373 423 Congo, Republic of 355 1,643 132 1,169 49 243 69 382 652 814 247 834 22 34 Cote dlvoire 369 3,232 355 1,579 69 1,711 454 1,780 5,091 4,330 1,059 1,576 65 644 Djibouti 14 119 5 0 1 144 1 1 5 0 6 15 0 9 Equatorial Guinea 30 56 13 47 2 88 1 10 7 15 7 79 16 11 Eritrea .. 68 .. 2 .. 72 .. 5 . 0 .. 5 .. 0 Ethiopia 281 6,422 18 216 282 2,391 58 239 49 350 57 626 79 107 Gabon 103 916 173 2,238 10 32 30 522 955 125 228 478 15 113 Gambia, The 33 86 0 0 36 331 5 16 24 0 23 15 16 10 Ghana 636 1,275 119 157 139 3,345 140 218 131 838 131 716 105 334 Guinea 615 1,200 116 208 63 1,448 67 240 159 30 80 293 35 127 Guinea-Bissau 58 303 5 161 29 399 5 15 36 1 5 76 1 15 Kenya 414 1,539 159 516 270 2,584 364 415 1,286 834 640 858 254 197 Lesotho 4 83 2 24 40 401 0 98 11 55 8 8 6 24 Liberia 179 398 50 77 33 200 98 218 156 199 81 694 89 317 Madagascar 319 1,221 71 1,062 148 1,692 34 89 346 41 244 230 87 58 Malawi III 284 112 16 147 1,900 72 90 192 20 116 32 80 102 Mali 451 1,218 6 37 163 1,545 9 28 36 0 24 188 39 187 Mauritania 420 1,008 38 189 106 835 18 161 131 22 65 265 62 110 Mauritius 39 294 37 27 25 60 53 201 165 1,327 47 573 102 0 Mozambique .. 2,268 .. 1,810 .. 1,798 .. 96 .. 1,770 .. 365 0 207 Namibia.. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... . Niger 42 238 70 247 112 930 30 36 432 72 159 63 16 76 Nigeria 401 919 21 12,677 38 663 533 3,419 4,376 6,061 3,553 6,575 0 0 Rwanda 51 155 1 4 91 959 0 0 8 1 26 50 14 56 Sao Tom6 and Principe 9 70 4 2 11 166 0 1 0 0 0 12 0 0 Senegal 221 838 169 454 179 1,762 84 194 461 33 219 273 140 293 Seychelles 16 49 4 7 3 22 2 37 0 31 59 42 0 0 Sierra Leone 136 276 47 139 39 504 23 32 111 7 53 108 59 191 Somalia 400 808 9 302 147 723 13 18 28 35 47 591 18 158 SouthAfrica .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 13,268 .. 11,444 0 0 Sudan 1,361 2,865 1,298 2,750 368 1,839 266 212 854 2,055 598 6,349 431 772 Swaziland 69 74 34 0 17 69 45 79 24 0 15 28 6 0 Tanzania 2,388 2,480 88 581 305 3,049 261 93 339 263 1,770 900 171 268 Togo 155 253 210 250 90 775 26 24 415 0 120 52 33 95 Uganda 191 815 23 149 63 2,377 16 67 244 74 63 135 89 398 Zambia 778 1,617 314 1,348 19 2,031 374 211 726 141 586 329 447 1,188 Zimbabwe 15 961 83 238 0 532 3 1,183 594 619 90 768 0 407 NORTHAFRICA 11,435 31,809 6,098 17,048 2,053 3,852 2,013 14,733 21,549 18,788 7,266 5,602 868 2,140 Algeria 1,255 2,892 1,956 12,132 14 385 270 4,005 13,545 9,054 2,325 186 0 2,011 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,230 21,300 3,767 1,253 1,885 2,167 741 2,028 2,070 957 4,027 4,260 411 0 Libya.. . .. ... ... ... ... .... Morocco 2,638 5,540 158 2,224 79 879 644 5,577 4,505 6,155 778 116 457 0 Tunisia 1,311 2,076 218 1,440 75 421 357 3,123 1,429 2,621 136 1,040 0 129 ALL AFRICA 23,809 77,017 11,793 53,729 5,989 48,867 5,613 26,921 42,327 59,567 18,461 48,195 3,901 9,536 176 External Debt and Related Flows 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments Millions_of U.S._dollars_(current prices) ___ Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMPF - ~Conc-essi-on-a N-fo-nco-ncess-ionaI -Co-ncess o-nalfNonc-once-ssi-on-al 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998 SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA 422 1,502 453 825 59 806 425 2,418 3,809 6,535 1,029 115 487 1,177 excluding South Aftica 422 -1,502 453 825 59 806 425 2,418 3,809 3,211 1,029 115 487 745 excluding South Africa &Nigeria 400 1,051 438 760 58 801 354 1,675 3,145 3,041 650 114 487 745 Angola .. 16 0 6 1 .. I 0 1 .. 1,013 0 0 0 0 Benin 1 9 1 1 I 1 23 I 6 4 0 I .. 0 6 Botswana. 1 7 2 6 0 1 3 1 0 53 1 6 2 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 3 8 4 1 3 3 1 2 8 5 0 5 ..0 3 Burundi 1 I 0 0 0 14 1 6 4 0 2 0 I 9 Casneroon 25 117 1 8 76 4 1 9 24 214 163 78 28 . 1 9 1 9 Cape Verde .. 2 0 1 .. 7 0 3 .. 2 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 40 7 13 Chad 1 0 0 6 2 12 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 12 Comoros 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 ..0 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 48 0 136 0 2 0 22 0 189 0 45 .. 101 I Congo,Republic of 22 0 13 19 I 1 1 1 74 25 0 31 0 8 1 1 C6te dIlvoire 29 198 55 80 3 52 46 376 1,180 562 95 10 0 3 Djibouti 2 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 ..0 3 Eritrea .. 3 0 0 .. I 0 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 Ethiopia I11 19 1 5 2 44 10 34 9 12 9 0 2 5 Gabons 6 50 28 199 0 1 4 82 359 25 33 0 1 29 Gamnbia, The 0 9 0 0 0 9 0 3 0 0 3 0 1 5 Ghana 24 98 22 12 I 49 13 50 48 169 18 1 7 33 141 Guinea 55 29 7 7 0 26 21 32 14 17 9 0 2 10 Guinea-Bissau 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 I Kenya 13 73 22 81 2 40 47 139 274 209 58 33 17 64 Lesotho 0 7 0 5 0 1 1 0 1 1 4 9 1 0 0 5 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 27 0 1 1 ..5 1 Madagascar 21 42 2 28 1 33 3 66 42 1 29 0 3 14 Malawi 4 6 7 1 2 29 3 18 53 1 16 0 3 26 Mali 4 18 0 3 I 37 0 4 3 0 3 0 4 12 Mauritania 8 27 0 7 3 33 2 29 17 4 7 0 1 1 8 Mauritius 2 33 4 6 0 4 6 39 29 205 8 0 3 0 Mozamibique .. 24 0 13 .. 24 0 12 .. 12 0 0 0 25_ Namnibia . .. 0 0 . .. 0 0 . I .. . . 0 Niger 3 4 5 3 16 15 2 2 98 25 19 ..0 IS Nigeria 22 451 15 65 1 5 70 743 663 170 379 1 0 0 Rwanda 0 1 0 1 1 13 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 4 Sao Toml and Principe 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 1 3 67 1 9 50 I 59 8 33 183 18 24 8 1 2 63 Seychelles 0 4 0 2 0 I 0 6 0 6 37 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 2 1 2 1 0 13 2 I 35 0 6 0 19 1 Somalia 3 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 ..4 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 3,324 0 ..0 432 Sudan 37 0 30 0 5 0 18 0 12 0 70 .. 92 58 Swaziland 2 8 6 0 0 3 4 13 5 0 2 0 0 0 Tanzania 32 63 2 1 2 61 23 44 36 18 26 6 39 39 Togo 2 9 17 6 1 12 2 8 16 0 14 ..0 12 Uganda 3 16 8 18 1 44 2 14 22 4 5 .. 16 64 Zambia 16 17 22 20 0 33 51 88 238 59 0 .. 84 6 Zimbabwe 3 59 0 33 0 8 3 200 43 585 15 0 0 58 NORTH AFRICA 571 1,635 328 2,106 11 250 261 2,955 5,216 3,746 669 0 253 591 Algeria 107 255 226 1,004 2 48 69 936 3,564 2,411 116 ..0 5 534 Egypt, Arab Republic 265 730 50 134 7 83 51 457 320 270 422 .. 121 0 Libya . .. 0 0 . .. 0 0 . . . Morocco 130 402 24 879 I 68 94 1,012 992 691 105 0 100 0 Tunisia 70 249 28 89 1 SI 47 550 340 375 26 .. 33 57 ALL AFRICA 994 3,137 782 2,931 70 1,056 685 5,373 9,025 10,282 1,699 115 739 1,768 Note: Ins 1995, Zambia was able tu clea its arreas to tbe IMF after mompletittg a 3 year Rights Arrangement Pmograe. External Debt and Related Flows 177 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1998 Structure offinancing Concessional terms Nonconcessional terms (percentage of total) Grace Grant Grace Grant Conces- Noncon- Interest periad Maturity element Interest period Maturity element sional cessional (percent) (years) (years) (percent) (percnt) (years) (years) (percnt) Grants loans laans SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.2 9.3 35.9 73.1 6.6 3.7 13.9 14.7 29.9 64.8 5.3 excluding South Aftica 1.2 9.3 35.9 73.1 6.6 3.7 13.9 14.7 29.3 65.5 5.1 excl. S. Afiica &Nigeria 1.2 9.3 35.9 73.1 6.6 3.7 13.9 14.7 29.2 65.6 5.1 Angola 1.8 4.1 29.0 58.7 7.2 0.6 9.0 9.0 61.4 34.4 4.2 Benin 1.3 8.8 33.2 70.2 6.8 5.8 17.3 19.7 23.7 74.1 2.2 Botswana 2.9 4.1 15.5 40.5 8.3 5.0 9.5 7.5 82.7 15.7 1.6 Burkina Faso 1.3 8.5 33.7 70.2 7.5 7.4 24.1 17.0 40.1 57.8 2.1 Burundi 0.8 9.9 38.0 78.4 . ..... 56.7 43.3 0.0 Cameroon 13 9.1 34.7 71.9 8.8 1.2 107 4.2 231 76.3 0.7 Cape Verde 1.3 8.5 35.4 70.9 0.2 0.9 0.9 9.0 34.1 53.4 12.5 Central African Republic 0.8 10.0 42.0 80.4 . ..... 82.6 17.4 0.0 Chad 0.7 9.4 41.8 79.8 1.3 1.6 5.0 21.2 24.3 75.1 0.5 Comoros 0.7 10.3 39.8 81.3 . ..... 45.9 54.1 0.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 2.5 4.4 19.9 48.7 . ..... 87.5 12.5 0.0 Congo, Republic of 2.2 9.0 31.8 63.7 . ..... 63.6 36.4 0.0 C6te d'Ivoire 1.5 8.9 32.8 69.1 6.3 5.3 15.2 21.4 21.9 77.6 0.6 Djibouti 1.0 7.0 36.9 72.0 9.0 3.0 8.0 3.1 63.4 33.3 3.3 Equatorial Guinea 0.0 10.2 49.7 90.0 . ..... 82.5 17.5 0.0 Eritrea 1.3 8.6 33.1 69.6 4.0 2.3 6.3 19.6 15.7 82.2 2.1 Ethiopia 0.7 9.9 39.4 79.6 . ..... 22.4 77.6 0.0 Gabon 4.5 5.5 11.9 30.5 7.2 4.9 19.3 16.7 11.8 60.0 28.3 Gambia, The 1.8 8.0 31.8 64.5 . ..... 15.9 84.1 0.0 Ghana 1.4 9.7 36.7 72.2 6.3 2.1 8.3 11.5 13.0 76.9 10.1 Gu-inea~ 1.4 9.2 33.1 70.3 8.5 3.9 13.0 5.7 27.2 69.8 3.0 Guinea-Bissau 0.7 10.4 43.8 81.8 . ..... 39.3 60.7 0.0 Kenya 1.2 9.8 37.1 74.7 3.9 0.5 4.1 9.7 15.3 80.1 4.6 Lesotho 1.0 9.3 37.8 76.3 7.6 4.5 15.6 12.5 19.3 47.5 33.3 Liberia . .. . ... ..... 100.0 0.0 0.0 Madagascar 0.8 9.7 38.8 78.5 7.1 7.2 23.5 20.7 34.3 _55.4 10.3 Malawi 0.9 10.1 40.3 79.6 10.0 0.5 9.0 -0.8 26.3 73.4 0.3 Mali 1.3 9.2 35.7 72.5 . ..... 25.8 74.2 0.0 Mauritania 1.4 8.7 35.0 71.3 6.0 3.3 10.2 17.9 27.9 66.7 5.3 Mauritius 3.2 5.6 20.1 45.7 6.6 5.1 15.8 19.9 4.0 51.7 44.3 MWo-zmbique 0.8 9.8 40.6 78.7 8.8 7.8 _32.3 9.2 56.6 40.9 2.4 Niger 0.8 9.4 37.9 77.1 6.0 1.0 6.0 11.0 32.4 67.5 0.1 Nigeria . .. . ... ..... 100.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda 0.6 10.3 41.3 82.8 . ..... 51.4 48.6 0.0 SAo Tomn and Principe 0.8 10.5 50.0 82.2 . ..... 65.1 34.9 0.0 -Senegal 1.2 9.7 37.9 75.0 6.9 7.6 28.3 20.4 23.5 73.9 2.6 Seychelles 3.6 4.2 14.9 36.2 7.3 5.1 18.1 15.0 13.1 58.8 28.1 Sierra Leone 0.7 8.3 34.9 72.4 5.0 0.6 12.1 20.6 31.6 62.7 5.7 Somalia . . . .. .. 100.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa . .. . ..6.3 2.8 14.3 19.2 84.3 0.0 15.7 Sudan .. . . . . .. 00.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland .. . . . . . 9.6 17_.4 193008. Tanzania 1.0 9.4 37.8 75.5 5.3 0.8 6.4 12.7 47.2 50.9 1.9 Togo 1.0 9.2 36.3 75.4 5.6 4.9 15.0 19.8 15.8 80.9 3.3 Uganda 0.7 10.2 41.5 81.4 4.3 2.3 9.8 22.0 44.2 54.5 1.3 Zambia 1.0 9.9 38.1 76.0 10.6 2.7 7.9 -2.5 24.4 73.7 1.8 Zimbabwe 1.0 8.5 30.7 70.6 6.8 2.6 10.1 12.6 14.5 60.4 25.1 NORT'HAFRICA* 3.4 6.4 21.1 46.1 6.1 3.7 13.8 17.2 0.0 38.9 61.1 Algeria 2.7 5.6 19.3 48.6 - 5.6 3.5 11.5 16.5 0.0 0.7 99.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.7 9.9 33.0 77.6 7.5 3.8 13.8 12.8 0.7 63.5 35.8 Morocco 2.9 7.0 21.0 49.8 6.1 2.9 15.8 20.1 0.0 54.1 45.9 Tunisia 4.2 5.4 19.7 38.2 7.4 5.8 18.6 16.1 0.0 65.0 35.0 ALL AFRICA 1.5 8.5 33.9 69.1 6.6 3.6 13.3 14.0 26.4 61.7 11.9 *North Africa!s data are firom 1997. 178 External Debt and Related Flows 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1998 Debt-GDP ratio Total external Percentage Debt-export ratio Present value Debt service- Non- debt per capita of debt Non- of debt- export ratio Concessional concessional (US dollars) disbursed Concessional concessional export ratio (Ex post) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28 43 367 88 96 146 418 15 excluding South Africa 48 60 350 89 156 192 427 15 excl. S.Afiica&Nigeria 57 54 376 88 190 178 432 16 Angola 42 9 935 88 71 220 298 29 Benin 58 6 277 81 211 50 165 10 Botswana 6 4 330 91 12 9 .. 3 Burkina Faso 46 2 131 74 249 49 175 11 Burundi 119 3 171 88 1,395 94 833 40 Cameroon 52 35 694 91 196 231 353 23 Cape Verde 36 5 586 62 96 25 76 9 Central African Republic 72 6 265 92 440 102 .. 17 Chad 52 8 150 77 263 66 190 10 Comoros 91 4 383 90 408 54 305 14 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 49 77 273 96 205 588 I. Congo, Republic of 97 69 1,840 95 131 224 325 3 Cote d'lvoire 44 32 1,025 92 102 204 262 28 Djibouti 51 0 453 84 .. Equatorial Guinea 32 11 710 88 31 35 54 1 Eritrea 21 0 39 21 57 5 36 2 Ethiopia 134 7 169 91 831 145 824 11 Gabon 21 47 3,749 90 39 141 181 12 Gambia,The 100 3 378 85 172 17 III 11 Ghana 62 4 373 84 179 88 156 22 Guinea 70 12 501 85 321 109 305 19 Guinea-Bissau 341 64 835 91 2,436 932 2,412 27 Kenya 36 9 241 86 143 98 179 21 Lesotho 55 12 336 76 77 33 78 8 Liberia .. .. 710 99 .. Madagascar 78 32 301 89 325 165 365 14 Malawi 126 4 232 81 416 50 261 16 Mali 105 3 302 82 373 59 295 11 Mauritania 184 29 1,024 88 400 162 309 24 Mauritius 9 5 2,140 80 12 69 82 10 Mozambique 104 58 491 82 705 736 .. 18 Namibia .. 0 74 .. 0 7 .. 4 Niger 56 15 164 81 338 143 322 18 Nigeria 5 43 251 94 14 256 262 12 Rwanda 55 0 151 80 921 92 564 17 Sao Tomd and Principe 579 9 1,781 82 1,965 133 1,198 32 Senegal 56 16 426 81 155 74 162 19 Seychelles 13 7 2,372 73 18 30 43 6 Sierra Leone 116 18 259 84 849 517 896 22 Somalia .. .. 290 89 .. South Africa 0 0 597 88 0 69 68 12 Sudan 47 28 594 94 753 1,942 2,538 10 Swaziland 12 5 254 67 12 9 17 2 Tanzania 64 9 238 83 483 184 497 22 Togo 73 17 325 85 186 76 181 7 Uganda 47 3 192 88 472 122 351 24 Zambia 113 33 710 92 381 336 576 21 Zimbabwe 22 15 403 75 58 124 .. 38 NORTHAFRICA 19 31 734 85 67 110 159 22 Algeria 7 32 1,039 82 27 222 242 42 Egypt, Arab Republic 28 4 521 94 122 44 127 9 Libya............ Morocco 18 24 738 83 53 116 153 23 Tunisia 13 24 1,162 73 27 89 114 15 ALL AFRICA 25 39 429 87 86 133 394 16 179 Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 1998 (percent of exports of goods and services) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Algenalllllll Burundil Sin Tom' and Prine.pl Coe dAnvgoil Goinra-flisoonll Uganda Manulmia Ca-...o Burt ana Fa Kenya Zambia m G.inea Senegal Monambiqm, Central African Republic Tunisia Comoros South Africa Nigeria Ethiopia Burkina Paso Mali Gambia, The Chad Mau,ta Egypt, Arab Rep. Namibia Djibouti 180 Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 1998 (percent) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Sio Tome amd Principe - _ 5 9 Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia Malawi Bunundi Sit-r Leon.|. ZamMbia Mosmbique _ Congo I1 Coma". | Madagascar Central Anicmm Republic Ghsma Nigereg F Concessional Leisotho Nonconcessional Cammron _ Chad Djibouti Congo. Deoocertic Republic _ Burkina Faso M6e d'ivoime~ z z Angola Keny. C.pe Verde Equatorial Guinea Egypt, Arab Rep. ZiGabon' E.itnm = Morocco Seychellae Tunisix = S.seoitand Mauritius Algenia Bormanma South Afati e Sorted by concessional debt. External Debt and Related Flows 181 Technical notes Tables nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3. Gross disbursements: of- IMF charges. This is the sum of Tables 6-9 through ficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and 6-11, plus IMF charges on drawings. private long-term loans. Gross disbursements are from commitments of long-term external loans by Table 6-13. Total external debt service payments: official concessional, official nonconcessional, and long-term loans and IMF credit. Total extemal debt private sources, respectively (World Bank, DRS). service payments include the sum of amortization on long-term loans and IMF credit and interest payments Table 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and on long-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). IMF purchases. This is the sum of tables 6-1 through 6-3, plus IMF purchases. Table 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans. These are estimated for the respective year based on Tables 6-5, 6-6, and 6-7. Amortization: official the estimated year-end stock of short-term debt (which concessional, official nonconcessional, and private may include interest arrears on long-term debt) and long-term loans. Amortization is the actual repay- the annual average six-month London interbank of- ment of principal made in foreign currencies, goods, fered rate (LIBOR) on notes denominated in U.S. or services on outstanding long-term official dollars as reported in the IFS (with no adjustment for concessional, official nonconcessional, and private spreads). Actual payments may be different because long-term loans as described above (World Bank, DRS). the LIBOR only approximates actual interest rates on short-term loans, and because not all interest due on Table 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF short-term loans is actually paid (World Bank, DRS). repurchases. This is the sum of Tables 6-5 to 6-7, plus repurchases of drawings from the IMF. Table 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF. These flows represent all disburse- Tables 6-9, 6-10, and 6-11. Interest payments: of- ments of long- and short-term loans net of all repay- ficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and ments of principal on long- and short-term loans and private long-term loans. These are actual payments IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). made in foreign currencies, goods, and services to various lenders described above on interest obliga- Table 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including tions, including IMF charges on drawings due on dis- IMF. Net flows of long-term loans are as defined bursed debt and on commitment charges due on un- above for Table 6-15, but excluding short-term loans disbursed debt (where information is available), that (World Bank, DRS). is, on long-term official concessional, official 182 External Debt and Related Flows Table 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term Table 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, loans, including IMF. Net transfers are net flows 1997. This table presents the average interest rates, (Table 6-15) less interest payments (Tables 6-12 and grace periods, maturities, and grant elements shown 6-14). separately for concessional and nonconcessional long-term loans (official and private); short-term loans Table 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, includ- are excluded (World Bank, DRS). Grant elements are ing IMF. Net transfers include long-term loans and calculated using a standard 10 percent discount rate. IMF credit only (Table 6-16 less Table 6-12). The indicators are weighted averages (based on amount of commitments) across all loans in each cat- Tables 6-19,6-20, and 6-21. Long-term debt: offi- egory. For the column on structure of financing (that cial concessional, official nonconcessional, and pri- is, total flows), grants are based on sources for Chap- vate. This series reflects the total debt outstanding ter 12 (Aid Flows) and are not comparable with net and disbursed of official concessional, official official transfers shown in Chapter 5. nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). The time series reflects changes in the valua- Table 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, tion of year-end debt stocks (because of US dollar 1997. This table includes the ratio of debt outstand- exchange rate fluctuation) and debt cancellation, as ing and disbursed to GDP; per capita debt; the ratio well as net disbursements. Therefore changes in debt of debt outstanding and disbursed to debt outstand- stocks from year to year cannot be used as a measure ing, including undisbursed; the ratio of debt outstand- of net borrowing or vice versa. ing and disbursed and the ratio of the present value of debt to exports of goods and all services, including Table 6-22. Total external debt. When Tables 6-19 receipts of workers' remittances; and the ratio of total to 6-21 are supplemented with IMF credit and esti- debt service paid to exports of goods and all services, mates of total short-term debt (which includes inter- more commonly called the debt service ratio (World est in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed Bank, DRS). Ratios are shown separately for long-term loans), they sum up to total extemal debt concessional debt and for all nonconcessional (includ- (World Bank, DRS). ing private) debt. Both the stock of extemal debt and debt service payments include short- and long-term Table 6-23. Structure of external debt. This table loans and IMF credit, except for the ratio of debt out- summarizes debt structure for 1980 and 1997 (World standing to debt outstanding including undisbursed, Bank, DRS). The columns cover the type of creditor which is calculated for public and publicly guaran- and concessionality. The private debt shown includes teed debt only. The data for exports of goods and all both the private guaranteed (by an entity of the debtor services, plus receipts of workers' remittances, are govemment) and the private nonguaranteed debt. For taken from balance of payments data in Chapter 5. each year, all components shown add to the total in The present value of debt is the sum of all future pay- Table 6-22. ments discounted to the present (usually with a com- mercial discount rate similarto LIBOR. The debt ser- Table 6-24. Structure of external debt service pay- vice ratio is shown for the ex post category, depicting ments. This summary table compares debt service the amount paid after debt relief and/or arrears. payments for all types of creditors in 1980 and 1997 (World Bank, DRS). Debt service payments on Figures short-term loans are excluded, to be consistent with Table 6-13. Debt service payments are actual repay- The following indicators have been used to derive the ments of principal (amortization) and actual payments figures in this chapter. of interest. The column headings have the same defi- nitions as given above for Table 6-23. Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (Table 6-26). Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio (Table 6-26). External Debt and Related Flows 183 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 6 Aggregationsa Period averages b Table (1) (2) (6) (1) 6-1 x x 6-2 x x 6-3 x x 6-4 x x 6-5 x x 6-6 x x 6-7 x x 6-8 x x 6-9 x x 6-10 x x 6-11 x x 6-12 x x 6-13 x x 6-14 x x 6-15 x x 6-16 x x 6-17 x x 6-18 x x 6-19 x x 6-20 x x 6-21 x x 6-22 x 6-23 x 6-24 x 6-25 x 6-26 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the Tows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) sinsple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the sinmple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant temns, with the rest of the table in cuTrent terms). Government Finance T he data in this chapter pertain to consolidated Measures of fiscal deficit or surplus are among the government (except when not available) instead single most important indicators of government fis- of to central government operations, which were cal performance. The measure is usually calculated as reported in previous volumes. the difference between total revenue (including grants) Definitions have been taken from the IMF's Gov- and total expenditure (including lending minus repay- emnment Finance Statistics (GFS). For this volume, ments). As such, it measures government net financing data are taken from country desks. When not avail- requirements. GFSmethodology recommends group- able from country desks, data are taken from the GFS ing grants receipt with revenue because they can be and supplemented with data from IMF, World Bank, spent without incurring an obligation for future pay- or staff reports, or from other national government ments but lists them separately because grants can sources. Data from various sources have been harmo- sometimes be treated as financing items. Financing nized to produce a consistent and comparable time includes all government borrowing from others (at series. home and abroad) minus amortization (government The focus of this chapter is on the principal fman- repayment of its borrowing from others and changes cial transactions of government-taxing, borrowing, in cash balances). Other measures of fiscal balance spending, and lending-rather than on the production include the fiscal deficit or surplus without capital and consumption of goods and services, the use of grants, which measures the government's ability to labor, or other government activities. Spending cov- operate without foreign capital transfers, and the fis- ers both current and capital transactions. cal deficit or surplus, excluding interest payments from The data cover major government finance indica- expenditure, referred to as the primary deficit or sur- tors-fiscal deficit or surplus, expenditure and lend- plus. ing minus repayments, revenue, grants, and domestic Revenue is divided between taxes-unrequited com- and foreign financing-expressed as a percentage of pulsory payments to government-and nontax rev- GDP. The chapter also includes information on the enue. It includes only non- repayable receipts other major components of revenue and expenditure by eco- than grants. Tax revenue is also classified according nomic category, shown as percentages of total rev- to the base upon which the tax is levied (for example, enue and as a percentage of expenditure and lending income and profits). minus repayments, respectively. 184 Government Finance 185 Expenditure is classified by economic category at purchaser values or market prices (see Technical (such as wages, purchases, and interest payments). Notes to Chapter 1). Because GDP at purchaser val- Lending minus repayments-government lending less ues includes import duties (and GDP at market prices repayment of past government lending-is grouped includes indirect taxes), ratios for revenues tend to with expenditure, except in certain cases (see Techni- understate tax burdens, especially where such taxes cal Notes). are an important source of government revenue. The economic classification of expenditures (for Fiscal year data are compared with the calendar year example, on wages) is presented as a percentage of GDP data that correspond either to the second half of total expenditure and lending minus repayments, be- the fiscal year or to the calendar year in which most cause lending minus repayments is itself a separate of the fiscal year falls. Fiscal years do not correspond economic classification. to calendar years in Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, No attempt was made to reconcile GFS data in this Ethiopia, the Gambia, and Ghana (before 1982), chapter with the System of National Accounts (SNA). Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, The fundamental difference between the two systems Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, is that GFS focuses on govenmnent financial transac- Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (after 1985). tions, whereas the SNA considers government trans- Tables in this volume contain corrections to actions as part of total demand and value added. (For mislabeled subtitles in ADI 1992. Thus subtitles in further discussion, see World Bank 1988b, box 2.1, tables 7-1 through 7-8 are now correctly labeled per- p. 45.) Indicators calculated as ratios to GDP use GDP centage of total GDP (instead of revenues). 186 Government Finance 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 8S-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . -4.3 -4.6 -7.3 -7.3 -5.2 -3.3 -3.1 -3.1 -5.2 -4.5 -5.1 -4.8 -4.8 excluding South Afiica .. -5.7 -5.4 -7.0 -5.5 -4.1 -1.6 -1.1 -1.9 -5.3 -4.4 .. -5.3 -4.2 exci. SAfrica & Nigeria .. -5.7 -5.4 -7.0 -5.5 -5.5 -4.0 -3.2 -2.5 -3.7 -3.8 .. -5.3 -4.6 Angola .. 26.8 -21.9 -56.9 -21.7 -20.1 -26.6 -14.1 -17.1 -13.9 -18.1 .. -11.1 -23.7 Benin .. -8.4 -6.9 -7.2 -2.9 -4.4 -4.6 -2.2 -0.8 1.5 2.8 .. -5.8 -3.3 Botswana .. 10.5 9.1 9.5 8.7 3.1 1.8 6.4 3.8 -4.0 -2.6 9.7 14.5 4.6 Burkina Faso . -4.6 -3.6 -2.9 -4.6 -3.2 -3.6 -0.6 -3.2 -2.9 -3.4 ... -3.3 Burindi 9.8 -2.7 -0.2 -2.7 -3.7 -2.2 -2.2 -7.4 -4.1 -4.7 -6.4 9.5 -4.4 -3.6 Camneroon 0.4 -7.6 -8.2 -6.3 -6.3 -9.2 -3.2 -1.7 -0.9 -2.0 -3.6 0.5 -5.2 -4.9 Cape Verdec. -3.0 -4.3 -7.9 -9.3 -14.0 -12.9 -13.7 -10.0 -3.9 -7.7 -7.2 -5.1 -8.7 Central African Republic .. . . . . -10.0 -5.1 -3.4 -2.3 -0.8 -1.9 ... -3.9 Chad -7.7 -4.1 -8.1 -8.6 -4.7 -4.4 -5.1 -3.9 -2.6 -6.0 .. -5.3 -5.5 Comoros -0.5 -2.2 -2.5 2.6 -7.7 -7.9 -15.8 -2.4 -4.2 -0.7 0.0 -4.8 -4.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . .. . -9.2 -6.8 ... -8.0 Congo, Republic of .. -6.6 -13.1 -14.1 -12.6 -13.2 -6.9 -5.0 -9.1 -20.0 -6.3 7.1 -7.9 -10.7 C6te dIlvoire .. 10.9 -11.1 -9.8 -10.3 -4.1 -1.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 -0.3 .. -7.9 -4.6 Djibouti .. 21.0 -3.0 -11.7 -13.0 -8.4 -8.1 -3.9 -5.5 -2.3 0.2 ... -7.7 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . -5.7 -6.3 -6.3 2.1 -1.4 4.0 ... -2.3 Eritrea .. . . -3.2 -6.4 -12.7 -22.4 -19.5 -5.8 -32.3 -47.8 ... -18.8 Ethiopia .. -9.8 -8.5 -7.0 -5.9 -7.7 -3.9 -5.6 -1.5 -3.6 -6.9 -6.6 -5.7 -6.0 Gabon . -4.1 -2.2 -5.2 -5.7 -1.6 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 -36.9 -7.1 -2.6 Gambia, Tle .. -0.1I 1.1 1.3 1.3 -1.1 -6.7 -10.0 -6.5 -2.4 -3.6 -14.7 3.8 -2.7 Ghana .. -3.1 -1.4 -9.4 -9.9 -8.9 -6.4 -9.5 -9.7 -6.5 -7.4 -2.3 -2.7 -7.2 Guinea .. -5.2 -4.5 -3.1 -3.7 -3.6 -2.7 -3.0 -3.2 -3.3 -3.0 . . -5.4 -3.5 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -6.3 -17.5 -21.7 -13.0 -8.4 -1.4 -12.2 -18.2 -16.3 -10.0 -8.3 -8.0 -12.5 Kenya -8.9 -7.8 -6.9 -4.9 -7.7 -4.0 -1.3 -2.7 -2.0 -2.6 -1.5 -7.6 -5.4 -4.1 Lesotho .. -2.4 -0.6 2.5 4.9 5.3 4.5 3.5 3.4 0.5 -3.5 -4.6- -5.8 1.8 Madagascar .. -0.7 -5.5 -6.6 -7.2 -8.4 .6.2 -4.9 -2.4 4.7 -1.2 -6.0 -3.6 41.8 Malawi -11.6 -4.2 -3.3 -11.1 -6.9 -20.0 -7.6 -8.8 -9.5 -2.3 -4.0 -8.3 -6.0 -7.8 Mali -14.9 -2.7 -4.1 -3.9 -4.1 -4.6 -3.1 -0.9 -2.1 -2.5 -3.8 -11.9 -5.4 -3.2 Mauritania .. 12.1 -3.8 -0.7 -7.4 -0.5 1.2 7.4 5.1 3.6 4.7 . . -9.7 -0.2 Mauritius .. -1.9 -2.2 -2.3 -2.2 -3.0 -5.5 -7.4 -5.7 -3.1 -2.2 -6.6 -2.5 -3.5 Mozambiqtue -2.1 -6.2 -3.1 -2.7 -3.6 -5.3 -3.2 -2.9 -2.5 -2.4 -1.5 -8.6 -8.1 -3.3 Namibia .. . . . . . . -5.9 -3.9 -3.7 -3.8 ... 4.3 Niger .. -7.0 -3.6 -4.7 -3.8 -6.7 -3.3 -0.2 -2.7 -4.0 -5.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.2 Nigeria .. . . . . 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -13.4 -7.4 ...0.2 Rwanda .. -5.0 -5.4 -8.1 -8.3 -11.5 -2.4 -5.7 -2.4 -2.9 -3.8 ... -5.5 S8o Tomndand Principe .. -25.1 -21.2 -41.8 -33.6 -43.0 -37.6 -32.3 -26.7 -24.9 -25.8 .. -3.8 -31.2 Senegal -4.6 -3.0 2.0 -1.8 -3.1 -1.9 -0.2 2.2 0.5 -0.3 -1.4 -5.7 -2.0 -0.7 Seychelles .. 0.2 -4.9 -5.8 -11.4 -16.5 -16.1 -10.7 -13.4 -25.0 -1.4.4 ... -11.8 Sierra Leone .. 10.5 -10.1 -9.0 -7.4 -5.8 -9.8 -5.1 -7.0 -10.4 -9.5 .. -13.4 -8.5 South Africa -18.0 -3.1 -3.9 -7.4 -8.9 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -5.1 -4.7 -6.5 -4.3 -5.5 Sudan .. -9.2 -15.3 -20.1 -1.7 .. -3.2 -3.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -12.2 -12.1 -6.2 Swaziland . .. 5.5 -0. 1 -3.6 -3.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.6 -2.4 -2.1 ... -1.5 Tanzania .. 2.9 2.5 3.2 -1.4 1.6 -3.4 -1.9 1.8 0.2 0.4 -9.4 -3.7 0.6 Togo .. -2.9 -6.1 -4.2 -15.6 -11.6 -6.4 -5.8 -2.1 -5.5 -4.7 -2.1 -3.8 -6.5 Uganda . -4.4 -3.7 -7.3 -3.2 -3.8 -2.6 -1.9 -1.4 -0.4 -1.2 -2.1 -3.6 -3.0 Zambia .. -8.3 -7.0 -2.5 -5.6 -6.5 -4.3 -0.5 -0.2 -3.2 -2.0 . . -10.8 -4.0 Zimbabwe 7.6 -6.5 -5.2 -6.8 -6.1 -6.7 -10.1 -7.7 -7.5 -2.4 -9.4 8.0 -7.9 -6.8 NORTH AFRICA .. -6.1 -5.1 -2.3 -4.4 -2.2 -2.0 -0.6 -0.5 -2.2 -3.0 .. -6.4 -2.9 Algeria .. 3.6 1.7 -1.1 -8.7 -2.9 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.5 -8.1 -8.0 -0.8 Egypt, Arab Republic .. -12.1 -12.5 -3.1 -2.3 -0.9 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -3.9 .. -14.1 -3.7 Morocco 6.9 -9.2 -1.1 -2.2 -2.9 -3.6 -5.1 -3.5 -3.6 -2.7 -4.7 8.4 9.1 -3.9 Tunisia -5.2 -3.0 -2.8 -2.1 -4.2 -4.9 -3.9 -2.5 -3.5 ... -3.6 ALL AFRICA .. -5.0 -4.8 -5.4 -6.2 -4.1 -2.9 -2.3 -2.2 -4.2 -4.0 . -4.8 -4.1 Nate: 1999 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Guv. for oil exports oil valae added is significatly over- valued. Government Finance 187 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -5.5 -6.0 -8.7 -8.6 -6.5 -4.5 -4.2 -4.1 -6.2 -5.6 -5.7 -5.6 -6.0 excluding South Africa .. -7.9 -7.8 -9.8 -8.3 -6.8 -3.8 -3.1 -3.7 -7.1 -6.3 .. -7.2 -6.5 "cxl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. -7.9 -7.8 -9.8 -8.3 -8.8 -6.6 -5.6 -4.7 -5.9 -6.1 .. -7.2 -7.1 Angola .. -26.8 -21.9 -56.9 -21.7 -20.1 -26.6 -15.8 -17.9 -15.1 -20.4 .. -11.1 -24.3 Benin .. -14.2 -10.3 -11.4 -6.8 -9.0 -8.6 -6.1 -5.3 -1.8 -2.2 .. -15.5 -7.6 Botswana .. 9.1 8.1 8.5 7.1 2.2 1.5 6.0 3.7 -4.1 -2.7 7.3 12.6 3.9 Burkina Faso .. -7.3 -8.2 -9.1 -10.1 -10.6 -10.3 -9.0 -10.2 -9.7 -12.3 ... -9.7 Burundi 6.1 -10.8 -8.8 -11.3 -12.7 -4.7 -5.8 -9.7 -7.1 -5.3 -7.6 5.4 -6.0 -8.4 Cameroon 0.4 -7.6 -8.2 -6.3 -6.3 -9.4 -3.3 -1.7 -1.0 -2.3 -3.8 0.5 -.2 -5.0 Cape Verde .. -10.8 -14.2 -25.5 -24.6 -29.2 -27.8 -26.7 -20.1 -13.8 -15.0 -45.0 -24.5 -20.8 Central Aftican Republic . .. . .. -15.0 -11.4 -5.0 -6.3 -8.6 -8.7 ... -9.2 Chad -15.7 -9.0 -13.0 -13.2 -14.2 -1 1.9 -11.2 -10.3 -7.8 -10.7 .. -16.0 -11.7 Comoros -15.5 -18.5 -17.6 -11.9 -24.0 -19.7 -24.7 -12.1 -12.2 -8.4 ~-19.1 -24.0 -16.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . .. . -11.1 -9.0 ... -10.0 Congo, Republic of .. -7.0 -13.3 -14.1 -12.6 -14.3 -7.8 -5.3 -9.2 -20.3 -6.7 6.2 -8.0 -11.1 C6te dlvoire .. -10.9 -11.6 -10.3 -10.8 -4.8 -2.2 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 -1.4 .. -7.9 -5.4 Djibouti .. -21.0 -15.2 -24.1 -21.8 -13.4 -10.1 -5.7 -8.1 -4.5 -2.0 ... -12.6 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . -9.9 -8.9 -7.2 1.4 -2.1 3.7 ... -3.8 Eritrea .. . . -12.3 -26.5 -31.2 -35.1 -30.7 -12.0 -41.4 -54.3 ... -30.4 Ethiopia .. -12.0 -10.9 -9.6 -7.6 -11.1 -7.3 -8.5 -5.2 -6.5 -10.5 -8.7 -9.4 -8.9 Gabon . -4.4 -2.4 -5.3 -6.0 -2.0 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 -37.3 -7.6 -2.8 Gamnbia, The .. -6.0 -4.3 -3.3 -2.4 -4.2 -9.1 -12.2 -7.8 -4.4 -5.3 -14.7 -10.5 -5.9 Ghana .. -5.7 -4.5 -12.7 -14.1 -12.4 -10.0 -12.0 -11.0 -8.6 -9.8 -3.1 -5.1 -l0.t Guiinea .. -8.8 -8.2 -7.1 -7.3 -7.1 -6.6 -6.1 -6.1 -6.0 -5.2 .. -8.5 -6.8 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -24.4 -33.1 -37.4 -29.9 -23.1 -17.7 -21.2 -30.9 -19.5 -14.4 -10.1 -38.4 -25.2 Kenya -11.4 -10.0 -8.9 -7.5 -10.8 -6.7 -3.4 -4.0 -3.0 -3.2 -1.7 -9.3 -7.4 -5.9 Lesotho .. -13.5 -8.9 -3.6 -0.3 0.6 0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -2.8 -5.8 -7.6 -11.3 -3.6 Madagasca . -5.1 -7.7 -10.1 -10.7 -11.4 -9.1 -9.1 -7.7 -8.1 -4.8 -6.4 -4.9 -8.4 Malawi -15.9 -7.0 -6.3 -13.9 -9.7 -31.6 -16.1 -13.6 -13.3 -10.7 -11.1 -11.1 -10.0 -13.3 Mali -35.4 -8.7 -12.3 -11.0 -9.6 -14.6 -10.7 -8.1 -7.9 -8.3 -9.0 -38.2 -10.5 -10.0 Mauritania .. -14.6 -6.1 -2.5 -9.6 -3.1 -0.8 5.3 4.3 2.2 2.1 .. -14.8 -2.3 Mauritius .. -2.1 -2.3 -2.4 -2.4 -3.3 -5.8 -7.6 -5.9 -3.2 -2.5 -7.0 -3.3 -3.8 Mozambique -3.9 -15.9 -14.2 -16.5 -15.5 -19.2 -13.0 -9.9 -11.7 -10.6 -12.9 -10.4 -13.4 -13.9 Namibia .. . . . . . . -6.2 -4.2 -3.9 -4.2 ... 4.6 Niger .. -12.4 -8.4 -8.6 -9.4 -12.5 -7.4 -5.1 -7.3 -8.5 -9.7 -8.3 -9.4 -8.9 Nigeria .. . . . . 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -13.4 -7.4 ...0.2 Rwanda .. -9.6 -12.8 -14.2 -14.7 -12.4 -13.8 -13.0 -9.2 -8.1 -9.8 ... -11.7 S8o Tome and Principe .. -56.1 -46.5 -50.8 -50.3 -60.5 -60.9 -55.8 -54.5 -34.6 -50.4 .. -19.1 -52.0 Senegal -5.3 -4.3 0.3 -3.1 -4.2 -6.1 -3.5 -4.4 -2.0 -3.3 -3.5 -6.6 -3.4 -3.4 Seychelles .. -1.7 -6.4 -7.1 -13.0 -17.2 -16.7 -11.3 -13.8 -25.5 -15.0 ... -12.8 Sicrra Leone .. -10.5 -10.1 -9.0 -7.4 -5.8 -9.8 -6.8 -7.5 -12.8 -14.9 .. -14.0 -9.5 South Africa -2.5 -3.3 -4.3 -7.8 -9.0 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -5.1 -4.7 -4.6 -4.4 -5.5 Sudan .. -9.2 -15.3 -20.1 -1.7 .. -3.2 -3.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -12.2 -12.1 -6.2 Swaziland . .. 4.7 -1.5 -4.7 -4.6 -3.3 -3.2 -3.4 -3.3 -3.0 ... -2.5 Tanzania .. -0.5 0.4 0.8 -4.8 -1.7 -5.2 -3.9 -1.4 -2.6 -3.3 -12.2 -6.7 -2.2 Togo .. -6.2 -8.0 -5.9 -15.9 -13.0 -7.8 -6.3 -3.5 -7.2 -5.8 -5.6 -6.9 -7.9 Uganda .. -5.9 -7.6 -14.4 -11.3 -10.3 -6.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.6 -5.9 -2.7 -4.7 -7.9 Zambia .. -12.7 -16.0 -12.6 -13.6 -11.8 -9.5 -6.6 -5.3 -9.8 -10.0 .. -12.0 -10.8 Zimbabwe 6.9 -7.3 -6.3 -8.4 -8.1 -8.6 -11.9 -9.0 -8.5 -4.0 -10.4 7.0 -9.0 -8.3 NORTH AFRICA .. -8.1 -6.6 -3.2 -4.9 -2.7 -2.4 -0.9 -0.8 -2.4 -3.2 .. -7.2 -3.5 Algeria .. 3.6 1.7 -1.1 -8.7 -2.9 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.6 -8.1 -8.0 -0.8 Egypt, Arab Republic .. -15.1 -15.2 -5.5 -3.5 -2.1 -1.2 -1.3 -0.9 -1.0 -4.2 .. -16.0 -5.0 Morocco 6.4 -12.2 -3.1 -2.2 -3.2 -3.8 -5.2 -3.5 -3.6 -2.7 -4.7 6.7 9.1 -4.4 Tunisia -5.2 -3.0 -2.8 -2.5 -4.5 -5.1 -4.2 -2.8 -3.9 ... -3.8 ALL AFRICA .. -6.4 -6.2 -6.7 -7.3 -5.2 -3.8 -3.0 -3.0 -4.9 -4.8 .. -5.6 -5.1 Nate: 1999 data are prelisninary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are fur consolidated badget. since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gosv. for oit exports oit value added is significantly over- valued 188 Government Finance 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-1+) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. . . . . . .. . -10.7 -9.8 ... -10.2 excluding South Africa .. . . . . -14.0 -6.2 -5.1 -5.4 -9.6 -8.9 ... -8.2 excl. S.Affica &Nigeria . -10.4 -9.9 -11.5 -11.6 -16.5 -9.2 -7.8 -6.2 -7.4 -7.6 .. -9.3 -9.8 Angola .. -21.7 -15.9 -48.7 -12.2 219.0 -19.5 -2.4 -11.3 -6.8 -12.0 .. -8.6 6.8 Benin .. 5.3 -4.3 -3.6 -0.2 -1.2 -1.8 0.2 0.9 2.8 4.0 .. -2.7 -0.9 Botswana . .. . .. . ..... 3.7 -4.5 -2.6 ... -1.1 Burkina Faso .. 3.5 -2.2 -1.5 -3.1 -1.8 -2.2 0.3 -2.3 -2.1 -2.6 ... -2.1 Burundi 10.1 -0.9 1.4 -0.8 -2.2 -0.7 -0.4 -5.6 -2.1 -2.3 -3.2 10.1 -1.7 -1.7 Canmeroon 0.7 -5.5 -4.1 -1.2 -1.5 -2.2 3.2 5.0 5.1 3.7 1.6 1.6 -3.9 0.4 Cape Verde .. 1.1 -0.9 -4.5 -2.9 -13.0 -9.7 -10.1 -6.1 -0.4 -.6.0 -7.2 .4.2 -5.5 Central African Republic . .. . .. -7.6 -2.8 -1.5 -0.9 0.5 -0.5 ... -2.1 Chad -7.3 -3.5 -7.4 -7.4 -3.5 -3.4 -4.0 -2.9 -1.8 -5.1 .. -5.1 -4.6 Comoros 0.9 - 1.0 -1.6 3.6 -6.5 -6.9 -14.9 -1.4 -3.1 0.4 -22.0 -7.3 -3.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . .. . 0.4 0.8 .. 0.6 Congo, Republic of .. 3.6 -4.4 -6.2 -5.2 -1.1 5.0 7.0 3.0 -5.4 6.0 7.1 -3.2 0.2 COle dIlvoire .. 1.1 -0.2 0.6 -1.7 3.7 5.4 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.1 .. 0.2 2.8 Djibouti .. -20.3 .. -11.1 -12.5 -8.1 -7.5 -3.3 -5.0 ...... -9.7 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 1.4 -0.4 -2.4 3.6 0.3 5.7 ...1.3 Eritrea .. . . -3.2 -6.4 -12.6 -22.0 -18.6 -4.8 -31.0 .45.8 ... -18.0 Ethiopia .. 8.5 -7.2 -5.5 -3.9 -4.3 -1.4 -3.2 0.7 -1.8 -5.0 -5.7 -4.2 -4.0 Gabon .. 1.5 3.9 1.1 1.3 5.1 11.3 8.6 8.3 -7.1 5.8 -34.5 -2.4 4.0 Gamnbia, The .. 3.9 4.7 4.7 5.1 2.6 -2.9 -5.6 -1.3 2.9 1.9 .. 8.0 1.6 Ghana .. 1.6 0.4 -7.3 -6.4 -4.4 -2.1 -4.4 -3.5 -1.3 -1.9 -1.1 -1.2 -3.3 Guinea .. 26 -2.2 -1.5 -2.4 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.6 -1.9 -1.5 .. -2.7 -1.9 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -2.2 -12.2 -17.0 -7.2 -3.0 5.2 -5.6 -12.7 -9.5 -3.4 -3.2 -4.1 -6.8 Kenya -3.7 1.1 2.7 5.1 8.8 8.3 7.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 4.8 -3.0 0.0 5.7 Lesotho .. . . . . 7.3 6.2 5.1 5.0 2.6 -0.6 ...4.3 Madagascar .. 0.8 -3.5 -3.2 -3.2 -3.0 -1.1 -0.2 0.6 -1.9 0.9 -5.0 -1.9 -1.4 Malawi -8.3 -0.3 -0.5 -7.9 -3.8 -14.0 -1.1 -3.9 -4.5 1.8 -0.5 -5.2 0.5 -3.5 Mali -10.5 -0.3 -2.3 -2.2 -2.5 -2.1 -1.7 0.2 -1.1 -1.7 -3.0 -7.7 -3.7 -1.7 Miauritania .. 9.5 -1.2 2.3 -3.3 2.4 4.4 10.6 8.0 7.1 8.3 .. -6.5 2.9 Mauritius .. 2.5 1.9 1.1 0.6 0.0 -2.3 -4.1 -2.0 1.0 1.7 -0.6 2.2 0.0 Mozambique -2.1 -4.3 -1.8 -0.4 -1.1 -4.2 -1. -4 -1.2 -1.4 -0.9 -8.5 -7.1 -1.8 Namnibia . .. . .. . ... -4.2 -1.7 -1.0 -0.8 ... -1.9 Niger .. -4.7 -1.7 -3.1 -2.1 -4.4 -1.0 1.4 -1.2 -2.5 -4.4 -2.8 -2.1 -2.4 Nigeria .. . . . . 7.5 13.6 11.4 3.5 -5.7 0.8 ...5.2 Rwanda .. -4.0 -3.6 -6.2 -6.1 -7.0 0.0 -4.1 -1.2 -2.0 -2.8 ... -3.7 Sgo Tom6 and Principe .. -14.9 -10.2 -30.8 -22.2 -32.0 -25.5 -22.3 -15.4 -12.5 -14.5 .. 2.5 -20.0 Senegal -2.5 -0.3. 4.5 0.2 -0.8 1.6 2.7 4.6 2.8 0.9 0.0 -4.3 1.2 1.6 Seychelles .. 8.2 3.0 2.0 -3.5 -8.1 -6.5 -2.2 -4.0 -15.9 -3.1 ... -3.0 Sierra Leone . -4.9 -3.8 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -7.8 -3.0 -4.9 -5.6 -3.7 .. -8.7 -4.3 South Affica .. . . . . . .. . 1.7 1.4 ...1.6 Sudan .. . . . . . .. . 0.0 -0.1 I.. 0.0 Tanzania .. 1.5 2.2 2.6 -2.5 0.5 -0.4 1.1 4.2 2.2 1.8 -7.0 -1.2 1.3 Togo .. 0.3 -2.9 -1.4 -11.4 -6.1 -3.0 -3.0 0.2 -3.2 -2.2 4.0 1.0 -3.3 Uganda .. 3.8 -2.4 -4.0 -1.4 -2.3 -1.6 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 -0.3 -0. 1 -2.7 -1.7 Zambia .. -0.5 1.5 6.1 6.7 5.2 3.8 4.2 3.9 0.1 0.8 . . -1.3 3.2 Zimbabwe -2.2 -1.7 -0.7 -1.1 0.1 0.0 -0.7 0.7 -0.4 6.9 0.6 -3.2 -3.2 0.4 NORTH AF7RIC -A .. 9.7 -9.6 -7.1 -10.0 -8.7 -7.4 -6.0 -5.5 -6.8 .. -15.4 -14.6 -7.9 Algeria .. 5.3 3.5 1.0 -6.3 -1.6 1.7 6.4 6.4 0.1 .. -7.0 -6.4 1.8 Egypt, Arab Republic .. -8.3 -6.1 3.7 6.1 8.6 6.9 6.2 5.7 4.8 1.5 -22.6 -14.3 2.9 Morocco -0.7 -3.0 4.4 3.4 3.0 2.1 0.9 2.0 1.8 2.4 0.7 4.4 -2.6 1.8 Tunisia .. 3.2 -3.0 0.1 0.3 1.6 -0.2 -0.6 -0.4 0.6 -0.2 -4.5 -1.9 -0.5 ALL AFRICA .. . . . . . .. . -9.4 -9.6 ... -9.5 Note: 1999 data are pretiminary. Nigeria: frum 1992 data are fur wnasotidated budget; since 1994 ratios are distorted as off. excth. ra. used by Gouv. fur nit sector is significusstly over.vatued. Government Finance 189 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AMR SUB-SAHAiRAN AFRICA .. 28.0 27.8 29.8 31.5 29.7 27.9 27.6 28.0 30.6 31.1 26.4 28.4 29.2 excluding South Africa .. 26.4 26.2 28.3 27.1 25.6 23.2 22.5 23.7 28.0 27.5 .. 27.3 25.9 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 26.4 26.2 28.3 27.1 27.6 25.4 24.9 24.7 25.2 25.5 24.9 27.3 26.1 Angola .. 52.5 40.2 92.5 60.7 62.1 55.9 60.8 56.6 42.1 68.6 .. 43.4 59.2 Benin .. 19.9 19.0 20.8 17.8 19.8 22.1 19.5 18.8 16.6 16.9 .. 20.0 19.1 Botswana .. 39.4 41.2 42.0 42.5 36.6 36.6 36.0 41.2 43.4 45.1 33.5 33.4 40.4 Burkina Faso .. 19.6 21.5 20.9 22.6 21.6 21.1 21.3 23.3 22.8 27.3 . *. 22.2 Burundi 11,9 25.9 25.8 28.5 30.1 24.7 25.9 27.4 22.2 23.3 27.0 12.6 23.9 26.1 Cameroon 16.0 21.8 23.4 22.1 20.0 19.3 16.2 16.0 16.1 17.9 18.9 10.6 23.9 19.2 Cape Verde .. 27.5 30.3 44.2 48.0 52.6 51.7 47.4 40.4 35.9 37.2 67.4 42.2 41.5 Central African Republic .. . . . . 22.4 20.6 11.0 14.1 17.7 17.9 . .. 17.3 Chad 22.4 15.1 19.3 20.2 19.1 18.1 18.5 18.1 15.4 19.0 .. 21.8 18.5 Comoros 32.5 32.4 33.4 26.4 38.3 34.0 28.5 27.2 24.1 22.1 36.8 36.9 29.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . . . . 22.0 21.8 . .. 21.9 Congo, Republic of .. 34.3 38.6 36.6 36.7 36.7 27.7 32.8 37.7 42.9 34.9 28.4 33.9 35.9 C6te d'lvoire .. 32.3 31.1 30.5 28.4 24,7 24.3 22.9 22.2 21.7 19.8 .. 35.6 25.8 Djibouti .. 48.9 41.0 51.0 50.1 43.0 39.2 34.5 35.3 31.5 28.8 . .. 40.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 56.8 54.5 47.6 55.9 27.1 24.6 24.9 16.6 30.0 16.6 .. 38.0 35.4 Eritrea .. . . 36.7 61.8 59.3 69.2 63.3 54.9 76.2 91.4 . .. 64.1 Ethiopia .. 29.7 24.6 20.2 19.6 25.0 24.7 26.9 24.2 25.2 30.0 26.1 29.5 25.0 Gabon .. 24.1 26.7 28.3 28.6 25.5 26.3 23.0 28.8 46.2 27.0 36.9 37.6 28.4 Gamnbia, The .. 26.9 25.7 26.4 25.4 25.1 27.6 31.1 26.9 23.2 25.0 35.9 31.8 26.3 Ghana 18.7 18.2 19.1 24.6 29.0 31.2 30.4 29.5 28.7 28.6 26.2 13.1 18.3 26.5 Guinea .. 24.6 22.7 19.3 18.5 17.3 17.5 16.1 17.3 16.6 15.5 .. 23.0 18.5 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 43.1 45.4 48.1 40.3 35.5 30.4 33.7 46.3 25.0 32.2 10.8 52.0 38.0 Kenya 34.3 33.6 33.3 32.4 40.7 34.7 31.8 31.4 29.1 29.2 25.9 28.0 29.8 32.2 Lesotho .. 50.9 49.5 44.2 45.3 46.4 44.2 44.7 45.1 48.7 49.3 32.1 44.7 46.8 Madagascar .. 17.0 16.4 20.0 20.6 19.8 17.6 17.8 17.4 18.8 16.2 18.8 -17.8 ~18.2 Malawi 35.7 28.0 24.8 34.6 27.0 51.8 33.9 22.2 26.2 30.3 27.6 29.2 32.9 30.6 Mali 108.2 26.3 28.4 24.4 23.4 27.2 23.5 23.5 23.9 24.7 26.0 106.8 25.6 25.1 Mauritania .. 39.2 28.3 24.8 36.8 27.7 24.8 24.0 22.7 24.9 25.8 .. 39.5 27.9 Mauritius .. 24.9 25.0 24.5 23.8 23.8 24.4 26.4 26.1 23.6 24.1 29.4 26.1 24.7 Mozambique 17.4 28.7 26.7 30.3 29.5 30.9 24.4 20.5 23.1 22.0 24.6 26.5 24.5 26.1 Namibia .. . . . . . . 39.5 40.1 39.4 40.3 . .. 39.8 Niger .. 22.7 16.9 16.8 16.7 18.6 14.6 12.9 15.7 17.3 18.2 19.2 20.1 17.0 Nigeria .. . . . . 16.6 12.7 10.6 19.0 42.0 37.9 . .. 23.1 Rwanda .. 19.7 23.2 24.3 23.9 16.0 20.6 22.1 19.5 18.6 19.5 . .. 20.7 Sao Tomd and Principe .. 74.1 62.7 71.1 68.3 73.8 77.5 69.3 70.1 59.6 69.8 .. 43.6 69.6 Senegal 27.4 21. 19.1 215 20.8 21.0 19.9 20.9 18.9 20.0 20.6 25.6 206 20.4 Seychelles .. 49.4 50.6 51.6 64.9 70.0 63.8 55.9 59.8 69.8 65.2 . .. 60.1 SieTa Leone .. 19.8 20.9 21.4 21.2 18.5 19.4 16.9 13.0 20.1 22.0 .. 20.5 19.3 South Africa 24.1 29.3 29.2 31.1 35.5 34.0 33.0 33.3 32.7 33.7 35.4 26.4 29.3 32.7 Sudan .. 15.5 22.5 29.0 10.0 .. 12.0 10.8 7.4 8.5 9.3 23.1 20.8 13.9 Swaziland . .. 27.6 31.6 49.5 47.5 42.3 40.4 37.5 35.1 32.0 . .. 38.2 Tanzania .. 15.2 14.0 14.2 17.7 15.6 16.2 15.8 13.6 13.4 13.9 30.9 20.5 15.0 Togo 40.5 28.8 25.4 22.1 26.6 25.1 22.5 20.9 18.2 22.5 21.1 34.9 32.4 23.3 Uganda .. 12.7 15.0 21.2 18.6 18.6 16.7 16.2 16.8 15.8 16.8 13.7 11.0 16.8 Zambia 38.1 32.9 34.7 31.0 29.4 31.9 29.4 27.3 25.2 28.6 27.6 35.1 32.1 29.8 Zimbawe4.2 34.3 33.0 36.1 34.8 33.1 38.6 34.4 37.0 33.4 38.7 11.4 35.6 35.3 NO-0RTH AFRICA .. 31.2 33.7 32.5 33.1 32.0 30.4 29.1__29.1 28.9 29.6 .. 31.7 31.0 Algeria .. 25.2 30.2 30.7 36.2 33.9 32.0 29.2 31.2 31.7 30.3 46.3 39.3 - 31.1 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 37.9 40.9 36.6 33.2 32.2 28.6 27.8 26.1 25.3 28.5 .. 41.3 31.7 Morocco 9.3 27.5 26.1 28.4 29.8 28.1 29.1 27.7 30.0 30.1 31.6 13.0 6.8 28.8 Tunisia 31.8 30.2 30.7 33.8 34.5 35.5 32.6 32.0 27.6 . .. 32.1 ALL AFRICA .. 29.1 30.0 30.8 32.1 30.6 28.8 28.1 28.4 30.0 30.6 .. 29.2 29.8 Nate. 1999 data are prelimiaary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are fur consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch rate used by the Gay fur nil e"ports nil value added is significatly over- valuad. 190 Government Finance 7-5. Government interest payments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.2 ... 5.4 excluding South Africa .. 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 9.4 4.9 4.4 3.9 4.5 4*5 3*3 4.4 5.3 exci. S.Afiica & Nigeria .. 4.2 4.3 4.6 5.0 10.2 5.1 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.6 5.0 Angola .. 5.2 6.0 8.2 9.4 239.1 7.1 11.7 5.8 7.0 6.1 .. 2.5 30.6 Benin .. 3.0 2.6 3.7 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.2 .. 2.0 2.5 Botswana . .. . .. . .. . .. -0. 1 -0.5 0.0 ... -0.2 Burkina Faso .. 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.2 Burundi 0.2 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.2 0.7 2.0 1.9 Cameroon 0.3 2.1 4.1 5.2 4.8 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.2 0.6 1.3 5.3 Cape Verde .. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.6 1.7 0.0 1.1 2.2 Central Afiican Republic 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 .. 1.4 1.7 Chad 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 .. 0.2 0.9 Comoros 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.3 1.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 10.0 6.4 8.3 6.4 11.0 12.3 11.9 11.9 9.5 7.5 2.1 4.6 9.5 Congo, Republic of .. 10.2 8.7 7.9 7.4 12.1 11.9 12.0 12.1 14.6 12.3 0.0 4.8 10.9 C6te dIlvoire 0.0 9.8 10.9 10.4 8.7 7.9 6.9 5.9 4.9 4.3 4.3 1.6 8.1 7.4 Djibouti .. 0.7 .. 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 .... .. 0.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 6.6 6.9 8.0 7.6 7.1 5.9 3.9 1.4 1.7 1.7 .. 5.8 5.1 Eritrea .. . . 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.3 2.0... 07 Ethiopia .. 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.0 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 0.9 1.5 2.0 Gabon .. 5.6 6.0 6.4 7.0 6.7 8.1 5.9 5.8 7.3 7.2 2.4 4.8 6.6 Gambia, The .. 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.3 5.5 .. 4.2 4.3 Ghana .. 1.4 1.8 2.2 3.5 4.4 4.2 5.1 6.2 5.1 5.6 1.3 1.5 3.9 Guinea .. 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.5 .. 2.7 -1.7 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 4.1 5.3 4.6 5.8 5.4 6.7 6.6 5.5 6.8 6.5 0.1 3.9 5.7 Kenya 3.5 8.9 9.1 8.4 14.3 11.2 8.1 7.0 5.9 5.5 6.4 3.7 5.1 8.5 Lesotho .. . . . . 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.9 ... 2.0 Madagascar .. 1.5 2.0 3.4 4.0 5.4 5.1 4.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.0 1.8 3.4 Malawi 3.2 3.9 2.7 3.2 3.1 5.9 6.5 4.9 5.0 4.1 3.5 4.2 6.1 4.3 Mali 4.4 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 5.9 1.7 1.5 Mauritania .. 2.6 2.6 3.0 4.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.6 .. 3.2 3.2 Mauritius . 4.4 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.1 3.9 6.0 4.8 3.6 Mozambique 0.0 1.9 1.3 2.4 2.5 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.0 1.0 1.5 Namibia .. 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.9 1.4 Niger .. 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.7 1.8 Nigeria 1.4 11.3 10.1 9.8 8.2 5.6 3.7 2.3 2.4 7.8 8.2 1.7 8.0 6.9 Rwanda 0.2 1.0 1.8 1.9 2.2 4.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.8 SAo Tomd and Principe .. 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.5 11.0 12.0 10.0 11.3 12.4 11.3 .. 6.3 11.2 Senegal 2.0 2.7 2.5 2.0 2.3 3.5 2.9 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.4 2.5 3.2 2.3 Seychelles 1.8 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.4 9.7 8.6 9.4 9.0 11.3 1.9 6.6 8.8 Sierra Leone 1.9 5.7 6.3 5.8 4.0 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.1 4.8 5.8 2.0 4.7 4.1 South Affica .. . . . . . . . . 6.8 6.1 ... 6.5 Sudan .. . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 ... 0.8 Swaziland .. . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.9 ... 0.6 Tanzania .. 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 Togo .. 3.3 3.2 2.8 4.2 5.5 3.5 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.5 7.2 4.8 3.2 Uganda .. 0.6 1.3 3.3 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.0 0.9 1.3 Zambia 4.1 7.8 8.5 8.5 12.3 11.6 8.1 4.8 4.1 3.4 2.8 4.2 9.5 7.2 Zimbabwe 1.2 4.8 4.6 5.7 6.2 6.7 9.4 8.4 7.0 9.3 10.1 2.6 4.8 7.2 NORTH AFRICA .. 3.5 4.4 4.8 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.6- . 1.8 3.2 5.0 Algeria .. 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.5 4.0 4.0 .. 1.2 1.6 2.8 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 3.8 6.3 6.8 8.5 9.4 7.3 7.0 6.0 5.3 5.4 0.0 3.0 6.6 Morocco 5.3 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.4 6.1 5.6 Tunisia 1.6 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.4 1.8 2.8 3.5 ALL AFRICA .. . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.2 ... 5.2 Note: 1999 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accoants are fur conolidated badget; since 1994, ratios ace distorted as oft. e"ch, rate used by the Guv, fur nil exports nil value added is significantty over- valued. Government Finance 191 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) _______________ ~~~~~~Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-~84 85-8~9 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 22.5 21.5 22.4 23.2 22.6 23.3 23.2 23.6 24.5 25.6 21.0 21.9 23.2 excluding South Africa .. 19.2 18.5 21.6 20.2 18.0 19.5 19.1 19.8 20.9 21.3 18.5 19.1 19.8 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 18.8 18.7 18.9 19.1 17.9 18.9 19.0 19.7 19.4 19.5 18.5 20.2 19.0 Angola .. 25.6 18.3 35.6 39.1 42.0 29.3 45.1 38.7 27.0 48.2 .. 32.3 34.9 Benin .. 5.7 8.7 9.5 11.0 10.8 13.5 13.4 13.4 14.9 14.8 14.2 4.5 11.6 Botswana .. 48.5 49.3 50.5 49.6 38.8 38.1 41.9 44.8 39.3 42.4 40.8 46.0 44.3 Burkina Faso .. 12.3 13.3 11.7 12.6 11.0 10.8 12.3 13.0 13.1 16.5 9.7 10.6 12.7 Burundi 18.1 15.1 16.9 17.2_ 17.4 20.1 20.1 17.7 15.1 16.4 17.9 18.0 17.9 17.4 Cameroon- 16.3 14.3 15.2 15.7 13.7 9.9 12.9 14.3 15.1 15.9 15.3 11.1 18.6 14.2 Cape Verde .. 24.1 13.7 18.7 23.5 23.4 17.8 13.2 11.6 14.2 16.1 22.4 27.6 17.6 Central African Republic 10.7 9.2 8.9 7.7 7.5 9.2 6.1 7.7 9.1 9.2 . .. 8.5 Chad 6.7 6.1 6.3 7.0 4.9 6.2 7.3 7.8 9.0 8.4 3.6 5.4 7.0 Comoros 17.0 13.9 15.8 14.5 16.1 17.4 6.8 15.0 12.4 10.9 17.6 12.9 14.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . 6.0 13.2 11.6 13.6 12.1 12.8 . .. 11.6 Congo, Republic of .. 27.4 25.3 22.5 24.1 22.4 19.9 27.5 28.5 22.6 27.0 34.6 25.9 24.7 C6te dilvoire .. 21.5 19.5 20.1 17.6 19.9 22.1 22.5 22.2 21.7 19.0 30.0 27.7 20.6 Djibouti .. 27.9 25.8 26.9 28.4 29.5 29.1 28.8 27.2 27.0 26.8 . .. 27.8 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 17.3 15.7 17.7 18.0 28.0 20.2 . .. 19.5 Eritrea .. . . 24.4 35.3_ 28. 34.1 3-2.6 42.9 -34.8- 37.0- 3.37 Ethiopia .. 17.7 13.7 10.6 12.0 13.9 17.4 18.4 19.0 18.7 19.5 17.4 20.0 16.1 Gabon .. 19.6 24.3 22.9 22.6 23.5 29.5 25.7 31.3 31.8 25.6 -0.3 30.0 25.7 Gamnbia, The .. 20.8 21.5 23.2 23.0 20.9 18.5 18.8 19.1 18.8 19.9 21.2 21.3 20.4 Ghana .. 12.5 14.6 11.9 14.9 18.7 20.4 17.5 17.7 20.0 17j.6 8.0 13.2 16.6 Guinea .. 15.8 14.5 12.2 11.2 10.2 10.9 10.0 11.2 10.6 - 10.3 .. 14.4 11.7 Guinca-Bissau 0.0 18.7 12.4 10.7 10.4 12.4 12.7 12.5 15.3 5.4 18.4 0.6 13.2 12.9 Kenya 24.6 23.6 24.4 24.9 29.9 28.0 28.5 27.4 26.1 25.9 24.1 19.5 22.7 26.3 Lesotho .. 37.4 40.5 40.6 45.0 47,0 44.3 43.9 44.3 45.9 43.6 29.2 33.5 43.2 Madagascar .. 12.0 8.7 10.0 9.9 8.3 --8.5 877 9.7 10.6 11.9 12.4 12.8 9.8 Malawi 19.8 21.0 18.6 20.7 17.3 20.1 17.8 8.7 12.9 19.6 16.6 18.1 22.9 17.3 Mali 74.7 17.6 16.0 13.3 13.8 12.7 12.9 15.4 16.0 16.4 17.8 74.9 15.1 15.2 Mauritania .. 24.6 22.3 21.2 25.5 23.2 22.7 27.4 27.0 26.7 27.9 .. 24.7 24.9 Mauritius .. 22.8 22.7 22.1 21.4 20.6_ 18.6 18.8 20.2 20.4 21.5 22.4 22.8 20.9 Wmozabique _ _ 13.5 12f.8 12.5 13.9 14.0 -11.8 11.3 10.6 1 1.4 _11 .5 10.5 1-6.1 -11.1 12_.0 Nasnibia 0.0 31.9 34.7 34.3 34.8 32.8 33.6 33.3 35.9 35.5 36.1 14.2 29.8 34.3 Niger .. 10.2 8.5 8.2 7.3 6.0 7.2 7.8 8.4 8.7 6.8 11.0 10.7 7.9 Nigeria .. 21.5 17.7 35.1 25.5 18.5 22.6 19.6 20.0 28.5 30.5 .. 13.6 24.0 Rwanda .. 10.1 10.4 10.1 9.2 3.6 6.9 9.1 10.3 10.4 9.2 9.0 10.5 8.9 Sao Tomd and Principe .. 33.8 29.6 20.2 18.0 13.3 16.5 13.4 15.6 25.0 20.5 .. 33.0 20.6 Senegal 22.1 16.8 19.4 18.4 16.6 14.9 16.4 16.6 16.9 16.7 17.1 18.8 17.2 17.0 Seychelles .. 47.7 44.2 44.5 51.9 52.7 47.1 44.6 46.1 44.3 50.2 40.2 47.0 47.3 Sierra Leone .. 9.2 10.8 12.4 13.9 12.7 9.5 9.8 5.4 7.4 10.6 .. 6.6 10.2 South Africa 6.0 26.1 24.9 23.4 26.5 27.8 27.8 27.9 28.2 28.6 30.7 19.9 24.9 27.2 Sudan . . 6.3 7.2 8.8 8.3 8.8 8.7 7.0 6.6 7.8 8.4 10.9 8.7 7.8 Swaziland . .. 32.3 30.1 44.8 43.0 39.0 37.2 34.1 31.9 29.1 . .. 35.7 Tanzania .. 14.7 14.4 15.1 12.9 13.9 11.0 11.9 12.2 10.8 10.6 18.6 13.8 12.7 Togo .. 22.6 17.5 16.2 10.7 12.1 14.7 14.6 14.7 15.3 15.3 28.1 25.5 15.4 Uganda . . 6.8 7.5 6.8 7.3 8.3 9.8 10.2 11.0 10.3 10.9 11.1 6.3 8.9 Zambia .. 20.3 18.7 18.4 15.9 20.1 19.9 20.7 19.9 18.7 17.6 .. 20.1 19.0 Zimbabwe 11.1 27.0 26.6 27.7 26.8 24.5 26.7 25.4 28.4 29.4 28.3 18.5 26.6 27.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 23.4 27.0 29.2 28.2 29.3 27.9 28.2 28.3 26.5 26.4 .. 24.8 27.4 Algeria .. 28.9 31.8 29.5 27.6 31.0 30.6 32.2 33.6 27.8 29.8 38.2 31.3 30.3 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 22.8 25.7 31.2 29.7 30.0 27.3 26.5 25.2 24.2 24.2 .. 25.3 26.7 Morocco 15.2 14.4 22.3 25.8 26.3 23.9 23.6 24.1 26.4 27.4 26.9 19.4 15.2 24.1 Tunisia .. 27.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 31.7 30.3 30.6 28.7 29.5 24.0 32.8 29.5 28.4 ALL AFRICA .. 22.8 23.4 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.9 25.3 25.2 25.9 23.4 23.1 24.7 Note: 1999 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as oftf. exch rate used by sthe Guy, for nil exports nil value added is significantly over- valued 192 Government Finance 7-7. Grants to government Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAiRAN AFRICA 0.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.9 1.2 excluding South Africa 0.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 0.8 1.6 2.1 excl. S.Afiica &Nigeria 0.9 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.0 2.0 2.5 Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 1.2 2.2 .. 0.0 0.6 Benin 0.0 5.9 3.4 4.1 3.9 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.5 3.3 5.1 1.1 5.0 4.3 Botswana 0.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.7 Burkina Faso 0.0 2.7 4.6 6.2 5.4 7.3 6.7 8.4 7.0 6.8 8.9 0.7 5.5 6.4 Burundi 3.7 8.1 8.7 8.6 9.1 2.4 3.6 2.2 3.1 0.6 1.2 2.0 1.6 4.8 Cameroon ~~~~ ~~~0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0. 03 02 00 00 01 Cape Verde 0.0 7.8 9.9 17.5 15.3 15.2 14.9 13.0 10.1 9.9 7.3 3.8 19.3 12.1 Central African Republic 4.4 4.2 4.6 5.7 5.3 4.9 6.3 1.5 4.1 7.8 6.8 1.6 5.1 5.1 Chad 0.0 8.0 5.0 4.9 4.6 9.5 7.5 6.2 6.4 5.1 4.7 0.8 9.8 6.2 Comoros 0.0 15.1 16.3 15.0 14.4 16.3 11.8 8.9 9.7 8.0 7.6 3.8 19.2 12.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.0 2.5 1.2 0.4 0.4 2.4 6.3 3.9 1.2 1.9 2.2 0.0 1.7 2.3 Congo,Republic of 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 C6te dIlvoire 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 Djibouti .. 0.0 12.2 12.4 8.8 5.0 2.0 1.8 2.6 2.2 2.1 .. 0.0 4.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 30.4 27.7 17.1 19.3 4.2 2.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 4.6 10.4 Eritrea . .. . 9. 201 18.5 12.7 11.3 6.1 9.1 6.5 . .. 11.7 Ethiopia .. 2.3 2.4 2.6 1.7 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.6 2.8 3.6 2.1 3.7 2.9 Gabon 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 Gambia, The 0.0 5.9 5.4 4.5 3.7 3.1 2.4 2.2 1.3 2.0 1.7 0.0 14.2 3.2 Ghana 0.1 2.7 3.1 3.3 4.3 3.5 3.6 2.5 1.3 2.2 2.4 0.1 2.3 2.9 Guinea .. 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.2 .. 3.1 3.3 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 18.1 15.5 15.8 16.9 14.7 16.3 9.0 12.8 3.2 4.5 1.8 30.4 12.7 Kenya 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.6 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 1.1 2.0 1.8 Lesotho 0.0 11.1 8.3 6.1 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.4 2.3 0.9 5.5 5.4 Liberia 0.0 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar 0.0 4.4 2.1 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.2 5.3 3.5 3.6 0.2 1.3 3.6 Malawi 4.3 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 11.7 8.6 4.8 3.8 8.4 7.0 2.2 4.0 5.6 Mali 20.5 6.0 8.2 7.1 5.5 10.0 7.5 7.2 5.8 5.8 5.2 26.3 5.1 6.8 Mauritania 0.0 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.2 0.8 1.4 2.6 0.0 5.1 2.0 Mauritius 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 .0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.2 Mozambique 1.8 9.7 11.1 13.7 11.9 13.8 9.8 7.0 9.1 8.2 11.4 1.9 5.4 10.6 Namtibia 0.0 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 Niger 0.0 5.4 4.8 3.9 5.6 5.8 4.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 3.8 0.3 4.6 4.7 Nigeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda 0.0 4.6 7.4 6.1 6.4 0.9 11.4 7.3 6.7 5.2 6.0 1.6 3.5 6.2 Sao Tom6 and Principe 0.0 31.0 25.3 9.0 16.6 17.5 23.4 23.5 27.8 9.7 24.6 0.0 12.2 20.8 Senegal 0.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.1 4.2 3.3 6.6 2.6 3.0 2.1 0.6 1.4 2.7 Seychelles 0.0 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 2.2 1.0 Sierra Leone 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.6 2.4 5.4 0.4 0.5 1.0 Somalia 0.0 0.0 .. . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.4 0.1 0.1 Sudan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 Tanzania .. 3.3 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.3 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.7 3.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 Togo 1.5 3.2 1.9 1.6 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.5 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.4 3.1 1.5 Uganda 0.0 1.5 3.8 7.1 8.1 6.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 5.1 4.7 0.1 1.1 5.0 Zambia 0.0 4.3 9.0 10.2 8.0 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.1 6.6 7.9 0.0 1.2 6.8 Zimbabwe 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.4 NORTH AFRICA 0.1 1.7 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.0 3.0 2.8 2.3 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.2 1.3 Libya 0.0 . .. . . . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco o.5 2.9 2.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 .0.6 Tunisia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0. . . . .2 ALL AFRICA 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.7 1. Note: 1999 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidoted budget; sia" t994, ratios are distorted as off. "xch. rate ased by the Goy, for oil exports oil valae added is sigaificantly over- valued. Government Finance 193 7-8. Foreign financing ________ ___ ~~~Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 8S-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.0 1.6 1.2 0.0 0.7 2.0 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.0 -0.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 excluding South Africa .. 3.3 2.1 -0.2 1.2 3,3 0.9 2.4 1.0 1.6 0.7 1.6 3.1 1.6 exci. S.Afirica & Nigeria .. 4.0 2.5 2.9 2.4 4.7 1.7 3.3 1.4 1.2 0.7 2.1 3.3 2.5 Angola .. 3.9 1.6 1.2 -8.7 7.3 -10.0 0.0 9.0 -2.6 -4.2 .. 0.6 -0.2 Benin .. 9.3 11.3 7.9 6.9 10.3 8.3 7.6 5.1 6.9 4.7 .. 27.9 7.8 Botswana . .. 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 0.4 2.0 ... 0.3 Burkina Faso .. 3.5 8.4 9.4 10.0 10.0 12.1 10.9 9.3 9.8 9.1 3.0 1.1 9.2 Burundi 3.3 8.1 10.6 14.2 10.6 7.4 2.9 3.0 1.6 2.3 0.0 5.6 7.5 6.1 Cameroon 2.2 5.3 1.9 8.4 0.1 20.5 0.1 8.2 -4.0 9.0 3.3 1.6 3.0 5.3 Cape Verde .. 1.6 0.6 2.2 3.2 3.7 2.0 3.3 5.1 3.8 4.7 11.5 4.8 3.0 Central African Republic 0.4 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.3 2.3 0.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 1.0 1.9 0.0 Chad 6.2 2.7 2.0 2.8 2.6 2.8 6.7 5.6 2.7 5.4 0.5 4.1 4.0 Comoros 2.0 3.2 -2.5 2.4 4.8 4.5 3.8 2.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 2.9 -4.0 -6. -4. 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 -3.9 -3.6 0.0 6.2 -_1.9 Congo, Republic of 11.2 24.8 8.3 7.0 8.1 5.4 -11.9 75.4 11.0 -13.3 -13.0 5.7 6.9 10.2 C6te divoire 7.9 11.5 10.9 9.8 7.5 11.0 4.2 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.2 6.8 6.1 6.0 Djibouti . .. 0.4 0.1 3.0 2.4 1.6 3.3 1.7 . ... .. 1.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 0.1 -7.0 0.4 0.6 -8.5 -8.0 -0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -0.7 .. -0.8 -2.5 Eritrea .. . . 0.0 0.1 4.6 1.2 1.3 4.3 9.7 15.9 ... 4.6 Ethiopia .. 2.8 2.1 1.4 2.7 6.0 3.7 3.7 1.8 1.7 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.9 Gabon .. -3.1 -2.8 -4.2 -5.1 -3.2 -5.7 -3.1 -4.9 -6.2 -6.9 .. 6.8 -4.5 Gambia, The 0.0 4.2 4.6 4.1 2.0 0.7 2.9 6.6 4.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 5.6 3.1 Ghana 0.9 4.5 3.5 3.5 6.2 4. 5 4.3 3.7 4.6 3.1 0.9 0.7 2.7 3.9 Guinea .. 2.0 1.3 1.5 3.1 -0.3 1.7 1.1 3.1 2.5 2.3 .. 4.7 1.8 Guinca-Bissau 0.0 4.9 2.1 18.9 14.0 9.8 3.3 9.0 20.8 7.8 5.3 0.0 16.0 9.6 Kenya 0.3 2.6 1.0 1.3 1.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -1.7 -1.5 0.2 1.0 0.0 Lesotho .. -3.4 -1.7 0.7 0.7 -0.9 3.8 5.9 7.4 5.4 0.3 -0.4 -4.9 1.8 Madagascar 5.6 2.1 3.9 2.7 2.9 1.7 1.9 5.0 3.8 0.0 -0. 1 4.1 3.4 2.4 Malawi 4.0 4.7 3.5 4.9 6.4 9.2 2.9 3.9 3.5 7.9 5.6 4.8 3.5 5.3 Mali 15.2 5.4 6.2 4.3 3.4 7.8 7.4 6.1 3.4 3.7 3.8 20.5 8.1 5.2 Mauritania .. 0.5 -1.6 0.7 23.5 6.8 2.7 3.4 0.1 -3.2 -2.0 0.0 6.8 3.1 Mauritius .. -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 -0.4 -0.4 1.5 1.7 0.0 -0.8 0.1 -1.0 0.6 0.0 Mozambique 2.1 6.1 3.6 2.1 2.6 5.9 3.8 4.2 5.7 4.7 1.7 3.7 4.1 4.0 Namibia .. 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 Niger .. 6.8 0.6 .5 -0. 1 12.5 -0.6 4.1 3.5 4.3 .. 5.4 4.2 3.6 Nigenia 0.5 -0.1I -0. 1 -15.1 -4.7 -3.7 -2.9 -2.1 -1.4 3.9 1.1 0.6 1.9 -2.5 Rwanda -0.3 3.0 4.0 4.2 3.0 -1.4 2.2 2.5 2.1 6.3 5.5 0.9 3.4 3.1 Sao Tomd and Principe . . 18.8 19.1 40.7 23.4 29.8 29.6 24.9 26.7 5.3 16.9 .. 8.1 23.5 Se-negal 2.7 3.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 9.2 3.6 0.4 1.8 1.8 0.8 33 3.2 2.3 Seychelles I.. -1.8 3.1 -1.5 0.9 -1.4 -2.0 -1.2 -0.7 1.9 1.1 6.6 3.2 -0.2 Sierra Leone 7.3 0.1 6.5 5.4 8.6 5.2 7.4 3.7 1.4 1.4 -1.2 4.9 -2.5 3.9 South Africa -0.1I -0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 -1.1 0.1 -0.1I 0.1 Sudan . .. . .. 2.0 l.1 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 ... 0.7 Swaziland . .. -0.5 -. .. . .. . .. 4.0 3. .. .. 1.6 Tanzania .. 0.2 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 0.8 -1.1 -0.4 0.9 0.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 Togo .. 4.9 4.0 2.4 0.8 4.9 11.7 5.9 5.4 4.6 -0.5 .. 7.3 4.4 Uganda .. 6.7 3.9 5.2 5.2 5.5 4.5 3.4 3.2 2.7 3.0 0.4 1.3 4.3 Zambia .. 6.3 2.2 2.3 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.3 2.0 0.8 3.0 .. 4.5 3.3 Zimbabwe 0.4 1.1 2.1 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 -2.4 -0.8 1.8 1.9 0.7 NORTH AFRICA .. -0. 1 4.0 -0.3 -0.4 1.8 2.0 0.8 0.1 -0.8 -1.1 2.1 2.3 0.6 Algeria .. 0.6 0.6 -0.3 0.1 7.9 7.7 4.1 2.3 -0.3 -2.3 0.0 0.6 2.0 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 0.3 10.2 -0.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.0 -1.0 3.7 3.8 0.3 Morocco 4.8 -3.1 -1.8 -1.3 -0.7 -1.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.9 -1.7 -1.1 4.7 -2.0 -1.6 Tunisia .. 2.1 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.9 2.8 2.4 0.0 1.4 2.4 2.8 1.8 ALL AFRICA .. 1.0 2.2 -0. 1 0.3 1.9 l.l 1.2 0.5 0.4 -0.5 1.3 1.7 0.8 Note' t999 data are preliminary. Nigeria. fron 1992 accounts are for consolidated budges; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. erxch. rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. 194 Government Finance 7-9. Taxes on income and profits Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 36.2 36.4 36.4 32.6 31.5 32.4 33.6 35.0 35.6 35.6 40.9 36.6 34.5 excluding South Africa .. 21.3 19.3 18.9 18.4 18.5 20.2 21.2 22.3 22.3 24.2 22.9 20.6 20.7 excl. S.Aftica &Nigeria .. 25.7 23.2 22.8 22.2 22.1 24.1 25.3 24.7 25.0 25.9 22.9 25.0 24.1 Angola .. 64.6 46.1 65.5 66.4 72.9 71.2 92.9 89.7 81.3 92.1 .. 47.6 74.3 Benin .. 32.0 23.6 28.4 29.6 36.7 31.3 30.6 25.5 24.5 22.8 26.3 34.1 28.5 Botswana .. 8.2 8.7 8.3 8.1 8.6 7.0 5.5 4.0 3.8 4.8 12.1 8.1 6.7 Burkina Faso .. 21.5 20.4 22.0 18.9 18.7 23.4 24.7 21.9 21.8 22.6 19.7 19.1 21.6 Burundi 18.9 23.1 23.7 23.4 27.3 18.3 19.1 22.3 23.8 26.2 24.4 21.0 17.7 23.2 Cameroon 21.7 44.3 17.3 18.0 10.9 12.6 10.9 10.0 13.6 16.0 21.3 26.9 49.7 17.5 Cape Verde .. 20.7 21.2 20.4 22.2 25.1 24.4 29.4 29.7 26.2 29.6 29.5 23.6 24.9 Central African Republic 24.0 23.9 22.7 23.0 24.4 20.6 24.3 19.4 14.0 19.9 . .. 21.6 Chad 18.7 26.7 27.6 23.5 28.7 38.9 37.6 32.7 30.5 32.2 7.6 18.1 29.7 Comoros 19.8 13.5 11.1 9.0 12.6 12.2 46.0 11.2 15.3 17.0 0.0 12.2 16.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . 13.2 18.0 14.8 15.9 24.0 22.8 . .. 18.1 Congo, Republic of .. 51.6 62.7 52.0 51.3 67.7 53.4 62.2 79.1 55.0 72.1 15.1 29.4 60.7 C6te d'Ivoire .. 22.5 20.9 20.3 19.4 14.9 18.3 20.5 22.9 23.6 25.3 15.8 18.3 20.9 Djibouti .. 30.9 32.6 38.9 38.7 38.5 37.2 41.0 39.2 . ... .. 37.1 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 19.6 20.5 52.9 63.1 74.2 73.5 . .. 50.6 Eritrea . .. 13.1 20.1 33.2 25.7 27.4 22.1 29.3 25.5 . .. 24.6 Ethiopia .. 29.4 30.7 30.1 23.1 24.0 22.2 25.2 24.2 22.2 21.3 28.6 28.9 25.2 Gabon .. 14.2 13.0 13.4 12.8 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1 13.0 17.0 .. 23.7 12.5 Gambia, The .. 13.1 13.2 14.8 16.2 17.7 19.4 19.9 21.1 22.3 23.0 14.2 13.8 18.1 Ghana .. 23.0 17.6 18.6 19.1 17.5 17.4 21.7 24.1 22.0 27.3 18.7 22.9 20.8 Guinea .. 2.1 4.2 6.8 6.9 8.8 9.1 10.9 9.7 9.7 11.2 .. 1.6 79 Guinea-Bissau .. 7.4 6.0 6.8 7.2 6.7 7.9 7.8 8.3 15.2 3.8 21.9 9.7 7.7 Kenya 30.1 29.3 29.0 28.8 32.9 35.7 34.6 33.5 31.9 30.8 31.8 28.3 29.6 31.8 Lesotho .. 11.4 15.8 16.7 13.8 15.2 16.0 15.9 14.8 15.8 16.3 14.2 11.6 15.2 Madagascar . 12.7 15.0 12.9 16.2 19.8 14.6 18.3 18.9 16.3 14.8 16.9 12.2 16.0 Malawi 83.8 52.6 51.5 49.2 54.4 38.7 32.5 69.0 47.4 38.2 34.2 83.4 70.2 46.8 Mali 15.2 13.2 12.8 14.3 13.1 15.2 18.4 18.5 18.0 18.6 14.5 17.4 12.7 15.6 Mauritania . 28.5 26.6 26.5 24.8 24.5 25.3 17.3 19.2 18.5 18.3 .. 27.0 22.9 Maufitius .. 20.6 20.5 19.7 18.4 18.9 21.4 21.1 19.5 18.6 19.3 13.2 16.3 19.8 Mozambique 12.4 17.8 17.7 15.6 14.3 1. 166 18.2 190 18.1 14.0 15.5 21.4 16.8 Nanibia .. 35,8 24.6 26.4 29.9 29.0 27.4 28.8 34.1 33.8 30.5 19.3 34.3 30.0 Niger .. 23.6 28.8 33.8 33.7 30.0 30.5 25.4 21.1 22.1 24.8 22.0 25.9 27.4 Nigeria . .. . .. . .. . .. 10.0 8.5 15.6 . .. 11.4 Rwanda .. 25.3 21.2 23.4 24.8 25.8 12.5 26.2 25.1 27.7 24.8 26.0 25.3 23.7 Sao Tomt and Principe .. 11.8 10.2 6.7 8.9 10.7 14.1 21.1 29.3 16.4 18.5 .. 9.8 14.8 Senegal 26.2 24.6 23.0 24.2 23.4 21.1 21.9 21.6 21.8 23.3 21.8 25.4 23.7 22.7 Seychelles .. 22.9 21.0 16.9 26.8 30.0 35.3 26.8 28.0 25.7 25.3 22.6 18.4 25.9 Sieffa Leone .. 24.4 23.6 23.9 21.7 21.4 15.9 16.5 13.2 17.3 25.8 .. 25.8 20.4 South Africa 58.2 52.7 55.4 56.0 48.3 46.6 46.5 48.0 49.8 51.1 48.9 57.8 53.8 50.3 Sudan .. 18.7 18.4 .. . . 28.7 28.3 20.2 19.9 17.5 18.9 14.9 21.7 Swaziland . .. 32.1 34.9 .. . . . . 31.1 33.5 . .. 32.9 Tanzania .. 22.0 26.8 27.6 30.9 31.2 41.1 37.4 34.7 39.6 34.3 33.6 31.5 32.5 Togo .. 31.8 30.4 30.5 31.5 40.6 41.8 30.9 26.7 23.6 22.5 35.0 34.3 31.0 Uganda .. 10.0 10.1 12.7 14.5 14.6 14.7 13.2 14.0 15.6 17.9 6.7 7.8 13.7 Zamnbia .. 23.1 27.0 33.0 28.6 28.7 28.9 30.0 32.0 35.2 36.5 .. 27.5 30.3 Zimbabwe 0.0 47.0 44.1 46.0 48.7 47.7 45.9 45.7 47.6 48.0 48.9 8.6 45.4 47.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 20.4 17.8 18.6 18.8 19.6 19.6 20.3 20.8 22.6 19.6 .. 20.9 19.8 Algeria .. 13.5 8.3 8.9 10.9 9.4 8.9 8.2 8.8 11.4 7.6 14.1 19.5 9.6 Egypt,Arab Republic .. 19.4 22.4 23.0 23.8 22.9 21.8 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.6 .. 18.0 22.4 Morocco 30.3 36.3 24.2 26.6 21.7 22.4 24.0 25.9 25.8 30.5 27.7 25.9 30.5 26.5 Tunisia .. 13.7 15.7 15.1 17.2 31.0 33.3 35.1 38.1 38.9 26.7 13.7 14.2 26.5 ALL AFRICA .. 30.7 29.9 30.2 27.8 27.4 28.0 29.0 30.1 31.1 30.1 34.8 31.8 29.4 Note: 1999 data are prelimtinary (see page 2). Total recenue does enot include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for mansolidated govemment starring from 1992. Government Finance 195 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-A4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 11.8 11.6 11.2 11.4 12.9 13.6 13.9 14.5 13.8 14.6 7.8 10.7 12.9 excluding South Afiica .. 18.0 18.7 18.7 19.1 21.4 22.5 22.7 24.0 23.1 24.2 14.2 16.2 21.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 21.7 22.5 22.5 22.9 25.5 26.9 27.1 26.4 26.1 27.1 14.2 19.6 24.9 Anuigola .. 0.9 1.0 13.9 6.5 4.6 4.9 4.3 5.0 8.2 3.0 .. 3.0 5.2 Benin .. 74.9 56.1 52.8 50.8 47.1 44.5 46.5 49.3 45.1 48.4 52.7 80.6 51.6 Botswana .. 13.2 17.7 21.3 17.3 16.1 15.5 12.9 10.2 9.8 10.2 22.3 13.3 14.4 Burkina Faso .. 38.3 36.8 33.3 36.4 54.0 48.4 28.2 27.6 26.2 25.3 35.3 45.7 35.5 Burundi 30.5 21.0 23.7 21.8 21.0 26.6 25.4 15.5 17.5 25.9 21.7 22.5 28.3 22.0 -cameroon .. 15.4 13.1 18.0 16.6 18,3 1. 93 17.1 17.5 16.9 .. 17.7 17.2 Cape Verde .. 43.8 48.4 49.0 41.2 40.5 41.6 45.7 43.3 41.9 43.5 .. 42.1 43.9 Central African Republic 39.8 37.6 34.6 33.0 32.5 42.5 38.7 38.1 44.7 38.0 . .. 37.9 Chad 24.4 15.3 15.6 13.6 19.4 27.1 31.1 30.3 36.0 29.5 .. 26.1 24.2 Comoros 41.8 38.6 32.2 36.6 36.6 32.3 122.5 43.1 34.6 31.3 .. 48.4 44.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . 27.5 21.2 17.8 16.7 18.7 19.2 . .. 20.2 Congo, Republic of .. 16.0 17.4 21.2 20.0 13.9 19.2 16.3 9.1 13.4 5.6 0.0 4.3 15.2 C6te dIvoire .. 26.2 31.0 25.3 26.3 39.0 38.9 39.6 36.5 34.3 38.4 .. 34.9 33.6 Djibouti .. . . 13.9 16.8 19.3 19.2 17.2 17.2 . ... .. 17.3 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 26.9 30.8 19.0 18.1 6.7 8.0 . .. 18.2 Eritrea .. . . 25.5 21.9 20.9 17.0 19.5 14.8 15.2 13.0 .. . 8.5 Ethiopia .. 15.1 17.2 19.0 22.6 32.9 27.4 26.0 27.5 26.4 25.2 24.3 17.9 23.9 Gabon .. 19.2 21.1 19.4 21.1 16.0 17.6 19.6 17.7 19.6 25.6 . .. 19.7 Gamnbia, The .. 54.0 53.9 50.4 44.3 37.6 49.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 56.3 .. 55.2 40.8 Ghana .. 38.8 23.8 22.6 21.0 28.2 22.7 27.3 25.0 25.2 23.3 .. 39.1 25.8 Guinea .. 8.7 11.6 12.8 14.6 15.7 14.4 14.1 15.5 14.5 15.6 .. 6.4 13.8 Guinea-Bissau . 25.2 28 .7 18. 6 29.5 35.8 27.4 32. 9 36.7 34.8 29.3 0.0 21.0 29.9 Kenya 0.0 0.0 4.6 9.5 12.7 14.9 15.0 15.2 14.5 14.7 16.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 Lesotho .. 55.3 52.8 54.0 58.0 58.6 . .. . .. 46.1 57.9 57.3 54.1 Madagascar .. ~~~~~~~46.2 43.4 44.7 42.2 44.0 55.1 53.3 53.9 57.3 55.6 32.4 40.5 49.6 Malawi 0.0 32.5 34.7 32.8 30.5 51.5 55.0 18.8 43.9 7.5 13.3 0.0 11.7 32.0 Mali 51.6 26.4 41.1 42.9 45.3 44.4 46.1 45.8 48.7 50.1 49.7 46.8 27.2 44.0 Mauritania .. 28.7 32.9 34.1 33.7 32.4 22.5 16.5 12.0 10.9 9.6 .. 33.0 23.3 Mauritius .. 49.4 46.5 44.6 45.2 41.5 38.5 36.1 33.8 30.5 28.5 49.8 52.9 39.4 M anbique 18.5 21.9 24.4 25.5 25.5 21.8 24.0 19.9 17.6 17.6 16.9 11.7 12.6 21.5 Nainibia .. 26.5 38.0 31.9 29.4 26.0 27.8 29.1 28.2 29.2 30.1 47.3 33.5 29.6 Niger .. 39.5 39.0 35.4 41.3 41.5 43.2 46.7 47.7 52.4 48.8 36.9 34.7 43.5 Nigeri.a .. . .. . 11.6 7.9 9.3 . .. 9.6 Rwanda .. 27.5 30.9 31.0 27.8 35.8 38.5 29.2 31.8 23.9 17.3 54.7 45.0 29.4 Sgo Tom4 and Principe .. 27.9 26.5 29.0 28.2 30.8 24.1 25.5 21.0 18.6 31.0 -. 0.0 26.3 Senegal . .. . .. 26 31.5 31.1 33.7 30.0 26.5 23.7 45.0 .. 29.2 Seychelles .. 51.7 50.7 54.2 37.7 31.0 26.6 23.9 25.8 33.8 30.4 0.0 0.0 36.6 Sierra Leone .. 40.4 37.8 37.3 39.2 38.1 45.7 47.2 39.3 52.9 47.7 .. 46.8 42.5 South Africa 3.6 4.9 3.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.4 2.9 3.4 4.8 4.8 3.4 Sudan . .. . .. . .. 31.2 44.0 44.9 44.2 40.8 . .. 41.0 Swaziland . .. 46.0 43.3 .. . . . . 36.7 40.4 . .. 41.6 Tanzania .. 18.8 20.2 18.7 14.2 15.7 27.6 27.0 30.5 29.2 31.7 17.4 19.9 23.4 Togo .. 37.9 41.0 34.8 35.9 41.2 37.7 41.2 44.3 45.0 42.9 35.2 34.4 40.2 Uganda .. 49.2 54.6 50.3 50.8 53.0 48.6 50.6 51.4 47.7 44.1 58.1 57.3 50.1 Zambia .. 36.1 32.4 32.9 33.3 30.8 27.4 29.7 28.2 25.2 25.5 .. 29.8 30.2 Zimbabwe . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 14.0 . .. 14.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 22.5 19.2 17.0 16.6 17.2 16.5 15.4 11.6 12.0 12.2 1 8.~7 16~.0 Algeria .. 16.6 19.9 15.6 15.6 16.3 12.2 10.2 7.9 9.7 8.5 4.6 7.9 1. Egypt, Arab Republic .. 13.3 11.4 10.6 10.7 11.6 12.6 13.0 12.6 13.1 13.8 .. 14.9 12.3 Morocco 45.2 52.4 34.8 32.4 30.6 30.2 30.8 28.8 14.9 13.6 13.1 39.0 41.1 28.2 Tunisia .. 16.9 16.6 15.3 14.9 15.6 16.0 13.5 12.4 11.4 14.7 14.4 15.3 14.7 ALL AFRICA .. 15.5 14.3 13.2 13.2 14.4 14.6 14.4 13.5 13.2 13.7 11.1 13.1 14.0 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Totat revenue doms not inctude gruts. Nigerians fiscat data are for consolidated governmnent starting from 1992. 196 Government Finance 7-11. Indirect taxes Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-A4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 43.8 43.7 40.9 41.6 43.3 44.0 43.5 45.2 45.8 47.1 44.1 42.6 43.9 excluding South Africa .. 47.6 48.4 44.7 44.4 46.5 48.3 48.1 51.9 51.5 52.2 54.7 46.8 48.4 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 57.4 58.3 53.8 53.4 55.5 57.6 57.4 58.6 59.0 59.1 54.7 56.7 57.0 Angola .. 23.1 34.5 32.7 31.9 25.5 27.8 6.6 9.0 17.1 7.3 .. 19.5 21.5 Benin .. 92.9 72.8 74.8 72.0 66.1 59.6 63.7 69.2 65.7 69.5 67.4 94.7 70.6 Botswana .. 71.1 68.6 66.5 63.6 70.8 68.8 66.1 63.7 65.7 63.3 70.8 72.4 66.8 Burkina Faso .. 57.7 53.1 49.8 51.2 71.2 66.8 65.6 67.4 67.3 68.5 61.9 68.6 61.9 Burundi 53.8 62.5 63.4 60.1 59.6 64.4 63.3 50.4 60.7 61.8 64.9 50.3 58.7 61.1 Canmeroon 61.6 52.0 46.0 46.5 52.7 59.5 61.0 58.9 79.1 77.8 73.5 40.4 39.9 60.7 Cape Verde .. 51.2 56.0 55.4 47.3 45.9 46.6 51.8 48.4 45.6 48.0 45.4 46.9 49.6 Central African Republic 73.8 68.1 69.4 70.4 66.4 75.1 74.8 74.8 75.2 68.1 . .. 71.6 Chad 77.2 53.2 53.6 54.0 67.5 49.7 49.7 55.0 54.9 49.7 71.0 71.5 56.5 Comoros 50.9 65.0 71.5 78.5 75.9 74.0 272.1 82.1 73.7 70.1 62.7 71.1 91.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . 70.7 60.1 57.6 56.5 69.4 72.2 . .. 64.4 Congo, Republic of .. 44.9 35.6 46.1 45.7 30.7 41.7 35.7 20.1 43.5 25.5 13.8 36.2 37.0 C6te dIlvoire .. 59.3 65.7 63.8 64.6 65.2 63.0 64.0 60.9 58.6 65.0 48.6 56.2 63.0 Djibouti .. 54.3 61.1 49.8 50.7 51.2 50.1 46.5 46.4 51. . . S.3 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 61.2 62.4 35.1 31.1 16.4 17.7 . .. 37.3 Eritrea .. . . 47.9 38.0 35.9 28.5 32.5 25.3 26.6 24.6 . .. 32.4 Ethiopia .. 39.3 45.2 43.2 46.0 54.1 43.4 42.6 43.8 40.4 37.9 46.7 38.8 43.6 Gabon .. 35.5 35.9 35.1 37.0 26.7 26.1 25.3 24.2 27.5 37.2 .. 73.4 31.0 Gambia, The .. 80.8 80.7 76.5 74.0 70.7 70.6 71.2 68.3 68.1 65.1 75.9 77.8 72.6 Ghana .. 68.7 72.5 71.9 69.0 68.7 54.5 63.9 58.1 57.0 40.2 63.8 66.0 62.5 Guinea .. 90.2 89.9 85.9 86.2 84.1 84.6 82.6 83.5 83.7 82.5 .. 92.1 85.3 Guinea-Bissau .. 34.0 42.4 29.0 41.3 48.5 46.8 47.0 43.8 53.0 49.8 78.1 46.5 43.6 Kenya 60.9 55.1 55.7 57.7 57.3 54.2 52.6 53.2 51.7 52.8 63.4 60.7 59.4 55.4 Lesotho .. 76.5 70.3 70.6 73.0 72.6 71.0 65.8 62.5 63.7 59.2 63.6 77.1 68.5 Madagascar .. 66.2 63.3 73.9 66.2 72.4 82.9 79.3 77.8 78.3 75.3 60.6 65.2 73.6 Malawi 0.0 32.5 34.7 32.8 30.5 51.5 55.0 18.8 43.9 7.5 54.5 0.0 11.7 36.2 Mali 71.7 43.6 62.4 63.3 66.9 68.0 64.6 65.3 66.9 68.2 71.8 67.3 50.0 64.1 Mauritania .. 45.9 47.8 47.0 45.3 48.1 45.8 41.3 38.9 39.2 38.2 .. 49.7 43.8 Mauritius .. 72.3 70.5 69.6 71.1 68.6 67.2 66.6 66.0 66.9 65.7 73.8 73.3 68.5 Mozamabique 65.7 7t.6 67.3 71.3 76.7 71.3 74.7 73.6 72.6 74.5 78.4 53.8 58.1 73.2 Namibia .. 51.6 62.1 59.7 60.1 58.8 61.6 60.5 56.7 56.7 57.2 69.9 53.4 58.5 Niger .. 53.6 54.1 47.9 56.1 59.1 60.9 61.4 64.9 67.8 70.0 65.3 54.9 59.6 Nigeria . .. . .. . .. . ...17.0 12.6 16.6 . .. 15.4 Rwanda .. 61.7 66.0 64.3 67.5 73.5 81.4 65.8 69.5 67.1 70.1 86.9 83.5 68.7 SAo Tom6 and Principe .. 48.2 52.9 59.3 63.4 64.5 45.1 46.0 38.6 35.7 65.2 .. 38.7 51.9 Senegal 67.7 59.7 57.2 60.0 73.0 76.7 74.3 77.2 72.5 72.5 75.2 69.5 59.8 69.8 Seychellets. 57.4 56.5 60.6 56.7 49.5 46.8 48.6 49.8 51.9 52.3 49.1 52.0 53.0 Sierra Leone .. 75.6 76.4 76.1 69.0 70.7 76.9 76.0 73.1 74.2 66.1 .. 74.2 -73.4 South Africa 29.0 39.5 38.4 36.6 38.6 39.5 39.1 38.1 37.4 39.3 41.1 30.7 38.1 38.8 Sudan .. 52.5 51.7 .. . . 50.3 56.4 64.5 60.7 56.7 66.7 63.0 56.1 Swaziland . .. 58.5 56.4 .. . . . . 54.6 60.0 . .. 57.4 Tanzania .. 44.6 49.0 46.8 35.0 37.8 49.5 48.2 55.2 51.9 55.1 59.6 61.1 47.3 Togo .. 50.4 56.8 45.0 50.7 51.0 50.5 58.0 63.3 66.9 65.7 43.4 46.1 55.8 Uganda .. 81.5 83.6 80.2 77.5 78.5 77.7 80.7 80.1 78.5 75.5 86.8 82.5 79.4 Zambia .. 75.1 70.9 62.5 68.0 64.4 62.7 62.1 62.6 61.5 61.0 .. 63.9 65.1 Zimbabwe 0.0 41.4 46.1 44.0 39.1 40.3 42.7 44.6 44.2 44.6 42.7 9.2 42.6 43.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 64.9 59.5 59.2 58.7 57.7 61.2 60.3 60.0 58.8 61.4 .. 58.7 60.2- Algeria .. 83.3 90.0 89.1 86.3 82.7 89.6 90.1 89.0 86.2 87.8 75.1 68.4 87.4 Egypt, Arab Republic ~ . 34.3 31.8 32.9 34.7 36.8 39.7 40.3 40.2 42.2 43.0 .. 34.0 37.6 Morocco 88.8 100.0 66.3 64.4 64.2 65.1 66.3 61.7 60.5 54.4 57.5 73.4 91.8 66.0 Tunisia .. 58.8 61.1 60.2 58.2 49.1 50.2 47.4 49.9 50.5 61.7 42.3 52.0 54.7 AL,L AFRICA .. 51.1 49.2 47.2 47.6 48.2 49.9 49.2 50.3 50.3 52.0 52 1 48.8 49.5 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue dom not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated govemament starting from 1992. Government Finance 197 7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 4.8 4.5 8.6 10.7 25.6 15.4 13.8 11.1 23.1 20.7 .. 10.5 13.8 excluding South Africa .. 9.1 8.5 11.0 9.0 47.6 28.6 25.6 20.7 22.4 21.4 .. 20.1 20.4 excl. S.AfTica &Nigeria .. 0.6 -1.0 13.3 10.8 50.9 31.0 28.3 22.3 21.5 20.4 .. 12.0 19.8 Angola .. 12.4 19.3 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.0 0.5 1.3 1.6 0.6 .. 32.9 4.2 Benin . .. . .. . .. 9.1 5.7 5.3 9.8 7.7 6.3 .. 7.5 Botswana .. 17.8 20.3 24.8 28.2 20.6 24.2 28.3 32.1 30.3 31.7 11.1 15.3 25.8 Burkina Faso .. 6.0 15.3 13.4 11.5 .. . . 2.1 . .. 18.4 12.3 9.7 Burundi 6.7 13.0 12.0 13.9 13.1 7.0 5.4 14.5 5.1 8.5 4.7 7.2 8.4 9.7 Cameroon 16.7 3.8 36.7 35.5 10.5 6.0 7.9 9.3 7.3 6.2 5.3 32.7 10.4 12.8 Cape Verde .. 20.8 16.1 16.6 15.9 16.4 18.9 15.7 10.5 14.4 22.4 25.1 23.1 16.8 Central African Republic .. 2.2 8.0 7.9 6.6 9.2 4.3 0.9 5.7 10.7 12.0 . .. 6.8 Chad 4.1 20.2 18.8 22.4 3.8 11.5 12.6 12.3 14.6 18.1 21.4 10.5 13.8 Comoros .. . . . . . . 6.7 11.0 12.8 . .. 10.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of .. 1.0 0.9 1.9 2.9 -3.2 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.7 68.5 34.0 0.6 C6te dIlvoire .. 18.2 13.4 15.9 16.0 19.9 18.7 15.5 16.2 17.8 9.6 33.6 24.2 16.1 Djibouti .. 9.0 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.0 7.2 7.5 10.4 . ... .. 7.1 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . 19.2 17.1 12.0 5.8 9.4 8.8 . .. 12.1 Eritra .. . . 39.1 41.9 30.8 45.8 40.0 52.6 34.2 29.8 .. .. 39.3 Ethiopia .. 31.3 24.1 26.7 30.9 21.9 34.4 32.2 27.6 33.7 32.4 24.7 32.4 29.5 Gabon .. 2.7 1.7 4.9 3.7 1.6 2.9 4.6 4.3 6.7 4.6 .. 2.9 3.8 Gamsbia, Thc . 3.9 4.9 8.6 9.5 11.1 9.8 8.9 10.6 9.7 12.0 9.5 7.7 8.9 Ghana .. 8.3 . .. 0.4 8.7 22.2 10.4 15.2 10.1 . . 17.5 11.0 10.8 Guinea .. 7.7 5.9 73 6.8 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.3 .. 6.3 6.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 58.6 51.7 64.2 51.5 44.8 45.3 45.2 47.9 31.8 46.4 0.0 27.8 48.7 Kenya 5.7 6.4 9.3 7.7 3.1 2.9 7.3 10.1 13.8 14.6 4.1 6.0 3.5 7.9 Lesotho .. 12.0 13.8 12.6 13.2 12.2 13.0 18.3 22.7 20.6 19.3 21.8 10.9 15.8 Madagscar .. 5.7 4.1 3.5 4.6 671 2.4 2.2 3.4 2.7 3.4 14.0 2.4 3.8 Malawi 16.2 14.9 13.8 18.0 14.8 9,8 12.5 12.2 8.7 14.1 11.3 16.6 18.0 13.0 Mali 10.3 33.9 3.9 0.0 8.6 -19.1 -2.4 3.1 5.5 4.1 4.6 6.4 32.2 4.2 Mauritania .. 20.3 21.3 22.5 27.9 25.9 24.0 38.9 39.6 39.4 41.8 . . 16.3 30.2 Mauritius .. 6.7 8.7 10.5 10.3 12.4 11.4 12.2 14.4 14.4 13.5 0.0 10.1 11.5 Mozanmbique 218 10.6 15.0 13.2 _8.9 11.4 -8.7 8.2- 8.4 7.4 7.6 30.7 20.5 9_.9 Namibia .. 12.3 13.1 13.9 9.9 12.2 11.0 10.7 9.1 9.5 10.8 10.8 12.2 11.3 Niger .. 22.8 17.1 18.3 10.2 10.9 8.5 13.3 14.0 10.0 5.2 12.7 19.2 13.0 Nigeria . .. . .. . .. . .. 73.0 78.9 67.8 . .. 73.2 Rwanda .. 13.0 12.9 12.3 7.7 0.6 6.0 8.1 5.4 5.2 5.0 -13.0 -8.8 7.6 Sgo Tomd and Principe .. 40.1 36.9 34.0 27.7 24.7 40.8 32.9 32.0 25.4 16.3 .. 51.5 31.1 Senegal 6.0 13.2 15.5 13.2 3.0 -15.7 -8.1 -3.2 2.9 0.1 2.3 5.5 12.2 2.3 Seychelles .. 7.7 9.0 13.5 8.6 14.7 9.0 11.7 12.3 11.3 12.0 28.3 29.6 11.0 Sienra Leone .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 7.9 7.2 7.6 13.8 8.6 8.1 .. 0.0 6.2 South Africa 84.4 6.6 4.6 5.9 12.5 13.6 13.9 13.6 12.6 9.4 9.8 20.3 7.5 10.2 Sudan .. 28.9 29.9 28.1 22.5 23.6 21.0 15.4 15.3 19.4 25.8 14.4 22.1 23.0 Swaziland . .. 6.5 3.5 5.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.8 5.1 4.7 . .. 4.7 Tanzania .. 10.8 9.6 9.8 8.0 6.9 9.5 14.4 10.1 8.6 10.6 6.8 7.4 9.8 Togo .. 12.7 10.2 23.8 17.8 3.0 2.8 11.0 6.7 4.9 11.8 18.0 15.8 10.5 Uganda .. 8.5 6.3 7.1 8.0 6.9 7.7 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.6 6.6 9.7 6.9 Zamnbia .. 1.8 2.1 4.5 3.4 6.8 8.4 8.0 5.4 3.4 2.6 . . 8.6 4.6 Zimbabwe 0.0 11.6 9.8 10.0 12.2 12.0 11.4 9.7 8.2 7.4 4.9 2.2 11.9 9.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 17.5 17.3 16.3 19.5 20.9 19.9 19.5 18.3 17.8 14.3 .. 16.3 18.1 Algeria .. 3.2 1.7 2.0 2.8 2.9 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 4.2 10.8 12.2 2.5 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 24.2 35.4 31.2 35.0 34.3 33.5 32.0 31.4 29.3 28.0 .. 26.7 31.4 Morocco 11.2 20.3 9.5 9.0 12.6 12.1 7.9 9.7 8.9 10.1 9.5 12.8 10.5 11.0 Tunisia .. 21.0 22.2 23.2 23.8 18.5 15.6 16.4 10.7 9.2 10.1 25.7 25.9 17.1 ALL AFRICA .. 9.2 8.9 11.4 13.6 24.0 16.9 15.7 13.6 21.3 18.5 .. 12.3 15.3 Note: t999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue dues not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated goverment starting from 1992. 198 Government Finance 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . excluding South Africa.. . .. . .. . ... excl. S.Afiica & Nigeria . . . .* Angola .. 45.8 52.7 24.4 21.5 8.7 13.0 14.3 16.9 24.7 8.8 .. 45.5 23.1 Benin .. 36.3 37.1 33.0 35.5 27.8 24.3 26.4 26.5 28.5 26.4 .. 38.5 30.2 Botswana . .. . .. 22.8 25.0 24.1 22.8 20.1 21.3 21.5 . .. 22.5 Burkina Faso .. 38.8 31.9 30.8 29.0 26.2 24.9 23.4 20.9 20.7 19.0 . .. 26.6 Burundi 49.1 24.6 26.1 23.0 23.7 30.0 28.0 28.7 32.2 29.7 27.6 49.0 27.7 27.4 Cameroon 31.4 39.2 38.4 42.0 43.7 31.4 29.1 25.8 26.9 27.7 26.9 24.8 29.0 33.1 Cape Verde .. 26.7 28.3 20.0 22.1 19.2 20.2 21.8 23.8 25.7 34.0 0.0 14.8 24.2 Central Afiican Republic .. . . . . 24.2 22.5 41.8 32.6 24.2 23.3 . .. 28.1 Chad 19.4 25.1 21.1 27.1 28.0 28.6 20.3 19.4 20.6 19.0 .. 15.0 22.9 Comoros 30.8 32.0 27.7 30.8 23.2 28.3 35.5 37.1 34.2 32.7 0.0 5.8 31.2 Congo, Democratic Rep, of -. . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.8.. . 6.6 Congo, Republic of .. 30.3 43.8 47.5 48.8 36.3 32.1 24.8 20.4 20.8 21.2 0.0 33.3 32.6 C6te dIlvoire .. 35.8 36.3 37.2 37.6 31.2 28.6 31.1 29.7 28.9 31.1 .. 28.4 32.7 Djibouti .. 41.6 46.0 46.6 48.0 56.4 61.6 60.3 62.2 . ... .. 52.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.5 11.6 12.7 10.8 16.4 17.9 17.3 15.3 11.3 15.5 .. 15.4 13.9 Eritrea .. . . 18.6 15.0 23.0 24.3 29.6 27.3 22.4 19.6 . .. 22.5 Ethiopia .. 27.5 33.8 28.0 28.3 24.8 22.6 20.6 21.7 23.4 20.1 25.1 22.5 25.1 Gabon .. 32.2 32.4 34.4 34.0 27.9 27.4 27.3 21.4 16.1 29.8 16.2 25.1 28.3 Gambia, The .. 20.7 21.0 19.5 21.1 23.3 21.5 20.3 24.0 27.5 27.0 .. 17.6 22.6 Ghana .. 23.5 22.8 24.8 20.2 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.4 19.4 21.3 17.6 25.6 20.5 Guinea .. 17.1 20.0 23.1 24.2 25.1 23.9 27.1 23.3 23.3 25.0 .. 14.3 23.2 Guinca-Bissau .. 9.4 10.3 8.0 8.1 7.5 9.2 9.5 6.8 18.8 15.9 10.4 13.1 10.3 Kenya 16.8 . .. 29.0 24.9 26.7 30.0 28.5 30.4 31.0 32.7 55.1 22.6 29.1 Lesotho .. 21.9 27.2 29.1 29.2 31.3 . .. . .. 31.7 32.1 32.7 28.4 Madagascar .. 23.1 26.5 19.7 18.0 17.0 18.1 17.7 20.3 21.6 25.5 32.5 27.0 20.8 Malawi 14.3 17.0 18.0 18.3 22.1 17.0 20.3 21.1 21.3 18.0 16.9 16.4 16.3 19.0 Mali 16.5 22.0 21.9 22.6 23.0 16.7 16.6 16.1 16.4 15.8 15.6 19.8 25.0 18.7 Mauritania .. 16.0 20.7 23.2 15.4 19.0 20.3 20.3 21.2 19.3 18.6 .. 16.4 19.4 Mauritius .. 29.6 28.1 28.3 30.4 32.0 30.4 27.1 27.2 29.8 30.5 29.2 29.7 29.3 Mozanmbique 25.8 9.7 10.6 9.9 10.4 7.9 9.6 10.8 tO.1 12.7 23.0 19.2 12.2 11.5 Nainibia .. . . . . . . 47.3 46.7 46.4 45.4 . .. 46.5 Niger .. 24.0 34.9 37.4 38.3 29.4 36.1 25.5 26.1 22.9 22.5 18.8 21.2 29.7 Nigeria .. . . . . 10.8 12.2 13.7 8.2 4.7 11.2 . .. 10.1 Rwanda .. 27.8 23.9 22.1 24.1 25.0 19.5 20.1 26.2 24.6 27.0 . .. 24.0 Sto Tom6 and Principe .. 12.9 11.6 10.1 7.8 7.0 4.3 6.0 8.4 11.3 10.8 .. 12.0 9.0 Senegal 39.7 39.7 46.8 40.4 41.4 35.0 35.4 32.7 33.1 29.5 27.3 39.2 41.9 36.1 Seychelles .. 25.2 25.7 27.2 20.9 19.6 23.4 28.0 26.2 27.1 25.1 . .. 24.8 Sierra Leone .. 7.3 8.2 10.1 18.5 20.9 17.3 20.2 25.4 23.8 27.5 .. 8.6 17.9 South Africa 17.2 22.8 23.5 36.3 33.4 33.7 33.8 33.1 33.4 325.1 31.1 17.7 21.2 60.6 Sudan . .. . .. 17.1 .. 12.0 22.6 31.5 33.5 35.2 . .. 25.3 Swaziland .. . . 30.9 37.5 37.4 37.0 36.7 36.5 36.4 37.4 . .. 36.2 Tanzania .. 21.3 20.0 19.3 19.0 21.7 22.8 26.2 31.2 28.6 24.4 20.9 21.3 23.4 Togso. 28.6 36.5 39.0 41.4 36.1 35.6 34.0 35.8 31.4 33.3 27.1 25.7 35.2 Uganda . 7.4 8.8 8.2 8.7 10.3 15.1 16.9 20.3 20.7 23.3 10.9 11.9 14.0 Zambia .. 23.3 21.3 25.4 17.7 16.1 20.2 20.5 25.1 19.0 19.4 . .. 20.8 Zimbabwe 103.4 34.2 32.3 30.0 29.5 29.1 29.2 32.0 35.5 35.5 34.3 75.2 29.0 32.2 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . Algeria .. 36.7 27.5 31.8 28.9 30.2 29.8 29.7 28.5 30.4 29.6 19.1 27.8 30.3 Egypt,Arab Republic .. 16.7 15.6 15.8 18.8 19.7 21.5 22.0 23.0 24.1 21.9 .. 17.2 19.9 Morocco 48.6 37.1 39.4 38.1 36.0 37.0 38.4 38.6 39.4 39.1 38.8 64.6 142.6 38.2 Tunisia 34.2 35.7 35.5 30.1 30.3 29.1 34.1 35.1 39.2 . .. 33.7 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . Note: 1999 data .rc preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated govermment starting from t992. Government Finance 199 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries Index 1987=100 Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-M? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 119 128 121 132 137 134 114 118 142 106 131 cxcluding South Africa 120 129 115 126 136 122 106 106 130 106 123 excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria 113 122 114 117 116 126 93 88 117 107 III Angola 127 106 62 19 39 43 72 78 59 89 67 Benin Botswana Burkina Faso 132 121 117 119 106 104 103 108 114 103 115 Burundi 116 124 125 126 117 102 96 82 83 99 101 106 Mol M 06 M 05 Mo 1 67 50 47 5 1 60 70 98 75 Cape Verde 104 125 121 149 158 170 174 169 175 98 160 Central African Republic 97 106 103 100 90 76 7 1 74 75 102 87 Chad 164 154 162 195 212 206 153 144 141 112 170 Comoros Congo, 3emocratic Rep. of 186 310 88 108 44 56 1 9 94 98 110 III Congo, Republic of 92 139 149 144 97 76 65 57 55 94 92 C6te d'Ivoire 94 91 87 80 63 62 67 67 67 0 99 74 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 108 121 126 131 113 118 176 220 266 103 169 Eritrea Ethiopia 123 114 68 77 91 86 95 105 124 106 103 101 Gabon 114 113 130 148 III 116 114 118 120 86 101 121 Garnbia, Ghana 101 110 162 173 181 164 159 153 163 82 154 _Wnea 219 234 227 247 246 248 269 262 263 165 NO Guinea-Bissau 104 134 108 95 85 93 105 99 106 104 106 Kenya 100 Lesotho Liberia Madagascar 89 97 87 87 80 7 5 74 88 106 98 46 Malawi 9 1 96 116 129 159 144 121 148 147 92 9 1 128 Mali 90 98 102 102 89 8 5 84 95 98 93 95 Mauritania 99 99 99 97 97 95 97 100 105 102 100 Mauritius 119 119 126 135 148 149 151 155 167 107 144 Mozambique 134 156 152 179 151 147 149 182 249 240 126 206 Namibia 153 198 209 208 205 218 252 258 268 74 95 225 Niger Nigetia 213 209 180 289 224 180 185 192 212 131 237 Rwanda 107 101 102 104 26 43 56 76 7 1 97 77 SAo Tormi and Principe 84 70 69 57 78 65 91 154 165 84 102 109 119 119 115 98 95 96 93 93 115 104 103 Seychelles Sieffa Leone 110 113 124 234 232 191 209 169 228 409 142 186 Somalia South Africa Sudan -gwaziland Tanzania 133 117 119 146 148 163 178 188 183 136 110 154 Togo III 121 114 III 96 96 93 93 97 98 100 103 Uganda 120 179 250 255 322 488 560 705 751 133 463 Zatnbia Zimbabwe 138 139 116 106 108 113 126 152 147 95 104 130 NORTH AFRICA 116 122 120 120 124 127 133 143 150 108 129 Algeria 103 116 130 125 121 115 116 120 125 99 _F20 Egypt, Arab Republic 98 100 93 103 106 110 115 118 126 102 103 Libya Morocco 36 125 133 132 128 132 135 142 155 162 55 105 141 Tunisia III 117 125 130 125 130 139 158 167 84 101 138 ALL AF LICA 126 128 119 132 131 120 120 125 141 103 129 Note. 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria!. fis.al dt. are for wnwlidated governme.t staning fro. 1992. 200 Government Finance 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAiRAN AFRICA .. -3.0 -3.6 -10.9 -7.6 25.1 23.7 24.4 25.9 27.0 26.0 -8.0 4.8 12.7 excluding South Africa .. 19.4 18.8 17.6 21.2 25.1 21.8 20.7 23.3 21.9 21.6 .. 20.8 21.1 excl. S.Afiica &Nigeria .. 19.4 1,8.8 17.6 21.2 20.0 22.6 21.9 23.3 23.5 22.2 11.5 20.8 21.0 Angola .. 20.0 17.1 10.9 43.1 41.0 53.3 48.5 55.7 50.4 43.6 .. 26.4 38.4 Benin .. 7.1 8.2 7.6 8.4 6.3 5.2 7.7 6.9 7.4 7.1 .. 7.4 7.2 Botswana . .. . .. 36.0 41.0 42.3 42.3 37.3 39.5 39.8 . .. 39.7 Burkina Faso .. 7.1 7.7 8.6 10.7 12.0 10.8 9.8 8.7 9.9 8.7 . .. 9.4 Burundi 28.0 17.2 15.6 12.4 20.4 21.3 24.0 20.9 33.2 27.4 31.9 22.6 16.9 22.4 Cameroon 22.9 17.5 12.5 10.5 10.7 7.5 15.8 16.0 16.4 14.5 16.3 20.3 13.7 13.8 Cape Verde .. 4.3 3.7 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 3.3 1.8 7.6 23.4 8.8 2.9 Central African Republic . .. . .. 13.9 10.0 12.6 15.7 10.3 11.4 . .. 12.3 Chad 21.0 34.4 26.4 26.3 14.4 11.7 22.1 19.2 22.3 25.2 .. 18.5 22.3 Comoros 20.0 22.2 19.7 26.4 20.3 22.4 17.8 14.3 14.8 23.6 0.0 4.1 20.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . . . . 33.7 35.6 . .. 34.7 Congo, Republic of .. 8.3 10.7 10.4 9.1 8.1 7.7 7.2 24.4 36.1 19.1 24.5 10.3 14.1 C6te dilvoire .. 25.8 24.7 23.4 23.5 23.7 24.0 25.8 25.2 22.9 28.0 .. 31.8 24.7 Djibouti .. 26.7 31.5 29.2 29.2 24.2 22.4 19.9 16.2 . ... .. 24.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 9.7 10.1 14.6 10.1 20.3 25.2 23.8 30.6 16.0 18.1 .. 18.8 17.9 Eritrea .. . . 71.0 44.1 49.8 43.2 41.4 32.0 41.9 35.8 . .. 44.9 Ethiopia .. 34.9 29.1 22.1 25.7 25.0 25.3 23.1 25.5 33.4 34.4 30.5 32.0 27.8 Gabon .. 23.5 21.0 20.5 19.4 19.2 17.3 21.1 24.5 36.8 21.9 13.8 20.4 22.5 Gambia, The .. 19.0 21.1 23.5 25.5 25.1 20.1 21.1 17.9 16.0 18.5 .. 19.5 20.8 Gh-ana .. 12.9 13.1 10.0 12.6 10.5 8.1 7.2 6.9 9.6 -5.4 34.5 15.4 8.5 Guinea .. 18.9 18.7 15.6 13.9 13.2 11.3 11.7 11.4 11.5 11.5 .. 24.7 13.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 14.4 13.1 10.7 9.4 12.6 11.9 10.0 8.4 18.5 18.5 0.0 13.8 12.7 Kenya 27.6 . .. 19.4 17.1 17.6 21.6 26.8 27.5 30.1 27.8 -7.4 30.5 23.5 Lesotho .. 17.0 19.0 23.7 7.9 26.4 . .. . .. 0.0 19.9 23.6 15.7 Madagascar .. 11.8 10.3 15.9 11.5 12.9 10.0 7.2 15.8 9.5 11.6 18.9 15.0 11.7 Malawi 0.0 45.3 50.5 49.1 45.3 47.5 38.7 36.2 44.9 38.4 29.0 0.0 0.0 42.5 Mali 13.0 2.1 8.3 9.8 10.2 10.6 12.2 1 1.7 13.0 12.4 13.2 15.8 4.7 10.4 Mauritania .. 12.3 17.7 18.9 14.4 17.6 20.1 20.0 21.8 20.8 22.5 .. 8.8 18.6 Mauritius . 8.3 9.5 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.1 8.4 8.4 9.5 16.4 7.2 8.1 9.9 Mozamnbique 44.2 30.7 29.0 31.5 29.3 33.8 22.4 28.3 29.0 31.0 20.1 36.0 34.2 28.5 Namibia .. . . . . . . 21.4 20.8 20.0 19.9 . .. 20.5 Niger .. 17.4 12.5 21.3 15.3 18.8 17.9 21.3 22.9 21.5 25.1 13.8 14.9 19.4 Nigeria .. . . . . 48.1 17.7 15.1 23.1 13.4 18.4 . .. 22.6 Rwanda .. 23.7 28.0 30.9 24.8 26.4 25.0 26.3 19.4 21.7 21.0 . .. 24.7 Sao Tome and Principe .. 3.5 3.2 4.7 3.7 5.0 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 .. 16.6 4.6 Senegal 22.9 15.2 9.8 21.1 11.9 11.8 11.4 11.0 10.8 13.0 14.6 19.6 15.5 13.0 Seychelles .. 30.2 30.9 31.5 25.1 22.3 18.1 19.5 20.4 20.4 18.9 . .. 23.7 Sierra Leone .. 44.3 38.0 38.8 31.2 35.4 51.6 35.9 44.1 19.3 23.6 .. 35.5 36.2 South Africa .. . . . . 25.1 25.7 28.5 28.9 26.0 31.1 . .. 27.6 Sudan . .. . .. 37.4 .. 47.5 36.0 48.3 38.4 32.9 . .. 40.1 Swaziland .. . . 15.3 26.5 25.7 26.0 24.3 23.6 20.5 24.9 . .. 23.3 Tanzania .. 28.6 40.2 36.2 30.7 30.4 28.9 24.2 23.7 21.1 26.0 30.5 31.5 29.0 Togo .. 20.7 19.2 17.1 19.1 16.3 18.2 21.7 20.2 22.4 25.1 20.7 21.3 20.0 Uganda .. 43.9 31.9 31.8 26.6 29.7 33.9 33.1 33.8 32.2 31.0 35.0 45.2 32.8 Zambia .. 15.4 19.1 24.5 20.3 22.3 22.5 21.2 18.3 20.3 15.4 . .. 19.9 Zimbabwe -103.4 16.3 15.1 16.9 19.4 18.1 16.9 16.5 14.1 13.2 14.6 -69.3 16.7 16.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 9.4 9.2 9.3 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 11.4 .. 17.3 10.6 Algeria .. 2.7 3.1 2.3 4.0 3.6 4.7 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.5 2.3 2.3 4.1 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 14.1 12.4 13.0 15.3 15.5 16.1 15.9 16.3 16.3 14.2 .. 15.1 14.9 Morocco 103.8 10.4 11.3 11.7 10.9 14.9 13.8 14.7 15.5 16.0 16.4 56.8 43.1 13.6 Tunisia 11.0 10.9 10.7 6.5 6.1 6.9 5.9 5.7 8.3 . .. 8.0 ALL AFRICA .. 1.3 1.2 -3.3 -0.8 20.0 19.3 19.8 21.0 -68.9 21.0 .. 8.6 3.0 Note: 1999 data am preliminary (sen Page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are fur -osolidated govmermen starting from 1992. Government Finance 201 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 6.3 7.3 6.7 7.2 14.2 10.1 9.2 7.6 17.8 16.6 4.4 5.7 10.3 excluding South Africa .. 13.6 15.6 14.2 15.3 28.0 19.4 17.4 14.5 15.8 16.2 .. 12.7 17.0 excl. S.Aftica &Nigeria .. 13.6 15.6 14.2 15.3 26.7 17.5 16.5 14.8 15.3 15.1 11.0 12.7 16.4 Angola .. 9.9 15.0 8.9 15.5 384.9 12.7 19.2 10.2 16.7 8.9 .. 5.4 50.2 Benin .. 15.3 13.8 17.5 15.0 15.9 12.6 12.4 9.0 7.6 7.2 .. 15.6 12.6 Botswana . .. . .. . .. . .. -0.2 -1.1 0.0 ... -0.4 Burkina Faso .. 5.7 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.6 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.2 ... 5.4 Burundi 2.0 7.1 6.1 6.4 5.0 6,0 6.9 6.7 8.9 10.4 11.9 5.3 8.9 7.5 Cameroon 2.0 9.6 17.6 23.4 24.1 36.5 39.5 41.8 37.8 32.0 27.6 2.9 5.7 29.0 Cape Verde .. 5.0 3.8 2.6 2.5 1.9 6.2 7.6 9.6 9.9 4.5 0.0 3.1 5.4 Central African Republic . .. . .. 10.8 11.1 17.2 9.6 7.6 7.8 ... 10.7 Chad 1.8 4.1 3.8 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.5 4.8 .. 1.0 4.8 Comoros 4.2 3.7 2.9 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.6 4.8 0.0 0.8 3.7 Congo, Democratic RCep. of .. . . . . . . . . 43.5 34.6 ... 39.1 Congo. Republic of .. 29.7 22.5 21.6 20.1 33.0 43.0 36.5 32.2 34.0 35.3 0.0 13.0 30.8 C6t d'lvoire .. 30.3 35.1 34.2 30.6 31.8 28.3 25.7 22.1 19.9 21.8 .. 22.8 28.0 Djibouti .. 1.4 .. 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.4 .... .. 1.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 11.6 12.7 16.7 13.7 26.0 24.0 15.6 8.7 5.5 10.3 .. 17.8 14.5 Eritrea .. . . 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.9 1.8 2.2 ... 1.0 Ethiopia .. 4.3 5.4 7.3 10.2 13.5 10.0 9.0 9.2 7.4 6.4 3.4 5.1 8.3 Gabon .. 23.2 22.6 22.5 24.4 26.4 30.9 25.6 20.1 15.9 26.8 6.6 14.1 23.8 Gambia, The .. 14.9 13.8 12.9 14.8 14.8 13.9 14.2 19.1 23.0 22.2 .. 13.4 16.4 Ghana .. 7.8 9.2 8.9 12.0 14.2 13.9 17.2 21.7 17.9 21.2 11.4 8.3 14.4 Guinea .. 10.4 10.3 8.5 7.2 9.0 8.1 8.1 9.1 8.3 9.6 .. 11.6 8.9 Guinca-Biasau . 9.5 11.7 9.7 14.3 15.2 21.9 19.7 11.9 27.4 20.3 1.1 7.5 16.2 Kenya 10.1 26.5 27.5 26.1 35.2 32.4 25.4 22.3 20.2 18.7 24.6 13.4 17.3 25.9 Lesotho .. . . . . 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.6 4.2 5.9 ... 4.2 Madagascar .. 8.9 12.3 17.1 19.4 27.3 29.0 26.3 17.5 14.5 13.0 5.6 9.9 18.5 Malawi 9.1 14.1 11.0 9.3 11.4 1 1.5 19.2 22.0 19.0 13.5 12.7 12.9 18.6 14.4 Mali 4.1 9.1 6.3 7.3 6.9 9.0 6.1 4.8 4.1 3.1 3.4 4.8 6.6 6.0 Mauritania .. 6.6 9.2 12.2 11.1 10.4 13.0 13.4 13.0 14.0 13.9 .. 8.2 11.7 Mauritius .. 17.7 16.4 13.7 11.9 12.3 12.9 12.8 14.2 17.3 16.2 20.4 18.3 14.5 Mozanmbique 0.0 6.7 4.8 7.9 8.6 3.6 6.6 7.0 5.7 4.5 2.5 0.1 _3.8 5.8 Namibia .. . . . . . . 4.2 5.4 6.8 7.6 ... 6.0 Niger .. 10.1 11.5 9.8 10.2 12.3 16.0 12.8 9.7 8.9 8.4 11.1 13.6 11.0 Nigeria .. . . . . 33.9 28.9 21.8 12.8 18.5 21.6 ... 22.9 Rwanda .. 5.1 7.7 7.8 9.1 27.9 11.3 7.2 6.2 4.9 5.0 ... 9.2 Sao Tome and Principe .. 13.7 17.5 15.5 16.8 14.9 15.6 14.4 16.1 20.8 16.2 .. 22.4 16.1 Senegal 7.5 12.6 12.9 9.3 10.9 16.8 14.5 11.2 12.1 6.3 7.0 9.4 15.7 11.4 Seychelles .. 16.2 15.7 15.2 12.3 12.0 15.2 15.4 15.7 12.9 17.4 ... 14.8 Sierra Leone .. 28.7 30.0 26.9 18.9 14.0 10.5 12.5 16.3 23.9 26.4 .. 23.7 20.8 South Africa .. . . . . . . . . 20.2 17.2 ... 18.7 Sudan .. . . . . . . . . 8.6 8.9 ... 8.7 Swaziland .. . . . . . . . . 0.7 2.9 ... 1.8 Tanzania .. 13.2 13.2 12.2 12.9 14.4 18.4 18.9 17.4 15.2 10.6 8.0 12.3 14.6 Togo .. 11.3 12.6 12.9 15.8 21.9 15.4 13.0 12.7 10.2 11.7 20.9 14.8 13.8 Uganda .. 4.9 8.9 15.5 9.7 7.8 5.9 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.1 14.4 7.8 7.6 Zambia 10.9 23.7 24.4 27.5 41.8 36.5 27.7 17.4 16.4 11.8 10.2 12.2 28.6 23.8 Zimbabwe 27.7 14.1 13.9 15.6 17.9 20.4 24.2 24.5 19.1 27.8 26.0 24.8 13.5 20.4 NORTHl AFRICA .. 11.6 13.1 14.5 17.1 19.1 18.2 18.6 17.6 16.5 12.2 .. 26.6 15.8 Algeria .. 6.4 6,0 7.0 6.4 1.2 9.9 11.9 12.7 12.6 .. 2.5 4.2 9.0 Egypt,Arab Republic .. 10.0 15.5 18.7 25.5 29.3 25.4 25.1 23.1 21.1 19.1 .. 9.1 21.3 Morocco 56.9 22.6 21.1 19.6 19.8 20.2 20.5 19.5 18.1 17.2 17.2 38.5 90.1 19.6 Tunisia 9.2 10.7 11.5 11.0 11.7 12.2 10.6 9.6 12.2 -. 11.0 ALL AFRICA .. 8.2 9.5 9.6 10.9 15.9 13.0 12.4 11.1 17.4 15.1 .. 13.1 1. Note 1999 data areprelimi.ary (seepage 2) Nigeria's fiscal data are for-conslidated goveeranetstartigfroml1992 202 Government Finance 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments ~~Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 199 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.2 1.5 1.5 2.1 excluding South Africa .. 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.1 .. 3.4 2.3 excl. S.Aftica &Nigeria .. 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.5 .2.3 2.7 2.8 2.5 3.6 3.4 .2.6 Angola .. 6.3 5.0 8.1 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 5.3 3.2 Botswana . .. . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 . .. 0.0 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . Burundi 10.9 6.7 6.0 8.0 5.7 7.5 6.7 5.9 7.6 7.8 7.4 10.1 5.8 6.9 Camneroon 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 4.8 5.4 8.6 0.0 1.5 Cape Verde .. 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.9 0.1 Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . Chad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.3 . .. 2.3 Congo, Republic of .. 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.2 C6te dIlvoire .. 3.7 0.2 0.0 3.1 4.0 4.3 3.2 4.0 3.9 4.3 .. 5.5 3.1 Djibouti . .. . 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.3 . ... .. 0.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 6.0 4.9 4.1 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 9.0 7.0 .. 5.3 5.2 Eritrea .. . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . .. 0.0 Ethiopia 1. .7 1.3 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.4 1.1 Gabon .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The .. 3.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 10.4 0.4 Ghana .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 5.6 4.9 9.3 0.0 . .. 2.8 Guinea .. 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.6 4.3 6.2 6.0 7.4 6.8 8.1 .. 6.8 5.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya 0.l 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.2 Lesotho .. 4.0 4.9 4.9 . .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.8 1.7 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali 6.0 1.8 2.3 2.7 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 5.7 5.6 3.7 1.6 2.6 Mauritius 1. 9.l 20.2 .21.0 21.3 21.8 22.7 23.3 24.8 l0.0 13.6 19.9 18.3 19.8 Mozabique 1.4 3.6 2.2 2.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 7.1 14.3 1.5 Nanmibia .. . . . . . . 3.8 2.7 2.3 2.4 . .. 2.8 Niger .. 7.4 6.7 6.9 12.9 6.6 4.4 6.0 7.6 5.3 4.9 9.4 6.6 6.9 Nigeria .. . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . .. 0.0 Rwanda .. 17.2 8.3 8.1 5.0 3.8 4.8 3.3 5.7 7.9 9.0 . .. 7.3 S8o Tomd and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal 13.9 10.5 8.9 8.2 13.9 11.4 9.9 7.9 9.6 7.5 9.2 12.1 10.1 9.7 Seychelles .. 7.4 5.8 5.4 4.6 4.6 9.7 -3.7 1.3 2.1 1.5 . .. 3.9 Sierra Leone .. 1.9 2.6 2.4 4.3 5.9 4.6 9.6 3.0 7.0 10.3 .. 0.5 -5.2 South Africa .. . . . . 4.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.3 . .. 3.3 Sudan .. . . . . . . . . 5.1 3.3 ... 4.2 Swaziland .. . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 . .. 0.0 Tanzania .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo .. 4.4 5.1 5.8 4.7 9.0 6.7 5.1 6.9 6.4 8.7 2.3 0.7 6.3 Uganda .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia 13.7 10.9 11.6 2.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.8 9.9 11.9 2.7 Zimbabwe 29.3 5.9 7.7 8.3 4.9 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 23.2 8.5 2.9 NORTH AFRICA .. 5.5 7.1 10.6 7.8 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.1 .. 6.7 6.2 Algeria .. 0.4 1.0 10.4 9.1 7.8 6.2 4.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 .. 0.0 4.6 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 11.4 12.2 14.2 7.7 5.8 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.2 .. 10.2 8.2 Morocco 12.5 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.6 4.1 3.3 3.7 6.4 6.0 4.4 13.3 14.5 3.6 Tunisia 14.6 13.3 13.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.2 . .. 8.4 ALL AFRICA .. 2.8 3.4 4.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 2.8 .. 3.3 3.6 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigerias fiscal data are for consolidated govemment starting from 1992. Government Finance 203 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 18.1 16.6 16.6 18.7 19.6 19.2 19.8 20.1 21.5 22.5 20.6 18.1 19.3 excluding South Afiica .. 26.3 25.1 24.5 25.9 29.3 28.4 29.9 31.1 32.7 29.5 .. 27.5 28.3 excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria .. 26.3 25.1 24.5 25.9 26.7 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.8 25.8 29.4 27.5 25.9 Angola I. 8.0 10.1 6.4 10.7 5.7 12.1 8.1 8.1 3.3 6.1 .. 17.3 8.9 Benin .. 26.9 28.1 21.1 26.8 32.9 36.6 32.9 35.4 34.2 34.9 .. 27.0 31.0 Botswana .. 50.5 47.3 42.4 39.5 32.0 31.8 33.4 34.4 32.8 31.9 43.3 45.1 37.6 Burkina Faso .. 27.8 44.5 43.4 34.4 40.8 45.9 51.3 56.5 54.6 58.6 . .. 45.8 Burundi 113.6 41.9 43.7 47.9 43.4 32.6 30.3 35.8 18.0 24.7 21.2 119.7 61.9 34.0 Camneroon 32.6 26.2 23.2 15.5 13.8 17.3 7.1 5.9 9.3 16.3 19.1 40.3 43.0 15.4 Cape Verde .. 37.2 41.3 59.4 58.7 60.9 52.4 52.8 44.7 43.7 49.5 67.8 54.3 50.1 Central African Republic .. . . . . 46.0 50.2 21.9 37.5 54.2 50.9 -. . 43.4 Chad 54.9 32.3 45.1 38.0 47.5 50.4 49.1 53.8 51.1 50.8 .. 63.1 47.3 Comoros 16.4 14.2 32.3 15.6 32.1 21.4 21.9 24.1 35.1 28.1 0.0 60.0 24.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . . . . . . 12.7 18.4 . ., 15.6 Congo, Republic of .. 7.9 2.3 2.1 4.6 7.6 9.1 24.4 9.1 11.1 18.9 61.7 27.2 9.7 C6tedIlvoire .. 4.4 3.7 5.2 5.3 9.3 13.1 13.2 17.6 21.2 14.8 .. 11.4 10.8 Djibouti .. 27.5 22.5 18.3 16.4 12,9 9.4 11.3 12.1 13.9 ... . 16.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 62.2 60.7 51.6 49.5 32.9 18.0 9.6 20.9 36.4 47.2 .. 34.0 38.9 Eritrea .. . . 12.4 29.2 22,6 205 30.1 44.1 37.5 45.2 . .. 30.2 Ethiopia .. 27.3 25.0 22.6 34.2 38.0 37.7 45.2 42.9 37.5 30.4 27.2 32.9 34.1 Gabon .. 16.1 19.6 18.9 17.7 22,1 20.9 22.8 31.7 29.2 8.9 58.1 35.4 20.8 Gambia, The .. 34.0 34.4 34.6 29.9 27.4 34.8 35.5 29.3 22.2 20.7 36.5 31.2 30.3 Ghana 17.8 41.0 41.1 41.9 38.3 42.7 46.1 44.8 42.9 39.6 30.9 14.5 38.0 40.9 Guinea .. 49.8 45.6 47.0 49.4 46.3 48.5 45.1 46.2 46.7 44.2 .. 42.5 46.9 Guinea-Bissau . 63.4 61.5 66.8 64.4 59.1 49.6 53.0 66.9 24.4 34.4 32.0 62.2 54.4 Kenya 29.5 22.1 19.6 19.0 18.2 20.0 20.4 17.3 17.2 17.5 12.2 26.0 22.0 18.3 Lesotho .. 45.0 38.4 35.4 34.7 31,7 32.3 37.8 41.1 32.8 24.0 37.9 24.1 35.3 Madagascar .. 42.7 36.4 37.6 38.2 33.3 34.8 39.7 37.5 43.8 -42.6 30.4 34.4 38.78_ Malawi 48.8 22.4 20.5 23.3 21.1 24.0 21.8 20.7 19.7 30.0 37.5 38.0 27.5 24.1 Mali . 53.0 61.7 57.7 53.3 50.4 50.4 53.5 56.2 51.4 50.6 47.8 47.9 59.1 53.3 Mauritania .. 27.2 22.9 24.3 41.3 32.9 27.6 27.8 25.8 29.2 29.3 .. 26.7 28.8 Mauritius .. 18.3 18.7 19.6 19.2 17.0 18.0 22.1 18.4 26.0 26.8 13.9 19.4 20.4 Mozwmbique 44.0 51.9 52.4 50.3 49.3 51.1 57.3 55.1 55.8 47.6 49.7 40.1 35.6 52.0 Namnibia .. . . . . . . 13.1 13.3 11.8 12.4 -. . 12.7 Niger .. 39.0 30.4 21.9 21.5 28.6 27.0 29.6 30.6 32.2 30.0 46.9 40.8 29.1 Nigeria -. . . . . 41.1 41.3 49.4 55.8 63.4 48.8 . .. 50.0 Rwanda .. 30.1 30.2 30.3 32.1 16.6 39.4 41.3 42.1 36.0 32.0 . .. 33.0 Slo Tome and Principe .. 56.0 55.4 57.4 52.3 57.9 69.1 60.7 60.3 51.8 61.1 .. 43.9 58.2 Senegal 17.6 12.2 15.0 24.1 20.3 23.6 26.5 35.6 32.9 42.2 40.6 16.3 13.5 27.3 Seychelles .. 23.3 22.5 19.7 22.8 22.8 22.6 18.1 20.1 24.0 25.7 . .. 22.2 Sieffa Leone .. 17.8 21.2 21.8 25.2 21.8 13.4 19.6 11.3 24.6 11.2 .. 24.0 18.8 South Africa 25.8 10.9 9.0 9.6 12.3 9.6 9.2 8.4 7.8 8.5 14.3 23.6 10.3 10.0 Sudan -. 12.0 13.6 16.2 28.7 .. 13.4 5.7 7.8 9.1 14.1 16.9 14.0 13.4 Swaziland -.. .. 25.6 23.5 202 18.5 17.9 16.5 15.4 15.6 17.7 . .. 19.0 Tanzania .. 17.7 10.9 16.7 21.2 20.8 17.6 20.4 17.3 25.8 27.4 26.2 22.1 19.6 Togo .. 25.7 17.8 16.0 8.8 9.1 15.5 13.2 11.1 19.4 12.0 .. 26.0 14.9 Uganda .. 43.8 50.4 44.5 55.0 52.2 45.1 44.1 40.2 41.0 40.5 39.7 35.1 45.7 Zambia 10.5 18.9 15.5 12.1 10.7 12.5 17.5 32.0 30.1 39.4 45.4 11.6 2.2 23.4 Zimbabwe 43.1 18.2 20.2 18.0 16.8 17.6 14.5 12.7 12.3 6.7 14.2 42.7 15.7 15.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 33.1 29.4 27.5 25.6 23.4 23.0 22.0 22.0 22.5 ~25.0 ~ .. ~53.6 ~25.4 Algeria .. 30.8 27.3 28.2 31.3 31.0 29.4 26.6 25.2 48 1. 56.9 4.5 27.4 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 38.3 34.8 29.0 20.9 18.1 18.2 18.7 20.0 21.3 29.6 .. 39.0 24.9 Morocco 1oo.o 26.5 23.9 24.9 26.3 23.8 24.0 22.4 20.6 21.8 23.1 100.0 100.0 23.7 Tunisia 26.6 24.8 25.6 21.1 20.9 20.7 22.4 21.9 25.9 . .. 23.3 ALLAFIA . 23.3 21.4 20.7 21.3 21.0 20.6 20.5 20.7 21.9 23.3 .. 30.8 21.5 Note: 1999 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigerinas fiscal data ae for consolidated government starling frm. 1992. 204 Government Finance 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending Index 1980= 100 Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAkAN AFRICA 100.0 109.8 167.8 152.1 148.8 124.0 149.7 163.3 154.5 153.0 144.7 110.2 188.4 146.8 excluding South Africa 100.0 109.8 167.8 152.1 148.8 125.7 149.7 163.3 154.5 153.0 144.7 110.2 185.8 146.9 excl. S.Afi-ica &Nigeria 100.0 109.8 167.8 152.1 148.8 127.4 149.7 163.3 154.5 153.0 144.7 110.2 188.4 147.1 Burkina Faso 100.0 188.2 .. . . 339.2 .. . . . . 100.0 140.4 263.7 Camneroon 100.0 . .. . .. 124.0 .. . . . . 100.0 190.6 124.0 Cape Verdec. . . . . .. . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . . . . . . Comoros . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . C8te d'lvoire 100.0 91.6 .. . . 62.7 .. . . . . 100.0 83.3 77.2 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon 100.0 116.9 .. . . 140.4 .. . . . . 100.0 162.2 128.7 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissaua. . . . . . . . . . . Kenya 100.0 294.5 230.1 172.2 143.8 119.8 137.6 160.6 152.7 144.0 144.7 110.2 194.5 170.0 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi 100.0 23.4 .. . . 21.3 .. . . . . 100.0 59.2 22.3 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria 100.0 21.0 .. . . 16.5 .. . . . . 100.0 40.1 18.8 Rwanda 100.0 94.2 .. . . 234.0 .. . . . . 100.0 98.2 164.1 S8o Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal 100.0 109.8 .. . . 102.8 .. . . . . 100.0 93.6 106.3 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone 100.0 25.6 .. . . 172.6 .. . . . . 100.0 133.0 99.1 South Africa 100.0 128.4 .. . . 94.1 .. . . . . 100.0 143.0 111.3 Swaziland 100.0 109.9 105.4 132.0 153.8 159.6 161.9 166.0 156.4 162.0 .. 100.0 58.9 145.2 Togo 100.0 162.3 .. . . 127.4 .. . . . . 100.0 124.1 144.9 NORTH AFRICA 100.0 86.0 .. . . 95.5 .. . . . . 100.0 111.1 90.7 Algeria 100.0 148.0 .. . . 273.1 . .. . .. . 100.0 111.1 210.6 Egypt, Arab Republic.. . . . . . . . . . . . Morocco 100.0 86.0 .. . . 95.5 .. . . . . 100.0 82.3 90.7 Tunisia 100.0 62.1 .. . . 60.4 .. . . . . 100.0 176.9 61.3 ALL AFRICA 100.0 109.8 167.8 152.1 148.8 121.9 149.7 163.3 154.5 153.0 144.7 110.2 187.1 146.6 Note Nigeria's fiscal data are fur federal level oaly. Nigeri.as fiscal data are for coasolidated g-verment starti.g from 1992. Government Finance 205 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending Constant 1995 US. dollars Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . .. excluding South Africa.. . . . *.* excl. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . Benin .. . . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.1 Botswana .. 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.2 . ..... 1.7 2.5 Burkina Faso 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 0.1 Burundi .. . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 Carneroon 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 . .. ... 0.2 0.3 0.2 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic .. . .0.2 Comoros . .. . .. . .. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 ... 0.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.1 .. . . 0. 0.0 0.0 . .. . .. 0.1 .. 0.0 Congo, Republic of .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C8te dVIvoire .. 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. 0.6 0.4 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . Eritrea .. . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 . .. 0.1 Ethiopia .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The .. . . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 Ghana .. . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 ... . 0.1 Guinea .. . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Letotho .. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 . .. . .. ... 0.2 0.3 Madagatcar .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 . ..... 0.1 0.1 Malawi .. . . 0.1 .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 Mali . .. . .. . .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mauritania .. . . . . . . 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 ... 0.2 Mauritius .. 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.0 ... 0.8 1.0 Mozambique . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0O S8o Taint and Principe . .. . .. . .. . .. 0.2 0.2 ... . 0.2 Senegal . .. . .. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. . .2 Seychellets. . . . 5.5 5.5 4.3 . .. . ... .. 5.1 Sierra Leonec. 0.0 .. . . , . . . . . 0.1 .. 0.0 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . Sudan 0.0 . . . . . . . .. . .. 0.0 Swaziland 0.7 .. 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0. . 0.6 0.7 1.0 Togo .. . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 Uganda .. . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 Zambia .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 Zimbabwe .. . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.6 ... 0.7 NORT'H AFRICA 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 . .. . .. 0.5 0.5 0.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 . .. . .. 0.3 0.4 0.4 Morocco 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 . .. . .. 0.6 0.6 0.7 Tunisia 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 .. . . 0.9 0.9 1.1 Note: Nigeria's fiscat dot. are for misotidated govemnment starintg from 1992 206 Figure 7-1. Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1992-99* (percent) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Si. T-nm and PNincip. Cape Verd . Guina-Bissa. Angola _ Comoros Seychelles Malai lli Mozambique Rwanda _ Chad L = Congo Rurkina Faso Congo, Denocratie Republic Mali t Djibouti Si.-r Leone|__ Centrol African Republic Modagascar Zimbabwe Niger Togo :Ethiopi. Burundi_ Uganda_ Gambia, The Guinea South Africa Benin Kenya D c NamibiaS Mauritiiu Cameroon Senegal__ _ Equat,yial auineabe Morocco Tunisia Swazilandl Tauzani. C6te d lvoi,,e_ Gabon Egypt, Arab Rep _ Sudan I Algeria I-thob_ UAberi FI Deficit, excl. grants Libya * Grants Maurtanis Nigeria Or most reccnt year available. Government Finance 207 Technical notes Tables fiscal stabilization efforts. This indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in national currency Table 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including (World Bank country desks). grants). Overall surplus/deficit is the difference be- tween total revenue plus grants (as defined in GFS Table 7-4. Government expenditure and lending line A-I) and total expenditures and lending minus minus repayments. Total expenditure and lending repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I). It represents minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) repre- the net financing requirement of the consolidated gov- sents the government's total outlays for current or emment. This indicator is shown as a percentage of capital purposes. Expenditure includes all current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun- nonrepayable payments by the government. Lending try desks). minus repayments comprises government transactions in debt and equity claims upon others, acquired for Table 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding purposes of public policy rather than for managing grants). This is calculated as above, except that capi- govermment liquidity or earning a return. It consists tal grants are excluded from receipts (as defined in of gross lending and acquisition of financial equity GFS line A-II, less line C-I). It is a measure of the minus repayments of past government lending and ability of a government to fund its activities from its government sales of equities. (This definition differs own resources. Because some budgetary grants may from the concept of lending minus repayments adopted be tied to certain expenditures that would not other- in the SNA, which is gross government lending mi- wise be incurred, excluding grants may overstate the nus repayments of past government lending minus net deficit or understate the surplus if no account is taken government borrowing.) In determining a of the expenditures dependent on these grants. This government's deficit or surplus, lending minus repay- indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in ments is grouped with expenditures rather than with national currency (World Bank country desks). financing. This indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun- Table 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/ try desks). +). The primary deficit or surplus is the government deficit or surplus including grants (as presented in Table 7-5. Government interest payments. Govern- Table 7-1) excluding interest expenditures on both ment interest payments (as defined in GFS line C2) domestic and foreign debt (Table 7-5). In countries include interest on all borrowings, both domestic and with large government interest payments, this ratio foreign, but exclude commission charges paid for as- may provide a more reliable indicator for monitoring sistance in placement of debt (which would be classi- 208 Government Finance fied as expenditure for the payment of goods and ser- Table 7-10. Taxes on international trade and trans- vices). This indicator is shown as a percentage of cur- actions. Include import duties, export duties, profits rent GDP in national currency (World Bank country of export or import monopolies remitted to govern- desks). ment, and monopoly profits of monetary authorities made in foreign exchange transactions as well as taxes Table 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants). levied on the sale of foreign exchange (as defined in Government revenue less grants (as defined in GFS GFS line A6). This indicator is shown as a percent- line A-II) refers to current revenues (tax and nontax) age of total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-II) and capital revenues, such as proceeds from the sale (World Bank country desks). of real assets, including land. They do not include grant receipts from other governments or international or- Table 7-11. Indirect taxes. These are sales and ex- ganizations. This indicator is shown as a percentage cise taxes and duties (as defined in GFS line A-IV of current GDP in national currency (World Bank less Al). This indicator is shown as a percentage of country desks). total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-II) (World Bank country desks). Table 7-7. Grants to government. These are unre- quited, nonrepayable, noncompulsory government Table 7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants. This receipts from other governments or international in- is all nonrepayable government receipts, other than stitutions (as defined in GFS line A-II). Grants of compulsory unrequited receipts (taxes) and revenue goods and services in kind are excluded. This indica- from capital sales or government grants, plus all fines tor is shown as a percentage of current GDP in na- and penalties other than for noncompliance with taxes tional currency (World Bank country desks). (as defined in GFS line A-V). For some mineral-exporting countries in Africa, this category Table 7-8. Foreign financing. Includes all govern- is quite large, since royalties on the extraction of min- ment fmancing transactions except grants (as defined erals, such as petroleum in Egypt and Nigeria and in GFS line D-III) with nonresident individuals, en- bauxite in Guinea, make up significant portions of total terprises, governments, international organizations, government revenues. This indicator is shown as a and other entities. It may be affected by trading in percentage of total revenue (as defined in GFS line outstanding government securities between residents A-II) (World Bank country desks). and nonresidents. The data also reflect changes, re- sulting from transactions but not revaluations, in gov- Table 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and emnment holdings of foreign exchange, deposits in salaries. Are payments in cash, but not in kind, to nonresident financial institutions, and securities issued employees in return for services, before withholding by nonresident entities held by govermment for liquid- taxes and employee contributions to social security ity purposes (reserves). This indicator is shown as a and pension funds are deducted (as defined in GFS percentage of current GDP in national currency line ClI.). Included are basic wages and salaries; pay (World Bank country desks). for overtime, weekends, and nights; cost of living al- lowances; local allowances and expatriation allow- Table 7-9. Taxes on income and profits. These taxes ances; and similar compensation. Reimbursement to (as defined in GFS line Al) are levied on the actual or employees for expenses incurred as part of their em- presumptive net income of individuals and profits of ployment are excluded. This indicator is shown as a enterprises. Also included are taxes levied on capital percentage of total expenditure and lending minus gains that are realized on land sales, securities, and repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) (World Bank other assets. This indicator is shown as a percentage country desks). of total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-II) (World Bank country desks). Government Finance 209 Table 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real Table 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and wages and salaries. Includes expenditure on wages net lending. Represents payments for acquiring land, and salaries as discussed above (as defined in GFS buildings, and other nonfinancial assets to be used for line Cl.l), deflated by the CPI. For most countries more than one year in the process of production, in- the trend is shown in index numbers beginning with cluding transfers for capital assets as well as net lend- 100 in 1987 (World Bank country desks). ing (as defined in GFS lines C-IV plus C-V). This indicator is presented as a percentage of total expen- Table 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods diture and lending minus repayments (as defined in and services. Includes expenditures for all goods and GFS line C-I) (World Bank country desks). services (except fixed capital assets and wages and salaries) bought on the market, goods and services to Table 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real be used to produce fixed capital assets, strategic or defense spending. Real defense spending has been emergency stocks, stocks held by market regulatory calculated by deflating defense spending in current organizations, and land and intangible assets. This prices national currency (IMF, as defined in GFS line category encompasses purchases of materials, office B2) by the national GDP deflator (Table 3-1). The supplies, fuel and lighting, travel services, and pay- results are presented in the form of 1980 base indexes. ment of rent, as well as payments in kind to certain civil servants (as defined in GFS line C .3). This in- Table 7-20. Government expenditure: real per dicator is presented as a percentage of total expendi- capita education spending. Presents education spend- ture and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS ing (IMF, as defined in GFS line B4) deflated by the lines C-I) (World Bank country desks). national GDP deflator (Table 3-1) and divided by to- tal population (Table 2-1). The result is converted into Table 7-16. Government expenditure: interest pay- 1995 U.S. dollars by using the 1995 local currency/ ments. Are payments for the use of all borrowed US dollar conversion factor (Table 3-6). money, excluding commission charges paid for as- sistance in placing debt, which would be classified as Figure expenditures for payment of other goods and services (as defined in GFS line C2). This indicator is pre- The following indicators have been used to derive the sented as a percentage of total expenditure and lend- figure in this chapter. ing minus repayments (as defmed in GFS lines C-I) (World Bank country desks). Figure 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (Tables 7-1 and 7-2). Table 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers. Are all unrequited, nonrepayable government payments for current purposes (as defined in GFS line C3). Transfers for capital purposes (that is, to permit the recipient to acquire capital assets) and transfers in kind are excluded. This indicator is presented as a percentage of total expenditure and lend- ing minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) (World Bank country desks). 210 Government Finance Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 7 tnSa b Aggregations Period averages Table (6) (7) (1) 7-1 x x 7-2 x x 7-3 x x 7-4 x x 7-5 x x 7-6 x x 7-7 x x 7-8 x x 7-9 x x 7-10 x x 7-11 x x 7-12 x x 7-13 x x 7-14 x x 7-15 x x 7-16 x x 7-17 x x 7-18 x x 7-19 x x 7-20 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. For aggregation purposes, all data used in this chapter were converted to U.S. dollars, using the conversion factors shown in Table 3-6. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant temis, with the rest of the table in current terms). -~~~ Agriculture griculture is one of Africa's important sectors. The data in this chapter are estimates based on a A African agriculture has two major components: variety of sources whose quality and reliability vary food production and export commodities. Food from country to country and year to year. Further- production, including meat, is the livelihood for most more, production and export data are probably un- Africans. Export crops provide many African coun- derestimated for two reasons. It is difficult to esti- tries with their main source of foreign exchange and mate production levels of staple food crops, especially thus the capacity to import, invest, and develop. The roots and tubers, when much of the output is con- information in this chapter provides a basis for as- sumed directly by farmers, rather than marketed. sessing recent trends in producer prices, aggregate Moreover, parallel market activity, including trade, agricultural production and trade, cereal imports, and may not be fully accounted for. food aid in Africa. 211 212 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 ALGERIA Wheat (hard) Fl 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.6 5.4 10.3 10.3 10.3 19.0 Citrus (oranges) F2.. . .. . .. . .. . Dates F3 4.5 11.3 11.5 . . . . . Barley NTI 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.7 4.7 6.0 14.0 Potatoes NT2 1.3 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 6.5 6.5 6.5 10.0 ANGOLA Coffee xi . 67.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 135.0 158.0 . Maize Fl .. 10.0 10.0 11.5 11.5 11.5 100.0 . Millet F2 4,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 . Wheat F3 4.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 200.0 . Cassava NTI .. 5.0 5.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 150.0 . -ENNSweet potatoes NT2 2.5 7.5 7.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 200.0 . Cotton (seed cotton) xi 65.0 110.0 100.0 105.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.8 Palm kernels X2 35.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 Maize Fl 40.0 65.0 68.0 64.0 55.0 85.0 58.0 62.0 53.0 Sorghum F2 46.0 65.0 72.0 67.0 60.0 60.0 63.0 65.0 55.0 Cassava NTI 30.0 15.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 17.5 18.2 Yams NT`2 32.0 50.0 58.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 52.0 BOTSWANA Groundnuts (in shell) xi 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.4 Sorghum Fl 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 Maize F2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 BURKINA FASO Cotton (seed cotton) xi 55.0 97.2 89.7 94.4 94.6 95.0 .. . Groundnuts (in shell) X2 54.0 50.0 60.0 55.0 60.0 60.0 .. . Sesame seed X3 70.0 80.0 55.0 65.0 85.0 80.0 .. . Sorghum Fl 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 .. . Millet F2 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 .. . Maize F3 45.0 45.0 55.0 45.0 50.0 65.0 .. . BURUNDI Coffee (green) xi . . . . . . . . Cotton (seed) X3 36.1 51.9 52.6 55.3 57.8 60.2 62.4 64.4 Maize Fl 25.0 . . . . . . . Sorghum F2 20.0 . . . . . . . Rice F3 25.0 . . . . . . . Millet F4 20.0 . . . . . . . Bananas NTI.. . .. . .. . .. . Cassava NTI 10.9 . . . . . . . CAMEROON Coffee (Arahica) xi 320.0 475.0 475.0 475.0 458.0 186.0 165.0 . Cocoa (grade 1, superior) X2 300.0 420.0 420.0 42.0 250.0 220.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 Cotton (seed cotton, nonselected) X3 70.0 130.0 130.0 140.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 85.0 Maize Fl 60.0 83.2 76.8 82.4 57.0 51.7 .. . Sorghum F2 40.0 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 .. . Millet F3 40.0 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 .. . Rice (paddy) F4 105.0 91.0 64.7 77.5 82.7 53.5 .. . Cassava NTI 19.0 48.0 46.6 41.7 .. . .. . Plantains NT2 25.0 45.3 46.7 47.3 .. 54.0 .. . CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee (Robusta, cherries) xi 120.0 135.0 135.0 190.0 110.0 80.0 40.0 40.0 120.0 120.0 240.0 Cotton (seed cotton) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 68.5 60.0 60.0 87.0 117.0 Sorghum Fl .. 103.5 128.3 107.7 92.5 . .. . .. 136.7 168.9 Maize F2 40.0 65.3 67.7 104.3 111.6 . .. . .. 136.0 271.0 Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 70.0 . .. 171.7 .. . . . . 217.6 526.3 Cassava NTI 30.0 76.2 89.5 57.5 103.7 . .. . .. 119.2 176.6 Yams NT2 25.0 107.1 91.0 124.5 86.6 .. . . . . 222.5 CHAD Cotton (seed cotton, avg. white/yellow) Xi . 99.0 99.0 97.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 77.0 89.0 Millet F2 .. 31.0 31.0 48.0 47.0 52.0 62.0 41.0 41.0 Groundnuts F3 .. 57.0 46.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 70.0 67.0 77.0 (Table eomei.ues on the following page) Agriculture 213 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category /980 1986 /987 1988 /989 /990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 COMOROS Vanilla xi 1150.0 . . . . . . . Cloves X2 1250.0 . . . . . . . Ylang Ylang (flower) X3 45.0 90.0 65.0 65.0 .. . .. . Copra X4 40.0 . . . . . . . Bananas Fl 50.0 . . . . . . . Cassava NTI 40.0 . . . . . . . CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF Coffee (Arabica, green beans) xi 4.0 42.6 69.3 107.5 166.9 440.5 13837.3 . Palm oil X2 2.1 23.0 37.6 59.4 93.8 247.7 7778.7 . Rubber (natural) X3 -. . . . . . . . Cocoa (beans) X4 -. 30.0 50.0 . . . . . Maize Fl 1.2 7.5 10.1 25.8 40.3 106.4 .. . Rice (paddy) F2 2.0 11.5 17.0 28.7 45.2 119.4 .. . Cassava NTI 1.3 3.0 3.9 8.4 13.2 34.7 1090.8 . Plantains NT`2 2.9 . . . . . . . CONGO, REPUBLIC OF Coffee xi 146.0 215.0 215.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 Cocoa X2 134.8 190.0 240.0 108.0 108.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 Maize Fl 43.0 73.0 85.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cassava NTI.. . .. . .. . .. . Plantains NT2.. . .. . .. . .. . COTE D'IVOIRE Coffee (Robusta, green) xi 310.6 399.5 400.0 400.0 404.0 419.0 390.0 232.0 200.0 530.0 700.0 Cocoa (beans) X2 300.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 315.0 320.0 Palm oil X3 -. .. . 213.8 213.8 213.8 190.0 190.0 190.0 225.0 225.0 Rice (paddy) Fl 50.0 84.0 84.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 75.0 75.0 110.0 Maize F2 68.0 76.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 . Cassava NTI 49.0 46.0 .. . .. . .. . Yamns NT2 59.0 99.9 .. . . . . EGYPT Cotton xi 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.1 Rice (96% humidity) X2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 Wheat (94% humidity) Fl 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Sugarcane F2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Broadheans NTI 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa (first grade dried beans) xi . . . . . . . . Coffee (Robusta, cherry) X2.. . .. . . . . Cassava NTI.. . .. . .. . . Plantains NT2.. . .. . .. . .. . ETHIOPIA Coffee (Arabica, beana) xi 2.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 Sesame seed X2 .. 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.7 . Sorghum (mixed) Fl .. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 Maize F2 .. 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 Barley (non-white mixed) NTI .. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 GABON Cocoa (first quality) xi 320.0 430.0 430.0 370.0 210.0 224.0 224.0 269.0 260.0 Coffee (merchant, processed) X2 180.0 0.0 260.0 260.0 130.0 130.0 .. 150.0 147.0 Cassava NTI 139.5 . . . . . . . Yamns NT3 124.5 . . . . . . . GAMBIA, THE Groundouts (unshelled) xi 0.5 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 .. . Cotton (seed cotton) X2 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 Palm kernels X3 0.3 0.3 . . . . . . . Millet Fl 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.9 .. . Rice (paddy) F2 . .. 2.1 2.1 3.4 2.8 2.7 .. . Maize F3 .. 0.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.9 .. . Sorghum F4 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.9 .. . (Table continues on the following page) 214 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 GHANA Cocoa xi 4.0 80.3 101.3 153.8 .. . .. . Maize Fl 4.1 25.0 42.0 48.0 35.8 86.9 69.5 83.5 93.7 Millet F2 5.3 24.2 36.0 83.3 89.7 77.9 113.5 141.4 149.9 Groundnuts F3 8.4 . . . . . . . Cassava NTI 1.5 8.8 10.8 12.9 10.0 10.0 15.8 22.5 25.3 Plantains NT2 1.9 15.0 18.6 43.0 45.9 27.8 26.8 35.5 91.4 GUINEA Coffee (Robusta) xi 49.0 400.0 400.0 . . . . . Palm kernels X2 6.0 60.0 60.0 . . . . . Ricec(paddy) Fl 9.0 . .. . .. 168.0 166.0 . Maize F2 7.0 . .. . .. 130.0 144.0 . Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 11.0 .. . . 250.0 213.0 .. . Cassava NTI 5.0 .. . . . . 81.0 . Plantains NT2 4.5 . . . . . . . GUrNEA-BISSAU Cashew nuts xi . 38.5 125.0 230.0 350.0 450.0 550.0 1000.0 3500.0 Groundnuts (unshelled, grade 1) X2 .. 32.5 40.0 80.0 140.0 225.0 275.0 500.0 1000.0 Palm kernels X3.. . .. . .. . . Rice (paddy, grade 1) Fl 8.5 37.5 50.0 85.0 180.0 225.0 400.0 650.0 1100.0 Sorghum F2.. . .. . .. . . Maize (grade I) F3 .. . . . . . . . 740.0 KENYA Coffee (Arabica, washed bean, grade 1-6) XlI 26.4 54.8 34.1 43.0 43.1 36.4 46.5 49.4 98.9 Tea X2 15.9 33.8 25.0 26.8 27.2 35.2 38.5 47.5 92.4 Sugar (cane) X3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 Sisal X4 4.2 7.4 7.1 7.4 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.8 9.9 Maize Fl 1.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 4.7 8.1 Wheat F2 1.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.5 5.0 5.6 5.7 LESOTHO Wheat xi 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 . .. 0.8 Beans X2 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 . . . Peas X3 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 .. . Maize X4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0,6 0.6 Sorghum F] 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. 0.5 0.6 LIBERIA Rubber (nonspec. coagul.) xi 0.8 1.0 1.0 . . . . . Coffee (Robusta) X2 2.1 1.6 1.6 . . . . . Cocoa (fair average quality) X3 2.1 2.3 2.3 . . . . . Rice Fl 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. . .. . Cassava NTI 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. . .. . LIB3YA Wheat Fl 0.0 . . . . . . . Olives F2.. . .. . .. . . Oranges F3.. . .. . .. . .. . Barley NTI.. . .. . .. . .. . MADAGASCAR Coffee (Robusta) Xl1 215.0 600.0 800.0 950.0 950.0 950.0 . . . Vanilla (grecn) X2 600.0 1100.0 1200.0 1700.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 .. . Cloves X3 395.0 525.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 . . . RLice (paddy) Fl 42.5 100.0 127.5 180.0 25Q.0 250.0 274.0 . Cassava NTI 7.0 55.0 55.0 .. . . 124.0 .. . Sweet potatoes NT2 .. 50.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 .. 116.0 .. . MALAWI Tobacco (flue-cured) xi . . . . . . . . Tobacco (Northen division dark-fired, G2)X I 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.5 6.0 Tea (dry leaves) X2 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 5.0 Groundnuts (in shell) X3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.5 Cotton (seed cotton) X4 .. 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.5 Maize Fl 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 Sorghum F2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8 1.1 Rice (paddy, grade 1) F3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.8 Cassava NTI 0.0 . .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 . . . (Table ontinues on the follo.i.g page) Agriculture 215 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 MALI Cotton (seed cotton) xi 55.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 Groundnuts (unshelled) X2 40.0 . . . . . . . Millet F1 35.0 55.0 55.0 0.0 0.0 77.0 41.5 42.0 Rice (paddy) P2 37.5 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 68.0 Sorghum F3 35.0 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 61.0 .. . Maize P4 35.0 55.0 55.0 . .. 54.0 35.0 35.0 MAURITANIA Sorghum Fl 11.0 15.4 15.4 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 Rice (paddy) P3 10.0 . . . . . . . Maize P4I 15.0 . . . . . . . MAURITIUS Sugarcane xi . . . . . . . . Tea X2 .. 9.2 7.4 10.3 10.4 13.5 13.4 16.8 16.4 Maize (12% moisture) P1 2.0 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 Rice (paddy, 14% moisture) P2 1.4 4.9 4.9 5.0 7.0 . . . Potatoes NTI 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 4.1 4.7 Onions NT2 4.2 4.2 4.8 5.8 5.7 7.1 7.8 7.7 7.6 MOROCCO Citrus (oranges) xi 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cotton X3 3.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 0.0 6.7 5.7 5.7 Wheat (hard) P1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.5 Sugarbeet (16.5% sugar) F2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Barley NTI 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.1 MOZANMIQUE Cashew nuts xi 7.5 13.2 86.0 . . . . . Cotton (seed, prime grade) X2 11.0 16.0 65.0 . . . . . Tea X3 25.6 . . . . . . . Rice P2 6.2 16.0 48.0 . . . . . Cassava NTI 2.0 . . . . . . . NAMEBIA Wheat P1 . 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 Maize (white) P2 .. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 NIGER Cowpeas xi 45,0 80.0 80.0 . . . . . Cotton (unginned, top grade) X2 62.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 130.0 110.0 70.0 70.0 77.0 Groundnuts (in shell) X3 50.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 135.0 140.0 143.8 146.4 Sorghum (red) P2 50.0 . . . . . . . NIGERIA Cocoa (bean) xi 1.3 3.5 7.5 11.0 10.1 8.5 10.2 12.7 Palm kemnels X2 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 .. . Cotton (seed cotton) X3 0.4 1.0 4.0 4.5 2.4 2.6 4.2 3.8 Groundnuts (in shell) X4 0.4 1.0 2.3 2.3 4.8 4.3 6.3 6.8 19.7 10.6 Sorghum P1 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.0 1.7 3.6 4.7 7.0 5.3 Millet P2 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.3 2.1 1.7 3.4 5.7 6.6 6.2 Maize P3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.6 2.7 2.1 3.3 5.5 7.5 5.6 Rice (paddy) F4 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.8 6.3 6.3 7.5 12.6 18.8 12.3 Yams NTI .. 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 5.9 11.7 14.4 Cassava (gari) NT2 .. 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 4.6 4.5 RWANDA Coffee xi 120.0 122.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 99.7 107.4 115.0 . .. 427.0 Tea X2 75.0 75.0 75.0 . . . . . . . Beans (dry) P1 20.3 22.3 28.6 30.5 38.4 37.9 40.8 40.2 . .. 90.0 Sorghum P2 12.7 20.2 20.2 19.3 23.3 24.5 29.3 33.6 . .. 141.0 Maize P3 11.9 15.6 15.4 13.6 24.7 26.9 32.4 29.0 . .. 45.0 Bananas NTI . .. . 10.6 10.7 12.7 15.9 14.9 .. . Sweet potatoes NT2 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.5 9.4 9.8 9.9 6.8 . .. 24.0 (Tabte continues on the following page) 216 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 SAO TOME & PRINCIPE Cocoa xi 16.5 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 Maize Fl 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 Cassava NTI 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 SENEGAL Groundnuts (in shell) xi 50.0 90.0 90.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 100.0 120.0 125.0 Cotton (seed cotton, first quality) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.0 150.0 1700 Millet Fl 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 . 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 Rice (paddy) F2 41.5 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 90.0 Maize F3 37.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 Sorghum F4 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 SIERR A LEONE Cocoa xi 2.1 17.8 30.2 30.2 .. . .. . Coffee (Robusta) X2 2.0 25.0 40.3 .. . .. . Palm kemels X3 0.2 1.1 1.3 -. . . . . Pice (paddy) Fl 0.4 2.8 7.4 22.2 29.0 37.0 44.4 . Cassava NTI 0.3 4.9 .. . .. . .. . SOMALIA Bananas xi . . . . . . . . Maize Fl 5.5 21.4 34.5 . . . . . Sorghum F2 5.8 18.9 22.7 . . . . . Sesaine (seed) NTI 25.2 61.6 .76.4 .. .. . .. . SOUT'H AFRICA Maize xi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 Wheat X2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 Sugarcane X3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Sorghum Fl 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 Barley F2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 SUJDAN Cotton (seed cotton, long-staple, grade 1) Xi 0.4 1.8 2.5 4.3 4.8 6.7 14.1 37.2 Groundnuts (El-Obeid, in shell) X2 0.2 1.1 1.2 1.8 4.4 23.5 21.1 22.6 Sesame (El-Obeid, mixed) X3 0.3 1.3 1.6 5.0 6.5 12.7 30.9 41.6 Gum arabic (El-Obeid) X4 0.0 6.8 9.0 9.4 10.2 10.3 18.9 17.8 Sorghum Fl 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.9 11.4 6.6 11.8 Wheat F2 0.2 0.7 1.0 2.3 2.9 5.7 8.3 11.4 33.3 SWAZILAND Sugarcane (sucrose) xi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . . . Citrus X2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 . . . Pineapple X3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 Cotton (seed cotton) X4 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 . . . Maize Fl 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 . . . TANZANIA Coffee (Arabica) (parchment) xi 9.0 50.8 66.0 90.0 .. . .. . Cotton (seed cotton, AR) X2 3.2 16.9 19.5 22.4 28.0 . . . Tea (green leaves) X3 1.5 7.6 9.9 13.4 .. . .. . Maize Fl 1.0 6.3 8.2 9.0 11.0 . . . Sorghum F2 1.0 4.8 6.0 0.0 0.0 . . . Rice (paddy) F3 1.8 9.6 14.4 17.3 19.0 . . . Millet F4 1.5 4.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 . . . Cassava (grade 1, Makcopa) NTI 0.7 3.6 4.5 5.0 5.5 . . . TOGO Coffee (Robusta) xi 200.0 365.0 400.0 350.0 175.0 175.0 185.0 140.0 350.0 650.0 Cocoa X2 220.0 330.0 360.0 300.0 225.0 250.0 250.0 225.0 300.0 550.0 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 52.0 105.0 105.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 110.0 145.0 Maize Fl 68.4 73.0 72.0 79.0 60.0 61.0 58.0 73.0 43.0 62.0 Sorghum F2 68.0 76.0 66.0 98.0 69.0 68.0 67.0 92.0 64.0 68.0 Millet F3 66.7 59.0 61.0 87.0 72.0 58.0 75.0 87.0 61.0 52.0 Cassava NTI 20.3 30.0 32.0 26.0 30.0 23.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 Yamns NT`2 48.5 61.0 63.0 63.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 59.0 (Table costinues on the following page) Agriculture 217 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 TUNISIA Olives Xl 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Citrus (oranges) X2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 .. Wheat Fl 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Barley NTI 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 UGANDA Coffee Xl 0.1 8.5 24.0 44.5 60.0 97.5 210.0 190.0 Conton(seedcotton) X2 0.2 4.0 19.0 56.0 105.0 175.0 286.7 340.0 Tea (greenleaf) X3 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 35.0 38.3 45.0 70.0 Millet Fl 0.2 7.4 17.6 30.7 109.6 134.8 142.6 294.3 Maize F2 0.1 4.6 11.3 26.0 82.9 72.0 80.0 225.0 Sorghum F3 0.1 5.4 18.3 30.5 84.6 104.0 115.3 237.3 Cassava NTI 0.1 2.3 9.3 22.5 35.5 39.5 76.0 163.0 Plantains NT2 0.1 3.9 7.5 13.6 46.9 51.2 64.5 156.7 ZAMBIA Cotton (seed cotton) Xl 0.5 1.0 1.6 3.0 3.6 9.7 .. .. Tobacco (Virginia) X2 1.6 5.1 6.3 14.0 14.4 60.0 94.5 .. Sunflower (seeds) X3 0.3 0.8 1.4 1.8 3.2 6.4 11.4 .. Maize Fl 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.2 3.2 5.6 .. Wheat F2 0.2 1.0 1.2 2.1 .. 5.4 8.6 .. Cassava NTI .. 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.4 3.2 5.4 .. ZIMBABWE Tobacco Xl 0.8 3.1 2.2 3.9 4.0 6.5 11.6 8.1 6.5 Cotton (seed coton) X2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.4 2.6 Sugarcane X3 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 Wheat Fl 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 Notes: The categories of crops are defined in the technical notes. Categories are mutually exclusive, and ordering is intended to reflect relative importance of these crops as of 1986-88. In many cases official markets operate simultaneously with parallel or open market activites. Where a large majority of marketed production is believed to pass through the official channels, the official price is also reported as the farmgate price. In most cases, only very rough estimates of the share of marketed production passing through each channel is available. The CPI is based in 1987 rescaled from price index based in 1980. For each country one to four export crops (Xl,...,X4) are presented in order of importance, in terms of value of total producti Similarly, up to three traded food crops (Fl,...,F3) and two nontraded staples (NT],NT2) are included. 218 Agriculture 8-2. Food price index Average annual Index (average 1995 100) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-All SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7 55 62 71 7 1 90 100 108 124 130 .. 13.9 12.1 excluding South Africa 6.. 57 62 69 70 89 100 109 125 131 .. 13.7 1 2.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 7 59 63 7 1 7 1 89 100 108 124 130 .. 13.6 11.5 _Anigla . .. 0 0 0 4 too 3,954 7,968 ... . 1,216.9 Benin .. 62 67 73 78 84 100 100 103 118 . .. 8.2 Botswana 1 8 55 6 1 72 83 90 100 113 125 132 .. 9.6 12]I Burkina Faso .. 80 87 81 76 89 100 115 .. . . -2.6 4.4 Burundi 35 69 74 73 72 85 100 . .. ... 3.3 6.3 Cameroon.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Cape Verde.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Central African Republic 0 7 1 69 68 65 81 100 106 107 ... -2.1 6.4 Chad 70 7 1 73 63 95 100 114 124 128 . .. 9.6 Comoros . . . . . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. .... Congo, Republic of 42 67 65 59 63 94 100 107 .. . . -1.0 8.0 C8te dilvoire.. . .. . . . . . . . Equatorial Guinea.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Ethiopia 34 51 71 80 SI 89 100 95 91 93 .. 0.4 7.8 Gabon .. 84 83 69 70 93 100 107 .. . . 0.1 4.5 Gambia, The 14 73 79 86 93 92 100 101 103 ... 24.8 5.9 Ghana 1 33 36 39 49 62 100 136 .. . . 23.1 26.6 Guinea .. 60 70 81 88 93 .100 101 . ... .. 11.2 Guinea-Bissau.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Kenya 0 32 40 54 78 102 100 108 125 130 . .. 19.4 Lesotho 1 5 52 61 76 84 89 100 III .. . . 12.9 13.4 Madagascar 7 34 38 44 47 66 100 119 124 131 .. 13.8 20.5 Malawi 5 20 23 30 37 52 100 145 157 ... 21.1 35.0 Mauritius .. 71 74 76 87 95 100 lO . . . 6.7 7.5 Mozwnsbique . . . . . . . . . Natmibia .. 59 62 74 79 90 100 107 115 118 .. 14.3 10.3" Nigeria 4 26 29 43 68 100 100 224 243 259 .. 23.1 35.0 Sgo Tomt and Principe.. . .. . .. . . . . Senegal 43 70 68 67 66 91 100 102 .. . . 0.6 6.6 Seychelles.. . .. . .. .... ... Sierra Leone.. . .. . .. .... ... South Africa 12 51 60 76 81 92 100 106 116 123 .. 17.3 12.2 Tanzania 3 31 38 46 57 75 100 120 141 162 .. 31.3 23.4 Uganda .. 47 58 96 92 96 100 107 . ... .. 13.4 Zambia 0 3 5 17 50 75 100 146 176 219 .. 57.7 80.1 Zimbabwe 6 23 29 45 62 78 100 127 149 208 I. 1.8 30.7 NORTH AFRICA 23 63 71 75 85 92 100 106 110 114 .. 10.1 8.3 Algeria 13 29 35 43 54 76 100 120 127 134 .. 9.7 23.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 1I 61 71 77 83 91 100 108 112 116 .. 21.6 9.1 Morocco 32 65 70 74 87 93 100 101 100 103 .. 3.7 6.6 Tunisia 34 76 83 86 89 92 100 104 108 111II 7.4 5.0 ALLAFRICA 12 59 ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~63 73 74 90 100 108 124 129 .. 14.2 11.4 Agriculture 2 19 8-3. Food production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199s 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 78 i01 108 107 112 115 118 124 123 129 131 0.9 4.1 2.8 excluding South Africa 77 101 109 109 113 116 120 126 125 132 134 0.9 4.1 3.0 excl. SAfrica &Nigeria 81 100 106 104 107 110 114 118 118 123 124 1.0 3.2 2.3 Angola 91 98 104 III 109 125 123 128 123 148 141 -0.7 1.2 4.1 Benin 62 99 106 109 III 116 126 135 142 149 154 3.1 3.7 5.1 Botswana 73 too 107 103 104 90 106 106 102 96 99 0.7 -1.9 0.0 Burkina Faso 59 93 110 1 15 121 120 121 129 120 136 136 2.4 6.7 3.4 Burundi 79 103 105 108 107 90 97 98 97 92 92 0.3 3.4 -0.9 Camneroon 80 100 104 103 Ito 113 120 124 119 125 126 0.6 2.0 2.9 Cape Verde 55 103 90 83 133 105 126 125 131 140 139 1.8 21.3 4.1 Central African Republic 80 100 100 107 108 112 115 129 126 129 135 2.0 4.9 3.4 Chad 94 91 112 114 98 119 120 125 135 158 154 1.0 3.9 5.1 Comoros 84 100 104 103 108 109 115 113 113 123 118 0.6 3.9 2.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 73 101 103 105 105 107 109 95 98 95 92 2.3 3.3 -0.7 Congo, Republic of 82 101 98 101 103 III 115 116 III 116 119 2.3 1.8 2.0 C6te d'lvoire 70 101 102 105 109 110 124 128 131 129 130 4.1 3.7 3.4 Djibouti 54 108 79 82 76 92 84 96 83 87 88 10.9 9.2 -1.6 Equatorial Guinea 88 101 100 100 103 96 89 99 92 94 100 0.0 2.1 -0.6 Eritrea . .. . .. 89 120 III 102 101 148 127 . .. 5.1 Ethiopia . .. . .. 98 98 108 125 126 116 123 . .. 4.3 Gabon 80 98 105 103 101 103 105 108 107 112 115 3.0 3.0 1.4 Gambia, The 72 84 95 73 86 90 88 70 92 91 129 -1.1 3.7 0.4 Ghana 69 82 118 117 125 120 138 149 150 157 167 -1.6 4.1 6.0 Guinea 98 100 108 116 118 122 128 132 137 144 143 - 9. -1.9 4.4 Guinea-Bissau 67 103 99 105 106 III 118 115 118 120 120 3.3 2.2 2.2 Kenya 66 100 100 98 93 102 102 104 106 106 104 2.2 7.3 0.7 Lesotho 88 III 83 89 101 109 90 II] 117 97 101 1.0 3.2 0.5 Liberia .. .. . . . . . . . . .... Madagascar 86 100 102 102 106 104 107 109 110 110 112 1.1 1.0 1.3 Malawi 91 98 105 77 112 88 105 120 101 142 160 1.7 1.1 4.3 Mali 74 95 108 100 105 110 109 112 115 123 129 3.2 5.5 2.7 Mauritania 87 100 102 95 94 96 101 107 105 107 106 2.8 3.5 0.9 Mauritius 78 101 101 106 105 99 105 108 117 112 83 -0.3 1.8 0.1 Mozambique 101 107 94 81 93 91 109 123 130 139 140 -1.4 1.1 4 4 Namibia 109 96 103 105 108 114 110 118 129 96 96 -2.6 5.4 0.6 Niger 100 100 108 III 95 119 106 120 124 145 138 2.7 6.4 3.9 Nigeria 58 97 110 117 123 127 132 140 136 149 154 0.6 7.1 4.9 Rwanda 83 96 107 106 79 59 66 70 80 85 91 4.1 0.3 -2.4 Sao Tome and Principe 112 97 99 123 127 131 118 137 133 152 163 -2.5 0.5 4.7 Senegal 59 96 10 9 0 0 117 108 98 101 121 -3.6 8.5 If Seychelles 132 96 102 100 93 116 143 138 144 128 135 -0.2 46.0 4.3 Sierra Leone 85 100 100 93 92 98 92 97 101 94 81 0.8 2.1 -1.1 Somalia.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... South Afiica 91 98 100 85 96 101 87 103 102 98 103 0.6 4.2 0.4 Sudan 103 92 113 127 116 140 141 155 157 157 154 1.3 1.2 5.7 Swaziland 82 97 105 99 94 98 88 97 96 89 90 3.3 1.2 -1.0 Tanzania 74 100 100 95 97 96 101 103 94 104 106 3.6 2.2 0.4 Togo 76 103 98 101 120 104 117 136 141 133 144 1.2 3.6 4.3 Uganda 67 101 103 104 110 107 III 103 106 114 116 -1.6 3.7 1.4 Zambia 75 94 97 81 117 101 93 113 107 93 103 -1.5 8.3 0.4 Zimbabwe 76 104 96 65 89 100 75 107 108 98 108 -1.6 4.2 1.2 NORT'HAFRICA 72 104 115 113 114 116 118 143 131 141 144 1.7 4.9 3.7 Algeria 69 93 113 120 113 105 121 143 116 129 135 0.2 4.1 3.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 68 101 105 III 114 115 126 138 142 144 151 2.1 4.4 4.9 .Libya 82 101 103 102 103 III 125 134 126 157 164 4.9 0.8 5.4 Morocco 58 93 107 83 83 108 73 114 97 III 97 2.0 10.3 0.7 Tunisia 73 97 123 105 117 85 83 143 98 123 131 0.5 -0.5 2.8 ALL AFRICA 76 101 109 108 112 115 il8 128 124 131 134 1.0 4.2 3.0 220 Agriculture 8-4. Nonfood production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1990 199/ 1992 1993 1994 1995 /996 /997 /998 /999 75-84 85-89 90-MA? SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 83 99 101 97 94 97 100 105 107 106 101 1.8 1.0 0.7 excluding South Africa 82 99 101 100 95 98 100 109 109 109 101 2.2 1.3 0.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 83 99 101 97 95 99 100 lOS 107 106 101 1.9 1.1 0.7 Angola 209 93 95 89 95 85 90 90 94 97 72 -19.4 -0.8 -1.9 Benin 12 100 126 117 195 174 219 280 261 253 253 8.1 3.9 13.5 Botswana 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 81 75 77 0.0 0.0 -2.8 BurkinaFaso 35 111 100 100 92 95 91 125 205 194 194 8.9 10.5 8.2 Burundi 59 97 107 113 87 112 79 72 54 58 86 5.3 3.4 -5.0 Cameroon 86 95 105 91 92 91 108 100 99 109 110 3.5 0.9 1.1 Cape Verde 94 95 36 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 -3.0 6.1 -15.3 Central African Republic 89 102 92 73 60 94 85 130 137 110 71 -0.5 -0.5 0.9 Chad 51 97 109 76 65 73 99 138 138 166 166 -4.4 11.2 6.9 Comoros 64 114 72 79 65 79 86 79 69 103 93 -5.0 4.6 -1.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 105 103 98 94 92 90 87 88 76 67 56 0.6 -3.6 -4.9 Congo, Republic of 156 93 92 93 91 92 94 78 71 69 75 0.0 -5.1 -4.0 Cote dlvoire 77 107 91 67 76 81 84 81 114 131 139 0.2 12.5 3.2 Djibouti.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Equatorial Guinea 92 100 93 85 85 78 70 63 54 52 55 2.2 0.4 -7.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 96 99 98 101 100 102 101 .. .. 0.8 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 92 101 109 109 109 110 III .. .. 2.6 Gabon 36 69 78 67 93 124 142 209 284 307 307 19.5 21.2 15.7 Gambia, The 55 73 95 123 157 135 84 79 51 25 25 22.5 3.9 -13.7 Ghana 86 90 137 174 239 170 184 244 253 321 321 -6.0 4.4 14.3 Guinea 48 100 III 120 120 117 112 96 105 127 127 0.9 11.1 1.9 Guinea-Bissau III 109 103 66 83 75 109 109 100 100 100 25.0 -7.5 1.4 Kenya 62 101 101 94 99 98 114 117 104 120 108 6.1 4.5 1.7 Lesotho 87 III 105 176 176 176 180 116 116 78 85 2.0 -9.1 -1.7 Liberia.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Madagascar 90 101 93 86 91 89 83 84 77 83 85 -1.0 0.9 -2.3 Malawi 59 99 110 108 120 93 120 132 141 115 109 6.3 2.0 2.5 Mali 38 105 105 123 92 117 154 172 197 190 190 5.1 11.8 8.7 Mauritania.. . .. . .. ... . .. .... ... Mauritius 84 99 102 103 105 92 73 51 38 33 34 5.0 -5.6 -12.3 Mozambique 251 90 122 116 117 124 123 124 160 192 193 -6.7 -4.4 7.5 Namibia 276 110 75 88 96 123 115 109 121 119 120 -6.7 -1.0 2.4 Niger 84 84 89 131 89 86 86 86 82 82 81 -5.3 4.4 -3.1 Nigeria 41 105 112 117 85 86 101 116 122 126 129 -8.0 23.7 3.1 Rwanda 61 107 94 117 91 25 65 63 73 76 79 6.4 3.6 -4.3 SaoTomdandPrincipe 321 198 59 70 107 118 134 161 214 268 311 1.1 -20.6 16.6 Senegal 51 91 131 124 129 121 83 82 105 87 62 2.1 -2.4 -2.9 Seychelles 21 108 119 110 121 121 111 110 133 123 128 7.6 6.7 3.3 Sierra Leone 44 100 101 101 96 106 97 97 114 114 60 11.2 5.0 -1.5 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa 107 98 99 80 69 73 66 66 60 62 67 0.7 0.0 -5.3 Sudan 100 84 99 81 84 114 127 128 113 103 100 -1.6 -7.4 1.6 Swaziland 85 92 93 21 36 27 25 55 63 64 64 -3.4 12.1 -3.6 Tanzania 100 94 124 126 106 97 126 134 132 98 101 -2.2 0.1 1.5 Togo 34 90 123 126 124 121 105 129 148 161 167 5.1 20.5 5.6 Uganda 82 88 104 84 107 141 131 199 159 153 158 -5.8 0.7 6.9 Zambia 49 78 113 60 134 68 100 87 61 62 63 5.1 7.4 -4.5 Zimbabwe 77 90 110 101 117 106 104 129 137 153 129 2.1 1.8 4.1 NORTIH AFRICA 84 102 100 98 97 92 91 95 100 94 95 4.1 -0.2 -0.6 Algeria 84 101 97 102 103 98 96 91 91 94 97 5.1 -0.7 -0.9 Egypt,ArabRepublic 171 100 101 121 135 86 85 115 114 80 84 0.6 -6.5 -1.8 Libya 105 102 100 98 97 94 100 108 110 112 113 0.2 -1.6 1.4 Morocco 46 102 99 94 89 92 91 95 100 104 95 0.9 6.2 -0.1 Tunisia 73 103 102 92 87 74 75 74 74 76 72 3.8 3.8 -3.7 ALLAFRICA 84 100 101 98 95 95 99 101 105 103 100 2.5 0.7 0.4 Agriculture 221 8-5. Food production per capita index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 105 100 100 97 96 95 97 98 95 96 94 -1.5 0.5 -0.5 excluding South Africa 105 100 100 97 96 96 97 98 95 99 96 -1.5 0.5 -0A4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 105 100 100 97 96 95 97 98 95 96 94 -1.6 0.4 -0.6 Angola 120 98 100 103 99 109 104 105 102 113 105 -3.3 -1.6 0.8 Benin 84 99 103 103 102 104 110 115 126 120 121 0.3 0.6 2.5 Botswana 103 100 104 97 95 80 92 89 78 78 79 -2.8 -5.2 -2.7 Burkina Faso 77 93 107 109 111 108 105 109 102 109 106 -0.1 3.8 0.7 Burundi 104 103 102 103 99 81 86 85 83 77 76 -2.1 0.5 -3.0 Cameroon 107 100 101 97 101 101 104 105 100 100 99 -2.1 -0.9 0.1 CapeVerde 65 103 88 79 125 96 113 110 107 117 113 0.8 19.1 1.7 Central African Republic 102 100 98 102 101 102 103 113 108 109 112 -0.4 2.4 1,2 Chad 120 91 109 107 90 105 103 105 110 125 119 -1.3 1.6 2.1 Comoros 113 100 101 97 100 98 100 95 95 99 92 -3.0 1.0 -0.6 Congo,DemocraticRep.of 101 101 99 - - 93 91 90 76 74 72 68 -0.8 0.1 -4.1 Congo, Republic of 108 101 95 95 94 99 99 97 93 93 92 -0.5 -1.1 -0.8 Cote d'Ivoire 100 101 99 99 99 97 107 108 108 105 104 0.2 0.3 0.8 Djibouti 98 107 74 76 68 71 72 72 72 72 71 4.0 2.9 -3.8 Equatorial Guinea 142 101 98 96 95 87 78 85 76 77 80 -2.2 -1.0 -3.1 Efitrea .. . .. .. 85 112 101 89 89 119 99 - . - .L6 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 90 87 94 106 104 94 97 .. .. 1.7 Gabon 109 98 102 97 93 92 91 91 91 90 90 -0.1 -0.1 -1.3 Gambia, The 102 84 91 67 77 77 72 56 71 68 93 4.0 -0.5 -3.2 Ghana 97 82 115 110 114 106 118 124 117 125 128 -4.0 0.9 2,9 Gjuinea 127 100 104 106 102 102 103 105 108 113 112 -0.8 -4.3 1.3 Guinea-Bissau 81 103 97 100 99 102 105 101 101 101 98 -0.5 0.2 0.0 Kenya 94 100 97 92 85 90 89 88 88 86 83 -1.6 3.6 -1.9 Lesotho 112 111 81 84 94 99 80 97 99 81 83 -1.5 0.7 -1.7 Liberia .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. Madagascar 113 100 99 96 96 91 91 89 89 85 84 -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 Malawi 137 97 103 75 109 85 100 113 106 127 140 -1.4 -4.2 3.3 Mali 96 95 106 95 98 101 97 97 95 102 104 0.8 3.2 0.2 Maunitania 114 100 99 90 86 86 88 91 87 86 83 0.3 0.7 -1.8 Mauritius 86 101 100 104 101 95 100 102 108 104 77 -1.7 1.0 -0.9 Mozambique 119 107 92 76 83 7f 89 98 100 105 104 -4.1 .3 0.8 Namibia 142 96 100 100 99 103 96 101 71 78 77 -5.2 2.5 -3.1 Niger 139 100 105 104 86 104 89 99 76 112 103 -0.6 3.1 -0.2 Nigeria 77 98 107 111 114 115 116 120 120 122 123 -2.2 4.2 2.5 Rwanda 111 95 110 117 95 75 86 88 90 89 87 0.8 -3.5 -1.8 SaoTom8andPrincipe 142 96 97 118 118 119 105 120 121 128 134 -5.1 -1.8 2.6 Senegal 78 -95 97 88 95 95 103 93 85 82 96 -6.3 5.5 -1.3 Seychelles 146 96 101 98 90 110 136 130 133 118 122 -1.3 -7.2 3.2 Sierra Leone 105 99 99 91 90 95 87 90 91 82 69 -1.2 -0.3 -2.7 Somalia.. . .. . .. ... . .. ....... South Africa 112 98 98 81 91 93 79 92 91 85 88 -1.6 2.1 -1.4 Sudan 132 92 110 122 110 129 128 137 134 133 128 -1.7 -1.2 3.5 Swaziland 110 97 102 94 86 87 76 82 72 71 69 0.3 -1.8 -4.1 Tanzania 102 100 97 89 88 84 86 85 79 83 83 0.4 -0.9 -2.3 Togo 102 103 95 95 109 92 101 114 116 107 112 -1.5 0.6 1.4 Uganda 84 101 100 98 101 96 97 87 87 91 91 -4.5 1.5 -1.4 Zambia 94 94 95 77 109 92 82 98 82 77 83 -4.3 5.7 -2.3 Zimbabwe 105 104 94 62 83 92 68 95 97 85 92 -4.6 0.8 -0.5 NORTH AFRICA 92 97 105 101 105 101 107 122 96 107 113 -1.5 2.0 1.2 Alge-n'a--- 92 93 110 114 105 96 107 124 96 107 109 -2.9 1.3 0.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 88 101 103 106 107 106 114 122 127 123 127 -0.3 1.8 2.9 Libya 119 100 101 97 96 101 III 116 124 130 132 0.4 -2.5 3.3 Morocco 72 93 105 80 79 102 68 104 86 97 83 -0.3 8.1 -1.0 Tunisia 93 97 121 101 110 79 76 129 87 107 113 -2.1 -2.6 1.0 ALL AFRICA 104 100 100 97 96 96 97 99 95 100 97 -1.4 0.6 -0.3 222 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop * Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR ALGERIA Wheat 1,511 750 1,869 1,837 1,017 714 1,500 2,983 662 2,280 1,100 0.1 0.6 0.2 Citrus 422 281 324 362 361 376 323 334 351 418 454 -0.4 0.0 0.2 Dates 201 206 209 261 262 317 285 361 303 387 428 0.6 0.5 0.3 Barley 794 833 1,810 1,398 408 234 585 1,800 191 700 410 0.5 0.7 -0.3 Potatoes 591 809 1,077 1,158 1,065 716 1,200 1,150 948 1,100 996 0.1 1.1 0.0 ANGOLA Maize 360 180 299 320 275 201 211 398 370 505 428 -0.3 0.0 0.3 Millet 57 63 67 75 40 60 61 102 62 89 102 -0.3 0.4 0.2 Cassava 1,150 1,600 1,640 1,861 1,861 2,379 2,550 2,500 2,326 3,211 3,130 -0.2 0.3 0.3 Sweet potatoes 165 165 170 180 185 180 185 188 189 190 182 0.0 0.0 0.1 BENIN Palm oil 34 20 14 14 14 9 11 10 10 10 10 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 Maize 271 410 431 460 483 492 576 556 728 662 823 0.5 -0.6 0.3 Sorghum 56 99 115 110 106 113 108 110 120 138 154 -0.3 0.3 0.1 Cassava 583 937 1,046 1,041 1,147 1,146 1,238 1,457 1,926 1,989 2,377 0.1 -0.2 0.4 Yam 694 1,046 1,178 1,125 1,185 1,250 1,286 1,342 1,514 1,584 1,771 0.3 0.1 0.2 BOTSWANA Livestock (1,000 head 149 317 349 300 250 238 250 240 250 240 250 -0.5 0.8 -0.1 Onions,dry I I I I I I I I 1 1 -5.6 0.0 -0.1 Sorghum 29 38 33 16 38 37 38 78 17 9 13 -2.1 2.3 40.4 Maize 12 12 15 3 4 11 2 20 12 1 5 -2.3 4.3 -0.5 Millet 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 8 2 1 1 -1.4 -1.7 0.2 BURKINA FASO Groundnuts 54 134 99 143 206 203 213 230 152 215 215 0.1 0.2 0.3 Sorghum 547 751 1,238 1,292 1,310 1,232 1,266 1,254 1,094 1,203 1,203 0.1 0.5 0.1 Millet 351 449 849 784 899 831 734 811 737 973 973 0.2 0.7 0.2 Maize 105 258 315 341 271 350 212 294 332 378 378 0.6 1.0 0.1 Rice 40 48 39 47 54 61 84 95 99 89 89 0.1 -1.2 0.4 BURUNDI Maize 9 13 13 14 13 11 14 It 17 11 10 0.1 0.4 -0.1 Sorghum 52 64 65 67 65 45 66 66 68 67 60 1.1 0.4 0.0 Rice 10 40 40 40 40 38 27 42 65 41 59 0.3 1.2 0.1 Millet 9 13 13 14 13 11 14 11 17 11 10 0.1 0.4 0.1 Bananas 1,100 1,547 1,586 1,626 1,586 1,487 1,421 1,545 1,543 1,399 1,511 -0.1 0.4 0.0 Cassava 400 569 584 598 584 527 501 549 603 622 617 0.1 0.2 0.0 CAMEROON Maize 414 369 495 430 430 430 650 750 600 550 600 -0.1 0.1 0.2 Sorghum 331 329 400 380 390 350 460 439 400 500 500 0.3 -0.5 0.2 Millets 100 63 63 55 60 50 66 71 71 71 71 0.2 0.0 0.1 Rice 46 55 90 52 79 80 62 54 65 65 65 0.4 -0.3 0.0 Cassava 980 1,588 1,500 1,500 1,550 1,500 1,400 1,700 1,700 1,500 1,500 0.2 40.2 0.0 Plantains 1,020 870 870 900 930 950 970 1,000 1,030 1,030 1,000 0.3 -0.2 0.0 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP Sorghum 36 20 18 21 20 21 22 26 28 29 29 0.2 -0.3 0.1 Maize 41 57 58 59 58 63 71 76 83 88 95 0.1 0.3 0.2 Groundnuts 123 80 63 71 72 79 86 91 97 102 110 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cassava 920 547 586 580 575 518 492 526 579 608 559 0.0 .0.5 0.0 Yam 150 230 230 260 260 280 320 340 340 360 360 0.0 0.1 0.2 CHAD Sorghum 250 280 286 387 306 379 437 453 521 637 637 -0.5 0.1 0.4 Millet 200 168 226 293 212 307 228 258 248 366 366 -0.5 0.6 0.3 Groundnuts 99 108 230 224 190 207 293 305 352 471 471 0.0 0.5 0.5 COMOROS Bananas 32 50 54 54 55 57 56 57 58 59 59 0.2 0.7 0.1 Cassava 33 45 45 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 53 -0.2 1.3 0.1 CONGO Maize 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 -0.7 0.5 -0.6 Cassava 628 700 585 600 632 740 790 791 780 791 800 0.2 0.1 0.1 Plantains 56 68 70 73 75 78 77 76 76 77 78 0.4 0.3 0.1 COTE D'IVOIRE Palm oil 189 250 264 290 283 285 249 267 249 240 242 0.1 0.4 0.0 Rice 420 660 687 714 890 988 1,045 833 1,287 1,197 1,162 0.0 0.3 0.3 Maize 380 497 515 517 529 517 552 569 576 573 571 0.4 -0.2 0.1 Cassava 1,010 1,393 1,465 1,502 1,509 1,564 1,641 1,653 1,699 1,692 1,673 0 0 0 Yams 2,040 2,528 2,690 2,758 2,771 2,824 2,894 2,924 2,986 2,921 2,923 0 0 0 (Table continues on the following page) Agriculture 223 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) * Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR EGYPT Rice 2,382 3,167 3,448 3,910 4,161 4,583 4,788 4,895 5,480 4,450 5,816 0.1 0.2 0.3 Wheat 1,736 4,268 4,483 4,618 4,833 4,437 5,722 5,735 5,849 6,093 6,347 0.1 1.1 0.2 Sugarcane 8,618 11,095 11,624 11,708 12,412 13,822 14,105 13,958 13,726 14,353 15,325 0.1 -0.2 0.1 Dry Broadbeans 213 451 466 382 438 357 392 442 476 523 307 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cassava 32 45 46 47 47 47 47 48 45 43 45 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sweet Potatoes 21 30 35 35 35 35 35 36 35 34 36 0.1 0.2 0.1 ETHIOPIA Sorghum - - - - 628 703 1,141 1,808 2,040 1,083 1,340 0.3 Maize - - - - 1,456 1,396 1,990 3,164 2,987 2,344 2,840 0.3 Barley - - - - 787 875 986 1,125 953 983 970 .. 0.1 Sugarcane - - - - 1,700 1,200 1,200 1,582 1,490 1,650 2,200 0.2 GABON Oil palm 2 4 7 7 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 0.0 0.2 0.2 Maize 10 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 0.3 1.0 0.2 Cassava 250 210 222 230 207 211 215 215 218 220 225 0.2 0.2 0.0 Yam 79 110 110 120 110 125 130 135 140 145 150 0.3 0.2 0.2 Plantains 175 220 291 253 238 243 248 260 270 275 280 0.3 0.0 0.1 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 60 75 84 55 77 81 75 46 78 73 126 -0.3 0.5 0.0 Palm oil 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Millet 15 47 58 46 52 53 54 61 66 65 76 0.7 0.4 0.2 Rice 43 21 21 19 12 20 19 18 17 27 29 0.9 0.7 0.1 Maize 6 14 20 18 24 13 14 10 8 13 21 0.7 0.1 -0.1 Sorghum 5 8 12 12 9 9 12 14 13 10 18 0.5 -0.3 0.2 GHANA Maize 382 553 932 731 961 940 1,034 1,008 996 1,035 1,014 0.2 -0.1 0.2 Millet 82 75 112 133 198 168 201 193 144 172 160 -0.2 1.0 0.2 Groundnuts 142 113 67 100 140 176 168 162 154 212 212 0.2 0.3 0.3 Cassava 1,858 2,717 5,701 5,662 5,973 6,025 6,612 7,111 7,000 7,227 7,845 0.1 0.5 0.3 Plantains 734 799 1,178 1,082 1,322 1,475 1,638 1,823 1,818 1,893 2,046 -0.4 -0.3 0.4 GUINEA Palm oil 40 41 43 40 48 50 50 55 55 50 50 0.1 0.0 0.1 Rice 480 424 501 512 531 544 631 673 716 764 750 0.0 -0.3 0.3 Maize 90 74 80 88 85 83 79 82 85 89 89 0.3 -0.6 0.1 Groundnuts 84 78 104 139 128 126 132 145 158 174 174 0.0 -0.6 0.4 Cassava 480 372 437 512 550 525 601 667 732 812 812 -0.3 -0.9 0.4 Plantains 350 385 385 405 410 420 425 435 430 429 429 0.2 0.0 0.1 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 30 18 15 16 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 -0.1 -1.1 0.0 Palm kemels 9 7 10 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.1 -0.4 0.0 Rice 42 123 123 124 126 131 133 120 125 130 130 -0.1 0.0 0.0 Sorghum 18 11 13 11 14 14 16 22 19 21 21 1.0 -1.3 0.3 Maize 12 14 13 10 13 14 15 9 9 9 9 0.6 0.2 -0.2 KENYA Sugarcane 4,532 4,750 4,600 4,180 4,370 3,800 4,550 4,650 4,450 4,900 5,200 0.7 0.2 0.0 Maize 1,620 2,290 2,340 2,430 2,089 3,060 2,699 2,160 2,214 2,450 2,100 -0.3 0.7 0.0 Wheat 216 190 195 126 150 297 313 320 252 315 135 0.2 0.4 0.1 LESOTHO Wheat 28 33 7 12 8 12 11 30 34 29 15 -1.0 1.0 0.1 Dry Beans 4 8 2 1 2 3 5 6 14 8 9 -1.3 2.0 0.3 Dry Peas 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 5 3 -0.5 -1.7 0.5 Maize 106 172 49 61 92 149 63 188 142 119 125 0.3 0.5 0.2 Sorghum 59 36 10 19 52 61 7 36 29 23 33 0.1 -0.4 0.2 LIBERIA Rice 243 185 130 110 65 50 56 94 168 210 210 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cassava 300 360 270 280 245 250 175 213 283 313 313 0.1 1.1 -0.1 LIBYA Wheat 141 129 130 125 126 120 117 124 156 165 168 0.9 -0.1 0.1 Olives 161 68 80 100 120 140 168 186 186 190 190 0.9 -1.9 0.5 MADAGASCAR Rice Paddy 2,109 2,420 2,342 2,450 2,550 2,357 2,450 2,500 2,558 2,447 2,637 0.0 0.1 0.0 Cassava 1,683 2,292 2,307 2,280 2,350 2,360 2,400 2,353 2,418 2,404 2,435 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sweet potatoes 373 486 488 452 500 560 450 500 510 510 520 -0.1 0.0 0.0 (Table continues on the following page) 224 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) . Average annual 7'housands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85990M MALAWI Groundnuts 177 37 58 26 55 31 32 40 69 108 100 °. ° 0.1 0.3 Maize 1,186 1,343 1,589 657 2,034 1,040 1,661 1,793 1,226 1,772 2,480 0.1 -0.2 0.2 Sorghum 20 15 19 4 22 17 45 55 40 41 60 -2.4 .-0.2 0.6 Cassava 292 145 168 129 216 190 190 190 200 200 200 0.1 -0.9 0.1 MALI Groundnuts 144 157 180 184 127 149 215 157 134 144 144 -0.6 1.3 -0.1I Millet 407 842 737 890 582 708 898 707 739 641 641 0.1 0.9 -01 Rice 132 338 282 454 410 428 469 463 576 589 589 -0.3 1.4 0.3 Sorghum 356 731 531 770 602 777 746 710 540 559 559 0.2 0.6 0.0 Maize 4 5 225 197 257 193 283 322 264 290 341 341 -0.3 1.7 0.2 MIAURITANIA Sorghum 28 4 5 5 8 5 0 92 147 157 145 5 8 7 3 75 0.1 2.2 0.2 Millet 3 3 2 2 4 7 8 8 3 3 1 0 0.2 2.1 0.2 Pice I11 5 2 42 5 1 65 4 5 53 67 8 1 III 102 1.5 2.1 0.3 Maize 5 2 2 3 7 6 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 8 0.2 -2.6 0.8 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 4,564 5,548 5,621 5,781 5,402 4,813 5,159 5,260 5,787 5,781 3,500 -0° 1 0.3 -01 Potatoes 1 2 1 8 1 6 1 9 1 4 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 8 1 5 1 5 0.1 -0.2 -0.1I Dry Onions 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 7 7 0.8 40.9 0.4 MOROCCO Citrus 1,084 1,039 1,462 1,111 1,230 1,324 997 1,393 1,229 1,597 1,312 0.3 °° 0.1 W.heat 1,811 3,614 4,939 1,562 1,573 5,523 1,091 5,916 2,316 4,378 2,154 0.1 0.1 °°0 Sugarbeet 2,241 2,984 3,036 2,754 3,062 3,144 2,717 2,750 2,613 2,823 3,223 0.3 0.2 0.0 Barley 2,210 2,138 3,253 1,081 1,027 3,720 608 3,831 1,324 1,970 1,474 °. ° 0.5 ° ° MOZAMBIQLUE Cashew nuts 7 1 23 3 1 54 24 23 33 65 43 52 53 -0.8 1.3 0.3 Maize 380 453 327 132 533 489 734 947 1,042 1,124 1,185 -0.2 -0.8 0.6 Rice 75 96 56 33 66 101 113 139 180 191 200 0.2 0.1 0.5 Cassava 3,600 4,590 3,690 3,239 3,511 3,352 4,178 4,734 5,337 5,639 5,650 0-1 °-° 0.2 NAMIBI1A Wheat 2 4 6 3 6 6 3 6 6 3 3 0.9 0.3 -01 Majize 3 2 29 5 1 1 1 26 4 1 1 8 1 9 50 1 5 1 8 0.2 -2.9 -0.2 NIGER Cowpcas 266 217 381 402 168 525 184 295 192 775 641 0-4 0.1 0.4 Groundnuts 126 1 8 46 57 26 67 III 196 8 8 112 108 0.1 0.0 0.8 Sorghum 368 281 463 387 289 393 266 408 290 501 481 0.2 0.7 0.1 Millet 1,364 1,766 1,833 1,788 1,658 1,968 1,769 1,761 1,352 2,391 2,253 0.2 0.1 0. 1 NIGERIA Groundnuts 471 992 1,361 1,297 1,323 1,453 1,579 2,278 2,531 2,534 2,783 40.2 0.3 0.5 Palm oil 650 730 760 792 825 837 860 776 810 845 847 0.1 0.5 0.1 Sorghum 3,690 4,185 5,367 5,909 6,051 6,197 6,184 7,084 7,297 7,103 8,443 0.0 0.2 0.2 Millet 2,450 5,136 4,109 4,501 4,602 4,757 4,952 5,681 5,902 5,956 5,457 40.2 OA 0.1 Maize 612 5,768 5,810 5,840 6,290 6,902 7,048 5,667 5,354 5,127 5,777 40.2 2.5 0.0 Rice 1,090 2,500 3,226 3,260 3,065 2,427 2,920 3,122 3,268 3,275 3,397 1.5 1.2 0.0 Yamn 5,248 13,624 16,956 19,781 21,632 23,153 22,818 23,201 19,566 24,768 25,077 -0.3 0.4 0.3 Cassava 11,500 19,043 26,004 29,185 30,128 31,005 31,404 31,418 30,409 32,695 33,060 0.1 0.5 0.2 RWANDA Sorghum 179 143 205 113 128 55 77 102 122 121 108 0.2 40.1 -0.2 Maize 85 101 104 109 74 60 7 1 67 83 59 5 5 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 Plantains 2,063 2,777 3,093 3,547 2,136 1,489 2,002 2,105 2,248 2,625 2,S97 0.2 0.4 -0.1I Sweet potatoes 871 857 1,000 1,055 997 410 551 665 742 751 863 0.4 °. ° 0 I0 SENEGAL Groundnuts 523 703 724 578 628 678 791 646 545 579 828 °-° 1.2 0.0 Millet 451 505 593 446 654 548 667 601 426 428 506 0.3 1.3 -0.1I Rice 6 5 ISI 170 177 193 162 155 149 174 124 240 0-3 0.1 °°0 Maize 5 7 133 103 115 138 108 107 89 60 44 66 0.2 0.3 -0.4 Sorghum 102 157 7 8 117 99 123 127 133 118 120 147 0.3 0.2 0.1 SIERRA LEONE Palm oil 47 50 51 48 47 50 45 48 51 51 36 0.1 °. ° 0 I0 Palm kemels 30 29 30 31 33 32 29 31 31 31 22 40.2 -0.2 40 I Rice 513 504 504 479 486 405 356 392 411 328 247 -0.2 -0.2 -0-3 Cassava 95 123 123 117 106 244 219 281 310 289 240 0.1 0.2 0-5 (Table continues on the following page) Agriculture 225 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) * Average annual 7'housands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SOMALIA Bananas 60 110 70 70 55 43 50 55 55 53 55 -0.3 1.0 -0.3 Maize 110 315 100 101 79 150 146 142 128 145 150 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 Sorghum 140 250 145 92 80 252 136 145 153 50 55 0.3 0.5 -0.5 Sesame 38 45 35 15 22 22 25 23 24 21 22 0.2 0.3 -0.3 SOUTH AFRICA Maize 11,040 9,180 8,614 3,277 9,997 13,275 4,866 10,171 10,136 7,693 7,712 0.1 1.1 0.0 Wheat 1,472 1,709 2,142 1,324 1,984 1,840 1,977 2,712 2,429 1,788 1,561 0.0 0.4 0.0 Sugarcane 14,062 18,084 20,078 12,955 11,244 15,683 16,714 20,951 22,155 22,930 21,248 -0.1 0.0 0.1 Sorghum 711 341 302 118 515 520 291 536 433 358 209 02 0.6 0.0 Barley 60 262 170 265 230 275 300 176 182 215 91 0.3 1.4 -0.3 SUDAN Groundnuts 712 123 180 380 428 714 738 815 1,104 800 980 -0.4 -0.3 0.8 Sesame 221 80 97 266 175 170 313 416 281 165 220 -0.3 0.7 0.4 Sorghum 2,084 1,180 3,581 4,042 2,386 3,648 2,450 4,179 3,159 4,781 3,045 -0.2 -1.0 0.3 Wheat 231 409 686 895 453 475 448 527 642 597 168 -0.5 0.2 -0.2 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 2,782 3,842 3,941 3,885 3,647 3,786 3,440 3,846 3,694 3,887 3,700 0.5 0.1 0.0 Citrus (oranges) 45 35 33 35 23 48 29 33 33 31 31 -0.1 -0.8 0.0 Maize 97 94 139 54 73 99 76 151 108 125 113 -0.1 -1.0 0.1 TANZANIA Maize 1,726 2,445 2,332 2,226 2,282 2,159 2,567 2,663 1,879 2,750 2,458 0.2 0.6 0.0 Sorghum 510 368 550 587 719 478 839 872 498 593 561 0.8 0.6 0.1 Rice 291 740 625 392 641 614 723 734 551 811 676 -0.1 1.2 0.1 Millet 340 200 200 263 210 218 411 367 347 206 194 0.7 0.0 0.0 Cassava 4,828 7,792 7,460 7,112 6,833 7,208 5,969 5,992 5,700 6,128 7,182 0.2 -0.3 -0.1 TOGO Maize 138 285 231 278 393 348 290 388 452 350 350 0.4 0.2 0.2 Sorghum 95 115 141 112 126 110 172 156 152 137 137 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 Millet 43 58 50 75 75 57 51 55 49 41 41 -1.2 0.1 -0.2 Cassava 408 593 511 452 389 412 602 548 596 579 579 0.1 -0.5 0.1 Yam 484 392 376 368 530 364 531 605 683 696 696 0.2 0.0 0.3 TUNISIA Oliveoil 115 165 265 120 210 70 60 310 90 150 160 -0.4 0.2 0.0 Citrus 160 237 226 186 298 208 194 224 206 227 210 0.2 0.3 -0.1 Wheat 869 1,122 1,786 1,584 1,413 503 531 2,018 885 1,354 1,400 0.3 1.7 0.2 Barley 296 478 721 570 478 145 80 835 160 303 410 0.9 2.1 0.0 UGANDA Millet 459 560 576 634 610 610 632 440 502 642 638 -0.3 1.0 0.0 Maize 286 602 567 657 804 850 913 759 740 770 780 -0.5 0.6 0.1 Sorghum 299 360 363 375 383 390 399 298 294 420 454 40.2 0.5 0.1 Cassava 2,072 3,420 3,229 2,896 3,139 2,080 2,224 2,245 2,291 3,204 3,400 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 Plantains 5,699 7,842 8,080 7,806 8,222 8,500 9,012 9,144 9,303 9,318 9,400 -0.4 0.3 0.1 ZAIRE Palm oil 168 179 180 181 182 183 186 188 166 157 157 -0.1 0.2 -0.1 Maize 594 1,008 1,023 1,053 1,130 1,184 1,225 1,101 1,167 1,215 1,100 0.2 0.4 0.1 Rice 234 392 394 403 430 426 441 357 355 363 350 0.2 0.4 -0.1 Cassava 13,087 18,715 19,366 19,780 18,890 19,102 19,378 16,887 16,973 17,060 16,500 0.1 0.3 -0.1 Plantains 1,563 2,097 2,090 2,117 2,186 2,262 2,424 2,140 1,889 1,850 1,800 0.1 0.1 0.0 ZAMBIA Sunflower seeds 28 20 1 1 1 21 10 21 27 8 6 7 0.5 -2.2 -0.2 Maize 937 1,093 1,096 483 1,598 1,021 738 1,409 960 638 856 0.7 0.4 -0.2 Wheat 10 55 65 58 71 43 50 58 71 64 90 1.1 2.0 0.1 Cassava 290 520 570 560 620 600 590 620 702 817 850 0.4 0.4 0.2 ZIMBABWE Sugarcane 2,528 3,093 3,236 125 538 3,420 3,773 2,826 4,651 4,811 4,657 0.2 -0.2 0.4 Maize 1,511 1,972 1,586 362 2,012 2,326 840 2,609 2,192 1,418 1,520 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 Wheat 191 326 259 58 276 239 83 280 300 280 320 0.3 1.2 0.1 * The standard Bank least square methodology was used to compute the average annual percentage growth. Notes: Crops shown represent saine major food crops as in Table 8-1, Nominal producer prices, excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and tobacco. The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: groundnuts (unshelled), rice (paddy), sunflower (seeds), Citurs (total for country), Sesame (seeds), Livestock (combined total head of cattle, sheep, oats, pigs, horses, asses and mules), Chickensfrabbits (combined total). For South Africa, barley production is for white areas only. Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, Sao Tomd and Principe, and Seychelles. 226 Agriculture 8-7. Value of agricultural exports Average annual Millions of U.S dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,212 10,358 9,563 9,258 9,317 11,506 13,108 14,312 13,368 1.8 2.0 4.6 excluding South Africa 9,695 8,440 7,725 7,467 7,738 9,389 10,823 11,823 10,904 2.0 0.6 4.8 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 9,249 8,210 7,511 7,277 7,462 9,062 10,420 11,281 10,383 2.4 0.6 4.5 Angola 172 6 5 5 3 1 5 6 6 -12.8 -30.5 -7.6 Benin 55 84 86 93 83 115 201 188 198 3.0 -4.2 14.2 Botswana 51 79 90 91 96 97 132 115 115 5.2 2.7 5.9 BurkinaFaso 80 116 94 86 93 80 141 123 119 5.3 5.1 5.6 Burundi 64 69 88 67 53 113 96 32 82 8.8 -4.0 -1.9 Cameroon 699 563 341 364 245 393 565 624 504 2.6 5.1 0.5 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.7 38.3 -31.8 Central African Republic 60 45 46 33 36 37 51 28 33 6.8 3.3 -6.4 Chad 115 134 136 127 84 118 145 127 135 13.2 -7.4 0.9 Comoros 7 11 20 16 18 8 7 4 4 8.6 13.4 -16.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 235 141 78 83 53 93 135 102 95 -1.7 -8.5 -3.9 Congo, Republic of 13 15 14 17 9 7 11 16 15 -1.7 -15.1 2.8 C6te d'lvoire 2,009 1,615 1,532 1,434 1,605 1,557 2,216 2,421 2,001 7.0 -2.7 4.2 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96.6 18.8 -7.8 Equatorial Guinea 12 8 6 6 3 4 4 7 4 -4.0 -10.3 -6.5 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 4 4 2 2 2 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 193 362 409 426 526 Gabon 14 3 6 7 4 5 8 10 10 13.3 -1.1 8.4 Gatnbia,The 28 14 12 11 15 15 16 16 12 -5.0 -22.1 2.9 Ghana 744 413 369 319 302 358 393 638 616 -5.1 3.2 5.2 Guinea 33 27 23 31 43 45 61 43 48 5.3 10.7 9.4 Guinea-Bissau 6 13 16 4 14 32 21 22 22 9.0 2.8 12.4 Kenya 693 687 641 812 975 1,044 1,153 1,165 1,157 6.5 -1.8 9.1 Lesotho 16 13 12 13 12 13 12 9 9 7.0 7.7 -7.7 Liberia 151 23 27 23 32 24 13 13 20 5.7 0.6 -16.5 Madagascar 334 176 157 143 133 237 200 138 92 2.6 -4.9 -4.8 Malawi 251 376 462 371 286 288 389 383 359 9.2 -0.6 1.5 Mali 192 251 267 266 251 239 270 312 271 12.3 3.8 1.8 Mauritania 39 44 47 48 49 31 38 40 40 7.3 -0.6 -0.6 Mauritius 302 379 365 402 367 367 420 501 405 -1.1 13.2 2.8 Mozambique 157 41 45 - 53 26 64 67 50 50 -8.0 1.4 3.4 Namnibia 188 147 180 200 185 201 199 202 201 -8.0 18.9 3.1 Niger 86 62 65 55 48 48 45 45 45 8.4 -7.5 -4.1 Nigeria 446 230 214 189 275 327 403 542 522 -4.4 -2.5 12.9 Rwanda 66 95 85 60 52 14 42 39 38 5.5 8.6 -15.1 SaoTomeandPrincipe 19 4 4 4 4 5 2 3 3 0.1 -9.9 -5.5 Senegal 115 219 135 126 91 126 115 87 58 -5.6 7.7 -12.7 Seychelles 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 -1.8 -16.3 16.3 SierraLeone 59 18 24 11 9 21 15 16 14 -0.3 -11.6 -3.9 Somalia 125 74 41 62 60 68 75 76 76 4.9 3.6 2.4 South Africa 2,517 1,918 1,838 1,792 1,580 2,118 2,284 2,489 2,464 0.6 10.6 3.7 Sudan 553 550 381 367 455 471 501 565 556 1.9 5.8 0.3 Swaziland 211 347 339 306 265 283 291 311 300 6.7 20.8 0.0 Tanzania 406 279 243 281 303 379 431 496 400 -0.2 -0.6 7.5 Togo 77 120 101 125 75 76 127 133 128 5.4 4.8 2.7 Uganda 344 173 167 134 180 425 469 491 405 1.1 -7.4 13.9 Zambia 13 24 29 36 27 16 32 46 50 -8.1 10.3 8.7 Zimbabwe 453 750 731 584 617 1,177 895 1,207 1,157 4.4 5.0 9.1 NORTIHAFRICA 1,544 1,406 1,591 1,396 1,313 1,708 1,892 1,876 1,895 -2.1 1.0 5.0 Algeria 120 50 54 76 97 35 108 137 91 -12.7 -9.2 13.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 677 427 391 401 360 553 536 521 442 -1.9 -6.9 1.4 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -58.1 3.9 26.4 Morocco 606 647 670 581 509 598 780 896 832 0.4 11.9 5.5 Tunisia 140 282 477 338 347 523 468 322 530 -2.7 8.0 7.8 ALLAFRICA 13,756 11,764 11,154 10,654 10,630 13,214 15,000 16,188 15,263 1.2 1.9 4.6 Agriculture 227 8-8. Cereal production Average annual Tltousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 49,742 63,780 69,586 60,572 78,464 84,333 77,127 90,204 86,379 86,140 85,396 40.6 8.0 3.2 cxcluding South Africa 36,369 52,226 58,296 55,527 65,671 68,366 69,635 76,553 73,149 76,042 75,535 0.0 7,3 4.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 28,581 34,548 39,681 35,930 45,580 47,993 47,122 54,888 51,296 54,002 53,130 -0.3 5.7 4.7 Angola 435 249 372 402 3 322 28i5- ~296 -52 5 457 621 550 -6.0 -1.4 7.8 Benin 346 546 587 609 627 646 725 714 906 867 890 3.0 2.0 5.5 Botswana 44 53 50 20 44 52 42 106 3 1 1 2 20 -20.5 60.0 -9.3 Burkina Faso 1,048 1,518 2,455 2,477 2,552 2,492 2,308 2,470 2,274 2,662 2,662 0.3 10.9 3.2 Burundi 217 293 300 306 300 225 269 273 305 261 265 3.9 5.4 -1.2 Cameroon 892- 8-16 -1,048 917 -_959 910 1,238 1,314- _1,296 1,425 1,455 -1.6 3.M5 6._1 Cape Verde 9 1 1 8 10 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 2.1 52.9 -0.2 Central Afnican Republic loo 95 92 94 94 101 113 126 138 148 173 1.4 4.0 5.1 Chad 573 601 812 976 683 1,059 907 975 1,079 1,353 1,153 -5.1 8.2 7.1 Comoros 18 19 20 20 21 -21 21 21 __21_ 21 21 1.4 1.4 1.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 889 1,491 1,507 1,553 1,655 1,708 1,766 1,557 1,633 1,692 1,649 3.9 5.8 1.5 Congo, Republic of 1 2 6 6 6 7 7 6 5 4 2 2 -6.2 8.1 -14.1 CBte d'lvoire 860 1,239 1,286 1,319 1,511 1,599 1,690 1,494 1,963 1,870 1,832 2.6 1.7 5.0 Djjbouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -5.1 7.2 Equatorial Guinea.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Eritrea . . .. 87 259 153 84 99 458 270 . .. 15.8 Ethiopia . .. . .. 5,295 5,245 6,740 9,379 9,473 7,197 8,406 . .. 8.8 Gabon I11 24 25 26 27 29 30 3 1 32 32 32 5.7 12.4 4.2 Gamnbia, The 70 90 III 96 97 95 98 103 104 114 144 7.0 0.1 2.7 G'hana 674 844 1,436 1,254 1,645 1,594 1,797 1,770 1,669 1,788 1,686 -0.6 3.9 5.6 GIuin a 7f5 627 -696 6C83 711 718 825 8 79 9027 _ 9f95 971 1.2 -4.6 ------f53 Guinea-Bissau 93 167 179 169 181 190 201 174 183 191 191 8.3 -1.6 1.9 Kenya 2,233 2,728 2,773 2,849 2,530 3,663 3,275 2,773 2,767 3,082 2,514 -2.3 9.8 -0.4 Lesotho 194 242 67 94 153 223 81 256 206 171 174 -4.8 9.5 2.4 Liberia 243 185 130 110 65 50 56 94 168 210 210 2.2 0.2 -0.8 Madagascar 2,238 2,581 2,49i7 2,591 2,724l 2,517 2,642 2,685 2,742 2,610 2,829 0.5 I f 5_ 0.8 Malawi 1,252 1,413 1.680 689 2,137 1,109 1,778 1,943 1,349 1,904 2,655 0.6 1.4 4.6 Mali 968 1,771 2,414 1,809 2,228 2,451 2,173 2,219 2,149 2,552 2,952 0.5 12.0 2.8 Mauritania 47 103 105 107 169 207 222 234 154 198 196 1.8 25.5 5.5 Mauritius 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 -0.9 -9.5 -24.8 Mozarrmb-ique- 663 734 546 242 765 791 1,127 1,379 1,531 1,688 1,821 -1,0 -4' 7 IfA Namibia 74 98 115 3 1 75 116 62 89 173 55 76 3.7 3.5 -0.4 NigeT 1,775 2,134 2,384 2,253 2,023 2,430 2,096 2,261 1,702 2,958 2,823 3.2 9.7 2.3 Nigeria 7,788 17,678 18,615 19,597 20,091 20,373 22,513 21,665 21,853 22,040 22,405 1.3 11.4 2.6 Rwanda 273 265 341 251 221 126 157 183 223 194 179 4.4 -3.0 -4.8 Sao Tome and Principe 0 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 I 2 1 1.5 24.6 -7.2 Senegal 676 977 946 856 1,086 943 1,059 976 783 7260 963 -1.6 3.2 -1.9 Seychelles.. . .. . .. ... . .. .... ... Sierra Leone 551 563 560 534 542 466 408 444 467 373 280 -1.0 1.0 -5.7 Somalia 267 581 256 209 165 405 285 290 284 197 207 8.2 5.2 -7.5 South Affica 13,373 11,553 11,290 5,045 12,793 15,961 7,492 13,651 13,230 10,098 9,861 -3.3 10.9 -0.7 Sudan 2,701 1,702 4,637 5,438 3,102 5,146 3,305 5,202 4,261 5,603 3,097 -3.5 4.1 6.3 Swaziland 1F05 __99_ 142 5S 75 101 79 -152 110 1-26 - 114 -4.2 -6.3 1.1 Tanzania 2,961 3,842 3,777 3,533 3,917 3,550 4,629 4,719 3,390 4,495 3,977 5.8 6.6 0,1 Togo 296 484 465 495 634 559 550 687 744 620 761 4.1 6.4 4.1 Uganda 1,078 1,580 1,576 1,743 1,880 1,936 2,030 1,588 1,625 1,911 1,874 -4.5 10.3 1.3 Zamnbia 984 1,210 1,225 612 1,758 1,170 882 1,573 1,137 798 1,057 -6.3 16.3 -3.4 Zimbabwe 1,989 2,560 2,060 481 2,498 2,780 987 3,127 2,723 1,829 1,987 -4.1 5.6 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 16,445 22,835 29,152 23,308 21,329 26,440 20,788 34,577 24,302 29,503 26,147 -0.3 5.1 2.0 Algeria 2,419 1,627 3,810 3,330 1,454 965 2,140 4,902 870 3,026 1,540 -2.5 -4.7 -1.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 8,100 13,022 13,864 14,611 14,961 15,012 16,097 16,542 18,071 17,941 18,677 1.0 5.4 4.6 Libya 215 273 258 218 180 165 146 160 206 238 251 4.2 3.8 -2.9 Morocco 4,515 6,276 8,665 2,950 2,818 9,639 1,783 10,104 4,098 6,632 3,860 -2.2 12.2 -3.0 Tunisia 1,197 1,638 2,556 2,199_ 1,917 660 622 2,869 1,056 1,667 1,819 0.5 -18.7 1.9 ALL AFRICA 66,187 86,615 98,738 83,88O0 99,793 110,i2 97,915 124,780 110,681 115,643 111,542 -0.5 7.3 2.9 228 Agriculture 8-9. Crop production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 -100) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-UR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA 76 98 108 106 110 116 118 127 124 132 133 40.4 4.S 3.2 excluding South Africa 76 99 109 109 112 118 122 129 126 135 136 -0.4 4.6 3.4 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 82 97 106 103 105 110 114 121 120 126 125 -0.3 3.3 2.7 Angola 107 96 104 III 108 137 132 134 129 158 143 46.5 0,9 4,7 Benin 52 99 110 III 127 128 144 162 172 172 178 3.2 4.3 7.3 Botswana 9 1 96 98 68 88 97 80 127 78 64 74 -6.4 13.1 -2.6 Burkina Faso 55 92 110 116 120 119 115 127 126 146 146 2.2 8.1 4.1 Burundi 77 102 106 108 105 90 96 96 96 90 92 0.8 3.3 -1.1 Camneroon 87 100 104 99 107 110 120 123 120 124 125 0.4 0.6 2.9 Cape Verde 79 104 77 73 82 73 70 98 101 97 97 3.0 22.5 -0.1I Central African Republic 103 100 96 98 97 107 III 124 131 131 127 0.0 1.8 3.4 Chad 70 89 116 110 90 110 123 136 147 182 176 -1.1 6.6 6.9 Comoros 79 101 103 102 107 109 116 113 114 126 119 0.8 4.7 2.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 74 101 103 105 104 106 108 94 96 92 89 2.4 2.8 -1.1 Congo, Republic of 84 101 97 99 101 110 114 115 109 113 115 2.0 1.5 1.7 Cote d'lvoire 71 102 99 97 102 104 116 119 128 129 132 3.3 4.8 3.4 Djibouti 71 97 98 99 99 100 100 102 106 106 106 29.6 2.4 0.7 Equatorial Guinea 9 10 98 5 97 0 82 87 92 81 86 0.6 1.5 -2.0 Enitrea .. . . . 3 158 135 110 115 215 154 . .. 7.2 Ethiopia . .. . .. 96 96 III 131 138 117 126 . .. 5.3 Giabon 79 96 107 103 100 103 106 110 110 117 119 4.6 4.0 1.9 Gambia, The 66 81 94 69 85 89 84 63 87 84 129 -1.0 4.0 4.1I Ghana 6 8 80 121 120 130 123 144 156 159 167 178 -2.5 4.7 6.9 Guinea 92 100 109 118 119 122 126 129 135 14 142 0.9 -1.1 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 63 104 98 104 104 III 119 115 118 119 119 3.7 1.8 2.2 Kcnya 7 2 98 99 98 94 109 112 110 106 116 105 1.6 6.3 1.3 Lesotho 92 127 60 7 1 90 122 74 136 133 114 117 -3.8 9.5 3.0 Liberia.. . .. . .. ... ... ....... Madagascar 8 5 100 101 100 106 100 102 104 105 104 109 0.3 1.1 0,7 Malawi 84 98 107 83 115 89 III 127 III 140 154 2.0 1.2 4.4 Mali 5 1 93 112 99 100 115 117 123 129 139 148 0.1 11.4 4.5 Mauritania 6 1 82 88 89 III 138 149 152 127 139 147 2.4 17.5 4.8 Mauritius 80 101 102 105 101 92 100 98 104 104 7 2 0.1 0.1 -1.4 Mozambique III 108 94 79 93 9 1 113 130 141 154 t55 -2.3 0.5 5.7- Naimibia 80 100 104 74 88 103 9 1 103 127 99 109 1.9 2.2 1.7 Niger 93 100 110 112 86 122 98 122 128 160 148 2.1 9.2 4.7 Nigeria 5 1 97 III 120 126 130 135 144 135 153 157 -1.0 10.1 5.1 Rwanda 82 96 106 108 7 8 5 2 63 67 76 82 87 4.3 0.4 -3.0 Sao Tome and Principe 117 97 98 123 127 131 116 137 132 152 164 -2.7 0.4 4.7 Senegal 57 94 97 84 95 96 110 97 86 85 112 -5.1 8.8 -0.2 Seychelles 190 94 107 86 87 103 118 124 116 107 106 -2.8 -11.1 2.0 Sierra Leone 81 100 100 92 91 98 90 95 101 94 75 1.0 2.2 -1.5 Somalia.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... South Africa 92 96 96 68 93 106 81 110 107 98 106 -0.5 6.9 1.0 Sudan 125 78 122 145 112 158 149 180 177 171 155 -2.4 40.9 6.7 Swaziland 77 97 100 84 78 85 73 90 87 89 89 3.6 1.9 -1.3 Tanzania 79 99 101 94 94 92 99 103 89 99 101 3.0 1.3 4.1I Togo 71 100 102 104 121 105 113 137 146 140 152 1.8 5.2 4.7 Uganda 65 100 102 too 108 108 112 109 108 116 118 -3.2 4.4 1.7 Zambia 66 89 94 64 119 90 84 109 96 81 93 -2.5 10.4 -0.7 Zimbabwe 76 98 100 59 100 106 78 120 123 117 113 -0.6 4.0 2.8 NORTH AFRICA 78 102 117 113 113 iiI 110 146 122 135 136 1.0 3.7 3.0 Algeria 81 84 118 127 109 93 114 155 103 129 129 -1.6 2.3 2.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 77 102 104 112 116 112 123 135 134 136 143 2.1 3.3 4.1 Libya 79 99 102 100 104 108 116 125 122 131 134 4.1 1.8 3.5 Morocco 59 91 109 73 74 110 62 122 92 110 91 0.6 9.7 0.5 Tunisia 76 98 129 103 115 74 69 146 88 115 122 0.5 -2.5 2.0 ALL AFRICA 77 99 110 107 III 115 116 131 124 133 134 -4.1 4.6 3.2 Agriculture 229 8-10. Fertilizer use Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUBI-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,973 1,972 1,927 1,920 2,170 1,962 1,832 2,099 2,038 2,059 4.4 -0.6 0.7 excluding South Africa 909 1,181 1,187 1,187 1,327 1,210 1,065 1,295 1,250 1,276 5.3 2.2 0.9 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 735 781 757 747 866 914 882 1,122 1,112 1,088 2.4 0.8 5.1 Angola 17 10 7 9 8 10 8 6 2 5 -0.5 16.0 -14.3 Benin I I11 12 1 5 1 7 1 7 36 3] 39 38 7.5 -15.0 26.0 Botswana I I I I I 1 2 3 4 4 -5.7 2.7 22.4 Burkina Faso 4 21 2 1 21 2 1 23 24 24 43 50 23.4 11.1 9.0 Burundi 1 2 2 5 4 3 3 3 1 2 11.4 15.1 -7.6 Caineroon 32 17 1 8 24 22 30 30 34 39 40 12.9 -9.8 8.2 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 22.3 Central African Republic I I 1 I 1 0 0 0 0 1 -11.1 -17.6 -11.8 Chad 1 6 9 10 5 7 9 12 8 17 -4.9 -7.3 9.3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 21.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 8 6 8 8 2 4 10 9 6 0 0 0.1 -9.8 1.5 Congo, Republic of 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 4.0 -33.9 21.2 C6ted'flvoire 53 36 39 37 54 65 66 7 1 110 113 1.4 -0.6 14.5 Djibouti I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Eritrea . . . . I I 2 5 6 7. .. 61.9 Ethiopia . .. . .. 74 122 131 178 132 164 . .. 13.9 Gabon 0 I 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.9 -18.8 -15.7 Gambia, The 2 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7.9 -13.3 1.0 Ghana 1 2 1 3 8 10 8 8 10 1 7 21 1 5 -0.9 1.3 7.8 Guinea 0 I1 2 1 2 4 5 4 2 3 -15.8 29.7 18.0 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9.8 .. -6.0 Kenya 62 116 113 102 103 130 78 161 140 128 6.1 6.4 2.0 Lesotho 5 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 18.1 2.3 2.4 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 24.9 Madagascar 9 II1 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 17 10 9 3.1 -1.5 3.9 Malawi 33 48 70 74 74 2 1 44 58 57 50 12.4 7.4 -2.0 Mali 14 1 5 1 5 27 25 25 27 27 48 53 14.3 -16.4 13.4 Mauritania 1 4 5 7 5 4 4 5 2 2 -9.6 28.4 -5.1 Mauritiua 27 28 28 27 26 29 32 38 33 33 0.7 3.3 2.3 Mozambique 28 3 - 5 5 3 6 8 8 7 5 6.5 -13.1 11.2 Niger 3 2 1 1 2 6 1 0 9 1 I 23.0 -2.8 2.1 Nigeria 174 400 429 440 461 296 183 174 138 188 23.8 5.5 -12.1 Rwanda 0 3 2 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 -18.3 -16.6 SAo Tom6 and Principe.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Senegal 19 1 2 1 7 17 24 26 16 22 24 27 -8.9 --3.3 8.1 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 2 I 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 -3.5 -17.8 14.3 Somalia 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 7.3 -7.4 South Africa 1,064 792 740 733 844 752 767 804 788 783 3.6 -3.9 0.3 Sudan 81 89 56 60 53 58 52 95 77 38 -1.5 -3.8 -0.7 Swaziland 20 13 12 12 12 5 5 4 5 6 4.0 11.8 -13.2 Tanzania 36 51 50 48 36 36 27 31 38 28 -1.0 5.7 -6.6 Togo 3 12 12 12 10 11 16 18 17 17 8.6 10.2 5.6 Uganda I 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 -16.2 -5.2 13.4 Zambia 79 60 63 85 85 59 55 5I 57 40 2.2 6.1 -5.3 Zimbabwe 173 177 164 114 159 171 147 168 175 I74 2.0 -0.3 1.4 NORTH AFRICA 1,221 1,589 1,534 1,455 1,660 1,429 1,608 1,645 1,590 1,730 6.5 1.3 0.8 Algeria 236 139 92 97 131 119 46 38 97 96 1.6 -11.9 -6.4 Egypt,Arab Republic 664 965 963 877 988 851 1,113 1,158 1,004 1,113 7.5 3.5 1.9 Libya 53 78 85 86 III 75 89 62 62 50 14.2 0.3 -4.4 Morocco 207 326 296 290 334 295 282 290 327 350 5.4 3.0 0.3 Tunisia 62 83 99 105 95 89 77 97 100 121 6.3 3.2 1.0 ALL AFRICA 3,194 3,562 3,461 3,375 3,830 3,391 3,439 3,744 3,628 3,789 5.3 0.3 0.7 230 Agriculture 8-11. Fertilizer imports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 971 1,004 1,046 1,157 1,275 1,218 1,011 1,427 1,421 1,485 5.9 -0.4 3.8 excluding South Africa 742. 872 860 953 1,077 1,019 827 1,205 1,152 1,198 6.8 0.1 3.3 excl. S.Affica & Nigeria 565 675 653 713 796 728 799 1,128 1,061 1,045 3.7 3.8 6.0 Angola 17 7 7 9 8 10 8 6 2 5 -0.2 19.3 -12.9 Benin I I I 12 16 18 17 36 30 39 38 6.7 -16.1 25.7 Botswana I I I I I I 3 4 4 4 -5.7 2.7 22.8 Burkina Faso 5 19 21 21 21 23 24 3 1 44 50 23.7 14.8 9.8 Burundi 1 2 2 6 5 3 3 3 1 2 11.9 13.6 -8.4 Cameroon 32 17 1 8 24 22 47 32 34 39 40 13.2 -9.4 8.6 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 22.3 Central African Republic I I I I I 0 0 0 0 1 -11.1 -17.6 -11.8 Chad 1 6 9 10 5 8 8 24 8 17 -4.9 -7.3 11.6 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. 21.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 8 6 8 2 4 10 9 6 0 0 0.1 -5.6 -1.1 Congo, Republic of 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 34.9 -38.7 22.4 C6te dIlvoire 45 35 41 68 52 79 87 75 176 157 6.4 .6.9 18.1 Djibouti I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Eritrea . .. . .. 1 2 2 6 6 7 . .. 51.0 Ethiopia . .. . .. 115 35 151 248 93 176 . .. 17.0 Gabon 0 1 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 -18.8 -15.7 Gambia, The 2 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 3 7.9 -15.0 5.6 Ghana 12 7 8 II1 7 8 10 17 22 15 -2.3 15.5 4.9 Guinea 0 I 2 1 2 4 5 4 2 3 -16.0 29.7 18.0 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9.8 .. -6.0 Kenya 62 116 113 102 100 131 78 161 140 128 5.2 7.7 1.9 Lesotho 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 18.1 2.3 2.7 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 24.9 Madagascar 9 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 1 13 17 10 9 3.1 -1.5 3.9 Malawi 33 48 76 68 74 21 44 58 57 50 13.9 4.8 -2.1 Mali 14 19 13 27 25 25 27 27 48 53 14.3 -16.4 12.9 Mauritania 1 5 7 9 7 4 4 5 2 2 -9.6 28.4 -7.4 Mauritius 17 52 28 28 24 24 25 38 36 34 0.0 5.5 -0.1I Mozanbique 20 3 5 5 3 6 9 8 7 5 24.2 -23.1 11.4 Niger 3 2 1 I 2 5 8 9 I 1 23.0 -2.8 1.3 Nigeria 177 197 207 240 281 290 28 7 7 92 153 23.0 -9.1 -11.4 Rwanda 0 1 2 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 1.3 -17.2 S8o Tom4 and Principe.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Senegal 1 6 29 3 1 27 3 5 1 4 1 8 1 6 34 34 -7.7 6.8 -0.9 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 -4.1 -17.7 13.7 Somalia 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 I I I 0.9 20.5 South Africa 229 132 185 204 198 199 185 222 269 287 2.9 -3.2 6.0 Sudan 81 89 56 60 53 60 50 95 77 38 0.0 -6.8 -0.7 Swaziland 18 13 12 12 12 5 5 4 5 6 1.2 1 1.8 -13.3 Tanzania 20 38 53 40 42 31 27 35 36 30 4.0 14.1 -5.7 Togo 3 12 7 12 13 13 14 22 17 17 7.6 9.6 7.1 Uganda I 0 1 I 2 2 1 1 1 2 -13.1 -5.2 13.4 Zambia 69 67 63 86 68 53 52 47 53 38 -1.1 42.7 -7.9 Zimbabwe 56 44 39 44 49 63 33 81 87 67 5.9 5.3 7.9 NORTH AFRICA 588 491 394 344 333 392 438 322 430 478 -2.2 -0. 1 -0.6 Algeria 189 40 32 19 26 52 19 51 90 90 -1.8 -18.3 8.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 182 184 102 107 59 93 133 68 86 139 -10.2 3.6 -5.1 Libya 53 68 76 87 108 73 102 62 62 42 11.5 4.2 -3.9 Morocco 133 172 169 126 136 167 177 137 188 193 3.3 3.0 1.6 Tunisia 30 28 15 6 4 7 7 4 5 13 -0.7 5.2 -7.5 ALL AFRICA 1,559 1,496 1,439 1,501 1,609 1,610 1,449 1,749 1,851 1,962 3.0 -0.3 2.6 Agriculture 231 8-12. Area under permanent crops Average annual Thousands of hectares percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 123,373 132,405 133,371 134,181 149,668 150,902 152,570 152,843 153,340 153,451 0.7 0.9 2.1 excluding South Aftica 110,933 118,965 119,641 120,161 135,358 136,302 137,655 137,968 138,530 138,660 0.8 0.8 2.2 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 83,083 89,426 89,841 90,239 105,314 106,137 107,284 109,268 110,330 110,460 1.0 0.8 3.0 Angola 2,900 2,900 2,950 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 0.0 0.0 0.4 Benin 1,500 1,615 1,620 1,630 1,650 1,660 1,670 1,680 1,690 1,700 1.7 0.6 0.6 Botswana 402 418 417 415 407 1,394 343 343 343 343 0.1 0.3 -2.0 Burkina Faso 2,745 3,520 3,495 3,470 3,450 3,381 3,400 3,400 3,400 3,400 1.8 4.4 -0.5 Burundi 920 810 800 800 790 780 770 770 770 770 -0.4 -1.5 -0.8 Cameroon 5,910 5,940 5,950 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 0.8 0.1 0.0 Cape Verde 38 41 41 41 41 40 39 39 39 39 0.0 1.2 -0.6 Central African Republic 1,870 1,920 1,920 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 0.5 0.2 0.1 Chad 3,137 3,273 3,322 3,342 3,370 3,390 3,420 3,470 3,500 3,520 0.5 0.6 0.9 Comoros 75 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 0.0 0.7 0.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 6,620 6,670 6,680 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 0.2 0.1 0.0 Congo Republicof 138 154 156 155 160 163 165 167 170 173 1.5 1.0 1.5 C6te dIvoire 1,955 2,430 2,450 2,600 2,902 2,905 2,920 2,930 2,950 2,950 1.9 0.9 2.7 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . .. .. Equatorial Guinea 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea .. .. .; .. 498 437 438 369 391 498 .. .. -1.4 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 11,000 9,822 9,850 9,850 9,900 9,950 .. .. -1.4 Gabon 290 295 295 295 295 295 325 325 325 325 2.5 0.0 1.5 Gambia,The 155 182 191 157 156 175 180 185 195 195 1.0 2.5 1.1 Ghana 1,900 2,700 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 3,600 3,600 2.5 2.6 3.0 Guinea 702 728 735 755 785 820 883 885 885 885 0.4 0.3 2.8 Guinea-Bissau 255 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 1.0 1.0 0.0 Kenya 3,800 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 0.4 0.7 0.0 Lesotho 292 317 319 332 325 325 320 322 325 325 -2.3 1.5 0.5 Liberia 126 170 180 180 180 180 190 190 190 190 0.8 3.3 1.5 Madagascar 2,500 2,502 2,512 2,525 2,555 2,565 2,565 2,565 2,565 2,565 1.3 0.3 0.3 Malawi 1,518 1,815 1,823 1,830 1,837 1,845 1,875 1,875 1,875 1,875 3.0 0.7 0.5 Mali 2,010 2,053 2,063 2,163 3,060 3,160 3,379 4,606 4,606 4,606 1.0 0.4 11.7 Mauritania 210 400 410 420 431 470 498 488 488 488 4.0 6.3 3.1 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mozamnbique 2,870 3,070 3,100 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 0.3 0.9 0.2 Namibia 655 660 660 660 698 747 816 816 816 816 0.1 0.0 3.2 Niger 3,549 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,995 4,494 4,994 4,994 4,994 4,994 4.4 0.5 4.9 Nigeria 27,850 29,539 29,800 29,922 30,044 30,165 30,371 28,700 28,200 28,200 0.3 0.7 -0.5 Rwanda 760 880 880 880 850 700 700 750 800 820 2.0 0.8 -1.6 Sao Tomd and Principe 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.0 10.4 0.0 Senegal 2,341 2,325 2,323 2,320 2,318 2,331 2,230 2,230 2,230 2,230 0.0 -0.1 -0.6 Seychelles I I I I I I I I I 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone 450 486 486 486 486 485 485 485 484 484 1.1 0.7 -0.1 Somalia 984 1,022 1,022 1,023 1,024 1,030 1,035 1,038 1,039 1,040 0.5 0.4 0.2 South Africa 12,440 13,440 13,730 14,020 14,310 14,600 14,915 14,875 14,810 14,791 -0.2 1.3 1.4 Sudan 12,360 13,000 13,000 12,900 14,618 15,000 16,157 16,672 16,700 16,700 0.4 0.6 3.7 Swaziland 185 180 183 179 164 166 168 168 168 168 -0.9 3.1 -1.4 Tanzania 3,100 3,500 3,550 3,600 3,650 3,700 3,748 3,750 3,750 3,750 4.8 1.1 1.0 Togo 1,950 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,300 2,250 2,200 1.2 0.6 1.0 Uganda 4,080 5,000 5,020 5,040 5,040 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 1.5 0.8 0.1 Zambia 5,094 5,249 5,249 5,254 5,254 5,254 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 0.4 2.1 -0.6 Zimbabwe 2,505 2,890 2,928 2,966 3,004 3,042 3,080 3,165 3,251 3,220 0.8 1.4 1.5 NORTH AFRICA 21,634 22,786 22,954 23,738 23,951 23,870 23,914 24,152 24,179 24,243 -0.1 0.6 0.8 Algeria 6,875 7,081 7,260 7,562 7,533 7,477 7,519 7,521 7,650 7,661 0.0 0.7 0.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 2,286 2,284 2,267 2,519 2,617 2,624 2,817 2,820 2,834 2,834 -1.8 -0.1 3.0 Libya 1,753 1,805 1,810 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 0.2 0.3 0.1 Morocco 7,530 8,707 8,717 8,934 8,999 9,124 8,921 9,096 8,980 9,033 0.8 1.5 0.6 Tunisia 3,190 2,909 2,900 2,908 2,987 2,830 2,842 2,900 2,900 2,900 -1.2 -1.4 -0.1 ALL AFRICA 145,007 155,191 156,325 157,919 173,619 174,772 176,484 176,995 177,519 177,694 0.6 0.8 1.9 232 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop * Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR ALGERIA Wheat 7.3 6.3 10.8 9.9 8.1 8.0 8.9 13.1 8.0 8.8 8.0 3.0 2.0 0.6 Citrus 262.9 74.5 87.2 92.5 87.1 91.4 80.2 86.1 87.2 101.8 111.3 -2.0 2.1 1.8 Dates 30.0 26.2 25.5 31.2 31.0 37.2 32.8 37.3 31.4 39.5 42.7 3.7 3.6 3.1 Barley 8.4 7.6 11.6 9.0 6.3 6.5 7.1 14.0 7.2 7.5 8.7 7.1 0.9 0.1 Potatoes 77.7 78.9 90.7 107.9 111.2 95.1 136.8 134.6 141.0 160.3 153.5 0.2 -2.0 3.2 ANGOLA Coffee(green) 2.2, 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 -9.1 -5.5 -1.3 Maize 6.0 2.7 4.0 3.8 2.6 2.5 3.5 7.0 6.0 7.4 6.4 -2.3 4.8 4.8 Millet 7.1 5.7 4.8 4.8 2.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 3.8 5.0 5.3 -2.8 0.8 0.3 Wheat 5.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.6 10.0 16.7 16.7 16.7 17.1 13.3 -6.3 -1.3 4.1 Cassava 33.8 40.0 40.3 42.3 42.3 58.6 51.0 48.1 44.2 55.7 59.8 -0.7 -1.5 2.6 Sweet potatoes 91.7 86.8 89.5 90.0 88.1 85.7 88.1 85.5 85.9 86.4 82.8 0.2 0.1 -0.3 BENIN SeedCotton 6.6 11.9 11.7 12.0 17.9 13.9 13.3 12.3 10.2 9.4 9.7 -0.2 -2.2 -0.9 Maize 7.4 9.0 9.3 9.8 9.8 10.2 11.7 10.8 12.6 11.1 12.7 0.2 -4.1 1.6 Sorghum 6.3 7.3 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 -1.2 0.0 0.5 Cassava 65.9 79.8 83.0 83.8 84.9 81.5 78.4 87.2 104.1 105.0 108.1 -2.2 -2.5 1.4 Yams 97.2 111.5 114.0 106.0 107.7 108.4 109.7 102.6 116.2 109.5 110.7 0.5 -1.5 -0.3 BOTSWANA Sorghum 2.2 2.5 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.1 4.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 -16.8 -12.7 -2.0 Maize 2.5 2.9 4.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.2 3.9 1.4 2.5 -13.0 10.2 -3.8 Millet 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.4 3.6 1.0 3.7 2.5 1.7 1.9 -8.9 -22.3 2.2 BURKINA FASO Seed Cotton 8.3 11.4 9.3 10.0 9.6 8.9 8.5 9.4 12.4 9.7 9.7 6.9 -2.6 -0.5 Groundnuts 5.1 7.1 5.6 6.3 9.5 8.4 8.2 8.2 6.5 10.0 10.0 3.1 -3.5 2.6 Sorghum 5.7 5.8 9.1 9.1 8.9 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.9 8.5 8.5 1.4 -1.8 0.7 Millet 4.9 4.4 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.4 7.8 7.8 3.0 -2.2 1.9 Maize 9.0 14.6 16.9 13.5 13.7 16.0 13.3 14.0 13.8 13.9 13.9 1.0 -4.9 0.0 BURUNDI Coffee 6.3 8.4 9.0 9.3 8.2 9.4 7.3 7.2 6.1 5.9 9.4 0.6 2.2 -0.4 Tea 4.0 7.7 8.8 10.7 9.0 10.4 9.8 7.5 5.6 8.9 9.2 -4.5 2.9 0.7 Maize 10.8 13.5 13.9 14.2 14.3 12.3 12.8 12.6 12.6 11.5 11.2 0.5 -0.9 -1.2 Sorghum 10.0 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.3 9.9 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 Rice, paddy 23.5 33.3 30.9 31.1 30.9 29.4 26.8 27.9 32.6 29.9 32.6 2.2 -6.3 -0.4 Millet 10.0 10.9 11.2 11.0 10.3 11.1 11.1 10.3 12.9 11.1 11.2 0.7 -0.4 0.0 Bananas.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Cassava 90.9 89.0 89.8 92.0 89.9 87.9 83.5 85.8 86.2 88.8 88.2 -0.1 0.6 0.0 CAMEROON Coffee 3.0 3.4 4.0 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.1 5.6 -7.8 -3.6 Cocoa 2.6 3.2 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.1 4.1 2.9 -0.5 1.7 SeedCotton 12.9 12.1 12.7 12.7 12.3 11.8 12.3 13.7 10.1 11.0 10.5 7.4 -3.4 -0.6 Maize 8.3 18.5 19.8 11.3 9.6 9.6 16.3 18.8 16.0 13.8 15.0 -0.5 -0.7 -1.6 Sorghum 8.7 8.5 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.3 8.7 8.3 7.3 8.3 8.3 1.0 -5.5 0.4 Millet 7.6 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.3 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 0.6 -6.2 -0.3 Rice 23.4 50.0 45.0 34.7 43.7 44.4 38.8 47.0 40.6 40.6 40.6 2.7 -2.7 -0.8 Cassava 59.0 164.4 187.5 187.5 193.8 187.5 175.0 170.0 188.9 166.7 166.7 -1.1 0.9 -0.2 Plantains . . . . . . . CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee 3.6 5.9 6.9 5.0 4.1 8.2 4.7 7.2 6.0 5.0 4.8 -0.9 -2.5 -0.3 Seed Cotton 3.4 7.9 5.1 6.0 6.6 6.5 7.6 6.9 7.7 7.3 7.6 4.0 3.5 0.9 Sorghum 6.5 7.8 10.1 12.6 11.6 8.0 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.8 8.8 -0.8 -8.5 -1.3 Maize 3.8 8.2 8.1 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.2 9.3 9.8 1.1 -3.1 0.5 Groundnuts 10.1 9.2 8.6 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.7 10.2 11.0 -0.6 -2.3 0.4 Cassava 30.7 28.4 33.6 34.5 34.5 31.0 28.9 29.2 30.5 30.4 28.0 0.9 -0.3 -0.5 Yams 60.0 65.7 65.7 68.4 65.0 66.7 66.7 68.0 68.0 67.9 67.9 -1.2 -0.6 0.2 CHAD Seed Cotton 5.1 7.7 6.2 5.7 6.3 6.8 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.8 7.8 6.0 3.2 0.6 Sorghum 5.1 6.4 5.7 7.4 5.9 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.2 7.5 7.5 0.8 -0.5 1.5 Millet 4.7 3.4 4.0 5.2 3.7 4.9 3.6 4.2 3.8 4.4 4.4 1.9 -1.1 1.4 Groundnuts 5.7 5.9 8.5 8.3 6.9 7.0 9.2 9.6 8.8 11.2 11.2 0.9 -8.2 1.2 COMOROS Bananas.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Cassava 48.5 50.5 50.2 52.0 52.8 53.6 53.3 54.0 53.9 54.1 55.2 -2.0 1.0 0.5 (Table continues on the following page) Agriculture 233 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) * Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MI? CONGO Coffee 8.0 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 -4.7 -6.4 -0.1 Cocoa beans 5.6 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.4 0.1 1.5 -0.8 Maize 8.1 5.8 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 -1.7 -2.2 0.0 Cassava 68.8 65.0 73.7 73.9 65.6 67.3 71.8 71.9 70.9 71.9 72.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 Plantains.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... COTE D'IVOIRE Coffee 2.4 2.2 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 -4.5 1.6 -1.2 Cocoa 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 Oil Palm, fruit.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Rice 11.7 11.5 11.0 11.0 17.6 15.8 16.1 12.8 16.1 16.0 15.5 1.1 0.1 1.9 Maize 8.1 7.2 7.5 7.9 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 3.2 0.5 0.7 Cassava 52.3 55.1 52.0 50.1 49.5 50.5 52.9 50.9 50.7 50.5 49.9 0.8 -0.3 -0.4 Yams 90.7 95.0 89.7 89.0 88.0 89.6 99.8 108.3 108.6 108.2 108.3 1.2 0.1 0.9 EGYPT Seed Cotton 26.9 20.1 22.8 27.6 29.2 22.4 21.4 24.8 25.5 18.9 23.8 4.2 2.4 0.1 Rice, paddy 58.3 72.7 74.6 76.5 77.2 79.1 81.4 82.9 84.2 86.5 88.8 1.7 -1.0 1.3 Wheat 31.2 52.0 48.2 52.5 53.0 50.0 54.2 56.4 56.0 59.9 63.5 -0.3 0.4 1.2 Sugarcane 812.5 1,003.3 1,036.4 1,029.1 1,061.7 1,093.4 1,095.3 1,107.4 1,122.5 1,172.0 1,190.5 .. -5.0 1.0 DryBroadbeans 20.7 31.1 34.0 21.4 35.1 22.7 31.7 32.0 31.9 32.3 22.9 -0.1 -0.9 -1.2 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.6 2.5 -0.9 Coffee(green) 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 0.7 0.0 -0.1 Cassava 24.6 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 25.3 25.0 25.3 25.0 ,-0.2 0.0 -0.3 ETHIOPIA Coffee(green) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... Sorghum.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Maize.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Barley.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... GABON Coffee(green) 2.4 3.6 4.1 3.9 4.3 4.3 2.7 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 3.8 0.4 -2.7 Sugarcane 497.5 520.8 517.0 488.9 542.0 568.6 573.3 576.7 583.3 576.7 583.3 16.1 0.3 0.8 Maize 16.6 16.3 16.9 17.6 17.9 17.7 17.6 17.6 17.2 17.2 17.2 1.6 0.9 0.5 Cassava 50.0 50.0 51.6 51.1 49.3 49.1 50.1 50.0 50.7 51.2 52.3 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 Taro(cocoyam) 58.8 56.8 57.8 57.6 60.4 61.7 59.6 60.0 60.5 61.1 61.6 0.1 1.4 0.5 Yams 56.4 64.7 64.7 66.7 64.7 69.4 68.4 67.5 70.0 72.5 75.0 1.0 0.3 0.9 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 8.7 8.3 10.5 8.5 12.1 10.8 9.6 7.1 11.1 10.4 11.3 0.5 0.5 -0.5 Seed Cotton 6.9 5.3 6.3 7.5 9.4 5.9 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.1 -0.2 -2.2 Oil Palm, fruit.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Millet 8.7 9.3 10.3 11.2 10.3 10.6 9.8 11.0 9.0 9.6 9.4 0.4 0.8 0.1 Rice,paddy 19.7 14.7 15.3 17.3 14.6 15.4 12.3 10.7 11.7 15.4 18.3 10.9 -1.8 0.3 Maize 10.7 12.0 11.8 15.1 16.3 12.6 12.9 12.2 11.7 14.3 14.5 3.6 -2.3 0.6 Sorghum 8.0 6.3 9.6 9.5 11.0 10.6 8.5 10.8 9.6 8.1 9.7 2.6 -5.1 0.5 GHANA Cocoa 2.3 4.2 3.4 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 -0.1 -6.2 -1.1 Maize 8.7 11.9 15.3 12.0 15.1 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.3 14.9 14.5 -0.3 -4.6 0.8 Millet 5.9 6.0 5.4 6.4 9.7 8.8 9.8 10.2 8.4 9.5 9.1 0.2 1.5 2.9 Groundnuts 17.0 8.9 6.7 7.7 8.8 9.4 9.3 9.0 8.7 10.9 10.9 1.7 -2.3 1.2 Cassava 80.8 84.2 106.6 102.6 112.3 115.8 119.9 120.4 118.8 114.8 120.7 0.7 -1.5 1.8 Plantains.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... GUINEA Coffee(green) 3.2 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 -0.1 4.0 -1.1 Oil Palm, fruit.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Rice,paddy 9.0 9.7 13.8 13.3 13.8 13.8 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.0 0.5 -2.9 1.7 Maize 10.0 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.4 -1.6 0.1 0.1 Groundnuts 6.6 7.6 . 8.8 10.1 8.8 9.2 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.3 10.3 0.2 -0.7 1.7 Cassava 70.0 78.2 74.9 71.7 75.5 71.9 63.0 61.2 59.7 58.0 58.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.7 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 3.5 10.1 7.8 10.1 10.0 11.7 11.3 11.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 -0.6 -6.5 1.6 Rice, paddy 7.0 20.5 20.1 19.0 19.7 20.1 19.1 18.4 18.9 18.6 18.6 -2.7 -1.4 -0.5 Sorghum 6.4 8.8 10.3 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 9.5 9.5 9.5 -2.5 -4.7 0.2 Millet 7.2 8.7 12.2 8.6 8.6 7.7 9.1 8.6 9.1 9.4 9.4 0.6 -4.3 -0.7 Maize 10.0 10.7 11.4 9.5 9.3 9.3 10.0 9.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.5 -4.4 -0.5 (Table continues on the following page) 234 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) * Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR KENYA Coffee(green) 8.9 6.8 5.6 5.5 4.7 5.0 5.9 6.0 4.9 3.5 4.0 -2.3 -3.1 -2.8 Tea 11.7 20.3 20.4 18.2 20.1 19.8 22.0 22.6 19.4 25.1 19.3 1.5 -1.2 0.4 Sugarcane 1,211.8 1,173.0 960.7 877.7 841.3 662.1 810.4 815.8 794.6 844.8 866.7 4.2 -2.7 -1.9 Sisal 9.9 12.0 11.4 11.4 11.7 11.3 13.2 13.4 13.4 12.9 12.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 Maize 12.0 15.8 15.9 17.3 16.0 20.4 19.6 16.6 14.7 16.2 14.1 -1.9 -3.5 -0.2 Wheat 21.6 18.6 18.6 12.6 9.7 19.2 19.6 20.0 16.1 23.3 13.5 2.1 4.6 0.6 LESOTHO Wheat 9.7 8.1 2.0 8.6 7.3 4.2 6.2 13.3 11.8 11.6 12.3 -1.8 0.7 5.4 Dry Peas 7.8 2.4 0.7 5.6 5.4 3.1 2.9 9.2 3.5 5.8 7.8 2.0 -6.5 6.8 Dry Beans 5.2 18.8 3.4 2.9 10.7 3.2 12.4 6.3 10.4 8.4 8.0 1.0 -4.9 -0.3 Maize 9.6 11.0 5.4 5.8 8.9 8.6 8.1 12.5 9.9 9.5 9.4 0.6 -5.7 1.3 Sorghum 9.7 10.1 5.4 6.1 13.0 8.8 8.0 8.6 8.1 7.6 11.1 1.5 -8.6 1.5 LIBERIA Rubber 7.6 10.0 9.5 10.7 10.0 10.0 9.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 -2.0 -0.2 0.0 Coffee(green) 4.6 1.1 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.9 -1.6 2.4 Cocoa 2.3 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 -1.5 -3.3 -2.2 Rice, paddy 12.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 10.8 11.1 11.2 12.5 12.4 12.9 12.9 0.4 0.4 1.7 Cassava 66.7 69.2 64.3 66.7 61.3 62.5 60.3 65.0 65.1 65.3 65.3 1.0 -0.5 -0.4 LIBYA Wheat 5.2 12.3 12.4 11.9 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.3 10.1 10.3 10.2 1.5 0.3 -1.2 MADAGASCAR Coffee 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.4 -1.8 -0.8 -0.5 Vanilla 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 -4.9 7.6 -0.2 Cloves 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.9 -13.0 -1.6 2.6 Rice 17.6 20.8 20.5 20.9 20.8 20.7 21.3 21.9 21.7 20.3 21.5 -1.2 0.2 0.1 Cassava 60.8 66.5 66.5 67.1 67.7 67.4 68.9 67.4 67.5 66.8 68.0 -1.4 0.6 0.1 Sweet potatoes 48.6 53.4 50.3 53.1 51.1 53.8 59.1 58.1 56.0 54.3 55.9 -3.8 -0.6 0.5 MALAWI Tobacco leaves 8.6 10.1 9.7 9.7 10.0 12.5 12.2 12.4 13.8 10.9 10.7 2.1 -1.0 1.0 Tea 17.1 21.0 21.9 15.4 21.3 18.7 18.2 19.8 22.0 22.0 20.5 1.4 -4.2 -0.2 Groundnuts 7.1 7.7 8.2 4.0 9.0 5.4 4.6 5.6 6.9 9.0 8.3 -0.3 0.4 0.8 Seed Cotton 6.9 5.3 6.3 7.5 9.4 5.9 4;2 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.1 -0.2 -2.2 Maize 12.2 10.0 11.4 4.8 15.2 9.2 13.5 14.4 9.9 12.7 17.7 -0.4 -2.1 2.2 Sorghum 6.7 5.0 6.0 1.4 4.9 3.1 6.1 7.2 4.7 6.1 6.7 -3.7 -7.1 0.9 Cassava 58.4 23.5 23.4 20.1 28.8 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.8 27.8 27.8 0.5 2.4 1.3 MALI Seed Cotton 11.3 12.3 13.4 12.7 13.0 12.7 10.9 12.1 10.7 10.5 10.5 -0.6 0.8 -1.1 Groundnuts 8.9 10.7 7.3 10.9 7.5 7.8 8.4 9.4 9.8 9.5 9.5 -1.9 4.3 0.0 Millet 6.2 7.8 6.1 8.3 5.9 5.4 6.4 5.5 7.9 7.3 7.3 6.9 -1.5 -0.7 Rice, paddy 9.7 14.6 14.4 17.3 17.6 17.8 16.5 15.3 17.8 17.8 17.8 -2.2 -5.3 1.4 Sorghum 8.0 9.4 6.6 10.9 6.8 7.5 7.6 8.3 10.0 9.8 9.8 7.2 0.3 0.6 Maize 11.1 12.9 11.6 13.8 10.1 11.0 11.3 12.9 16.0 16.9 16.9 9.2 1.8 1.1 MAURITANIA Sorghum 3.2 5.2 4.5 5.0 5.9 5.8 6.4 6.9 4.1 4.7 4.7 -6.7 1.4 -0.3 Rice 32.0 33.3 28.1 39.9 32.9 27.4 39.4 38.3 37.2 43.4 44.3 2.5 1.4 1.2 Millet 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 1.4 1.6 4.1 -2.0 -6.7 -0.2 Maize 6.5 6.8 6.0 7.7 12.3 5.0 8.0 5.9 8.6 8.4 6.4 0.9 -8.6 -0.5 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 576.8 727.1 740.0 770.0 729.7 659.2 716.5 732.6 795.4 780.9 538.5 -1.4 1.3 -0.9 Potatoes 165.6 181.1 197.4 192.1 200.9 175.7 198.5 195.9 215.8 176.0 180.7 1.8 0.7 -0.7 Onions 107.6 122.0 137.7 151.4 164.6 176.0 184.4 177.9 171.3 220.6 217.7 4.1 -2.8 3.2 MOROCCO Wheat 10.6 13.3 18.7 7.0 6.8 18.1 5.5 18.4 9.3 14.2 8.0 5.7 -10.5 -0.6 Sugarbeet 353.5 464.0 438.7 528.6 490.6 499.8 467.7 487.1 415.4 577.2 619.9 1.5 -1.5 1.6 Barley 10.3 8.9 13.8 4.8 4.8 14.4 3.9 15.8 6.6 8.1 7.1 3.7 -15.6 -0.2 MOZAMBIQUE Seed Cotton 4.9 3.7 5.3 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.0 6.8 4.4 4.6 4.8 3.3 4.1 2.1 Tea 10.3 6.9 7.7 5.1 8.4 10.0 7.5 8.0 7.5 7.5 8.0 1.0 9.3 1.7 Maize 5.4 4.5 3.2 1.6 6.3 5.2 6.8 9.4 9.0 9.0 9.4 -5.0 -4.9 6.4 Rice, paddy 8.3 8.7 5.3 3.0 6.2 8.3 8.7 9.7 10.9 10.6 11.0 2.1 -1.2 3.0 Cassava 41.4 48.6 38.0 33.3 41.7 36.9 42.4 47.7 53.8 55.6 55.4 -0.2 0.5 1.4 NAMIBIA Wheat 25.0 44.3 59.0 51.9 43.8 52.5 40.0 43.8 46.4 60.3 77.3 3.1 -2.5 1.6 Maize 12.3 14.9 12.0 2.4 7.8 11.5 8.8 6.7 15.9 5.5 5.5 0.5 -10.7 -4.3 (Table continues on the following page) Agriculture 235 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) * Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR NIGER Cowpeas 2.4 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 2.1 1.7 1.0 -9.4 3.4 Groundnuts 6.7 2.8 3.4 3.3 2.3 4.5 4.1 4.7 3.8 4.9 4.3 -2.0 -2.5 2.5 Millet 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.2 0.4 -7.4 0.6 Sorghum 4.8 1.3 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 -1.4 -5.7 1.5 NIGERIA Cocoa 3.9 4.0 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 -1.8 2.0 -0.3 Oil Palm, fruit.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . Seed Cotton 1.8 6.7 7.0 6.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.5 8.1 7.3 5.7 -8.6 -6.0 0.2 Groundnuts 8.4 14.0 12.1 12.4 11.8 9.2 8.9 10.1 11.2 9.7 10.5 0.8 -4.2 -1.3 Sorghuin 11.2 10.0 9.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 11.4 11.1 10.7 11.1 5.3 1.2 0.7 Millet 8.7 10.7 9.0 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.8 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.1 3.7 0.5 -0.1 Maize 13.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.8 12.7 12.9 13.3 12.7 13.2 13.6 2.9 -2.6 0.8 Rice, paddy 19.8 20.7 19.5 19.6 19.6 14.2 16.3 17.5 16.0 16.0 16.6 5.0 3.6 -1.5 Yams 105.4 106.8 103.5 113.5 113.5 114.0 107.7 110.5 90.2 94.4 95.5 0.0 -6.1 -0.3 Cassava 95.8 116.5 101.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 106.8 106.5 112.7 107.5 108.4 0.3 -1.4 0.0 RWANDA Coffee(green) 6.9 6.3 5.2 6.8 . 5.3 2.9 11.0 7.6 7.4 5.7 7.0 0.8 3.0 0.0 Tea 7.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.2 4.6 6.0 8.2 11.0 12.2 12.9 -5.1 -1.4 -0.8 Sorghum 12.4 10.7 12.8 7.5 12.8 6.9 11.5 13.6 11.2 10.5 8.3 1.1 2.4 -1.5 Maize 11.8 10.3 11.6 13.6 14.8 15.0 14.1 11.1 10.9 8.2 7.6 0.3 0.1 -1.7 Plantains.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Sweet potatoes 76.3 48.7 62.5 66.0 60.4 34.1 50.0 51.1 49.7 50.5 47.9 1.1 2.6 -1.2 SENEGAL Groundnuts 4.9 7.7 8.3 6.0 8.5 7.6 9.4 7.0 6.9 10.4 10.1 3.2 2.8 0.6 Seed Cotton 6.9 10.0 11.8 10.7 11.4 11.0 8.2 7.6 9.7 6.0 9.6 -2.6 2.0 -2.2 Millet 4.7 5.8 6.7 5.8 6.7 5.9 7.5 6.2 5.2 5.6 5.7 2.6 4.0 -0.7 Rice, paddy 9.6 24.8 23.5 24.1 24.8 20.9 22.5 20.2 23.3 27.2 25.0 1.3 -1.2 0.2 Maize 7.3 11.4 11.3 10.9 12.7 10.1 10.9 10.4 9.7 8.7 9.4 -5.0 0.1 -1.7 Sorghum 7.7 9.1 7.8 8.9 7.8 8.7 8.6 8.9 7.7 5.9 6.4 2.0 -0.7 -1.6 SIERRA LEONE Cocoa 4.0 4.2 3.8 2.7 2.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 0.1 -0.8 -0.4 Coffee(green) 12.7 23.0 22.6 23.0 23.0 18.5 17.9 17.9 21.9 21.9 11.0 3.2 -1.6 -3.0 Palm oil.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Rice, paddy 12.5 12.8 13.5 13.5 12.7 12.3 13.0 13.5 13.0 11.5 11.6 -1.4 -0.7 -0.6 Cassava 38.0 59.9 54.0 53.3 45.8 58.7 58.5 58.6 49.9 51.6 51.8 -3.1 -3.7 -0.3 SOMALIA Bananas.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Maize 10.1 11.5 10.0 10.1 9.9 4.1 7.3 7.1 6.4 7.3 7.5 -0.9 -3.0 -3.4 Sorghum 3.1 5.6 4.1 3.1 2.9 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.5 2.1 -2.2 -3.9 Sesame 4.6 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.1 -3.3 -1.6 -2.3 SOUTH AFRICA Maize 24.2 22.1 22.6 7.9 22.8 28.5 13.8 27.0 25.2 21.6 22.1 3.5 -5.1 0.5 Wheat 9.0 10.9 14.9 17.7 18.5 17.6 14.5 21.0 17.6 23.9 21.7 -1.3 3.0 3.8 Sugarcane 661.4 683.2 727.4 471.6 422.9 582.4 612.0 699.2 711.4 713.5 683.2 -2.2 2.4 0.1 Sorghum 26.9 17.4 18.2 6.2 21.6 22.9 16.1 30.8 26.9 27.4 21.1 4.1 -0.7 2.3 Barley 8.8 23.8 12.6 19.2 19.8 22.9 24.0 13.9 13.8 19.2 8.9 3.8 7.6 -2.7 SUDAN Seed Cotton 8.2 12.6 14.6 11.4 12.1 14.1 12.4 11.6 14.4 14.6 14.6 2.7 3.1 0.3 Groundnuts 8.0 5.5 7.8 7.0 5.5 8.0 6.8 8.6 7.2 5.7 6.8 -2.3 -2.9 1.4 Sesame 2.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.5 0.6 5.3 -0.6 Sorghum 7.1 4.3 7.0 6.5 5.1 5.7 4.9 6.4 5.9 7.5 6.9 -3.0 -11.2 2.1 Wheat 12.1 15.9 14.8 23.2 13,8 13.3 16.1 17.7 19.5 21.6 11.9 -0.6 0.1 -0.3 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 1,077.2 1,052.5 985.3 971.2 911.8 946.5 908.4 986.0 953.9 1,009.7 966.1 0.3 0.0 -0.2 Seed Cotton 10.2 9.5 9.8 2.9 6.3 5.8 6.2 9.4 5.2 5.2 5.2 -2.1 3.1 -2.5 Maize 13.6 10.3 17.3 9.4 12.2 17.6 12.7 24.5 17.8 19.2 18.2 -2.3 -0.6 3.0 TANZANIA Coffee 4.2 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 4.1 -0.4 4.0 -0.3 Seed Cotton 4.5 3.8 5.3 7.1 3.1 3.8 6.8 5.7 4.7 3.4 4.2 -2.2 1.8 -0.2 Tea 10.9 14.4 10.4 11.8 12.0 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.4 11.8 13.2 3.3 3.4 -0.2 Maize 12.3 15.0 12.6 11.7 12.5 13.3 15.5 16.2 12.0 13.6 13.9 1.3 1.7 0.1 Rice 11.9 19.2 16.9 12.8 18.1 17.4 15.1 15.3 12.5 16.5 14.3 -1.3 -1.5 -0.9 Sorghum 6.9 9.7 9.2 8.6 11.2 7.2 12.2 12.6 8.0 12.1 8.5 10.5 1.3 0.0 Millet 7.6 11.2 7.8 8.5 6.5 6.4 10.9 9.8 9.8 10.1 9.9 3.5 4.6 0.0 Cassava 107.3 132.0 123.5 104.0 104,0 103.9 102.1 103.5 101.1 88.4 102.6 1.6 -0.1 -1.0 (Table continues on the following page) 236 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) * Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR TOGO Coffee(green) 4.9 6.2 6.8 6.8 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.5 2.7 -1.2 0.2 Cocoa 4.5 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.9 -1.8 4.1 2.4 SeedCotton 7.7 12.5 12.4 11.6 11.2 13.5 10.6 13.3 13.5 13.8 13.8 7.8 5.6 1.1 Maize 9.2 9.7 9.1 10.1 11.6 9.3 8.6 9.4 10.7 9.9 9.9 3.2 -3.3 -0.2 Sorghum 7.5 6.2 7.4 7.8 6.4 7.1 8.7 6.3 7.4 6.7 6.7 1.3 -2.9 -0.5 Millet 2.6 4.1 3.7 5.6 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7 5.2 4.5 4.5 -7.9 2.4 -0.4 Cassava 103.3 76.9 77.9 69.0 68.6 53.8 59.2 56.9 60.3 51.9 51.9 -8.7 1.6 -2.6 Yams 86.6 90.7 90.3 83.3 103.4 82.2 85.8 87.2 110.3 105.8 105.8 0.1 -2.8 0.2 TUNISIA Wheat 10.2 12.7 17.0 17.0 13.7 10.7 12.8 16.2 10.9 14.0 14.7 5.4 12.9 0.9 Barley 7.7 9.4 13.1 12.0 9.3 5.9 6.6 11.9 5.2 11.6 10.8 4.0 20.8 1.2 UGANDA Coffee(green) 6.0 4.8 5.5 4.2 5.5 7.5 6.9 10.3 8.1 7.4 7.5 -1.0 1.0 2.7 Seed Cotton 0.4 2.8 2.0 1.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.6 2.6 -11.8 -1.1 2.4 Millet 16.5 15.0 15.0 16.0 15.1 14.8 16.0 11.0 12.7 16.0 16.0 3.3 1.1 -0.2 Maize 11.1 15.0 13.5 15.0 16.0 15.1 16.0 13.0 12.4 12.5 12.3 0.9 -1.1 -0.8 Sorghum 17.9 15.0 14.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 11.0 10.7 15.0 16.0 3.8 1.3 -0.1 Cassava 68.6 83.0 83.0 80.0 85.1 65.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 90.0 90.9 -1.0 0.3 -0.2 Plantains.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ZAIRE Coffee(green) 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.9 -1.0 0.9 -0.1 Palm oil.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... Maize 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.8 8.0 8.2 8.2 7.9 1.1 1.2 -0.1 Rice 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.0 0.2 0.3 -0.8 Cassava 70.0 80.7 80.0 80.0 78.1 77.2 77.5 81.1 80.3 79.4 78.6 0.1 -0.3 -0.1 Plantains.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ZAMBIA Seed Conon 5.0 4.8 6.6 4.3 7.3 7.8 6.7 5.6 5.1 4.8 5.1 -5.5 -4.3 -0.3 Tobacco leaves 10.4 8.7 17.8 4.4 5.1 6.7 8.3 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.9 3.6 11.3 0.3 Sunflower 9.2 4.5 2.9 0.5 5.4 6.6 6.5 5.6 3.8 3.6 5.1 -2.5 6.9 3.5 Maize 16.9 14.3 17.1 7.3 25.2 15.0 14.2 20.9 14.8 15.6 14.3 0.8 -6.4 -0.1 Wheat 40.7 43.9 43.8 43.3 40.1 43.0 50.0 55.8 66.2 56.7 74.8 -2.7 -5.1 2.2 Cassava 50.0 50.4 51.8 50.9 51.7 50.0 49.2 51.7 50.1 49.5 50.0 0.5 -0.2 -0.1 ZIMBABWE Tobaccoleaves 19.5 21.7 24.9 24.3 21.9 24.6 24.2 24.2 22.0 26.3 21.0 1.4 1.2 0.1 Seed Cotton 17.5 8.2 7.8 2.7 8.6 7.8 4.6 9.2 8.9 9.2 8.3 0.8 -3.4 0.6 Sugarcane 1,031.2 955.2 1,027.2 89.3 597.8 1,072.5 1,109.7 905.1 1,081.6 962.2 1,083.0 1.8 -0.8 1.5 Maize 13.4 17.2 14.4 4.1 16.3 16.6 6.0 17.0 13.4 11.6 10.5 -3.4 -14.4 -1.0 Wheat 49.7 58.2 56.4 48.3 70.3 56.1 20.8 54.9 51.7 53.8 56.1 1.9 0.0 -0.2 * The Bank least square methodology was used to compute the average annual percentage growth. Notes: The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: Cotton, seed cotton Groundnuts, unshelled Coffee, green or roasted Rice, paddy Cloves, whole Cocoa, beans Tobacco, leaves Sunflower, seeds I hectogram = 100 grams = 3.527 oz. Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles. For livestock "yield", see Table 8-6. Food Output by Major Crops. Agriculture 237 8-14. Incidence of drought D=Sign i/i cant shortage of rain 1986 1987 -1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 /998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Africa . . . excluding South Africa & Nigeria .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Botswana D D . .. . .. D . .. D Burkina Faso . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. D Cameroon D. . . . . . . . . . D Cape Verde .. . . . . . . D D . .. D D Central African Republic . . . . . Chad .. . . . . . . D .. D D D Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . ... _Co_ngo. D-emocratic-Rep. of.. . .. . Congo, Republic of.. . .. . Met dilvoire ... . .. D Djibouti.. . Equatorial Guinea . . . .. Eritrea . .. . .. . .. D D Ethiopia .. D D .. . D D .. D . .. D Gambia, The.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . Kenya ... . . . D D .. . . D D Lesotho . .. . .. . .. D . .. D Madagascar.. . . . .. . .. . .. . Malawi . .. . .. . .. D .. D D .. D D Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mozambique D. . . . . . . . D . .. D Nanmibia . .. . .. . .. D . .. D Niger .. D . .. D . .. . .. D D D Rwanda .. . . . . . . . . D D .. D Sao Tom6 and Principe.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Seychelles . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone.. . .. . .. . .. . ... South Africa . .. . .. . .. D . .. D .. D Sudan .. D . D D ..D . . 0 . D Swaziland .. D . .. . .. D . .. D Tanzania . .. . . . .. D . . . .. D D Zamnbia .. . . . . D D D .. D D Zimbabwe . .. . . . .. D .. D D NORTH AFRICA . . . .* Algeria . .. D D .. . D D D . D Egypt, Arab Republic.. . Libya.. . .. . Morocco .. . . . . . . . . D .. D Tunisia D .. D 0D . . . . . D ALL AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 238 Figure 8-1. Food price index, 1998* (Index, average 1995 I100) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Nigeri Z-nbin - Zimababwselll r in Taasania l- Malawi Chana- Alpena- Botasrna Madagnscar- Kenya Chad - South Africa - Namibia- Beain - Egypt, Arab Rep. Burkina Fn - Tanisma l Lesatho l Congo Gabon Uganda_ Central Afncan Repablic Mauritius M.racca _ Gansbia, The ; Senegal Gainea Bunundi Ethiopia * Or most recent year available. o~~~~~~~~~t .0 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 - a - a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" 240 Figure 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 1999* Food** Nonfood (index, average 1989-91 = 100) (index, average 1989-91 = 100) 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 3 9~~~~~iD To noad P.brlnd *I Ch.d Nignolo Egypt, Aib Rep. rGob B__ o.kb F_ _ CSoooI Af_- Rp.bi. tt Sorted by food production.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~yionin Caft-.dI... 4.11 C.--- Edlhopi. Cor.., Ugood. G.b.. M.dp.1... Zinilb.bn K.oy. Sood, Afrion BqtOnI1 ob. NoooIbio Congo,D.oo.-.tI R.p.bI Si....Lon *Or most recent year available. **Sorted by food production. 241 Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports, 1998* (million of U.S. dollars) 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 South Africl C6te d'voire i__________ 2001 Zimbabwre - 20 Kenya - Morocco Ghana - Sudan Tunis ia Ethiopia Nigeria Cameroon Egypt, Armb Rep. Uganda Mouriius TanzdanXia Malawi Swziland Mali Na.mibia Blenin Chad Tog Burkna Fao Botbwana Coago, Dl-crtic Republic _ Algeoia Burundi Somalia Senegal Zambia M-zabiqune Guin.e Niger Mauritania Rwanda Central African Republic Gui-ea-Dissau Liberia Congo Sierm Leone Gambia, The Gabon Lesotho Angola Equatorial Guinea Sao Toin and Principe Eritre Seychelles *Or most recent year available. 242 Figure 8-5. Drought, 1980-1998 (number of years in period) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ethiopia Cape Verde Botswana Zambia Malawi Niger Chad Sudan Zimbabwe Algeria Kenya Mozambique Tanzania Burundi Ghana Lesotho Rwanda Swaziland Tunisia Burkina Faso Cameroon Mali Senegal South Africa Central Afri Republic Cite dIvore Eritrea Mauritania Namibia SAo Tome and Principe Somalia Morocco Mauritius Togo Uganda __ __ Agriculture 243 Technical notes Tables through X4 for export crops; Fl through F3 for traded food crops; and NTI and NT2 for nontraded staple Table 8-1. Nominal producer prices. Data on nomi- food crops. The categorization is consistent across nal producer prices are compiled from the FAO. In countries, but the numbering of crops within catego- general, the figures reflect the average annual price ries in each country depends on which crops are most received by farmers in the most important producing important. regions. But given the wide regional and seasonal Where commodities may be marketed in several dif- variation and the lack of precision in recording spe- ferent forms, the form is generally specified (for in- cifics about prices quoted, the data should be inter- stance, shelled or unshelled groundnuts). When not preted only as a rough indication of price levels for specified, the form of the commodity is the most com- an entire country during an entire year. mon (for instance, shelled and dried maize). Where Unlike ADI 1992, because of lack of recent infor- commodities are graded, an average grade has been mation, this volume does not differentiate between used unless otherwise specified. official producer prices and farmgate prices. In most cases they happen to be the same. Table 8-2. Food price index. This is a subindex of Crop years for most countries span parts of two cal- the consumer price index. It reflects the cost to the endar years; planting takes place in the first calendar average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of food year, while harvest and marketing take place at the (IMF, IFS). end of the first and beginning of the second year. For consistency, producer prices are listed corresponding Table 8-3. Food production index. These indexes to the calendar year during which planting decisions are based on 169 commodities that provide calories are made. For example, producer prices for the crop when consumed (FAO data). Some of these (such as year 1987/88 are listed as 1987. cottonseed, cocoa, and vanilla) are not, however, a For each country, up to four exports crops and five significant part of African diets, but are produced pri- food crops are included, which represent the most marily for export. important commodities for that country in terms of value of total production during the early 1980s. The Table 8-4. Nonfood production index. Data in this food crops include up to three cereals of "traded" table are derived from 29 products that are not con- grains (those commonly imported or exported) and sidered nutritious, including coffee, rubber, cotton lint, up to two "nontraded" staples, generally roots and and tobacco leaves (FAO data). tubers, which are not normally imported or exported by African countries. In the table, these categories of Table 8-5. Food production per capita index. These crops are designated by the following symbols: XI are derived as the ratio of the food production index 244 Agriculture (Table 8-3) and estimated total midyear population Table 8-14. Incidence of drought. This is the only figures (Table 1-2). indicator in this chapter based on subjective consid- erations. Data on rainfall levels from other sources Table 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food are usually presented to suit different purposes, with- crop. The table covers, with only a few differences, out considering seasonal and regional characteristics the same major food crops as presented in Table 8-1, of the producing regions. A low rainfall level might excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and not harm agricultural production, if it did not adversely tobacco. Included also are figures for livestock, which affect the regions where the main crops are produced, represent the combined total head of cattle, sheep, whereas an average rainfall level might be associated goats, pigs, horses, asses, and mules, and figures for with difficulties in the producing regions, due to de- the total head of rabbits (FAO data). Jay, for example. Therefore, simply presenting the annual rainfall levels would not necessarily enrich the Table 8-7. Value of agricultural exports. Value of agricultural data. agricultural exports is expressed in current U.S. dol- For each country, a binary classification was thus lars at f.o.b. prices (FAO data). created. A "D" was assigned to a country if a signifi- cant shortage of rain unfavorably affected its agricul- Table 8-8. Cereal production. This refers to crops tural production. For normal or average rainfall, the harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested standard sign was given, as in the cases of insuffi- for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage cient information or "not applicable." (Specialists who and those used for grazing are excluded (FAO data). work on the relevant countries were surveyed, as well as World Bank agricultural and environmental experts. Table 8-9. Crop production index. Shows agricul- In addition, the Federal Early Warning System project tural production for each year relative to the base pe- of the U.S. Agency for International Development riod 1989-91. It includes all crops except fodder crops provided information for 1993-94 for about half of (FAO data). the countries listed.) Tables 8-10 and 8-11. Fertilizer use and imports. Figures Figures are in metric tons and represent the aggregate of nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash fertilizers (FAO The following indicators have been used to derive the database for Fertilizer Yearbook). figures in this chapter. Table 8-12. Area under permanent crops. Reflects Figure 8-1. Food price index (Table 8-2). land under permanent crops as defined and reported by THE FAO. Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index (Table 8-5). Table 8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop. This table follows closely the selection of commodities of Figure 8-3. Food production index (Table 8-3); non- Table 8-1. Units are in thousands of hectograms food production index (Table 8-4). (which are equivalent to hundreds of kilograms) per hectare. Most of the data come from the database for Figure 8-4. Agricultural exports (Table 8-7). the FAO Production Yearbook, with additional infor- mation from World Bank agricultural sector reports. Figure 8-5. Drought (Table 8-14). Agriculture 245 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 8 Aggregationsa Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (2) 8-1 x 8-2 x x 8-3 x x 8-4 x 8-5 x x 8-6 x x 8-7 x x 8-8 x x 8-9 x x 8-10 x x 8-11 x x 8-12 x x 8-13 x x 8-14 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, gmwth rate if the rest is shown as gmwth rate); (2) least-squares grwth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). -~~~ Power, Communications, and Transportation T his chapter provides data on the power, com- ing time for telephone lines is the highest of any other munications, and transportation sectors of the geographical region. Data on telecommunications are economy. from the International Telecommunications Union's An adequate and reliable supply of power is a vital (ITU) World Telecommunications Development Re- ingredient for the economic development of African port (1996). countries. This chapter presents information on elec- In addition to power and communication, countries tric power production and distribution losses. Data must have a solid transportation sector to underpin are from the International Energy Agency's (IEA's) expansion of their economies and ensure support to Energy Statistics and Balances ofNon-OECD Coun- the activities of households, producers, and govern- tries, 1993-94 (1997). ment. This chapter presents data on vehicle use, roads, Telecommunications are also an essential ingredi- and railway traffic. Data are from the World Bank ent of a modern economy. In this chapter telephone databases and from the International World Road main lines represent the supply side of the system, Federation's World Road Statistics (1996). which in Africa is well short of demand. In fact, wait- 246 Power, Communications, and Transportation 247 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita Million KWH Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MWR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 427.7 445.9 441.1 432.5 439.3 430.1 437.9 442.3 446.6 407.6 447.3 439.5 excluding South Aftica 133.0 122.8 126.2 126.2 130.1 127.1 125.0 126.1 125.8 128.0 129.9 126.2 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 157.3 140.1 142.9 141.4 143.4 141.7 140.3 141.7 141.8 151.9 146.9 141.7 Angola 67.2 60.3 65.3 64.1 62.1 60.4 58.8 61.0 63.9 74.9 67.1 62.0 Benin 29.7 36.7 38.7 41.2 41.7 42.3 45.1 48.0 43.2 29.5 34.8 42.1 Botswana . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Cameroon 155.5 204.3 197.9 194.5 196.9 172.6 165.1 170.9 180.7 179.5 215.6 185.4 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . . . . Comoros.. . . . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of 147.3 121.8 131.7 130.4 147.4 144.9 132.0 129.6 120.4 138.8 136.1 132.3 Congo, Republic of 94.1 254.1 236.3 224.5 220.3 216.5 212.8 204.7 197.2 100.0 202.1 220.8 C6tedIlvoire 191.6 158.0 149.6 81.4 139.6 140.3 170.5 174.3 181.3 166.4 164.9 149.4 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia 16.2 21.4 21.1 20.4 19.4 22.7 22.1 21.5 21.4 16.3 18.0 21.3 Gabon 617.9 806.3 784.8 762.5 747.4 754.4 736.8 742.2 752.2 603.3 942.4 760.8 Garnbia, The . . . . . . . . . Ghana 423.5 300.5 309.7 323.4 329.9 305.1 283.5 274.9 275.8 335.9 260.7 300.3 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 92.5 114.7 116.2 116.6 119.8 121.8 121.8 127.2 128.7 90.1 105.9 120.9 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Mauritania . . . . . . . . . --Mo-zambi-q ue . 34.0 35.1 48.3 46.2 46.2 41.3 44.1 40.7 46.8 42.4 32.8 43.6 Nigeria 68.2 77.1 81.6 85.5 95.3 88.8 84.8 85.3 84.0 64.6 84.9 85.3 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . S8o Tomd and Principe . . . . . . . . . Senegal 93.7 93.6 96.4 95.7 102.4 97.8 103.8 103.3 107.2 87.4 96.2 100.0 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . SiegTa Leone . . . . . . . . . South Affica 3,212.9 3,676.0 3,618.2 3,548.1 3,581.3 3,530.7 3,659.8 3,723.2 3,800.2 3,037.2 3,555.5 3,642.2 Sudan 35.3 52.3 50.6 50.8 48.8 50.8 50.5 51.4 48.5 37.3 49.4 50.5 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . Tanzania 36.8 51.2 54.4 53.2 51.4 50.7 54.7 58.8 54.3 35.4 41.7 53.6 Uganda . . . . . . . . . Zambia 1,015.7 502.8 651.8 623.4 606.2 589.5 574.3 560.0 562.9 1,058.2 807.9 583.9 Zimbabwe 990.4 932.9 829.6 900.2 787.3 824.0 849.1 893.7 918.8 955.4 929.3 866.9 NORTH AFRICA 362.8 675.9 692.6 696.6 715.8 737.1 752.3 745.7 772.9 352.0 601.0 723.6 Algeria 265.3 449.2 467.6 464.2 508.7 509.8 516.9 526.3 570.8 259.8 399.9 501.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 379.9 697.1 722.7 721.1 743.2 765.5 792.5 772.4 803.4 377.8 606.0 752.2 Libya 1,588.2 3,804.3 3,707.0 3,649.7 3,576.2 3,661.8 3,623.9 3,581.7 3,504.6 1,505.7 3,643.7 3,638.7 Morocco 222.8 339.8 355.4 380.9 377.1 398.1 403.7 408.4 423.3 212.1 299.2 385.8 Tunisia 379.2 531.5 543.1 571.8 607.7 646.2 663.7 673.5 709.2 323.6 459.5 618.3 ALL AFRICA 412.5 498.2 498.1 492.0 501.6 498.9 507.9 509.4 518.3 394.4 482.6 503.0 248 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-2. Energy production and use Energy production Commercial energy use Electric power transmission (KT oil equivalent) (KT oil equivalent) and distribution losses (%/ of output) 1980 1997 1980 1997 1980 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 319,801 517,698 203,560 324,252 excluding South Africa 246,632 375,724 138,143 213.266 excl. S. Africa& Nigeria 98,153 184,417 85,297 126,777 Angola 11,301 41,616 4,437 7,147 25 28 Benin 1,212 1,909 1.363 2,240 220 76 Botswana .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. Burundi Cameroon 6,707 12,108 3,676 6,183 7 20 Cape Verde .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of 8,697 14,364 8,706 13,711 8 3 Congo, Republic of 3,970 13,546 845 1,206 1 1 C6te d'lvoire 0 0 0 0 7 16 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. Eritrea Ethiopia 10,588 15,610 11,157 17,429 8 1 Gabon 9,441 19,786 1,493 1,668 1 10 Gambia, The .. .. .. Ghana 3,305 5,545 4,027 7,270 0 0 Guinea Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. Kenya 7,891 11,641 9,791 14,527 16 17 Lesotho Liberia Madagascar .. .. .. Malawi Mali Mauritania' Maurinus .. .. .. Mozambique 7,413 6,441 8,074 6,863 39 31 Namibia Niger Nigeria 148,479 191,307 52,846 86,489 36 32 Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. Senegal 1,046 1,655 1,921 2,822 11 17 Seychelles .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. Somalia South Africa 73,169 141,974 65,417 110,986 8 8 Sudan 7,089 13,057 8,406 14,899 14 31 Swaziland .. .. .. Tanzania 9,502 13,529 10,280 14,660 14 14 Togo Uganda Zambia 4,198 5,556 4,551 6.088 7 11 Zimbabwe 5,793 8,053 6,570 10,065 9 13 NORTH AFRICA 205,303 270,225 43,937 97,650 Algeria 66,741 126,400 12,089 26,506 11 15 Egypt, Arab Republic 34,168 57,732 15,970 41,798 13 12 Libya 96,550 78,494 7,193 12,420 Morocco 877 837 4,778 9,344 10 4 Tunisia 6,966 6,761 3,907 7,582 12 11 ALL AFRICA 525,103 787,923 247.497 421,903 Power, Communications, and Transportation 249 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1994-98 Telephones Radios Television Mainlines Waiting list Average cost of call Mobile phones sets (per 1,000 persons) (Thousands) USS per three minutes (per 1,000 persons) (per 1,000 persons) (per 1,000 persons) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11 1,440 5 198 52 excluding South Africa 5 1,303 .. 1 190 46 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 5 1,213 .. I 181 41 Angola 5 0.14 1 54 14 Benin 5 3 0.12 1 108 10 Botswana 41 12 0.03 15 156 20 BurkinaFaso 3 0.10 0 33 9 Burundi 3 5 0.03 0 71 4 Cameroon 5 45 0.06 0 163 32 Cape Verde 56 10 0.04 3 180 5 Central African Republic 2 0 0.20 0 83 5 Chad I 1 0.17 0 242 1 Comoros 9 .. 0.17 0 138 4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1 6 . 0 375 135 Congo, Republic of 8 1 0.12 1 124 12 C6te d'lvoire 9 82 0.11 6 164 70 Djibouti 13 0 0.19 0 84 45 Equatorial Guinea 6 .. .. 1 429 162 Eritrea 5 42 0.03 0 91 14 Ethiopia 3 207 0.03 0 195 5 Gabon 29 10 0.15 8 183 55 Gambia, The 18 22 0.32 4 168 3 Ghana 4 28 0.09 1 238 99 Guinea 2 2 0.10 3 47 41 Guinea-Bissau 9 1 0.14 0 44 Kenya 9 77 0.05 0 104 21 Lesotho 9 9 0.03 5 49 25 Liberia .. 2 .. 0 274 24 Madagascar 2 10 0.09 1 192 21 Malawi 3 31 0.03 1 249 2 Mali 2 .. 0.14 0 54 12 Mauritania 4 1 0.10 0 151 91 Mauritius 132 23 0.04 53 368 226 Mozambique 4 17 0.04 0 40 5 Namibia 51 7 0.05 12 144 37 Niger I 1 0.15 0 69 27 Nigeria 4 98 0.26 0 223 66 Rwanda 2 .. 0.04 1 102 0 Sao Tome and Principe 19 1 0.02 0 275 227 Senegal 10 17 0.13 2 142 41 Seychelles 176 2 0.16 49 545 149 Sierra Leone 4 14. 0.04 0 253 13 Somalia 2 .. .. 0 46 13 South Africa 100 116 0.07 56 317 125 Sudan 3 320 0.02 0 271 87 Swaziland 22 15 0.14 5 164 111 Tanzania 3 37 0.09 1 279 21 Togo 5 13 0.10 2 218 18 Uganda 2 6 0.18 1 128 27 Zambia 9 12 0.06 1 121 137 Zimbabwe 14 109 0.03 4 93 30 NORTH AFRICA 47 2,187 .. 2 278 131 Algeria 42 732 0.02 1 241 105 Egypt, Arab Republic 9 12 0.06 1 121 122 Libya 14 109 0.03 4 93 126 Morocco 42 732 0.02 1 241 160 Tunisia 47 1,310 0.01 1 324 198 ALLAFRICA 18 2,338 . 5 212 66 250 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-4. Vehicle ownership Units per 1 000 persons Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHAR.AN AFRICA 23 24 24 26 22 23 22 ... . 23 excluding South Afiica .. 9 1 5 1 5 16 14 1 5 15 ... . 14 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria .. 9 10 10 I11 1 1 1 2 12 I... .I1 Angola .. 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 ... . 20 Benin .. 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 ... .6 Botswana 27 19 23 28 33 36 41 45 .. 27 .. 32 Burkina Faso .. 4 4 S 5 5 5 5 ... .5 Burundi .. 0 -. -. . .. .. .. . . 0 Camneroon 8 1 0 10 10 I I 1 1 12 1 2 ..8 .. 1 Cape Vcrde .. 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 ... .9 Central Afiican Republic 8 *. I I 1 I I 0 1 8 I. Chad 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 ... .6 Comoros 10 12 13 14 17 is 21 .... ..5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 22 25 28 28 29 30 31 ... . 27 Congo, Republic of .. s1 19 19 20 19 20 20 1.. . 9 C6te dlvoire 24 23 24 26 27 27 28 28 .. 24 .. 26 Djibouti .. 16 1 7 1 8 19 19 20 21 ... . 1 8 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 4 4 4 4 4 54 Eritrea . I I I I 1 2 2 ..I. . Ethiopia 2 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 2 2 1 1 Gabon .. 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 ... . 28 Gambia, The .. 14 14 IS 15 16 16 1 7 ... . 15 Ghana .. . . . . 8 7 7" ... . 7 Guinea .. 4 4 S 5 5 5 5 ... .5 Guinea-Bissau .. 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 ... .9 Kenya 8 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 ..8 12 14 Lesotho 10 I11 12 13 14 15 16 17 .. 10 .. 14 Liberia I IS5 14 13 12 13 12 12 ..I .. 13 Madagascar .. 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 ... . Malawi 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 ..5 ..4 Mali .. 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 ... .4 Mauritania .. 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 ... . I I Mauritius 44 60 63 68 71 75 79 83 84 44 54 75 Mozamnbique .. 4 4 S 5 3 2 1 ... .3 Namibia .. 71 85 74 79 82 81 82 ... . 79 Niger 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 ..6 5 6 Nigeria 4 .. 33 32 32 24 28 26 ..4 .. 29 Rwanda 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 ..2 1 3 Sso Tome and Principe .. 35 36 36 38 39 41 42 ... . 38 Senegal 19 1 1 1 1 12 13 13 13 14 .. 19 .. 13 Seychelles .. 102 103 106 107 116 116 123 ... . 110 Sierra Leone .. 10 10 11 11 11 9 6 ... 10 10 Somalia .. 2 2 I I I I I ....I South Africa 133 160 132 132 157 134 132 121 .. 133 160 138 Sudan .. 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 ... . 10 Swaziland 52 72 77 70 64 62 66 68 66 52 63 68 Tanzania 3 5 4 S 5 5 5 5 ..3 ..5 Togo . 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 ... 1 25 Uganda 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 ..I ..3 Zambia .. 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 ... . 19 Zimbabwe . . . . 31 31 31 31 ... . 31 NORTHiAFRICA .. 32 32 33 34 45' 49 48 ... 38 39 Algeria .. . . . . 54 53 52 ... 54 53 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 26 27 27 -26 28 28 30 ... 26 27 Libya .. . . . . 148 259 209 ... . 206 Morocco .. 37 38 41 43 46 48 48 ... . 43 Tunisia 38 48 50 51 52 60 60 64 .. 38 62 55 ALL AFRICA .. 25 25 25 27 26 28 27 ... . 26 Power, Communications, and Transportation 251 9-5. Road-to-population ratio Road 1000 kmn/I million persons Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.3 2.5 . .. 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.4 .. 3.3 3.1 2.5 excluding South Africa 3.1 2.2 . .. 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 .. 3.1 2.8 2.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3.5 2.6 . .. 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 .. 3.5 3.3 2.6 Angola 10.3 7.9 .. 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 11.1 9.0 6.9 Benin 2.1 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 .. 2.1 1.6 1.3 Botswana 9.1 7.0 . .. 13.2 12.9 12.5 12.4 .. 11.7 9.8 11.6 Burkina Faso 1.1 . .. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 .. 1.7 1.2 1.2 Burundi 1.2 1.2 .. 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 1.8 0.6 2.2 Camneroon 7.2 6.1 . .. 2.7 2.7 2.6 . .. 6.6 5.5 3.5 Cape Verde . .. . .. 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 ... . 2.9 Central African Republic 9.8 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 .. 9.8 7.9 7.6 Chad 6.0 4.7 . .. 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 .. 6.6 5.3 4.9 Conmoros .. . . 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 .. 2.3 .. 1.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 5.4 .. 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 .. 5.4 4.6 3.6 Congo, Republic of 5.0 .. 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 .. 5.5 4.5 5.2 COte dIlvoire 5.0 4.2 . .. 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 .. 5.6 4.8 3.9 Djibouti .. 5.6 5.4 .. 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 .. 7.6 6.7 5.1 Equatorial Guinea . .. . .. 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 .. 5.2 .. 7.1 Ethiopia 1.0 0.5 0.5 .. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 .. 0.9 0.7 0.5 Gabon 10.2 .. 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.8 .. 10.9 9.3 7.2 Gambia, The 3.4 2.6 . .. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 .. 3.0 4.2 2.4 Ghana 3.0 2.6 . .. 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 .. .2.8 2.7 2.3 Guinea 5.4 . .. 2.6 0.0 4.7 4.6 4.5 .. 4.2 5.8 3.3 Guinea-Bissau . .. . .. 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 .. 4.7 .. 4.0 Kenya 3.1 2.6 2.6 .. 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 3.2 3.0 2.5 Lesotho 3.0 . .. 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 .. 2.7 2.7 2.7 Liberia 2.9 2.4 . .. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 .. 3.9 3.2 3.5 Madagascar 5.7 .. 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 .. 4.8 4.0 3.5 Malawi 1.7 3.2 . .. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.8 Mali 2.0 1.7 1.7 .. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 .. 2.1 1.8 1.6 Mauritania 4.7 3.6 . .. 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 .. 4.7 4.1 3.4 Mauritius 1.8 1.7 1.7 .. 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.7 Mozambique 2.9 2.5 . .. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 .. 3.3 2.0 2.0 Namibia .. 28.7 . .. 42.8 42.2 41.0 39.9 39.0 . .. 38.9 Niger 2.8 1.5 . .. 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. 2.4 2.7 1.3 Nigeria 1.5 1.2 . .. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 .. 1.5 1.3 1.5 Rwanda 2.1 1.9 . .. 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 .. 1.7 1.9 2.1 S8o Tomd and Principe . .. . .. 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 ... . 2.4 Senegal 2.5 2.0 . .. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 .. 2.4 2.2 1.8 Seychelles . .. . .. 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 ... . 3.6 Sierra Leone 2.4 . .. 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 Somalia 2.9 2.8 . .. 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 .. 3.5 3.3 2.7 South Africa 6.7 5.3 5.1 .. . . 8.5 . .. 7.1 5.5 6.3 Sudan 0.5 0.4 . .. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. 0.7 0.4 0.4 Swaziland 5.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.1 4.1 .. 5.1 4.4 3.7 Tanzania 2.5 .. 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 .. 2.5 3.8 2.7 Togo 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 .. 2.8 2.3 2.0 Uganda 2.1 1.8 .. 1.7 .. . . . . 2.1 2.0 1.7 Zambia 6.3 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.4 5.3 5.6 Zimbabwe 12.0 . .. 8.9 8.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 .. 12.0 9.4 4.5 NORTHiAFRICA 2.1 .. 1.9 1.6 2.5 . .. . .. 2.1 1.6 2.0 Algeria 3.9 .. 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 .. 4.1 3.6 3.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 . .. . .. 0.7 0.7 0.9 Libya . .. . .. 16.5 16.5 16.4 4.8 ... . 13.6 Morocco 3.0 .. 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.1 Tunisia 3.7 .. . . 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 .. 3.4 3.6 2.5 AiLL AFRICA 3.1 2.3 . .. 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.5 .. 3.1 2.9 2.6 252 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-6. Paved primary roads Percent in Percentage of roads good condition 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1989 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16.5 16.4 17.1 16.0 15.8 19.0 11.8 39 excluding South Africa 16.5 16.4 17.1 15.5 15.8 19.0 49.4 39 excl. S. Africa &Nigeria 16.0 15.8 16.1 15.0 15.0 13.7 49.4 41 Angola. 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Benin 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 . 13 Botswana 19.9 21.1 22.2 23.3 23.5 ...94 Burkina Faso 17.6 18.2 18.7 16.0 ... .70 Burundi 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 ... .75 Cameroon 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 ... .25 Cape Verde 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 ... .14 Central African Republic . .. 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.7 30 Chad 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 . Comoros 72.1 73.5 75.0 76.5 ... .43 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. . . . .. .20 Congo, Republic of 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 so..5 C6te dIlvoire 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 ...75 Djibouti 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 ...51 Equatorial Guinea .. . . . .. .27 Eritrea 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 Ethiopia 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 ...47 Gabon 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 ...30 Gamnbia, The 33.3 34.0 34.6 35.3 35.4 ...22 Ghana 23.5 23.9 24.4 24.9 24.1 ...28 Guinea 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.5 ...50 Guinea-Bissau 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.3 ...39 Kenya 13.8 14.3 13.6 13.8 13.9 ...32 Lesotho 16.0 15.0 15.0 17.9 17.9 ...53 Liberia 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 ...85 Madagascar 15.4 1.5 18.7 11.5 11.6 ...56 Malawi 17.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 ..56 Mali 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.1 ...70 Mauritania 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 ...58 Mauritius 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 96.0 95 Mozambique 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.7 ...19 Namibia 10.9 7.3 7.9 7.9 8.2 8.3 Niger . .. 7.9 7.9 7.9 ...67 Nigeria 30.0 30.0 21.3 18.8 18.8 30.9 ..34 Rwanda 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.1 ...41 SAo Tom4 and Principe 64.1 65.4 66.7 68.0 68.1 Senegal 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.5 29.3 ...28 Seychelles 59.1 60.3 61.5 62.8 62.9 Sierra Leone 11.0 11.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 ..62 Somalia 11.5 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 ...52 South Africa .. . . 41.5 ... 11.8 Sudan 33.7 34.5 35.4 36.2 36.3 ...27 Swaziland 58.6 59.8 28.2 .... 35 Tanzania 37.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 ...39 Togo 31.0 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 ...75 Uganda to. . .. . .1 Zambia 17.3 17.6 18.0 ......40 Zimbabwe 16.0 17.0 54.9 48.0 47.4 ...70 NORTH AFRICA 66.0 66.7 68.0 68.9 78.1 52.3 52.3 Algeria 66.0 66.7 68.0 68.9... Egypt, Arab Republic 73.0 72.0 75.0 78.0 78.1 . Libya 53.8 54.9 56.0 57.1... Morocco 49.5 49.6 50.2 50.2 50.2 52.3 52.3 Tunisia 74.6 76.0 77.4 78.8 78.9 . ALL AFRICA 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.3 17.9 22.0 32.0 39 Power, Communications, and Transportation 253 9-7. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio Ton-kmn per million of $PPP GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1993 1996 1997 7S-84 85-89 90-MR SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa.. . .. . excl. S.Africa & Nigeria.. . Botswana . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Burundi.. .. . Cameroon 60,200 37,699 32,480 34,159 29,663 38,283 3-8,7 11 27,318 37,719 57,898 37,959 34,504 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. .* . Chad.. . .. . .*. .. Comoros . . . .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of 52,689 32,460 .. . . 4,367 .. . . 48,570 35,919 18,413 Congo, Republic of . . 189,871 109,802 82,885 73,671 .. . . 230,730 221,938 114,057 C8te dIlvoire 54,623 15,674 14,590 13,648 8,451 8,507 13,829 .. 19,827 47,220 33,751 13,504 Equatorial Guinea . . . Ethiopia . .. 2,120 . .. . . . .. 8,510 5,540 2,120 Gabon 8,327 . .. 51,885 57,461 55,195 72,779 .. 67,137 17,872 41,887 60,892 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . Ghana 10,710 6,191 .. . . . . . . 8,391 6,675 6,191- Guinea . . . .. .. Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 216,646 80,740 72,062 56,064 48,334 46,797 . .. 41,917 183,062 100,010 57,652 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 95,747 15,207 14,848 12,312 10,064 10,949 11,185 . .. 72,219 23,511 12,427 Mali 41,564 53,612 51,060 45,934 . . . .. 34,053 44,181 54,124 46,165 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mozambique . . . . . . . . . Namibia ..285,327 184,822 169,879 149,047 136,942 129,941 . . . .. 175,993 Niger.. . . . Nigeria 22,511 3,359 .. 608 .. I . .. 4,834 29,236 8,105 2,201 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . Sao Tome and Principe . . . Senegal 68,169 61,227 51,331 47,088 38,987 36,421 . .. 35,183 61,461 65,056 45,039 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . South Africa 609,747 362,402 328,050 305,387 302,050 293,411 283,262 . . 518,912 379,497 312,427 Sudan 154,698 .. 27,556 .. . . 43,190 ..41,113 99,855 44,524 37,286 Tanzania . . 77,249 79,689 93,304 78,787 94,859 .. 71,671 ..62,999 82,593 Uganda .. 13,470 10,717 8,524 8,743 12,436 12,350 .. 4,764 12,184 8,381 9,499 Zambia 351,669 81,810 162,157 148,206 142,220 87,920 62,092 66,938 57,858 325,335 244,573 101,150 Zimbabwe 610,603 215.462 192,362 212,313 198,217 143,980 153,978 148,660 140,231 489,214 299,577 175,650 NORT'H AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Algeria 42,086 23,449 23,288 -20,467 18,635 18,339 .. . . 38,704 28,224 20,836 Egypt, Arab Republic 46,354 21,444 23,448 19,895 23,046 24,774 . .. 20,062 41,780 34,850 22,111 Morocco 114,590 67,356 53,917 60,804 53,023 49,847 51,939 .. 49,613 108,853 79,160 55,214 Tunisia 105,521 52,684 49,112 48,088 45,889 48,270 47,829 .. 42,976 90,924 72,243 47,835 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-8. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio Million rail ton-km/locomotive Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20.5 18.5 16.8 .. 19.1 .. . . 14.9 15.2 18.7 excluding South Africa - excl. S.Afirica & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . Botswana . .. . .. . .. . .. 19.9 . .. 19.9 Burkina Faso .. . . . . . . 18.0 24.9 . .. 21.4 Cameroon 10.9 10.1 8.9 9.6 8.6 12.4 13.3 10.0 14.2 9.8 8.4 10.9 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . .. . .. . Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Dcmocratic Rep. of 11.7 11.2 .. . . 1.0 . .. 1.7 12.0 11.5 4.6 Congo, Republic of . .. 14.8 9.4 .. 5.8 . .. 3.0 11.3 9.4 8.3 C6te dIlvoire 12.8 8.0 6.7 6.8 4.5 4.5 5.7 .. 17.4 12.3 12.3 7.7 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia . .. 2.3 .. . . . . . . 6.1 2.3 Gabon 2.1 . .. 4.8 5.2 5.3 7.6 .. 30.8 4.2 6.6 10.7 Gamnbia, The . . . . . . . . . Ghana .. 3.3 . .. . .. . .. ... 1.6 3.3 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 6.9 8.8 9.0 . .. . .. . .. 9.2 8.7 8.9 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi .. 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 . .. 3.5 1.9 1.2 Mali .. 7.8 7.8 7.9 . .. . .. 11.2 6.6 9.0 8.7 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mozanmbique . . . . . .. . .. 5.9 . .. 5.9 Namnibia .. 27.7 21.4 22.3 19.9 20.3 21.6 . ... .. 22.2 Nigeria 3.8 . .. 0.3 .. 0.0 .. . 5.0 2.5 0.2 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . Sio Tomt and Principe . . . . . . . . . Senegal 13.3 20.9 189.0 16.4 14.6 16.1 .. . . 14.3 18.0 17.2 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone .. . . . . . . 10.8 15.4 . .. 13.1 South Africa .. 25.4 23.6 22.6 25.8 26.4 26.9 . .. 18.2 20.5 25.1 Sudan 8.0 .. 4.5 .. . . 11.1 14.2 12.3 7.0 4.8 10.5 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . Tanzania . .. 11.7 11.4 13.9 12.2 14.9 .. 17.4 7.7 8.1 13.6 Uganda .. 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.3 3.5 4.1 .. 8.3 .. 1.5 3.7 Zambia 16.1 7.5 15.4 14.6 15.1 9.9 6.8 .. 7.2 17.2 21.1 10.9 Zimbabwe 21.7 13.6 14.0 16.0 17.5 27.9 27.5 . .. 20.7 20.0 19.4 NORT'H AFRICA 9.9 10.2 10.6 9.7 10.3 10.4 . .. 10.3 9.9 10.3 10.2 Algeria 9.8 12.2 12.5 10.7 11.1 10.8 . .. 7.7 10.9 13.6 10.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 3.9 3.7 6.1 3.6 4.9 4.9 . .. 5.1 3.7 3.8 4.7 Morocco 19.5 20.4 17.3 19.6 17.4 19.2 19.8 .. 22.3 19.1 20.3 19.4 Tunisia 13.9 9.3 9.3 10.3 14.0 12.7 13.4 .. 13.5 12.7- 10.4 11.8 ALL AFRICA .. 16.0 15.2 13.9 16.4 15.5 .. . . 12.9 13.9 15.4 Power, Communications, and Transportation 255 Technical notes Tables Table 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television avail- ability, 1994-97. This table presents data for six com- Table 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita. munication indicators. Telephone mainlines (ITU) This table refers to per capita electricity consumption, refer to telephone lines connecting a customer's equip- which means the production of power plants and com- ment to the public switched telephone network, where bined heat and power plants, less distribution losses, mainline is normally identified by a unique number. and own use by heat and power plants (IEA and UN Mainlines are presented for every 1,000 people (Table Energy Statistics Yearbook). 1.2). Waiting list shows the number of applications (in thousands) for a connection to a mainline that have Table 9-2. Energy production and use, 1980 and been held up by a lack of technical capacity (ITU). 1996. This table presents three indicators. Energypro- Cost of local call is the cost of a three-minute call duction refers to commercial forms of primary en- within the same exchange area using the subscriber's ergy-petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and equipment (that is, not from a public phone) (ITU). oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid Mobile phones refer to users of portable telephones fuels, and primary electricity-all converted into oil who subscribe to an automatic public mobile telephone equivalent (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook). service using cellular technology that provides access Commercial energy use is indigenous production plus to the public switched-telephone network, per 1,000 imports and stock changes, minus exports and inter- people (Table 1.2)(ITU). Radios are the estimated national marine bunkers (IEA and UN Energy Statis- number of radio receivers in use for broadcast to the tics Yearbook). Electric power transmission includes general public, per 1,000 people (Table 1.2) (UNESCO losses in transmission between sources of supply and Statistical Yearbook). Television sets are the estimated points of distribution and in the distribution to con- number of television sets in use, per 1,000 people sumers, including pilferage. Production less transmis- (Table 1.2) (ITU). sion and distribution losses, own-use, and transfor- mation losses is equal to end-use electricity consump- Table 9-4. Vehicle ownership. Vehicles (International tion (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook). Road Federation) include all forms of road transpor- tation, except buses. They are expressed as a ratio of 1,000 people (Table 1.2). 256 Power, Communications, and Transportation Table 9-5. Road-to-population ratio. This table pre- Table 9-7. Rail goods traffic-to-$ PPP GDP ratio. sents the ratio of 1,000 kilometers of paved or un- This measures the tonnage of goods per million dol- paved road (International Road Federation) per 1 mil- lars of GDP measured in PPP terms (World Bank lion people (Table 1.2). data). Table 9-6. Paved primary roads. This table presents Table 9-8. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio. This is the paved primary roads, that is, those that have been volume of rail transported goods (measured in mil- sealed with asphalt or similar road-bonding material lions of metric tons times kilometers traveled) per (International Road Federation) as a ratio to total roads single locomotive (World Bank data). and then shows the percentage that is in good condi- tion (World Bank data). Power, Communications and Transportation 257 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 9 Aggregationsa Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (1) 9-1 x x 9-2 Columns 1-4 x Columns 5-6 x 9-3 x Columns 1-2, 4-6 x Column 3 x 9-4 x x 9-5 x x x 9-6 x Columns 1-8 x Column 9 x 9-7 x x 9-8 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same county coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator, (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the sinmple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same seies as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 10 Privatization of Public Enterprises In the past, the dominance of the public enterprise sec- These include, for example, business centers, media, and tor in most African economies wanranted the collec- some training institutes. So, the public enterprise sector, tion and publication of the sector's performance. With as defined several years ago, has changed. Nevertheless, its diminishing size and importance due to privatization, the well over 3,000 privatization transactions that were it is no longer informative to produce such data. Instead, reported across Africa up to the end of 1998 have brought as privatization programs advance to maturity, it will about fundamental changes: become important to track the performance of private sector businesses. In the meantime, measurement of the * The fiscal burden of public enterprises has been re- level of privatization activity is a useful gauge of the duced or eliminated. decreasing role of govemments in commercial business; * Privatization receipts have contributed to a reduc- conversely, it indicates how much of state-owned com- tion in fiscal deficits. mercial activity has been transferred to the private sec- * Privatization has attracted foreign direct investment tor. To the extent that data is available, it is also possible both to acquire enterprises and for post-privatization to measure how privatization has, over time, contrib- investment in those businesses. uted to government revenues and mobilized savings and * The process has stimulated private sector develop- investment. However, this measurement is by no means ment by making investment opportunities available, easy or precise, partly because of incomplete and incon- spurring capital market development, and contrib- sistent data but also because of redefinitions of the pub- uting to a more competitive business environment. lic enterprise sector. For example, some enterprises, no- * Being a politically sensitive subject, the process has tably those formerly in a monopolistic position, are be- highlighted the need for transparency and public ing split in order to separate their commercial, social, accountability. developmental, and regulatory activities. In some cases, separate operating divisions or geographically distinct The tables presented in this chapter summarizes data assets are sold separately. And in yet other cases, com- contained in the World Bank's Africa Privatization Da- mercial and semi-commercial activities are being sepa- tabase which is accessible through the internet at: rated out from government ministries and other agen- cies to become redefined as "commercial enterprises." http://www.worldbank.orglafr/database/ afrpriv/plquery.cfin 258 Privatization of Public Enterprises 259 10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises Total Total Transactions completed Transactions by sector no. of sales Agric. trons- vatue Before prod. & Manu- actions (US$m.) 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 process Financial facturing Services Trode Other SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,387 7,352 1,538 482 426 241 125 82 715 145 1,025 736 321 445 excluding South Africa 3,374 4,891 1,535 482 425 239 122 79 715 145 1,020 728 321 445 exci. S. Africa &Nigeria 3,293 4,684 1,454 482 426 241 125 82 715 145 997 718 321 445 Angola 331 25 . .. 56 .. . . 9 . 29 9 9 275 Benin 46 63 39 5 . .. . .. 7 1 1 5 18 5 Botswana 40 .. . . . .. . .. . . . Burkina Faso .. 24 1 7 3 6 .. 2 4 9 4 1 6 9 2 Burundi 42 1 1 26 .. 13 3 . .. 21 4 6 9 2 Camneroon 48 72 13 3 23 5 4 .. 24 4 7 12 1 Cape Verde 46 172 13 9 tO 9 . . 8 3 17 1 4 4 Central African Republic 35 0 35 .. . . . . 4 9 14 Cliad 3 1 6 12 13 6 .. . . 9 5 6 8 3 Comoros 4 0 . .. . .. . .. . . . ..4 -Cong-o, Dem.-Rep.of 61 50 2 44 IS .. .. . 20 5 14 22 Congo, Rep. of 21 0 16 2 3 .. . . 3 1 6 10 1 C6te dIvoire 105 811 2!1 27 2 1 1 5 1 1 6 40 5 33 25 2 Equatorial Guinea 3 0 . . . .. . .. . ..3 Ethiopia 125 203 .. 9 . .. I .. . . 6 3 1 115 Gabon 26 0 .. . . I . .. . .. I . .. 25 Gambia, The 34 10 31 ..I . 1 8 4 9 8 5 Ghana 233 674 146 23 20 27 4 8 44 8 101 50 30 Guinea 117 9 112 4 .. I . .. 11 7 56 14 29 Guinea-Bissau 29 1 18 II . . . . 4 .. 6 14 5 Kenya 188 248 66 69 22 27 4 .. 71 12 59 39 7 Lesotho 21 24 2 7 .. 1 4 6 1 5 2 9 4 Madagascar 86 43 60 24 I. . . 3 4 33 14 4 Malawi 68 57 35 .. 8 5 5 12 37 5 14 9 .. 3 Mali 65 32 60 .. . . . . I 2 21 23 8 Mauritania 56 10 29 6 .. . . 2 21 6 7 18 3 1 Mozamnbique 579 _217 39-8-112 38 ~31 .. .. _75 2 256 120 -126 Niger 34 3 32 2 . .. . .. 2 2 5 4 3 18 Nigeria 81 207 81 .. . . . . 23 24 23 10 I Rwanda 2 0 .. . . . . . . I Sao Tomd and Principe 9 0 8 1 .. . . . . . I 3 Senegal 61 412 37 I II 4 4 1 7 - 11I 13 28f -2 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone 10 0 7 1 .. I . .. . .. 4 6 South Afi-ica 13 2,461 3 .. 1 2 3 3 . .. 5 8 Sudan 32 0- 32 .. . . . . I 1 8 11 I Tanzania 283 246 86 22 46 40 64 23 98 3 109 45 27 I Togo 57 39 25 1 18 9 2 1 8 1 24 23 1 Uganda 91 149 44 23 18 2 .. 3 19 5 29 26 12 Zambia 268 906 30 60 91 55 16 10 71 6 69 102 20 Zimbabwe 6 166 2 . .. 3 .. 3 1 1 1 NORTH AFRICA 142 595 27 17 27 30 40 1 13 0 58 53 _2 16 Egypt 54 307 .. 5 10 8 31 .. 5 34 8 1 6 Morocco 52 259 .. 12 17 16 6 1 4 10 28 .. 10 Tunisia 36 29 27 . . 6 3 .. 4 14 17 1 ALL AFRICA 3,529 7,946 1,565 499 453 271 165 83 728 145 1,083 789 323 - 4-61 260 Privatization of Public Enterprises 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 1999) Sales of shares Sale of assets Other methods- Corn- Pre- Compel- Debtl Algmt./ AMgmt. petit ive Direct enmption Public Liqui- itive Direct Equity Jointl emtployee con- Reslti- sale Sale rights flotation dation sale sale swaps Leases ventures buyouts tracts Trustees ution Other SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 937 83 177 103 631 535 40 13 142 37 35 56 l 9 51 528 excluding SoudthAfirica 928 83 177 102 631 535 40 13 142 37 35 56 1 9 5 1 526 excl. S. Africa &Nigeria 923 83 177 65 631 535 40 13 142 37 35 56 1 9 SI1 528 Angola .. . . . . 57 . .. . .. . .. * * 274 Benin 1 2 . .. 23 12 3 .. 2 ... 2 .. I Burkina Faso IS5 3 . .. 14 .. . . I . .I I I 4 Burundi II1 3 . .. 13 5 .. . . . 9 Cameroon 20 .. . 1 8 .. . . . . . . . . 10 Cape Verde 20 2 5 .. 10 I I .. . . 6 1 Central African Repub lic . .. . .. 26 . .. . I I .. I . .. 6 Chad 1 2 2 I.*. 1 I . . . . . . 5 I. . Congo,Dem. Rep. of I .. ..5 .. . . . . . Congo, Rep. of I .. 53 . .. . .. . .. 2 .. . Ct5te d'lvoire 1 5 2 23 22 2 25 8 .. 3 I . . . . 4 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea .. . . . . . . . . . .3 Eritrea . . . Gambia, The 13 7 * *. 3 1 . .. 5 1 1 1 . .. 2 Ghana 8 I 1 19 13 56 76 12 2 S 13 .. I . .. 5 Guinea 42 1 . .. 67 1 . .. 4 ... 2 Guinea-Bissau 7 2 . .. 8 2 . .. 2 1 . 7 .. 12 Kenya 13 .. 96 16 36 17 4 I . . I I . .. 3 Lesotho S 3 . 7 2 . .. I .. . . . . 3 Liberia Madagascar 6 14 . .. 29 15 6 I. 1 . 3 .. 8 3 Malawi 22 5 .. 2 .. 13 .. I . . . . 3 .. 22 Mauritania 25 .. . . 17 3 .. . . . . 1 3 .. 7 Mauritius Mozanmbique 509 . .. . .. 22 . .. 37 10 .. I Namoibia Nigeria 5 5 .. 37 2 29 . .. . .. I .. 2 Sao Tomd and Principe .. I . .. 6 .. . . . I I Senegal 26 1 1 2 23 1 .. 3 1 .. 1 2 I. Seychelles Sierra Leone .. . . . . . . 5 ... 3 . South Africa 9 .. * . I . . . . . . . . 2 Sudan 7 .. . .15 .. I .. . 4 Swaziland Tanzania 61 4 13 I 84 70 3 1 25 3 6 3 .. 2 5 Togo 8 7 . .. 20 13 1 .. 6 . .. 2 Uganda 10 .. 6 I i8 24 .. 2 1 4 1 .. 5 11 8 Zambia 37 6 14 4 22 109 2 .. 38 1 17 . .. 16 2 Zimbabwe I I .. 4 . NORTH AFRICA.. . .. . *. . Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA 937 83 177 103 631 535 40 13 142 37 35 56 19 51 528 Privatization of Public Enterprises 261 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes * Transfer of Government Government Sales Total majority owner- retention of retention of of minority Total asset Total ship to private majority minority government share sales and Other trans- shareholders ownership interest interest transactions liquidation transactions actions SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,025 220 294 200 1,300 1,206 881 3,387 excluding South Africa 2,022 214 294 200 1,290 1,205 879 3,374 _excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1,974 213 294 200 -1,243 1,174 876 3,293 Akngola 56 ... .0 57 274 331 Benin 41 3 1 ..3 38 5 46 Botswana ......0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 1 0 ..7 2 1 8 1 4 8 40 Burundi 30 I I1 I I 1 4 1 8 10 42 Cameroon 46 1 *..20 1 8 10 48 Cape Verde 28 2 6 5 27 12 7 46 Central African Republic 26 2 1 ..0 26 9 35 Chad 14 5 6 4 14 1 1 6 31 -Comoros ......0 0 -4 4- Congo, Dem. Rep. of 16 5 *..I 1 5 5 2 1 Congo, Rep, of 59 1 *..1 53 7 61 C6te dIlvoire 36 9 42 28 62 35 8 105 Djibouti ......0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea . ... 0 0 3 3 Eritrea ......0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 10 ... .0 10 115 125 Gabon ..I *..0 0 26 26 Gambia,The 16 7 6 6 20 4 10 34 Ghana 161 12 27 24 51 144 26 221 Guinea -90 9 ...43 68 6 117 Guinca-Bissau 20 9 *..9 10 22 41 Kenya 67 3 104 56 125 57 6 188 Lesotho I11 4 1 1 8 9 4 21 Liberia ......0 0 0 0 Madagascar 65 4 ...20 50 16 86 Malawi 33 ..6 5 29 13 26 68 Mali 52 1 3 3 15 41 9 65 Mauritania 23 3 19 16 25 20 11 56 Mauritius ... .. 0 0 0 0 Mozambique 460 43 *.. 509 22 48 579 Nanmibia ......0 0 0 0 Niger 26 2 2 2 13 17 4 34 Nigeria 48 1 24 17 47 31 3 81 Rwanda ......0 0 2 2 SAo Tom6 and Principe 8 1 ...1 6 2 9 Senegal 30 8 7 4 30 24 9 63 Seychelles ......0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone ..9 ...0 1 9 10 Somalia .... .0 0 0 0 South Africa 3 6 *..10 1 2 13 Sudan 28 1 *. 7 15 10 32 S wa-z~l a-nd . . . 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 202 29 3 3 79 157 45 281 Togo 38 8 9 9 15 34 8 57 Uganda 68 1 3 ..17 42 32 91 Zambia 203 30 6 4 61 133 74 268 Zimbabwe I ... .6 0 0 6 NORTH AFRICA . .. .. Algeria......... Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA 'reflect data to end 1999 262 Privatization of Public Enterprises Technical notes Tables cases of some subsidiary companies, the cash proceeds are not paid to government but instead go to the par- Table 10-1. Summary of privatization activity. For ent company; and (ii) for official liquidations, the pro- purposes of monitoring and reporting on privatization ceeds are paid to the liquidator who first applies them activity, all reported transactions involving a sale of toward settling enterprise debts. assets or shares (however small) or the formal yield- ing of management control (as through a management Table 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end contract) are included in the World Bank's Africa 1999). The table shows the various privatization meth- Privatization Database. Hence, in the table, ods employed in each country. The methods employed "privatization" is used generically to include: the sale could not be confirmed for all transactions. "Direct or disposal of some or all of the assets of public en- sales" refers to transactions which were negotiated terprises, the sale of government-owned shares in en- directly with one party and which were not the out- terprises, the reduction in equity percentage held by a come of a competitive bidding process. However, in govermment through share dilutions or through trans- some cases a direct sale was concluded (on a fer of enterprise assets to a new joint venture, liquida- non-competitive basis) as a result of a failure of an tions, leases, and management contracts. Sometimes, earlier competitive bidding process. "Preemptive the process of privatizing an enterprise involves sev- rights" refers to transactions whereby a government eral consecutive transactions (for example, a sale of a has sold shares to an existing private shareholder (or block of shares to a core investor and a subsequent shareholders) who exercised preemptive rights to ac- initial public offering). The table summarizes the data quire those shares in accordance with specific provi- contained in the Africa Privatization Database which sions of the company's charter (Articles of Associa- originate from national privatization agencies and tion). In some cases, the charter specified the amount other sources. The data are frequently updated and to be paid per share or the formula for calculating that changes to previous entries occur as more informa- amount; otherwise it has been the subject of negotia- tion becomes available. There are a few instances tion. "Joint ventures" refer to the type of transaction where previously reported privatizations are removed whereby a government concluded a deal (usually with from the database because a transaction has been nul- a foreign investor) involving the formation of a new lified due to non-fulfillment of contractual conditions company in which the government's equity contribu- on the part of one of the parties. For financial data, tion was in the form of the major or all assets of a the term "sale value" is preferred since the use of the public enterprise. The remaining shell company would term "proceeds" might imply the value of amounts then be maintained only as a book company or be liq- actually paid. In practice, some deals are structured uidated; if it were liquidated it is not included as a so that new investors may acquire assets or shares on liquidation since this would be double counting. deferred terms. Also, it should be noted that: (i) in the Privatization of Public Enterprises 263 Transactions described as "Trustees" refer to activity. Although a govemnment's influence is not privatizations achieved by transference of shares of a necessarily restricted by its equity participation, it is public enterprise to a trustee for onward sale, at a later generally assumed that once a government owns less date or over a period, to the public or to selected seg- than 50 percent of the voting shares of a company, ments of the public. "Restitutions" are those transac- that company is "private" and the private sharehold- tions whereby a company has been handed back to a ers (except in the instance of exercise of golden share previous owner from whom the company had been rights) have management control of the company. expropriated. "Other sales" includes sundry methods, Ownership control is usually unaffected when gov- such as enterprises donated by governments to local einment continues to be a majority shareholder or sells communities, but principally comprises transactions a minority interest. Concessions, leases, and manage- where the method of privatization was not reported. ment contracts are assumed not to have affected own- ership rights but to have transferred management con- Table 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership trol to the private sector for a defined period. The table and control changes (to end 1999). This table pre- shows the number of reported transactions where gov- sents the inferred outcome of privatization transac- ernments have: fully sold wholly- or majority-owned tions on the ownership and control of enterprises or enterprises, sold shares and transferred ownership their assets. Ownership changes are important in in- control but retained a minority equity interest, sold dicating the effect that privatization transactions may shares but retained ownership control, sold a propor- or may not have on the enterprises and in indicating tion of a minority stake, and other transactions where the extent of a government's willingness and/or abil- management control has been ceded. ity to exit from equity participation in commercial 264 Privatization of Public Enterprises Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 10 Aggregationsa Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) 10-1 x 10-2 x 10-3 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same countly coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 11 Labor Force and Employment T his chapter presents data on the level and struc- The definition of labor force or economically ac- T ture of the labor force. The distribution of the tive population is that used by the International Labor labor force into various industrial activities is Organization (ILO), which follows the UN system of also given, as well as the participation rates of the national accounts (SNA). The labor force is measured population in economic activities. Information is also by dividing economically active persons into two cat- presented on average wages in different sectors. egories: employed and unemployed. Caution in the The treatment of statistics on public sector employ- use of the data is necessary because, as pointed out in ment is not consistent among countries. The scope the ILO's World Labor Report I (1987), there are covered often varies. While some countries include many persons who do not clearly come within one of education and health sectors, others leave them out. these categories or the other. Many are visibly under- Staff of local, regional, and state or provincial gov- employed in that they work less than full time. Others emments are likewise treated differently. work full time but earn less than a subsistence income. The stipulations on wages take different forms Some of the unemployed may even be voluntarily idle. among the countries where such practice exists. While The comparability of the data is further hampered some countries have a minimum wage per hour by the fact that practices vary among countries as re- worked, others stipulate a minimum monthly wage gards the treatment of such groups as armed forces, for a worker. To permit some measure of compara- inmates of institutions, persons living on reservations, bility, we have computed and reported the monthly persons seeking their first job, seasonal workers, and average earnings per wage earner. These earnings are persons engaged in part-time economic activities. In further converted to U. S. dollars at the Atlas exchange some countries, all or part of these groups are included rate. These data should be used with caution since among the economically active, while in others they some countries have more than one minimum wage are treated as inactive. In addition, the extent to which rate based on the industry and the occupation within family workers who assist in family enterprises are the industry as well as on the region of the country included among the enumerated economically active concerned. population, particularly females, varies considerably 265 266 Labor Force and Employment from country to country. Further, in some countries tion of each individual on the day of the census or the statistics of the economically active relate only to survey date, while in others the data recorded refer employed and unemployed persons above a specified to the usual position of each person, generally with- age, while in others there is no such age provision., out reference to any given period of time. The reference period is also an important factor of The sources for the tables in this chapter are van- difference, especially when it comes to the classifica- ous issues of the ILO's Yearbook ofLabor Statistics, tion of the labor force according to industry. In some and electronic ILO files kept in World Bank SIMA. countries, such classification refers to the actual posi- Labor Force and Employment 267 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force Total labor force (thousands) Percentage of total labor force that is female 1970 1980 1998 1970 1980 1998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 132,558 169,972 274,935 42.5 42.3 42.2 excluding South Africa 124,385 159,493 258,788 43.1 42.7 42.5 excl. S. Afnica & Nigeria 102,035 130,322 210,461 44.5 44.2 43.9 Angola 2,906 3,439 5,521 47.4 47.0 46.3 Benin 1,355 1,663 2,677 48.4 47.0 48.3 Botswana 287 399 687 53.5 50.1 45.5 Burkina Faso 3,267 3,829 5,365 48.9 47.6 46.6 Burundi 1,968 2,272 3,536 50.5 50.2 48.9 Cameroon 3,042 3,635 5,864 37.3 36.8 37.8 Cape Verde 85 92 166 29.1 34.0 39.0 Central African Republic .. .. .. Chad 1,826 2,239 3,496 42.5 43.4 44.6 Comoros .. 151 239 .. 43.1 42.3 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 9,527 11,884 20,251 45.2 44.5 43.5 Congo, Republic of 543 701 1,141 41.2 42.4 43.4 COte d'lvoire 2,316 3,278 5,797 33.0 32.2 33.1 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 134 95 181 36.3 35.1 35.5 Eritrea 952 1,215 1,940 47.5 47.4 47.4 Ethiopia 13,311 16,973 26,344 42.4 42.3 40.9 Gabon 282 359 543 45.7 45.0 44.5 Gambia, The 246 327 620 44.9 44.8 45.0 Ghana 4,048 5,048 8,676 50.6 51.0 50.6 Guinea 2,067 2,275 3,400 47.7 47.1 47.2 Guinea-Bissau 273 398 546 39.7 39.9 40.4 Kenya 5,634 7,817 14,940 45.2 46.0 46.1 Lesotho 468 565 844 39.4 37.9 36.8 Liberia 609 788 1,214 38.0 38.4 39.5 Madagascar 3,430 4,348 6,858 45.5 45.2 44.7 Malawi 2,349 3,092 5,056 50.6 50.6 48.8 Mali 2,828 3,361 5,192 46.5 46.7 46.3 Mauritania 623 744 1,163 46.7 45.0 43.8 Mauritius 248 348 499 19.9 25.7 32.2 Mozambique 5,261 6,652 8,812 49.2 49.0 48.4 Namibia 356 443 682 39.7 40.1 40.8 Niger 2,124 2,793 4,767 45.1 44.6 44.3 Nigeria 22,350 29,171 48,327 36.8 36.2 36.3 Rwanda 1,976 2,633 4,377 49.4 49.1 48.9 Sao Tomd and Principe .. .. .. Senegal 1,996 2,547 4,067 41.6 42.2 42.6 Seychelles Sierra Leone 1,062 1,262 1,796 35.6 35.5 36.6 Somalia 1,728 2,692 3,903 43.9 43.4 43.4 South Africa 8,172 10,479 16,147 32.7 35.1 37.6 Sudan 5,128 6,912 11,055 26.7 26.9 29.0 Swaziland 159 203 356 33.5 33.5 37.6 Tanzania 7,258 9,476 16,386 50.6 49.8 49.2 Togo 909 1,151 1,828 39.0 39.3 40.0 Uganda 5,200 6,660 10,240 48.2 47.9 47.6 Zambia 1,885 2,410 4,060 44.6 45.4 45.0 Zimbabwe 2,367 3,154 5,377 44.4 44.4 44.5 NORTH AFRICA 22,349 29,252 48,603 25.8 27.2 30.0 Algeria 3,574 4,854 9,874 20.3 21.4 26.4 Egypt, Arab Republic 11,569 14,306 22,718 25.9 26.5 29.7 Libya 616 943 1,538 16.3 18.6 22.1 Morocco 5,052 6,978 10,832 31.4 33.5 34.7 Tunisia 1,538 2,171 3,641 23.7 28.9 31.2 ALL AFRICA 154,906 199,223 323,538 40.1 40.1 40.4 268 Labor Force and Employment 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force As percentage ofpopulation age 10 to 14 1970 1980 1990 1998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 36.3 34.7 32.2 29.9 excluding South Afnica 39.1 37.2 34.5 31.8 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 41.1 39.3 36.2 33.5 Angola 31.4 29.7 28.1 26.5 Benin 34.4 30.3 28.6 26.9 Botswana 32.3 25.9 19.4 15.4 Burkina Faso 75.1 70.9 58.7 46.5 Burundi 50.8 50.0 49.4 48.7 Cameroon 38.9 33.9 27.5 23.9 Cape Verde 17.3 16.0 14.7 13.8 Central Afnican Republic 45.0 39.4 33.8 30.1 Chad 41.9 41.6 40.0 37.3 Comoros 45.8 44.7 40.9 38.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 36.5 33.2 30.5 29.0 Congo, Republic of 28.3 27.5 26.6 25.7 C6te d'lvoire 34.6 28.4 22.3 19.4 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 42.7 40.4 35.8 32.8 Eritrea 46.1 43.8 40.8 38.9 Ethiopia 48.5 46.3 43.5 41.6 Gabon 35.6 29.1 22.7 15.8 Gambia, The 45.9 44.4 40.2 35.1 Ghana 16.3 16.2 14.6 12.5 Guinea 43.3 41.2 37.0 32.3 Guinea-Bissau 45.2 43.4 40.4 37.5 Kenya 45.0 45.0 43.4 40.0 Lesotho 30.9 27.7 23.5 21.3 Liberia 31.1 25.7 21.8 16.7 Madagascar 41.7 40.2 37.6 34.8 Malawi 50.7 45.2 38.9 33.0 Mali 62.5 61.2 57.9 52.5 Mauritania 33.3 29.6 25.8 22.8 Mauritius 5.8 4.8 4.0 2.4 Mozambique 40.7 39.5 35.2 33.0 Namibia 40.2 33.6 26.0 19.1 Niger 48.8 47.8 46.8 44.2 Nigeria 30.8 29.2 27.6 24.6 Rwanda 43.3 42.5 42.1 41.5 SAo Tome and Principe .. Senegal 46.9 42.9 35.4 28.9 Seychelles Sierra Leone 21.7 19.4 17.1 14.5 Somalia 39.9 37.7 34.5 31.9 South Africa 2.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 Sudan 34.1 33.3 31.4 28.2 Swaziland 19.1 17.2 15.3 12.8 Tanzania 45.6 42.8 42.1 37.9 Togo 40.4 36:1 30.4 27.5 Uganda 50.4 48.8 46.8 44.4 Zambia 21.1 19.0 16.9 15.9 Zimbabwe 41.1 36.7 31.8 28.0 NORTH AFRICA 12.7 15.1. 8.8 5.8 Algeria 11.4 7.1 3.3 0.6 Egypt, Arab Republic 23.6 18.3 13.2 10.0 Libya 12.8 8.7 0.5 0.1 Morocco 21.5 20.9 10.6 2.6 Tunisia 12.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 ALL AFRICA 31.4 . 30.9 28.0 25.8 Labor Force and Employment 269 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers Percentage of unpaidfamily workers in economically active workers (most recent year available between 1980-9 7) Female Male Total SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana 41.8 36.0 77.7 Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon 32.7 9.2 41.9 Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of C6te d'lvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria 14.9 8.6 23.5 Rwanda SAO Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles 0.4 0.2 0.6 Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA .. 6.9 13.5 Algeria .. 5.6 6.2 Egypt, Arab Republic 1.9 15.0 16.9 Libya Morocco Tunisia 18.5 5.1 23.6 ALL AFRICA 270 Labor Force and Employment 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force Percentage of labor force working in Agriculture Industry services 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 78 72 68 8 9 9 14 20 24 excluding South Africa 82 76 71 6 7 7 12 18 22 excl. SAfrica & Nigeria 84 80 77 6 7 7 11 13 16 Angola 78 76 75 7 8 8 15 16 17 Benin 81 67 64 5 7 8 14 26 28 Botswana 82 64 46 5 10 20 13 26 33 Burkina Faso 92 92 92 3 3 2 5 5 6 Burundi 94 93 92 2 2 3 4 5 6 Cameroon 85 73 70 5 8 9 10 19 21 Cape Verde 47 37 31 27 31 30 27 33 40 Central African Republic 89 85 80 2 3 3 8 12 16 Chad 92 88 83 2 3 4 5 9 13 Comoros 83 81 77 7 8 9 10 I1 13 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 75 72 68 11 12 13 14 16 19 Congo,Republicof 66 58 49 11 13 15 23 29 37 Cote d'lvoire 76 65 60 6 8 10 19 27 30 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 82 78 75 5 5 5 14 17 20 Eritrea 86 83 80 4 5 5 10 12 15 Ethiopia 91 89 86 2 2 2 7 9 12 Gabon 79 65 52 9 12 16 12 22 33 Gambia, The 87 84 82 5 7 8 8 9 11 Ghana 60 61 59 15 13 13 25 25 28 Guinea 92 91 87 1 1 2 7 8 11 Guinea-Bissau 89 87 85 1 2 2 9 11 13 Kenya 86 82 80 5 6 7 9 11 13 Lesotho 43 40 40 36 34 28 21 26 32 Liberia 81 76 72 7 6 6 12 17 22 Madagascar 84 82 78 5 6 7 11 13 15 Malawi 91 87 87 4 5 5 5 7 8 Mali 93 89 86 1 2 2 6 9 12 Mauritania 84 72 55 3 7 10 12 22 34 Mauritius 34 27 17 25 28 43 41 45 40 Mozambique 86 84 83 6 7 8 8 8 9 Namibia 64 56 49 15 15 15 21 29 36 Niger 93 91 90 2 3 4 5 5 6 Nigeria 71 54 43 11 8 7 19 38 50 Rwanda 94 93 92 3 3 3 4 4 5 Sao Tome and Pinncipe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 83 81 77 6 6 8 12 13 16 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 76 70 67 12 14 15 12 16 17 Somalia 81 78 75 6 7 8 13 14 16 South Africa 31 17 14 30 35 32 39 48 54 Sudan 77 72 69 6 8 8 17 20 22 Swaziland 65 50 39 13 19 22 22 31 38 Tanzania 90 86 84 3 4 5 7 10 11 Togo 74 69 66 9 10 10 17 22 24 Uganda 90 87 85 3 4 5 7 9 11 Zambia 79 76 75 7 8 8 14 16 17 Zimbabwe 77 72 68 11 12 8 12 15 24 NORTH AFRICA 51 51 37 18 20 25 31 29 38 Algeria 47 36 26 21 27 31 31 37 43 Egypt, Arab Republic 52 57 40 16 16 22 32 27 38 Libya 29 25 1.1 25 24 23 46 51 66 Morocco 58 56 45 17 20 25 25 24 31 Tunisia 42 39 28 26 30 33 33 31 39 ALLAFRICA 75 69 63 9 10 11 16 21 26 Note: Figures may not add up to 100 berause of munding. Labor Force and Employmen, 271 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population Percentage ofpopulation economically active Agriculture Industry Services Male Female Male Female Male Female 1980 1995* 1980 1995* 1980 1995* 1980 1995* 1980 1995* 1980 1995* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 62 58 74 68 14 14 5 5 24 29 17 21 excluding South Africa 65 61 77 72 12 12 4 4 23 28 14 18 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 69 65 80 77 12 12 4 4 19 22 10 12 Angola 67 65 87 86 13 14 1 2 20 21 11 13 Benin 66 62 69 65 10 12 4 4 24 27 27 30 Botswana 53 39 74 55 41 30 8 20 53 50 24 36 Burkina Faso 92 91 93 94 3 2 2 2 5 7 5 5 Burundi 88 86 98 98 4 4 1 1 9 10 1 1 Cameroon 65 62 87 83 11 12 2 3 24 26 11 14 Cape Verde 34 30 39 33 38 38 18 16 28 33 41 51 Central African Republic 79 74 90 87 5 6 1 0 15 20 9 13 Chad 82 77 95 91 6 7 0 1 12 16 4 8 Comoros 70 68 93 90 12 13 3 5 17 20 3 5 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 62 58 84 81 18 20 4 5 20 23 12 14 Congo, Republic of 42 33 81 69 20 23 2 4 38 44 17 27 COte d'lvoire 60 54 75 72 10 12 5 6 30 34 20 22 Djibouti.. ... ... ... ... ... . Equatorial Guinea 71 66 91 91 7 7 3 2 23 27 7 8 Eritrea 79 77 88 85 7 8 2 2 14 16 11 13 Ethiopia 90 89 89 88 2 2 2 2 8 9 10 12 Gabon 59 46 74 59 18 21 6 10 24 33 21 32 Gambia, The 78 74 93 92 10 12 3 2 13 14 5 6 Ghana 66 64 57 55 12 12 14 14 22 25 29 31 Guinea 86 83 97 92 2 3 1 1 12 15 3 7 Guinea-Bissau 81 78 98 96 3 3 0 1 17 19 2 3 Kenya 23 19 25 20 24 23 9 9 53 58 10 12 Lesotho 26 29 64 59 52 41 5 5 22 30 31 36 Liberia 69 65 89 84 9 9 1 1 22 26 10 16 Madagascar 73 70 93 88 9 10 2 3 19 20 5 9 Malawi 78 50 96 73 10 25 1 7 12 25 3 3 Mali 86 83 92 89 2 2 1 2 12 15 7 9 Mauritania 65 49 79 63 11 16 2 4 24 35 19 34 Mauritius 29 15 30 13 19 39 40 43 47 46 46 36 Mozambique 72 70 97 96 14 15 1 1 14 15 2 3 Namibia 52 46 42 67 22 21 10 12 27 33 31 39 Niger 86 84 98 97 69 51 29 24 25 41 1 1 Nigeria 52 43 57 44 10 9 5 3 38 49 38 53 Rwanda 88 86 98 98 5 6 1 1 7 8 1 2 Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. Senegal 74 70 90 86 9 10 2 4 17 20 8 11 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 63 60 82 81 20 22 4 4 17 18 14 16 Somalia 69 66 90 87 12 13 2 2 19 21 8 11 South Africa 18 16 16 10 45 42 16 15 37 42 68 76 Sudan 66 64 88 84 9 10 4 5 24 26 8 11 Swaziland 40 .. 38 26 29 .. 14 27 30 .. 31 39 Tanzania 80 78 92 91 7 8 2 2 13 14 7 7 Togo 70 66 67 65 12 12 7 7 19 22 26 29 Uganda 84 81 91 88 6 7 2 2 10 12 8 10 Zambia 69 68 85 83 13 13 3 3 19 19 13 14 Zimbabwe 29 23 50 38 31 32 8 10 40 46 12 17 NORTH AFRICA 40 25 40 33 24 27 14 24 35 48 36 28 Algeria 27 18 69 57 33 38 6 7 40 45 25 36 Egypt, Arab Republic 45 32 10 43 21 25 13 9 33 43 56 31 Libya 16 7 63 28 29 27 3 5 55 66 34 68 Morocco 48 4 72 3 23 33 14 46 29 63 14 18 Tunisia 33 22 53 20 30 32 32 40 37 44 16 27 ALLAFRICA 58 53 70 67 16 16 6 5 26 31 19 22 -or most recent available data. 272 Labor Force and Employment 11-6. Wages in agriculture Monthly earnings in current US dollars 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.. . excluding South Africa . . . . . . . . . excl. S.Aftica & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . Botswana .. 55 54 71 80 97 97 90 90 90 80 80 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic * . . . . . . . . Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . C6te dilvoire . . . . . . . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . Ghana 34 52 52 73 64 104 . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 59 48 53 48 47 45 .. . . . . 39 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 20 13 12 13 15 16 . . . Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mozambique . . . . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . . . . . . Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . Seychelles 139 305 304 305 348 366 434 442 456 513 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . . . . . . . . Swaziland .. 310 .. 437 423 496 533 512 550 483 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . Uganda . . . . . . . . . Zambia 112 .. . .. . ..* Zimbabwe .. 74 76 71 75 56 34 38 35 34 NORT'H AFRICA . . . Egypt, Arab Republic .. 154 154 144 94 53 53 65 69 75 Morocco Tunisia .. 80 82 77 92 -89- 101 .. . ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Labor Force and Employment 273 11-7. Wages in manufacturing Monthly earnings in current US dollars 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB-SAHARLAN AFRICA. . excluding South Africa . excl. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . Botswana .. 166 181 171 206 199 242 250 200 210 186 173 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Camneroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . ... Comoros.. . .. . .. . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . Congo. Republic of.. . .. . M6e dlIvoire . .. Djibouti.. . .. . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Eritrea.. . .. . .. . Ethiopia.. . Gabon.. . .. . Gambia, The.. . .. * Ghana 57 99 106 136 138 93 . . . Guinea .. 58 . .. 121 113 122 115 133 131 152 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 169 139 139 136 134 121 .. . . . . 94 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 75 57 53 53 65 55 47 40 21 13 Mauritius .. 160 181 184 209 235 258 250 287 326 333 306 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . Rwanda.. . .. . .. . .. . S8o Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . Seychellet 212 371 346 350 410 427 459 474 479 528 Sierra Leone.. . .. . .. . .. . .. * South Africa 475 513 535 548 642 685 770 749 . . Sudan . .. 55 .. 83 .. 12 . . Swaziland 571 507 414 9 533 513 521 351 524 588 556 Tanzania.. . .. . .. . .. .... Zimbabwe .. 318 327 314 325 256 220 192 191 221 230 NORT'H AFRICA .. . . . Algeria.. . .. ..* . .. . Egypt, Arab Republic .. 233 252 228 150 75 80 90 98 107 Libya . . . . . .. Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA . . . .. . . 274 Labor Force and Employment 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying Monthly earnings in current US dollars 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA... excluding South Africa . .. . . exci. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . . . Botswana .. 291 287 319 450 424 436 496 430 428 372 371 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic . Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . Congo. Democratic Rep. of . . . Congo, Republic of.. . .* C6te dIlvoire . . * Djibouti . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Eritrea . . . Ethiopia . . . Gabon . . * Gambia, The . . . Ghana 64 III 57 64 117 75 . . . Guinea . . . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 157 110 104 10.6 101 93 .. . . . . 96 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 36 20 17 17 20 30 23 59 30 18 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mauritius .. 202 245 231 256 272 302 280 374 436 457 415 Mozanbique . . . . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . . . . . . Sao Tom6 and Principe . . . Seychelles 212 327 334 317 348 378 444 455 477 523 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . South Africa 330 371 397 403 477 514 561 541 . Sudan . .. 53 .. 99 .. . .. . Swaziland 822 560 483 309 395 367 395 379 387 523 485 Tanzania.. . .. . .. . .. .. . Zamnbia 358 . . . . . . . . . Zimbabwe .. 240 254 242 254 204 180 153 153 187 204 NORThi AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Egypt. Arab Republic .. 362 375 427 -316 174 167 208 210 203 Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Labor Force and Employment 275 11-9. Wages in constructior Monthly earnings in current US dollars 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB8-SAH-ARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa . . . . . . . . . excl. S.AfTica & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . Botswana .. 149 148 159 182 196 211 220 214 228 197 218 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Camneroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic.. . .. . .. . .. . Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . C6te dlvoire . . . . . . . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Gamnbia, The . . . . . . . . . Ghana 37 45 43 5 1 59 7 1 . . Guinea . .. 84 115 173 159 .. 135 132 177 174- Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 133 97 98 96 99 95 . ... 80 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 60 29 29 29 30 3 1 34 33 22 1 7 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mauritius .. 170 220 245 255 297 364 324 368 481 507 488 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . Rwwida . . . . . . . . . S8o Tome and Principe . . . . . Seychelles . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . South Africa 371 347 367 348 394 437 475 424 . Sudan . .. 56 .. 180 .. 13 .. . Swaziland 525 335 267 192 247 283 470 211 333 227 246 Tanzania.. . .. . ,. . Uganda.. . .. . .. ... . Zambia 172 .. . .. . .. . . . Zimbabwe .. 209 200 182 179 144 110 102 88 114 124 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Algeria . .. .. Egypt, Arab Republic .. 246 276 253 153 84 80 96 112 115 Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA.. . .. . . . .. . . . 276 Labor Force and Employment 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communication Monthly earnings in current US dollars 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . .. Botswana .. 192 239 296 346 417 457 434 468 435 376 344 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Camneroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic . .. Comoros.. . .. . .. . .. . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . C6te divoire.. . .. . ... Djibouti.. . .. . .. . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia.. . .. . .. . Gabon.. . .. . ... Gambia, The . . . . . . * Ghana 55 36 89 96 100 106 .. . . Guinea . .. . .. . .. . .. 119 121 125 Guinea-Bijssau . . . . . . . . . Kenya 237 195 207 193 187 171 .. . . . . 131 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi 99 47 49 62 63 70 66 63 37 25 Mauritania . . . .. . . Mauritius .. 231 290 289 307 339 380 353 376 422 453 426 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . . . . . . S8o Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . Seychelles 299 .. . .. . .. . .. . Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . * South Africa .. 571 583 577 702 794 1,110 1,075 . Sudan . .. 48 .. 79 .. 14 .. Swaziland 520 243 242 192 364 442 357 393 480 539 455 Tanzania.. . .. . .. . .. .... Zambia 153 . . . . . . . . . Zimbabwe .. 400 425 429 465 334 289 284 258 275 289 NORT'H AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . . . Egypt, Arab Republic .. 221 283 248 147 78 84 121 112 117 Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Labor Force and Employment 277 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . . . . . excluding South Africa.. . .. . .. . excl. S.Africa & Nigeria . . . . . . . . . Botswana 167 186 195 189 231 239 249 265 254 280 243 250 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . Comoros . . . . . . . . . Congo, Democratic Rep. of . . . . . Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . C6te dilvoire . . . . * .. Djibouti . .. .. Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . Gabon . . . . . Gambia, The . . . . . Ghana 76 55 59 81 68 98 . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . Kenya 118 121 128 118 114 104 .. . . . . 75 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . Malawi .. . . . . 59 50 43 24 12 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . Mauritius 166 183 235 245 262 278 307 278 357 392 394 404 Mozarnbique . . . . . . . . . SAo Tom6 and Principe.. . .. . .. . .. . . . Seychelles.. . .. . .. . .. . ... Sierra Leone.. . .. . .. . .. . ... South Africa 427 537 532 563 679 735 937 . . . Swaziland .. . . 223 446 276 412 238 455 352 352 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . Zimbabwe 218 246 255 240 259 206 161 139 128 143 192 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Egypt,Arab Republic 178 203 203 179 128 64 65 67 80 112 Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA.. . .. . ... ... 278 Labor Force and Employment Technical notes Tables indicate the relative level of development of the economy. This table (ILO data) shows the distribu- Table 11-1. Number and gender structure of the tion of the labor force among the various sectors of labor force. This table (ILO data) provides the total economic activities. The agriculture sector includes number of persons in the labor force and the percent- farming, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry, and fish- age that is female. Labor force refers to "economi- ing. The industry sector includes mining and quarry- cally active" persons, including the armed forces and ing, manufacturing, construction and public works, the unemployed but excluding housewives and stu- electricity, water, and gas. All other branches of ac- dents. The "economically active" population com- tivity are included in services. prises all persons of either gender who furnish the labor to produce economic goods and services, as de- Table 11-5. Industrial structure of economically fined by the SNA, during a specified period. The pro- active population. This is the percentage of the eco- duction of economic goods and services should in- nomically active population working in agriculture, clude all production and processing of primary prod- industry, or services. Data are shown for males and ucts, whether for the market, for barter, or for own females (ILO data). consumption; the production of all other goods and services for the market; and, for households that pro- Table 11-6. Wages in agriculture. Data are from duce such goods and services for the markets, the cor- ILO, YearbookofLaborStatistics(1988, 1993,1994, responding production for own consumption. 1995, and 1998) and show the monthly earnings at the average wage converted to U.S. dollars at the At- Table 11-2. Children under 14 working in the la- las exchange rates in the countries concerned. Earn- bor force. This table (ILO data) shows the percent- ings here are limited to wages and salaries of employ- age of children between the ages of 10 to 14 that par- ees only unless otherwise specified. They include re- ticipate in the labor force. muneration for time not worked, such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holidays, bonuses and Table 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of ac- gratuities, and housing and family allowances paid tive workers. This table (ILO data) shows the per- by the employer to the employee. They exclude em- centage of family members-male and female-that ployers' contributions to social security and pension are active workers but receive no compensation for schemes and the benefits received by employees un- their services. der these schemes, as well as severance and termina- tion pay. Table 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force. It should be remembered that these earnings do not The industrial structure of the labor force can often reflect worker's disposable or net earnings since they Labor Force and Employment 279 include gross wages before deductions, such as taxes Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted or social security contributions. from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 International comparisons of wages in agriculture weeks per month. Figures for The Gambia were con- should be interpreted with caution because they en- verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of tail wide coverage variations mainly as a result of the 22 days per month. form of remuneration, the nature of the work, and the length of the working day. For the following countries wages are paid entirely Table 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying. Data in cash: Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, Malawi, are from ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions and Zambia. in Table 11-6. For the following countries, wages shown are cash Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data portion only, although the workers receive other pay- for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- ments in kind in addition: Ghana, Kenya, and Zimba- sons employed. Data for Kenya include the value of bwe. Wages for these three countries include the value payments in kind. Data for Swaziland refer to skilled of food and lodging allowances. male workers only. Data for Seychelles include con- Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data struction, and beginning in 1988 earnings are ex- for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- empted from income tax. Data for South Africa ex- sons employed. Data for Ghana include forestry and clude salt and iron works. Data for Swaziland refer to fishing. Data for Kenya include the value of payments skilled male workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include in kind. Data for Malawi include forestry and fish- the value of payments in kind and refer to all persons ing. Data for Mauritius include sugar and tea facto- engaged.. ries. Data for Seychelles exclude hunting. Data for Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted Swaziland include forestry and refer to skilled male from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include forestry and weeks per month. refer to all persons engaged. Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to Table 11-9. Wages in construction. Data are from monthlyeamings using arateof4.3 weeks permonth. ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988, 1993, Figures for Mauritius and Tunisia were converted 1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions in from daily to monthly eamings using a rate of 22 days Table 11 -6. per month. Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- Table 11-7. Wages in manufacturing. Data are from sons employed. Data for the Gambia are for estab- ILO, YearbookofLaborStatistics(1988,1993,1994, lishments with five or more persons employed. Data 1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions in Table 11 -6. for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. Data Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- for South Africa include private construction. Data sons employed. Data for the Gambia are for estab- for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data lishments with five or more persons employed. Data for Zimbabwe include the value of payments in kind for Mauritius exclude sugar and tea factories. Data and refer to all persons engaged. for Seychelles include electricity and water before Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted 1992, and beginning in 1988 eamings are exempted from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 from income tax. Data for Swaziland refer to skilled weeks per month. Figures for the Gambia were con- male workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include the verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of value of payments in kind and refer to all persons en- 22 days per month. gaged. 280 Labor Force and Employment Table 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and com- Table 11-11. Wages in community, social, and per- munications. Data are from ILO, Yearbook ofLabor sonal services. Data are from ILO Yearbook of La- Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer bor Statistics (1998). Referto the definitions in Table to the definitions in Table 11-6. 11-6. This sector comprises public administration and Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data defense; sanitary and similar services; educational for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- services; research and scientific institutes; medical, sons employed. Data for the Gambia are for estab- dental, and other health services; welfare institutions; lishments with five or more persons employed. Data business, professional, and labor associations; and for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. Data other social and community services. Data for Egypt for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data refer to wage earners. Figures for Egypt were con- for Zimbabwe include the value of payments in kind verted from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate and refer to all persons engaged. of 4.3 weeks per month. Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. Figures for the Gambia were con- verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of 22 days per month. Labor Force and Employment 281 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 11 Aggregations ' Table (1) (6) (8) 11-1 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x 11-2 x 11-3 x 11-4 x 11-5 x 11-6 x 11-7 x 11-8 x 11-9 x 11-10 x 11-11 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator, (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. 12 Aid Flows O fficial development assistance (ODA) consists ODA includes both grants (inflows of unrequited 0J of concessional financial flows that aim to pro- transfers from official sources) for current and capi- mote economic development and welfare. ODA tal expenditures and disbursements of concessional disbursements from bilateral and multilateral sources loans. However, because of different sources and defi- became increasingly important to Africa in the sec- nitions of data, the ODA flows shown in this chapter ond half of the 1980s. For many countries, the for- will not necessarily equal those that could be calcu- eign savings made available through ODA flows are lated by adding net disbursements of official equivalent to a sizable share of GDP and to the bulk concessional long-term loans (Table 6-1 less Table of their domestic investment. Thus, monitoring aid 6-4) and net official transfers (Tables 5-6 and 5-9). flows is of special importance because of their sig- For example, one of the reasons for differences is that nificance to the economic performance of the region. the flows shown here include "off-shore" disburse- The tables in this chapter show data on net ODA ments of grants, primarily for technical cooperation, flows and their relative importance to key economic which are generally excluded from transfers as re- and demographic indicators in recipient countries, real corded in the balance of payments (Tables 5-6 and growth in net ODA flows to Sub-Saharan Africa in 5-9). Other reasons include possible differences in the the 1980s and early 1990s from major donors or do- timing of the recording of disbursements and in the nor groups, and the share of each donor's worldwide recording of multilateral ODA. aid portfolio allocated to Sub-Saharan Africa. The data on net ODA disbursements are taken from These flows are concessional in character and con- the most recent electronic version of OECD, Geo- tain a grant element of at least 25 percent (based on a graphical Distribution of Financial Flows to Devel- standard 10 percent discount rate). Net ODA disburse- oping Countries. The tables include only those flows ments equal gross ODA disbursements less principal for which the recipient is specified in creditor reports. repayments (amortization) of previous ODA loans. 282 Aid Flows 283 Growth rates (based on constant price series) pre- used to deflate each DAC donor's aid flows (with the sented in this chapter may differ from those presented GNP deflators for DAC countries taken from the 1988 in ADI 1992 because import price deflators (from DAC chairman's report) thereby indicating the real World Bank) have been used to deflate the current resource transfer from individual donors, and the ODA price series, regardless of the type of donor, to indi- flows from multilateral agencies and non-DAC do- cate the volume of imports that aid can finance over nors were deflated by the average import price defla- time. In ADI 1992, donor country GNP deflators were tor for Sub-Saharan countries. 284 Aid Flows 12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal Millions of US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 7,395 17,199 16,917 18,185 16,735 18,065 17,848 15,045 13,354 13,033 11,554 5,836 11,868 15,793 excluding South Africa 7,395 17,199 16,917 18,185 16,459 17,770 17,462 14,686 12,859 12,521 11,015 5,836 11,868 15,507 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 7,360 16,950 16,655 17,927 16,181 17,580 17,249 14,495 12,658 12,317 10,863 5,792 11,742 15,288 Angola 53 269 279 346 291 450 418 473 355 335 388 51 138 360 Benin 90 268 266 269 288 256 280 288 221 210 211 72 158 256 Botswana 106 147 132 112 130 86 90 75 122 106 61 83 133 106 Burkina Faso 212 331 420 434 467 433 489 415 368 397 398 165 264 415 Burundi 117 264 258 310 217 312 288 111 56 77 74 96 188 197 Cameroon 265 446 517 715 545 730 444 411 498 424 434 187 261 516 CapeVerde 64 108 105 119 117 121 117 117 III 130 136 42 89 118 CentralAfricanRepublic 1II 250 174 176 171 165 166 167 91 120 117 80 163 160 Chad 35 314 264 239 225 213 236 296 228 167 188 79 214 237 Comoros 43 45 64 48 49 39 42 39 27 35 21 30 49 41 Congo, DemocraticRep. of 428 897 476 269 178 245 196 166 157 126 132 317 537 284 Congo, Republic of 92 218 134 114 123 362 125 429 269 65 140 82 101 198 CBted'Ivoire 210 688 631 757 764 1,594 1,212 964 446 799 447 136 271 830 Djibouti 73 194 107 113 133 129 105 97 85 81 75 60 94 112 Equatorial Guinea 9 61 62 62 53 30 34 31 24 25 20 7 39 40 Eritrea .. .. .. 67 157 149 159 123 167 148 .. 139 Ethiopia 212 1,016 1,095 1,177 1,089 1,071 883 817 572 648 633 208 736 900 Gabon 56 132 143 69 101 181 144 127 39 45 48 50 92 103 Gambia, The 55 99 101 III 85 70 47 37 38 38 33 38 88 66 Ghana 192 563 881 612 617 546 651 649 489 701 607 137 453 632 Guinea 90 293 379 448 408 359 417 299 381 359 238 68 226 358 Guinea-Bissau 59 129 115 104 92 172 116 178 124 96 52 49 92 118 Kenya 397 1,186 920 886 909 675 731 591 445 475 308 319 667 712 Lesotho 94 142 125 143 142 116 114 104 92 66 31 72 107 107 Liberia 98 112 158 119 121 63 122 171 75 73 94 77 78 111 Madagascar 230 398 456 363 363 289 301 357 833 495 358 148 295 421 Malawi 143 503 523 572 495 467 432 492 345 434 446 115 279 471 Mali 267 482 452 432 363 441 541 491 428 346 354 194 398 433 Mauritania 176 237 218 200 325 267 230 272 238 172 219 177 214 238 Mauritius 33 89 67 46 26 14 23 19 42 40 42 36 52 41 Mozambique 169 1,002 1,069 1,463 1,179 1,200 1,064 888 947 1,039 118 141 625 997 Namibia .. 121 182 142 154 137 192 188 165 180 178 0 24 164 Niger 170 396 373 365 344 377 274 254 333 291 187 165 333 319 Nigeria 36 249 262 259 279 190 212 191 201 204 152 44 125 220 Rwanda 155 291 361 351 356 714 702 467 230 350 373 131 222 419 Sao Tome and Principe 4 55 51 56 47 50 84 47 33 28 28 7 22 48 Senegal 263 818 635 670 500 640 666 579 422 500 534 254 569 596 Seychelles 22 36 23 19 20 13 13 19 17 24 13 16 23 20 Sierra Leone 91 61 104 133 208 275 206 184 119 106 74 51 85 147 Somalia 433 494 186 653 889 537 189 88 81 80 115 283 462 331 South Africa .. .. .. .. 275 295 386 358 495 512 539 .. .. 409 Sudan 625 822 874 541 453 410 239 219 138 209 243 541 936 415 Swaziland 50 54 53 53 52 56 55 30 27 30 29 33 34 44 Tanzania 679 1,173 1,080 1,338 950 965 877 877 944 1,000 990 513 797 1,019 Togo 91 260 200 223 97 125 192 157 125 128 71 81 162 158 Uganda 114 668 665 725 610 750 830 676 813 471 590 85 304 680 Zambia 318 480 883 1,035 872 718 2,034 610 610 349 623 204 411 821 Zimbabwe 164 340 393 792 498 560 491 371 335 280 244 114 259 431 NORTH AFRICA 2,709 7,161 6,975 5,350 3,686 3,851 2,898 3,285 2,893 3,027 2,598 2,680 2,572 4,172 Algeria 176 262 338 406 348 419 312 304 248 393 89 137 177 312 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,387 5,437 5,024 3,602 2,395 2,690 2,014 2,199 1,981 1,951 1,579 1,775 1,640 2,887 Libya 17 19 25 6 4 4 6 8 7 7 7 9 9 9 Morocco 898 1,049 1,231 946 712 631 495 650 463 529 678 536 494 738 Tunisia 232 393 357 390 227 106 71 124 193 147 244 223 252 225 ALL AFRICA 10,105 24,360 23,892 23,535 20,421 21,915 20,746 18,329 16,247 16,060 14,152 8,516 14,440 19,966 Note: In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program permining disburnement of 833.4 M SDR under anew SAF/ESAF -nrngement. A id Flows 285 12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.351 10,815 10,264 10,769 10,158 10,326 9,908 9,088 8,123 8,176 7,624 3,429 7,516 9,525 excluding South Afiica 4,351 10,815 10,264 10,769 9,975 10,112 9,590 8,776 7,708 7,755 7,238 3,429 7,516 9,300 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 4,334 10,642 10.092 10.632 9,904 10,065 9,517 8,729 7,656 7.721 7.185 3,402 7,414 9.214 Angola 36 164 159 194 151 224 242 294 227 214 252 30 94 2 12- Benin 36 126 160 171 148 142 177 165 148 144 119 36 88 150 Botswana 83 121 104 93 80 57 54 68 56 73 4 1 63 102 75 Burkina Faso 151 239 270 268 255 265 252 269 218 227 232 1 12 182 249 Burundi 60 158 123 149 126 108 108 68 38 44 52 50 85 97 Ctamcroon 171 339 377 579 528 397 346 280 330 303 254 130 205 373 Cape Verde 39 76 79 80 81 82 77 77 68 85 89 28 61 79 Central African Republic 75 100 98 107 117 94 122 121 6 1 57 59 52 92 94 Chad 20 183 138 148 146 104 127 122 96 75 64 44 119 120 Comoros 1 3 3 1 3 1 23 29 1 8 22 22 1 5 1 9 1 3 1 1 28 22 Congo. DemGcratic Rep. of 317 633 343 163 99 97 18 106 105 80 87 221 ~336 183 Congo,.Republic of 55 202 118 102 116 253 105 395 260 60 121 49 88 173 Cote d'lvoire 152 531 435 527 708 820 727 449 233 490 366 105 191 529 Djibouti 32 88 83 92 94 94 80 71 62 62 55 35 61 78 Equatorial Guinea 1 44 35 36 28 17 22 23 18 18 15 4 22 25 Eritrea . .. . .. 48 96 95 128 81 98 80 . .. 89 Ethiopia 91 510 464 457 417 567 526 448 374 365 325 86 413 445 Gabon 49 127 140 65 97 161 136 113 30 37 34 42 80 94 Gambia, The 17 57 55 50 50 38 25 17 17 13 13 16 50 34 Ghana 107 265 449 333 312 332 359 349 292 375 356 75 187 342 Guinea 33 139 173 233 185 186 220 135 126 148 III 20 126 166 Guinea-Bissau 34 75 62 57 56 124 77 125 59 65 32 29 46 73 Kenya 277 735 608 520 426 401 459 346 301 276 254 244 477 433 Lesotho 64 85 74 69 74 45 62 49 45 33 26 44 63 56 Liberia 60 42 57 26 25 35 31 112 31 31 45 53 54 44 Madagascar 91 268 274 216 228 190 19 230 _549 334 192 ff 77 1-69 268- Malawi 76 216 209 208 159 251 221 264 174 204 228 63 134 213 Mali 131 312 280 239 221 243 285 298 257 236 237 104 248 261 Mauritania 54 106 110 116 196 128 126 99 97 64 89 45 116 113 Mauritius 25 76 62 35 27 8 1 1 1 3 20 5 23 43 25 Mozwnbique 115 70 769 1,007 813 733 698 552 62 713 593 104 476 725 Namibia .. 39 95 98 123 113 148 136 123 129 117 0 16 112 Niger 105 255 264 262 254 261 194 163 181 145 120 97 209 210 Nigena 17 173 172 138 71 47 73 47 52 34 53 27 103 86 Rwanda 97 183 233 187 201 487 339 252 179 209 181 83 127 245 Sao Tome and Principe I 31 24 26 28 26 62 29 21 18 19 2 9 28 Senegal 182 589 421 454 364 475 3 399 392 292 289 416 157 355 409 Seychelles 18 33 17 15 7 7 11 8 6 17 5 14 17 13 Sierra Leone 57 40 68 74 106 54 60 67 41 53 60 28 50 62 Somalia 139 270 116 497 688 438 119 40 46 42 76 93 299 233 South Africa .. . . . 183 214 319 312 415 421 386 . .. 321 Sudan 272 420 369 188 164 174 131 118 86 150 159 211 499 196 Swaziland 33 36 31 27 33 27 38 21 - 16 17 1-5 122 21 26 Tanzania 524 844 764 816 650 570 587 605 569 769 613 383 617 679 Togo 52 155 124 135 77 63 118 97 76 66 47 46 93 96 Uganda 42 244 285 255 348 344 423 370 439 384 357 31 112 345 Zambia 234 409 583 699 511 434 439 354 367 257 340 156 326 439 Zimbabwe 112 296 359 536 310 280 348 281 222 216 219 86 226 307 NORTH AFIUCA 1.660 4.221 5.342 4.405 2.640 3,077 2.382 2,631 1,976 1,951 1,774 1,427 2,192 3,040 Algeria 118 232 307 376 265 373 290 263 193 122 37 116 123 246 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,187 3,172 4,157 2,996 1,824 2,311 1,690 1,933 1,497 1,472 1,298 959 1,533 2,235 Libya 10 8 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 4 5 3 Morocco 188 595 611 734 422 318 347 391 215 251 333 189 354 422 Tunisia 158 214 264 298 127 73 52 42 70 102 102 160 178 134 ALL AFRICA 6,011 15,036 15,605 15,174 12,797 13,403 12,290 11,719 1 0,099 10,127 9,398 4,856 9,709 12,565 286 Aid Flows 12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal Millions of U. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995. 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 685 456 131 42 34 14 11 35 91' 48 -842 560 317 2 excludingSouthAfrica 685 456 131 42 34 14 11 35 91 48 -842 560 317 2 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 685 456 131 42 34 14 11 35 91 48 -845 560 317 2 Angola 1 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Benin 2 0 -2 0 0 3 7 6 0 -2 -2 1 2 1 Botswana 0 -2 2 -2 7 1 0 -2 -3 -3 -1 2 0 0 Burkina Faso 0 11 10 2 0 0 6 2 3 3 9 2 5 5 Burundi 4 0 -3 -2 -2 -3 -3 -1 0 -1 0 4 7 -I Cameroon 23 -3 -2 -1 0 0 1 -2 -2 -2 -4 7 0 -I Cape Verde 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0. 0 0 1 1 0 Central African Republic 2 2 3 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 Chad 0 2 2 0 3 1 1 3 5 5 7 3 0 3 Comoros 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 Congo,DemocraticRep. of 5 77 0 2 0 0 0 2 8 2 0 3 0 9 Congo,Republicof 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 CBte d'lvoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Djibouti 33 88 3 -I 10 12 3 5 5 2 1 17 14 13 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 1 12 5 3 16 31 18 ;. .. 12 Ethiopia 0 68 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 11 1 8 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 -3 -1 0 3 3 -I Gambia, The 7 0 2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 0 1 5 -1 -I Ghana 25 1 9 -4 -4 -6 -6 -2 9 2 4 7 2 0 Guinea 0 4 -1 -2 4 -2 6 20 34 24 18 11 10 10 Guinea-Bissau I 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 5 1 Kenya 0 5 3 -4 -4 -5 2 -3 -1 -2 1 4 7 -I Lesotho 0 0 -1 I 1 0 0 4 7 -1 -I I 0 1 Liberia 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Madagascar 48 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 -2 0 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 Mali 33 15 4 4 -4 -11 -14 -8 -6 -6 0 17 16 -2 Mauritania 86 25 1 -7 -6 -10 -16 -12 -13 -7 5 83 26 -4 Mauritius 0 1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -4 10 -I 0 1 2 0 Mozambique 20 0 0 2 3 2 2 3 -2 -2 -947 3 4 -94 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 2 4 4 0 2 5 0 0 10 I 1 17 5 3 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Rwanda 1 10 3 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 5 2 Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 2 2 22 16 14 1 12 10 9 0 3 19 27 9 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1 3 5 1 2 0 1 1 Sierra Leone 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 3 0 2 4 1 Somalia 128 82 0 10 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 81 7 10 South Africa .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. 0 Sudan 160 8 16 20 2 0 1 0 0 0 26 183 148 7 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 27 3 -2 -3 -1 6 4 -3 2 2 0 12 3 1 Togo 0 -I -1 -2 0 0 0 -2 -1 1 3 1 3 0 Uganda 1 43 51 15 1 11 7 8 3 0 1 6 7 14 Zambia 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 11 0 0 Zimbabwe 5 9 -1 -3 -1 -3 -4 -3 -3 -1 -1 6 -2 -1 NORTH AFRICA 739 2,655 985 455 389 110 101' 47 119 228 112 794 176 520 Algeria 41 8 2 4 1 2 -12 .7 12 19 31 7 28 7 Egypt,ArabRepublic 4 2,186 510 409 379 94 117 54 97 211 71 453 14 413 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 644 361 470 52 18 29 19 26 31 29 29 299 111 106 Tunisia 49 100 3 -10 -9 -15 -23 -38 -20 -32 -18 35 23 -6 ALLAFRICA 1,424 3,111 1,116 498 423 124 113 83 210 276 -730 1,354 493 522 Aid Flows 287 12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal Millions of U.S dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,359 5,928 6,522 7,373 6,542 7,724 7,928 5,921 5,139 4,809 4,772 1,847 4,035 6,266 excluding South Africa 2,359 5,928 6,522 7,373 6,450 7,644 7,860 5,875 5,059 4,717 4,619 1,847 4,035 6,205 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,340 5,852 6,432 7,253 6,243 7,501 7,721 5,731 4,910 4,548 4,523 1,830 4,012 6,071 Angola 16 103 119 152 137 226 176 179 128 121 136 20 42 147 Benin 53 143 109 98 140 III 96 118 73 68 93 34 68 105 Botswana 23 27 26 21 43 28 35 8 69 36 21 17 31 31 Burkina Faso 61 81 140 164 212 168 231 144 147 167 157 52 77 161 Burundi 54 106 138 163 94 207 182 44 18 33 22 42 95 101 Cameroon 71 109 142 137 16 334 97 134 171 123 183 51 56 145 Cape Verde 23 32 25 39 36 40 40 36 43 45 48 13 27 38 Central African Republic 34 148 73 70 54 72 43 45 30 63 58 27 68 66 Chad 15 128 124 91 76 109 109 171 126 88 116 33 95 114 Comoros 13 15 33 25 20 21 20 17 12 17 8 12 20 19 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 106 187 134 105 79 148 78 57 44 44 45 93 201 92 Congo, Republic of 22 16 16 12 7 109 20 35 9 5 19 23 13 25 C6ted'lvoire 58 157 196 229 55 773 486 515 213 309 80 31 80 301 Djibouti 9 17 22 22 29 23 22 21 19 17 19 9 19 21 Equatorial Guinea 8 17 21 26 25 13 12 8 6 6 6 4 17 14 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 18 49 49 29 26 38 50 .. .. 37 Ethiopia 120 438 630 720 671 504 357 369 198 282 303 111 322 447 Gabon 7 6 3 4 4 20 9 15 11 9 13 5 9 9 Gaambia, The 31 42 44 62 37 34 23 22 23 25 19 17 39 33 Ghana 59 297 424 284 309 220 298 303 189 324 248 55 264 289 (Guinea 57 150 206 217 228 174 191 143 222 187 109 36 90 183 Guinea-Bissau 24 53 51 45 34 48 39 52 66 31 20 18 41 44 Kenya 120 446 309 370 487 280 270 248 145 201 53 71 183 281 Lesotho 31 57 51 73 68 70 52 51 40 35 7 27 44 50 Liberia 29 70 101 93 97 28 91 58 44 41 49 21 24 67 Madagascar 91 131 182 147 135 99 106 127 284 161 166 59 128 154 Malawi 68 287 314 365 336 216 211 228 171 230 214 52 144 257 Mali 103 154 168 189 146 209 270 201 178 116 117 73 134 175 Mauritania 36 106 107 91 135 150 120 185 154 115 125 49 72 129 Mauritius 8 12 7 11 1 7 14 22 29 21 36 12 7 16 Mozambique 34 252 300 454 363 464 364 333 327 329 473 34 145 366 Namibia .. 82 86 45 31 25 44 51 42 51 60 .. 8 52 Niger 64 138 104 103 88 111 80 91 141 146 66 50 118 107 Nigeria 18 77 90 121 208 143 140 143 149 170 96 17 23 134 Rwanda 57 98 125 164 152 226 363 213 50 141 192 46 90 172 SaoTomeandPrincipe 3 24 27 30 18 24 23 19 12 10 8 5 13 20 Senegal 79 227 192 200 122 164 254 177 122 211 115 78 187 -178 Seychelles 3 3 6 4 12 6 2 8 6 6 6 2 5 6 Sierra Leone 30 21 36 59 102 222 146 113 76 51 13 21 31 84 Somalia 166 142 70 146 191 99 70 49 34 38 39 109 157 88 South Africa .. .. .. .. 92 80 67 46 80 92 152 .. .. 87 Sudan 192 394 489 333 287 235 108 101 52 59 58 147 289 212 Swaziland 17 18 22 26 19 28 18 10 10 14 14 12 12 18 Tanzania 128 326 318 525 300 389 286 274 373 228 376 118 177 340 Togo 39 106 76 89 19 62 74 62 51 61 21 34 65 62 Uganda 70 381 329 455 261 394 400 297 371 87 232 49 186 321 Zambia 62 71 300 336 361 284 1,594 255 243 93 283 37 85 382 Zimbabwe 47 35 35 259 189 283 147 93 116 65 25 28 34 125 NORTH AFRICA 311 284 649 490 658 664 415 606 798 849 712 459 204 613 Algeria 17 22 29 26 82 44 34 35 44 253 21 15 26 59 Egypt, Arab Republic 196 80 357 198 192 285 208 212 388 267 210 363 93 240 Libya 7 12 22 4 2 2 3 6 5 3 4 6 4 6 Morocco 66 92 150 160 273 285 128 233 217 249 316 48 30 210 Tunisia 25 79 91 102 109 49 41 121 144 76 161 28 51 97 ALL AFRICA 2,669 6,213 7,171 7,863 7,200 8,388 8,343 6,527 5,938 5,658 5,483 2,306 4,239 6,878 Note: In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Anangement Program permining disbursement of 833.4 M SDR under a new SAF/ESAF arrangement. 288 'id Flows 12-5. Net ODA from all donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995 prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,685 18,911 18,895 19,468 18,473 19,751 17,848 14,989 14,029 14,566 6.7 10.0 -15.7 excluding South Africa 9,685 18,911 18,895 19,468 18,169 19,429 17,462 14,632 13,508 13,993 6.7 10.0 -15.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9,638 18,637 18,603 19,191 17,861 19,221 17,249 14,442 13,297 13,765 6.9 9.7 -15.8 Angola 69 296 312 371 322 492 418 471 373 375 39.7 9.4 6.3 Benin 118 295 298 288 318 280 280 287 232 235 2.3 19.9 -2.9 Botswana 139 161 147 120 143 94 90 74 128 119 5.4 7.4 -6.2 Burkina Faso 278 364 469 464 515 473 489 414 387 444 4.0 4.5 1.7 Burundi 154 290 288 332 240 341 288 111 59 86 9.5 4.7 -14.3 Cameroon 347 490 577 766 601 798 444 410 524 474 1.5 14.5 -2.2 CapeVerde 84 119 117 127 130 132 117 116 117 145 13.4 1.8 1.6 Central African Republic 145 275 194 189 188 181 166 166 96 134 6.5 7.8 -7.7 Chad 46 345 295 256 248 233 236 295 239 187 -4.4 11.8 -4.3 Comoros 57 50 71 51 54 42 42 39 29 39 2.9 -1.8 -6.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 560 986 532 288 197 268 196 165 165 140 0.8 15.9 -19.4 Congo, Republic of 121 240 150 122 136 396 125 428 282 72 2.6 -2.1 2.4 C6te d'lvoire 275 756 705 810 844 1,742 1,212 961 468 892 -0.6 27.6 3.7 Djibouti 96 213 120 120 147 141 105 96 90 90 4.8 -7.4 -4.4 Equatorial Guinea 12 67 70 66 58 33 34 31 26 28 17.9 30.0 -12.2 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 74 172 149 159 129 187 .. .. 11.6 Ethiopia 277 1,117 1,223 1,260 1,203 1,171 883 814 600 724 5.5 9.2 -5.5 Gabon 73 146 160 74 112 198 144 126 41 50 2.3 9.1 -10.3 Gambia,The 71 109 113 118 94 76 47 36 40 42 15.3 10.0 -14.0 Ghana 251 619 984 655 681 597 651 647 514 783 5.5 25.4 -2.6 Guinea 117 322 423 480 451 392 417 298 401 401 16.8 21.1 -0.9 Guinea-Bissau 78 141 128 112 101 188 116 177 131 107 16.5 13.6 -0.3 Kenya 519 1,304 1,028 948 1,004 738 731 588 467 530 9.8 17.2 -10.8 Lesotho 124 156 140 153 157 127 114 104 96 74 12.1 2.3 -7.6 Liberia 128 123 176 128 134 69 122 170 78 81 18.3 -17.4 -1.6 Madagascar 301 438 509 388 400 316 301 355 875 553 8.4 12.7 2.9 Malawi 188 553 584 613 546 510 432 491 362 485 6.5 21.5 -3.2 Mali 350 530 505 462 401 482 541 489 450 387 4.5 1.9 -2.1 Mauritania 230 261 244 214 359 292 230 271 250 192 0.4 -0.3 -2.3 Mauritius 43 97 75 49 29 16 23 19 44 45 1.1 11.7 -11.1 Mozanbique 222 1,102 1,194 1,566 1,301 1,312 1,064 885 995 1,162 40.7 26.0 -1.1 Namibia .. 133 203 152 170 150 192 187 173 201 .. 55.3 7.2 Niger 223 436 417 391 379 412 274 253 349 326 -1.0 7.6 -3.6 Nigeria 47 274 292 277 308 208 212 190 211 228 -11.8 50.7 -6.1 Rwanda 204 320 404 376 393 781 702 465 241 391 4.8 3.8 2.8 Sao Tomre and Principe 5 60 57 60 51 55 84 47 35 32 14.0 24.9 -5.0 Senegal 344 900 709 718 552 700 666 577 444 559 6.6 12.7 -5.7 Seychelles 28 40 26 21 22 14 13 19 18 27 3.2 -1.5 -4.7 Sierra Leone 119 67 116 143 229 301 206 183 125 119 14.6 6.6 5.0 Somalia 567 543 208 699 981 587 189 88 85 90 10.4 0.8 -20.2 South Africa .. .. .. .. 304 322 386 357 520 573 .. .. 13.8 Sudan 818 904 976 579 500 448 239 218 145 234 10.4 -2.8 -19.3 Swaziland 66 59 59 57 57 61 55 30 28 34 2.0 -0.7 -5.0 Tanzania 889 1,290 1,206 1,433 1,048 1,055 877 873 992 1,117 6.9 10.7 -2.8 Togo 119 286 223 238 107 137 192 156 131 144 4.1 9.2 -7.1 Uganda 149 735 743 776 673 819 830 673 854 526 19.6 20.2 0.1 Zambia 417 528 986 1,108 962 785 2,034 607 641 390 11.0 5.5 -0.4 Zimbabwe 215 373 439 848 550 613 491 370 352 313 66.6 -3.9 -1.7 NORTH AFRICA 3,548 7,873 7,791 5,728 4,069 4,210 2,898 3,273 3,040 3,383 -5.3 -5.0 -6.8 Algeria 230 288 378 434 384 459 312 303 261 440 -6.8 0.2 3.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,816 5,979 5,612 3,857 2,644 2,941 2,014 2,191 2,082 2,180 -7.8 -7.2 -7.2 Libya 22 21 28 6 4 4 6 8 7 8 -8.4 12.8 -12.4 Morocco 1,175 1,153 1,375 1,013 786 690 495 647 487 591 6.6 -4.3 -6.5 Tunisia 304 432 399 418 251 116 71 123 203 164 -5.2 9.1 -13.4 ALL AFRICA 13,233 26,784 26,686 25,196 22,542 23,962 20,746 18,262 17,068 17,949 2.4 6.9 -17.2 Note: In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arangement Progrnm pemitting disburnsemnt of 833.4 M SDR under a new SAF/ESAF arrangement. Aid Flows 289 12-6. Net ODA from DAC donors, real Average annual Millions of US. dollars (constant 1995 prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 5,698 11,891 11,464 11,529 11,213 11,291 9,908 9,054 8,534 9,137 7.2 10.7 -15.8 excluding South Africa 5,698 11,891 11,464 11,529 11,011 11,056 9,590 8,744 8,098 8,667 7.2 10.7 -16.2 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 5,676 11,701 11,272 11,382 10,932 11,004 9,517 8,696 8,043 8,629 7.6 10.1 -16.0 Angola 47 181 177 208 167 245 242 293 238 240 41.1 10.1 6.7 Benin 47 138 179 183 163 155 177 164 155 161 1.2 22.9 -0.4 Botswana 109 133 116 100 88 62 54 68 59 82 3.9 12.9 -9.0 Burkina Faso 198 262 302 287 281 289 252 268 229 253 6.0 8.4 -0.8 Burundi 78 173 137 159 139 119 108 68 40 50 9.0 -0.2 -12.4 Cameroon 224 373 421 620 583 434 346 279 347 339 3.7 11.4 -3.0 Cape Verde 51 83 88 86 90 89 77 77 71 95 25.2 5.1 0.2 CentralAfticanRepublic 98 110 110 114 129 103 122 121 64 63 8.1 6.8 -5.2 Chad 26 202 154 159 161 113 127 121 101 83 -4.0 11.9 -7.3 Comoros 18 34 34 25 32 19 22 22 16 21 -0.6 11.2 -7.9 Congo, DemocraticRep. of 415 696 383 174 109 106 118 106 110 89 -0.7 12.9 -19.8 Congo, Republic of 73 222 131 109 128 277 105 393 273 67 2.3 3.6 2.6 C6te d'lvoire 199 583 486 565 782 897 727 448 245 547 2.1 16.2 -0.3 Djibouti 42 97 93 98 104 103 80 71 65 70 -1.0 3.2 -3.3 Equatorial Guinea 2 48 39 38 31 18 22 23 19 20 118.6 36.9 -10.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 53 105 95 127 85 109 .. .. 9.8 Ethiopia 120 560 519 489 460 620 526 447 393 408 0.1 8.0 -2.1 Gabon 64 139 157 69 108 176 136 113 32 42 3.6 10.7 -11.7 Gambia, The 22 63 61 54 55 42 25 17 18 15 16.8 8.4 -17.1 Ghana 140 291 501 356 345 363 359 348 307 419 1.6 25.1 -0.8 Guinea 43 153 194 250 204 204 220 134 132 166 19.4 30.2 -3.6 Guinea-Bissau 45 83 70 61 62 135 77 124 61 72 37.9 14.7 1.0 Kenya 363 808 679 556 471 438 459 344 316 308 8.6 12.9 -10.6 Lesotho 83 94 83 74 81 50 62 49 47 36 13.9 0.3 -9.4 Libefia 79 46 63 28 27 39 31 112 33 35 23.9 -19.9 -0.8 Madagascar 119 295 306 231 251 208 195 229 577 373 11.9 11.4 4.8 Malawi 99 238 233 223 175 275 221 263 183 228 -0.7 30.0 -0.2 Mali 172 344 312 256 244 266 285 296 270 264 5.8 0.5 -2.5 Mauritania 70 117 123 125 216 140 126 98 101 71 11.1 9.3 -6.7 Mauritius 33 83 69 37 30 8 11 1 3 22 4.0 13.6 -29.7 Mozamnbique 150 825 859 1,078 897 801 698 550 653 796 42.9 26.6 -2.3 Namibia .. 43 106 105 136 123 148 136 129 144 .. 73.9 13.4 Niger 137 280 295 280 280 286 194 163 190 162 -0.9 7.4 -6.0 Nigeria 23 190 192 147 78 52 73 47 55 38 -17.2 74.4 -20.8 Rwanda 127 201 260 201 222 533 339 251 188 234 4.1 3.1 3.3 SaoTome and Principe 2 34 27 28 31 29 62 29 22 20 33.3 32.2 -1.6 Senegal 238 648 471 486 402 519 399 391 307 323 8.5 13.5 -7.3 Seychelles 24 36 19 17 8 8 11 8 7 19 1.5 0.2 -9.6 Sierra Leone 74 44 76 79 117 59 60 67 44 59 16.2 18.1 -3.3 Somalia 182 296 130 532 759 478 119 39 48 47 28.9 6.5 -21.9 South Africa .. .. .. .. 202 234 319 311 436 470 .. .. 18.9 Sudan 356 462 412 201 181 191 131 118 90 168 22.9 -1.7 -16.1 Swaziland 43 40 35 29 37 30 38 21 17 19 15 7.5 -3.0 Tanzania 686 928 853 874 718 624 587 603 598 860 5.3 11.2 -3.4 Togo 68 170 139 144 85 69 118 97 80 74 2.8 14.2 -7.5 Uganda 55 269 319 273 384 377 423 368 461 429 25.8 30.5 6.9 Zambia 307 450 651 748 564 475 439 353 386 287 8.7 9.4 -4.9 Zimbabwe 147 325 401 574 342 306 348 280 234 242 61.0 -3.5 -4.0 NORTH AFRICA 2,174 4,641 5,966 4,716 2,914 3,364 2,382 2,622 2,076 2,180 8.4 -4.6 -7.5 Algeria 154 255 343 402 293 408 290 262 202 136 -5.3 -7.2 -12 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,554 3,487 4,643 3,208 2,013 2,526 1,690 1,926 1,572 1,645 18.4 -7.5 -6.9 Libya 13 8 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 -10.3 4.0 -9.9 Morocco 246 655 682 785 466 348 347 390 226 280 1.5 5.4 -10.2 Tunisia 207 236 295 319 140 79 52 41 73 114 -4.3 6.1 -16.4 ALLAFRICA 7,872 16,532 17,430 16,245 14,127 14,654 12,290 11,676 10,610 11,317 7.5 6.7 -17.6 290 A id Flows 12-7. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of US. dollars (constant 1995 prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 898 502 147 45 38 1 5 II1 35 96 54 2.0 -28.4 -29.5 excluding South Aftica 898 502 147 45 38 1 5 1 1 35 96 54 2.0 -28.4 -29.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 898 502 147 45 38 1 5 1 1 35 96 54 2.0 -28.4 -29.5 Angola 1 2 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 .. 17.6 Benin 2 0 -3 0 0 4 7 6 0 -2 1.9 -3.4 Botswana 0 -2 2 -2 8 I 0 -2 -4 -3 Burkina Faso 0 1 2 12 3 0 I 6 2 3 4 8.9 -52.2 8.8 Burundi 5 0 -3 -2 -3 -3 .3 -1 0 -1 28.0 -21.4 Cameroon 30 -3 -2 -1 0 0 1 -2 -3 -3 4.6 -72.8 Cape Verde 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 -3.2 -21.2 10.4 Central African Republic 3 3 3 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 -17.0 106.7 Chad 0 2 3 0 3 1 1 3 5 5 -27.6 .. 27.9 Comoros 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.9 -62.7 -13.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 7 85 0 2 0 0 0 2 9 3 -63.9 .. 12.9 Congo, Republic of 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.0 C6te dIvoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -99.8 Djibouti 43 97 3 -1 11I 13 3 5 5 2 -13.1 -47.8 -9.9 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 43.8 Eritrea . .. . .. 1 13 5 3 17 35 ... 74.3 Ethiopia 0 74 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7.3 .. -38.2 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 -l -2 -3 -2 -21.6 Gamnbia, The 9 1 2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 0 -2.9 Ghana 33 1 10 -5 -5 -6 -6 -2 9 3 117.9 Guinea 0 5 -1 -2 -4 -2 6 20 36 26 10.4 7.8 11.3 Guinea-Bissau 2 0 I 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 -6.7 4.6 -27.5 Kenya 0 5 3 -4 -4 -6 2 -3 -1 -2 166.1 -47.8 Lesotho 0 0 -l I 1 0 0 4 7 -1 81.9 Liberia 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -69.9 -10.1 Madagascar 63 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54.7 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mali 43 17 5 4 -5 -12 -14 -8 -6 -6 3.5 -33.1 Mauritania 113 27 1 -8 -6 -11 -16 -12 -14 -S -5.9 -33.2 Mauritius 0 1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -4 10 -1 ..1.5 Mozambique ~~~ ~~27 0 0 2 4 3 2 3 -2 -3 51.0 -1. 2. Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 2 .4 5 0 2 5 0 0 1 1 1 16.3 -8.5 -18.5 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -13.5 Rwanda 2 II1 4 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 -3.9 -9.3 -24.1 SAo Tomt and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 3 3 24 1 8 1 6 2 12 10 9 0 18.1 -27.0 -17.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 1 0 -I 3 5 I . -39.0 Sierra Leone 6 0 0 0 0 0 I 4 1 3 3.5 -24.0 48.5 Somalia 167 90 0 11 10 0 0 0 1 0 -12.3 -44.0 -39.0 South Africa . .. . .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 210 8 18 21 2 0 I 0 0 0 0.7 -27.5 -42.3 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 36 4 -3 -3 -1 6 4 -3 2 2 45.4 -48.3 3.4 Togo 0 -1 -1 -2 0 0 0 -2 -1 I -7.2 2.2 Uganda 2 47 57 16 1 12 7 8 3 0 -19.5 205.0 -31.9 Zamnbia 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 19.3 Zimbabwe 7 10 -1 -3 -1 -3 -4 -3 -3 -1 15.6 NORTH AFRICA 967 2,919 1,100 487 429 120 101 47 125 254 -28.4 -24.0 -16.7 Algeria 54 9 2 5 1 3 -12 7 12 21 .. 222.2 5.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 5 2,403 570 437 419 103 117 53 102 236 -58.6 .. -28.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Morocco 843 397 525 56 19 31 19 26 32 33 16.7 -38.7 -28.2 Tunisia 64 110 3 -II -10 -17 -23 -38 -22 -36 -9.3 14.7 ALL AFRICA 1;865 3,420 1,247 533 467 135 113 83 221 308 -14.1 -28.2 -35.7 Aid Flows 291 12-8. Net ODA from multilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995 prices) percentage growth 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,089 6,518 7,285 7,894 7,222 8,446 7,928 5,899 5,399 5,374 7.0 12.4 -15.2 excluding South Africa 3,089 6,518 7,285 7,894 7,120 8,358 7,860 5,853 5,315 5,272 7.0 12.4 -15.3 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 3,065 6,434 7,184 7,764 6,891 8,202 7,721 5,710 5,159 5,082 7.1 12.4 -15.4 Angola 21 114 133 162 151 247 176 178 134 135 42.6 7.3 5.9 Benin 69 157 122 105 154 121 96 117 76 76 3.2 16.2 -6.4 Botswana 30 30 29 22 47 31 35 8 73 40 6.1 0.1 -0.7 Burkina Faso 80 89 156 175 234 183 231 143 154 187 0.6 -0.4 7.1 Burundi 71 117 154 175 104 226 182 44 19 37 9.2 12.8 -16.4 Cameroon 93 120 158 147 18 365 97 133 179 138 -4.0 31.2 0.8 Cape Verde 31 35 28 42 39 43 40 36 45 50 2.8 -3.3 4.4 Central African Republic 44 163 82 75 59 79 43 44 31 71 3.9 9.1 -11.3 Chad 20 141 139 97 84 119 109 170 133 99 -2.6 11.9 -1.4 Comoros 18 16 37 27 22 23 20 17 13 19 23.5 -12.2 -2.6 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 138 206 149 112 87 162 78 57 47 49 5.2 20.8 -18.4 Congo, Republic of 28 18 18 13 8 119 20 35 9 6 -2.2 -16.9 -2.4 CdteddIvoire 77 173 219 245 61 845 486 513 224 345 -11.4 84.0 11.3 Djibouti 11 19 24 23 32 25 22 21 20 19 37.3 -14.5 1.9 Equatorial Guinea 11 19 23 28 28 15 12 7 7 7 28.5 22.5 -15.2 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 20 54 49 29 27 43 .. 3.5 Ethiopia 158 482 703 771 741 551 357 368 208 315 9.0 11.1 -8.5 Gabon 9 6 3 4 4 21 9 15 12 10 3.7 7.2 7.9 Gambia, The 40 46 49 67 41 37 23 22 24 28 13.9 14.3 -10.2 Ghana 78 326 473 304 341 241 298 302 198 362 12.4 23.8 -4.6 Guinea 75 165 231 232 251 191 191 143 233 209 29.0 18.3 0.2 Guinea-Bissau 31 59 57 48 37 53 39 52 69 35 19.4 13.1 -2.5 Kenya 157 490 345 396 537 306 270 247 152 224 11.5 36.1 -11.0 Lesotho 40 63 57 78 75 77 52 51 42 39 9.0 7.9 -6.2 Liberia 38 77 113 100 107 30 91 58 46 46 7.6 -9.9 -1.5 Madagascar 120 144 203 158 149 108 106 126 299 180 3.6 11.2 -0.1 Malawi 89 315 351 390 371 236 211 227 179 257 16.4 16.3 -5.7 Mali 135 169 188 202 161 228 270 201 187 130 2.2 8.7 -0.3 Mauritania 47 117 119 98 149 163 120 184 162 129 1.8 8.7 3.9 Mauritius 10 14 8 12 1 8 14 22 30 24 -6.8 16.3 12.7 Mozambique 45 277 335 486 400 508 364 332 343 368 37.7 25.1 2.0 Namibia .. 90 97 48 34 27 44 51 44 57 .. 33.4 -1.1 Niger 83 152 117 111 97 121 80 90 148 163 -4.9 9.4 0.2 Nigeria 24 84 101 129 229 156 140 143 156 190 -1.0 8.3 12.5 Rwanda 75 107 140 175 168 247 363 213 53 157 6.7 5.7 1.8 Sao Tom6 and Principe 4 26 30 33 20 26 23 19 13 11 11.6 20.8 -9.3 Senegal 104 249 214 214 135 179 254 176 128 236 1.8 24.4 -1. Seychelles 4 4 7 4 13 6 2 8 6 6 24.9 0.5 1.8 Sierra Leone 39 23 40 63 113 242 146 112 80 56 10.1 -1.8 14.4 Somalia 218 156 78 156 211 109 70 48 36 43 12.2 -5.1 -16.2 South Africa .. .. .. .. 102 88 67 46 84 102 .. .. -1.3 Sudan 252 434 546 357 317 257 108 100 55 65 8.4 4.2 -22.6 Swaziland 23 20 24 28 21 31 18 10 11 15 3.7 90 -.0 Tanzania 167 358 356 562 331 426 286 273 392 255 11.6 11.0 -1.7 Togo 51 116 85 96 21 67 74 62 53 68 6.1 5.7 -6.4 Uganda 92 419 368 487 288 431 400 296 390 98 24.3 13.3 -6.3 Zambia 81 78 335 360 399 311 1,594 254 255 104 18.8 -7.5 9.2 Zimbabwe 61 38 39 277 209 309 147 93 121 72 127.5 4.8 9.5 NORTH AFRICA 407 313 725 525 726 726 415 604 839 949 -4.4 2.4 8.7 Algeria 22 24 33 28 91 48 34 35 46 282 -11.3 19.8 13.4 Egypt, Arab Republic 256 88 399 212 212 311 208 211 408 299 -3.2 -5.3 7.9 Libya 9 13 25 4 2 2 3 6 5 4 -4.0 22.2 -13.6 Morocco 86 102 167 171 301 311 128 232 228 278 6.7 4.0 13.2 Tunisia 33 86 101 109 121 53 41 120 151 85 -4.5 14.6 1.6 ALLAFRICA 3,496 6,831 8,009 8,418 7,948 9,172 8,343 6,503 6,238 6,323 4.6 11.7 -14.9 Note: In 1995, Zambia campleted a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program pemitting disburement of 833.4 M SDR under a new SAF/ESAF araagement 292 A id Flows 12-9. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.8 6.6 5.9 5.0 4.3 2.6 4.9 5.7 excluding South Africa 3.8 9.4 9.3 10.2 10.0 12.1 10.5 8.2 6.9 3.9 7.2 9.6 excl. S.Afirica &Nigeria 6.5 11.0 10.8 12.4 11.4 14.3 12.5 10.0 8.6 6.1 8.4 11.4 Angola .. 2.6 2.3 6.1 5.6 11.1 8.3 7.1 5.8 .. 1.8 6.1 Benin 6.4 14.6 14.3 16.6 13.7 17.2 14.0 13.3 10.4 7.0 11.1 14.3 Botswana 9.6 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.5 2.4 9.8 6.4 2.6 Burkina Faso 12.4 12.1 15.2 22.0 22.9 23.5 20.7 16.5 14.7 12.4 13.1 18.5 Burundi 12.8 23.4 22.2 28.7 22.4 33.9 28.8 22.6 13.3 11.9 16.6 24.4 Camneroon 3.9 4.0 4.2 6.3 4.6 9.3 5.6 4.5 5.1 3.6 2.4 5.4 Cape Verde .. 36.2 33.1 34.1 35.6 35.0 26.8 28.3 25.8 .. 34.6 31.9 Central African Republic 13.9 16.9 12.4 12.4 13.3 19.5 14.9 15.6 9.5 12.8 14.0 14.3 Chad 3.4 19.7 15.0 13.5 16.4 18.2 16.6 18.6 13.4 8.7 18.2 16.4 Comoros 35.1 18.5 26.3 18.3 19.0 21.5 20.2 18.8 14.6 36.9 29.0 19.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 9.6 5.2 3.3 2.0 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.8 6.5 4.0 Congo, Republic of 5.4 7.8 4.9 3.9 6.4 20.5 5.9 17.0 11.6 6.4 4.6 9.8 C6te dIlvoire 2.1 6.4 6.0 6.8 7.4 20.8 12.1 9.0 4.3 1.9 2.8 9.1 Djibouti .. 45.8 23.8 24.1 28.4 26.5 21.6 20.1 16.4 .. 25.1 25.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 46.8 48.3 40.3 34.9 24.1 20.6 12.0 5.5 l.1 35.1 29.1 Eritrea . .. . 0.0 16.7 31.0 26.1 24.9 16.9 . .. 19.3 Ethiopia .. 14.9 20.6 21.2 17.5 22.0 15.4 14.1 10.0 5.l 10.0 17.0 Gabon 1.3 2.2 2.7 1.2 2.3 4.3 2.9 2.2 0.8 1.6 2.5 2.3 Gambia, The 22.6 31.6 32.4 32.5 23.6 19.5 12.5 9.8 12.1 19.6 38.4 21.8 Ghana 4.3 9.6 13.4 9.6 10.4 10.0 10.1 9.4 8.8 3.6 8.7 10.2 Guinea .. 10.5 12.7 13.7 12.5 10.5 11.3 7.5 8.3 .. 11.2 10.9 Guinea-Bissau 53.7 53.2 44.9 46.5 40.4 74.5 45.9 66.5 44.8 37.3 55.4 52.1 Kenya 5.5 13.9 11.5 11.1 18.3 9.5 8.1 6.6 5.0 5.5 8.6 10.5 Lesotho 25.6 22.9 21.6 21.9 20.4 15.4 13.5 12.5 9.5 24.7 29.9 17.2 Liberia 8.8 . .. . .. . .. . .. 7.4 6.9 Madagascar 5.7 13.0 17.0 12.1 10.8 9.7 9.6 9.1 23.6 4.6 11.0 13.1 Malawi 11.6 28.0 23.8 31.9 24.0 40.0 29.6 22.1 14.2 11.1 21.4 26.7 Mali 15.0 20.1 18.9 15.3 13.7 23.9 22.1 19.0 17.4 15.0 22.8 18.8 Mauritania 21.6 21.1 19.5 17.0 34.8 26.2 21.6 25.0 22.6 24.2 22.3 23.5 Mauritius 2.9 3.4 2.4 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 3.6 3.0 1.3 Mozambique 4.8 40.1 42.9 75.1 56.3 54.3 46.0 32.5 27.5 5.8 24.5 46.8 Namnibia 0.0 5.0 7.2 4.9 5.7 4.5 5.7 5.9 5.1 0.0 1.2 5.5 Niger 6.8 16.1 16.2 15.8 21.6 24.1 14.4 13.0 16.9 9.9 16.9 17.3 Nigeria 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.8 Rwanda 13.4 11.3 19.0 17.4 18.2 95.2 53.6 48.5 31.9 12.5 10.5 36.9 Slo Tomd and Principe 9.1 109.8 90.8 125.2 98.5 101.1 185.2 104.7 76.8 20.7 46.9 111.5 Senegal 8.8 14.4 11.6 11.2 9.3 17.7 14.9 12.1 9.1 10.5 13.7 12.5 Seychelles 14.7 9.8 6.1 4.4 4.1 2.7 2.6 3.7 2.3 14.5 10.1 4.5 Sierra Leone 7.6 7.0 13.0 19.5 27.1 29.8 23.9 20.8 14.8 4.6 8.0 19.5 Somalia 71.8 53.9 .. . . . . . . 42.1 46.8 53.9 South Africa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Sudan 8.2 6.3 7.7 8.6 5.8 5.1 3.3 3.2 1.9 6.6 6.1 5.2 Swaziland 8.6 6.4 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.4 2.5 2.1 7.9 6.2 4.7 Tanzania .. 27.8 22.8 27.4 20.9 23.0 17.8 15.3 12.8 .. 21.8 21.0 Togo 8.0 16.0 12.6 13.2 7.9 12.8 14.7 11.3 8.1 10.0 14.0 12.1 Uganda 9.1 15.6 20.1 25.5 19.0 18.8 14.4 11.3 13.3 7.2 5.9 17.2 Zambia 8.2 14.6 26.2 32.5 26.6 21.5 58.6 18.7 15.4 6.3 16.5 26.8 Zimbabwe 2.5 3.9 4.6 11.7 7.6 8.2 6.9 4.4 3.9 1.6 3.8 6.4 NORTH AFRICA 2.1 5.0 5.6 4.0 2.7 2.8 1.9 1.9 1.6 3.0 1.7 3.2 Algeria 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 6.1 12.6 13.6 8.6 5.1 5.2 3.4 3.3 2.5 10.3 4.4 6.8 Libya 0.0 . .. . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco 4.8 4.1 4.4 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.3 3.8 2.9 2.6 Tunisia 2.7 3.2 2.7 2.5 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.1 3.5 2.6 1.6 ALL AFRICA 2.4 5.6 5.7 .4 4.7 5.3 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.7 3.7 4.8 Note: Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of official exchange rate over-aluation affecting oil exporta sad oil value added (sem chapter 3). A id Flows 293 12-10. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.2 5.9 5.6 6.0 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.3 -2.3 4.6 3.7 excluding South Africa 2.2 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.7 5.7 4.7 4.0 4.1 3.7 2.3 4.6 5.2 excl. SAfrica & Nigeria 3.6 6.9 6.5 7.3 6.9 8.0 6.9 5.8 4.9 4.9 4.5 3.3 5.4 6.3 Angola .. 1.6 1.3 3.4 2.9 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.9 .. 1.2 3.2 Benin 2.5 6.8 8.5 10.5 7.0 9.5 8.8 7.5 6.9 6.2 4.9 3.6 6.1 7.7 Botswana 7.4 3.2 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.5 0.7 7.8 5.0 1.7 Burkina Faso 8.8 8.6 9.7 13.4 12.4 14.3 10.7 10.6 9.2 8.8 9.0 8.3 8.9 10.7 Burundi 6.5 13.9 10.5 13.7 13.4 11.7 10.8 7.5 4.0 5.1 7.3 6.3 7.5 9.8 Canseroon 2.5 3.0 3.0 5.1 4.4 5.1 4.3 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 1.9 3.8 Cape Verdc 36.5 22.4 22.5 20.3 22.4 19.8 15.7 15.4 13.4 15.8 15.3 30.6 28.0 18.3 Central African Republic 9.4 6.7 7.0 7.4 9.0 11.0 10.9 11.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 8.2 8.0 8.1 Chad 2.0 10.5 7.3 7.9 10.0 8.8 8.8 7.6 6.4 4.4 4.2 4.7 9.6 7.6 Comoros 10.9 12.2 12.4 8.7 10.9 9.6 10.1 10.3 7.9 9.4 6.8 14.0 15.6 9.8 Congo. Democratic Rep. of 2.2 6.8 3.8 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.8 4.1 23- Congo, Republic of 3.2 7.2 4.3 3.5 6.1 14.3 4.2 15.5 11.2 3.1 5.5 3.8 4.0 7.5 C6te dIlvoire 1.5 4.9 4.1 4.7 6.8 10.7 7.3 4.2 2.2 4.4 3.3 1.5 2.0 5.3 Djibouti .. 20.8 18.2 19.6 19.9 19.3 16.2 14.6 12.4 12.0 ... 16.2 17.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 33.0 27.0 23.3 18.2 13.1 13.2 9.0 3.6 4.0 2.1 .. 19.7 14.6 Eritrea . . . . 11.8 18.8 16.5 20.2 12.4 14.4 12.5 . .. 15.2 Ethiopia .. 7.5 8.7 8.2 6.7 11.6 9.1 7.5 5.9 5.6 5.0 1.9 5.6 7.6 Gabon 1.1 2.1 2.6 1.2 2.2 3.8 2.7 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.2 1.9 Gambia, Te6.8 18.0 17.4 14.5 13.6 10.5 6.6 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.4 8.7 21.8 9.6 Ghana 2.4 4.5 6.8 5.2 5.2 6.1 5.6 5.0 4.2 5.0 4.6 2.0 3.6 5.2 Guinea ..' 4.9 5.7 7.1 5.6 5.4 5.9 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.0 . . 6.3 4.8_ Guinea-Bissau 31.1 30.9 24.2 25.1 23.8 52.4 30.3 46.1 21.8 31.5 14.7 21.9 27.6 30.1 Kenya 3.8 8.6 7.6 6.5 8.6 5.6 5.1 3.8 2.8 2.4 2.4 4.3 6.2 5.3 Lesotho 14.8 13.7 10.9 8.4 9.0 5.4 6.6 5.2 4.4 3.7 2.9 12.8 15.5 7.0 Liberia 5.4 . . . . . .. . . . .. 5.1 4.8 Madagascar 2.2 8.7 10.2 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.2 5.8 15.5 8.9 5.2 2.4 6.3 _ 8.1 Malawi 6.1 12.0 9.5 11.6 7.7 21.2 15.5 10.9 6.9 11.7 12.6 6.3 10.4 11.9 Mali 7.3 12.9 11.5 8.4 8.3 13.8 11.6 11.4 10.4 9.0 9.1 8.0 14.2 10.6 Mauritania 7.6 10.4 9.8 9.8 20.8 12.5 11.8 8.9 8.8 6.4 9.2 6.7 13.4 10.8 Mauritius 2.2 2.9 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 2.3 2.5 0.8 Mozamnbique 3.3 29.9 30.8 51.5 38.7 32.3 29.2 19.0 17.7 18.2 14.3 4.3 18.7 28.2 Narnibia .. 1.7 3.8 3.5 4.7 3.8 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.8 0.0 0.8 3.8 Niger 4.2 10.3 11.4 11.2 15.8 16.7 10.3 8.2 9.8 7.0 6.0 5.9 10.7 10.7 Nigeria 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 Rwanda 8.3 7.1 12.2 9.2 10.3 64.7 26.4 17.9 9.6 10.3 9.2 7.9 6.0 17.7 S8o Tom6 and Principe 2.8 62.0 42.4 57.3 59.5 53.2 135.2 64.3 48.2 44.4 40.7 6.1 18.7 60.7 Senegal 6.1 10.3 7.7 7.5 6.7 13.0 8.9 8.4 6.7 6.2 8.7 6.5 8.6 8.4 Seychelles 12.4 8.9 4.5 3.6 1.4 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.2 3.2 0.9 13.0 7.2 2.9 Sieffa Leone 4.9 4.4 8.4 10.7 13.7 5.8 6.9 7.1 4.9 7.9 8.9 2.5 4.7 7.9 Somalia 23.1 29.4 .. . . . . . . . . 13.4 30.1 29.4 South Africa . .. . .. 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 . .. 0.2 Sudan 3.6 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.6 2.5 3.3 2.1 Swaziland 5.6 4.2 3.5 2.7 3.4 2.6 3.0 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.2 5.1 4.1 2.5 Tanzania .. 19.8 15.4 17.7 15.3 12.6 11.2 9.3 7.4 9.0 7.0 8.1 14.6 12.5 Togo 4.6 9.5 7.8 8.0 6.3 6.5 9.0 6.6 5.0 4.7 3.3 5.7 8.0 6.7 Uganda 3.4 5.7 8.6 8.9 10.8 8.6 7.4 6.1 7.0 5.7 5.6 1.6 2.1 7.4 Zambia 6.0 12.4 17.3 22.0 15.6 13.0 12.7 10.8 9.4 7.9 10.8 4.8 12.9 13.2 Zimbabwe 1.7 3.4 4.2 7.9 4.7 4.1 4.9 3.3 2.6 3.2 3.9 1.2 3.3 4.2 NORTH AFRICA 1.3 2.9 4.3 3.3 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.5 2.1 Algeria 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 Egypt, Arab Republic 5.2 7.4 11.2 7.2 3.9 4.5 2.8 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 4.6 4.1 4.5 Libya 0.0 . . . . . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco 1.0 2.3 2.2 2.6 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.4 Tunisia 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 2.5 1.9 0.9 ALL AFRICA 1.8 4.6 5.1 4.8 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.1 3.1 Note: Nigeri.'s.rtios ae distorted forl1994-95 be.se of official echange rate over-val.ation affecting oil eports and oil val.e added (see chapter 3). 294 A id Flows 12-11. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.2 3.2 3.5 4.2 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 2.5 2.4 excluding South Africa 1.2 3.2 3.5 4.2 4.0 5.2 4.7 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 1.2 2.5 3.5 excl. S.Afirica &Nigeria 2.0 3.7 4.1 5.1 4.5 6.2 5.5 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.8 2.9 4.2 Angola .. 1.0 1.0 2.6 2.6 5.6 3.4 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.6 .. 0.6 2.4 Benin 3.8 7.7 5.8 6.1 6.6 7.4 4.8 5.3 3.4 2.9 3.9 3.3 4.8 5.4 Botswana 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 1.4 0.7 0.3 2.1 1.6 0.7 Burkina Faso 3.6 2.9 5.0 8.2 10.3 9.0 9.8 5.7 6.2 6.5 6.1 3.9 3.9 7.0 Burundi 5.9 9.4 11.8 15.1 10.0 22.3 18.2 4.9 1.9 3.7 3.1 5.2 8.4 10.0 Cameroon 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.1 4.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.6 Cape Verde 22.0 9.3 7.3 10.0 9.8 9.6 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.3 8.3 15.6 13.5 8.7 Central African Republic 4.2 10.0 5.2 4.9 4.1 8.4 3.8 4.2 3.0 6.0 5.5 4.4 5.8 5.5 Chad 1.5 7.4 6.6 4.8 5.2 9.2 7.6 10.7 8.4 5.2 7.6 3.6 7.6 7.3 Comoros 10.8 5.8 13.4 9.4 7.5 11.3 9.3 8.1 6.2 8.4 4.3 14.1 12.4 8.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.7 2.0 1.5 1.3 0.9 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 2.5 1.2 Congo, Republic of 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 6.2 0.8 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.6 1.2 C6te dIlvoire 0.6 1.5 1.9 2.1 0.5 10.1 4.9 4.8 2.0 2.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 3.1 Djibouti .. 4.1 4.7 4.6 6.2 4.7 4.5 4.4 3.7 3.3 ... 5.1 4.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 12.9 16.0 16.8 16.5 10.6 7.3 2.9 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.7 15.3 8.7 Eritrea . .. . .. 4.4 9.7 8.6 4.5 3.9 5.6 7.7 . .. 6.3 Ethiopia .. 6.4 11.8 12.9 10.7 10.3 6.2 6.1 3.1 4.3 4.7 2.8 4.4 7.7 Gabon 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Gambia, The 12.8 13.2 13.8 17.9 10.1 9.2 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.9 4.8 8.5 16.9 9.2 Ghana 1.3 5.0 6.4 4.4 5.2 4.0 4.6 4.3 2.7 4.3 3.2 1.4 5.1 4.4 Guinea .. 5.3 6.8 6.6 6.9 5.1 5.1 3.6 5.7 4.9 2.9 .. 4.4 5.3 Guinca-Bissau 21.4 21.8 20.0 19.7 14.3 20.5 15.2 19.1 24.4 15.1 9.3 13.1 24.8 17.9 Kenya 1.6 5.2 3.8 4.6 9.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 1.4 1.8 0.5 1.2 2.3 3.7 Lesotho 7.1 9.1 7.6 8.8 8.3 8.4 5.6 5.4 3.9 4.0 0.8 8.0 10.7 6.2 Liberia 2.6 . .. . .. ... .... ..2.1 2.1 Madagascar 2.3 4.3 6.8 4.9 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.2 8.0 4.3 4.5 1.9 4.8 4.7 Malawi 5.5 15.9 14.3 20.3 16.2 18.2 14.8 9.4 6.7 13.2 11.8 4.8 11.0 14.1 Mali 5.8 6.4 6.9 6.6 5.5 11.8 10.9 7.7 7.2 4.4 4.5 5.6 7.5 7.2 Mauritania 5.1 10.4 9.5 7.7 14.3 14.6 11.3 16.6 14.1 11.5 13.0 7.6 8.2 12.3 Mauritius 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.4 0.4 Mozambique 1.0 10.0 12.0 23.2 17.2 20.5 15.2 11.5 9.3 8.4 11.4 1.3 5.6 13.9 Namibia .. 3.5 3.5 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.7 2.0 .. 0.4 1.9 Niger 2.5 5.6 4.5 4.4 5.5 7.1 4.2 4.6 7.7 7.0 3.3 3.1 6.0 5.4 Nigeria 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 Rwanda 4.9 3.8 6.5 8.0 7.8 29.9 28.2 15.2 2.7 7.0 9.8 4.3 4.2 11.9 Sao Tom6 and Principe 6.3 47.3 47.8 66.7 38.5 47.8 49.9 41.4 27.7 24.8 17.9 14.6 28.3 41.0 Senegal 2.6 4.0 3.5 3.3 2.2 4.5 5.7 3.8 2.8 4.5 2.4 3.2 4.4 3.7 Seychelles 2.3 0.9 1.6 1.0 2.6 1.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 2.5 1.3 Sierra Leone 2.6 2.3 4.5 8.6 13.2 23.9 16.9 12.0 9.0 7.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 10.0 Somalia 27.5 15.5 .. . . . . . . . . 15.9 16.0 15.5 South Africa . .. . .. 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 . .. 0.1 Sudan 2.5 3.0 4.3 5.2 3.6 2.9 1.5 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.9 2.4 Swaziland 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.7 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 2.7 2.1 1.7 Tanzania .. 7.7 6.4 11.4 7.0 8.6 5.4 4.2 4.9 2.7 4.3 2.9 4.1 6.3 Togo 3.4 6.5 4.8 5.3 1.6 6.3 5.7 4.2 3.4 4.3 1.5 4.2 5.7 4.3 Uganda 5.6 8.9 9.9 15.9 8.1 9.9 7.0 4.9 5.9 1.3 3.6 2.2 3.7 7.5 Zambia 1.6 2.2 8.9 10.6 11.0 8.5 45.9 7.8 6.2 2.9 9.0 1.1 3.6 11.3 Zimbabwe 0.7 0.4 0.4 3.8 2.9 4.1 2.1 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.7 NORTH AFRICA 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.4 Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.4 Libya 0.0 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.7 Tunisia 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 ALL AFRICA 0.8 1.9 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.7 Nut.: Nigerias ratios are distorted foe 1994-95 because of official exchasge rate over-valaatiss affiecting oil ..port. and oil value added (see chapter 3). A id Flows 295 12-12. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GD! Annual average 1980 1990 199) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-M4R SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 19.5 58.5 54.2 61.4 35.2 36.0 31.2 26.8 22.4 21.3 19.0 20.3 44.9 36.6' excluding South Africa 19.5 58.5 54.2 61.4 59.6 64.0 60.5 47.5 36.1 31.9 27.8 20.3 44.9 50.1 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 33.7 67.9 68.4 81.7 72.9 76.9 71.5 56.2 43.2 41.1 35.1 30.5 51.9 61.5 Angola .. 22.4 17.7 165.5 49.2 66.7 198.6 .. 18.2 21.6 14.0 .. 12.7 63.8 Benin 42.4 102.2 97.9 120.5 88.9 108.5 71.2 76.3 55.7 53.4 49.0 40.9 91.4 82.3 Botswana 25.5 12.3 11.1 9.4 11.7 7.2 6.8 5.9 10.5 10.6 5.2 31.0 28.0 9.! Burkina Faso 72.9 58.2 73.1 103.0 110.2 113.4 86.9 61.2 56.5 52.1 55.4 64.1 60.5 77.0 Burundi 91.9 160.5 153.3 191.2 141.8 319.3 300.0 102.3 72.8 99.5 114.0 89.3 108.0 165.5 Camneroon 18.7 22.4 24.9 4.9 _27.7 60.6 38.4 29.4 33.8 26.5 24.3 15.0 11.3 33.2 Cape Verde 116.9 139.1 113.8 87.7 81.4 68.0 56.3 61.2 58.6 65.1 62.6 95.0 131.5 79.4 Central African Republic 198.7 136.7 99.9 101.1 129.1 165.6 109.3 357.4 101.4 84.7 77.9 129.1 115.2 136.3 Chad 113.2 215.0 170.1 157.3 108.5 159.4 123.7 102.0 62.1 118.7 159.7 219.0 133.0 Comoros 105.7 92.1 127.0 81.3 89.9 99.5 110.5 136.8 90.7 107.8 76.3 114.1 120.1 101.2 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 29.8 106.0 94.0 47.5 112.7 43.4 32.9 39.6 36.2 22.3 16.1 23.1 47.1 55.1 Congo, Republic of 15.1 49.0 24.0 17.9 21.8 37.6 16.2 28.1 51.7 12.5 28.4 19.5 22.2 28.7 C6te d'lvoire 7.8 95.2 81.7 98.0 88.5 165.7 89.7 67.1 26.3 39.0 24.5 8.9 25.3 77.6 Djibouti . .. 164.1 125.7 163.7 225.5 250.3 216.1 180.2 . ... .. 189.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 264.5 94.3 165.7 158.2 32.0 26.8 10.5 7.4 6.0 7.0 7.8 .. 77.2 Eritrea . .. . .. 108.2 173.5 134.8 86.2 45.9 52.0 48.6 . .. 92.7 Ethiopia .. 125.5 207.6 230.0 122.6 144.4 92.9 80.6 52.7 57.4 54.4 37.2 70.3 116.8 Gabon 4.7 10.3 10.0 5.5 10.3 19.8 12.3 9.4 2.4 2.6 3.9 4.1 7.7 8.6 Gatmbia, The 84.7 140.0 145.4 143.6 110.4 105.9 60.5 43.2 53.8 49.3 47.3 100.5 225.0 89.9 Ghana 76.7 66.2 84.1 74.6 46.5 41.9 50.3 41.9 28.4 39.8 33.7 60.8 78.5 50.7 Guinea .. 59.3 69.5 78.3 69.8 67.9 68.2 44.6 57.1 55.7 37.4 .. 69.1 60.8 Guinea-Bissau 190.7 176.2 143.8 95.1 125.2 335.5 203.9 285.4 213.3 410.7 147.1 158.2 161.6 213.6 Kenya 22.3 70.5 63.9 80.8 103.2 57.5 46.1 38.0 27.3 28.4 21.4 27.3 42.0 53.7 Lesotho .59.0 42.8 28.3 26.0 31.7 24.9 20.1 19.0 16.7 16.0 4.5 72.0 61.0 23.0 Liberia 32.1 . . . . . .. . .. . .. 44.5 94.0 Madagascar 38.1 76.2 208.4 107.0 94.0 89.1 87.1 76.7 198.3 106.0 74.6 -47.1 101.1 111.7 Malawi 46.8 141.4 117.3 159.6 157.5 135.7 177.9 175.1 111.7 185.6 166.2 49.5 125.0 152.8 Mali 96.7 86.6 82.0 69.4 62.2 91.5 95.8 81.9 84.0 62.9 64.0 103.7 117.1 78.0 Mauritania 94.3 116.5 107.8 87.1 166.8 125.5 111.8 131.2 123.4 90.5 128.1 106.9 97.3 118.9 Mauritius 14.1 10.9 8.3 4.9 2.6 1.3 2.3 1.8 3.6 4.0 3.5 15.1 11.6 4.3 Mozambique 80.8 256.0 267.0 479.5 440.2 267.2 194.7 1i46.5 1 47.1 113.4 9.1 9 09.7 215-.3 23213 Nanmibia .. 15.3 38.9 23.0 35.0 19.3 28.0 26.4 28.5 29.8 28.7 0.0 8.8 27.3 Niger 24.1 197.3 214.3 224.8 334.2 231.9 198.9 132.3 165.9 124.6 90.7 84.2 127.1 191.5 Nigeria 0.3 5.9 4.1 3.6 5.6 4.1 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.2 1.8 0.6 3.2 3.9 Rwanda 82.8 76.9 134.8 120.2 125.1 809.8 363.9 214.1 82.6 110.2 133.8 85.9 68.5 217.1 Sao Tom6 and Principe 26.6 303.2 243.8 318.5 248.9 268.5 485.9 239.1 194.2 154.6 146.6 66.1 148.7 260.3 Sgenegal 75.1 104.0 89.7 74.9 65.4 94.7 8__9.0 67.4 53.5 57.8 59.1- 816 116.5- _75.5 Seychelles 38.5 39.7 27.5 20.9 14.5 10.2 8.4 7.3 8.6 11.9 6.3 43.6 43.9 15.5 Sierra Leone 44.0 72.0 122.2 234.4 348.7 348.6 425.0 177.1 .. 297.7 3,751.0 38.4 86.9 641.9 Somalia 169.3 347.2 .. . . . . . . . . 156.0 166.2 347.2 South Africa . .. . .. 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.4 2.6 . .. 1.8 Sudan 55.9 .. . . . . . . 8.1 11.9 15.0 44.3 52.5 11.7 Swaziland 28.4 32.0 2~~~~ 9.2 20.9 19.8 16.4 12.8 8.2 6.0 _20-.2 18.3 2. 30.8 -1. Tanzania . . 105.5 82.7 106.8 88.8 86.8 84.3 83.0 82.5 70.5 66.4 . . 122.0 85.7 Togo 28.1 6041 73.0 83.7 104.9 84.7 91.0 64.9 55.7 66.7 37.8 39.6 82.3 72.3 Uganda 148.3 122.2 132.0 159.2 124.2 127.7 87.8 69.5 80.4 46.3 56.1 58.4 59.9 100.5 Zambia 35.2 84.5 237.4 273.5 177.0 260.4 367.5 145.1 107.0 65.9 113.3 34.1 112.2 183.2 Zimbabwe 14.5 22.3 23.8 58.0 42.1 27.9 29.3 22.5 20.4 20.9 38.0 9.3 22.6 30.5 NORTH AFRICA 7.2 17.4 21.3 15.6 11.3 11.9 8.3 9.3 7.9 7.0 5.5 9.4 7.2 11.5 Algeria 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.8 2.4 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.2 3.0 0.7 1.1 1.0 2.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 22.0 43.8 64.2 47.3 31.3 31.3 19.5 19.6 14.8 11.5 7.8 33.9 15.9 29.1 Libya 0.2 . .. . .. ... .... .. 0.2 Morocco 19.7 16.1 19.5 14.3 11.8 9.7 7.2 9.1 6.7 6.6 8.0 14.4 12.1 10.9 Tunisia 9.1 9.8 8.5 7.3 5.3 2.8 1.6 2.5 3.9 2.7 4.4 11.3 10.9 4.9 ALL AFRICA 12.8 33.9 36.7 36.0 25.0 26.3 22.3 20.0 16.8 15.3 13.0 13.6 22.7 24.5- Note: Nigeria's ratios ore distorted for 1994-95 becau.se of official.. exhange rote ovrvlatnoffecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3) 296 Aid Flows 12-13. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GD! Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11.3 37.3 33.6 36.6 21.4 20.5 17.3 16.3 13.6 13.4 12.6 11.7 28.2 22.3 excluding South Africa 11.3 ..37.3 33.6 36.6 36.1 36.1 33.3 28.4 21.7 19.8 18.3 11.7 28.2 30.1 -excl. S.Afirica &Nigeria 19.5 43.3 42.3 48.8 44.7 43.7 39.5 33.9 26.2 25.8 23.2 17.6 32.5 37.2 Angola .. 13.7 10.1 92.8 25.6 33.2 114.9 -69.7 11.7 13.8 9.1 .. 8.7 25.5 Benin 16.8 48.0 58.8 76.6 45.6 60.2 45.0 43.6 37.4 36.5 27.7 21.0 50.1 47.9 Botswana 20.1 10.1 8.7 7.9 7.2 4.8 4.1 5.4 4.8 7.3 3.5 23.9 20.9 6.4 Burkina Faso 51.9 42.0 47.0 63.5 60.1 69.4 44.9 39.6 33.5 29.7 32.3 43.3 41.5 46.2 Burundi 46.8 95.8 73.0 91.6 82.1 111.0 113.1 62.5 49.5 57.7 79.9 48.1 49.4 81.6 Cameroon 1. 171 18.2 35.5 26.9 33.0 29.9 20.0 22.4 189 4. 101 .7 26 Cape Verde 70.7 97.9 85.9 58.9 56.4 45.8 36.9 40.6 35.9 42.7 40.7 58.6 89.1 54.2 Central African Republic 134.5 54.5 56.3 61.2 88.4 94.4 80.8 258.9 68.3 39.9 39.3 84.4 65.2 84.2 Chad 66.1 112.0 105.6 102.0 52.7 85.7 50.9 43.2 27.6 40.8 86.5 122.1 68.7 Comoros 32.8 62.2 60.9 39.0 53.1 45.6 57.5 76.4 50.9 56.9 46.9 43.0 67.4 54.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 22.1 74.8 67.6 28.7 62.6 17.2 19.8 25.4 24.1 14.2 10.6 16.1 29.5 34.5 Congo, Republic of 9.1 45.4 21.0 16.1 20.5 26.2 13.6 25.8 50.0 11.5 24.5 11.8 19.5 25.5 C6te dIlvoire 5.6 73.5 56.3 68.3 82.0 85.3 53.7 31.3 13.8 23.9 20.0 7.0 18.0 50.8 Djibouti . .. 126.7 102.7 115.6 164.6 189.5 157.9 131.2 . ... .. 141.2 -Equatorial Guinea .. 189.8 53.2 96.1 83.0 17.7 17.3 7.9 5.5 4.4 5.1 . .. 48.0 Eritrea . .. . .. 78.0 105.6 85.6 69.1 30.2 30.4 26.3 . .. 60.8 Ethiopia .. 63.0 88.1 89.3 46.9 76.4 55.3 44.2 34.4 32.3 27.9 13.6 39.5 55.8 Gabon 4.2 9.8 9.8 5.2 9.9 17.6 11.6 8.5 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.4 6.7 7.9 Gambia, The 25.6 80.4 79.3 65.5 64.9 58.1 32.6 20.3 24.7 17.6 18.9 46.6 128.1 46.2 Ghana 42.8 31.2 42.8 40.5 23.6 25.5 27.7 22.5 16.9 21.3 19.7 32.8 32.1 27.2 Guinea . 28.1 31.8 40~.8 31.~6 35.2 36.0 20.1 18.8 23.0 17.5 . 38.8 28.3 Guinea-Bissau 110.3 103.2 78.2 51.9 77.3 240.8 135.7 200.1 100.5 277.7 90.2 92.8 81.4 135.6 Kenya 15.6 43.7 42.2 47.4 48.4 34.1 28.9 22.3 18.5 16.5 17.6 21.1 30.4 32.0 Lesotho 39.9 25.8 16.7 12.5 16.4 9.8 10.9 9.0 8.1 7.9 3.7 43.0 36.0 12.1 Liberia 19.7 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 32.5 66.7 Madagascar 15.0 51.3 125.3 63.6 59.0 58.5 56.4 49.4 130.6 71.5 40.1 25.0 57.7 70.6 M4alawi 24.7 60.8 46.8 58.0 50.5 73.0 90.9 93.9 56.4 87.1 84.9 26.2 61.3 70.2 Mali 47.5 56.2 50.7 38.4 37.8 50.4 50.5 49.6 50.3 42.9 42.9 55.7 73.4 47.0 Mauritania 28.7 52.3 54.5 50.6 100.6 60.1 61.2 47.6 50.1 33.5 52.0 25.5 53.1 56.3 Mauritius 10.8 9.3 7.6 3.7 2.7 0.7 1.1 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.4 9.8 9.7 2.8 Mozambique 54.8 191.6 192.1 330.0 303.5 163.3 127.8 91.1 96.6 77.7 45.8 74.1 164.0 162.0 Namnibia .. 5.0 20.3 15.8 27.9 15.8 21.6 19.1 21.3 21.3 19.0 0.0 5.4 18.7 Niger 14.9 126.7 151.9 161.3 247.0 160.9 140.9 85.0 90.4 61.8 58.3 51.1 80.2 128.4 Nigeria 0.1 4.1 2.7 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 2.6 1.6 Rwanda 51.5 48.4 86.9 64.2 70.7 552.7 175.9 115.6 64.3 65.8 64.8 54.3 39.2 130.9 _SAoTomd and Principe 8.2 171.9 114.6 147.1 151.1 141.4 354.9 145.5 123.4 99.2 101.7 17.6 59.0 155.1 Senegal 51.9 74.9 59.5 50.8 47.5 70.3 53.4 45.6 37.0 33.4 46.0 50.5 73.0 51.8 Seychelles 32.4 36.1 20.1 16.8 5.1 5.8 7.1 3.0 3.3 8.6 2.4 38.5 31.2 10.8 Sierra Leone 27.5 47.2 79.8 130.3 177.4 68.1 122.8 64.4 -201.0 149.0 3,054.3 21.7 51.5 369.2 Somalia 54.4 189.7 .. . . . . . . . . 49.5 107.6 189.7 South Africa . .. . .. 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.9 1.9 . .. 1.4 Sudan 24.4 .. . . . . . . 5.1 8.5 9.8 17.0 28.3 7.8 Swaziland 18.5 21.4 17.2 10.5 12.7 8.0 8.7 5.6 3.7 11.1 9.4 16.1 20.4 .10.8 Tanzania .. 75.9 58.5 65.1 60.8 51.3 56.4 57.3 49.7 54.3 41.2 .. 93.3 57.0 Togo 16.1 35.8 45.4 50.7 83.7 42.9 55.8 40.2 33.7 34.3 24.9 21.5 46.6 44.8 Uganda 55.2 44.7 56.6 56.0 70.8 58.7 44.8 38.1 43.4 37.8 34.0 24.1 21.2 48.5 Zambia 25.9 72.0 156.7 184.7 103.7 157.4 79.4 84.3 64.4 48.4 61.8 26.1 88.8 101.3 Zimbabwe 9.9 19.4 21.8 39.2 26.2 14.0 20.7 17.0 13.5 16.1 34.1 7.2 19.8 22.2 NORTH AFRICA 4.4 10.3 16.3 12.8 8.1 9.5 6.8 7.5 5.4 4.5 3.7 4.5 6.2 8.5 Algeria 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.5 1.8 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 -1.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 18.8 25.5 53.1 39.4 23.8 26.9 16.3 17.2 11.2 8.7 6.4 15.3 14.9 22.8 Morocco 4.1 9.1 9.7 11.1 7.0 4.9 5.1 5.5 3.1 3.1 3.9 5.5 8.3 6.3 Tunisia 6.1 5.4 6.3 5.6 3.0 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.4 1.9 1.8 8.0 7.7 2.9 ALL AFRICA 7.5 21.1 24.4 23.4 15.7 16.0 13.3 12.8 10.5 9.6 8.6 7.5 15.2 15.6 Nnte: Nigeria's ratius are distorted fur 1994-95 becase uf offitcial exchnage rate uver-atuatioa affecting nil eports and oil value added (tee chapter 3). A id Flows 297 12-14. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-AIR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.2 19.8 20.2 24.8 13.8 15.6 13.8 10.5 8.6 7.8 7.9 6.5 15.5 14.3 excluding South Africa 6.2 19.8 20.2 24.8 23.3 27.8 27.2 18.9 14.1 12.0 11.7 6.5 15.5 20.0 excl. S.Africa &Nigeria 10.8 23.1 25.6 32.9 28.1 33.1 31.9 22.1 16.7 15.1 14.6 9.8 18.0 24.3 Angola .. 8.6 7.5 72.5 23.1 33.5 83.7 -42.3 6.6 7.8 4.9 .. 3.9 20.6 Benin 24.8 54.4 40.0 44.0 43.2 46.8 24.5 31.1 18.4 17.3 21.6 19.5 39.7 34.1 Botswana 5.4 2.3 2.2 1.8 3.8 2.4 2.7 0.7 5.9 3.6 1.7 6.4 7.0 2.7 Burkina Faso 21.0 14.2 24.3 38.9 50.0 43.9 41.1 21.2 22.5 21.9 21.8 20.1 17.9 30.0 Burundi 42.2 64.6 81.8 100.6 61.2 211.4 189.9 41.0 23.8 42.6 34.1 39.0 54.8 85.1 Camneroon 5.0 5.5 6.8 8.4 0.8 27.7 8.4 9.6 11.6 7.7 10.3 4.3 2.6 9.7 Cape Verde 42.5 40.8 27.7 29.1 24.6 22.2 19.3 19.1 22.8 22.4 22.0 34.3 40.5 25.0 Central African Republic 60.5 80.9 42.1 39.9 40.7 72.1 28.2 95.3 33.1 44.8 38.6 42.9 48.1 51.6 Chad 46.3 101.1 64.5 53.4 55.3 73.4 71.5 56.6 32.7 73.6 69.7 96.9 62.8 Comoros 32.7 29.5 66.0 42.2 36.6 53.9 52.9 60.2 39.8 50.7 29.4 43.1 49.0 46.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 7.4 22.1 26.4 18.5 50.0 26.2 13.1 13.6 10.2 7.7 5.5 6.8 17.7 19.3 Congo,Republic of 3.6 3.6 2.9 1.9 1.2 11.3 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.0 3.8 5.7 2.8 3.2 C8te dlvoire 2.2 21.8 25.4 29.7 6.4 80.4 35.9 35.8 12.6 15.1 4.4 1.9 7.3 26.8 Djibouti . .. 33.1 24.0 36.1 40.0 53.1 47.3 39.3 . ... .. 39.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 74.3 31.7 69.6 75.2 14.3 9.5 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.9 5.3 .. 28.2 Eritrea . .. . .. 29.1 54.4 44.5 15.5 9.6 11.9 16.3 . .. 25.9 Ethiopia .. 54.1 119.4 140.7 75.5 67.9 37.6 36.4 18.2 25.0 26.0 20.4 30.6 60.1 Gabon 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 Gambia, Thc 48.0 59.0 63.0 80.8 48.3 50.9 29.9 25.8 32.6 32.2 27.2 43.2 98.4 45.0 Ghana 23.7 34.9 40.4 34.6 23.3 16.9 23.1 19.5 10.9 18.4 13.7 24.9 46.2 23.6 Guinea .. 30.3 37.9 37.8 38.9 33.0 31.2 21.4 33.2 29.0 17.1 .. 27.1 3. Guinea-Bissau 75.9 72.9 64.5 40.8 46.4 94.0 68.1 83.0 112.5 133.0 57.0 54.6 71.6 77.2 Kenya 6.7 26.5 21.4 33.7 55.2 23.8 17.0 15.9 8.9 12.0 3.7 5.8 11.2 21.8 Lesotho 19.1 17.2 11.6 13.3 15.0 15.0 9.2 9.4 7.3 8.5 1.0 28.5 24.7 10.7 Liberia 9.4 .. . . . . . . . . . 10.9 27.3- Madagascar 15.1 25.1 83.2 43A4 35.0 -30.6 30.7 27.3 67.7 34.5 34.5 19.9 44.3 41.2 Malawi 22.1 80.6 70.5 101.6 107.0 62.7 87.0 81.1 55.3 98.4 79.8 23.3 63.7 82.4 Mali 37.4 27.7 30.4 30.4 25.0 43.3 47.8 33.6 34.8 21.1 21.2 38.7 38.1 31.5 Mauritania 19.3 52.2 52.9 39.7 69.1 70.2 58.4 89.1 80.1 60.7 73.2 30.4 32.4 64.5 Mauritius 3.4 1.5 0.9 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.5 2.1 3.1 4.9 1.4 1.6 Mozambique ~~~~~16.3 64.4 74.8 148.7 13. 103.4 _ 66.6 55. 5.8 35.~9 36.~5 22.5 49.6 77.2 Namnibia .. 10.3 18.5 7.2 7.1 3.5 6.4 7.2 7.2 8.5 9.8 .. 3.4 8.6 Niger 9.0 68.8 60.0 63.6 85.4 68.1 57.8 47.3 70.5 62.4 32.2 26.4 45.2 61.6 Nigeria 0.1 1.8 1.4 1.7 4.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.1 0.2 0.6 2.3 Rwanda 30.6 25.8 46.7 56.1 53.5 255.9 188.2 97.9 18.1 44.4 69.0 29.7 27.7 85.6 S8o Tom6 and Principe 18.4 131.3 129.3 171.4 97.8 127.0 131.0 93.6 70.8 55.4 44.9 48.5 89.7 105.3 Se-negal 22.6 28.8 27.1 22.4 15.9 24.2 33.9 20.6 15.4 24.4 12.7 25.0 36.9 22.5 Seychelles 6.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 9.0 4.5 1.6 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 4.4 10.9 4.3 Sierra Leone 14.4 24.7 42.4 104.0 171.3 280.5 301.1 108.6 -369.6 141.5 680.4 14.6 31.0 148.5 Somalia 65.0 99.9 .. . . . . . . . . 58.5 56.2 99.9 South Africa . .. . .. 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 . .. 0.4 Sudan 17.2 .. . . . . . . 3.1 3.3 3.6 12.0 14.7 3.3 Swaziland 9.9 10.6 12.1 10.4 7.1 8.3 4.1 2.6 2.3 9.1 8.9 9.0 10.4 7.5 Tanzania .. 29.3 24.4 41.9 28.1 35.0 27.5 26.0 32.6 16.1 25.2 .. 28.7 28.6 Togo 12.0 24.4 27.8 33.6 21.0 41.7 35.1 25.6 22.6 31.8 11.2 17.2 33.4 27.5 Uganda 91.3 69.7 65.3 100.0 53.1 67.2 42.3 30.6 36.7 8.6 22.0 32.2 37.4 49.6 Zambia 6.8 12.5 80.7 88.8 73.3 103.0 288.1 60.8 42.6 17.6 51.5 6.2 23.4 81.9 Zimbabwe 4.2 2.3 2.1 18.9 16.0 14.1 8.8 5.7 7.0 4.8 4.0 2.1 2.9 8.4 NORTH AFRICA 0.8 0.7 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.6 0.6 1.7 Algeria 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 Egypt,.Arab Republic 3.1 0.6 4.6 2.6 2.5 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.9 1.6 1.0 7.2 0.9 2.3 Morocco 1.4 1.4 2.4 2.4 4.5 4.4 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.7 1.3 0.7 3.0 Tunisia i.o 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.6 1.3 0.9 2.5 2.9 1.4 2.9 1.4 2.2 2.0 ALL AFRICA 3.3 8.3 10.5 11.8 8.7 10.1 8.9 7.1 6.1 5.4 5.0 3.6 6.7 8.2 Note; Nigeria'sratios aredistorted forl1994-95 because of official e.chaagerate over-valuation affecting oil exportsand oil value added (see chapter 3). 298 Aid Flows 12-15. Net ODA per capita from all donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21 37 35 37 30 32 31 25 22 21 18 17 27 29 excluding South Africa 21 37 35 37 32 34 32 26 23 21 18 17 27 30 excl. S.Africa& Nigeria 26 45 43 45 40 42 40 33 28 26 23 21 34 37 Angola 7 29 29 35 28 42 38 42 30 28 31 7 16 33 Benin 26 57 55 54 56 48 51 51 38 35 34 21 36 48 Botswana 117 115 100 83 93 60 62 50 79 68 38 91 114 75 Burkina Faso 30 37 46 47 49 44 49 41 35 37 36 24 32 42 Burundi 28 48 46 54 37 52 47 18 9 12 11 23 37 33 Cameroon 31 39 44 59 44 57 34 30 36 30 30 22 24 40 Cape Verde 223 316 302 336 324 326 307 297 275 312 318 144 276 311 Central African Republic 48 85 58 57 54 51 50 50 27 34 33 34 59 50 Chad 8 55 45 39 36 33 35 43 32 23 25 18 40 37 Comoros 129 105 143 106 105 81 85 78 53 67 39 119 123 86 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 16 24 12 7 4 6 4 4 3 3 3 12 16 7 Congo Republicof 55 98 59 48 51 145 49 163 99 23 49 49 49 79 COte dIvoire 26 59 53 61 60 121 90 69 31 55 30 17 25 63 Djibouti 260 375 201 205 235 221 175 158 137 127 116 212 215 195 EquatorialGuinea 43 173 173 167 139 77 84 75 58 58 46 27 116 105 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 20 45 42 43 33 43 37 .. .. 38 Ethiopia 6 20 21 21 20 20 16 14 10 11 10 5 16 16 Gabon 81 138 145 67 97 169 131 112 34 38 39 73 105 97 Giambia, The 85 108 105 110 82 65 42 32 32 31 26 58 109 63 Ghana 18 38 58 39 38 33 38 37 27 38 32 13 33 38 Guinea 20 51 64 74 65 56 63 44 55 51 33 15 42 56 Guinea-Bissau 75 132 116 103 88 162 106 160 109 82 44 64 100 110 Kenya 24 50 38 35 35 26 27 21 16 16 10 19 31 28 Lesotho 70 82 71 80 77 62 59 53 46 32 15 53 66 58 Liberia 52 46 63 47 47 24 45 61 26 25 31 40 34 41 Madagascar 26 34 38 30 29 22 23 26 59 34 24 16 27 32 Malawi 23 59 60 64 54 49 44 49 34 41 41 19 36 49 Mali 41 57 52 48 39 47 56 49 42 33 32 29 51 45 Mauritania 113 117 105 93 148 118 99 114 97 68 84 115 115 104 Mauritius 34 84 63 42 24 13 21 17 36 34 35 37 51 37 Mozambique 14 71 74 100 79 78 67 55 57 61 7 11 45 65 Namibia .. 90 131 100 105 91 124 119 101 108 104 0 19 107 Niger 30 51 47 44 40 43 30 27 34 29 18 30 47 36 Nigeria 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 Rwanda 30 42 51 48 47 115 110 69 29 43 45 26 34 60 SaoTomeandPrincipe 44 475 434 464 372 389 638 351 241 200 190 72 208 375 Senegal 47 112 85 87 63 79 80 68 48 55 58 45 84 73 Seychelles 337 513 325 268 269 174 171 247 215 304 162 242 338 265 Sierra Leone 28 15 25 32 48 63 46 40 25 22 15 16 23 33 Somalia 74 63 23 78 105 64 23 10 9 9 12 50 68 40 South Africa .. .. .. .. 7 8 10 9 12 12 13 .. .. 10 Sudan 33 34 36 22 18 16 9 8 5 7 8 29 42 16 Swaziland 89 70 67 65 61 64 62 33 28 31 28 60 48 51 Tanzania 37 46 41 49 34 34 30 29 30 31 30 28 34 35 Togo 35 74 55 59 25 31 47 37 29 29 16 31 50 40 Uganda 9 41 39 42 34 40 43 34 40 23 27 7 20 36 Zambia 55 62 110 125 103 82 226 66 65 36 63 35 58 94 Zimbabwe 23 35 39 77 47 52 45 33 29 *24 21 15 29 40 NORTH AFRICA 31 63 60 45 30 31 23 25 22 23 19 31 24 34 Algeria 9 10 13 15 13 15 11 11 9 13 3 8 8 -11 Egypt, Arab Republic 34 104 94 66 43 47 35 37 33 32 25 44 34 51 Libya 5 4 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 Morocco 46 44 50 38 28 24 19 24 17 19 24 28 22 29 Tunisia 36 48 43 46 26 12 8 14 21 16 26 36 33 26 ALL AFRICA 23 42 40 38 30 32 29 25 22 21 18 19 27 30 Aid Flows 299 12-16. Net ODA per capita from DAC donors US dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12 23 21 22 18 18 17 15 13 13 12 10 17 17 excluding South Africa 12 23 21 22 19 19 18 16 14 13 12 10 17 18 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 16 28 26 27 24 24 22 20 17 17 15 12 22 22 Angola 5 18 17 20 15 21 22 26 19 18 20 4 11 20 Benin 10 27 33 34 29 27 32 29 26 24 20 11 20 28 Botswana 92 95 79 69 58 40 37 45 36 47 26 69 87 53 Burkina Faso 22 27 30 29 27 27 25 26 21 21 21 16 22 25 Burundi 14 29 22 26 21 18 18 11 6 7 8 12 17 16 Cameroon 20 30 32 48 42 31 26 21 24 21 17 15 19 29 Cape Verde 135 222 228 226 225 219 201 197 168 205 207 95 188 210 Central African Republic 32 34 33 35 37 29 37 36 18 16 17 22 34 29 Chad 5 32 23 25 23 16 19 18 14 10 9 10 22 19 Comoros 40 71 69 51 62 37 44 44 30 35 24 45 69 47 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 12 17 9 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 8 10 5 Congo, Republic of 33 91 51 43 48 102 41 150 96 21 42 30 43 69 C8te d'lvoire 19 46 36 43 56 62 54 32 16 34 25 13 18 40 Djibouti 114 171 156 167 166 161 132 116 100 98 86 125 138 135 Equatorial Guinea 5 124 98 97 73 42 54 57 42 42 33 14 66 66 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 14 27 26 35 21 25 20 .. .. 24 Ethiopia 2 10 9 8 8 10 9 8 6 6 5 2 9 8 Gabon 71 132 142 64 93 151 124 101 26 32 29 61 91 89 Gambia, The 26 62 57 50 48 36 23 15 15 11 11 25 62 33 Ghana 10 18 29 21 19 20 21 20 16 20 19 7 14 20 Guinea 7 24 29 38 29 29 33 20 18 21 15 4 23 26 Guinea-Bissau 43 77 63 56 55 117 71 112 51 56 27 37 50 68 Kenya 17 31 25 21 17 15 17 13 11 10 9 15 22 17 Lesotho 47 50 42 38 40 24 32 25 22 16 12 32 39 30 Liberia 32 17 23 10 9 13 11 40 11 11 15 27 24 16 Madagascar 10 23 23 18 18 15 15 17 39 23 13 8 16 20 Malawi 12 25 24 23 17 26 23 26 17 19 21 10 17 22 Mali 20 37 32 27 24 26 29 30 25 22 22 16 32 27 Mauritania 35 53 53 54 89 57 54 41 39 25 34 29 62 50 Mauritius 26 72 58 32 24 7 10 1 2 17 4 24 42 23 Mozambique 9 53 53 69 54 48 44 34 37 42 34 8 34 47 Namibia .. 29 69 69 84 75 96 86 76 77 69 0 12 73 Niger 19 33 33 32 30 30 21 17 18 14 11 18 30 24 Nigeria 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Rwanda 19 26 33 26 27 78 53 37 23 26 22 16 20 35 Sao Tome and Principe 14 270 204 214 226 205 466 213 153 128 132 22 84 221 Senegal 33 80 56 59 46 59 48 46 33 32 45 28 52 50 Seychelles 284 468 237 215 94 98 145 102 81 219 61 213 247 172 Sierra Leone 18 10 17 18 25 12 13 14 9 11 12 8 13 14 Somalia 24 35 14 59 81 52 15 5 5 5 8 16 44 28 South Afica .. .. .. .. 5 6 8 8 10 10 9 .. .. 8 Sudan 15 17 15 7 6 7 5 4 3 5 5 11 22 8 Swaziland 58 47 39 33 39 31 42 22 17 17 15 39 31 30 Tanzania 28 33 29 30 23 20 20 20 18 24 19 21 26 24 Togo 20 44 34 36 20 16 29 23 17 15 10 18 29 24 Uganda 3 15 17 15 19 19 22 19 22 18 17 2 7 18 Zambia 41 53 73 85 60 50 49 38 39 27 34 27 46 51 Zimbabwe 16 30 36 52 29 26 32 25 19 19 18 11 25 29 NORTH AFRICA 19 37 46 37 22 25 19 20 15 15 13 16 21 25 Algeria 6 9 12 14 10 14 10 9 7 4 1 6 5 9 Egypt, Arab Republic 29_ 60 78 55 33 40 29 33 25 24 21 23 31 40 Libya 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Morocco 10 25 25 29 17 12 13 15 8 9 12 10 16 16 Tunisia 25 26 32 35 15 8 6 5 8 11 11 25 23 16 ALLAFRICA 14 26 26 25 19 19 17 16 14 13 12 11 18 19 300 Aid Flows 12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors US. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-89 90-MR SUB-SAHARANAFRICA 7 13 13 15 12 14 14 10 8 8 7 5 9 11 excluding South Africa 7 13 13 15 13 15 15 I1 9 8 8 5 9 12 excl.S.Africa&Nigeria 8 16 17 18 15 18 18 13 11 10 9 7 12 15 Angola 2 11 12 15 13 21 16 16 11 10 11 3 5 14 Benin 15 30 22 20 27 21 18 21 13 11 15 10 16 20 Botswana 25 21 20 15 31 20 24 6 45 23 13 19 27 22 Burkina Faso 9 9 15 18 22 17 23 14 14 16 14 7 9 16 Burundi 13 19 25 28 16 34 30 7 3 5 3 10 19 17 Cameroon 8 10 12 11 1 26 7 10 12 9 12 6 5 11 CapeVerde 81 93 74 III 98 106 105 93 107 108 112 46 84 101 Central African Republic 15 50 24 23 17 22 13 13 9 18 16 12 25 21 Chad 3 22 21 15 12 17 16 25 18 12 16 7 18 17 Comoros 40 34 75 55 43 44 41 34 23 31 15 45 50 39 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 4 5 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 6 2 Congo, Republic of 13 7 7 5 3 44 8 13 3 2 7 14 7 10 C6te d'lvoire 7 14 16 19 4 59 36 37 15 21 5 4 7 23 Djibouti 31 34 41 39 52 39 37 35 30 27 29 30 44 36 Equatorial Guinea 37 48 58 70 66 34 30 18 15 15 13 17 50 37 Eritrea .. .. 5 14 14 8 7 10 12 10 Ethiopia 3 9 12 13 13 9 6 6 3 5 5 3 7 8 Gabon 10 6 3 4 3 18 8 13 10 7 11 8 10 8 Gambia, The 48 45 45 62 36 31 21 19 19 20 15 26 48 31 Ghana 6 20 28 18 19 13 17 17 10 18 13 5 19 17 Guinea 13 26 35 36 36 27 29 21 32 26 15 8 17 28 Guinea-Bissau 30 55 52 44 33 45 36 47 58 27 17 23 45 41 Kenya 7 19 13 15 19 11 10 9 5 7 2 4 8 11 Lesotho 23 33 29 41 37 37 27 26 20 17 3 20 27 27 Liberia 15 29 41 37 37 10 33 21 15 14 16 11 10 25 Madagascar 10 11 15 12 11 8 8 9 20 11 11 7 12 12 Malawi I1 34 36 41 36 23 22 23 17 22 20 8 18 27 Mali 16 18 19 21 16 22 28 20 17 111 11 11 17 18 Mauritania 23 52 51 43 61 66 52 77 63 45 48 32 38 56 Mauritius 8 12 7 11 1 7 12 20 25 18 31 12 7 14 Mozambique 3 18 21 31 24 30 23 21 20 19 27 3 10 23 Namibia 61 62 31 21 16 28 32 26 31 36 .. 6 34 Niger 11 18 13 13 10 13 9 10 14 14 6 9 17 12 Nigeria 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Rwanda 11 14 18 22 20 36 57 32 6 17 23 9 14 25 S8oTomtandPrincipe 30 206 230 250 146 184 172 137 88 72 58 50 125 154 Senegal 14 31 26 26 15 20 30 21 14 23 12 14 28 22 Seychelles 53 48 87 58 166 78 33 106 74 73 76 25 79 80 Sierra Leone 9 5 9 14 24 50 32 24 16 10 3 7 8 19 Somalia 28 18 9 17 23 12 8 6 4 4 4 19 23 11 South Africa .. .. 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 .. 2 Sudan 10 16 20 13 11 9 4 4 2 2 2 8 13 8 Swaziland 31 23 28 32 22 33 20 11 11 14 14 21 17 21 Tanzania 7 13 12 19 11 14 10 9 12 7 11 6 8 12 Togo 15 30 21 24 5 15 18 15 12 14 5 13 20 16 Uganda 5 23 19 26 14 21 21 15 18 4 11 4 12 17 Zambia 11 9 37 41 42 32 178 28 26 10 29 6 12 43 Zimbabwe 7 4 3 25 18 26 13 8 10 6 2 4 4 12 NORTH AFRICA 4 2 6 4 5 5 3 5 6 6 5 5 2 5 Algeria I I I 1 3 2 1 1 2 9 1 1 1 2 Egypt, Arab Republic 5 2 7 4 3 5 4 4 6 4 3 9 2 4 Libya 2 3 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Morocco 3 4 6 6 11 11 5 9 8 9 11 2 1 8 Tunisia 4 10 11 12 13 6 5 13 16 8 17 4 7 11 ALLAFRICA 6 11 12 13 11 12 12 9 8 7 7 .5 8 10 301 Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1997* (percent) 0 10 20 30 40 Sao Tome and Principe 77 Guinea-Bissau 45 M-cambique Cape Verde Madaga-car Mauritania Mai Niger Erit-s Djibouti Zambia Sierra Leone Burkmna Faso Chad Burundi Ugamda Ta'lmzlmia Gambia, The Congo Benin Ethiopia Lesotho Central African Republic Senegal Ghana Guinea Togo Angola Equatorial Guinea Cameraoo Namibia Kenya Ckte d1veire Zimbab-e Congoe Democratic Republic Egypt, Arab Rep. Betawana Seychell. Swazilmda Sudam Morocco Tunsia Gabon Mauritius Nigeria Algeri South Afrcai * Or most recent year available. 302 Figure 12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1999* (U.S. dollars) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cape Verdc 1318 190 Seychlile, 162 Zambia _ Congo_ Rwnndn _ Gabon Eritrmen Central Afri-an Repubfie Mali Angols C6te dlvoire Cameroon_ Taninia Chad Madagnoone Niger Sierra Leone Sooth AMnon Burundi Ethiopin Mo.a.biq.. Congo Denocrotie Republic Nigeria *Or most recent year available. Aid Flows 303 Technical notes Tables Agricultural Development, Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agencies, and UN programs and agencies Table 12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal. (OECD data). The UN programs and agencies include This table represents the total of Tables 12-2 through mainly the UN regular program of Technical Assis- 12-4. tance, the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Table 12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal. Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food This table (OECD data) includes net ODA from Aus- Programme. Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agen- tralia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, cies include the Arab Bank for Economic Develop- France, the Federal Republic of Germany before re- ment in Africa, the Arab Fund for Economic and So- unification, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, cial Development (AFESD), the Islamic Development Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development, United States (OECD data). (Ireland and New Zealand the Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and have been excluded in compilation because theirODA Development, the Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to Africa is negligible.) to African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Soli- darity Fund. ODA flows from the IMF Trust Fund Table 12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral and Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) are also in- donors, nominal. This is net ODA from Organiza- cluded. tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Tables 12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-8. Net ODA from (CMEA) countries, and China (OECD data). OPEC all donors, from DAC donors, from non-DAC bi- countries are Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Ni- lateral donors, and from multilateral donors, real. geria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, These tables are obtained by deflating data in Tables and Venezuela. The former CMEA countries are Bul- 12-1 through 12-4 by the World Bank LIMIC import garia, Czechoslovakia, the former German Democratic price deflator. Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Soviet Union. Tables 12-9, 12-10, and 12-11. Net ODA from all donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral Table 12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors, donors as a share of recipient's GDP. These tables nominal. This includes net ODA (OECD data), most show the relative importance of these aid flows to re- notably from the African Development Fund, the Eu- cipients' economies. They are obtained by dividing ropean Development Fund for the Commission of the figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by GDP data European Communities, the International Develop- from Table 2-5, which reflect current prices and ex- ment Association (IDA), the International Fund for 304 Aid Flows change rates. For a given level of aid flows, devalua- Tables 12-15,12-16, and 12-17. Net ODA per capita tion of a recipient's currency may inflate the ratios from all donors, from DAC donors, and from mul- shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country tilateral donors. These are calculated by dividing fig- and comparisons across countries that have imple- ures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by midyear popu- mented different exchange rate policies should be in- lation (Table 1-2). These ratios offer some indication terpreted carefully. of the importance of aid flows in sustaining per capita income and consumption levels (shown in Tables 2-19 Tables 12-12,12-13, and 12-14. Net ODA from all and 2-20, respectively), although comparisons must donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral be done carefully because exchange rate fluctuations, donors as a share of recipient GDI. These tables are the actual rise of ODA flows, and other factors vary obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and across countries and over time. 12-4 by GDI (World Bank country desks). These tables highlight the relative importance of the indi- Figures cated aid flows in maintaining and increasing invest- ment in these economies. The same caveats mentioned The following indicators have been used to derive the above apply to their interpretation. Furthermore, aid figures in this chapter. flows do not exclusively finance investment (for ex- ample, food aid finances consumption), and the share Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient's of ODA going to investment varies across countries. GDP (Table 12-9). Figure 12-2.Total net ODA per capita (Table 12-15). Aid Flows 305 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 12 Aggregationsa Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) (2) 12-1 x x 12-2 x x 12-3 x x 12-4 x x 12-5 x x 12-6 x x 12-7 x x 12-8 x x 12-9 x x 12-10 x x 12-11 x x 12-12 x x 12-13 x x 12-14 x x 12-15 x x 12-16 x x 12-17 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the tows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator, (4) simple total of the gsp-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator, (S) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator, (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) sinple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, girowth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current temns). 13 Social Indicators his chapter provides indicators in the areas of Even when data are available, comparison among T demography, health, education, and gender is- countries is limited due to varied practices in data gath- sues in development. These indicators can be ering and reporting. Often the countries report survey useful in evaluating and monitoring the social impact data that cover different portions of the nation. Some- of development progress, aid flows, and structural times surveys are limited to just the urban areas to adjustment policies. cover only the largest cities or the capital city alone. The chapter presents such indicators as dependency This is especially true of the health indicators. Such ratio, urbanization, crude death rate, life expectancy indicators as immunization rates for children under at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, one year of age, percentage ofbirtis attended byhealth immunization rates for children, maternal death rate, personnel, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and number of population per physician. These indi- and maternal death rate are often based on surveys of cators are an indirect measure of the physical well a handful of hospitals in the urban areas. being of the population. In the same vein, such indi- Another source of limitation is the definition of cators as literacy rate among adults, school enrollment terms, which may differ from country to country. ratios by gender, and pupil-teacher ratio give some Some countries, for example, consider an institution picture of the progress being made in education and as a "private school" only if it receives no form of training. Social indicators refer to phenomena that are financial support from the government, while others inherently more qualitative than macroeconomic vari- classify as "private" all schools not run by the gov- ables and thus need to be interpreted cautiously. Fur- emient, whether or not they receive financial sup- thercautionis called forbecause oftheparticularlimi- port from the government. In like manner, tations of the data. One of these limitations is the pau- some countries include personnel other than doctors city-or even nonexistence-of data on certain indi- and trained nurses in the term "medical personnel." cators in many of the countries covered. This is espe- Cultural norms may also affect the reported data. cially true of indicators dealing with gender issues. This is especially true forgender issues. In some coun- Many countries have no data showing the gender tries, it is assumed that no woman can be the head of breakdown of several social indicators. any household that also contains an adult male. In 306 Social Indicators 307 population censuses, therefore, enumerators and re- a number of institutions and agencies in the socioeco- spondents simply take such assumptions for granted, nomic field, such as the United Nations, UNICEF, reporting a male rather than a female as head of the UNESCO, World Health Organization (WHO), the household or family (see United Nations, The World's UNDP, and the ECA. Other sources of data also in- Women, 1970-90). This distorts the true picture of clude reports and publications on children, health, the percentage of households headed by women. human development, education, and population from The main source for this chapter is the World De- various agencies including the World Bank. velopment Indicators in the World Bank Statistical In this chapter, columns headed by a period (for Information Management Analysis Database (SIMA), example, 1992-97) show data for the latest available which contains electronic information as reported by year within the period. 308 Social Indicators 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population Females as percentage Age groups as percentage of total population Age dependency of total population 1980 1998 ratio 1980 1997 0-14 15-64 65+ 0-14 15-64 65+ 1980 1998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50.2 50.5 45.1 51.3 2.9 44.5 52.7 2.9 0.9 0.9 excluding South Africa .50.2 50.4 45.6 50.9 2.8 45.3 52.0 2.7 1.0 0.9 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 50.1 50.4 45.4 50.8 2.9 45.5 51.8 2.8 1.0 0.9 Angola 50.9 50.6 44.6 52.4 3.0 47.6 49.6 2.9 0.9 1.0 Benin 50.7 50.7 45.1 50.8 4.1 46.6 50.6 2.9 1.0 1.0 Botswana 52.2 51.0 48.7 49.8 2.0 42.9 54.9 2.3 1.0 0.8 Burkina Faso 50.5 50.6 47.4 49.8 2.8 47.0 50.2 2.8 1.0 1.0 Burundi 51.9 51.0 44.7 51.8 3.5 45.8 51.6 2.6 0.9 0.9 Cameroon 50.6 50.3 44.3 52.0 3.6 44.1 52.4 3.5 0.9 0.9 Cape Verde 54.0 53.3 45.5 47.2 6.2 40.8 55.4 4.4 1.1 0.8 Central African Republic .. 51.4 41.7 54.4 4.0 42.8 53.6 3.6 0.8 0.9 Chad 50.8 50.5 41.9 54.5 3.6 50.9 46.0 3.1 0.8 1.2 Comoros 49.9 50.2 48.2 49.2 2.6 44.9 52.2 2.6 1.0 0.9 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 51.1 50.6 46.0 51.1 2.8 47.4 49.8 2.7 1.0 1.0 Congo, Republic of 51.2 51.1 45.0 51.5 3.4 46.1 50.8 3.1 0.9 1.0 C6te d'Ivoire 48.9 49.0 46.6 51.0 2.5 43.9 53.4 2.7 1.0 0.9 Djibouti 50.5 50.7 44.1 54.1 2.5 40.4 56.3 3.2 0.9 0.8 Equatorial Guinea 51.2 51.2 40.6 53.9 4.1 43.0 53.6 3.9 0.8 0.9 Enitrea 50.4 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 52.4 2.7 .. 0.9 Ethiopia 50.6 49.8 44.6 52.5 2.9 46.4 51.0 2.7 0.9 1.0 Gabon 50.9 50.7 34.1 59.5 6.4 39.2 55.0 5.7 0.7 0.8 Gambia, The 50.7 50.6 42.6 54.4 3.0 42.3 54.6 3.0 0.8 0.8 Ghana 50.4 50.3 45.0 52.2 2.8 43.6 53.3 3.1 0.9 0.9 Guinea 50.1 49.7 45.8 51.6 2.6 45.4 52.0 2.6 0.9 0.9 Guinea-Bissau 50.9 50.8 39.0 57.2 4.0 42.8 53.1 4.0 0.8 0.9 Kenya . 50.0 49.9 50.1 46.5 3.4 45.3 53.6 2.9 1.1 0.9 Lesotho 51.8 50.8 41.9 53.9 4.2 40.1 55.9 4.1 0.9 0.8 Liberia 49.5 49.6 44.3 52.0 3.6 44.9 52.5 2.7 0.9 0.9 Madagascar 50.7 50.2 44.4 51.7 4.0 45.3 51.7 3.0 0.9 0.9 Malawi 51.6 50.7 47.5 50.3 2.3 46.3 51.2 2.5 1.0 1.0 Mali 51.2 50.7 46.8 50.7 2.6 47.0 49.7 3.3 1.0 1.0 Mauritania 50.7 50.4 43.7 53.1 3.0 43.8 53.1 3.1 0.9 0.9 Mauritius 50.7 50.1 35.7 60.9 3.7 25.9 67.7 6.1 0.6 0.5 Mozambique 50.8 51.6 43.4 53.4 3.1 44.6 51.4 3.9 0.9 0.9 Namibia 50.6 50.2 43.2 53.4 3.7 41.8 54.4 3.7 0.9 0.8 Niger 50.8 50.6 46.8 50.8 2.5 48.7 48.8 2.4 1.0 - 1.0 Nigeria 50.6 50.7 46.1 51.2 2.6 44.5 53.0 2.5 1.0 0.9 Rwanda 50.6 50.6 48.7 48.8 2.4 45.0 53.0 2.0 1.0 0.9 Sao Tom6 and Principe .. 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.7 55.1 6.5 .. 0.8 Senegal 50.0 50.1 45.3 51.8 2.8 45.0 52.4 2.6 0.9 0.9 Seychelles .. 48.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.6 64.5 3.8 Sierra Leone 51.0 51.0 43.0 53.9 3.1 45.7 51.8 2.6 0.9 0.9 Somalia 50.6 50.4 46.7 50.3 2.9 47.8 49.8 2.4 1.0 1.0 South Africa 50.2 51.9 39.5 57.2 3.4 33.4 61.8 4.8 0.7 0.6 Sudan 49.9 49.8 44.9 52.4 2.7 39.7 57.2 3.1 0.9 0.7 Swaziland 50.9 52.1 45.9 51.3 2.9 42.6 54.8 2.7 1.0 0.8 Tanzania 50.8 50.5 47.6 50.1 2.3 45.8 51.8 2.4 1.0 0.9 Togo 50.7 50.5 44.6 52.4 3.2 45.8 51.2 3.0 0.9 1.0 Uganda 50.5 50.2 47.8 49.7 2.5 48.9 49.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 Zambia 51.1 50.4 49.4 48.2 2.4 46.0 51.8 2.2 1.1 0.9 Zimbabwe 50.4 50.4 47.9 49.5 2.6 41.7 55.5 2.8 1.0 0.8 NORTH AFRICA 49.5 49.4 42.2 53.9 3.9 35.7 60.3 4.3 0.9 0.7 Algeria 50.4 49.4 46.5 49.6 3.9 37.9 59.7 3.8 1.0 0.7 Egypt, Arab Republic 49.2 49.1 39.5 56.5 4.0 35.9 59.7 4.4 0.8 0.7 Libya 47.1 48.1 46.6 51.2 2.2 39.2 57.8 3.0 1.0 0.7 Morocco 49.9 50.0 43.2 52.7 4.1 33.5 62.2 4.3 0.9 0.6 Tunisia 49.3 49.5 41.6 54.6 3.8 32.2 62.2 5.6 0.8 0.6 ALL AFRICA 50.1 50.3 44.6 51.8 3.1 43.0 54.0 3.1 0.9 0.9 Note: Some age groups may not add up to 100 due to rouading up error. Social Indicators 309 13-2. Poverty Percentage of National poverty % of the population below Percentage GDP per capita, population living headcount as % 2/3 of national mean per Gini coefficients, of household based on PPP, under US$ I a day, of population, capita income, 1991-9 7 199 1-96 income spent on 1998 1984-1 997 1984-1997 Urban Rurat Urban Rural food, 1991-97 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,532 22 37 64 excluding South Africa 1,118 22 37 64 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1,172 ...22 37 . ..64 Angola 1,334 . .. Benin 1,276 *.33 . Botswana 8,547 33 . Burkina Faso 1,035 ...1 3 65 38 46 57 Burundi 636 ..36 .. Camneroo 1,929 ..40 .. Cape Verde 2,999*.. Central African Republic 1,320 .. 33 77 51 63 60 Chad ...64... Comoros 1,488 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 847... Congo. Republic of 1,641 C6te dIvoirc 1,881 1 8 ..29 5 1 39 33 48 Djibouti ... .38 84 38 39 43 Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea 813...... Ethiopia 517 ...21 50 56 40 72 Gabon 7,556 * Gambia, The 1,459 ..64 21 73 43 35 60 Ghana 1,661 ..31 22 37 34 36 39 Guinea 1,838 26 40 18 57 .. ..56 Guinea-Bissau 810 88 49 30 65 55 56 Kenya 1,168 50 42 14 53 51 52 71 Lesotho 1,827 49 49 Liberia.._ _ Madagascar 927 ---72 - 7021 57 . ..70 Malawi 695 54 57 Mali 739 8 64 53 55 75 Mauritania 1,746 31 57 18 56 34 33 70 Mauritius 9,629 ..11... Mozambique 913 Namnibia 4,932 . .* Niger 842 62 63 14 55 39 31 60 Nigeria 922 31 34 32 52 44 46 67 Rwanda 696 46 51... SAo Tom6 and Principe 1,536 * Senegal 1,768 54 33 14 66 . ..61 Seychelles 11,188 * Sierra Leone 401 ..68 ... . 50 Somalia . .. .. South Africa 7,187 24 ..40 86 . ..56 Sudan 1,640 ..... Swaziland 3,3173 ...36 70 . ..65 Tanzania 513 11 51 20 51 . ..70 Togo 1,421 ..32 . .. Uganda 1,183 69 55 16 46 35 44 63 Zambia 910 85 86 28 70 40 46 64 Zimbabwe 2,325 41 26 NORTH AFRICA 3,669 . -Algeria 4,540 2 23 . .. Egypt, Arab Republic 3,120 8 23 . .. Morocco 3,357 1 13 . .. Tunisia 5,453 4 14 . .. ALL AFRICA 1,905 ...22 37 . ..64 310 Social Indicators 13-3. Income distribution Share of income held by population groups Richest 10% Richest 20% Poorest 10% Poorest 20% 1986-97 1986-97 1986-97 1986-97 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. excluding South Africa .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. Angola .. Benin .. Botswana .. Burkina Faso 39.5 55.0 2.2 5.5 Burundi 26.6 41.6 3.4 7.9 Cameroon .. Cape Verde .. Central African Republic 47.7 65.0 0.7 2.0 Chad .. Comoros .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. Congo, Republic of .. C8te d'lvoire 28.8 44.3 3.1 7.1 Djibouti 29.9 45.4 2.3 6.3 Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea .. Ethiopia 33.7 47.7 3.0 7.1 Gabon .. Gambia, The 37.6 52.8 1.5 4.3 Ghana 26.1 41.7 3.6 8.4 Guinea 32.0 47.2 2.6 6.4 Guinea-Bissau 42.3 58.9 0.5 2.1 Kenya 34.9 50.2 1.8 5.0 Lesotho 43.4 60.1 0.9 2.8 Liberia .. Madagascar 36.7 52.1 1.9 5.1 Malawi .. Mali 40.4 56.2 1.8 4.6 Mauritania 29.9 45.6 2.3 6.2 Mauritius .. Mozambique 31.7 46.5 2.5 6.5 Nanibia .. Niger 35.4 53.3 0.8 2.6 Nigeria 40.8 55.7 1.6 4.4 Rwanda .. Sao Tome and Principe .. Senegal 33.5 48.2 2.6 6.4 Seychelles .. Sierra Leone 43.6 63.4 0.5 1.1 Somalia .. South Africa 45.9 64.8 1.1 2.9 Sudan .. Swaziland 50.2 64.4 1.0 2.7 Tanzania 30.0 45.5 2.9 6.8 Togo .. Uganda 31.2 46.1 2.6 6.6 Zambia 39.2 54.8 1.6 4.2 Zimbabwe 46.9 62.3 1.8 4.0 NORTH AFRICA .. Algeria 26.8 42.6 2.8 7.0 Egypt, Arab Republic 25.0 39.0 4.4 9.8 Libya .. .. Morocco 30.5 46.3 2.8 6.6 Tunisia 30.7 46.3 2.3 5.9 ALL AFRICA .. .. Social Indicators 311 13-4. Urbanization rotalpopulation Average annualpercentage Urban population as per- Average annualpercentage (millions) growth of total population centage of total population growth of urban population 1980 1990 1998 1975-79 1980-90 1990-98 1980 1990 1998 1975-79 1980-90 1990-98 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 380.7 508.3 627.3 2.9 2.9 2.7 23.0 28.1 33.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 excluding South Africa 353.2 473.1 585.9 2.9 3.0 2.7 21.1 26.5 32.0 5.5 5.4 5.2 excl. S. Afnica & Nigeria 282.0 376.9 465.0 2.9 2.9 2.7 19.6 24.4 29.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 Angola 7.0 9.2 12.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 20.9 27.6 32.9 6.1 5.7 5.7 Benin 3.5 4.7 5.9 2.7 3.2 2.9 27.3 34.5 40.7 7.5 5.7 5.1 Botswana 0.9 1.3 1.6 3.6 3.5 2.6 15.1 41.5 49.3 8.8 14.3 5.3 Burkina Faso 7.0 8.9 10.7 2.3 2.5 2.4 8.5 13.6 17.5 8.2 7.5 5.6 Burundi 4.1 5.5 6.5 2.1 2.8 2.4 4.3 6.3 8.4 8.4 6.9 6.1 Cameroon 8.7 11.5 14.3 2.8 2.9 2.8 31.4 40.3 47.2 6.4 5.5 4.9 Cape Verde 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.6 2.5 23.5 44.2 59.0 2.6 8.1 6.4 Central African Republic 2.3 2.9 3.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 35.1 37.5 40.4 3.4 3.1 3.1 Chad 4.5 5.7 7.3 2.0 2.6 3.0 18.8 21.1 23.2 6.2 3.8 4.2 Comoros 0.3 0.4 0.5 .. .. 2.6 23.2 27.9 32.1 .. .. 4.4 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 27.0 37.4 48.2 3.0 3.3 3.2 28.7 27.9 29.7 2.4 3.0 4.0 Congo, Republic of 1.7 2.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 41.0 53.4 60.9 6.1 5.7 4.6 Cote d'lvoire 8.2 11.6 14.5 4.0 3.6 2.9 34.7 40.3 45.2 5.8 5.2 4.4 Djibouti 0.3 0.5 0.6 6.5 6.4 2.8 73.6 80.2 82.8 8.1 7.4 3.3 Equatorial Guinea 0.2 0.4 0.4 -2.7 5.3 2.5 27.4 35.7 45.8 -2.5 8.0 5.8 Eritrea 2.4 3.1 3.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 13.5 15.8 18.1 4.8 4.5 4.4 Ethiopia 37.7 51.2 61.3 2.7 3.0 2.2 10.5 13.4 16.7 4.8 5.5 5.1 Gabon 0.7 1.0 1.2 3.1 3.4 2.6 49.6 68.1 79.2 7.8 6.7 4.7 Gambia, The 0.6 0.9 1.2 3.3 3.6 3.6 19.6 25.7 31.1 6.2 6.4 6.2 Ghana 10.7 14.9 18.5 1.7 3.3 2.8 31.2 33.9 37.4 2.5 4.2 4.0 Guinea 4.5 5.8 7.1 1.3 2.5 2.7 19.1 25.7 31.4 4.7 5.6 5.3 Guinea-Bissau 0.8 1.0 1.2 5.1 2.1 2.2 16.9 20.0 22.9 6.4 3.9 4.0 Kenya 16.6 23.6 28.8 3.8 3.6 2.6 16.1 24.1 31.3 8.6 7.9 6.3 Lesotho 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 13.4 20.1 26.4 7.1 6.8 5.8 Liberia 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.4 35.0 42.0 43.7 6.1 4.7 2.9 Madagascar 8.9 11.6 14.6 2.6 2.7 2.9 18.3 23.5 28.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 Malawi 6.2 8.5 10.5 3.3 3.2 2.8 9.1 13.3 22.3 7.1 7.1 9.5 Mali 6.6 8.5 10.6 2.2 2.5 2.8 18.5 23.8 28.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 Mauritania 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 27.4 43.5 55.1 9.1 7.6 6.0 Mauritius 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.2 42.4 40.5 41.0 1.3 0.5 1.3 Mozambique 12.1 14.2 16.9 2.8 1.7 2.2 13.1 26.6 37.6 12.1 9.2 6.9 Namibia 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 22.8 26.6 30.0 4.8 4.4 4.2 Niger 5.6 7.7 10.1 3.1 3.3 3.4 12.6 16.1 19.6 6.9 5.9 6.0 Nigeria 71.1 96.2 120.8 3.0 3.1 2.9 26.9 35.0 42.2 6.0 5.8 5.4 Rwanda 5.2 7.0 8.1 3.3 3.1 1.0 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.9 4.4 2.5 Sao Tom6 and Principe 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 2.5 2.7 30.7 38.9 45.2 4.0 5.0 4.7 Senegal 5.5 7.3 9.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 35.7 40.0 46.0 3.7 4.0 4.5 Seychelles 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.8 1.5 40.8 53.5 61.9 6.1 3.7 3.4 Sierra Leone 3.2 4.0 4.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 24.1 30.0 35.3 4.7 4.4 4.6 Somalia 5.9 7.8 9.1 7.5 2.5 1.8 22.2 24.2 26.7 8.4 3.4 3.0 South Africa 27.6 35.2 41.4 2.2 2.5 2.1 48.1 48.8 52.9 2.2 2.7 3.4 Sudan 18.7 24.1 28.3 3.1 2.6 2.1 20.0 26.6 34.2 4.6 5.4 5.3 Swaziland 0.6 0.8 1.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 17.8 23.8 25.8 8.7 6.3 4.3 Tanzania 18.6 25.5 32.1 3.1 3.2 3.0 14.8 20.8 30.5 11.6 6.9 8.0 Togo 2.6 3.5 4.5 2.7 3.0 3.1 22.9 28.5 32.3 9.7 5.5 4.6 Uganda 12.8 16.3 20.9 2.8 2.3 3.2 8.8 11.2 13.5 3.9 4.8 5.6 Zambia 5.7 7.8 9.7 3.4 3.1 2.8 39.8 39.4 39.4 6.3 3.1 2.8 Zimbabwe 7.0 9.7 11.7 2.8 3.4 2.4 22.3 28.4 33.9 5.6 5.9 4.7 NORTH AFRICA 88.4 114.1 133.3 2.6 2.6 2.0 44.6 49.2 53.0 3.5 3.6 3.0 Algeria 18.7 25.0 29.5 3.1 3.0 2.2 43.5 52.4 58.8 4.5 4.9 3.8 Egypt, Arab Republic 40.9 52.4 61.4 2.3 2.5 2.0 43.8 44.1 44.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 Libya 3.0 4.4 5.3 4.4 3.9 2.3 69.3 81.8 86.7 7.6 5.7 3.1 Morocco 19.4 24.0 27.8 2.3 2.2 1.8 41.1 48.2 54.5 4.1 3.8 3.4 Tunisia 6.4 8.2 9.3 2.5 2.5 1.8 51.5 57.9 64.1 3.4 3.7 3.1 ALL AFRICA 469.1 622.4 760.6 2.8 2.9 2.5 27.1 32.0 36.8 4.5 4.6 4.4 Note Minus sign indicates population outflow. 312 Social Indicators 13-5. Components of population change Totalfertility rate Crude birth rate Crude death rate 1982 1992 1998 1982 1992 1998 1982 1992 1998 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.6 5.9 5.4 46.5 43.0 40.3 17.0 15.4 14.9 excluding South Africa 6.9 6.1 5.6 47.4 43.9 41.4 17.4 15.9 15.4 excl. S.AfEica&Nigeria 6.8 6.2 5.7 46.8 44.1 41.7 17.5 16.3 16.2 Angola 7.0 7.2 6.7 50.8 50.8 48.1 22.8 19.2 18.7 Benin 7.0 6.5 5.7 49.3 43.9 40.5 18.1 15.3 13.0 Botswana 6.0 4.8 4.2 44.1 36.8 33.3 9.5 8.0 16.3 Burkina Faso 7.5 6.9 6.7 46.9 47.3 44.3 19.9 18.3 19.1 Burundi 6.8 6.8 6.2 46.2 46.2 42.1 17.9 21.5 20.2 Cameroon 6.4 5.7 5.0 43.9 40.6 38.4 15.7 12.8 12.4 Cape Verde 6.3 5.3 3.9 38.4 36.0 37.1 11.3 7.6 6.3 Central African Republic 5.7 5.3 4.8 42.4 39.6 36.6 18.6 17.4 19.3 Chad 7.1 6.9 6.4 44.2 47.0 44.8 21.4 18.2 16.4 Comoros 7.2 5.2 4.5 45.5 37.0 34.3 16.8 10.2 8.8 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 6.7 6.7 6.3 47.9 46.2 46.0 15.2 14.7 14.7 Congo, Republic of 6.3 6.3 6.0 43.9 44.7 43.4 15.7 16.1 16.3 C6te d'Ivoire 7.4 5.7 5.0 50.1 38.9 37.0 16.0 14.9 16.7 Djibouti 6.6 5.8 5.2 44.2 39.0 37.3 19.1 16.2 15.3 Equatorial Guinea 5.8 5.9 5.4 43.3 43.5 40.5 21.1 18.0 16.1 Eritrea 7.5 6.5 5.7 .. 42.4 39.8 .. 16.4 12.1 Ethiopia 7.0 6.6 6.4 48.0 49.0 45.2 22.1 20.2 20.2 Gabon 4.5 5.2 5.1 33.1 36.6 36.2 18.1 16.1 15.8 Gambia, The 6.5 6.0 5.6 48.2 43.5 41.8 23.1 19.2 13.3 Ghana 6.5 5.5 4.8 45.0 38.4 35.0 13.1 10.6 9.3 Guinea 6.2 5.7 5.4 46.8 45.0 40.5 23.5 19.0 17.2 Guinea-Bissau 6.0 6.0 5.6 44.7 43.3 41.5 25.1 21.4 20.8 Kenya 7.7 5.2 4.6 49.7 36.1 34.7 12.1 9.4 11.9 Lesotho 5.3 5.0 4.6 38.9 36.4 34.6 13.8 11.3 12.6 Liberia 6.8 6.8 6.2 47.0 48.2 45.1 16.7 24.8 17.3 Madagascar 6.6 6.0 5.7 46.5 45.9 41.4 15.5 12.6 11.1 Malawi 7.6 6.7 6.4 53.5 50.2 46.9 21.6 22.1 23.0 Mali 7.1 .. 6.5 49.0 51.1 46.6 21.6 17.5 15.9 Mauritania 6.1 5.9 5.4 42.3 42.6 39.9 18.5 14.7 13.2 Mauritius 2.5 2.3 2.0 22.2 20.4 16.8 6.0 6.7 6.8 Mozambique 6.5 6.3 5.2 45.7 44.9 40.6 20.1 18.6 19.5 Namibia 5.8 5.3 4.8 40.3 38.5 35.3 13.5 11.8 12.6 Niger 7.5 7.4 7.3 51.7 52.1 51.8 22.2 19.2 18.3 Nigeria 6.9 5.9 5.3 49.6 43.3 40.1 17.1 14.2 12.3 Rwanda 8.1 6.6 6.1 50.4 40.0 45.5 18.6 26.6 21.1 Sao Tome and Principe .. 4.9 4.6 38.7 43.0 32.1 10.2 9.0 9.4 Senegal 6.7 6.0 5.5 45.5 40.0 39.1 17.7 13.0 12.7 Seychelles 3.5 2.7 2.1 24.1 22.9 20.5 7.4 7.2 6.5 Sierra Leone 6.5 6.5 6.0 48.9 49.1 45.4 28.5 29.8 25.3 Somalia 7.3 7.3 7.2 51.8 52.1 51.8 22.0 25.1 18.1 South Africa 4.2 3.2 2.8 35.5 31.2 24.7 11.1 8.8 8.8 Sudan 6.4 5.0 4.6 43.5 34.9 33.2 15.8 13.9 11.5 Swaziland 6.0 5.1 4.6 43.1 40.2 36.8 13.7 10.7 11.0 Tanzania 6.7 6.0 5.4 46.5 42.8 40.6 14.8 13.5 16.0 Togo 6.9 6.6 5.1 45.0 41.6 39.7 15.8 15.5 15.7 Uganda 7.3 6.9 6.5 49.1 50.2 47.1 17.6 18.2 20.2 Zambia 6.9 6.2 5.5 49.0 44.6 41.7 14.8 15.1 19.3 Zimbabwe 6.2 4.3 3.7 43.0 35.5 30.9 11.8 10.9 13.3 NORTH AFRICA 5.4 3.8 3.2 38.9 28.2 24.5 11.6 7.5 6.5 Algeria 6.3 4.0 3.5 40.6 28.2 25.9 10.7 6.0 5.9 Egypt, Arab Republic 5.1 3.8 3.2 39.1 28.5 24.2 12.7 8.6 6.9 Libya 7.2 4.2 3.7 45.6 28.8 28.8 10.9 5.2 4.5 Morocco 5.1 3.8 3.0 37.3 28.2 25.1 11.4 7.5 6.7 Tunisia 4.9 3.2 2.2 33.7 25.7 17.9 8.4 6.3 5.6 ALL AFRICA 6.4 5.5 5.0 45.1 40.3 37.5 16.0 14.0 13.4 Social Indicators 313 13-6. Survival prospects Life expectancy Infant mortality Mortality ofchildren under Maternal mortality Adult HIV-1 seroprevalence at birth (years) (per thousand) 5 years (per thousand) (per 100, 000 live births) (per 100 adults) 1982 1998 1982 1998 1998 1998 or MR available end 1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 48 50 112 92 151 .. 8.6 excluding South Africa 48 49 114 94 154 .. 7.3 excl. S.Africa&Nigeria 48 48 119 98 163 .. 7.8 Angola 42 47 149 124 204 1,500 2.8 Benin 49 53 115 87 140 500 2.5 Botswana 59 46 67 62 105 330 36.1 Burkina Faso 45 44 117 104 210 930 6.5 Burundi 47 42 118 118 196 1,300 11.3 Cameroon 51 54 103 77 150 430 7.7 Cape Verde 62 68 84 55 67 55 Central African Republic 47 44 114 98 162 1,100 13.9 Chad 43 48 120 99 172 830 2.7 Comoros 50 60 106 63 88 500 0.1 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 50 51 109 90 141 .. 5.1 Congo, Republic of 50 48 88 90 143 890 6.4 C6te d'lvoire 50 46 105 88 143 600 10.8 Djibouti 45 50 132 106 176 570 11.7 Equatorial Guinea 44 50 138 106 171 820 0.5 Eritrea 44 51 91 61 90 1,000 2.9 Ethiopia 42 43 159 107 173 1,400 10.8 Gabon 49 53 112 86 132 .. 4.2 Gambia, The 41 53 154 76 .. 1,000 1.9 Ghana 54 60 90 65 96 .. 3.6 Guinea 40 47 177 118 184 .. 1.5 Guinea-Bissau 39 44 164 128 205 910 2.4 Kenya 56 51 66 76 124 590 14.1 Lesotho 54 55 117 93 144 610 24.0 Liberia 51 47 144 114 187 560 2.8 Madagascar 51 58 112 92 146 490 0.1 Malawi 45 42 163 134 229 620 16.1 Mali 43 50 180 117 218 580 2.0 Mauritania 47 54 117 90 140 .. 0.5 Mauritius 67 71 28 19 22 50 0.1 Mozambique 44 45 133 134 213 1,500 12.8 Namibia 54 54 84 67 112 230 19.0 Niger 42 46 136 118 250 590 1.3 Nigeria 46 53 96 76 119 1,000 5.1 Rwanda 46 41 124 123 205 1,300 11.1 Sao Tome and Principe .. 64 80 49 64 Senegal 46 52 112 69 121 560 1.8 Seychelles 69 72 19 15 17 Sierra Leone 35 37 189 169 283 1,800 3.0 Somalia 43 48 143 121 199 1,600 South Africa 58 63 63 51 83 230 19.9 Sudan 49 55 92 69 105 .. t.0 Swaziland 53 56 94 69 117 230 25.0 Tanzania 51 47 104 85 136 530 8.0 Togo 50 49 97 78 144 480 6.0 Uganda 48 42 116 101 170 510 8.3 Zambia 51 43 88 114 192 650 20.1 Zimbabwe 56 51 76 73 125 400 24.3 NORTH AFRICA 59 68 97 44 52 .. 0.0 Algeria 60 71 88 35 40 .. 0.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 57 67 112 49 59 170 0.0 Libya 62 70 60 23 27 75 0.1 Morocco 60 67 92 49 61 230 0.0 Tunisia 64 72 59 28 32 70 0.0 ALL AFRICA 50 54 109 86 140 .. 6.8 314 Social Indicators 13-7. Immunization and ORT use Percentage of children (0-1 years) immunized against ORT use among the DPT Measles under five (percent) 1986 1994 1998 1986 1994 1998 1992-93 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32 51 48 36 53 50 excluding South Aftica 30 51 47 35 53 48 50 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 34 53 54 40 53 54 Angola 10 3 1 45 60 44 80 48 Benin 17 86 81 20 78 82 28 Botswana 65 78 82 64 71 80 64 Burkina Faso 34 4 1 40 64 45 45 1 5 Burundi 65 47 50 4 1 43 44 49 Canmeroon 3 1 48 .3 1 47 84 Cape Verde 54 ..80 59 ..66 5 Central Affican Republic 19 40 45 24 37 39 24 Chad 10 18 23 ..24 30 1 5 Comoros 24 58 75 26 67 70 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 39 29 18 39 33 20 46 Congo, Republic of 68 ..23 86 18 67 C6te d'Ivoire 30 41 64 ..47 66 16 Djibouti 26 57 23 19 59 21 56 Equatorial Guinea 3 ..81 17 ..82 40 Eritrea ..36 60 ...52 Ethiopia 7 37 57 10 28 45 68 Gabon 48 48 54 58 50 32 25 Gambia, The 73 78 96 62 68 91 51 Ghana IS 48 68 3 1 49 67 44 Guinea 2 73 56 9 69 58 82 Guinea-Bissau 29 74 63 ..68 SI1 26 Kenya 72 50 64 65 47 61 69 Lesotho 73 58 57 72 82 53 78 Liberia IS . 19 39 ..31 15 Madagascar 22 66 68 18 55 65 26 Malawi 70 98 96 65 99 90 50 Mali 3 39 53 5 46 58 41 Mauritania 1 1 50 28 40 53 20 54 Mauritius 86 89 90 75 85 85 Mozamblque 32 55 77 39 65 87 60 Namnibia ..80 74 ..68 63 75 Niger 5 ..25 ...85 17 Nigeria 16 44 21 17 50 26 80 Rwanda 77 ..77 63 ..66 36 SAo Tome and Principe 65 ..73 58 ..59 50 Senegal ..57 65 ..50 65 27 Seychelles 94 96 99 95 92 93 SierTa Leone ..41 56 ..44 68 60 Somalia 17 ..24 25 ..47 78 South Africa 70 ..76 64 ..82 Sudan 14 77 67 II 86 63 47 Swaziland 73 74 76 66 62 62 85 Tanzania 74 83 74 97 79 72 83 Togo ..71 36 59 34 33 Uganda 21 79 46 32 79 30 45 Zambia 66 86 70 36 89 69 90 Zimbabwe 75 80 70 74 79 65 NORTH AFRICA 71 87 92 68 85 91 24 Algeria ..75 80 ..69 75 27 Egypt, Arab Republic 80 92 96 78 92 98 34 Libya 53 .97' 52 ..93 80 Morocco 54 87 93 48 87 91 14 Tunisia 72 91 96 67 87 94 22 ALL AFRICA 38 57 54 41 57 55 48 Notes: ORT = Oral re-hydration therapy; DPT =diphtheria, pertussis (whopping cough), and tetanus. Social indicators 315 13-8. Child malnutrition Percentage of children (1990-9 7) Exclusively B-reastfed, plu SilPercentage of infants Percentage of under-five (1990-97) breastfed, other food, breastfeading, with low birth weight suffering from moderate to severe (0.3 nion hs) (6-9 nvont hs) (20-23 months) 1988 1993-97 -~Underweight Wa'osing ~ Stunling SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 30 63 47 . excluding South Africa 30 63 47 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 37 67 49... A-n-gola 12 70 49 21 ..41 6 ~ 53 Benin 15 97 65 8 ..29 14 25 Botswana 39 82 23 8 8 17 11 29 Burkina Faso 12 44 81 ..21 33 1 3 29 Burundi 89 66 73 .1 6 ..9 43 Canmeroon 7 77 35 to 13 22 6 29 Cape Verde 1 8 ......14 6 16 Central African Republic 23 93 52 1 5 ..23 7 34 Chad 2 81 62 ...39 ..40 Comnoros 5 87 45 7 ..26 8 34 Congo, Democratic Rep. of - 32 40 64 1 0 ..34 10 45 Congo, Republic of 43 95 27 .1 6 C6te dIlvoire 3 65 45 1 5 14 24 8 24 Djibouti ....1 .1 8 13 26 Equatorial Guiinca Eritrea 66 45 60 ...44 16 38 Ethiopia 74 ..35 ..16 48 8 64 Gabon 57 10 tO Gamnbia, The ..8 58 ...26 6 14 Ghana 19 63 48 17 17 27 11 26 Guinea 52 -- 2513 122 - _ Guinea-Bissau ... .13 20 .. Kenya 17 90 54 15 16 22 6 34 Lesotho 54 47 52 tO . 16 5 44 Liberia 15 17 25 Mfadagascar 61 9 ……------ 49_ 0 --- 5 47 48 Malawi 11 78 68 20 ..30 7 48 Mali 13 33 60 17 17 27 23 30 Mauritania 90 64 59 ..9 23 7 44 Mauritius 16 29 ..9 ..15 14 10 Mozambique 37 ...20 20 26 8 36 Namibia 22 65 23 . 26 9 29 Niger 1 67 52 ..15 50 21 41 Nigeria 2 52 43 20 16 39 9 43 Rwanda 90 68 85 ..17 27 4 42 Sdo Toml and Principe ... .7 3 ...26 Senegal 16 69 50 ...22 7 23 Seychelles ... .10 9 6 Sierra Leone ..94 41 13 ..29 9 35 Somalia .... .16 ...30 South Africa ... .. .9 3 23 Sudan 14 45 44 15 is 34 17 34 Swaziland 37 51 20 .. Tanzania 41 93 53 13 14 31 7 43 Togo IS 25 99 20 20 25 ..34 Uganda 70 64 40 ...26 5 38 Zamnbia 27 88 43 ..13 24 4 42 Zimbabwe 16 93 26 5 14 16 6 21 NORTH AFRICA 45 34 ... .14 Al1geria - -_48 2-9 21 9 99 13 9 18 Egypt, Arab Republic 53 37 ..12 12 11 S 30 Libya ... .5 5 5 3 15 Morocco 31 33 20 ..4 10 2 24 Tunisia 12 53 16 8 16 9 4 23 ALL -AFRICA - 32-- 59 ___45 ... 316 Social Indicators 13-9. Access to sanitation facilities Percentage of population with access to sanitation facilities l990, 1993-97 Total Urban Rural Total Urbani Rural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Africa . excl. S. Africa & Nigeria . Angola 1 8 27 1 6 1 6 34 8 Benin I10 45 4 20 54 6 Botswana 36 85 35 55 91 4 1 Burkina Faso 9 38 5 18 78 1 1 Burundi . .. Cameroon 36 ...40 73 21 Cape Verde 10 36 9 Central African Republic 19 36 9 Chad 14 . .21 74 7 Comoros ... .23 40 16 Congo, Democratic Rep. of... Congo, Republic of ... .9 1 5 4 C6le drIvoire 50 . 54 59 5 1 Djibouti 84 94 50 Equatorial Guinea ... .54 61 48 Eritrea ......12 0 Ethiopia ...5 8 Gabon 50 ...76 79 67 Gamnbia, The ... .37 83 23 Ghana 26 47 17 42 53 36 Guinea ... .14 24 10 Guinea-Bissau .... 20 32 17 Kenya 44 75 39 77 69 81 Lesotho ... .8 ..7 Liberia 21 24 20 18 38 2 Madagascar ..12 .. I 50 3 Malawi 60 88 56 53 70 51 Mali 21 90 5 31 58 21 Mauritania 35 67 18 32 44 19 Mauritius 100 100 100 Mozamsbique .. .2l5 T Nantibia . .. Niger 9 36 3 17 79 5 Nigeria ..30 ..36 61 21 Rwanda 55 60 60 SIo Taint and Principe 1S 39 7 19 Senegal ... .58 83 40 Seychelles 99 ...98 ..99 Sierra Leonie ... .11 17 8 Somalia iS 60 5 18 South Africa ... .46 79 12 Sudan 5 20 1 22 *79 4 Swaziland ... .36 36 37 Tanzania ... .86 97 83 Togo 14 34 8 Uganda 13 40 10 57 75 55 Zwmbia 47 56 41 23 40 10 Zimbabwe 56 100 41 66 99 48 NORTH AFRICA ... .20 37 9 Algeria 59 .. Egypt, Arab Republic ......I 20 5 Libya ... .86 90 75 Morocco ... .40 69 18 Tunisia 52 84 16 ALL AFRICA...... 'or most recent available data. Social Indicators 317 13-10. Access to safe water ______________________Percentage of population with access to safe water 1990* 1___993-97- Total Urban Rural T'otal Urban Rural SUB-SARARAN AFRICA 60 26 excluding South Africa 60 26 excl. S. Afiica & Nigeria . Angola 28 80 1532 69 15 Benin 14 65 45 50 41 53 Botswana 56 100 33 70 100 53 Burkina Faso 35 50 26 Burundi 45 92 27 _______ Ca~meroon 36 46 30 4 1 7 1 24 Cape Verde 31 99 21 Central Africani Republic .. Chad ..27 30 24 48 1 7 Comoros 46 99 52 48 74 41 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 36 62 16 __-- Congo, Republic of 47 42 7 ..50 8 C6te d'Ivoire 20 30 10 72 59 81 Djibouti 24 27 14 Equatorial Guinea -_____- 47 ____95 88 100 Eritrea .. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 Ethiopia ... .27 90 20 Gabon 52 75 34 67 80 30 Gamnbia, The 64 92 56 76 Ghana ..57 40 56 70 49 Guinea 27 61562 61 6 Guinea-Bissau 31 21 37 53 38 57 Kenya 27 61 21 53 67 49 Lesotho 18 37 14 52 14 64 Liberia 37 50 25 30 58 8 -Ma-dagasc-ar 31 81 17 29 83 10 Malawi 32 70 27 45 52 44 Mali ..37 36 38 Mauritania 37 80 16 64 87 41 Mauritius 98 95 100 Mozamnbique ~T - 5 ~ ~ 1 2 ~7 7~ Namnibia . .. Niger 37 48 34 53 46 55 Nigeria 36 60 30 39 63 26 Rwanda 70 55 60 ...44 580 Taint and Principe 52 100 61 ____60 Senegal 44 63 - 27 -______- 5 22 Seychelles 90 ...97 99 80 Sierra Leone 24 58 8 34 58 21 Somalia 31 60 20 37 South Africa ..70 90 33 Sudan 49 45 50 66 45 Swaziland ~~~~~~~~~33 ..43 41 ~~ 44 Tanzania 52 85 47 49 65 45 Togo 35 68 54 Uganda 16 45 12 34 47 32 Zambia 48 70 32 43 64 27 Zimbabwe 63 100 14 77 99 64 NRHAFRICA 72 85 4160 87 40 - Algeria 77 - 86 - 5 _5 _- - - Egypt, Arab Republic 90 93 61 64 82 50 Libya 90 92 75 90 90 91 Morocco 47 74 17 52 98 14 Tunisia 89 98 79 ALL AFRICA . -or most re .ent available data 318 Social Indicators 13-11. Health expenditure Public expenditure Private expenditure Total expenditure as % of GDP, as % of GDP, as % of GDP, per capita, USS, per capita PPP, intemational 5, 1990-97 1990-97 1990-97 1990-97 1990-97 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.2 2.7 excluding South Africa 1.2 .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1.6 .. Angola 3.9 .. Benin 1.6 0.4 2.0 7 19 Botswana 2.4 1.6 4.0 130 288 Burkina Faso 1.2 2.7 3.9 9 34 Burundi 1.5 2.6 4.0 6 23 Cameroon 1.0 4.0 5.0 31 83 Cape Verde 2.8 0.4 3.3 36 96 Central African Republic 1.9 0.9 2.8 8 31 Chad 2.4 0.6 3.1 7 26 Comoros 3.1 1.4 4.6 17 67 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 1.2 1.3 2.5 Congo, Republic of 1.8 3.2 5.0 42 62 Cote d'lvoire 1.4 2.3 3.7 27 66 Djibouti .. .. Equatorial Guinea 3.0 1.6 4.7 55 65 Eritrea 2.9 0.9 2.0 .. 15 Ethiopia 1.4 2.4 3.8 4 23 Gabon 0.6 .. Gambia,The 1.4 1.7 3.1 11 46 Ghana 1.4 1.6 3.0 12 53 Guinea 1.2 1.0 2.2 13 43 Guinea-Bissau 1.1 .. Kenya 2.2 1.0 1.0 3 10 Lesotho 3.7 2.4 Liberia .. .. Madagascar 1.1 1.0 2.1 5 Malawi 3.3 .. Mali 2.1 1.5 2.7 8 17 Mauritania 1.8 4.1 5.2 28 68 Mauritius 2.2 1.7 4.0 116 330 Mozambique 2.1 .. Namibia 3.8 3.6 7.4 150 399 Niger 1.3 .. Nigeria 0.2 0.5 0.7 9 6 Rwanda 2.1 .. Sao Tomd and Principe 6.1 .. Senegal 2.6 2.1 4.7 23 66 Seychelles 4.2 .. Sierra Leone 1.7 6.2 7.9 14 39 Somalia .. .. South Africa 3.2 3.5 7.1 246 571 Sudan .. 1.9 0.2 4 Swaziland 2.5 0.9 3.4 47 141 Tanzania 1.1 .. Togo 1.1 2.1 3.2 11 46 Uganda 1.8 2.9 4.7 14 50 Zambia 2.9 0.7 3.3 16 27 Zimbabwe 1.9 3.1 4.7 38 131 NORTH AFRICA 1.6 2.2 3.9 48 129 Algeria 3.3 1.3 4.6 68 217 Egypt, Arab Republic 1.8 2.0 3.8 48 124 Libya .. .. .. Morocco 1.3 2.7 4.0 49 140 Tunisia 3.0 2.9 5.9 118 320 ALL AFRICA 1.4 . 2.6 .. Social Indicators 319 13-12. Health care Population Population Percentage of births at tended Percentage of population per physician per hospital bed by trained health personnel with access to health services 1981 1990-96 1981 1990-96 1990-95 1990-94 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ... . 1,410 excluding South Africa ... . 1,410 excl. S.Aflica & Nigeria ... . 1,665 Angola .. 25,014 .. 769 17 24.0 Benin 16,989 16,641 886 5,000 34 42.0 Botswana 7,451 5,264 .. 625 Burkina Faso 55,744 25,000 .. 714 41 Burundi .. 16,682 .. 1,428 24 80.0 cameroon .. 14,286 . 8 ~ 5 Cape Verde .. 4,367 .. 625 49 Central African Republic 22,777 16,674 .. 1,111 46 Chad .. 50,108 .. 1,428 ..26.0 Comoros .. 7,716 .. 357 Coongo, ~Democrat-ic Re-p.of .. 14-,288..- 7-14 - *59.0 Congo, Republic of .. 3.706 .. 294 C6te drIvoire .. 11,113 .. 1,250 45 Djibouti 4,291 5,272 266 400 Equatorial Guinea .. 4,750 ...5 Eritrea .. 49900 ...21 Ethiopia 88,119 33,327 .. 5,000 ..55.0 Gabon 2,189 4,354 .. 313 80 Gambia, The .. 49,502 .. 1,667 Ghana ... . 667 ..25.0 du-inea 45,463 6,666 .. 1,667 ..45.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 5,546 528 666 50 Kenya 10,095 7,108 .. 625 45 Lesotho .. 20,047 so..5 Liberia 9,454... Madagascar 10,060 3,704 .. 1,111 71 Malawi 53,913 33,344 .. 625 57 Mali 25,992 16,656 ...46 Mauritania .. 16,687 .. 1,429 Mauritius 1,813 1,163 .. 323 91 99.0 Mozambique 36,970 ... 1,111 2~9 --- ____-_________ Namibia .. 4,344 ...71 Niger .. 50,101 .. 8,335 21 30.0 Nigeria .. 5,263 .. 588 31 67.0 Rwanda 32,318 24,967 677 588 28 S8o Tomi and Principe 2,388 3,044 .. 213 63 senegal 12,8 1,13 . 2,500 47 40.0 Seychelles .. 969 ...99 99.0 Sierra Leone 18,975... Somalia 22,103 24,999 .. 1,250 2 South Africa .. 1,613 -- . 82 Sudan 9,581 10,002 1,110 909 86 70.0 S-waziland .. 9,059 -- . 67 55.0 Tanzania .. 24,994 .. ,111 44 93.0 Togo 21,355 16,695 .. 667 Uganda 21,405 25,007 661 1.111 38 Zambia 7,913 11,104 287 ..51 Zimbabwe 7,074 6,665 .. 2,000 49 NORTH AFRICA 5,936 1,291 70 516 ..88.2 Algeria .. 1,220 . 476 77 Egypt, Arab Republic 733 625 483 476 46 99.0 Libya 611 694 207 238 68 100.0 Morocco 18,558 2,778 814 909 31 62.4 Tunisia 3,642 1,515 .. 500 50 90.0 ALL AFRICA ... . 1,214 320 Social Indicators 13-13. Illiteracy rate Percentage ofpopulation 15 years of age and above that is illiterate 1985 1990 1998 Total Mate Feniale Total Male Fenialte Ybtal Malte Feiale SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 56 45 66 50 40 60 41 32 49 excluding South Africa 59 48 70 53 42 63 43 34 52 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 59 48 70 53 43 64 44 35 53 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 77 66 87 72 59 84 62 46 77 Botswana 37 38 35 32 34 30 24 27 22 Burkina Faso 87 79 94 84 75 92 78 68 87 Burundi 66 53 78 62 50 73 54 45 63 Cameroon 45 34 56 37 28 46 26 20 33 Cape Verde 43 29 53 36 24 46 27 16 35 Central African Republic 72 58 85 67 53 79 56 43 68 Chad 78 69 87 72 63 81 61 51 69 Comoros 49 41 57 46 39 54 42 35 48 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 59 45 73 52 38 66 41 29 53 Congo, Republic of 41 29 52 33 23 42 22 14 29 Cote d'Ivoire 72 62 82 66 56 77 56 47 64 Djibouti 53 38 68 47 33 60 38 26 49 Equatorial Guinea 33 18 48 27 14 39 19 9 29 Eritrea 62 46 77 57 42 72 48 34 62 Ethiopia 76 68 85 72 64 80 64 58 70 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 80 74 85 74 68 80 65 58 73 Ghana 49 36 61 42 30 53 31 22 40 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 76 61 91 72 54 89 63 43 83 Kenya 36 24 48 29 19 39 20 12 27 Lesotho 25 39 13 22 35 11 18 29 7 Liberia 67 51 82 61 45 77 49 33 66 Madagascar 47 38 56 42 34 50 35 28 42 Malawi 52 34 68 48 31 64 42 27 56 Mali 81 74 87 74 67 81 62 54 69 Mauritania 66 56 76 64 53 74 59 48 69 Mauritius 23 17 29 20 15 25 16 13 20 Mozambique 71 56 86 67 51 82 58 42 73 Namibia 29 26 33 25 23 28 19 18 20 Niger 90 84 96 89 82 95 85 78 93 Nigeria 59 48 70 51 41 62 39 30 48 Rwanda 53 43 64 47 37 56 36 29 43 Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 76 66 85 72 62 81 65 55 74 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 21 20 22 19 18 20 15 15 16 Sudan 60 44 75 54 39 68 44 32 57 Swaziland 34 32 36 28 26 30 22 21 23 Tanzania 43 28 57 36 23 49 26 17 36 Togo 59 -42 76 54 36 71 45 28 62 Uganda 49 35 63 44 31 57 35 24 46 Zambia 37 25 48 32 22 41 24 16 31 Zimbabwe 24 17 31 19 13 25 13 8 17 NORTH AFRICA 57 43 71 52 38 65 43 31 55 Algeria 53 39 68 46 32 59 35 24 46 Egypt, Arab Republic 57 43 71 53 40 66 46 35 58 Libya 39 22 59 32 17 49 22 10 35 Morocco 67 53 80 61 47 75 53 40 66 Tunisia 47 34 61 41 28 54 31 21 42 ALLAFRICA 56 45 67 50 40 61 41 32 50 Social Indicators 321 13-14. Primary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1980 1990 1994-97 1980 1990 1994-97 1980 1990 1994-97 SUB-SAHAiRAN AFRICA 81 76 78 88 83 85 67 68 71 excluding South Africa 80 72 74 88 80 81 67 64 66 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 72 67 67 79 73 72 60 59 59 Angola - ____ -- 175 ~~~~~~92 … - - .96 . 88 Benin 67 58 78 91 78 98 43 39 57 Botswana 91 113 108 83 109 107 100 117 108 Burkina Faso 1 8 33 40 22 4 1 48 13 26 3 1 Burundi 26 73 5 1 32 79 55 2 1 66 46 -C-amroon __ _ 98 _ _101_ 85 107 109 93 90 93 - 84 Cape Verde 114 121 148 119 .. 150 110 ..147 Central African Republic 71 65 92 80 ..51 51 Chad 54 58 ..75 76 34 39 Comoros 86 75 75 100 87 ..72 63 Congo, Demo-cratic Rep, of- _ 92__ 70M 7_2 - 108 8 6-7 05 Congo, Republic of 141 133 114 148 141 120 135 124 109 C6te dIlvoire 75 67 71 90 79 82 60 56 61 Djibouti 37 38 39 ..45 45 ..32 33 Equatorial Guinea 160 .. Eritrea . . 53 59 ..48 Ethiopia 37 33 43 48 39 55 27 26 31 Gabon 174 162 178 163 171 ..161 Gambia, The 53 64 77 70 76 87 36 52 67 Ghana 79 75 79 88 82 84 71 68 74 Gui nea 36 37 54 48 50 68 25 24 4 1 Guinea-Bissau 68 . 62 94 ..79 43 ..45 Kenya 115 95 85 120 97 85 110 93 85 Lesotho 104 112 108 85 100 102 122 123 114 Liberia 48 .6 1 ..35 .- M_adagascar13 103 92 - --13-1 _103 9 2 129 103 - 91 Malawi 60 68 134 72 74 140 49 62 127 Mali 26 27 49 34 34 58 19 19 40 Mauritania 37 49 79 48 56 84 26 41 75 Mauritius 93 109 106 94 109 106 91 110 106 Mozmabique __ _ _ 99 - 6 _7 60 _ 11-5 - _77- -70- - 84 ---57 - 50 Namibia .. 129 131 .. 123 129 ..135 132 Niger 25 29 29 33 37 36 18 21 23 Nigeria 109 91 98 123 104 109 95 79 87 Rwanda 63 70 ..66 70 ..60 69 S8o Tom6 and Principe --- ---i --- --- _ _- - -6 Senegal 465 156 68 78 3 06 Seychelles ........ Sieffa Leone 52 50 ..61 60 ..43 41 Somalia 22 ...28 ..15 South Africa 90 122 133 .. 123 135 ..121 131 Sudan 50 53 51 59 60 55 41 45 47 Swaziland ~~~~ ~~~103 --III -- 117 - -- 104 - 114 - 120 -102-- 109 1 14 Tanizania 93 70 67 99 70 67 86 69 66 Togo 118 l09 120 144 132 140 93 87 99 Uganda 50 75 74 56 83 81 43 66 68 Zamnbia 90 99 89 98 ..91 83 ..86 Zimbabwe 85 116 112 - . -117 115 ..115 III NOR-TH AFRICA 84 91 100 97 100 1769 83 93 - Algeria 95 100 108 108 108 113 81 92 102 Egypt,Arab Republic 73 94 101 84 101 108 61 86 94 Libya 125 105 ..129 109 ..121 102 - Morocco 83 67 86 102 79 97 63 54 74 Tunisia 102 113 118 117 120 122 87 107 114 AULLA-FRIGA _81 __79- 8 0 - 90 - - 86 86 6871 -- 73 322 Social Indicators 13-15. Pupil progression Pecentage of cohort reaching Progression to secondary school grade 5 (1992-9 6) 19 Total Mate Female Total MWa-le -Femnale SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA... excluding South Africa... excl. S. Aftica & Nigeria.....___ Angola Benin 6 1 64 57 Botswana 90 87 93 84 84 85 Burkina Faso 75 74 77 27 27 27 Burundi I.. . 1 12 1 1 Caineroon Cape Verde . .. Central African Republic . .. Chad 59 62 53 47 Comoros 79 ...39 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 64 73 54 27 25 30 Congo, Republic of 55 40 78 C6te dIvoire 75 77 71 33 Djibouti 79 ...38 Equatorial Guinea ..... Eritrea 70 73 67 80 85 74 Ethiopia 51 51 50 s0 82 77 Gabon 59 58 61 Gambia, The 80 78 83 Ghana Guinea 54 85 68 50 51 47 Guinca-Bissau . .. Kenya ... .41 Lesotho 63 55 71 71 Liberia Madagascar 40 49 33 35 35 35 Malawi 34 36 32 15 Mali 84 92 70 63 64 60 Mauritania 64 61 68 32 34 28 Mauritius 99 98 99 51 49 54 Mozambique 46 52 39 - 39 39 - 39- Namibia 86 80 84 74 76 72 Niger 73 72 73 Nigeria ... .52 Rwanda ... .15 S80 Tome and Principe . Senegal 87 89 85 Seychelles 100 98 99 100 Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa ... .90 87 91 Sudan 74 75 73 61 Swaziland 76 73 79 79 79 79 Tanzania 81 78 84 12 Togo 71 79 60 38 40 35 Uganda ... .32 Zainbia Zimbabwe 79 78 79 - 66 NORTH AFRICA *.79 77 81 Algeria 94 93 95 80 77 82 Egypt. Arab Republic ... .83 82 85 Libya Morocco 75 76 74 81 -79 84 Tunisia 91 90 92 62 62 63 ALL AFRICA Notes: In Seychelles a policy of automatic promotion is practiced at the primary level of education. Tanzanian figures refer to mainland only. Social Indicators 323 13-16. Net primary enrollment ratio Total Mates Female 1980 1990 1994-99 1980 1990 1994-99 1980 1990 1994-99 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa cxcl. S. Africa & Nigeria IG-go-l-a- 87 46 80 45 Benin 63 72 61 80 34 31 47 Botswana 76 93 81 69 90 79 83 98 83 Burkina Faso 1 5 27 3 1 1 8 33 37 1 1 2 1 24 Burundi 20 23 57 16 51 Caincroon 77 80 66 10 Capc Verde 90 93 100 88 99 Central African Republic 56 53 73 64 41 42 Chad 46 38 55 59 15 27 33 Comoros 77 61 56 45 54 --- 8_ 50- Congo, Democratic Rep. of 61 82 61 72 59 Congo, Rcpublic of 96 100 95 94 87 C&te d'lvoire 47 55 65 55 63 45 41 47 Djibouti . 32 32 37 37 36 22 27 27 Equatorial Guinea 97 92 81 89 Eritrea 30 32 29 Ethiopia 32 35 29 40 22 22 25 Gabon Gatnbia, The 50 65 70 63 72 36 42 57 Ghana Guinea 42 39 38 50 20 19 33 Guinea-Bissau 47 63 55 31 31 Kenya 91 92 74 89 75 Lesotho 67 73 70 55 65 64 80 92 76 Liberia - - Nfa-dagasca_r__   61 60 62 Malawi 43 50 103 48 52 102 38 48 104 Mali 20 21 31 26 27 38 15 15 25 Mauritania 57 61 53 Mauritius 79 95 98 80 95 98 79 95 98 Miona-mbique 36 47 40 37 52 4 32 __2_ 34 Namibia 91 81 81 92 93 Niger 21 25 25 28 32 30 15 18 19 Nigeria Rwanda 59 66 62 66 57 66 Sao Tomd and Pfincipe Senegal 37 66- 45 56 65 5_5 Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia 16 20 12 South Africa 67 100 68 loo Sudan Swazijand  80 88 91 79 88 90 82 89 91 Tanzania 68 51 48 51 48 52 49 Togo 75 81 95 88 93 64 62 69 Uganda Zambia 77 75 81 85 76 73 83 74 Zimbabwe - NORTH AFRICA 89 84 91 95 62 77 84 A-1-ge-d'a 81 93 94 92 100 97 71 88 91 Egypt, Arab Republic 93 83 96 98 61 82 88 Libya 100 98 100 94 Morocco 62 58 74 76 69 86 48 48 67 Tunisia 82 94 98 93 99 99 72 91 96 ALL AFRICA - - 65 67 51 U_ _.. 324 Social Indicators 13-17. Number of school teachers Primary Secondary Total t-ea-chi-ng st-aff Percentage fe_male-s Total teaching staff P5erentagefle-mailTes 1980 1990 1994-98 1980 1990 1994-98 1980 1990 1994-98 1980 1990 1994-98 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . 30 35 40.. . excluding South Africa . ..30 35 40.. . excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. . .28 32 34 . . . Angola .. 31,062 31,878.. . ... .. . Benin 7,994 13,556 16,043 23 25 23 . . . Botswana 5,316 8,956 11,454 72 80 77 1,137 3,716 6,670 37 40 43 Burkina Faao 3,700 8,903 16,724 20 27 24 . . . Burundi 4,805 9,465 11,597 47 46 52 .. 2,026 ... 21 Cameroon 26,763 38,430 39,084 20 30 34 8,926 19,820 . Cape Verde 1,436 .. 3,219 . .. 62 184 .. . Central African Republic 4,130 4,004 ..25 25 .. 724 . ..16 Chad .. 7,980 11,641 .. 6 9 . .. 3,238 ... Comoros 1,292 1,995 1,508 7 . .. 449 . ..20 __Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. 114,000 121,054 .. 24 ~ 22. . Congo,Republic of 7,186 7,578 7,060 25 32 36 5,117 6,851 7,173 ... 16 C6te d'Ivoire 26,460 39,002 40,529 1 5 1 9 2 1 . . Djibouti 419 742 1,096 .. 37 30 278 .. 628 Equatorial Guinea 647 .. 1,381 . .. 27 . . . Eritrea .. 2,895 5,476 .. 45 36 . .. 2,071 ... 14 Ethiopia 33,322 68,370 109,487 22 24 27 .. 23,319 13,109 .. 10 8 Gabon 3,441 .. 4,605 27 .. 41 1,587 .. 3,094 24 .. 18 Gambia, The 1,932 2,757 4,118 32 3 1 29 620 756 1,547 25 .. 17 Ghana 47,921 66,946 71,340 42 36 36 31,636 . . 21 Guinea 7,165 8,699 13,883 14 22 25 .. 5,976 6,063 .. 12 1 1 Guinea-Bissau 3,257 . ..24 . .. 462 . ..21 Kenya 102,489 172,117 192,306 .. 37 42 17,081 .. . Lesotho 5,097 6,448 8,089 75 80 79 1,299 .. 3,158 ... 52 Madagascar 39,474 38,933 40,591 . .. 47 . .. 21,670 . . 4 Malawi 12,540 22,942 49,138 .. 31 39 953 .. 3,172 I.. Mali 6,862 8,156 10,853 20 23 23 .. 5,748 ... 14 Mauritania 2,183 3,741 7,064 9 18 24 . .. 2,067 ... 8 Mauritius 6,379 6,507 5.065 43 44 53 . .. 5,090 ... 46 Mozambique 17,030 23,107 24.575 22 .. 23 .. 4,657 5,615 ... 17 Namibia . .. Niger 5,518 8,835 11,545 30 33 32 1,284 2,775 3,521 21 18 20 Nigeria 343,551 331,915 416,745 34 43 48 41,581 141,377 152,596 29 33 36 Rwanda 11,912 19,183 ..38 46 .. 1,454 2,802 ..16 20 S8o Tom6 and Principe 588 .. ... . ... Senegal 9,175 13,394 18,373 24 .. 25 4,302 . . Seychelles 658 .. 577 80 .. 88 127 328 689 37 .. 50 Sierra Leone 9,528 10,850 ... . . . 5,969 ... 18 Somnalia 8,122 . . 29 . .. 2,089 . ..7 South Africa 160,286 .. 181,668 . .. 73 . . . Sudan 43,451 60,047 102,987 31 51 62 18,831 33,628 15,504 .. 35 45 Swaziland 3,278 5,083 6,195 79 79 75 . .. 3,173 ... 44 Tanzania 81,386 96,850 110,186 37 41 44 3,837 7,944 12,751 .. 24 26 Togo 9,201 11,105 19,512 21 19 12 .. 4,492 5,389 .. 12 12 Uganda 38,422 84,149 82,745 30 30 32 3,833 . .. Zambia 21,455 33,200 38,528 40 .. 43 4,882 . .. Zimbabwe 28,118 59,154 64,538 .. 39 44 3,782 24,547 28,254 .. 29 36 NORTH AFRICA ... 45 48 . .... 39 Algeria 88,481 15I,262 170,956 37 39 45 41,137 127,024 151,948 .. 39 45 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 279,315 310,116 .. 52 52 121,999 286,797 424,586 31 .. 39 Libya 36,591 85,537 -. 47 . .. 24,323 . ..24 Morocco 56,908 91,680 117,481 30 37 38 36,526 79,657 84,202 .. 29 32 Tunisia 27,375 50,609 60,220 29 45 49 14,328 33,058 41,328 29 32 34 ALL AFRICA .. . .30 37 42 . . . Nowe: Figures include both part-time and fuill-timne teacher.. Social Indicators 325 13-18. Pupil/teacher ratio Numher of pupils per teacher Priiary Smdy 1980 1985 1994-98 1980 1990 1994-98 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria . -__ __ _________ Angola ..33 29 Benin 48 31 53 Botswana 32 32 28 18 17 17 Burkina Faso 54 55 47 Burundi 37 66 48 ..22 Cameroon --52 -51 - 52 -___ -- 26 25 - Cape Verde 40 33 29 Central African Republic 60 90 . Chad ..67 68 .. 35 Comoros 46 35 52 Congo, -Democratic Rep,. of - -..37 45 Congo, Republic of 54 64 70 ..27 30 C6te dIlvoire 39 36 41 Djibouti 40 44 34 .. 19 Equatorial Guinea .. 55 Eritrea ..38 44 ...43 Ethiopia 64 41 47 ..37 36 Gabon 45 48 56 .. 26 Gamnbia, The 24 28 30 ..27 2 1 Ghana 30 26 33... - Guinea 36 38 -49 - .14 -26 Guinea-Bissau 23 25 ..10 Kenya 38 31 31 Lesotho 48 55 46 19 ..23 Liberia Madagascar 3-8 40 - 47 --- .--16 Malawi 65 64 59 .. 45 Mali 42 45 80 ..15 Mauritania 41 44 47 .. 25 Mauritius 20 21 26 .. 19 Mozambique ..55 58 ..34 - 33 - Namnibia Niger 41 41 42 30 28 28 Nigeria ..41 34 ..21 29 Rwanda 59 57 ...25 S8o Tonmd and Principe ____28 -35 . Senegal - ~ - 46- - - - - 56..- Seychelles 22 19 17 ..13 13 Sierra Leone ...-..17 Somalia 33 19 -.21 South Africa - .45 Sudan 34 35 29 ..22 26 Slwazilad-- 34 --33 -- 34 ...19 Tanzania 41 35 37 ..21 17 Togo 55 56 46 ..28 31 Uganda ..29 35 Zambia 49 44 39 - Zimbabwe 44 36 39 ..27 27 NORTH AFRICA . .. Algeria 35 28 27 _25 1 7- Egypt, Arab Republic ..20 24 ..19 16 Libya 18 16 ..12 Morocco 38 25 28 22 15 17 Tunisia 39 30 25 20 17 19 ALL AFRICA........- Note. Figures include bath part-time and fall-time teachers. 326 Social Indicators 13-19. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1980 1990 1994-97 1980 1990 1994-97 1980 1990 1994-97 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1 5 23 27 20 26 29 10 21 24 excluding South Africa 1 5 1 9 2 1 20 22 25 1 0 1 6 1 8 excl. S. Africa& Nigeria 1 4 1 7 1 7 19 2 1 19 1 0 14 14 Angola 2 1 1 2...... Benin 16 1 2 1 7 24 17 26 8 7 1 I Botswana 19 43 65 1 7 41 62 2 1 45 68 Burkina Faso 3 7 ..4 9 ..2 5 Burundi 3 6 7 4 7 ..2 4 Cameroon 1 8 28 27 24 33 32 1 3 23 22 Cape Verde 8 21 ..9 ..54 7 ..56 Central African Republic 14 12 ..21 17 ..7 7 Chad ..8 10 ..13 15 ..3 4 Comoros 22 18 21 30 21 24 1 5 14 19 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 24 .. 26 35 ..32 13 ..19 Congo, Republic of 74 53 53 89 63 62 60 44 45 C6te dItvoire 19 22 24 26 30 34 'II 14 16 Djibouti 12 12 14 1 5 14 17 9 9 12 Equatorial Guinea... Eritrea ... 20 ...24 ...17 Ethiopia 9 14 12 12 16 14 7 13 10 Gabon ... .41 ..59 27 ..53 Gambia,Thbe I I 19 25 16 25 30 7 12 19 Ghana 41 36 ..50 45 ..31 28 Guinea 17 10 12 24 15 20 10O 5 7 Guinea-Bissau 6 ...10 ...2 Kenya 20 24 24 23 28 26 16 21 22 Lesotho 18 25 31 14 20 25 21 30 37 Liberia 22 ...31 ...13 Madagascar .. 18 16 ..18 16 ..18 16 Malawi 5 8 17 7 1 1 21 3 5 12 Mali 8 7 10 12 9 17 5 5 8 Mauritania I11 14 16 18 19 21 4 9 1 1 Mauritius 50 53 65 51 53 63 49 53 66 Mozambique 5 8 7 8 10 9 3 6 6 Nanmibia .. 44 61 ..39 58 ..49 67 Niger 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 4 5 Nigeria 18 25 33 24 29 36 12 21 30 Rwanda 3 8 ..4 9 ..3 7 SSo Tome and Principe ... .. ... Senegal I11 16 16 15 21 20 8 1 1 12 Seychelles......... Sierra Leone 14 17 ..20 22 ..8 13 Somalia 9 ...13 . .5 South Africa .. 74 94 ..69 88 ..80 103 Sudan 16 24 21 20 27 23 12 21 20 Swaziland 38 44 54 39 44 55 37 43 54 Tanzania 3 5 5 4 6 6 2 4 5 Togo 33 24 27 s0 35 40 16 12 15 Uganda 5 13 12 7 17 15 3 10 9 Zambia 16 24 27 22 ..34 II 21 Zimbabwe 8 50 49 9 53 52 7 46 45 NORTH AFRICA 41 62 64 49 68 68 31 54 60 Algeria 33 61 63 40 67 65 26 54 62 Egypt, Arab Republic 51 76 75 61 84 83 39 68 73 Libya 76 86 ..89 ...63 Morocco 26 35 39 32 41 44 20 30 34 Tunisia 27 45 65 34 50 66 20 40 63 ALL AFRICA 20 31 34 26 35 37 is 28 31 Note: "Secondary' refers to secondary general education. Social Indicators 327 13-20. Public expenditure on educa.tion As percentage of Total public expenditure As percentage of GDP 1980 1990 1993-96 1980 1990 1993-96 SUB-SAHIARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa . . . excl. S. Africa & Nigeria . . . Angola Benin, . . . .. 2.6 Botswana 22.2 19.3 26.3 Burkina Faso 15.5 18.3 17.9 1.8 Burundi . .. 4.5 .. 3.2 3.7 Camneroon 12.4 15.6 14.6 Cape Verde . . . Central African Republic .. . .3.5 1.9 1.5 Comoros . .. ... 3.4 3.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 18.9 .. 0.8 Congo, Republic of .. . .5.3 .. 5.3 C6te d'Ivoire .. 29.7 ..5.7 .. 4.2 Djibouti . ..... 3.2 Equatorial Guinea . . . Eritrea Ethiopia 10.2 10.3 14.0 .. 2.6 3.6 Gabon Gambia, The 12.3 .. 14.5 2.3 2.4 3.2 Ghana Guinea. .. .... 1.5 Guinea-Bissau . . . Kenya 22.9 23.3 21.4 5.2 5.4 6.1 Lesotho .. 9.5 19.4 6.5 .. 8.8 Liberia 11.9.. . Madagascar .. 15.0 9.1 3.5 Malawi 9.0 ...2.0 1.9 3.8 Mali 15.7 .... .. 1.8 Mauritania .. . .4.1 3.7 3.4 Mauritius 17.6 15.0 17.7 4.1 3.0 2.8 Mozamnbique . ..... 1.5 Namibia .. . .. . 7.0 Niger 18.0 . .. Nigeria Rwanda .. . .2.2 S8o Torad and Principe.. . ... -Senegal 230.. . 4.1 3.6 -3.6 Seychelles . .. 12.2 .. 6.1 4.7 Sierra Leone .. 13.3... Somalia.. .... South Africa .. . .. . 6.3 Sudan 9.8 ...3.8 .. 0.8 Swaziland 24.6 ...3.9 3.9 4.9 Tanzania 13.3 . .. Togo .. . .4.7 4.4 4.0 Uganda 14.9 . .. Zambia 11.4 8.2 11.0 3.5 .. 1.6 Zimbabwe 15.5 ...4.8 7.3 6.8 NORTH AFRICA 15.0 16.9 15.5... Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic 8.1 14.0 13.8... Libya Morocco 17.3 18.2 16.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 Tunisia 17.0 17.0 18.7 4.5 5.0 5.3 ALL AFRICA.. . . 328 Social Indicators 13-21. Economic opportunities of women Female /male ratio Female as percentage of male in occupational group, 1990* of participation Administrative Professional Clerical in economic activity and and and 1995 managerial technical sales Services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73 11 42 excluding South Africa 74 10 37 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 79 .. Angola 87 .. Benin 93 Botswana 85 57 159 151 238 Burkina Faso 87 16 35 168 28 Burundi 97 16 44 Cameroon 60 11 32 59 46 Cape Verde 64 30 94 170 134 Central African Republic 88 10 23 146 13 Chad 80 .. Comoros 74 .. 29 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 77 10 20 Congo, Republic of 77 7 40 CBte d'lvoire 49 .. Djibouti .. 2 25 Equatorial Guinea 55 2 37 Eritrea 90 .. Ethiopia 69 13 31 Gabon 80 .. Gambia, The 81 18 31 Ghana 103 10 56 Guinea 90 .. Guinea-Bissau 67 .. Kenya 85 .. Lesotho 58 50 130 144 209 Liberia 66 .. Madagascar 81 .. Malawi 96 5 53 58 39 Mali 87 25 23 130 71 Mauritania 77 8 26 33 81 Mauritius 46 17 71 44 70 Mozamnbique 94 .13 26 Namibia 68 26 69 Niger 79 9 Nigeria 56 6 35 140 13 Rwanda 93 9 47 48 35 Sao Tomd and Principe .. .. Senegal 74 .. Seychelles .. 40 139 143 141 Sierra Leone 57 9 47 191 18 Somalia 75 .. South Africa 60 21 88 .. 196 Sudan 40 3 40 Swaziland 60 17 119 116 82 Tanzania 98 .. Togo 67 9 27 Uganda 91 .. Zambia 83 6 47 136 29 Zimbabwe 80 18 67 52 42 NORTH AFRICA 41 19 39 31 14 Algeria 32 6 38 13 23 Egypt, Arab Republic 40 19 40 40 9 Libya 26 .. .. Morocco 53 34 46 Tunisia 44 8 21 ALL AFRICA 67 13 41 -or must recent available data. Social Indicators 329 13-22. Household and economic participation of women Percentage of __Percentage of women in occupational group 1991-98 households headed Consiruclion, Connnuinify. by women Utilities & transport, storage Service social & personal (latest available between 1991-98) Agriculture Miniing nmanufacturing & comin,unicalionis industries services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. . excluding South Africa... excl. S.Africa & Nigeria... ... Angola... ... Benin Botswana ..2 1 12 9 35 41 Burkina Faso 6 . .. Burundi... ... Cameroon 18 . .. Cape Verde... ... Central African Republic 1 6 Chad .1 4 0 1 4 14 1 4 43 Comoros... ... Congo, Democratic Rep. of... . Congo, Republic of C8te d'Ivoirc 1 2 . . Djibouti 1 7 . . Equatorial Guinea. . ... Eritrea Ethiopia 18 10 0 24 6 tO 50 Gabon Gambia, The I . .. Ghana 14 . .. Guinea 8 . .. Guinea-Bissau 1 0 Kenya 1 5 20 0 8 5 1 1 57 Lesotho... ... Liberia .. ... Madagascar 1 8 . . Malawi ..73 0 7 2 4 1 4 Mali 6 . .. Mauritania 24 . .. Mauritius .1 2 0 64 2 7 1 5 Mozambique... ... Namibia .. ... Niger 6 5 5 20 25 25 25 Nigeria 13 . .. Rwanda... .. SAo Tom& and Principe Senlegal 8 . .. Seychelles... . . Sierra Leone. . ... Somalia... ... South Africa 27 . .. Sudan Swaziland 26 23 1 16 4 20 i 36 Tanzania t. ... Togo Uganda 2 . .. Zambia 19 . .. Zimbabwe ..38 1 6 3 10 NOTAFRICA ..36 0 21 2 8 32 Algeria .. ... Egypt, Arab Republic ..52 0 tO 2 7 29 Libya Morocco ..3 0 45 2 1 1 39 Tunisia... ... ALL AFRICA... ... 330 Social Indicators 13-23. Relative prices of consumption and investment in PPP terms, 1993 International price level Relative price level (price level of GDP=J 00) Private consumption Govemnment Grass Fixed Bread Clothing Fuel consumtption capital Ratio of PPP rate All and and and Health Education Transport and fornmationt to $ exchange rate Total food cereals footware power _care coun,nunications SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . . . . . .. excluding South Africa.. . .. . .. . ... excl. South Africa & Nigeria.. . .. . .. . ... Angola . . . .. .. Botswana 37 125 103 113 157 256 105 98 65 113 108 Burkina Faso.. . .. . .. . ... Burundi -. . . . . . .. Catneroon 50 93 87 98 102 173 88 60 97 123 141 Cape Verde.. . .. . .. . ... Central African Republic.. . .. , .. . ... Chad.. . .. . .* . Comoros.. . .. . .. . ... Congo, Democratic Rep. of.. . .. . .. . ... Congo, Republic of 64 98 115 105 109 288 58 55 67 78 193 C6ted'rIvoire 52 98 101 112 97 .. 89 60 78 116 151 Djibouti .. . . . . .* Equatorial Guinea.. . .. . .. . ... Gabon 80 126 147 95 131 284 90 119 79 152 91 Gambia, The.. . .. . . . ... Guinea 33 97 106 its 75 173 37 68 94 80 127 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . .. Kenya 21 90 91 123 85 140 45 41 71 72 196 Lesotho.. . .. . .. . ... Madagascar.. . .. . .. . ... Malawi 34 87 98 109 54 148 31 50 73 79 279 Mali 38 90 92 131 86 .. 59 31 90 63 179 Mauritania.. . .. . .. . ... Mauritius 39 93 .81 65 72 III 59 87 67 108 134 Mozamibique.. . .. . .. . ... Nigeria 36 101 150 171 58 56 46 40 47 61 115 Rwanda.. . .. . .. . ... Sao Tomt and Principe.. . .. . .. . ... Senegal 48 90 87 119 74 227 75 45 79 81 237 Seychelles.. . .. . .. . ... Sierra Leone 29 115 141 192 107 185 34 39 76 37 147 South Africa.. . .. . .. . ... Swaziland 35 92 84 100 138 187 53 66 54 91 Tanzania.. . .. . .. . ... Uganda.. . .. . .. . .. Zambia 43 113 126 185 98 282 29 46 89 34 213 Zimbabwe 26 105 81 97 91 221 51 77 62 89 NORTH AFRICA .. . .. Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic 35 90 88 97 124 80 54 49 92 92 106 Morocco 37 93 83 77 68 282 81 81 77 106 182 Tunisia 39 92 81 62 142 lOS 80 109 79 124 159 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . .. Social Indicators 331 13-24. Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997 Structure of hotuehold consutmption -- (percent) ---- Ratio of PPP Houisehold Food rate to S consunlpt ion Bread Clothing Fuel exchange per capila All and and anid Health Education Transport and Other rate PPP food cereals foot ware power core commnunications consumption SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Afiica. ... . excluding South Africa & Nigeria . . . .. Angola Benin .. 1,100 45 13 8 3 3 8 14 17 Botswana 43 3,084 25 9 4 1 7 22 21 19 Burkina Faso Burundi Catneroon 34 1,277 38 7 14 2 6 9 8 24 Cape Verde.. . ... .. . Central African Republic.. . . . Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of. . ... Congo, Republic of 52 791 36 5 3 1 10 15 18 17 C8te dIlvoire 39 1,393 35 8 9 .. 8 26 II 11 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon 59 2,468 37 7 3 2 8 8 20 23 Gamnbia, The.. . ... .. . Ghana Ginea 30 1,456 32 6 19 2 14 9 9 15 Guinea-Bissau.. . ... .. . Kenya 30 872 38 11 8 2 5 22 10 16 Letotho Liberia Madagascar.. . ... .. . Malawi 34 607 45 17 18 2 8 9 8 10 Mali 33 655 48 13 13 .. 2 7 14 15 Mauritania.. . ... .. . Mauritius 41 6,533 24 4 8 -3 10_ 5 -19 30 M6za-mbique.. . ... .. . Namnibia Niger Nigeria 37 692 48 15 8 6 3 4 5 27 Rwanda _SAoTomd and Principe - __ Senegal 30 1,536 52 -11 14 2 -- 2 11 61 Seychelles . . ... .. . Sierra Leone 42 267 48 13 12 3 13 14 8 2 Somalia South Africa.. . ... .. . Sudan Swaziland 41 --2,579 27 6 6 4 10 17 18 19 Tanzania Togo Uganda Zamnbia 42 625 47 7 8 I 3 12 10 19 Zimbabwe 33 1,572 28 7 11 2 9_ 23 14 - 12 NORTH AFRICA.. . ...*.. Algeria - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Egypt, Arab Republic 41 1,962 44 II 7 3 8 8 5 26 Libya Morocco 37 2,360 45 11 9 2 5 10 10 18 Tunisia 38 3,687 35 7 6 2 6 7 15 29 ALL AFRICA .. . ... . .. 332 Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 1998 (years) 30 40 50 60 70 80 Egypt, Arab Rep Sb. To,a~ and rinipd Sooth Afric I dor Egp, Gabone SolhAriren Congo,s DcertcRpbi Maalica N..ibti Gambi., Tet 1 Zi.b.b-e Cono,DemcrticReubing Djibouti. Chad Conga N.g. Son B ali E b up a Guine Bo sand Ma awi Uganda- Sierra Leone 333 Figure 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 1998 (U.S. dollars) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Seychelles , _ __ Gabon South Africa Tunisi Nsnsib,a Alger,i Morocco Swa-iand Egypt, Arab Rep. Cape Verde Ziobubswe_ C6te dIlvoime Guainea eSatho. Mauricania Ghana Congo Sudan SAo Tomn and Prineipe Gaambia, The Toga Angola Central African Republic Benin Uganda Kenya Burkina Faso Madagascar Nigeria Mozam ique Zombia Congo, Democratic Republic Niger Eritrea Guinea-Bissau Mali Rwanda Malawi _| Burundi Ethiopia T.n-iai Sierra Leone 334 Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 1998* (percent) 0 20 40 60 80 Libya 8 fijibonuti Cgon MCpVitanid so .th OAfrk c Eqontoin,i Guinea SAo Tomc and Prin_ip C6Me d'lvoire Egypt, Arab Rep. Lihena Nigeri Benin Mau..iti.s Cerrral African RepOblic MoZnabique Ghdna Sierra Leonr Ziohb.b- Angola Togo Comooror Guinea Gam.bia, Th N-mibia Conpg, De-o-rntic Repobli MAl Mad.gastar Chod Guinea-Bisaua Niger Eritrca Ethiopia * Or most recent year available. 335 Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1997* (percent) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Gabon 162 cap. Verde | Mnlawi I South Afnca i Na-,bi: Togo - - T.nisia Swaziland Congo Zimbabwe Botowamn LWotho Algena Maneiton. Egypt, Arab Rep.l Nigeria Madagascar Zambia Morocc° C onmroon- Kenya m Manneania Gh.na Benin Gonoblo TheTII ComorosbIr Ugamda Congo, Democratic Rep.bli, Cate dilvoire Senegal Tan'mia Mo.ambiqc -e Chad -- EOiteea ai Mali -- E'thiopia Djibo.ti -- Niger 0Or most recent year available. 336 Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1997* (per 1,000,000 live births) 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 Mauritust Cape Verde Tunisia Libya Egypt, Arab Rep. Naonibia South Africa Sn,ciland Morocco Botosana Zi.bab.e Ca'eroon Toga Madagascar Benin Comoros Ugeandt Tanzania Liberia Senegal Djibouti Mdi. Kenya Niger Clte d'l-oire - - ILesotho - - Mala,vi --- Za.nbia Equatorial Guinea Chad--- Congo Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Eritrea Ganhbi., The Nigeria Central Affican Republic Burundi Rswond. _ Ethiopia Angola Mo-anbique Sosnalia 1600 Sierr Leone 1800 * Or most recent year available. Social Indicators 337 Technical notes Tables Gini coefficients, which describe the level of inequal- ity in urban and rural income distributions. The last Table 13-1. Age and gender structure of the popu- indicator shows the percentage of household income lation. Age and gender structure of the population spent on food (UNDP, World Bank, Penn World (UN and World Bank data) is the distribution of the Tables, and National Household Surveys). total population according to age and gender. Only the female composition of the population is presented, Table 13-3. Income distribution. This table presents as the male composition can easily be figured as the the share of income held by the richest and poorest residual. Figures relate to midyear populations as es- population groups in a country (World Bank data and timated from the latest censuses. Age dependency ra- national household surveys). tio is calculated as the ratio of dependents-popula- tion under age 15 and above age 65-to the working Table 13-4. Urbanization. This table presents the age population-those aged 15 to 64. number of persons living in urban areas as a percent- age of the total population. Average annual percent- Table 13-2. Poverty. This table presents selected in- age growth rates are shown separately for the urban dicators for comparing the incidence and extent of population and the total population. The urban popu- urban and rural poverty. The first indicator uses pur- lation percentages are based on the number of per- chasing power parities rather than official exchange sons living in areas defined as "urban" according to rates to calculate GDP per capita: a measure of the national definitions of this concept. Since national overall mean level of poverty at the national level. definitions differ, cross-country comparisons should The next indicator is the national poverty headcount, be made with caution (World Bank data). which shows the percentage of the population living below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the Table 13-5. Components of population change. This country by its authorities. The poverty line is defined table presents three determinants of population change: as the below which adequate standards of nutrition, total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and crude death shelter, and personal amenities cannot be assured. rate. Crude birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 Since these levels are country specific, cross-country population in a given year. Crude death rate is the comparisons cannot be made. The next indicator, how- number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. ever, uses a relative concept of poverty, which does Total fertility rate is the average number of children allow such comparisons. It shows the percentage of that would be born alive to a woman during her life- the urban and rural populations living on less than time, if she were to bear children at each age in accor- two-thirds of the mean national per capita income. dance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates Associated with these indicators are the urban and rural (World Bank data). 338 Social Indicators Table 13-6. Survival prospects. This table shows five Table 13-9. Access to sanitation facilities. Table 13-9 health-related indicators: life expectancy at birth, in- shows the percentage of the population with access to fant mortality rate, child mortality rate,' maternal mor- sanitation facilities (WHO data). Urban areas with tality rate, and adult HIVs sero prevalence. access to sanitation facilities are defined as urban Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a new- populations served by connections to public sewers born infant would live if prevailing patterns of mor- or household systems, such as pit privies, pour-flush tality at the time of its birth were to stay the same latrines, septic tanks, communal toilets, and other such throughout its life. Infant mortality rate is the number facilities. Rural populations with access were defined of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 as those with adequate disposal, such as pit privies live births in a given year. Child mortality rate is the and pour-flush latrines. Application of these defini- number of deaths of children under five years of age tions may vary, and comparisons can therefore be per 1,000 live births in a given year. Maternal mortal- misleading. ity rate is the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. Table 13-10. Access to safe water. This table refers Adult HIV-1 sero prevalence reflects the estimated to the percentage of the population with reasonable rate of infection in each country's adult population access to safe water supply, which includes treated (aged 15 to 49) (UNAIDS). surface waters or untreated, but uncontaminated wa- ter, such as that from springs, sanitary wells, and pro- Table 13-7. Immunization and ORT use. This is the tected boreholes. In an urban area, this may be a pub- percentage of children under one year of age immu- lic fountain or standpost located not more than 200 nized against tuberculosis, DPT, polio, and measles. meters away. In rural areas, it implies that members It also gives the use rate of oral rehydration therapy of the household do not have to spend a dispropor- (ORT) among children under five years of age. DPT tionate part of the day fetching water. Data are pre- refers to diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and sented separately for total, urban and rural population tetanus. ORT use is the percentage of all cases of di- (WHO data). arrhea in children under five years of age treated with oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household Table 13-11. Health expenditure. This table shows solution (WHO data). total health expenditure as percentage of GDP and on a per capita basis-both in current $ and PPP terms. Table 13-8. Child malnutrition. Data reported on The ratio to GDP is also shown for public and private this table give the percentage of children and babies expenditure. Total health expenditure is the sum of suffering from nutrition-related problems of low public and private health expenditures. It covers the birthweight, underweight, wasting, and stunting. Fig- provision of health services (preventive and curative), ures are also given on the extent of breastfeeding family planning activities, nutrition activities, and among nursing mothers. emergency aid designated for health but does not in- Low birthweight refers to babies born weighing less clude provision of water and sanitation. Public health than 2,500 grams. Underweight refers to children un- expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spend- der the age of five weighing two standard deviations ing from government (central and local) budgets, ex- below the median weight for age of the reference popu- ternal borrowings and grants (including donations lation. Wasting refers to children of ages 12 through from international agencies and nongovernmental or- 23 months weighing two standard deviations below ganizations, and social (or compulsory) health insur- the median weight for height of the reference popula- ance funds. Private health expenditure includes di- tion. Stunting refers to children of ages 24 through 59 rect household (out-of-pocket) spending, private in- months standing two standard deviations below the surance, charitable donations, and direct service pay- median height-for-age of the reference population ments by private corporations (WHO, IMF, and World (UNDP various years, WHO and World Bank data). Bank data). Social Indicators 339 Table 13-12. Health care. Indicators presented here of children starting primary school, who eventually are population per physician, population per hospital attain grade 4. The estimate is based on the Recon- bed, the percentage of births attended by trained health structed Cohort Method, which uses data on enroll- personnel, and access to health services. The figure ment and repeaters for two consecutive years. Pro- for physicians includes, in addition to the total num- gression to secondary school (general) is the number ber of registered practitioners in the country, medical of new children in the first grade of secondary school assistants whose medical training is less than that of (general) divided by the number of children enrolled qualified physicians, but who nevertheless dispense in the final grade of primary school in the previous similar medical services, including simple surgical year (according to the country's duration of primary operations. The definition of recognized medical prac- education (UNESCO and World Bank data). titioners differs among countries. Hospital beds in- clude inpatient beds available in public, private, gen- Table 13-16. Net primary enrollment ratio. This is eral, and specialized hospitals and in rehabilitation the ratio of the number of children of official school centers. In most cases acute and chronic care are in- age enrolled in school to the number of children of cluded. Births attended refers to births attended by official school age in the population (UJNESCO data). physicians, nurses, midwives, trained primary healthcare workers, or trained traditional birth atten- Table 13-17. Number of schoolteachers. Teachers dants. Access to health services refers to the percent- in both public and private schools are covered in this age of the population that can reach appropriate local table. Data refer to both full-time and part-time teach- health services by the local transport in no more than ers, excluding other instructional personnel without one hour (WHO and World Bank data). teaching functions. Figures are shown here separately for primary and secondary schools. Percentage fe- Table 13-13. Illiteracy rate. This table shows the males means the number of female teachers expressed share of illiterate adults in total adult population aged as a percentage of total teaching staff (UNESCO data). 15 years and over. Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. A person who can, with understand- Table 13-18. Pupil/teacher ratio. This ratio gives the ing, both read and write a short, simple statement about average number of pupils per teacher. Figures are his everyday life is literate. Persons who can read, but given separately for primary and secondary schools. cannot write, are included with illiterates. Figures are As teaching staff includes both full-time and part-time shown separately for males, females, and both gen- teachers, comparability of this ratio between coun- ders combined (UNESCO data). tries may be affected as the proportion of part-time teachers varies greatly from one country to another Tables 13-14. Primary school gross enrollment (UNESCO data). ratio. This is the total number of pupils enrolled at the primary level of education, regardless of age, ex- Table 13-19. Secondary school gross enrollment pressed as a percentage of the population correspond- ratio. This is the secondary school equivalent of the ing to the official school age of primary education in data presented in Table 13-14. It gives the total num- a given country. Data are given separately for males, ber of students enrolled at the secondary level of edu- females, and both genders combined. Figures shown cation, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage may be more than 100 percent since total enrollment of the population corresponding to the official school includes pupils above and pupils below the primary age of secondary education. Data are presented sepa- school age, as well as repeaters (UNESCO data). rately for males, females, and both genders combined. Second level, general refers to education in second- Tables 13-15. Pupil progression. This table provides ary schools that provides general or specialized in- two education indicators. Percentage of cohort reach- struction based upon at least four years of previous ing grade 5 of primary school shows the percentage instruction at the first or primary level, which do not 340 Social Indicators specifically aim at preparing the pupils directly for a The relative prices of components of GDP shown given trade or occupation. Such schools may be called in the table are calculated from their international high schools, middle schools, or lyceums and offer prices measured relative to each country's price level courses of study whose completion is a minimum con- of GDP. A figure above 100 indicates that the price dition for admission into universities. In some coun- of that component is higher than the average price tries, some of these schools provide both academic level of GDP. This is not the same as saying that the and vocational training. These composite secondary component is more expensive in that country than in schools are considered as equivalent to the academic the United States. It indicates only that the price for type of secondary school and are thus classified as that component is higher than the general price level second level, general (UNESCO data). prevailing in the country. International price level is the ratio of a country's Table 13-20. Public expenditure on education. This PPP rate to its official exchange rate for U.S. dollars. table presents the public expenditure on education Private consumption includes the consumption expen- (UNESCO) first as a percentage of total public ex- ditures of individuals, households, and nongovem- penditure (IMF/GFS) and then as a percentage of cur- mental organizations. All food includes all food pur- rent GDP (Table 2-5). chased for household consumption. Bread and cere- als comprise the main staple products: rice, flour, Table 13-21. Economic opportunities of women. bread, all other cereals; and cereal preparations. Cloth- This table shows two indicators. Female/male ratio ing andfootwear include purchases of new and used of participation in economic activity shows the num- clothing and footwear and repair services. Fuel and ber of female workers in relation to the number of power exclude energy used for transport (rarely re- male workers. Females as percentage of males in oc- ported to be more than 1 percent of total consumption cupational group show the breakdown of the first in- in low- and middle-income economies). Health care dicator for occupational categories (UNDP data). and education include government as well as private expenditures. Transport and communications cover Table 13-22. Household and economic participa- all personal costs oftransport, telephones, and the like. tion of women. This table presents indicators on gen- Government consumption includes spending on goods der issues in development. Households headed by and services for collective consumption less spend- women (World Bank data) refers to families in which ing on recreational and other related cultural services, a woman is acknowledged as the head by the other education, health, and housing. Expenditure on gov- members. The occupational statistics are based onUN, emmental final consumption consists of compensa- Statistical Yearbook 1992-93. tion of employees, consumption of intermediate goods and services, and consumption of fixed capital and Table 13-23. Relative prices of consumption and indirect taxes paid less proceeds from sales of goods investment in PPP terms, 1993. This table shows and services to other sectors such as fees charged by 1993 relative prices of consumption and investment municipalities and other government agencies, school using purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP measures fees, fees for medical and hospital treatment and drug the cost of goods in one country relative to a numeraire sales, and sales of maps and charts. Grossfixedcapi- country, in this case the United States. An intema- talformation comprises expenditures on construction, tional price level above 100 means that the general producer durables, and changes in stocks. Construc- price level in the country is higher than that in the tion includes residential and nonresidential buildings United States. For example, Kenya's price level of 21 and roads, bridges, and other civil engineering activi- means that a bundle of goods and services purchased ties. Producer durables include machinery and non- for $100 in the United States costs only $21 in Kenya. electrical equipment, electrical machinery and appli- Social Indicators 341 ances, and transport equipment. Changes in stocks in all countries, so they are compared using input cover increases in the value of materials and supplies, prices (mostly wages). Because this approach ignores works in progress, and livestock (including breeding productivity differences, it may inflate estimates of stock and dairy cattle) (ICP and World Bank data). real quantities in lower-income countries (ICP and World Bank data). Table 13-24. Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997. This table reflects shares based Figures on real values of items that make up household con- sumption. Because the goods and services that make The following indicators have been used to derive the up consumption are valued at uniform prices, figures in this chapter. PPP-based expenditure shares also provide a consis- tent view of differences in the real structure of con- Figure 13-1. Life expectancy (Table 13-6). sumption between countries. The shares shown in the table reflect the relative quantities of goods and ser- Figure 13-2. GDP per capita, based on PPP, 1997 vices consumed rather than their nominal cost. (Table 13-2). Although PPPs are more useful than official ex- change rates in comparing consumption patterns, cau- Figure 13-3. Percentage of urban population in total tion should be used in interpreting PPP results. PPP population (Table 13-4). estimates are based on price comparisons of compa- rable items, but not all items can be matched perfectly Figure 13-4. Primary school enrollment ratio (Table in quality across countries and over time. Services are 13-14). particularly difficult to compare, in part because of differences in productivity. Many services, such as Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality (Table 13-6). government services, are not sold on the open market 342 Social Indicators Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 13 a b Aggregations Period averages Table (1) (2) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) 13-1 Columns 1-8 x Columns 9- 10 x 13-2 Columns 1, 3 x Columns 4, 5, 8 x Columns 2, 6-7 x 13-3 x 13-4 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x Columns 10-12 x 13-5 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x 13-6 x 13-7 x 13-8 x 13-9 x 13-10 x 13-11 Columns 1-4 x Column 5 x 13-12 x 13-13 x 13-14 x 13-15 x 13-16 x 13-17 Columns 1-3, 7-9 x Columns 4-6, 10-12 x 13-18 x 13-19 x 13-20 x 13-21 x 13-22 x 13-23 x 13-24 x Nore, Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (I) sinple total; (2) simple total ofthe first indicator divided bythe simple total ofthe second indicator(same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the sinple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the sinple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current temis). 14 Environmental Indicators T his chapter was drawn entirely from the World environmental damage to other nations is, however, Resources Institute and reflects tables published widely acknowledged. Common interests, therefore, in their World Resources 2000. It includes data compel the international community to jointly work on natural resources-their use by sector and the toward a common goal of preserving the environment. trends in their use-protected resources and those in Increasing emphasis on the links between the envi- danger of extinction, commercial energy production ronment and development, both at the national and and its components, globally threatened species and international levels, is reflected in the growing num- protection and management programs. ber of scientific and analytical studies. Challenging Until the early 1970s, environmental issues were the hegemony of the SNA national income account- mainly focused on problems of industrial countries ing convention, numerous scholarly endeavors are and on such issues as water and air pollution, acid underway to internalize environmental consequences rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the publi- in national income calculations. The argument is made cation of the Club of Rome's The Limit to Growth in that the SNA methodology overstates national income 1972, however, issues of natural resource depletion levels for two reasons. First, it does not account for and degradation have received considerable attention both the direct and indirect costs of drawing down in assessing environmental factors and their impacts natural resources. Second, it counts expenditure on on the development prospects of developing nations. resources for environmental protection activities as At the national level, environmental concerns revolve income. The changes both in methodology and em- around population expansion, desertification, defor- phasis have created an urgent demand for physical estation, and the by-products of energy consumption. data. The information in this chapter aims to meet this Environmental destruction is not, however, confined growing demand, notwithstanding the limitations in by geographic borders. For instance, global warming, data coverage and reliability. said to be caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has The rate of deforestation is of particular concern become a major global environmental concern. The because the cost of deforestation goes far beyond the issue of the greenhouse effect may be subject to con- loses of forest products, such as timber and fuelwood. troversy at the theoretical level and difficult to prove There are equally significant indirect costs, including at the practical level. The fact that industrial wastes soil erosion; the substitution of animal and agricul- generated in one country cross-frontiers and cause tural residues for cooking, which would otherwise be 343 344 Environmental Indicators used for fertilizer; and climate changes. Deforesta- Sub-Saharan African countries use a very small frac- tion is caused by many factors, including increased tion of their internal renewable water resources. For demand for settlement area, cultivation, fuelwood, or instance, Ethiopia, a nation that has suffered from re- a combination thereof. The information in this chap- peated droughts, uses only 2 percent of its water re- ter provides an empirical framework for assessing sources. The major problem rests in the uneven geo- policy alternatives in reversing the continuing deple- graphic distribution of water resources with respect tion of natural resources. to population density and the state of freshwater draw- Data on roundwood production and consumption ing technology. The quality of water is as important are important in monitoring the causes of deforesta- as the quantity of water available. Water-related dis- tion. In addition, since roundwood is a primary source ease accounts for 80 percent of all sicknesses and for of energy in developing nations, data on roundwood 90 percent of the 15 million deaths in developing coun- consumption is essential in analyzing air pollution. tries each year. For instance, for 1985-87, Africa used close to 88 Data on energy production are shown because of percent of its roundwood production forfuel and char- related environmental consequences. Biomass fuel, coal production, while approximately 12 percent of comprising woodfuel and animal and agricultural resi- the roundwood production went to industrial uses. To dues, accounts for 40 to 90 percent of total energy put these figures in perspective, the corresponding fig- used in Sub-Saharan Africa. ures for Europe are 16 and 84 percent. Data on protected areas and endangered species in- Information on fresh water resources available and dicate the intentions of countries to safeguard the en- on the extent and the methods of their uses can pro- vironment and protect the use of natural resources for vide a partial basis for analyzing Africa's agricultural future generations. performance, its potential hydroelectric power, and its populations' health conditions. Almost all Environmental Indicators 345 14-1. Forest resources, 1990-95 Forest area 7otalfortsi Natural forest Plantation Annual % Annual % Atittual % Axieni (000 ha) change Exieni (000 ha) changc Exietit (000 ha) chatzgc, 1990 1995 1996-95 1990 -1993 _1 W045 1990 1995 1090-95 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Aftica excl. S. Africa & Nigeria - - Angoli- 23,285 22,200 - 1.0 - --Y3-,26 5 22,080 - I _.O -1 fO 1-60 - 5.8 Benin 4,923 4,625 -1.2 4,909 4,611 -1.3 14 30 15.2 Botswaiia 14,271 13,917 -0.5 14,270 13,916 -0.5 1 Burkina Faso 4,431 4,271 -0.7 4,411 4,251 -0.7 20 28 6.7 Burundi 324 317 -0.4 232 225 -0.6 92 120 5.3 Carri-enrcion 20,244 19,598 -0.6 20,228 19,582 -0.6 16 23 7.3 Cape Verde Ceiitral African Republic 30,571 29,930 -0.4 30,565 29,924 -0.4 6 Chad 11,496 11,025 -0.8 11,492 11,021 -0.8 4 8 13.9 Comoros __CO_t1_9_0,-D6M_-RcP Of- 112,946 109,245 -0.7 112,904 109,203 -0.7 42 60 7.1 Congo, Rep. of 19,745 19,537 -0.2 19,708 19,500 -0.2 37 64 11.0 C8te d'lvoire 5,623 5,469 -0.6 5,560 5,403 -0.6 63 98 8.8 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 1,829 1,781 -0 .5 1,826 1,778 -0.5 3 Eri-tma- 2X2 M2 0.0- - 233 33 0.0 Ethiopia 13,891 13,579 -0.5 13,751 13,439 -0.5 189 220 3.0 Gabon 18,314 17,859 -0.5 18,293 17,838 -0.5 2 1 30 7.1 Gambia, The 95 91 -0.9 94 90 -0.9 1 2 8.1 Ghana 9,608 9,022 -1.3 9,555 8,969 -1.3 53 19 -20.5 Guinea -_ 6,741 6,367 -1.1 6-,737 6,363 -1.1 -4 11 19.5 Guinea-Bissau 2,361 2,309 -0.4 2,360 2,308 -0.4 1 Kenya 1,309 1,292 -0.3 1,191 1,174 -0.3 118 240 14.2 Lesotho 6 6 0.0 0 0 0.0 7 6 0.0 Liberia 4,641 4,507 -0.6 4,635 4,501 -0.6 6 8 5.8 ___& - - -- f5,7T6 15,106 -0.8 1,539 335 8.7 Ma aCas-car - 14,889 -0.9 -iff Malawi 3,612 3,339 -1.6 3,486 3,213 -1.6 126 122 -0.6 Mali 12,154 11,585 -1.0 12,140 11,571 -1.0 14 40 21.0 Mauritania 556 556 0.0 554 554 0.0 2 8 27.7 Mauritius Moza-mli-ique _________ __17,443 16,862 -0.7 17,415 16,834 -0.7 28 45 9.5 Namibia 12,584 12,374 -0.3 12,584 12,374 -0.3 0 1 Niger 2,562 2,562 0.0 2,550 2,550 0.0 12 60 32.2 Nigeria 14,387 13,780 -0.9 14,236 13,629 -0.9 151 250 10.1 Rwanda 252 250 -0.2 164 162 -0.2 88 247 20.6 S5o Tomd and Principe Senegat 7,629 7,381 -0.7 7,517 7,269 -0.7 112 216 13.1 Seychelles SierTa Leone 1,522 1,309 -3.0 1,516 1,303 -3.0 6 8 5.8 Somalia 760 754 -0.2 756 750 -0.2 4 6 8.1 South Africa 8,574 8,499 -0.2 7,279 7,204 -0.2 965 1,429 7.8 Sudan 43,376 41,613 43,173 41,4 I 0 _-0.8 203 425 14.8 Swaziland Tanzania 34,123 32,510 - 1.0 33,969 32,356 -1.0 154 200 5.2 Togo 1,338 1,245 -1.4 1,317 1,224 -1.5 17 34 14.0 Uganda 6,400 6,104 -0.9 6,380 6,084 -1.0 20 26 5.2 Zainbia 32,720 31,398 -0.8 32,677 31,355 -0.8 48 44 -1.9 Zimbabwe 8,960 8,710 -0.6 8,876 8,626 -0.6 84 110 5.4 NORMH XF-RICA -ki - 02 13.9 geria 1,978 1,861 -1.2 1,493 1,376 -1.6 46 Egypt 34 34 0.0 0 0 0 34 Libya 1,686 1,544 -1.8 1,607 1,465 -2 79 Morocco 400 400 0.0 190 190 0.0 210 Tunisia 3,894 3,835 -0.3 3,573 3,514 -0.3 321 565 11.3 ALL AFRICA 538,978- 520,237- _-O.T --534,226 515,455 -0.7 -"I 6_ .. 4.4 So.rces: FoodandAg,icult.,eO,gani.ationoftheUnitedNatio.sandtheUn,tedNationsEwnomicCommissionforEurope. Notes 0=e,oo,l.thanhalftheunitofmeu,e;.egatienumbeindicatereductioninforestarea, ..=notaailable. 346 Environmental Indicators 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1996 Closed forests Forests as a % af Percent Farest ecosystems (1996) Land Original origgnalfares! frontier Sparse trees and area Forest as a Current Frontier forests cl Man graves 7Trapical forests Nan! ropical forests parklanid (000 % of land forests bl forests cl threatened Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent hectares) area al 1996 1996 1996 (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) pratected SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria . An_gola 124,670 20 1 5 0 III 0 0 37,564 3 0 00 Benin 11,062 16 4 0 0 0 0 1,516 1 8 0 0 585 2 Botswana 56,673 2 100 0 0 0 0 12,123 2 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 27,360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,667 1 6 Burundi 2,568 46 3 0 0 0 0 219 1 8 0 0 139 3 Cameroon ~~~46,540 , 80 - 42 - 8 97 227 _2 --20).009 -~6 0- 0 2,416 -f22 Cape Verde.. . ..... . .. . .. . Central African Republic 62,298 52 1 6 4 100 0 0 17,101 20 0 0 1,451 48 Chad 125,920 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,516 4 0 0 2,857 Comoros . . . .. . . Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,0 83 60 16 70 22 0 135,071 7 0 0 172 40 Congo, Rep. of 34,150 100 68 29 65 19 76 24,321 4 0 0 0 0 C6te dlvoire 31,800 75 10 2 100 0 0 2,702 23 0 0 625 1 8 Equatorial Guinea 2,805 96 38 0 0 25 0 1,749 0 0 0 0 0 Ertitra .. . .. . 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0o - Ethiopia 110,000 25 17 0 0 0 0 11,937 19 0 0 4,804 21 Gabon 25,767 100 90 32 100 147 3 21,481 4 0 0 0 0 GainbiaTh 1,000 39 62 0 0 5 1 5 188 5 0 0 244 2 Ghana 22,754 66 9 0 0 0 0 1,694 7 0 0 336 1 7 Guinea 24,572 76 5 0 0 316 0 3,073 1 0 0 2723 1 Guinea-Bissau 2,812 1 00 34 0 0 317 0 1,141 0 0 0 550 0 Kenya 56,914 1 7 1 9 0 0 0 0 3,423 8 0 0 2,754 3 Lesotho 3,035 2 0 0 0 0 0 89 9 0 0 0 0 Liberia 9,632 100 44 0 0 0 0 3,149 3 0 0 I 0 Madagascar 58,154 93 1 3 0 0 310 0 6,940 6 0 0 0 0 Malawi 9,408 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3,830 9 0 0 0 0 Mali 122,019 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,132 2 0 0 336 0 Mauritania 102,522 0 0 0 0 . . . . . Mauritius 203 .. .... .. . .*. Mgozambique ~ 78,409 - 33 - 14 0 0 565 4 20,863 7 0 0 - f,C 14 1 Namibia 82,329 0 95 0 0 0 0 3,436 1 1 0 0 0 0 Niger 126,670 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 6 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 91,077 45 II1 1 100 1,145 0 11,634 7 0 0 10,588 4 Rwanda 2,467 36 1 6 0 0 0 0 291 77 0 0 162 2 SAo Tome and Principec . . .. . . . . . . Senegal 19,253 1 4 1 6 0 0 1f58 ~ 3 ~2,076 7 0 0 8,816 IF3 Scychelles... ..... . ..... . Sierra Leone 7,162 100 10 0 0 176 1 260 20 0 0 104 0 Somalia 62,734 4 0 0 0 0 0 11,800 1 0 0 1,530 South Africa 122,104 13 0 0 0 0 0 10,333 5 52 26 0 0 Sudan 237,600 1 0 0 0 0 0 12,288 12 0 0 5,870 9 Swaziland 1,720 22 0 0 0 0 0 286 3 0 0 ~ 0 o Tanzania 88,359 22 9 0 0 323 0 14,356 16 0 0 583 3 Togo 5,439 33 7 0 0 0 0 224 3 0 0 91 9 Uganda 19,965 70 4 0 0 0 . 0 3,772 17 0 0 1,850 65 Zambia 74,339 7 70 0 0 0 0 21,989 32 0 0 39 14 Zimbabwe 38,685 7 67 0 0. 0 0 15,397 12 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA.. . ..... . .. . .. . Algeria 238,174 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,694 4 1 83 Egypt 99,545 1 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 4 0 0 0 Libya 175,954 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 Morocco 44,630 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,862 3 0 0 Tunisia 15,536 18 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 2 0 0 ALL AFRICA 2,963,468 23 34 8 77 3,801 I 448,197 9 8,249 2 69,710 II Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Originalfoet.tistshut etimated ashave coered the plnet8tOOO years ago given.current climate coditions. b. Includes frotier and nonfrontier forests. c. Frontier forests are large, relatively undisturhed forest ecosystems. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit ef measure; .=not available. Environmental Indicators 347 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1986-98 Average annual raundweood production Average annual forest products production Trade in forest products Total roundwood Wood fuel Industrial roundwood Wood-based panels Paper and paperboard imtport Export Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Mfetric Percent Value Value Percent nmeters change meters change meters change meters change tons change (otillion (nhjllioni of total (000) since l'000,) since (000) since (000) since (000) since (ISS,1 US$,) exports 1996-98 1986-88 1996-98 1986-88 1996-98 1986-88 1996-98 1986-88 1996-98 1986-88 1996-98 1996-98 1998_ SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Africa . excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. Angola 6,272 37 5,220 38 1,052 32 II -55 0 0O 5 I 0 Benin 5,839 32 5,507 32 332 36 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Botswana 1,641 33 1,540 33 101 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 10,506 32 10,022 32 484 32 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Burundi 1,669 37 1,487 27 182 287 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 -Ca-mroonf 1511 9 11,869 32 3,323 20 I-12 42 2 -67 22 427 17 Cape Verde.. ... ... ... ... . Central African Republic 3,388 -l 2,660 -12 728 80 1 -67 0 0 0 27 13 Chad 1,871 37 1,147 36 724 38 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Comoros.. . . ... ... ... . Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3,985 - 30 2,56 33 1,529 25 54 -5 0 0 1 147 8 Congo,Rep.of 48,372 41 44,814 42 3,557 28 21 -47 3 13 6 63 4 C6le dIlvoire 12,983 21 9,970 33 3,013 -6 306 42 0 0 37 280 6 Equatorial Guinea 811 27 447 0 364 92 9 13 0 0 1 57 13 Entrea . .. 2,110 ... .v 0 0 0 4o Ethiopia 48,990 .. 46,522 ..2,468 .. 13 ..9 ..16 0 0 Gabon 5,144 62 2,491 33 2,653 104 36 -80 0 0 4 288 9 Gambia, The 813 29 700 18 113 208 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ghana 21,931 61 20,678 64 1,253 23 136 112 0 0 16 145 9 -Gu-in ea 8,643 138 7,977 154 666 32 0 0 0 0 6 9 1 Guinea-Bissau 586 4 422 0 164 18 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 Kenya 28,813 33 26,879 34 1,934 19 52 26 129 41 30 1 0 Lesotho 1,556 27 1,556 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 2,936 -19 2,700 0 236 -75 45 644 0 0 1 12 Madagascar ~~~~9,254 20 8,878 28 376 -53 5 20 4 -62 9I Malawi 9,449 25 8,950 24 499 45 18 213 0 0 4 2 0 Mali 6,284 24 5.890 24 394 21 0 0 0 0 5 I 0 Mauritania 15 29 9 29 6 29 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Mozambique 17,973 18 16,724 17 1,249 37 3 -64 0 -101 -10 2 Niger 6,260 39 5,873 39 386 39 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Nigeria 95,993 18 87,001 18 8,992 14 38 -80 59 -28 80 30 0 Rwanda 3,020 -48 3,000 -46 20 -92 0 -100 0 0 2 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe.. . . . _Senegal 4,785 30 4,029 30 756 28 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 Seychelles.. ... ... ..... . Sierra Leone 3,215 16 3,092 18 124 -12 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 Somalia 7,616 8 7,513 8 102 5 0 -100 0 0 0 0 South Africa 32,906 46 14,467 36 18,439 55 653 64 1988 19 482 1025 3 Sudan 9,289 23 7,207 23 2,082 23 2 0 3 -69 34 0 0 Tanzania 38,193 35 35,947 35 2,246 28 4 -67 25 32 6 5 0 Togo 1,156 41 872 33 284 73 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 Uganda 15,236 30 13,080 30 2,156 33 5 47 3 50 3 0 0 Zambia 8,051 31 7,219 29 832 58 18 -20 3 -2 5 I 0 Zimbabwe 8,192 8 6,260 2 1,932 34 68 148 74 -7 29 22 1 NORTH AFRICA.. ... . Algeria 2,676 34 2,239 27 437 79 50 0 62 -48 337 0 0 Egypt 2,776 24 2,647 24 129 23 81 27 263 70 949 8 0 Libya 650 2 536 0 114 11 0 0 6 0 46 0 Morocco 1,324 -7 539 -31 785 21 35 -75 108 2 336 60 1 Tunisia 2,770 23 2,559 20 211 65 104 16 97 58 203 17 0 ALL AFRICA .. . . . . . . . . . Source: Food and Agriculture Orgainitian of the Uaited Nations Notes; 0 = zem or tins thsn half of the unit of mmaure; .. = not available. 348 Environmental Indicators 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-2000 Annual internal renewable waler resoure Annual riverflowy Annual withdrawals Per capita From o er T~00ihe_ --- r6i~7t_Pece_ntage -Per ca-pita Total 2000 cauntfries countries Year af (cubic of water (cubic Secl oral withdrawals (perceofi) (cubic kns.) (cubic ,nefers) (cubic kmi) (cubic kmo) dafta k,f t) resources fmelers) Domlesfic Indusfrial Agriculfural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Affica & Nigefia Angola 184 14,288 ... 1987 0.48 0.3 57 14 10 76 Benin 10 1,689 15.5 .. 1994 0.15 1.4 28 23 10 67 Botswana 3 1,788 11.8 .. 1992 0.11 3.8 81 32 20 48 Burkina Faso 1 8 1,466 ... 1992 0.38 2.1 39 19 0 81 Burundi 4 538 ... 1987 0.10 2.8 20 36 0 64 Cameroon 268 17,766 0.0 0.0 1987 0.40 0.1 38 4619 33 Cape Verde...... .. .... Central African Republic 141 39,001 ... 1987 0.07 0.0 26 2 1 6 73 Chad 1 5 1,961 28.0 .. 1990 0.19 1.3 33 1 6 2 82 Comoros ... . . . . .. Congo, ~Dem. Re~p.of 935 18,101 84.0 .. 1994 0.36 0.0 8 61 1 6 23 Congo, Rep. of 222 75,387 610.0 .. 1987 0.04 0.0 20 62 27 11 C6tedIlvoire 77 5,187 1.0 .. 1987 0.70 0.9 66 22 II 67 Equatorial Guinea 30 66,275 0.0 .. 1987 0.01 0.0 30 81 13 6 Eritrea 3 727 6.0 . . . .. Ethiopia 110 1,758 0.0 .. 1987 2.20 2.0 50 1I 3 86 Gabon 164 133,754 0.0 .. 1987 0.06 0.0 70 72 22 6 Gamnbia, The 3 2,298 5.0 .. 1990 0.03 1.0 33 7 2 91 Ghana 30 1,499 22.9 .. 1970 0.30 1.0 35 35 13 52 Guinea 26 3,10... 987 0.74 0.3 141 10 3 87 Guinea-Bissau 16 13,189 11.0 .. 1991 0.02 0.1 17 60 4 36 Kenya 20 672 10.0 .. 1990 2.05 10.1 87 20 4 76 Lesotho 5 2,430 0.0 .. 1987 0.05 1.0 31 22 22 56 Liberia 200 63,412 32.0 .. 1987 0.13 0.1 54 27 13 60 Madagascar 337 21,139 0.0 .. 1990 19.70 5.8 1694 1 0 Malawi 18 1,605 1.1 .. 1994 0.94 5.4 98 10 3 86 Mali 60 5,341 40.0 .. 1987 1.36 2.3 164 2 1 97 Mauritania 0 150 11.0 .. 1990 16.30 4,075.0 8046 6 2 92 -Mozatolique 100 5,081 116.0 .. 1992 0.61 06.6 - 40 ~9 2 _ _ Namnibia 6 3,592 39.3 .. 1990 0.25 4.0 185 29 3 68 Niger 4 326 29.0 .. 1990 0.50 14.3 65 16 2 82 Nigeria 221 1,982 59.0 .. 1990 4.00 1.8 46 31 15 54 Rwanda 6 815 ... 1993 0.77 12.2 134 5 1 94 SAo Tom6 and Principe... . . .. . Senegal 26 274 13 .. 1990 1.50 . 205 5 3-__ Seychelles ..... .. .... Sierra Leone 160 32,960 0.0 .. 1987 0.37 0.2 98 7 4 89 Somalia 6 594 9.7 .. 1987 0.81 13.5 115 3 0 97 South Africa 45 1,110 5.2 .. 1990 13.30 29.7 391 17 It 72 Sudan 35 1,187 119.0 .. 1995 17.80 50.9 669 5 1 94 Swaziland... .. .. .. . Tanzania 80 2,387 9.0 .. 1994 1.17 1.5 40 9 2 89 Togo 12 2,484 0.5 .. 1987 0.09 0.8 28 62 13 25 Uganda 39 1,791 27.0 .. 1970 0.20 0.5 20 32 8 60 Zambia 80 8,747 35.8 .. 1994 1.71 2.1 214 16 7 77 Zimbabwe 14 1,208 5.9 .. 1987 1.22 8.7 136 14 7 79 NORTH AFRICA ... .. . . .. Algeria 14 442 0.4 0.4 1990 4.50 32.4 180 25 15 60 Egypt 2 34 56.0 0.0 1993 55.10 2,395.7 920 6 8 86 Libya 1 143 0.0 0.0 1995 3.89 486.3 783 9 4 87 Morocco 30 1,058 0.0 0.2 1991 11.05 36.8 454 5 3 92 Tunisia 4 367 0.6 0.0 1996 2.83 80.4 312 13 2 86 ALL AFRICA...... .. .... Source: Food anod Agriculture Orgainiztion of the United Nations. Notes 0 = zero or less than halffofthe unit of-usesue .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 349 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Average annual Average annual Average annual Per capita anntual marine catch a! freshwater catch a! aquaculture, production Average annual fuood supply front (000 % (000 %. 1995-97 (mietric tons) balance of trade hi fish anid seafood mtetric change nmetric change Di a- Fresh- Molluscs 1995-97 ('mjillion_US$) 7hial tons;) since tons) since Marine dromous water & crusv- - _Molluscs & Fish 1997 1995-97 1985-87 1995-97 1985-87 fish fish fish taceans Fish cruistaceans mieal (kg) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South AfTica . . . . . excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. . Angola 73 1 60 -2 .. . .. . -7.9 3.16. Benin 9 2 25.0 . -6 . .. . .. -5.3 1.8 9.4 Botswana . .. 2.0 20 . .. . .. -4.9 -0.3 -0. 1 5.7 Burkina Faso . .. 8.0 5 . .. 25 .. -3.1 0.0 1.2 Burundi . .. 14.8 26 . .. 23 .. -0.1I 0.0 3.2 Cameroon ~~~ ~~~~64 24 -23:0 - 5 .- .. 55 .. -22:3 - 1.8 -0:.3 9_.2_ Cape Verde.. . . . .. . .. . Central African Republic . .. 12.7 -2 . .. 370 ..3.9 Chad . .. 91.7 49 . . . ..0.0 6.8 Comoros Congo. Dem. Rep. of 4 9 3 _1 5 7 3 . . 7-50 .. -26.6 7.0 25.3 Congo, Rep. of 19 -l 23.9 67 . .. 115 .. -50.4 5.7 C6te dlvoire 56 -28 11.3 -54 . .. 655 .. 35.4 4.5 0.1 11.1 Equatorial Guinea 3 9 0.7 76 . .. . .. 0.2 0.1 22.6 Etitrea 3 . 0.0 . .. . .. . 010003 Ethiopia 0 .. 8.5 .. . . 46 . -0.1I 0.2 Gabon 3 3 89 . 8.8 365 . .. 5 3 .. -8.9 6.5 44.6 Gambia,The 26 211 2.5 -7 . .. 3 .. 0.9 2.6 23.7 Ghana 352 29 67.9 3 5 . .. 500 .. 64.4 2.1 22.5 Guinea 77 154 3.2 26 .... 3 - .. 8.4 4.7 _0_.0 16.0 Guinea-Bissau 5 94 0.3 188 . .. . .. 5.7 2.9 ..2.7 Kenya 4 -20 172.1 53 .. 71 506 0 33.2 5.1 -0.5 4.8 Lesotho . .. 0.0 . .. 4 10 .. . Liberia 4 -62 4.0 0 . .. 0 .. -1.9 -0.1I 4.9 Madagaacar ~~~~~~71 1_01- 30. -21 .. -- 0 4,153 2,146 B-A1.4 76-.8 0.4 7.6 Malawi . .. 57.9 -22 . .. 227 2 0.0 0.1 -0.4 5.7 Mali . .. 114.8 102 . .. 73 .. -0.6 9.5 Mauritania 52 1 4 5.8 -3 . .. . .. 22.1 104.6 ..14.2 Mozambique 1 3 -47 __8.0 129 -- . .. 14 . -5.4 713.5- 2.0 Namibia 282 1,466 1.3 51 . .. 5 43 12.4 Niger . .. 4.7 112 . .. 20 .. -0.9 0.0 0.8 Nigeria 224 46 106.0 14 .. 24 17,014 .. -208.4 19.6 5.8 Rwanda . .. 3.1 134 . .. 47 ..0.6 Sao Tom6 and Principe . . . . . . . . . Senegal 35~~~~~ ~~2 66 544 262 . .. 49 22 259 - 3.2 343. Seychellcs . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone 48 38 14.7 -9 . .. 28 .. 13.1 9.9 13.4 Somalia 15 -9 0.3 -26 . .. . .. 4.1 1.3 South Africa 497 -50 0.8 4 3 870 101 2,616 101.8 42.7 -37.1 7.8 Sudan 5 382 40.8 64 . .. 1,000 24 0.0 0.0 1.7 Swa_ziland -. . . .. . . . . Tanzania 43 5 310.7 13 . .. 217 .. 51.7 8.9 0.0 10.3 Togo 9 -24 5.0 43 . .. 21 .. -22.5 4.8 17.3 Uganda . .. 207.3 11 . .. 205 .. 38.5 9.8 Zambia . .. 64.6 -2 . .. 4,550 I -0.3 0.1 -0.2 8.2 Zimbabwe . .. 16.9 -8 .. 100 63 15 -14.7 -1.2 -0.9 3.3 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Algeria 99 42 0.0 -100 37 18 256 27 -7.2 -2.1 3.5 Egypt 82 99 215.1 67 19,799 ..50,569 .. -108.4 -0.5 10.0 Libya 34 108 0.0 0 . .. 100 .. 21.4 -0.1I 6.0 Morocco 663 39 1.7 30 972 155 767 229 269.6 437.0 2.2 7.8 Tunisia 70 -10 0.7 .. 886 138 380 III 7.5 76.9 -0. 1 9.1 ALL AFRICA . . . . . . . . . Sore w an.d-A-grjc-uTt-ure O0rg-aniz.a-t.io.-of te Un-it-ed Nationas____ Notes. a. Aquacualtare production is incladed in coantry totals. b Exports msinus imports. 0 zeroor lessthanhalf of the unit of..eaure, . - not available 350 Environmental Indicators 14-6. Energy production by source Energy production b'romi all sources l'rom non-renewable energy sources Total electricity generated Per capita oldfuels Lqtud-fuels Ga -seous fuels -Nuc-lear fie-ls i--lier souTr-ces (000 metric % change (kg oil (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 n,,etrjc % change toe) (a) since equivalent) toe) (a) toe) (a) toe) (a) toe) (a) toe) (a) toe) (a) since 1997 1987 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1987 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria An-gola 41,430 89 3,537 0 35,700 465 0 0 95 37 Benin 1,897 8 337 0 67 0 0 0 4 92 Botswana . .. .. .. Burkina Faso . .. .. .. Burundi . .. .. .. Cameroon 11,2350- -7 808 0 6,357 0 0 0 269 25 Cape Verde.. .......... Central African Republic . .. .. .. Chad......... Comoros . .. .. .. Congo, De. Pep. of 14,364 29 299 56 1,315 0 0- U 5T17 ~ 11 Congo, Rep. of 13,540 89 4,998 0 12,638 3 0 0 37 53 C6te dIlvoire 4,908 31 349 0 803 0 0 0 276 55 Djibouti . .. .. Equatorial Guinea . .. .. .. -Eiitrea...... Ethiopia 16,316 27 280 0 0 0 0 0 115 50 Gabon 19,786 129 17,403 0 18,794 68 0 0 87 13 Gambia, The.. ....... Ghana 5,843 48 313 0 361 0 0 0 529 26 Guinea.. ....... Guinea-Bissau . .. .. .. Kenya 11,651. 20 410 0 0 0 0 0 364 60 Lesotho . .. .. .. Liberia......... Madagascar .. .. .. Mauritania . .. .. .. Mauritius . .. .. .. Mozambique 6,994 -l 379 0 86 199 Nigeria 191,034 55 1,839 86 117,249 4,429 0 0 1,305 35 Rwanda.. ....... S8to Tom6 and Principe . .. Sencgal 1,654 32 189 0 0 20 0 0 108------ 2 Seychelles . .. .. .. Sierra Leone . .. .. .. Somalia ... .. .. South Africa (a) 142,139 27 3,667 124,678 401 1,543 3,296 0 17,866 38 Sudan 9,881 18 356 0 259 0 0 0 169 43 Swaziland.. ....... Tanzania 13,529 23 431 3 0 0 0 0 166 52 Uganda . .. .. .. Zambia 5,556 16 647 106 0 0 0 0 689 -8 Zimbabwe 8,152 9 727 2,712 0 0 0 0 628 15 NORTH AFRICA . .. .. .. Algeria 125,576 37 4,272 0 61,670 63,381 0 0 1,865 70 Egypt 57,997 9 896 0 44,640 11,070 0 0 4,958 52 Libya 78,942 43 15,151 0 73,067 5,750 0 0 1,563 17 Morocco 836 3 31 211 242 23 0 231 1,129 64 Tunisia 6,655 2 723 0 4,013 1,466 0 0 686 75 ALL AFRICA.. ....... Soarce: International Esergy Agency (IEA) Notes: a. Toss of nil equivalent. See technical notes for more information on to 0 = zem or less than half of the unit of mmaure; .. = not available or indeterminate. Environmental Indicators 351 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector Energy, Consumiption by Economiic Sector ('I of total consumption.) Industry Transportotia - __-ComnierciaTan)!-- -All industries Iron anT s-leeT ___i1Toto7 - -Ai-3 - - RoiWtF- Agriculture public.services R?esidential _799 - 997~ _19T7-9977- _F7W77997 T98T77997 - T9fY71 7997 I9T87-7997 - 987-- 7997 --J987- 71997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa . .- excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola 11.6 0.0 12. .. 6.1 . 6.2- .. . . 0.0 .. 75.6 Benin 17.1 0.0 12.6 .. 2.4 .. 10.1 .. . . 0.0 .. 70.3 Burkina Faso . . . .. . . . . .. Cameroon .. 17.0 .. 0.0 11.6 .. 1.0 .. 10.6 .. . . 0.5 69 67 Cape Verde . . .. . . . . ... Central African Republic .. . ... . . . . . Congo, Dem. R-ep, of- . 21.8 .. 0.1 .. 5.4 .. 1.2 .. 4.2 .. . . 0.0 .. 70.9 Congo, Rep. of .. 14.2 .. 0.0 ..18.4 .. 6.3 .. 12.1 .. . . 0.0 .. 65.7 Cbte d'lvoire .. 7.0 .. 0.0 ..16.0 .. 3.1 .. 12.5 .. 1.2 .. 12.1 .. 62.0 Equatorial Guinea . . . .. . . . . .. Gabon .. 23.2 .. 0.0 ..19.6 .. 6.7 .. 11.0 .. . . 0.9 .. 51.5 Ghana 16.0 14.1 0.0 0.0 11.0 13.2 1.4 1.2 9.0 11.4 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.7 69.8 69.9 Guinea-Biasau . . .. . .. . . . . - Kenya .. 11.4 .. 0.0 12.6 .. 4.5 .. 7.7 .. 6.5 .. 0.7 .. 67.7 Rwanda-gas . . . . Southafrica4.4 3.6 1. 7.8 210 3. 13 .5 17.9 19.2 2 .6 3.4 4. 52 9. 2. Tagnzna .. 11.79 0.0 6. .7 .. 0.3 5. .49. 32. 0.3 .. 79.1 Alngeral2. 270. 4. 0.3 9. 18.70 . 2. 34.9 12.2- 0.3 .0 1. 0.0 23. 52.2 EgypthArc 49. 3.6 478 7.7 0.7 1.8 2 0. 2.6 2.9 3.6 16.9 16.9 0.2 .6 0. .0 0.5 2.2 193 22.9 Libyan 325 3.84 . 0.0 36.8 8. 61 3.4 30. 34.69 . 0.0 0. 2.0 7.2 9. Moroccoa 31. 12.7 01 0.0 2. 11.87 . 03.7 1. . . . 6.522 .4 25. 92.7 Tunisia 317 22.76 . 0.6 31 2.1. 5. 7 1.02.9 5.4.2 7.0.7 22.0 32.9 ALLT AFRICA.. . .. ... . .. . . .. . Source: tatematiosat Energy A8eney (tEA)2 34. 1.2 .3 0.0 1. 0. 2.0 9. Nogetesa e rtn hnhl fteui of. 2ea.6e 4.3=no avih3 or9indeterminat 352 Environmental Indicators 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1996 Carbon dioxide ('CO,) emissions (000 mtetric 1o,1s) Per capita Cen,ent carbon Solid Liquid Gaseous Gas mtan ufact- To)tal emnissions fuetel fu e s futels flaring uring Total Total contribrution ('kilogramis) 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1990 1996 Since 1950 1996 SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A~ngol a - 0 2,151 344 2,465 149 4,650 5,108- _ 1435,552 _450- Benin 0 465 0 0 189 564 656 14,762 120 Botswana 6,383 12,579 4 9 691 2,415 19,665 51,505 13,035 Burkina Faso 0 967 0 0 0 1,008 967 14,682 90 BUrundi 1 8 202 0 0 0 194 220 3,975 35 Cameroon 4 323 0 0 299 148-8 3,517 86,507 - 6_0 Cape Verde .. . . . .. Central African Republic 0 234 0 0 0 198 234 5,866 70 Chad 0 99 0 0 0 143 99 5,027 14 Cotnoros . . . .. . . Congo, Dem. Rep. of 854 1,436 0 0 5 4096 2,294 14-2,475 -49 Congo, Rep. of 0 4,741 7 167 50 2,037 4,961 40,161 1,884 C6te dIlvoire 0 12,817 0 0 249 9,907 13,066 185,109 946 Djibouti... .. .... Equatorial Guinea 0 143 0 0 0 117 143 2,862 349 Eritrea - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ethiopia 0 3,048 0 0 320 2,964 3,367 66,509 59 Gaboni 0 2,041 1,587 0 65 6,112 3,690 135,432 3,333 Gambia, The 0 216 0 0 0 191 216 4,481 188 Ghana 7 3,342 0 0 698 3,539 4,045 109,271 223 Gluinea 0 1,092 0 0 0 1,011 1,092 32,445 150 Guinea-Bissau 0 231 0 0 0 209 231 4,477 208 Kenya 267 5,760 0 0 747 5,822 6,775 180,020 243 Lesotho.. . .. .... Liberia 0 326 0 0 0 465 326 33,189 148 Madagascar 44 ,12 0 0 30 95 19837,860 84 Malawi 44 616 0 0 70 601 733 18,184 75 Mali 0 462 0 0 10 421 473 12,025 46 Mauritania IS 2,876 0 0 60 2,634 2,950 , 40,648 1,232 Mauritius.. . . .. . Mo-zambique 158 821 0 0 15 997 997 - 89,149 56 Namnibia... .. .... Niger 458 649 0 0 IS 1,048 1,121 20,863 119 Nigeria 150 21,596 8,596 51,494 1,495 88,665 83,330 1,944,327 822 Rwanda 0 484 0 2 5 528 491 9,167 90 Sho Tomd and Principe.. . .... Senegal 0 2,770 0 3 29 ,95 3,063 76,142 358 Seychelles.. . .. .... Sierra Leone 0 447 0 0 0 333 447 19,844 104 Somalia 0 0 0 0 15 18 15 13,747 2 South Africa (a) 227,707 56,821 3,532 0 4,684 291,108 292,746 8,541,575 7,678 Sudan 0 3,283 0 0 189 3,459 3,473 137,001 128 Swaziland Tanzania 15 2,030 0 0 399 2,272 2,444 61,694 80 Togo 0 575 0 0 174 689 751 17,023 180 Ugatnda 0 986 0 0 50 846 1,033 32,837 53 Zambia 773 1,499 0 0 174 2,444 2,444 111,151 291 Zimbabwe 13,623 4,217 0 0 573 16,646 18,412 369,232 1,667 NORTH AFRICA . . . .... Algeria 3,188 22,651 50,567 14,400 3,488 80,443 94,297 1,725,913 3,283 Egypt 3.419 57,778 27,707 0 8,969 75,434 97.873 1,856.890 1,541 Libya 15 25,348 9,966 3,482 1,769 37,772 40,579 855,830 7,978 Morocco 6,225 18,426 40 0 3,189 23,486 27,879 558,859 1,055 Tuttisia 238 9,167 4,250 254 2,276 13,260 16,184 318,035 1,782 ALL AFRICA.. . .. .... Sources: Carbon Dioside nomtnation Analysis Center, Notes: Estimates are of the cabon dioxide emnitted. 3.664 timet sthe car bon it contains. 0 zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 353 14-9. Globally thre atened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, late 1990s Mammals Birds __Hi gher plants Total numiber of No. of Total _nutnbe_r of_ -. No. of ~ Total nunmber of ~ No.f known species species known species species known species species All Enemic Treotened per IO,.000 Breeding Endemic Threatened per 10, 000 All Endemic Threatened per 10, 000 species species species kns2 a/ species species species ken5 a/ species bl species species lktn al SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa &Nigeria______________ -Angol-a -2776 1 f-7 5-6 76-5 f2 -- 13 156 5,000 120 20- 1,055 Benin 188 0 9 85 307 0 1 138 2,000 ..2 990 Botswana 164 0 5 43 386 1 7 101 .. 17 0 563 Burkina Faso 147 0 6 49 335 0 I 112 1,100 ... 369 Burundi 107 0 5 76 451 0 6 322 2,500 ..0 1,783 CasieTo- 409 1 4 32 -. iW 69 4 193 - 8,000 156 6 2310 Cape Verde . . . . . .. .. Central African Republic 209 2 1 1 53 537 1 2 137 3,600 100 1 921 Chad 134 1 14 27 370 0 3 75 1,600 ..5 322 Comoroas. . . . . .. .. Co -ngo, Bern Rep. of 450 _28_ -- 3_8 714 929 24- 2-6 153- 2,867 1,1 0-0 6 ,1 Congo, Rep. of 200 2 10 62 449 0 3 140 4,350 1,200 2 1,870 C6te d'voire 230 0 16 73 535 2 12 170 3,517 62 42 1,163 Equatorial Guinea 184 1 12 131 273 3 4 194 3,000 66 6 2,312 _En~trea -___ - 12 -- 0 6 50 39 0 3 l_t .4. Ethiopia 255 31 35 54 626 28 20 133 6,500 1,000 125 1,398 Gabon 190 3 12 64 466 I 4 157 6,500 78 2,248 Gainbia, The 117 0 4 112 280 0 1 269 966 ..0 935 Ghana 222 I 13 78 529 0 10 186 3,600 43 22 1,308 Guinea 190~ 1- - 1_1 66- 4109 0 1 2 ----142 - 3,000 88 - 2 29 -1 64 Guinea-Bissau 108 0 4 71 243 0 1 159 1,000 12 .. 655 Kenya 359 23 43 94 847 9 24 221 6,000 265 130 1,703 Lesotho 33 0 2 23 58 0 5 40 1,576 2 0 1,103 Liberia 193 -0 I I 87 372 1 13 168 2,200 103 1 993 -Ma -dagascar 141- 93 46 37 20l2 10 5 28 5 3 9,000 6,500 25-5 2,479 Malawi 195 0 7 86 521 0 9 230 3,600 49 46 1,665 Mali 137 0 1 3 28 397 0 6 8 1 1,741 it1 5 355 Mauritania 6 1 1 1 4 1 3 273 0 3 59 1,100 ..2 239 Mauritius .. . . . . . . 46 . Mozanibique ~179 2 - -1-3 _ 42 498 0 T4 17 5,500 219 57 1,340 Namibia 250 3 11 58 469 3 8 109 3,978 687 14 942 Niger 131 0 11 27 299 0 2 60 1,170 ... 238 Nigeria 274 4 26 62 681 2 9 153 4,614 205 16 1,059 Rwanda 151 0 9 ItO 513 0 6 373 2,288 26 0 1,664 S5n Tomd and Principe . . . . . .. .. Senegal 192 0 1 3 72 384 0 6 1442 1,062 - 26 -1-5 __780 Seychelles . . . . . .. .. Sierra Leone 147 0 9 77 466 I 12 243 2,090 74 8 1,091 Somalia 171 12 18 43 422 11 8 107 3,000 500 57 768 South Africa 255 35 33 52 596 8 16 122 23,000 .. 1,875 4,797 Sudan 267 11 21 43 680 1 9 110 3,132 50 2 507 Swaziland .. . . . . . . 303 . Tanzania 316 15 33 70 827 24 30 183 10,000 1,122 326 2,231 Togo 196 0 8 110 391 0 I 220 2,484 ..0 1,739 Uganda 338 6 18 118 830 3 10 290 5,000 ..8 1,891 Zamsbia 233 3 11 56 605 2 10 145 4,600 211 5 1,141 Zimbabwe 270 0 9 81 532 0 9 159 4,200 95 73 1,325 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . .. .. Algeria 92 2 15 1 92 1 8- 32 3,100 20 125 520 Egypt 98 7 15 21 153 0 11 33 2,066 70 59 454 -Libya 76 5 11 14 91 0 2 17 1,800 134 41 331 Morocco 1OS 4 18 30 210 0 11 60 3,600 625 182 1,049 Tunisia 78 I 11 31 173 0 6 69 2,150 ..6 873 ALL AFRICA .._ _ .. . . . ... .. Source: World Conservstion Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Notes: a. Values are standardized using a tpecies.area cure. b. Flowering pltan only. .. = not available. 354 Environmental Indicators 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, late 1990s Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Total tiniber tof No. of Total anu hier oif No. of Total nuniber of - ktnowni species species lanown species species lanown species All Endemic 7hreatened per IO, 000 All Endemic 7hreatened per 10,000 All Threatened species stpecies sypecies kt2 al species .specie.s species km2 a! species species hi SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .1 9 5 . .. 22 0 ... Benin .. 1 2 . ..0 0 ..150 0 Botswana 157 2 0 41 38 0 0 10 92 0 Burkina Faso .. 3 1 . .. 0 0 ...0 Burundi .. 0 0 . ..2 0 ...0 Cameroon 183 21 3 51 190 66 1 53 354 26 Cape Verde . . . . . .. Central African Republic 129 0 1 33 47 0 0 12 ..0 Chad 5 1 1 1 .. 0 0 ...0 Comioros . . . . . .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 377 35 3 62 80 53 0 I3 Congo, Rep. of .. 2 . ..I 0 ...0 C6te dlvoire .. 3 4 . ..3 1 ...0 Equatorial Guinea .. 4 2 . ..2 1 ...0 Eritrea 85 1 3 38 19 2 0 8 .. Ethiopia 188 9 1 40 62 24 0 13 150 0 Gabon .. 3 3 . .. 4 0 ...0 Gambia,The 47 1 1 45 30 0 0 29 79 0 Glhana .. 4 . . 4 0 .. 0 Guinea . 3 3 .. . 1 .. 0 Guinea-Bissau .. 2 3 . ..I 0 . 0 Kenya 190 18 5 50 88 10 0 23 ..20 Lesotho .. 2 0 . ..0 0 .. 8 Liberia 62 2 3 28 38 4 1 17 ..0 -Ma-dagascar 363 259 17 95 -I79q 15 247 1-21- 13- Malawi 124 7 0 55 69 3 0 31 ..0 Mali 16 4 1 3 ..I 0 ...0 Mauritania .. 1 3 . .. 0 0 . .0 Mauritiusa. . . . . . . Mozambique 167 -5 5 39 62 1 0 15 .2 Namibia 250 25 3 58 5 1 2 1 1 2 114 3 Niger .. 0 1 . ..0 0 ...0 Nigeria 135 7 4 30 109 I 0 24 260 0 Rwanda I. 0 . .I 0 . .0 SAo Tom6 and Principe . . . . . .. S9eneg-al 100 1 7 37 2 1 0 1 79 0 Seychelles . . . .. .. Sierra Leone .. 1 3 . ..2 0 . .0 Somalia 193 49 2 49 27 3 0 7 ..3 South Africa 315 97 19 65 108 49 9 22 94 27 Sudan .. 8 3 . ..I 0 ...0 Sgwaziland . . .. .. .__ Tanzania 289 61 4 64 133 49 0 30 ..19 Togo .. 3 . . 3 0 . 0 Uganda 149 2 I 52 50 1 0 17 291 28 Zamnbia 145 3 0 35 65 1 0 16 106 0 Zimbabwe 153 2 0 46 120 3 0 36 112 0 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . .. Algeria 81 4 1 13 10 0 0 2 . Egypt 83 0 6 18 6 0 0 I 70 0 Libya 56 1 3 10 3 0 0 1 ..0 Morocco 90 11 2 26 II I 0 3 ..I Tunisia 62 1 2 25 7 0 0 3 ..0 ALL AFRICA . . . . . .. Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Notes: a. Values are standardized using a species-area curve. b. Thceatened species include a few marin species. . not available. Environmental Indicators 355 14-1 1. National protection of natural areas, 1999 All protected areas (IUICN categories 1- P) Numiber of Perceent No. of Areas at least: Marine Protected Areas (a) Area of land 100,000 I mjillion (IUCN Categories!- VI) Number (000 ha) area ha in Size ha in Size lital Littoral Marine SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria ______________________________________ Angola 1 3 8,181 6.6 2 414 Benin 2 778 6.9 2 0 Botswana 12 10,499 18.0 7 3 Burkina Faso 12 2,855 10.4 6 1 Burundi 13 146 5.3 0 0 1 1 -Ca-meroon - IS 204r. -4g - 0 2 1 2 Cape Verde . .. .. Central African Republic 13 5,110 8.2 1 1 2 Chad 9 11,494 9.0 9 2 Comoros . .. .* Consgo,-De-m.ttp.of ~15 10,191 -43 -9 r4 Congo, Rep. of 9 1,545 4.5 5 0 1 I C6te dilvoire II1 1,986 6.2 4 1 3 3 Djibouti . .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0.0 0 0 4 4 0 Ethiopia 21 5,518 5.0 14 0 Gabon 5 723 2.7 1 0 4 4 Gamsbia, The 6 23 2.0 0 0 5 5 3 Ghana 1 0 1,104 4.6 3 0 Gunea __ _ _T6U- D07 1F o I - I- Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 2 Kenya 50 3,507 6.0 7 1 1 4 1 3 1 0 Lesotho I 7 0.2 0 0 Liberia I 129 1.2 I 0 Madagascar 49- 11121 T19 I 0 --- 3I Malawi 9 1,059 8.9 3 0 Mali 13 4,532 3.7 8 2 Mauritania 9 1,746 1.7 3 1 5 5 2 Mauritius- 477-~ . _ _ -Mozarn ~ique __TI 4-,7-79-- --6-.07 -1 7-- Namnibia 20 10,616 12.9 7 3 4 4 0 Niger 6 9,694 7.7 4 2 Nigeria 27 3,021 3.3 9 0 Rwanda 6 362 13.8 1 0 SSo Tom6 and Principe... -- . .-.-.-- .- .. -- .- S9en_egal __ __T2_ - - 2J81_ -1i1 -- 0 _ 7 ___6 Seychelles . .. .. Sieffa Leone 2 82 1.1 0 0 Somalia 2 180 0.3 I 0 2 2 2 South Africa 390 6,619 5.4 6 1 20 17 8 Sudan II 8,642 3.4 6 2 2 0 2 Tanzania 39 13,817 14.6 19 3 9 8 8 Togo 9 429 7.6 2 0 1 0 Uganda 37 1,913 7.9 6 0 Zainbia 35 6,366 8.5 II I Zimbabwe 48 3,071 7.9 6 1 NORTH AFRICA 1 . . . Algenia 18 5,891 252 2 -.6 8 Egypt 16 794 0.8 1 0 18 16 6 Libya 8 173 0.1 I 0 5 2 3 Morocco 12 317 0.7 I 0 10 9 3 Tunisia 7 45 0.3 0 0 7 5 4 ALL AFRICA . .. .. Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Notm- a. Includes areas with substantiat terrestral con,posests thatreach the shore. As area car he both, marine and tittorat (see technicat notms). 0 z ero or mas than half the unit of Ieasure. .. = not avaitable or indetermi.ate. 356 Environmental Indicators 14-12. International protected areas, 1999 International protection systems Biosphere World Wetlands of reserves heritage sites international importance Area Area Area Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afiica excl. S. Africa& Nigeria Angola - ° Benin 1 880 0 0 0 Botswana 0 0 0 1 6,864 Burkina Faso 1 16 0 0 3 299 Burundi 0 0 0 0 Cameroon 3 850 1 526 0 Cape Verde Central African Republic 2 1,640 1 1,740 0 Chad 0 0 0 1 195 Comoros ,. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3 298 5 6,855 2 866 Congo, Rep. of 2 172 0 0 0 C6te d'lvoire 2 1,480 3 1,484 1 19 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 0 , 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 0 1 22 0 Gabon 1 15 0 0 3 1,080 Gambia, The 0 0 0 1 20 Ghana 1 8 0 0 6 178 Guinea 2 133 1, 13 6 225 Guinea-Bissau I 110 0 0 1 39 Kenya 5 1,335 0 0 2 49 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 Liberia 0 0 0 0 Madagascar 1 140 1 152 0 Malawi 0 1 9 1 225 Mali 1 771 1 400 3 162 Mauritania 0 1 1,200 2 1,189 Mauritius 1 4 0 0 0 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 0 0 4 630 Niger 1 728 2 7,956 1 220 Nigeria I 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 1 15 0 0 0 Sbo Tomd and Principe Senegal 3 1,094 2 929 4 100 Seychelles Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 South Africa 0 0 0 15 486 Sudan 2 1,901 0 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 2 2,338 4 7,380 0 Togo 0 0 0 2 194 Uganda 1 220 2 132 1 15 Zambia 0 1 4 2 333 Zimbabwe 0 2 1,095 0 NORTH AFRICA Algeria 2 7,276 1 2 5 Egypt 2 2,577 0 0 2 106 Libya 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 4 11 Tunisia 4 32 1 13 1 13 ALL AFRICA 46 24,033 30 29,910 72 13,522 So-re, World Conservation Monoiting Centre (WCMC), United Notions Ed.cationat, Scientific, nd Clturda Organization (UNESCO), nd Rasosor convention B-renu, SvitsertInd Not.m : = zero or lens than haf the unit of masure. = not available or indeterminate Environmental Indicators 357 Technical notes Tables Average annual percent change is shown as a per- centage of the exponential growth rate. If negative (in These notes are based on technical notes for each table parentheses), these figures reflect net deforestation, as presented in WRI 2000. They have been edited and which is defined as the clearing of forest lands for all shortened for this volume. Readers are urged to con- forms of agricultural uses (shifting cultivation, per- sult the original source for details. manent agriculture, and ranching) and for other land uses such as settlements, other infrastructure, and mining. In tropical countries, this entails clearing that Table 14-1. Forest resources, 1990-95. Total forest reduces tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. De- consists of all forest area for temperate countries and forestation, as defined here, does not reflect changes the sum of natural forest and plantation area categories. within the forest stand or site, such as selective log- FAO defines a natural forest as a forest composed ging (unless the forest cover is permanently reduced primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. Natural to less than 10 percent). forests include closed forest, where trees cover a high proportion of the ground and where grass does not Table 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1996. Closedforests form a continuous layer on the forest floor (e.g., broad- exclude some woodlands and wooded savanna. leaved forests, coniferous forests, and bamboo for- Originalforest as a percentage of land area refers ests), and open forest, which FAO defines as mixed to the estimate of the percentage of land that would forest/grasslands with at least 10 percent tree cover have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Natu- ago, assuming current climatic conditions, before ral forests encompass all stands except plantations and large-scale disturbance by human society began. include stands that have been degraded to some de- Currentforests refer to estimated closed forest cover gree by agriculture, fire, logging, and other factors. within the past 10 years or so (this varies by country). Plantations refer to forest stands established artifi- Only closed moist forests are given for Africa. cially by afforestation and reforestation for industrial Frontier forests are large, relatively intact forest eco- and nonindustrial usage. Reforestation does not in- systems. They represent undisturbed forest areas that clude regeneration of old tree crops (through either are large enough to maintain all of their biodiversity, natural regeneration or forest management), although including viable populations of wide-ranging species some countries may report regeneration as reforesta- associated with each forest type. tion. Many trees are also planted for nonindustrial Percentage offrontier forests threatened refers to uses, such as village wood lots. Reforestation data frontier forests where ongoing or planned human ac- often exclude this component. The data presented here tivities such as logging, mining, and other large-scale reflect plantation survival rates as estimated byFAO. disturbances will eventually degrade the ecosystem 358 Environmental Indicators through species decline or extinction, drastic changes Per capita annual withdrawals were calculated us- in the forest's age structure, etc., and would result, if ing national population data for the year of data shown continued, in the violation of one of the for withdrawals. above-mentioned criteria. Sectoral withdrawals are classified as domestic Tropicalforests include all forests located between (drinking water, homes, commercial establishments, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. All other for- public services [for example, hospitals], and munici- ests are put into the nontropical category. pal use or provision); industry (including water with- Percentage protected includes forest areas that fall drawn to cool thermoelectric plants); and agriculture within the protected areas in the world that are listed (irrigation and livestock). as the World Conservation Union's ([UCN) manage- ment categories I-V. Table 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquac- ulture, balance of trade, and fish consumption. Table 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1986-98. Marine andfreshwater catch data refer to marine and Total roundwood production refers to all wood in the freshwater fish, killed, caught, trapped, collected, bred, rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood uses. or cultivated for commercial, industrial, and subsis- Industrial roundwood production comprises all tence use (catches from recreational activities are in- roundwood products other than fuelwood and charcoal. cluded where available). Crustaceans and mollusks are Processed woodproduction includes sawnwood and included. Statistics for mariculture, aquaculture, and panels. other kinds of fish farming are included in the coun- Paper and paper board includes newsprint, print- try totals. Figures are the national totals averaged over ing and writing paper, and other paper and paperboard. a 3-year period; they include fish caught by a country's Trade in forest products is the balance of imports fleet anywhere in the world. Catches of freshwater minus exports. species caught in low-salinity seas are included in the statistics of the appropriate marine area. Marine catch Table 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdraw- includes catches of diadromous (migratory between als, 1970-2000. Annual internal renewable water re- saltwater and freshwater) species. sources refer to the average annual flow of rivers and Data are represented as nominal catches, which are groundwater generated from endogenous precipita- the landings converted to a liye-weight basis, that is, tion. Caution should be used when comparing differ- the weight when caught. ent countries because these estimates are based on dif- Landings for some countries are identical to catches. fering sources and dates. These annual averages also Aquaculture is defined by FAO as "the farning of disguise large seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crusta- variations. When data for annual river flows from and ceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form to other countries are not shown, the internal renew- of intervention in the rearing process to enhance pro- able water resources figure may include these flows. duction, such as regular stocking, feeding, and pro- Per capita annual internal renewable water resource tection from predators, etc. [It] also implies owner- data were calculated using 1999 population estimates. ship of the stock being cultivated... ." Aquatic or- Annual withdrawals as a percentage of water re- ganisms that are exploitable by the public as a com- sources refer to total water withdrawals, not counting mon property resource are included in the harvest of evaporative losses from storage basins, as a percent- fisheries. age of internal renewable water resources and river Marine fish include a variety of species groups such flows from other countries. Water withdrawals also as mullets, sea basses, groupers, snappers, tunas, include water from desalination plants in countries mackerels, etc. Diadromusfish include surgeons, river where that source is a significant part of all water with- eels, salmons, trouts, etc. Freshwater fish include drawals. Environmental Indicators 359 carps, perches, catfish, and tilapias, among others. Energy production from solid fuels is the energy Mollusks include freshwater molluscs, oysters, mus- produced from all types of primary coal (i.e., hard sels, scallops, clams, abalones, and cephalopods.Crus- coal or lignite). Peat is also included in the category. taceans include, among others, freshwater crustaceans, Energy production from liquidfuels is energy pro- crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and prawns. Data on whales duced from liquid fuels such as crude oil or natural and other marine mammals are excluded from this gas liquids. table. Energy production from gaseousfuels is the amount Balance of trade is defined as exports minus im- of energy produced from natural gas. ports. Figures are the national totals averaged over a Energy production from nuclear fuels shows the pri- 3-year period in millions of U.S. dollars. Imports are mary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by usually on a cost, insurance, and freight basis (c.i.f.) nuclear power plants. Heat-to-electricity conversion (i.e., insurance and freight costs added in). Exports efficiency is assumed to be 33 percent. are generally on a free-on-board basis (FOB) (i.e., not Total electricity generated is the toe equivalent of including insurance or freight costs). A surplus of im- the electrical energy produced by thermal, nuclear, ports over exports is shown in parentheses. Trade in geothermal, hydropower (excluding pumped storage fish includes fish that is fresh, frozen, chilled, salted, production), and other power plants. Electricity gen- or smoked as well as fish products and preparations. erated is not a primary energy source and should not Trade in mollusks and crustaceans includes molluscs be mistakenly added to the energy production from and crustaceans that are fresh, chilled, smoked, de- primary sources presented in this table. These data rived products, etc. Trade infish meal includes meals, were converted from gigawatt-hours to toe using a solubles, etc. conversion rate of 1 Gwh = 86 toe. Per capita annual food supply from fish and sea- food is the quantity of both freshwater and marine Table 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sec- fish, seafood, and derived products available for hu- tor. Industry sector includes energy consumption by man consumption. Data on aquatic plants and whale the iron and steel industry, chemical industry, non- meat are excluded from the totals. The amount of fish ferrous metals basic industries, nonmetallic mineral and seafood actually consumed may be lower than products (glass, ceramic, cement, etc.), transport the figures provided, depending on how much is lost equipment, machinery, mining and quarrying, food during storage, preparation, and cooking, and on how and tobacco, paper, pulp and print, wood and wood much is discarded. Data are presented in kilograms products, construction, textile and leather, and any per capita. Years shown are 3-year averages. nonspecified industry. Iron and steel consumption is the energy consumed Table 14-6. Energy production by source. All en- by the iron and steel industry as a percentage of the ergy data in a common unit of 1,000 metric tons of oil total energy consumed by the country. equivalent (toe) to facilitate comparisons of energy Transportation sector includes all fuel for air, road, sourcing, consumption, substitution, and conservation. and water transport except fuel used for international A toe is defined as 41.868 gigajoules. marine bunkers and for ocean, coastal, and inland fish- Energy production from all sources is the amount ing. Air transportation includes both international and of energy from all sources produced by each country domestic civil aviation. Road transportation includes in the year specified. In addition to solid, liquid, and all human and cargo transport along national road gaseous fuels and nuclear electricity, the total also networks. includes hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, tidal, Agriculture refers to all agricultural and forestry ac- wave, combustible renewables and waste, and indig- tivity, including ocean, coastal, and inland fishing. enous heat production from heat pumps. Per capita Commercial andpublic services refer to service sec- shows the amount produced per person for that country. tors such as stores, repair shops, and restaurants. Residential sector includes household energy use. 360 Environmental Indicators The IEA reports that it can be difficult to distin- some instances. Data on mammals exclude cetaceans guish accurately between the agriculture, commercial, (whales and porpoises), except where otherwise indi- and public services sectors and that a figure for "total cated. Threatened bird species are listed for countries energy use" is more accurate than totals for the indi- included within their breeding or wintering ranges. vidual sectors. Higherplants refer to numbers of native vascular plant species, as totals are of full species only, rather than of species and subspecies. The number of endemic Table 14-8. Carbon dioxide emissions from indus- species refers to those species known to be found only trial processes, 1996. This table includes data on in- within the countries listed. Figures are not necessar- dustrial additions to the carbon dioxide flux from solid ily comparable among countries because taxonomic fuels, liquid fuels, gas fuels, gas flaring, and cement concepts and the extent of knowledge vary (for the manufacture. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analy- latter reason, country totals of species and endemics sis Center (CDIAC) annually calculates emissions of may be underestimates). In general, numbers of mam- CO2 from the buming of fossil fuels and the manu- mals and birds are fairly well known, while plants facture of cement for most of the countries of the have not been as well inventoried. world. Estimates of total and per capita national emis- The World Conservation Union classifies threatened sions do not include bunker fuels used in intemational and endangered species in six categories. transport because of the difficulty of apportioning Endangered. "Taxa in danger of extinction and these fuels among countries benefiting from that trans- whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors con- port. Emissions from bunker fuels are shown sepa- tinue operating." rately for the country where the fuel was delivered. Vulnerable. "Taxa believed likely to move into the Emissions of CO2 are often calculated and reported endangered category in the near future if the causal in terms of their content of elemental carbon. CDIAC factors continue operating." reports them that way. For this table, CDIAC's fig- Rare. "Taxa with world populations that are not at ures were converted to the actual mass by 3.664 (the present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk." ratio of the mass of carbon to that of CO2). Indeterminate. "Taxa known to be endangered, vul- Solid, liquid, and gas fuels are primarily, but not nerable, or rare but where there is not enough infor- exclusively, coals, petroleum products, and natural mation to say which of the three categories is appro- gas. Gas flaring is the practice of buming off gas re- priate." leased in the process of petroleum extraction, a prac- Out of danger. "Taxa formerly included in one of tice that is declining. During cement manufacture, the above categories, but which are now considered cement is calcined to produce calcium oxide. In the relatively secure because effective conservation mea- process, 0.498 metric ton of CO2 is released for each sures have been taken or the previous threat to their metric ton of cement produced. Total emissions con- survival has been removed." sist of the sum of the CO2 produced during the con- Insufficiently known. "Taxa that are suspected but sumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels, and from gas not definitely known to belong to any of the above flaring and the manufacture of cement. categories." Combustion of different fossil fuels releases CO2 at The number of threatened species listed for all coun- different rates for the same level of energy produc- tries includes full species that are endangered, vul- tion. Bumning oil releases about 1.5 times the amount nerable, rare, indeterminate, and insufficiently known, of CO2 released from buming natural gas; buming coal but excludes introduced species or those known to be releases about twice as much CO2 as natural gas. extinct. Number of species per 10,000 square kilometers Table 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, provides a relative estimate for comparing numbers birds, and higher plants, late 1990s. The total num- of species among countries of differing size. Because ber of known species may include introductions in the relationship between area and species number is Environmental Indicators 361 nonlinear (that is, as the area sampled increases, the viding a sustainable flow of natural products and ser- number of new species located decreases), a vices to meet community needs. species-area curve has been used to standardize these Marine protected areas include protected areas in species numbers. any of the IUCN categories (I-VI) that are marine or have a marine component IUCN defines a "marine Table 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, protected area" as "any area of intertidal or subtidal amphibians, and fish, late 1990s. Threatened ma- terrain, together with its overlying water and associ- rine turtles and marine fish are excluded from coun- ated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features, try totals. Endangered fish species numbers do not which has been reserved by law or other effective include approximately 250 haplochromine and 2 means to protect part or all of the enclosed environ- tilapiine species of Lake Victoria cichlids, since the ment." Marine protected areas (MPAs) include areas ranges of these species are undetermined. that are fully marine as well as arreas that have only a The number of species per 10,000 square kilome- small area of intertidal land. Many of these MPAs have ters provides a relative estimate for comparing num- large terrestrial areas. The extent of the marine por- bers of species among countries of differing size. tion of most protected areas is rarely documented. The degree of protection varies from one country to an- Table 14-11. National protection of natural areas, other, and it may bear little relationship to the legal 1999. All protected areas combine natural areas in five status of any site. The categories of marine and lit- World Conservation Union (formerly the International toral are not exclusive. One protected area can be lit- Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re- toral and marine, therefore adding numbers under sources, IUCN), management categories (areas at least these two different categories may produce a higher 1,000 hectares). number than the total for MPAs. Littoral is defined as Totally protected areas are maintained in a natural any site that is known to incorporate at least some state and are closed to extractive uses. They encom- intertidal area. Such sites can also include marine and/ pass the following three management categories: cat- or terrestrial elements. All sites with mangrove and egory I, scientific reserves and strict nature reserves; saltmarsh communities are recorded as littoral. Ma- category II, national parks and provincial parks; and rine is defined as any site that is known to incorporate category III, natural monuments and natural land- at least some subtidal area permanently submerged marks. under the ocean. Such sites can also include littoral Partially protected areas are areas that may be man- and terrestrial elements. All sites with coral reefs and aged for specific uses, such as recreation or tourism, seagrasses are recorded as marine. or areas that provide optimum conditions for certain The values in this table do not include locally or species or communities of wildlife. Some extractive provincially protected sites, or privately owned areas use within these areas is allowed. They encompass two management categories: category IV, managed Table 14-12. International protected areas, 1999. nature reserves wildlife sanctuaries; and category V, Internationally protected areas usually include sites protected landscapes and seascapes. that are listed under national protection systems. Protected areas between at least 100,000 hectares Biosphere reserves are representative of terrestrial and 1 million hectares in size refer to all IUCN cat- and coastal environments that have been internation- egory I-V protected areas that fall within these two ally recognized under the Man and the Biosphere classifications. Programme of UNESCO. IUCN has an additional management category, cat- World heritage sites represent areas of "outstand- egory VI, which includes areas "managed mainly for ing universal value" for their natural features, their the sustainable use of natural ecosystems." 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New York: Oxford University Press. Zambia, Central Statistical Office. 1993. "Social Di- mensions of Adjustment: Priority Survey I, 1991." World Resources Institute. 2000. World Resources Lusaka. 2000. Washington, D.C. African Development Indicators 2001 provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available in one volume. It contains more than 500 macroeconomic, sectoral, and social indicators, covering 53 African countries. Additional data may be found on the companion CD-ROM, World Bank Africa Database 2001, containing almost 1,200 indicators from 1965 to 1999. T HE WO R LD B AN K 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Telephone: 202 477 1234 Facsimile: 202 477 6591 Internet: wwwworldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org 9 780821 348642 ISBN 0-8213-4864-7