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Incr tion co information eltiT nacirfA .noitide knaB .4002 knaB .4002 tnirP dlro hcra dlro hcra cihpargoe G W M W M) * gnippihS** yreviled MYAP sredr O sdrac tuoba YES, elt (Please Name Ti Organization Address City State Country Phone Fax E-mail African Development Indicators 2004 The World Bank Washington, D.C. © 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 07 06 05 04 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone: 978-750-8400, fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo collage adapted from collage created by Jeeyeon Seo; photos by © Isaac, John 2002/from A Day in The Life of Africa (produce market image); © Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Corbis (student image); © James Noble/Corbis (hand/light bulb image); additional images courtesy of World Bank Photo Library; Cover design by Naylor Design. ISBN 0-8213-5720-4 Contents Foreword xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Preface xxiv Acronyms and Abbreviations xxv Introduction 1 1. Selected Background Data 4 1-1. Basic indicators 5 1-2. Population 6 Technical notes 10 2. National Accounts 13 2-1. Gross domestic product, real 15 2-2. Value added in agriculture 16 2-3. Value added in industry 17 2-4. Value added in services 18 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal 19 2-6. Total consumption 20 2-7. General government consumption 21 2-8. Gross domestic investment 22 2-9. Gross public investment 23 2-10. Gross private investment 24 iii iv Contents 2-11. Gross domestic savings 25 2-12. Gross national savings 26 2-13. Resource balance 27 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 28 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 29 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real 30 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real 31 2-18. GDP growth 32 2-19. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita 33 2-20. Total consumption per capita 34 Technical notes 38 3. Prices and Exchange Rates 41 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) 42 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) 43 3-3. Consumer price index 44 3-4. Official exchange rate 45 3-5. SDR exchange rate index 46 3-6. Currency conversion factor 47 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate 48 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates 49 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index 50 Technical notes 52 4. Money and Banking 55 4-1. Domestic credit 56 4-2. Credit to the private sector 57 4-3. Credit to the government 58 4-4. Net foreign assets 59 4-5. Growth of money supply 60 4-6. Discount rate 61 4-7. Real discount rate 62 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate 63 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate 64 Technical notes 67 5. External Sector 70 Balance of Payments 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 72 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 73 5-3. Exports of total services (nonfactor and factor) 74 5-4. Imports of total services (nonfactor and factor) 75 5-5. Net private transfers 76 5-6. Net official current transfers 77 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants 78 Contents v 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP 79 5-9. Net capital grants 80 5-10. Net foreign direct investment 81 5-11. Net long-term borrowing 82 5-12. Other capital flows 83 5-13. Use of reserves 84 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves 85 Prices 5-15. Export unit values 86 5-16. Import unit values 87 5-17. Terms of trade 88 Commodity Trade 5-18. Forest products exports 89 5-19. Petroleum exports 90 5-20. Copper exports 91 5-21. Iron exports 92 5-22. Phosphates exports 93 5-23. Cocoa exports 94 5-24. Coffee exports 95 5-25. Cotton exports 96 5-26. Groundnut exports 97 5-27. Palm oil products exports 98 5-28. Sisal exports 99 5-29. Tea exports 100 5-30. Sugar exports 101 5-31. Tobacco exports 102 5-32. Meat exports 103 5-33. Manufactured goods exports 104 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth 105 5-35. Food imports 106 5-36. Food imports, growth 107 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports 108 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth 109 5-39. Fuel imports 110 5-40. Fuel imports, growth 111 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports 112 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth 113 5-43. Manufactured goods imports 114 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth 115 5-45. Capital goods imports 116 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth 117 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1992 118 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 121 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2002 124 vi Contents 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1992 127 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 130 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2002 133 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1992 136 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 139 5-55 Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2002 142 Technical notes 146 6. External Debt and Related Flows 151 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans 153 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans 154 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans 155 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases 156 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans 157 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans 158 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans 159 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases 160 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans 161 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans 162 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans 163 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges 164 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit 165 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans 166 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 167 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF 168 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 169 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF 170 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional 171 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional 172 6-21. Long-term debt: private 173 6-22. Total external debt 174 6-23. Structure of external debt 175 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments 176 6-25. Average terms of new commitments in 2002 177 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 2002 178 Technical notes 181 7. Government Finance 184 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) 186 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) 187 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/+) 188 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments 189 7-5. Government interest payments 190 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) 191 7-7. Grants to government 192 Contents vii 7-8. Foreign financing 193 7-9. Taxes on income and profits 194 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions 195 7-11. Indirect taxes 196 7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants 197 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries 198 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries 199 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services 200 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments 201 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers 202 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending 203 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending 204 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending 205 Technical notes 207 8. Agriculture 211 8-1. Nominal producer prices 212 8-2. Food price index 218 8-3. Food production index 219 8-4. Nonfood production index 220 8-5. Food production per capita index 221 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop 222 8-7. Value of agricultural exports 226 8-8. Cereal production 227 8-9. Crop production index 228 8-10. Fertilizer use 229 8-11. Fertilizer imports 230 8-12. Area under permanent crops 231 8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop 232 8-14. Incidence of drought 237 Technical notes 243 9. Power, Communications and Transportation 246 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita 247 9-2. Energy production and use 248 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1996­2002 249 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use 250 9-5. Vehicle ownership 251 9-6. Road-to-population ratio 252 9-7. Paved primary roads 253 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio 254 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio 255 9-10. Air transport 256 Technical notes 257 viii Contents 10. Privatization of Public Enterprises 260 10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises 261 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 2002) 262 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes 263 Technical notes 264 11. Labor Force and Employment 267 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force 269 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force 270 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers 271 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force 272 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population 273 11-6. Wages in agriculture 274 11-7. Wages in manufacturing 275 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying 276 11-9. Wages in construction 277 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communications 278 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services 279 Technical notes 280 12. Aid Flows 284 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal 285 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal 286 12-3. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal 287 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, nominal 288 12-5. Net aid from all donors, real 289 12-6. Net aid from DAC donors, real 290 12-7. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, real 291 12-8. Net aid from multilateral donors, real 292 12-9. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDP 293 12-10. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP 294 12-11. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP 295 12-12. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDI 296 12-13. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI 297 12-14. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI 298 12-15. Net aid per capita from all donors 299 12-16. Net aid per capita from DAC donors 300 12-17. Net aid per capita from multilateral donors 301 Technical notes 304 13. Social Indicators 307 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population 309 13-2. Poverty 310 13-3. Income distribution 311 Contents ix 13-4. Urbanization 312 13-5. Components of population change 313 13-6. Survival prospects 314 13-7 HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2001 315 13-8. Immunization and ORT use 316 13-9. Child malnutrition 317 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities 318 13-11. Access to safe water 319 13-12. Health expenditure 320 13-13. Health care 321 13-14. Illiteracy rate 322 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment ratio 323 13-16. Pupil progression 324 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio 325 13-18. Number of school teachers 326 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio 327 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio 328 13-21. Public expenditure on education 329 13-22. Economic opportunities of women 330 13-23. Household and economic participation of women 331 Technical notes 337 14. Environmental Indicators 342 14-1. Forest resources, 1990­2000 344 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990­99 345 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1999­2001 346 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970­2002 347 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption 348 14-6. Energy production by source 349 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector 350 14-8. CO emissions from industrial processes, 1999 351 2 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1992­2002 352 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 1992­2003 353 14-11. National protection of natural areas, 2003 354 14-12. International protected areas, 2002 355 Technical notes 356 15. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 362 15-1. HIPC Debt Initiative: flow chart 364 15-2. Grouping of African HIPC countries: status as of July 2003 365 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998­2005 366 15-4. Committed debt relief and outlook for African HIPCs: status as of July 2003 368 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points 369 Technical notes 372 x Contents 16. Household Welfare 374 16-1. Burkina Faso 376 16-2. Burundi 377 16-3. Cameroon 378 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire 379 16-5. Ethiopia 380 16-6. Gambia, The 381 16-7. Ghana 382 16-8. Kenya 383 16-9. Madagascar 384 16-10. Malawi 385 16-11. Mozambique 386 16-12. São Tomé and Principe 387 16-13. Uganda 388 16-14. Zambia 389 Technical Notes 390 Bibliography 394 Figures 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2002 7 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 2002 9 2-1. Gross domestic product, 2002 35 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 2001­2002 36 2-3. Composition of GDP, 2002 37 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2002 51 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2002 65 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1993­2002 66 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1993­2002 145 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2002 179 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 2002 180 7.1 Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1993­2002 206 8-1. Food price index, 2001 238 8-2. Food production per capita index, 2002 239 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2002 240 8-4. Agricultural exports, 1997 241 Contents xi 8-5. Drought, 1980­2003 242 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 2002 302 12-2. Total net aid per capita, 2002 303 13-1. Life expectancy, 2001 332 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 2002 333 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2002 334 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 2000 335 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999 336 15-1. Nominal debt service relief for African decision point countries 371 Table des matières Avant-propos xxi Remerciements xxiii Préface xxiv Acronymes et abréviations xxv Introduction 1 1. Statisques de base 4 1-1. Indicateurs généraux 5 1-2. Population 6 Notes techniques 10 2. Comptes nationaux 13 2-1. Produit intérieur brut, à prix constants 15 2-2. Valuer ajoutée dans l'agriculture 16 2-3. Valuer ajoutée dans l'industrie 17 2-4. Valuer ajoutée dans les services 18 2-5. Produit intérieur brut, à prix courants 19 2-6. Consommation totale 20 2-7. Consommation du gouvernement central 21 2-8. Investissement brut 22 2-9. Investissement brut de l'Etat 23 2-10. Investissement brut du secteur privé 24 2-11. Epargne intérieure brute 25 2-12. Epargne nationale brute 26 xii Table des matières xiii 2-13. Solde des ressources 27 2-14. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants 28 2-15. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants 29 2-16. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants 30 2-17. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants 31 2-18. Croissance du PIB 32 2-19. Revenu national brut par habitant 33 2-20. Consommation totale par habitant 34 Notes techniques 38 3. Prix et taux de change 41 3-1. Déflateur du PIB (série en monnaie locale) 42 3-2. Déflateur du PIB (série en dollar des Etats-Unis) 43 3-3. Indice des prix à la consommation 44 3-4. Taux de change officiel 45 3-5. Indice de taux de change du DTS 46 3-6. Facteur de conversion des monnaies 47 3-7. Taux de change sur les marchés parallèles 48 3-8. Rapport du taux de change parallèle et du taux de change officiel 49 3-9. Taux de change effectif réel 50 Notes techniques 52 4. Monnaie et banque 55 4-1. Crédit intérieur 56 4-2. Crédit au secteur privé 57 4-3. Crédit au gouvernement 58 4-4. Avoirs extérieurs nets 59 4-5. Croissance de la masse monétaire 60 4-6. Taux d'escompte 61 4-7. Taux d'escompte réel 62 4-8. Taux débiteur des banques commerciales 63 4-9. Taux de rémuneration des dépôts dans les banques commerciales 64 Notes techniques 67 5. Secteur extérieur 70 Balance des paiements 5-1. Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b. 72 5-2. Importations de marchandises, f.o.b. 73 5-3. Exportations totales de services (nonfacteur et facteur) 74 5-4. Importations totales de services (nonfacteur et facteur) 75 5-5. Transferts privés nets 76 5-6. Transferts courants officiels nets 77 5-7. Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital 78 5-8. Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, PIB 79 5-9. Transferts nets en capital 80 5-10. Investissements directs nets 81 5-11. Emprunts à long terme nets 82 xiv Table des matières 5-12. Autres flux de capitaux 83 5-13. Utilisation des réserves 84 5-14. Taux de couverture des importations 85 Prix 5-15. Valeurs unitaires des exportations 86 5-16. Valeurs unitaires des importations 87 5-17. Termes de l'échange 88 Commerce de marchandises 5-18. Exportations de produits forestiers 89 5-19. Exportations de pétrole 90 5-20. Exportations de cuivre 91 5-21. Exportations de fer 92 5-22. Exportations de phosphates 93 5-23. Exportations de cacao 94 5-24. Exportations de café 95 5-25. Exportations de coton 96 5-26. Exportations d'arachides 97 5-27. Exportations d'huile de palme et produits dérivés 98 5-28. Exportations de sisal 99 5-29. Exportations de thé 100 5-30. Exportations de sucre 101 5-31. Exportation de tabac 102 5-32. Exportations de viande 103 5-33. Exportations de produits manufacturés 104 5-34. Exportations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance 105 5-35. Importations de produits alimentaires 106 5-36. Importations de produits alimentaires, taux de croissance 107 5-37. Importations d'autres biens de consommation 108 5-38. Importations d'autres biens de consommation, taux de croissance 109 5-39. Importations de carburants 110 5-40. Importations de carburants, taux de croissance 111 5-41. Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires 112 5-42. Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires, taux de croissance 113 5-43. Importations de produits manufacturés 114 5-44. Importations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance 115 5-45. Importations de biens d'équipement 116 5-46. Importations de biens d'équipement, taux de croissance 117 5-47. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1992 118 5-48. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1997 121 5-49. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 2002 124 5-50. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1992 127 5-51. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1997 130 5-52. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 2002 133 Table des matières xv 5-53. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1992 136 5-54. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1997 139 5-55. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 2002 142 Notes techniques 146 6. Dette extérieure et flux correspondant 151 6-1. Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 153 6-2. Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 154 6-3. Décaissements bruts: prêts privés à long terme 155 6-4. Décaissements à long terme: prêts officiels et achats au FMI 156 6-5. Amortissement: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 157 6-6. Amortissement: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 158 6-7. Amortissement: prêts privés à long terme 159 6-8. Amortissement: prêts à long terme et rachats au FMI 160 6-9. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 161 6-10. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 162 6-11. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts privés à long terme 163 6-12. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts à long terme et rémunérations du FMI 164 6-13. Service de la dette extérieure: prêts à long terme et crédits du FMI 165 6-14. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts à court terme 166 6-15. Flux nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI 167 6-16. Flux nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI 168 6-17. Transferts nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI 169 6-18. Transferts nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI 170 6-19. Dette à long terme: officielle concessionnelle 171 6-20. Dette à long terme: officielle non concessionnelle 172 6-21. Dette à long terme: privée 173 6-22. Dette extérieure totale 174 6-23. Structure de la dette extérieure 175 6-24. Structure du service de la dette extérieure 176 6-25. Conditions moyennes des nouveaux engagements en 2002 177 6-26. Ratios de la dette extérieure et du service de la dette extérieure, 2002 178 Notes techniques 181 7. Finances publiques 184 7-1. Solde budgétaire (dons compris) 186 7-2. Solde budgétaire (hors dons) 187 7-3. Solde budgétaire primaire (-/+) 188 7-4. Dépenses publiques et prêts moins recouvrements 189 7-5. Intérêts, sur la dette publique 190 7-6. Recettes publiques (hors dons) 191 7-7. Dons reçus 192 7-8. Financements extérieurs 193 7-9. Impôts sur le revenu 194 7-10. Impôts sur le commerce extérieur et les transactions internationales 195 7-11. Impôts indirects 196 xvi Table des matières 7-12. Recettes non fiscales, hors dons 197 7-13. Dépenses publiques: salaires 198 7-14. Dépenses publiques: tendances des salaires réels 199 7-15. Dépenses publiques: autres biens et services 200 7-16. Dépenses publiques: intérêts 201 7-17. Dépenses publiques: subventions et transferts courants 202 7-18. Dépenses publiques: dépenses en capital et prêts nets 203 7-19. Dépenses publiques: tendances des dépenses réelles de défense nationale 204 7-20. Dépenses publiques: dépenses réelles d'éducation par habitant 205 Notes techniques 207 8. Agriculture 211 8-1. Prix aux producteurs 212 8-2. Indice des prix des produits alimentaires 218 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire 219 8-4. Indice de la production non alimentaire 220 8-5. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant 221 8-6. Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures 222 8-7. Valeur des exportations agricoles 226 8-8. Production des céréales 227 8-9. Aide alimentaire 228 8-10. Utilisation d'engrais 229 8-11. Importations d'engrais 230 8-12. Aires cultivées, par permanentes cultures 231 8-13. Rendements agricoles par principales cultures 232 8-14. Incidence de sécheresse 237 Notes techniques 243 9. Energie, communications et transports 246 9-1. Consommation électrique par habitant 247 9-2. Production et consommation d'énergie 248 9-3. Disponibilité de téléphone, radio et télévision, 1996­2002 249 9-4 Ordinateurs personnels et utilization de l'Internet 250 9-5. Appartenance des véhicules 251 9-6. Ratio routes/population 252 9-7. Routes primaires recouvertes 253 9-8. Ratio circulation ferroviaire/PIB ($PPP) 254 9-9. Ratio chargements ferroviaires/locomotives 255 9-10. Transport aérien 256 Notes techniques 257 10. Privatisation des entreprises publiques 260 10-1. Tableau synoptique d'activité de privatisation des entreprises publiques 261 10-2. Les techniques de privatisation utilisées (jusqu' à la fin 2002) 262 10-3. Progrès dans la privatization: changement dans la propriété et le contrôle 263 Notes techniques 264 Table des matières xvii 11. Population active et emploi 267 11-1. Main d'oeuvre et structure par sexe 269 11-2. Enfants en dessous de 14 ans inclus dans la main d'oeuvre 270 11-3. Travailleurs familiaux non rémunéré faisant partie des travailleurs actifs 271 11-4. Structure de la main d'oeuvre par industries 272 11-5. Structure industrielle de la population économiquement active 273 11-6. Salaires dans l'agriculture 274 11-7. Salaires dans l'industrie manufacturière 275 11-8. Salaires dans l'industrie minière et les carrières 276 11-9. Salaires dans le secteur du bâtiment 277 11-10. Salaires dans les transports, l'entreposage et les communications 278 11-11. Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels 279 Notes techniques 280 12. Flux d'aide 284 12-1. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 285 12-2. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 286 12-3. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 287 12-4. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux 288 12-5. Aide au développement, nette réelle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 289 12-6. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 290 12-7. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 291 12-8. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux 292 12-9. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 293 12-10. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 294 12-11. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 295 12-12. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 296 12-13. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 297 12-14. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 298 12-15. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant 299 12-16. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant 300 12-17. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux, par habitant 301 Notes techniques 304 xviii Table des matières 13. Indicateurs sociaux 307 13-1. Structure de la population par âge et par sexe 309 13-2. Pauvreté 310 13-3. Distribution des revenus 311 13-4. Urbanisation 312 13-5. Composantes des changements de la population 313 13-6. Espérance de survie 314 13.7. Éstimation et données sur le VIH/SIDA, fin 2001 315 13-8. Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO 316 13-9. Malnutrition enfantine 317 13-10. Accès aux installations sanitaires 318 13-11. Accès à l'eau potable 319 13-12. Dépenses dans le secteur de la santé 320 13-13. Soins de santé 321 13-14. Taux d'analphabétisme 322 13-15. Taux brut de scolarisation primaire 323 13-16. Progrès/développement des écoliers 324 13-17. Taux net de scolarisation primaire 325 13-18. Nombre d'enseignants 326 13-19. Taux élèves/enseignants 327 13-20. Taux brut de scolarisation secondaire 328 13-21. Dépenses publiques pour l'éducation 329 13-22. Possibilités économiques ouvertes aux femmes 330 13-23. Ménage et participation des femmes aux activités économiques 331 Notes techniques 337 14. Indicateurs concernant l'environnement 342 14-1. Ressources forestières, 1990­2000 344 14-2. Ecosystème forestier, 1990­99 345 14-3. Production et commerce des bois, 1999­2001 346 14-4. Ressources d'eau douce et retraits, 1970­2002 347 14-5. Consommation des ressources maritimes et d'eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale, et des poissons 348 14-6. Production d'énergie par secteur 349 14-7. Consommation d'énergie par secteur 350 14-8. Emissions de CO résultant de l'activité industrielle, 1999 351 2 14-9. Espèces menacées: mammifères, oiseaux, et plantes supérieures, 1992­2002 352 14-10. Espèces menacées: reptiles, amphibiens, et poissons, 1992­2003 353 14-11. Protection nationale des zones naturelles, 2003 354 14-12. Zones protégées internationales, 2002 355 Notes techniques 356 Table des matières xix 15. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 362 15-1. Initiative pour alléger l'endettement des pays pauvres très endettés (PPTE): tableau d'évolution 364 15-2. Groupement des PPTE en Afrique: situation, 1 juillet 2003 365 15-3. Service de la dette externe des PPTE africains qui ont atteint leur points de décision, par pays, 1998­2005 366 15-4. Engagements au titre de l'allègement de la dette et l'apperçu des PPTE africains: situation, juillet 2003 368 15-5. Dépenses sociales des PPE africains parvenus au point de décision 369 Notes techniques 372 Chapitre 16: Bien-être des Ménages 374 16-1. Burkina Faso 376 16-2. Burundi 377 16-3. Cameroun 378 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire 379 16-5. Éthiopie 380 16-6. Gambie 381 16-7. Ghana 382 16-8. Kenya 383 16-9. Madagascar 384 16-10. Malawi 385 16-11. Mozambique 386 16-12. São Tomé et Principe 387 16-13. Uganda 388 16-14. Zambie 389 Notes techniques 390 Références 394 Graphiques 1-1. Losange du développement, 2002 7 1-2. Indicateurs de base, 2002 9 2-1. Produit intérieur brut, 2002 35 2-2. Croissance du PIB et des exportations, 2001­2002 36 2-3. Composition du PIB, 2002 37 3-1. Taux de change effectif réel, 2002 51 4-1. Crédit au secteur privé et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, 2002 65 4-2. Taux d'escompte réel, 1993­2002 66 5-1. Amélioration/détérioration des termes de l'échange, 1992­2002 145 xx Table des matières 6-1. Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), 2002 179 6-2. Ratio dette totale/PIB, 2002 180 7-1. Solde budgétaire en pourcentage du PIB, 1993­2002 206 8-1. Indice de la production agricole, 2001 238 8-2. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, 2002 239 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, 2002 240 8-4. Exportations agricoles, 1999 241 8-5. Sécheresse, 1980­2000 242 12-1. Aide au développement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB des pays bénéficiaires, 2002 302 12-2. Aide au développement nette totale par habitant, 2002 303 13-1. Espérance de vie, 2001 332 13-2. PIB par habitant sur base de la parité des pouvoirs d'achat, 2002 333 13-3. Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, 2002 334 13-4. Taux de scolarisation primaire, 2000 335 13-5. Mortalité maternelle, 2001 336 15-1. Réduction de l'endettement et allègement de la dette pour 22 pays parvenus au point de décision 371 Foreword Making headway against African poverty and meet- set of standardized household indicators for selected ing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by countries. 2015 are raising difficult challenges in most African ADI 2004 depicts a diverse continent. Gross na- countries. Despite pockets of success, nearly half the tional income (GNI) per head for all Africa averaged region's population still lives in extreme poverty, and $650 in 2002, $1644 and $451 in North and Sub- Africa still houses about three-fourths of the world's SaharanAfrica (SSA) respectively. But it stood at only poorest countries. Africa urgently needs rich nations $307 per head in SSA, excluding South Africa, rang- to deliver on their promises of more generous aid and ing from under $100 per head in the Democratic Re- wider trade opportunities to reverse the cruel effects public of Congo to over $7,000 in Seychelles. At 2.8 of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, civil wars, and persis- percent in 2002, GDP growth in SSA barely exceeded tent low growth rates. the growth of its rapidly urbanizing population (cities The World Bank's latest annual report on social and grew at close to 5 percent), continuing the overall economic conditions across the continent, African trend of the 1990s. On average, output per head has Development Indicators (ADI) 2004, sounds a clear stagnated. warning that the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS, anemic Yet country performance has diverged widely in aid and investment flows, and weak commodity prices SSA--thirteen have averaged more than 5 percent threaten to undo some of the hard-fought gains of growth for the period 1995­2002, while a few recent years. achieved higher growth than the previous decade. As in previous years, ADI 2004 assembles eco- Several have seen their economies contract, invari- nomic, social, and environmental data from a variety ably as a result of severe civil conflict. On average, of sources to present a broad picture of development investment and trade trends have been steady, with a across Africa. There have been some key improve- slight increase in the overall current account deficit. ments in this volume--for example, macroeconomic Net FDI flows to SSA rose to $8.9 billion in 2002 but and other data lags have been reduced, enabling ex- were heavily concentrated in oil exporting countries ternal debt reporting up to 2002, and there have been and South Africa. updates on the HIPC Initiative. In addition, the chapter Access to ICT is still limited but increasing. In 2002, on Aid Flows includes ODA not allocated by country, there were about 12 personal computers per thou- and the chapter on Household Welfare contains a new sand population in SSA, over a 30 percent rise from xxi xxii Foreword 2000 and 16 percent from 2001. In North Africa, But these averages in social indicators conceal wide computer ownership was somewhat higher, at about variation between countries. Maternal mortality, for 17 per thousand. Internet use is rising sharply, but of example, ranges from as low as 45 per 100,000 births the 6.2 million recorded Internet users in SSA, about to 2,300. Education trends were somewhat more fa- half were in South Africa. However, these data may vorable, with a steady fall in illiteracy, from 42 per- not fully account for multiple user access. cent in 1997 to 37 percent in 2002. Although there is Air transport has declined a bit from 2000 to 2001. a lot of catching-up to do, at 87 percent, gross pri- All Africa recorded about 30.9 million passengers in mary enrollment has recovered and exceeded its level 2001, but of this total, 21.7 million are accounted for in 1980 (80 percent). Social indicators were more by North and South Africa. favorable in North Africa, with life expectancy at 70 Net aid to Africa rose about 35 percent in 2002 in 2002 and immunization rates near 90 percent. because of higher DAC and multilateral flows, but on ADI 2004 draws attention to Africa's rich environ- a per capita basis it is still far below ($27 in 2002) mental resources, but also to the stress that environ- what it was in 1992 ($40). Aid flow was $28 per ment is coming under. Many countries have large head for SSA. As of July 2003, 16 countries had numbers of endangered species, and each year 0.7 reached HIPC decision points and 7 had reached percent of forest cover is being lost. completion points.Total debt service relief represented The detailed World Bank Africa Database 2004, about $43 billion, and pro-poor expenditures had be- consisting of almost 1,200 indicators, including the gun to increase in most of the countries. However, World Bank's "Country at a Glance" Tables and an nine countries, mostly conflict-affected, had not yet electronic copy of ADI 2004, is also being made avail- reached the HIPC decision point. able on CD-ROM, together with a user-friendly in- In SSA, death rates have continued to rise because terface to facilitate downloading and analysis. Direc- of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, causing life expectancy tions for obtaining both the publication and the CD- at birth to fall from 50 in 1990 to 46 in 2002. AIDS- ROM can be found on the World Bank's external web related deaths were 2.2 million in 2001 (for a cumu- site (www.worldbank.org). With increased demand lative total close to 20 million).Almost 30 million were for information to monitor the Poverty Reduction Strat- infected and 11 million were orphaned, including a egy Papers (PRSPs), national development programs, million each in Nigeria and Ethiopia. Under-5 mortal- and the Millennium Development Goals, and access ity stood at 169 per thousand for SSA; in nine coun- to electronic media widening in Africa, ADI is ex- tries it exceeded 200 per thousand. Only half of the pected to evolve further, with the goal of offering the children in SSA were immunized. Health expenditures most relevant information to monitor development averaged only $13 per head in SSA, excluding South progress in a combination of information in hardcopy Africa, and were below $10 per head in 16 countries. and electronic forms. We welcome user feedback and suggestions for improving ADI in future years. Alan Harold Gelb Chief Economist, Africa Region Acknowledgments This volume was produced by the Operational Qual- chapter on the HIPC Initiative was provided by Francis ity and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in Rowe. The HIV/AIDS table was prepared with data collaboration with the Development Data Group of from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ the Development Economics Vice Presidency. AIDS (UNAIDS). In addition, many World Bank staff The volume was prepared by a team led by Tariqul provided information on their countries or their eco- I. Khan and comprising José Delcour, Rose Mungai, nomic or sectoral specialties. Kadra Nour, Joan Pandit, Christophe Rockmore, and Lawrence Mastri provided assistance in editing and Vildan Verbeek-Demiraydin. Valuable guidance was producing the volume, while the World Bank Office provided by the Africa Chief Economist's office. The of the Publisher--in particular Richard A. Crabbe, chapters on national accounts, balance of payments, Mary Fisk, and Monika Lynde--prepared and coor- trade, and government finance draw heavily on the dinated final production of the book. Other staff aided work of World Bank Africa country desks. The chap- and advised on the design and content of this volume. ters on power, communications and transportation, ADI 2004 was produced primarily using the data labor force, and social indicators tap the World Bank's reporting tool of theAfrica Live Database (LDB) sys- World Development Indicators database. The chap- tem. This tool was programmed to generate auto- ter on external debt is heavily drawn from the Debt matically all the tables in this volume and can be used Reporting System (DRS) of the World Bank, while for other publications. Using data warehousing tech- the chapter on environment was prepared with data nology, the LDB instantly recalculates all indicators from the World Resources Institute. The update for and aggregates them once new information is avail- the chapter on privatization of public enterprises was able. This guarantees that the most recent data are provided by Nikolay Madinga, and the update for the reflected in this and future volumes. xxiii Preface African Development Indicators 2004 continues the consistent data from standard sources. Some of the data publication series started by the World Bank in estimation methods used here differ from methods 1989 with African Economic and Financial Data used in other sources. This volume addresses these (published jointly with the United Nations Develop- differences in methodologies in the chapter introduc- ment Programme), followed by African Development tions and in the technical notes. Indicators 1992, 1994/95, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, 2000, In the tradition of the first nine volumes, this data 2001, 2002, and 2003. These data volumes are in- collection is intended to serve as a prime source of tended to provide Africans and those interested in information onAfrica. Its wide dissemination toAfri- Africa with a consistent and convenient set of data to can and non-African analysts and policymakers will monitor development programs and aid flows in the contribute to a better understanding of Africa and to region. Each successive volume provides access to development on that continent. more focused information and represents an improve- ment in the quality and availability of the data. The data in this volume derive from a variety of sources. In most cases, the original source is national statistical services in Africa. In addition, many inter- national agencies collect or compile data on Africa and organize national data in a standardized frame- Gerard A. Byam work. This volume draws heavily from such sources. Director, Operational Quality The data have been supplemented by World Bank staff and Knowledge Services estimates to help address problems of missing or in- Africa Region xxiv Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB AfricanDevelopmentBank DRS Debtor Reporting System (World Bank) ADI African Development Indicators ECA Economic Commission for Africa AEFD African Economic and Financial Data ESAF Enhanced StructuralAdjustment Facility (UNDP/World Bank 1989) FAO UN Food andAgriculture Organization AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social FDI Foreign direct investment Development f.o.b. Free on board BADEA Arab Bank for Economic GDF Global Development Finance (formerly Development in Africa World Debt Tables [WDT]) BIS Bank for International Settlements GDI Gross domestic investment CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis GDP Gross domestic product Center GDS Gross domestic savings CFA Communauté Financière Africane GFS Government Finance Statistics (IMF) (franc zone) GNFS Goods and nonfactor services CIDA Canadian International Development GNI Gross national income Agency GNP Gross national product c.i.f. Cost, insurance, freight GNS Gross national savings CITES Convention on International Trade in HIPC Heavily indebted poor countries Endangered Species of Wild Flora IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Fauna and Development CMEA Council for Mutual Economic ICP International Comparison Program Assistance IDA International Development Association COMTRADE Commodity Trade database IEA International Energy Agency (United Nations) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural CPI Consumer price index Development DAC Development Assistance Committee IFS International Financial Statistics (IMF) of the OECD ILO International Labour Organization DDG Development Data Group, IMF International Monetary Fund WorldBank xxv xxvi Acronyms and Abbreviations ISIC UN International Standard Industrial SNA System of National Accounts Classification UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on ITU InternationalTelecommunicationUnion HIV/AIDS IUCN International Union for Conservation of UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade Nature and Natural Resources andDevelopment LIBOR London interbank offered rate UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopment LIMIC Low-income and middle-income Programme countries UNECE United Nations Economic MBO Management employee buyout Commission for Europe METMIN Metals and Minerals Database (World UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironment Bank) Programme MPA Marine protected area UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific, NPV Net present value andCultural Organization ODA Official development assistance UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissioner OECD Organisation for Economic for Refugees Co-operation and Development UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting UNIDO UnitedNationsIndustrial Countries DevelopmentOrganization ORT Oral rehydration therapy UNSO United Nations Statistical Office PE Public enterprise UNSTAT United Nations Statistical Department PPP Purchasing power parity UNTA United NationsTechnicalAssistance SDA Social dimensions of adjustment WFP World Food Programme SDR Special drawing right WHO WorldHealthOrganization SIMA Statistical Information Management WRI World Resources Institute andAnalysis Database (World Bank) ZIMCO ZambiaIndustrialandMining SITC UN Standard International Trade Corporation Classification Introduction T he task of monitoringAfrica's development progress · The coverage of many of the data series has been and aid flows requires basic empirical data that can improved, reflecting enhancements in the underlying be readily used by analysts. This publication-- data series, as well as estimates made by Bank staff. which is the ninth in a series that began with African Economic and Financial Data (AEFD) and was followed However, substantial data gaps remain, notably in by African Development Indicators (ADI) 1992, 1994/ areas such as public enterprises, gender, and labor. 95, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003-- Strengthening the statistical capacity in African countries is meant to provide a starting point to fulfill that task. is an ongoing process, and greater efforts and This volume has been able to extend the work of the institutional support will be required if substantial previous volumes in this series. Chiefly, improvements are to be made. · Most macroeconomic data (in particular, national This volume presents the available relevant data accounts, balance of payments, government finance for 1980­2002, grouped into 16 chapters: background statistics, and trade) reflect data maintained by World data; national accounts; prices and exchange rates; Bank country desks, often referred to as operational data. money and banking; external sector; external debt and These data are often more up to date and offer better related flows; government finance; agriculture; power, country coverage than the data stored in the Bank's communications, and transportation; public enterprises; central files, the Statistical Information Management and labor force and employment; aid flows; social indicators; Analysis Database (SIMA), which were used in and environmental indicators. Chapter 14 (environmental publications before 1998. SIMA is a large database that indicators) was once again taken from the World contains some, but not all, data produced by Bank staff-- Resources Institute's World Resources 2002­2004: operational and other--and some, but not all, data Decisions for Earth: Balance, Voice and Power. produced by UN agencies. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on the nature of the data, followed by a set of charts, statistical tables, and technical notes. These notes define the indicators and identify specific sources. 1 2 Introduction A companion CD-ROM, known as World BankAfrica years, when data cannot be readily produced by national Database 2004, provides year-by-year time series of most statistical sources. Nonetheless, data gaps exist for many chapters back to 1980. These series will provide analysts indicators, and some countries are covered only with data needed to help place the most recent years in a sporadically. historical context. Readers are urged to take these limitations into account The data in this volume incorporate numerous in using the data and interpreting the indicators, revisions to those published previously in the series. particularly when making comparisons across There are several reasons for this: economies. Weaknesses in the data point to the need for · Many of the data that were based on estimates in strengthened statistical systems throughout the region. the earlier volumes have been replaced with updated As a visual aid to data interpretation and cross-country actual data or improved estimates. In most cases, comparisons, figures for selected indicators are included. these changes reflect revisions made by the original As with time series, the figures should also be interpreted reporting authorities or sources, but this volume also with caution--in particular in cross-country analysis includes corrections of errors in previous volumes. because countries with missing data are excluded from · Data series expressed in constant U.S. dollars and the charts. exchange rates use a base year of 1995; previous Throughout this volume (except when otherwise ADIs were based on 1987 exchange rates and prices, stated), the symbol ".." indicates that data are not and AEFD used 1980 exchange rate and prices. available or not applicable. A zero (0) indicates · Some series expressed in constant prices have either zero value or an insignificant value, that is, been revised as a result of updated or revised less than one-half of the smallest unit shown. The deflators. abbreviation "MR" indicates "most recent year · As in the 2003 volume, macroeconomic data reflect available." In Chapter 13, columns headed by a period country desk information. The difference is most (for example, 1993­97) show data for the latest available noticeable in the chapter on government finance, as year in the period. figures reflect consolidated government data instead To facilitate cross-country comparisons, this book has of only central government data. converted values of many national series from the national currencies to U.S. dollars, using the World Bank Considerable effort has been made to standardize and Atlas methodology. to harmonize related data sets drawn from diverse Indicators in this volume generally follow standard sources. Because statistical methods, coverage, practices, definitions as far as possible and cover years through and definitions differ widely among sources, full 2002, depending on the chapter. Data for 2002 are comparability cannot be ensured, and the indicators must preliminary and therefore may not be internally consistent be interpreted with care. In addition, the statistical within and across accounts; and data may not be available systems in many developing economies are still weak, for all countries. Because data are continually updated, which affects the availability and reliability of the data the statistics here may be different from those in other they report. Moreover, intercountry and intertemporal publications. comparisons always involve complex technical Shares and ratios are always calculated using current problems, which have no full and unequivocal solution. price series; when gross domestic product (GDP) is used The data are drawn from sources thought to be the as the denominator for these calculations, it is always most authoritative, but many data sources are subject to expressed at market prices (except in Figure 2-3). considerable margins of error. To provide reasonably In all but the final chapter, the data are arranged by timely data required for meaningful monitoring, the indicator to facilitate cross-country comparisons. For World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), country-specific work, data can be arranged to show all and other agencies sometimes make estimates on the indicators together for each country. basis of available secondary information to fill critical In this volume, the statistical tables are usually gaps in national reporting, especially for the most recent arranged as time series, by country and by country Introduction 3 groups. The largest country group is All Africa, determining a representative value for the group, these consisting of two subgroups: North Africa and group averages are arithmetic--that is, each country has Sub-SaharanAfrica (including SouthAfrica). In turn, the equal weight. Sub-Saharan Africa group is shown, excluding South Period averages--shown for 1975­1984, 1985­1994, Africa and Nigeria. These two are subgroups withing and 1995 to most recent year--are calculated from time the SSA group, and correspond to the Sub-Saharan series (levels, ratios, growth rates, or medians) for both Africa and Sub-SaharanAfrica, excluding Nigeria groups countries and country groups. They are either simple shown in the AEFD and ADI 1992, where South Africa averages or average annual percentage growth rates. was listed separately. These growth rates always use the least-squares method Annual data shown for country groups are totals, and are usually computed from real-term series. In this averages, or medians for the countries included in the publication, the least-squares growth rates are computed group, as indicated on the table. These group aggregates using the level for the year before the first year shown can be either simple arithmetic--where missing data are in the label. The least-squares growth rate, r, is estimated not imputed or gap-filled--or weights are used to adjust by fitting a least-squares linear regression trend line to group totals for missing countries. In the latter case, when the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the values are missing for a country or a year, estimates are relevant period. More specifically, the regression made to maintain the same country composition of the equation takes the form: log X = a + bt + e , where this is groups through time. However, the implicit estimated equivalent to the logarithmic transformation of the values for the countries with missing data are not shown compound growth rate equation, X = X (l + r)t. In these separately in the tables. These gap-fill estimates are made equations X is the variable, t is time, and a = log X and b and the aggregate statistics are shown only if the = log (1 + r) are the parameters to be estimated; e is the countries for which data are available for a given year error term. If b* is the least-squares estimate of b, then account for at least two-thirds of the full group, as defined the annual average growth rate, r, is obtained as [anti log by benchmarks in 1995. This procedure is standard for (b*)] ­ 1 and multiplied by 100 to express it in percentage many World Bank statistical publications. terms. The least-squares growth rate dampens the Most group averages are weighted according to the influence of exceptional values, particularly at the end relative importance of the countries in the group total points. Least-square growth rates are calculated only if for that indicator, based on simple addition across more than two-thirds of consecutive data--carrying the countries when the indicator is expressed in reasonably same sign--are present in the time series. comparable units. Group averages for analytical ratios Throughout this volume, data for Ethiopia include (for example, imports to GDP) can be either weighted Eritrea up to 1992, except when otherwise indicated. or simple (arithmetic). Usually they are calculated from Mauritius data are reported for fiscal years ending June the group totals for both the numerator and the 30. The data are published under the second year of the denominator, which is analytically equivalent to reporting period--for example, July 2000 to June 2001 is calculating weighted averages, where the weight for each published under 2001. Therefore, in some cases (e.g., country is its share in the group total for the government finance) data for Mauritius may appear a denominator. Sometimes, however, when it is appropriate year off compared to last year's publication, where data to treat the experiences of different countries equally in were published under the first year of the reporting period. 1 Selected Background Data T he first two tables of the volume provide se- indicators, of some of the more important indicators lected indicators, including a series on popula- for all countries in the most recent year for which tion, as background to the data in the rest of the relatively complete information is available. volume.Table 1-1 provides a comparative view, across 4 Selected Background Data 5 1-1. Basic Indicators GNI per capita Life Av. annual expectancy Total Population Land area Atlas percentage at birth Gross school enrollment net ODA mid-2002 (thousands of dollars growth (years) Primary Secondary per capita (millions) square km.) 2002 1990-02 2002 1980 1995-00 1980 1995-00 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 689.3 23,626 451 0.02 46 80 87 15 26 28 excluding South Africa 643.9 22,405 307 0.5 46 80 72 15 21 29 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 511.1 21,494 309 0.5 46 72 85 14 22 36 Angola 13.1 1,247 670 -5.4 47 175 74 21 15 32 Benin 6.6 111 380 2.1 53 67 95 16 22 34 Botswana 1.7 567 3,010 1.8 38 91 108 19 82 22 Burkina Faso 11.8 274 250 1.5 43 17 44 3 10 40 Burundi 7.1 26 100 -3.7 42 26 65 3 7 24 Cameroon 15.8 465 550 -1.0 48 98 108 18 20 40 Cape Verde 0.5 4 1,250 3.0 69 114 139 8 69 201 Central African Republic 3.8 623 250 -0.5 42 71 75 14 10 16 Chad 8.3 1,259 220 -0.8 48 .. 73 .. 11 28 Comoros 0.6 2 390 -1.3 61 86 86 22 21 55 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 51.6 2,267 90 -7.3 45 92 47 24 18 16 Congo, Rep. of 3.7 342 720 -3.4 52 141 97 74 52 115 Côte d'Ivoire 16.5 318 610 5.7 48 75 81 19 22 65 Djibouti 0.7 23 900 0.0 44 37 40 12 15 112 Equatorial Guinea 0.5 28 .. .. 52 .. 120 .. 31 42 Eritrea 4.3 101 180 0.3 51 .. 57 .. 28 54 Ethiopia 67.2 1,000 100 1.8 42 37 64 9 5 19 Gabon 1.3 258 3,120 -0.6 53 .. 144 .. 54 55 Gambia, The 1.4 10 270 0.2 53 53 82 11 27 44 Ghana 20.3 228 270 1.7 55 79 80 41 37 32 Guinea 7.7 246 410 2.0 46 36 67 17 14 32 Guinea-Bissau 1.4 28 150 -2.2 45 68 83 6 20 41 Kenya 31.3 569 360 -0.1 46 115 94 20 30 13 Lesotho 1.8 30 470 -0.5 43 103 115 18 28 43 Liberia 3.3 96 140 0.0 47 48 118 22 23 16 Madagascar 16.4 582 230 -0.7 55 130 103 .. 14 23 Malawi 10.7 94 160 0.9 38 60 137 5 45 35 Mali 11.4 1,220 240 1.3 41 26 61 8 15 42 Mauritania 2.8 1,025 280 2.0 51 37 83 11 18 128 Mauritius 1.2 2 3,900 4.1 73 93 109 50 107 20 Mozambique 18.4 784 210 4.2 41 99 92 5 14 112 Namibia 2.0 823 1,960 2.0 42 .. 112 .. 60 68 Niger 11.4 1,267 170 -1.0 46 25 35 5 7 26 Nigeria 132.8 911 300 0.3 45 109 82 18 30 2 Rwanda 8.2 25 210 -0.3 40 63 119 3 12 44 São Tomé and Principe 0.2 1 290 -0.3 66 .. .. .. .. 169 Senegal 9.8 193 460 1.3 52 46 75 11 20 46 Seychelles 0.1 0.5 7,050 1.9 73 .. .. .. .. 93 Sierra Leone 5.2 72 140 -5.2 37 52 93 14 24 68 Somalia 9.3 627 .. 0.0 47 21 10 9 6 21 South Africa 45.3 1,221 2,600 -0.1 46 90 111 .. 90 14 Sudan 32.8 2,376 380 0.3 53 50 55 16 29 11 Swaziland 1.1 17 1,240 0.3 44 103 125 38 60 23 Tanzania 35.2 884 290 1.0 43 93 77 3 5 35 Togo 4.8 54 270 -0.9 50 118 124 33 36 11 Uganda 24.6 197 240 3.7 43 50 136 5 13 26 Zambia 10.2 743 .. -0.8 37 90 78 16 25 63 Zimbabwe 13.0 387 .. -0.8 39 85 95 8 45 15 NORTH AFRICA 142.6 5,738 1,644 1.6 70 84 103 41 69 20 Algeria 31.3 2,382 1,720 0.1 71 94 112 33 67 12 Egypt, Arab Rep. 66.4 995 1,470 2.7 69 73 100 50 84 19 Libya 5.4 1,760 .. 0.0 72 125 116 76 79 2 Morocco 29.6 446 1,170 1.0 68 83 94 26 39 21 Tunisia 9.8 155 1,990 3.3 73 102 117 27 75 49 ALL AFRICA 831.8 29,364 650 0.5 50 81 91 20 33 27 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). GNI per capita previously called GNP per capita. 6 Selected Background Data 1-2. Population Average annual Millions of people percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 383.55 552.51 565.22 580.90 596.71 613.51 628.81 643.86 658.68 674.17 689.26 3.0 2.8 2.5 excluding South Africa 355.97 515.03 526.93 541.78 556.71 572.58 586.91 600.94 614.68 629.36 643.92 3.0 2.8 2.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 284.82 410.14 418.92 430.51 442.22 454.90 466.09 477.04 487.77 499.49 511.13 3.0 2.8 2.5 Angola 7.05 10.29 10.57 10.87 11.16 11.45 11.74 12.05 12.39 12.75 13.12 2.9 2.7 2.7 Benin 3.46 5.18 5.34 5.47 5.61 5.75 5.90 6.06 6.22 6.39 6.55 2.7 3.2 2.6 Botswana 0.91 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.71 3.6 3.3 2.1 Burkina Faso 6.96 9.53 9.76 9.99 10.23 10.47 10.73 11.00 11.27 11.55 11.83 2.4 2.4 2.5 Burundi 4.13 5.89 6.03 6.16 6.29 6.42 6.55 6.68 6.81 6.94 7.07 2.5 2.7 2.0 Cameroon 8.75 12.72 13.07 13.41 13.76 14.11 14.45 14.78 15.12 15.45 15.77 2.9 3.0 2.4 Cape Verde 0.29 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.46 1.0 2.0 2.6 Central African Republic 2.31 3.15 3.25 3.35 3.45 3.54 3.61 3.67 3.72 3.77 3.82 2.5 2.2 2.0 Chad 4.48 6.33 6.52 6.73 6.95 7.17 7.39 7.62 7.86 8.10 8.34 2.3 2.7 3.1 Comoros 0.34 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 .. 2.7 2.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 27.91 41.33 42.81 44.38 45.74 46.85 47.70 48.28 48.57 50.05 51.58 3.1 3.2 2.1 Congo, Rep. of 1.80 2.75 2.84 2.94 3.03 3.13 3.23 3.34 3.45 3.55 3.66 3.2 3.3 3.2 Côte d'Ivoire 8.19 13.04 13.46 13.88 14.29 14.70 15.09 15.47 15.83 16.18 16.51 3.9 3.5 2.6 Djibouti 0.30 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.69 5.9 5.6 2.7 Equatorial Guinea 0.22 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 2.2 2.6 2.7 Eritrea 2.38 3.39 3.48 3.57 3.67 3.77 3.88 3.99 4.10 4.20 4.30 2.6 2.9 2.7 Ethiopia 37.72 53.30 54.89 56.53 58.23 59.75 61.27 62.78 64.30 65.78 67.22 2.8 2.9 2.6 Gabon 0.70 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.32 3.2 3.2 2.5 Gambia, The 0.64 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.39 3.1 4.2 3.2 Ghana 11.04 16.51 16.99 17.51 18.00 18.46 18.88 19.26 19.59 19.93 20.27 2.7 2.8 2.2 Guinea 4.46 6.26 6.43 6.59 6.76 6.92 7.09 7.25 7.42 7.58 7.74 1.7 2.9 2.4 Guinea-Bissau 0.79 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.37 1.41 1.45 3.2 2.9 2.8 Kenya 16.63 25.35 26.02 26.69 27.36 28.04 28.73 29.42 30.09 30.74 31.35 3.8 3.1 2.4 Lesotho 1.28 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.68 1.69 1.71 1.73 1.74 1.76 1.78 2.4 1.5 1.0 Liberia 1.88 2.60 2.66 2.73 2.81 2.88 2.96 3.04 3.13 3.21 3.30 3.2 2.2 2.7 Madagascar 8.87 12.54 12.91 13.30 13.72 14.15 14.59 15.05 15.52 15.98 16.44 2.6 2.7 3.1 Malawi 6.18 8.92 9.07 9.21 9.44 9.67 9.88 10.10 10.31 10.53 10.74 3.3 2.7 2.2 Mali 6.59 9.16 9.39 9.62 9.85 10.09 10.33 10.58 10.84 11.10 11.37 2.2 2.7 2.4 Mauritania 1.61 2.18 2.24 2.30 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.65 2.72 2.79 2.5 2.4 2.8 Mauritius 0.97 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.4 0.9 1.1 Mozambique 12.10 15.01 15.42 15.82 16.23 16.63 16.97 17.30 17.69 18.07 18.44 2.7 1.3 2.2 Namibia 1.02 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.69 1.73 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.0 4.0 2.8 Niger 5.59 8.43 8.73 9.04 9.36 9.70 10.05 10.40 10.74 11.09 11.43 3.1 3.2 3.5 Nigeria 71.15 104.89 108.01 111.27 114.50 117.68 120.82 123.90 126.91 129.88 132.79 3.1 2.9 2.6 Rwanda 5.16 7.61 5.27 5.70 5.70 7.08 7.28 7.49 7.71 7.93 8.16 3.3 1.0 5.8 São Tomé and Principe 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1.5 2.9 2.3 Senegal 5.54 7.93 8.13 8.34 8.54 8.75 8.97 9.18 9.39 9.61 9.83 2.9 2.8 2.4 Seychelles 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.3 1.0 1.6 Sierra Leone 3.24 4.29 4.40 4.51 4.62 4.73 4.83 4.93 5.03 5.13 5.24 2.0 2.3 2.2 Somalia 6.49 7.76 7.64 7.36 7.61 7.87 8.15 8.43 8.72 9.02 9.32 6.3 2.0 3.0 South Africa 27.58 37.47 38.28 39.12 40.00 40.93 41.90 42.92 44.00 44.81 45.35 2.3 2.3 2.2 Sudan 19.37 26.63 27.32 28.08 28.81 29.52 30.19 30.83 31.44 32.09 32.79 3.0 2.1 2.3 Swaziland 0.57 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.09 3.2 3.2 2.9 Tanzania 18.58 27.94 28.79 29.65 30.49 31.32 32.13 32.92 33.70 34.45 35.18 3.2 3.2 2.5 Togo 2.52 3.70 3.78 3.87 3.97 4.09 4.23 4.38 4.56 4.66 4.76 2.5 2.8 3.1 Uganda 12.81 19.24 19.78 20.27 20.80 21.35 21.95 22.58 23.25 23.93 24.60 2.6 3.5 2.8 Zambia 5.74 8.46 8.68 8.88 9.08 9.29 9.49 9.69 9.89 10.07 10.24 3.4 3.0 2.1 Zimbabwe 7.13 11.03 11.26 11.48 11.70 11.93 12.16 12.40 12.65 12.85 13.00 3.4 3.1 1.9 NORTH AFRICA 88.35 121.52 123.96 126.34 128.62 130.93 133.23 135.55 137.87 140.20 142.56 2.7 2.3 1.8 Algeria 18.67 26.89 27.50 28.06 28.57 29.05 29.51 29.95 30.39 30.84 31.32 3.1 2.6 1.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40.88 55.93 57.06 58.18 59.27 60.42 61.58 62.77 63.98 65.18 66.37 2.5 2.3 1.9 Libya 3.04 4.57 4.66 4.75 4.85 4.94 5.04 5.14 5.24 5.34 5.45 4.5 2.4 2.0 Morocco 19.38 25.47 25.93 26.39 26.85 27.31 27.78 28.24 28.71 29.17 29.64 2.3 2.1 1.7 Tunisia 6.38 8.66 8.82 8.96 9.09 9.22 9.33 9.46 9.56 9.67 9.78 2.6 2.2 1.3 ALL AFRICA 471.90 674.03 689.18 707.24 725.33 744.43 762.04 779.41 796.54 814.37 831.82 2.9 2.7 2.4 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 7 Figure 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2002* Seychelles Tunisia Mauritius Libya Algeria Cape Verde Egypt, Arab Rep Morocco Sao Tome & Principe Comoros Madagascar Ghana Gambia, The Gabon Benin Sudan Senegal Equatorial Guinea Congo, Republic of Eritrea Mauritania Togo Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Somalia Liberia Angola South Africa Guinea * Or most recent year available. (Figure continued on the following page.) 8 Figure 1-1. (continued) Niger Kenya Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Congo, Democratic Republic of Swaziland Djibouti Uganda Tanzania Burkina Faso Lesotho Ethiopia Central African Republic Burundi Namibia Mozambique Mali Rwanda Zimbabwe Botswana Malawi Sierra Leone Life expectancy Access to safe water GNI per capita Primary school enrollment Zambia The development diamond portrays four socioeconomic indicators for a given country and compares them with the average of all Africa. The data are sorted by life expectancy. 9 Figure 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 2002* Literacy rate** GNI per capita Population growth (percent) (US$ thousands) (annual percent change) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe South Africa South Africa South Africa Mauritius Mauritius Mauritius Equatorial Equatorial Equatorial Guinea Guinea Guinea Lesotho Lesotho Lesotho Kenya Kenya Kenya Namibia Namibia Namibia Congo Congo Congo Libya Libya Libya Swaziland Swaziland Swaziland Zambia Zambia Zambia Botswana Botswana Botswana Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Cape Verde Cape Verde Cape Verde Ghana Ghana Ghana Cameroon Cameroon Cameroon Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia Rwanda Rwanda Rwanda Uganda Uganda Uganda Algeria Algeria Algeria Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti Congo. Congo. Congo. Democratic Republic Democratic Democratic Republic Republic Malawi Malawi Malawi Sudan Sudan Sudan Togo Togo Togo Eritrea Eritrea Eritrea Egypt. Arab Egypt. Arab Egypt. Arab Rep. Rep. Rep. Comoros Comoros Comoros Liberia Liberia Liberia Morocco Morocco Morocco Cote d Ivoire Cote d Ivoire Cote d Ivoire Burundi Burundi Burundi Central Central Central African Republic African African Republic Republic Mozambique Mozambique Mozambique Chad Chad Chad Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia Mauritania Mauritania Mauritania Guinea- Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Bissau Benin Benin Benin Senegal Senegal Senegal Gambia The Gambia The Gambia The Mali Mali Mali Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger Niger Niger Angola Angola Angola Total Gabon Gabon Gabon Guinea Guinea Guinea Sao Tome Sao Tome and Sao Tome and Principe Female and Principe Principe Seychelles Seychelles Seychelles Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Somalia Somalia Somalia * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by total literacy rate. 10 Selected Background Data Technical notes Tables the two preceding years, after adjusting them for dif- ferences in relative inflation between that country and Table 1-1. Basic indicators. The data for this table the United States. This three-year average smoothes are from the World Bank's Statistical Information fluctuations in prices and exchange rates for each Management and Analysis Database (SIMA), except country. The resulting GNI in U.S. dollars is divided for aid flows, which are from the Organisation for by the midyear population for the latest of the three Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), years to derive GNI per capita. Geographic Distribution of Aid Flows to Developing The following formulas describe the procedures for Countries database (see technical notes to Chapter computing the conversion factor for year t: 12). Regional aggregates for GNP per capita, life ex- pectancy, and education are weighted by population. Population estimates for mid-2002 are World Bank estimates. These are usually projections from the most recent population censuses or surveys (mostly from and for calculating per capita GNI in U.S. dollars for 1980­2002). Refugees not permanently settled in the year t: country of asylum are generally considered to be part of the population of their country of origin (see tech- nical notes to Tables 13-1, 13-4, and 13-5). where Y = current GNI (local currency) for year t, t Land area refers to the land surface area of a coun- Pt = GNI deflator for year t, Nt midyear population $ try, excluding inland waters. for year t, and P = US GNI deflator for year t. t Gross national income (GNI) per capita figures in U.S. dollars are calculated according to the World Growth rates of GNI per capita for this table are Bank Atlas method described below. GNI measures shown in real terms. They have been calculated by the total domestic and foreign value added claimed the least-squares method using constant GNI per capita by residents. It comprises GDP (defined in the note series in 1995 prices in national currency (World Bank, for Table 2-5) plus net factor income from abroad, SIMA). (See also technical notes for Table 2-19.) which is the income residents receive from abroad Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of for factor services (labor and capital) less similar pay- years a newborn infant would live if prevailing pat- ments made to nonresidents who contributed to the terns of mortality at the time of its birth were to re- domestic economy. The data are from the Food and main the same throughout its life. Figures are World Agriculture Organization (FAO). Bank estimates based on data from the UN Popula- The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year tion Division, the UN Statistical Office, and national average of conversion factors to convert GNI data, statistical offices. expressed in different national currencies, to a com- Primary school enrollment is the ratio of children mon denomination, conventionally U.S. dollars. The of all ages enrolled in primary school to the popula- Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of tion of children of primary school age. While many the official exchange rate (Table 3-4) or alternative countries consider the primary school age to be 6 to conversion factor (Table 3-6) for that year and for 11 years, others use different age groups. These dif- Selected Background Data 11 ferent country practices are also reflected in the ra- Table 1-2. Population. Average annual percentage tios. Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of growth shown in this table was calculated using the 100 percent if some pupils are younger or older than least-squares method. the country's standard range of primary school age. In practice, enrollment does not necessarily equal at- Figures tendance, nor does it remain constant throughout the The following indicators have been used to derive the year. Data are from the United Nations Education, figures in this chapter. Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Secondary school enrollment is the ratio of chil- Figure 1-1. Life expectancy (Table 1-1); access to dren of all ages enrolled in secondary schools to the safe water (Table 13-11); GNI per capita (Table 2-19); population of children of secondary school age. The primary school enrollment (Table 1-1). definition of secondary school age differs among countries. It is most commonly considered to be 12 Figure 1-2. Literacy rate (Table 13-14); GNI per to 17 years. Data are from UNESCO. capita (Table 2-19); population growth (Table 1-2). Total net ODA per capita consists of net disburse- ments of loans and grants from all official sources on concessional financial terms, divided by the midyear population for the corresponding year (see the tech- nical notes to Chapter 12). 12 Selected Background Data Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 1 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2) (3) Table 1-1 Column 1 x Column 2 x Column 3 x Column 4 x x Column 5 x Column 6 x Column 7 x Column 8 x Column 9 x Column 10 x Table1-2 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in column 4 for Table 1-1 and in the last three columns for Table 1-2. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 2 National Accounts N ational accounts data provide the broadest pic- in agriculture, value added in industry, and value added ture of a nation's economic performance. Na- in services. (See the technical notes at the end of tional accounts give information on the struc- this chapter.) The national accounts are constructed ture of production in the form of gross domestic product in national currencies and in current prices. Figures (GDP) and its components by industrial origin, GDP reported in this chapter are, however, in U.S. dollars, and its components by expenditure, and information usually converted from national currency series at the on a nation's economic relations with the outside world. official exchange rate. If the official exchange rate is These key statistics are used for assessing a nation's significantly different from the prevailing market rate or economic condition at a given time or the trends in a shows extreme volatility, the local currency is converted nation's economic performance over time. National into U.S. dollars by using an alternative conversion fac- accounts data also provide a quantitative basis for tor. The conversion factors used for this purpose are forecasting and policymaking and as such are used presented in Table 3-6. Reporting currencies in a widely by analysts and policymakers. common denominator facilitates cross-country com- GDP and its components by industrial origin are parisons and aggregations in country groups. compiled following the widely used System of Na- In addition, estimates of GDP and its components tionalAccounts(SNA).TheSNAmethodologyaccounts by industrial origin are converted into constant prices. for virtually all activities pertinent to the production of Reporting figures in constant prices is essential for goods and the provision of services in an economy monitoring real changes in the structure of produc- by residents and nonresidents, regardless of the allo- tion and for analyzing relationships among prices, pro- cation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP does not duction, employment, and so forth. account for the depreciation of fixed capital. Constant price series in U.S. dollars use a 1995 base There are three methods of compiling GDP figures: year and are converted from the national currency income, expenditure, and production methods. Be- series using 1995 exchange rates. As this volume es- cause of technical and resource constraints, the income tablishes a common base year for all countries, na- method is not used in most developing countries. In this tional accounts in national currencies at constant prices volume, GDP and its components by industrial origin based on years other than 1995 have been partly are compiled using the production method. The three rebased to 1995 by rescaling constant price series of componentsofGDPbyindustrial origin are value added components of GDP. 13 14 National Accounts Using a single base year raises problems when there nitions, and classifications from the UN's SNA guide- are profound structural changes or significant changes lines. For instance, in the SNA, factor services ren- in relative prices. For example, values expressed in dered by residents of another country are excluded constant U.S. dollars necessarily reflect the exchange from goods and services, but this practice is not uni- rates prevailing during the base year. Where subse- versally followed. The tables on resource balance, quent exchange rate changes have been substantial, and on values of exports (free on board [f.o.b.]) and as they have for many African countries since 1980, imports (cost, insurance, freight [c.i.f.]) of goods comparisons among countries and aggregate trends and nonfactor services in current U.S. dollars pro- will be affected. For this reason alone, the data should vide a comprehensive and systematic framework for be used with considerable caution. macroeconomic analysis in general. Those interested Monitoring resource allocations across sectors in in a more specialized and rigorous study of interna- any given point in time requires the use of current tional trade transactions should use the data provided prices. Accordingly, in addition to GDP in constant in Chapter 5. prices, GDP in current prices is provided. Following The rate of growth of real domestic product is an GDP in current prices are components of GDP by important indicator of economic progress and as such expenditure. Data on consumption, investment, and is widely monitored. Because these growth rates are savings are constructed using the SNA's convention. calculated from national series, they are suitable for Conceptually, all income is either consumed or saved; both cross-country comparisons and trend analysis for as such the sum of total consumption and gross do- individual countries. Aggregate values and trends, mestic saving equals GDP. however, reflect the choice of the base year, as ex- When viewed from a production point of view, by plained above. definition savings equals investment. Investment Gross national income (GNI) per capita, which is measures additions to fixed assets of an economy-- GDP per capita adjusted for changes in international whether it represents additions to the stock of capital terms of trade and which include net factor income or merely replenishes depreciated capital stock--plus from abroad, and total consumption per capita are net changes in the level of inventories. It is financed also widely monitored indicators of economic either through domestic savings or by drawing on the progress. When expressed in current U.S. dollars to savings of foreigners. Data on gross domestic invest- facilitate comparison and aggregation, however, the ment and gross domestic savings thus shed light not values for these indicators necessarily reflect ex- only on the nature of the domestic inter-temporal re- change rate fluctuations as well as underlying eco- source allocation but also on the size of the resource nomic and demographic changes. These indicators gap. Gross national savings, however, indicates the may be used with caution for cross-country com- amount of savings generated by a nation's residents. parison during any single year. They require special Although this volume includes a chapter on inter- attention when used for trend analysis. national trade, the fact that balance of payments is an Data for Chapter 2 are from the World Bank's coun- integral part of the national accounts warrants the in- try desks. Estimates are based on data obtained from clusion of the resource balance and its components in national sources, usually collected by World Bank staff this chapter. Moreover, a closer examination of the who review the quality of national accounts data and, fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments in some instances, help adjust the national series. Manual (1993) reflects differences in concepts, defi- National Accounts 15 2-1. Gross domestic product, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 248,355 302,568 309,061 320,712 337,185 348,998 356,862 365,671 377,006 389,124 400,117 2.3 1.7 3.2 excluding South Africa 120,662 160,557 162,433 169,531 179,513 187,174 193,855 199,360 204,871 212,133 217,854 2.1 2.6 3.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 97,602 133,126 134,980 141,401 150,181 157,059 163,184 168,362 172,562 178,892 184,939 2.8 2.2 3.9 Angola 5,076 4,410 4,565 5,040 5,604 6,047 6,458 6,674 6,877 7,095 8,181 .. -1.2 6.7 Benin 1,253 1,840 1,921 2,009 2,121 2,251 2,353 2,464 2,606 2,737 2,901 3.8 2.3 5.3 Botswana 1,394 4,412 4,572 4,773 5,040 5,386 5,710 6,018 6,472 6,813 7,023 11.6 8.9 5.8 Burkina Faso 1,475 2,332 2,355 2,463 2,638 2,775 2,803 2,991 3,039 3,178 3,325 3.6 3.2 4.3 Burundi 728 1,122 1,079 1,000 917 920 964 955 946 977 1,012 3.8 2.7 -0.4 Cameroon 6,319 7,909 7,711 7,965 8,364 8,790 9,233 9,639 10,044 10,576 11,020 8.5 -2.7 4.7 Cape Verde 171 427 456 491 510 538 578 627 669 703 733 10.0 6.4 6.3 Central African Republic 964 998 1,047 1,122 1,077 1,134 1,187 1,230 1,258 1,277 1,267 0.4 -0.5 2.6 Chad 788 1,296 1,427 1,438 1,473 1,536 1,627 1,617 1,608 1,760 1,934 -1.3 3.2 3.5 Comoros 167 236 224 232 229 238 241 246 243 248 254 .. 1.2 1.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7,531 5,831 5,604 5,643 5,586 5,272 5,186 4,958 4,611 4,519 4,654 -0.3 -4.0 -3.0 Congo, Rep. of 1,281 2,133 2,015 2,116 2,207 2,194 2,275 2,207 2,388 2,474 2,560 9.2 0.3 2.7 Côte d'Ivoire 5,297 10,185 10,267 10,999 11,850 12,527 13,121 13,330 13,000 13,045 12,812 1.9 4.7 2.8 Djibouti .. 524 509 498 481 478 481 491 495 .. .. .. -1.2 -0.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 137 144 164 212 363 442 625 731 740 742 .. 3.0 26.5 Eritrea .. 471 571 587 642 692 705 704 612 674 687 .. .. 1.8 Ethiopia .. 5,263 5,447 5,780 6,410 6,755 6,630 7,041 7,445 8,106 8,326 .. 1.3 5.2 Gabon 3,565 4,481 4,635 4,958 5,213 5,514 5,628 5,279 5,385 5,520 5,685 -0.2 1.9 2.0 Gambia, The 241 378 379 382 390 410 430 457 483 511 495 4.3 3.4 4.2 Ghana 4,231 6,004 6,202 6,457 6,755 7,038 7,369 7,694 7,978 8,313 8,687 -1.1 4.7 4.3 Guinea .. 3,325 3,536 3,692 3,862 4,055 4,250 4,445 4,530 4,702 4,899 .. 3.8 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 134 236 243 254 283 302 217 234 251 252 234 2.1 3.8 -1.1 Kenya 5,612 8,443 8,665 9,047 9,422 9,618 9,773 9,900 9,883 9,995 10,098 4.7 3.6 1.7 Lesotho 498 864 894 933 1,026 1,109 1,058 1,060 1,074 1,109 1,151 6.7 5.4 2.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 3,048 3,109 3,107 3,160 3,228 3,347 3,479 3,641 3,814 4,043 3,529 -0.2 1.2 2.8 Malawi 992 1,363 1,224 1,429 1,533 1,591 1,644 1,710 1,729 1,657 1,687 3.2 2.2 3.5 Mali 2,013 2,301 2,322 2,466 2,546 2,718 2,882 3,076 3,219 3,331 3,653 2.3 2.5 5.7 Mauritania 753 976 1,021 1,068 1,127 1,163 1,206 1,255 1,319 1,371 1,417 1.6 2.6 4.2 Mauritius 1,686 3,512 3,671 3,820 4,018 4,254 4,509 4,748 4,938 5,268 5,500 .. 6.5 5.3 Mozambique 1,938 2,061 2,216 2,311 2,475 2,750 3,097 3,330 3,381 3,821 4,115 .. 4.1 8.3 Namibia 2,442 3,136 3,365 3,503 3,615 3,768 3,892 4,022 4,156 4,257 4,373 .. 3.4 3.3 Niger 1,833 1,762 1,833 1,881 1,945 1,999 2,207 2,194 2,163 2,317 2,386 2.0 1.5 3.4 Nigeria 22,357 27,396 27,423 28,109 29,318 30,109 30,675 31,012 32,315 33,252 32,953 -0.7 5.0 2.5 Rwanda 1,658 1,923 957 1,293 1,458 1,660 1,807 1,944 2,061 2,199 2,405 6.8 -2.7 10.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 55 .. 1.7 2.5 Senegal 3,061 4,137 4,256 4,476 4,706 4,943 5,227 5,488 5,795 6,118 6,185 2.1 2.1 5.0 Seychelles 326 517 512 508 533 597 647 659 691 676 678 3.4 5.7 4.4 Sierra Leone 1,123 1,031 1,011 930 987 813 806 741 769 811 862 2.5 -1.7 -2.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 127,411 141,957 146,547 151,113 157,621 161,793 163,014 166,329 172,143 177,012 182,281 2.4 0.8 2.6 Sudan 4,929 8,890 8,980 9,519 10,631 11,355 12,074 12,705 13,358 14,174 14,956 8.6 4.1 6.5 Swaziland 640 1,272 1,315 1,364 1,417 1,472 1,519 1,571 1,604 1,632 1,690 3.3 7.3 3.1 Tanzania .. 4,996 5,074 5,255 5,495 5,688 5,899 6,114 6,461 6,854 7,287 .. 2.6 4.5 Togo 1,175 1,056 1,214 1,309 1,425 1,486 1,454 1,489 1,461 1,457 1,525 2.1 0.5 2.2 Uganda .. 4,851 5,161 5,756 6,278 6,598 6,922 7,468 7,879 8,277 8,833 .. 5.1 6.6 Zambia 3,366 3,916 3,579 3,478 3,719 3,842 3,770 3,854 3,992 4,188 4,326 0.2 0.9 2.5 Zimbabwe 4,354 6,500 7,100 7,111 7,848 8,058 8,291 8,233 7,831 7,172 6,771 3.0 3.3 -0.2 NORTH AFRICA 106,378 165,142 171,630 174,245 185,670 190,423 201,480 209,482 216,741 226,068 234,629 6.0 2.8 4.1 Algeria 31,384 40,601 40,235 41,764 43,476 43,955 46,196 47,675 48,819 50,583 52,328 5.5 0.5 3.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 29,896 55,295 57,478 60,159 63,173 66,643 70,361 74,599 78,422 81,009 83,440 8.3 3.9 5.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 21,590 31,995 35,309 32,986 37,016 36,191 38,969 38,984 39,324 41,880 43,722 4.1 3.6 3.0 Tunisia 10,475 17,018 17,579 17,987 19,256 20,304 21,269 22,559 23,623 24,898 26,392 5.3 3.8 5.3 ALL AFRICA 357,329 468,704 481,483 496,071 523,839 540,572 559,009 575,607 594,157 615,439 634,837 3.3 2.0 3.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 16 National Accounts 2-2. Value added in agriculture Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 41,986 52,741 53,779 54,737 59,506 61,608 63,078 65,831 68,084 70,040 72,548 1.1 2.6 3.9 excluding South Africa 36,504 46,540 47,083 49,405 52,874 54,924 56,860 59,298 61,049 63,128 65,362 1.2 2.6 4.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 29,791 38,275 38,615 40,631 43,752 45,416 46,965 48,887 50,336 52,007 53,645 2.5 2.2 4.1 Angola .. 275 302 369 423 466 490 496 543 640 704 .. -9.1 9.8 Benin 361 617 673 684 755 798 850 884 941 970 1,041 3.0 4.9 5.7 Botswana 165 195 189 193 192 190 188 173 171 175 176 -3.7 5.5 -1.5 Burkina Faso 448 789 789 783 850 837 896 929 964 928 1,005 1.0 4.6 3.1 Burundi 358 499 448 421 427 429 452 438 455 472 490 2.0 1.9 1.4 Cameroon 2,131 2,782 2,868 3,119 3,350 3,603 3,847 4,109 4,294 4,530 4,815 4.5 0.3 6.6 Cape Verde 31 65 63 67 92 88 90 101 104 106 107 12.7 4.6 6.7 Central African Republic 391 462 468 491 515 547 568 591 628 653 679 0.6 1.1 4.8 Chad 319 406 515 505 519 546 604 585 565 591 618 -1.0 4.6 2.4 Comoros 63 91 87 95 95 102 102 107 123 135 141 .. 1.8 6.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,076 2,883 2,859 3,191 3,258 3,169 3,123 2,964 2,882 2,726 2,808 1.7 2.5 -1.4 Congo, Rep. of 159 200 207 221 232 234 234 221 230 243 253 3.4 1.7 1.7 Côte d'Ivoire 1,816 2,422 2,607 2,720 2,827 2,867 3,031 2,967 3,352 3,368 3,356 2.7 6.0 3.4 Djibouti .. 15 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 .. .. .. -2.4 2.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 64 73 83 95 115 102 112 122 130 136 .. -0.6 7.5 Eritrea .. 92 125 110 104 105 165 152 86 111 72 .. .. -3.7 Ethiopia .. 3,030 2,919 3,018 3,461 3,580 3,180 3,301 3,374 3,761 3,643 .. 2.7 2.4 Gabon 431 455 448 398 397 417 395 413 428 446 468 .. -0.3 1.1 Gambia, The 95 91 97 99 96 103 112 140 157 171 123 3.0 -1.2 6.6 Ghana 2,143 2,370 2,415 2,504 2,634 2,748 2,888 3,000 3,070 3,183 3,313 0.2 1.9 4.0 Guinea .. 700 735 761 795 835 879 948 945 1,005 1,056 .. 3.6 4.7 Guinea-Bissau 59 117 123 132 152 165 132 142 147 149 143 -2.6 3.5 1.3 Kenya 1,660 2,207 2,275 2,384 2,490 2,520 2,560 2,593 2,541 2,575 2,594 4.1 2.0 1.4 Lesotho 130 152 151 145 166 172 177 184 188 189 184 -0.5 1.7 3.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 593 773 769 784 803 818 836 864 871 906 892 0.2 2.3 2.1 Malawi 261 387 275 384 482 482 495 550 584 547 562 2.2 1.0 7.7 Mali 823 991 1,057 1,082 1,117 1,168 1,202 1,312 1,395 1,215 1,412 3.2 5.2 3.5 Mauritania 160 235 246 251 251 264 281 306 315 314 303 2.9 3.3 3.6 Mauritius 275 366 339 320 340 360 365 368 282 371 395 .. 0.7 1.2 Mozambique .. 734 686 805 892 969 1,039 1,099 999 1,125 1,204 .. 2.3 6.2 Namibia 248 334 386 376 410 384 407 432 468 419 403 .. 4.7 1.5 Niger 577 678 747 756 757 777 941 894 819 940 953 1.1 3.0 3.3 Nigeria 6,432 8,298 8,498 8,809 9,169 9,556 9,942 10,457 10,760 11,169 11,761 -3.0 4.5 4.1 Rwanda 663 640 440 569 682 711 785 853 930 1,008 1,154 5.6 -2.1 11.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 .. 4.8 3.5 Senegal 669 808 884 903 958 934 909 961 1,063 1,144 917 -1.2 1.7 1.8 Seychelles 28 20 22 21 22 23 23 26 27 26 26 -3.1 -1.7 2.9 Sierra Leone 582 384 403 363 384 366 376 356 363 377 404 7.9 -7.2 0.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5,448 6,166 6,651 5,326 6,603 6,659 6,209 6,523 7,017 6,901 7,174 0.2 2.1 2.0 Sudan 1,904 3,014 2,907 3,082 3,679 4,278 4,788 5,385 5,670 5,986 6,407 6.8 2.9 11.0 Swaziland 180 167 172 168 205 226 236 246 232 211 215 -1.4 -0.4 3.2 Tanzania .. 2,123 2,167 2,294 2,383 2,441 2,488 2,591 2,679 2,825 2,965 .. 3.5 3.7 Togo 285 469 468 494 575 601 584 615 587 574 618 2.8 3.2 2.7 Uganda .. 2,420 2,462 2,607 2,718 2,748 2,796 2,959 3,124 3,267 3,428 .. 3.6 4.0 Zambia 346 521 423 564 560 531 538 592 601 586 576 0.5 0.8 2.7 Zimbabwe 684 966 1,036 958 1,147 1,184 1,244 1,298 1,337 1,176 1,094 -0.1 1.8 2.1 NORTH AFRICA 16,087 21,536 24,702 21,322 27,210 24,563 27,295 26,752 25,710 .. .. 2.0 3.3 2.1 Algeria 2,484 3,811 3,468 3,986 4,939 4,275 4,762 4,891 4,646 4,971 5,170 3.7 4.1 3.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,302 8,846 9,185 9,451 9,742 10,076 10,452 10,839 11,209 .. .. 2.8 2.7 3.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 5,032 5,328 8,599 4,820 8,580 6,309 8,071 6,726 5,639 6,936 7,421 0.4 3.1 -0.5 Tunisia 1,504 2,527 2,275 2,049 2,655 2,734 2,710 3,023 2,993 3,038 3,235 1.2 4.4 5.0 ALL AFRICA 58,053 74,254 78,409 76,053 86,638 86,155 90,318 92,557 93,802 98,009 101,927 1.4 2.8 3.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 17 2-3. Value added in industry Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 82,276 89,613 90,943 94,006 97,663 101,459 102,376 103,407 106,957 110,234 113,851 2.3 0.8 2.7 excluding South Africa 38,451 44,403 44,578 45,913 48,673 51,169 52,580 53,844 55,939 57,902 60,112 1.8 1.9 3.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 23,817 31,224 31,788 32,974 34,956 37,284 38,969 40,626 41,893 43,671 46,650 .. 1.3 4.8 Angola .. 2,718 3,046 3,339 3,707 4,004 4,415 4,700 4,867 5,066 5,917 .. 0.2 8.0 Benin 134 272 285 293 316 328 329 336 365 399 423 5.4 3.1 4.8 Botswana 652 2,147 2,188 2,253 2,366 2,531 2,641 2,778 3,119 3,339 3,412 24.0 4.8 6.2 Burkina Faso 286 414 381 414 429 472 426 452 479 519 522 1.6 1.8 3.6 Burundi 142 217 203 168 146 145 147 158 164 191 239 8.9 2.2 2.3 Cameroon 1,478 2,221 1,901 1,855 1,939 2,088 2,248 2,389 2,509 2,672 2,854 18.3 -4.3 5.8 Cape Verde 28 85 88 96 99 96 105 112 125 131 137 6.3 8.8 5.7 Central African Republic 190 191 216 224 199 195 198 206 225 234 244 1.4 0.1 1.5 Chad 88 181 172 206 201 223 263 256 257 323 405 -2.0 1.0 9.4 Comoros 22 27 27 28 27 25 27 27 40 44 46 .. -0.5 7.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,464 1,084 1,062 952 952 759 776 838 824 855 881 -2.0 -10.7 -2.1 Congo, Rep. of 483 929 901 949 965 1,046 1,104 1,122 1,171 1,135 1,177 11.5 1.9 3.5 Côte d'Ivoire 982 1,988 2,030 2,285 2,500 2,971 3,050 3,099 2,808 2,689 2,588 6.5 7.3 2.9 Djibouti .. 95 87 67 64 63 61 62 62 .. .. .. -1.4 -4.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 35 35 44 84 236 337 543 652 644 1,167 .. 15.9 57.0 Eritrea .. 64 73 89 121 145 136 140 131 139 152 .. .. 7.6 Ethiopia .. 427 457 494 521 535 548 595 605 636 673 .. -3.5 4.6 Gabon 1,859 2,264 2,469 2,597 2,655 2,679 2,714 2,752 2,797 2,853 2,930 .. 2.4 1.8 Gambia, The 31 48 46 44 46 46 51 54 57 60 66 3.1 5.6 5.1 Ghana 1,356 1,456 1,508 1,568 1,642 1,747 1,803 1,892 1,980 2,076 2,206 -7.5 5.0 4.8 Guinea .. 1,081 1,102 1,169 1,271 1,328 1,376 1,449 1,519 1,600 1,676 .. 2.6 5.2 Guinea-Bissau 18 28 28 29 30 31 19 19 20 21 24 3.2 3.1 -4.9 Kenya 769 1,162 1,184 1,226 1,268 1,294 1,312 1,325 1,308 1,318 1,333 4.7 3.7 1.3 Lesotho 137 284 296 319 353 384 366 362 378 397 421 14.6 10.0 3.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 306 269 266 271 276 289 304 317 335 360 285 -2.9 1.2 2.7 Malawi 173 231 237 247 268 268 271 278 276 246 228 2.7 3.7 -0.1 Mali 217 398 382 408 435 532 564 578 621 814 908 1.6 3.3 11.1 Mauritania 169 281 288 298 302 287 286 284 303 307 320 0.6 2.8 0.9 Mauritius 372 986 1,032 1,079 1,137 1,200 1,268 1,331 1,413 1,512 1,556 .. 9.2 5.5 Mozambique .. 340 361 410 494 625 802 941 1,048 1,259 1,416 .. -3.0 19.6 Namibia 740 777 847 865 821 875 920 926 938 996 1,050 .. 2.8 2.7 Niger 368 315 317 325 346 358 368 376 384 393 403 10.4 -1.6 3.0 Nigeria 13,605 13,210 12,845 13,009 13,791 13,992 13,757 13,406 14,224 14,433 13,745 0.0 3.6 1.0 Rwanda 424 402 139 207 242 285 314 331 342 368 398 7.4 -7.2 12.0 São Tomé and Principe .. 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 .. 0.9 2.4 Senegal 498 796 793 885 932 987 1,070 1,142 1,211 1,284 1,406 3.7 3.0 7.0 Seychelles 49 91 94 115 136 165 190 176 199 197 203 2.0 6.3 9.6 Sierra Leone 216 231 231 193 203 188 177 151 158 167 178 -3.1 2.5 -3.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 43,794 45,169 46,306 48,025 48,956 50,278 49,820 49,614 51,081 52,405 53,827 2.6 -0.1 1.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 139 438 461 484 494 509 525 539 549 566 591 4.4 14.9 2.9 Tanzania .. 708 719 705 753 803 886 932 1,002 1,071 1,171 .. 1.0 6.8 Togo 277 190 241 290 306 313 316 315 331 331 348 1.5 0.8 3.5 Uganda .. 555 627 754 879 979 1,065 1,192 1,259 1,315 1,410 .. 7.8 10.2 Zambia 1,233 1,413 1,273 1,095 1,101 1,180 1,053 987 1,016 1,109 1,216 -0.4 1.6 -0.8 Zimbabwe 1,353 1,673 1,956 1,828 2,016 2,030 2,008 1,939 1,749 1,578 1,448 -1.0 2.9 -3.2 NORTH AFRICA 42,050 61,314 61,744 64,256 66,620 70,050 73,531 76,421 81,765 .. .. 6.2 2.4 4.7 Algeria 15,236 19,041 18,601 19,139 19,723 20,454 21,361 22,332 23,298 23,476 24,271 5.0 0.3 3.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9,620 17,145 17,384 18,195 18,886 20,053 21,479 22,263 25,090 .. .. 11.0 4.3 6.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 7,171 10,016 10,416 10,882 11,406 12,038 12,312 12,653 12,973 13,363 13,830 3.4 3.0 3.5 Tunisia 2,945 4,791 4,949 5,224 5,390 5,713 6,001 6,310 6,640 6,985 7,362 7.1 4.0 5.1 ALL AFRICA 125,037 150,498 152,299 157,818 163,835 170,961 175,073 178,773 187,362 192,591 199,167 3.5 1.4 3.4 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 18 National Accounts 2-4. Value added in services Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 104,249 141,327 144,688 151,235 157,707 163,006 167,740 173,108 178,415 184,611 189,324 3.3 1.9 3.4 excluding South Africa 42,519 62,543 63,628 66,549 69,364 72,264 74,915 77,070 78,866 81,673 83,180 3.3 2.7 3.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 38,949 56,670 57,729 60,514 63,149 65,744 68,281 70,393 71,921 74,508 76,336 3.5 2.3 3.5 Angola .. 1,375 1,221 1,332 1,473 1,576 1,581 1,536 1,532 1,465 1,663 .. -3.1 2.7 Benin 783 953 958 1,033 1,040 1,118 1,165 1,237 1,288 1,358 1,423 3.8 0.4 5.0 Botswana 420 1,667 1,835 1,982 2,123 2,281 2,458 2,617 2,758 2,946 3,117 6.3 13.4 6.8 Burkina Faso 736 1,126 1,187 1,266 1,361 1,466 1,486 1,615 1,600 1,733 1,801 6.4 2.9 5.2 Burundi 166 308 298 285 252 253 259 267 276 286 296 6.2 3.5 0.4 Cameroon 2,365 2,332 2,637 2,793 2,714 2,689 2,669 2,663 2,756 2,880 2,926 8.6 -4.3 0.9 Cape Verde 114 279 306 328 326 358 386 419 443 469 491 10.5 6.1 6.4 Central African Republic 358 287 309 347 299 320 345 354 325 308 262 0.3 -3.0 -1.2 Chad 391 662 712 696 707 718 752 765 772 831 894 -0.7 2.9 2.9 Comoros 83 118 111 109 107 111 113 112 79 68 65 .. 1.2 -6.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3,286 1,897 1,715 1,501 1,374 1,313 1,263 1,151 904 949 978 -0.5 -6.4 -7.4 Congo, Rep. of 629 1,004 907 945 1,008 918 944 876 997 1,099 1,134 9.3 -1.2 2.2 Côte d'Ivoire 2,479 5,774 5,625 5,995 6,527 6,708 7,057 7,284 6,838 6,982 6,859 0.5 2.4 2.4 Djibouti .. 354 344 355 332 337 349 355 360 .. .. .. -1.0 0.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 32 32 34 38 43 52 59 65 72 81 .. 6.5 13.0 Eritrea .. 253 315 328 351 371 344 355 353 369 388 .. .. 1.9 Ethiopia .. 1,565 1,689 1,846 1,975 2,111 2,329 2,508 2,745 2,875 3,007 .. 1.9 7.7 Gabon 1,326 1,778 1,755 1,963 2,137 2,362 2,447 2,108 2,153 2,213 2,280 .. 1.7 2.2 Gambia, The 119 190 186 188 197 212 227 226 229 242 266 4.7 3.5 4.3 Ghana 1,015 2,184 2,282 2,385 2,482 2,569 2,691 2,818 2,950 3,082 3,217 0.1 7.9 4.4 Guinea .. 1,436 1,561 1,604 1,656 1,713 1,800 1,836 1,886 1,924 1,961 .. 3.6 3.0 Guinea-Bissau 47 76 77 78 87 91 62 67 75 74 86 10.0 4.2 -0.5 Kenya 2,112 3,714 3,842 4,046 4,256 4,387 4,475 4,548 4,593 4,656 4,716 5.9 4.5 2.4 Lesotho 187 314 332 348 371 391 399 400 400 406 419 5.0 4.6 2.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1,924 1,844 1,853 1,882 1,922 2,014 2,111 2,226 2,381 2,526 2,136 0.1 1.1 3.4 Malawi 441 616 579 631 626 678 709 727 722 717 748 3.1 2.7 3.0 Mali 552 699 695 695 754 770 802 852 879 936 938 1.6 0.9 4.3 Mauritania 353 384 398 402 437 487 512 538 569 618 673 2.1 2.9 6.9 Mauritius 843 1,700 1,827 1,960 2,079 2,207 2,337 2,480 2,604 2,777 2,932 .. 6.4 6.0 Mozambique .. 774 990 907 902 931 1,001 982 992 1,071 1,086 .. 8.1 1.9 Namibia 927 1,685 1,773 1,861 1,952 2,032 2,074 2,149 2,229 2,298 2,367 .. 4.3 3.6 Niger 888 769 769 800 842 864 898 924 961 984 1,030 -0.1 1.9 3.6 Nigeria 3,488 5,884 5,910 6,049 6,230 6,535 6,651 6,697 6,964 7,185 6,873 1.5 7.4 2.3 Rwanda 571 881 378 518 534 665 708 761 788 823 854 7.6 -0.8 9.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 23 24 25 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 .. 0.3 1.9 Senegal 1,891 2,532 2,578 2,687 2,815 3,022 3,249 3,387 3,522 3,690 3,867 3.1 1.9 5.4 Seychelles 260 295 309 308 311 346 361 385 402 390 380 -3.9 4.4 3.7 Sierra Leone 323 353 339 311 327 284 281 257 267 279 297 2.8 0.7 -2.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 61,526 78,705 80,975 84,598 88,250 90,653 92,740 95,948 99,448 102,835 106,029 3.2 1.4 3.3 Sudan 2,283 4,698 5,057 5,313 5,212 5,416 5,491 5,940 6,353 6,605 6,850 11.0 5.3 4.0 Swaziland 223 413 419 439 446 460 474 495 519 535 556 5.8 4.8 3.6 Tanzania .. 1,810 1,816 1,866 1,934 1,994 2,077 2,184 2,315 2,442 2,593 .. 4.1 4.6 Togo 619 396 506 524 543 571 553 557 541 551 556 2.0 -1.9 0.8 Uganda .. 1,571 1,693 1,917 2,082 2,200 2,387 2,551 2,721 2,901 3,103 .. 5.7 7.5 Zambia 1,619 1,621 1,449 1,404 1,628 1,693 1,766 1,876 1,957 2,052 2,132 0.1 0.1 5.4 Zimbabwe 2,076 3,200 3,301 3,500 3,776 3,828 3,937 4,016 3,872 3,667 3,514 5.4 3.8 0.8 NORTH AFRICA 43,389 74,875 78,126 80,857 84,239 87,573 92,228 97,209 99,772 .. .. 7.5 3.1 4.4 Algeria 10,209 14,027 14,443 14,848 15,060 15,394 16,049 16,316 16,586 17,083 18,025 6.2 0.9 2.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 12,243 25,798 27,251 28,682 30,473 32,094 33,819 36,609 37,012 .. .. 11.0 3.8 5.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 9,925 16,753 17,075 17,285 17,801 18,147 19,173 19,864 20,681 21,742 22,671 5.9 4.0 3.8 Tunisia 6,006 9,659 10,344 10,714 11,186 11,834 12,547 13,206 13,981 14,879 15,801 5.7 3.6 5.5 ALL AFRICA 148,711 216,838 223,359 232,720 242,606 251,225 260,481 270,700 278,610 289,110 298,226 4.4 2.3 3.7 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 19 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 260,862 288,471 279,966 320,712 333,683 345,814 323,648 323,231 326,303 318,646 319,842 199,387 267,105 326,485 excluding South Africa 181,119 158,093 144,066 169,531 190,098 197,155 190,221 192,448 198,685 205,017 216,344 139,094 164,867 194,937 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 115,762 136,814 120,389 141,401 154,702 160,833 158,041 155,824 156,406 162,152 172,637 96,882 139,662 157,750 Angola .. 5,286 4,060 5,040 7,526 7,675 6,445 6,090 8,858 9,471 11,248 .. 7,538 7,794 Benin 1,405 2,106 1,497 2,009 2,208 2,157 2,335 2,387 2,255 2,372 2,695 1,035 1,602 2,302 Botswana 1,061 4,160 4,340 4,773 4,805 5,191 4,932 5,069 5,362 5,252 5,273 818 3,058 5,082 Burkina Faso 1,929 2,345 1,972 2,463 2,773 2,602 2,794 2,811 2,601 2,782 3,127 1,479 2,435 2,744 Burundi 920 939 925 1,000 900 957 878 714 679 689 719 778 1,093 817 Cameroon 6,741 11,891 7,854 7,965 9,109 9,115 8,703 9,186 8,854 8,501 9,374 5,630 10,944 8,851 Cape Verde 107 363 411 491 502 506 540 583 531 572 644 86 303 546 Central African Republic 797 1,299 853 1,122 1,070 1,003 1,047 1,051 953 967 1,046 619 1,223 1,033 Chad 1,033 1,463 1,179 1,438 1,605 1,508 1,741 1,534 1,390 1,670 2,002 928 1,432 1,611 Comoros 124 278 186 232 230 212 216 223 204 219 247 113 215 223 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 14,391 10,708 5,817 5,643 5,771 6,107 6,150 4,727 4,854 5,187 5,707 12,212 8,399 5,518 Congo, Rep. of 1,706 1,919 1,769 2,116 2,541 2,323 1,949 2,354 3,220 2,788 3,017 1,452 2,306 2,538 Côte d'Ivoire 10,175 11,045 8,313 10,999 12,140 11,722 12,782 12,556 10,578 10,742 11,686 7,126 10,458 11,651 Djibouti .. 471 487 498 494 503 514 536 553 .. .. .. 425 516 Equatorial Guinea .. 152 126 164 259 498 456 872 1,341 1,846 2,173 104 123 951 Eritrea .. 468 532 587 694 686 745 728 641 708 642 .. 492 679 Ethiopia .. 6,250 5,539 5,780 6,010 6,381 6,516 6,498 6,528 6,510 6,059 5,603 7,690 6,285 Gabon 4,279 4,381 4,191 4,958 5,741 5,428 4,619 4,352 4,932 4,334 4,971 3,211 4,357 4,917 Gambia, The 241 366 363 382 392 410 417 432 421 391 357 181 289 400 Ghana 4,445 5,966 5,441 6,457 6,926 6,884 7,474 7,710 4,978 5,309 6,160 3,762 5,606 6,487 Guinea .. 3,279 3,434 3,692 3,869 3,784 3,588 3,461 3,113 3,042 3,213 .. 2,750 3,470 Guinea-Bissau 111 237 236 254 271 269 206 224 215 200 203 131 203 230 Kenya 7,265 4,977 7,149 9,047 9,257 10,745 11,229 10,559 10,440 11,234 12,330 5,535 7,493 10,605 Lesotho 432 815 835 933 943 1,024 890 911 859 768 714 310 584 880 Liberia 1,117 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 987 1,143 .. Madagascar 4,042 3,371 2,977 3,160 3,995 3,546 3,739 3,717 3,878 4,530 4,400 3,057 2,873 3,870 Malawi 1,238 2,071 1,182 1,429 2,432 2,534 1,736 1,810 1,707 1,688 1,901 1,018 1,560 1,905 Mali 1,787 2,678 1,763 2,466 2,619 2,475 2,597 2,570 2,443 2,630 3,091 1,285 2,101 2,611 Mauritania 709 944 1,027 1,068 1,116 1,096 1,002 958 936 1,008 984 645 965 1,021 Mauritius 1,153 3,307 3,373 3,820 4,163 4,385 4,146 4,175 4,424 4,526 4,533 1,060 2,309 4,271 Mozambique 3,526 1,981 2,178 2,311 2,841 3,397 3,874 3,985 3,685 3,436 3,599 3,457 2,739 3,391 Namibia 2,169 2,847 3,253 3,503 3,491 3,636 3,399 3,385 3,458 3,163 2,904 1,895 2,289 3,367 Niger 2,509 1,607 1,563 1,881 1,988 1,846 2,077 2,018 1,798 1,945 2,171 1,725 2,036 1,965 Nigeria 64,202 21,353 23,663 28,109 35,299 36,229 32,144 36,511 42,078 42,674 43,540 42,093 25,226 37,073 Rwanda 1,163 1,971 754 1,293 1,382 1,852 1,989 1,931 1,811 1,703 1,732 1,091 1,988 1,712 São Tomé and Principe 47 48 50 45 45 44 41 47 46 47 50 41 52 46 Senegal 2,987 5,431 3,642 4,476 4,636 4,374 4,655 4,751 4,374 4,611 5,037 2,364 4,685 4,614 Seychelles 147 474 487 508 503 563 608 623 618 618 699 112 336 593 Sierra Leone 1,101 769 994 930 942 849 672 669 636 749 783 963 787 779 Somalia 604 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 677 977 .. South Africa 80,544 130,406 135,778 151,113 143,732 148,814 133,663 131,058 127,965 114,174 104,242 61,201 102,551 131,845 Sudan 6,760 5,953 6,496 9,519 8,425 10,277 10,692 10,640 11,249 12,099 13,516 7,025 10,109 10,802 Swaziland 546 1,063 1,146 1,364 1,332 1,436 1,358 1,377 1,394 1,276 1,186 433 782 1,340 Tanzania .. 4,258 4,511 5,255 6,496 7,684 8,383 8,638 9,079 9,341 9,382 5,569 4,539 8,032 Togo 1,136 1,234 983 1,309 1,465 1,499 1,416 1,421 1,221 1,259 1,384 813 1,294 1,372 Uganda 1,245 3,220 3,990 5,756 6,045 6,269 6,534 5,966 5,891 5,641 5,803 2,289 4,318 5,988 Zambia 3,884 3,274 3,347 3,478 3,270 3,910 3,237 3,131 3,238 3,637 3,697 3,159 3,037 3,450 Zimbabwe 6,679 6,564 6,891 7,111 8,553 8,428 5,732 5,494 7,204 9,057 8,304 5,993 7,233 7,485 NORTH AFRICA 125,005 157,899 160,024 174,245 194,559 200,333 211,661 220,001 233,503 237,595 237,340 97,452 149,937 213,655 Algeria 42,345 49,946 42,543 41,764 46,845 47,869 47,357 47,592 53,306 56,689 57,990 34,827 55,135 49,926 Egypt, Arab Rep. 22,912 47,197 51,898 60,159 67,651 75,605 82,704 89,207 98,782 97,545 90,650 20,312 40,682 82,788 Libya 35,545 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24,534 22,892 .. Morocco 18,821 26,801 30,351 32,986 36,639 33,415 35,817 35,277 33,344 34,219 37,555 13,499 23,292 34,907 Tunisia 8,743 14,609 15,626 17,987 19,587 18,900 19,850 20,970 19,462 20,032 22,067 6,901 11,842 19,857 ALL AFRICA 386,160 447,284 440,364 496,071 528,399 546,409 533,728 541,003 556,694 552,489 553,502 296,948 418,329 538,537 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 20 National Accounts 2-6. Total consumption Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 74.5 85.1 83.0 83.3 80.6 83.7 84.9 84.4 80.6 81.6 81.5 78.7 82.1 82.6 excluding South Africa 80.1 88.5 85.1 85.3 80.2 84.9 86.8 86.5 79.9 82.1 82.5 82.6 85.5 83.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 87.6 89.9 86.2 86.1 83.7 87.1 88.1 87.6 83.6 83.8 82.2 85.2 86.7 85.3 Angola .. 90.1 73.9 73.7 51.2 74.1 80.7 86.9 37.0 65.0 60.8 .. 79.7 66.2 Benin 106.3 98.9 94.0 93.3 96.6 94.4 93.4 95.2 94.0 93.5 94.0 101.7 100.0 94.3 Botswana 73.3 63.2 63.0 62.5 58.7 57.0 60.2 61.9 59.7 60.3 61.5 76.7 58.6 60.2 Burkina Faso 107.2 94.8 93.0 91.8 91.7 90.1 88.4 91.9 93.5 94.9 95.2 103.4 96.9 92.2 Burundi 100.6 104.7 107.6 104.8 97.5 96.1 102.9 100.5 105.7 104.8 104.5 95.9 101.0 102.1 Cameroon 78.3 82.4 82.1 80.4 82.7 80.9 80.8 81.6 79.7 79.6 83.2 76.9 79.1 81.1 Cape Verde 124.0 96.3 97.2 97.0 116.7 107.4 116.7 117.6 113.3 110.0 110.1 119.8 102.4 111.1 Central African Republic 108.9 98.2 94.0 93.8 99.4 95.6 94.7 89.0 92.2 88.9 89.7 101.6 98.6 92.9 Chad .. 106.2 101.5 101.7 96.7 97.7 92.8 104.7 97.9 94.9 93.6 97.6 107.4 97.5 Comoros 110.1 98.5 106.5 105.3 103.6 109.0 104.7 105.7 101.4 100.0 99.4 106.5 102.9 103.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 89.9 96.0 89.4 85.9 72.5 93.8 101.3 91.0 95.7 93.8 96.0 89.5 90.2 91.2 Congo, Rep. of 64.3 76.4 84.5 62.3 64.3 62.2 69.7 59.0 42.3 46.9 50.0 73.9 77.8 57.1 Côte d'Ivoire 79.6 86.7 75.1 77.1 79.2 77.2 80.3 78.7 82.4 80.4 74.8 76.2 84.6 78.8 Djibouti .. .. .. 108.3 106.9 105.7 100.8 105.5 105.3 .. .. .. .. 105.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 113.7 74.9 72.7 69.3 56.9 80.1 35.2 26.0 9.6 7.3 92.4 114.6 44.6 Eritrea .. 124.0 129.7 138.0 130.6 124.9 138.5 139.1 144.2 131.6 130.1 .. 126.5 134.6 Ethiopia .. 97.9 94.6 92.0 93.0 92.1 92.3 97.9 99.1 97.4 97.8 93.6 94.3 95.2 Gabon 39.4 63.3 54.7 52.7 49.0 49.0 61.0 65.2 71.7 49.7 51.6 41.9 64.5 56.2 Gambia, The 94.2 96.0 97.2 103.9 94.4 95.5 97.2 96.8 97.4 102.4 96.3 95.7 92.5 98.0 Ghana 95.1 94.0 87.5 88.4 86.8 95.8 89.7 96.1 94.6 93.0 89.7 93.7 94.0 91.8 Guinea .. 88.9 87.9 87.2 82.3 78.6 82.7 82.7 83.2 80.0 88.7 .. 84.9 83.2 Guinea-Bissau 101.0 93.0 96.1 101.2 98.2 97.0 110.1 101.1 110.4 113.2 117.4 103.0 98.0 106.1 Kenya 86.6 76.2 80.4 88.7 86.8 92.1 90.7 89.8 94.3 94.5 89.6 82.6 82.5 90.8 Lesotho 152.0 133.8 130.3 131.6 127.4 129.4 123.9 119.8 117.9 109.7 115.1 168.2 152.2 121.9 Liberia 72.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.7 83.6 .. Madagascar 101.4 97.9 96.7 96.6 93.9 95.3 93.0 92.8 92.3 84.7 92.3 98.1 96.0 92.6 Malawi 89.2 100.9 103.0 100.3 96.9 100.7 92.5 100.2 102.8 110.3 105.7 84.4 91.7 101.2 Mali 98.9 93.6 92.5 92.2 92.8 90.0 89.6 90.5 91.9 95.9 89.8 99.8 96.9 91.6 Mauritania 103.5 95.3 83.1 91.1 93.7 92.1 95.0 92.8 83.8 86.0 91.0 105.6 90.7 90.7 Mauritius 85.5 74.8 76.4 76.6 76.2 75.7 75.1 76.2 75.8 74.0 74.3 83.1 75.4 75.5 Mozambique 110.6 122.4 113.9 101.9 101.8 98.9 93.2 91.0 89.4 72.2 70.0 110.4 112.8 89.8 Namibia 61.6 88.3 81.4 84.5 84.9 89.8 86.3 87.5 86.2 86.2 76.5 90.3 88.1 85.2 Niger 85.4 96.1 100.0 99.8 96.9 96.8 97.3 96.3 96.7 95.9 95.8 91.6 94.7 96.9 Nigeria 68.6 79.8 79.4 81.6 65.1 75.4 80.4 81.8 66.6 75.5 82.6 78.5 78.8 76.1 Rwanda 95.8 98.6 148.5 107.3 105.8 104.1 102.8 99.8 98.6 97.4 98.6 93.2 100.8 101.8 São Tomé and Principe 111.6 131.6 117.5 111.4 113.7 116.5 107.0 110.3 106.0 127.1 124.3 106.6 125.1 114.5 Senegal 105.0 92.3 88.2 88.9 87.8 88.8 86.9 86.5 91.4 91.4 90.1 98.9 93.5 89.0 Seychelles 72.9 81.8 75.9 76.8 70.3 79.1 81.3 74.4 75.7 76.9 72.2 68.1 75.1 75.8 Sierra Leone 99.1 92.6 88.7 102.1 105.7 96.9 101.6 101.6 108.1 112.1 113.6 90.8 88.6 105.2 Somalia 112.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111.4 97.4 .. South Africa 62.2 81.0 80.9 81.1 81.2 82.2 82.3 81.5 81.7 81.3 80.8 69.5 76.4 81.5 Sudan 100.2 88.2 88.3 88.7 84.4 97.5 89.7 85.1 80.0 .. .. 94.8 91.5 87.6 Swaziland 90.4 102.1 96.5 98.7 94.1 96.7 96.7 99.7 96.8 94.3 91.0 85.9 89.6 96.0 Tanzania .. 104.6 98.4 98.1 96.4 95.1 100.8 96.6 90.7 91.6 90.3 89.0 94.6 94.9 Togo 76.8 100.2 88.7 88.8 92.1 99.5 94.5 92.4 95.9 96.4 95.3 78.6 92.1 94.4 Uganda .. 98.9 95.7 92.6 95.4 90.6 94.6 92.6 92.1 92.3 93.7 97.0 97.8 93.0 Zambia 80.7 91.8 92.6 87.8 94.7 90.6 96.1 101.1 91.7 90.2 95.9 81.1 88.4 93.5 Zimbabwe 86.2 79.0 78.2 83.0 81.3 88.9 84.7 84.3 85.2 91.0 89.4 84.8 81.8 86.0 NORTH AFRICA 59.5 80.0 82.0 82.1 80.9 78.7 80.2 78.2 74.9 75.1 75.6 64.7 78.6 78.2 Algeria 56.9 72.3 73.4 71.9 68.6 67.8 72.9 68.6 55.8 59.1 62.0 61.4 73.0 65.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 84.8 86.8 88.6 87.8 89.2 84.5 84.5 83.1 82.7 82.3 82.2 84.6 85.2 84.5 Libya 43.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.5 .. .. Morocco 86.3 83.5 84.7 85.9 83.8 82.6 81.9 80.4 81.8 80.7 80.9 87.1 82.5 82.2 Tunisia 76.0 78.3 78.5 79.3 76.5 76.0 76.4 75.4 76.1 75.5 75.1 75.8 76.9 76.3 ALL AFRICA 70.1 83.4 82.7 82.9 80.7 82.0 83.2 82.1 78.4 79.0 79.2 74.6 80.9 80.9 Note:2002 is preliminary.Angola's drop is for weakness in nat. acct. stats. Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the off. ex. rt. used by the Govt. for oil exp. and oil val. added is significantly over- valued. National Accounts 21 2-7. General government consumption Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 14.8 17.9 17.2 15.9 15.7 16.1 15.5 16.1 17.5 18.1 17.9 15.6 17.0 16.6 excluding South Africa 15.2 16.2 14.5 13.8 13.1 13.7 13.0 14.4 16.7 17.8 17.3 15.8 15.6 15.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16.5 15.9 14.6 14.3 14.3 14.8 13.6 14.8 15.0 14.4 14.7 16.2 15.9 14.5 Angola .. 41.5 40.1 52.6 39.4 54.4 30.0 60.4 43.8 33.0 35.5 .. 36.1 43.6 Benin 8.6 10.3 10.1 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.4 10.0 11.6 11.6 13.0 9.9 12.3 11.0 Botswana 21.3 28.0 28.3 28.5 27.3 26.8 28.9 30.1 29.7 31.4 33.0 22.7 25.1 29.5 Burkina Faso 9.2 13.3 16.1 15.0 13.5 13.0 13.2 12.5 12.6 12.3 13.5 11.4 13.1 13.2 Burundi 9.2 13.3 12.7 13.4 12.6 14.5 13.3 16.1 14.7 13.5 12.8 10.3 10.6 13.9 Cameroon 9.7 12.8 10.0 8.6 8.4 8.2 9.2 10.0 10.2 11.2 12.1 9.7 11.6 9.7 Cape Verde 8.2 17.6 18.3 19.8 17.4 16.2 15.0 19.4 21.1 10.8 11.2 10.0 14.3 16.4 Central African Republic 15.1 15.0 17.5 15.2 9.6 10.9 11.6 11.5 11.3 11.4 11.8 15.0 16.0 11.7 Chad .. 10.0 12.7 11.8 8.7 7.9 5.5 6.9 7.9 7.7 7.7 13.0 12.0 8.0 Comoros 30.9 18.9 23.5 22.3 19.0 17.6 15.7 14.6 13.3 16.3 19.3 29.7 24.6 17.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8.4 15.4 4.4 4.9 6.2 7.8 8.2 6.0 6.7 4.7 3.7 9.1 11.5 6.0 Congo, Rep. of 17.6 21.2 16.2 13.0 14.5 20.0 24.2 15.1 11.6 14.1 18.4 17.3 19.6 16.4 Côte d'Ivoire 16.9 15.5 12.0 10.6 10.5 10.0 9.0 9.5 8.8 9.3 7.7 16.6 18.4 9.4 Djibouti .. .. .. 32.4 27.7 27.8 23.5 26.4 25.2 .. .. .. .. 27.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 39.3 15.3 16.4 19.8 11.0 21.0 10.3 6.7 4.2 4.6 28.3 29.7 11.7 Eritrea .. 31.2 30.2 43.9 38.7 29.9 52.0 56.5 49.9 39.4 38.0 .. 27.7 43.5 Ethiopia .. 10.2 12.5 11.8 11.7 11.4 14.3 18.8 22.7 16.8 19.3 15.3 14.7 15.9 Gabon 13.2 15.3 12.0 14.1 13.6 13.7 16.9 16.6 10.0 .. .. 14.5 17.5 14.1 Gambia, The 31.2 14.1 14.5 13.7 14.9 13.9 12.7 13.0 13.7 15.4 13.3 36.6 15.8 13.8 Ghana 11.2 14.4 13.7 12.1 12.0 12.4 10.3 8.0 7.8 7.9 11.4 9.9 11.0 10.2 Guinea .. 7.1 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 3.8 5.9 7.0 .. 8.3 5.9 Guinea-Bissau 27.6 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.6 7.0 9.3 10.8 13.9 12.6 12.8 23.6 10.7 9.9 Kenya 19.8 16.7 15.2 14.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.9 17.5 17.0 19.0 18.5 17.4 16.7 Lesotho 22.0 27.9 29.9 30.3 27.1 27.9 34.7 36.9 35.5 31.9 33.3 19.7 27.3 32.2 Liberia 16.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.8 19.0 .. Madagascar 12.1 7.9 6.9 6.7 9.8 7.8 7.8 7.2 6.8 8.3 8.2 11.1 8.4 7.8 Malawi 19.3 13.0 31.6 18.6 12.5 12.6 13.3 12.4 16.7 18.3 18.2 16.4 17.4 15.3 Mali 11.6 12.8 11.3 9.7 10.2 12.0 14.7 15.9 14.9 13.0 11.6 11.0 13.2 12.7 Mauritania 45.3 20.7 16.5 14.1 14.3 13.8 14.5 15.2 17.3 15.6 18.4 45.2 22.4 15.4 Mauritius 14.4 12.7 13.1 13.4 13.4 13.2 12.9 12.9 13.2 12.9 8.5 14.7 12.7 12.6 Mozambique 12.2 11.7 12.9 7.8 8.0 9.2 10.4 9.5 10.4 10.8 11.0 14.2 11.6 9.6 Namibia 17.4 31.6 28.3 30.2 30.3 30.2 29.6 30.3 28.4 27.8 28.2 26.0 30.9 29.4 Niger 10.4 15.8 16.0 14.1 11.3 13.8 13.1 14.9 13.0 12.4 12.2 11.5 14.4 13.1 Nigeria 12.1 17.5 14.3 11.1 8.0 9.4 9.7 12.8 22.8 30.0 27.2 14.4 14.0 16.4 Rwanda 12.5 14.3 11.2 10.3 11.5 9.6 10.0 11.0 10.5 11.7 11.8 14.7 12.5 10.8 São Tomé and Principe 34.5 34.5 31.9 27.6 27.2 31.9 25.6 29.8 28.0 29.5 24.4 22.1 35.9 28.0 Senegal 20.3 14.8 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.9 11.8 12.7 12.2 14.5 14.3 17.2 15.0 12.7 Seychelles 28.7 29.5 29.3 27.5 29.4 29.5 31.2 26.9 25.2 30.8 25.9 28.5 31.8 28.3 Sierra Leone 8.4 11.2 10.2 13.1 10.9 9.0 8.9 11.5 14.3 17.2 20.8 8.4 8.7 13.2 Somalia 15.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.8 .. .. South Africa 14.3 20.1 20.0 18.3 19.1 19.2 19.0 18.6 18.7 18.9 19.2 15.7 19.4 18.9 Sudan 12.6 5.9 5.5 4.6 7.3 5.6 4.9 4.7 5.9 .. .. 11.8 7.2 5.5 Swaziland 26.9 22.5 21.5 19.2 20.9 24.8 24.2 22.2 20.0 18.4 16.6 22.2 19.3 20.8 Tanzania .. 19.4 17.1 11.5 11.6 8.8 7.8 7.0 6.5 11.7 12.9 13.5 16.6 9.7 Togo 22.4 16.1 13.2 12.1 11.7 10.3 12.2 11.1 10.8 10.2 9.7 20.0 14.9 11.0 Uganda .. 9.8 10.3 9.8 10.3 10.8 13.0 12.9 13.8 13.9 15.7 10.8 9.3 12.5 Zambia 25.5 18.4 13.1 15.4 18.3 17.5 15.8 12.9 9.5 12.9 11.6 25.7 19.7 14.2 Zimbabwe 18.5 14.9 16.7 18.0 16.9 16.3 17.5 15.2 24.2 19.3 16.9 16.9 20.2 18.1 NORTH AFRICA 12.5 14.9 14.8 14.5 14.0 14.0 14.3 14.0 13.0 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.7 13.7 Algeria 15.2 17.3 17.9 16.8 16.4 16.7 18.1 17.1 14.1 14.2 14.8 15.2 17.5 16.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.7 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.2 10.1 10.1 9.7 10.3 9.5 19.5 12.8 10.1 Libya 21.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.8 .. .. Morocco 18.3 18.1 17.1 17.4 16.9 17.8 18.0 19.2 19.1 17.9 15.8 18.9 16.1 17.8 Tunisia 14.5 16.3 16.5 16.9 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.5 15.7 13.6 13.7 15.7 16.7 15.3 ALL AFRICA 13.7 17.0 16.4 15.5 15.1 15.4 15.0 15.3 15.7 16.1 15.8 15.0 16.6 15.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 22 National Accounts 2-8. Gross domestic investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23.5 16.4 17.9 18.2 18.3 17.5 19.2 18.3 17.5 18.1 18.9 23.1 16.8 18.2 excluding South Africa 20.5 17.3 18.9 18.3 18.9 18.2 21.0 19.9 18.8 19.9 20.4 21.2 16.4 19.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 19.3 16.4 18.8 18.7 20.0 18.4 20.3 19.3 19.1 19.8 19.6 19.7 16.1 19.4 Angola .. 11.2 16.6 28.1 34.7 25.5 35.5 19.8 35.4 34.6 32.2 .. 13.0 30.7 Benin 15.2 15.4 15.8 19.6 17.1 18.4 17.0 17.5 18.9 19.2 17.8 17.7 13.6 18.2 Botswana 40.1 28.8 26.5 24.6 25.0 28.1 33.5 27.5 19.0 21.7 24.8 36.3 27.6 25.5 Burkina Faso 15.1 18.1 19.3 22.8 24.5 25.0 27.2 23.8 22.7 19.1 18.3 17.9 18.9 22.9 Burundi 13.9 16.3 10.6 9.6 12.1 8.1 8.8 9.1 9.1 6.9 7.9 14.3 15.0 8.9 Cameroon 21.0 16.5 15.3 14.5 15.4 16.2 17.5 18.7 16.4 17.7 18.3 25.1 19.4 16.8 Cape Verde 51.6 39.7 43.4 42.4 24.1 22.0 19.8 20.9 19.7 18.3 20.9 49.1 32.8 23.5 Central African Republic 7.0 10.2 11.7 13.5 4.3 9.8 13.5 14.4 10.8 14.0 14.8 10.5 12.1 11.9 Chad .. 9.8 16.6 10.3 14.9 14.8 20.2 10.1 22.4 41.3 58.9 11.9 9.6 24.1 Comoros 33.2 18.3 20.7 19.5 19.4 15.8 17.9 14.9 13.1 13.2 12.9 33.4 21.1 15.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10.0 1.8 7.9 9.4 27.9 2.5 1.8 3.1 3.1 5.1 7.1 12.7 10.0 7.5 Congo, Rep. of 35.8 29.5 31.2 36.6 27.0 22.4 26.7 27.8 21.0 26.4 23.3 36.2 23.1 26.4 Côte d'Ivoire 26.5 9.8 13.7 15.6 12.1 14.4 13.3 13.1 10.6 11.0 10.4 23.1 9.8 12.6 Djibouti .. .. .. 8.4 9.1 9.4 15.3 8.9 12.9 .. .. .. .. 10.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 22.0 74.1 76.3 113.6 65.7 91.6 54.7 40.8 52.6 28.3 13.9 18.8 65.4 Eritrea .. 17.0 25.1 22.5 27.6 31.3 26.7 33.9 18.4 28.1 26.5 .. 16.6 26.9 Ethiopia .. 14.2 15.2 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.2 16.9 15.9 17.8 20.5 13.7 13.4 17.3 Gabon 27.5 22.4 21.9 23.7 23.3 29.6 37.3 28.0 26.1 30.5 28.4 42.9 29.3 28.4 Gambia, The 26.7 21.0 18.1 20.2 21.6 17.2 18.4 17.8 17.0 17.7 21.5 19.7 19.1 18.9 Ghana 5.6 22.2 24.0 20.0 21.2 24.8 23.1 21.5 24.0 26.6 22.3 6.9 14.3 22.9 Guinea .. 17.8 15.4 16.6 23.1 23.6 21.0 22.1 22.0 21.9 16.8 .. 16.7 20.9 Guinea-Bissau 28.2 30.9 21.8 22.3 23.0 21.8 11.4 16.8 16.0 19.7 14.7 23.8 34.0 18.2 Kenya 24.5 17.7 16.4 17.5 16.8 15.4 17.3 16.2 15.4 14.7 13.6 21.6 18.9 15.8 Lesotho 37.0 55.9 57.1 60.1 57.8 52.3 49.5 46.7 43.2 44.9 40.0 32.4 49.5 49.3 Liberia 27.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.8 9.2 .. Madagascar 15.0 11.4 10.9 10.9 11.6 12.8 14.8 14.9 15.0 18.5 14.3 10.2 11.3 14.1 Malawi 24.7 15.2 29.1 17.0 11.6 12.2 13.5 14.8 9.6 1.0 12.4 25.3 20.2 11.5 Mali 15.5 21.8 27.3 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 21.2 20.6 21.0 18.9 14.8 21.7 21.1 Mauritania 26.3 20.6 20.7 19.3 18.6 17.6 19.0 17.8 30.3 26.7 24.7 26.7 23.1 21.7 Mauritius 25.4 30.0 30.9 28.8 25.3 27.2 27.6 26.0 26.1 23.3 21.9 24.7 27.8 25.8 Mozambique 5.9 12.7 19.8 22.8 21.8 20.6 24.2 36.7 36.6 41.5 44.7 5.8 13.1 31.1 Namibia 30.6 16.5 21.4 21.7 23.1 20.2 25.8 23.3 19.3 23.7 24.1 23.1 18.0 22.6 Niger 28.1 6.4 10.4 7.3 9.7 10.9 11.3 10.2 10.8 11.5 12.8 18.2 10.8 10.5 Nigeria 21.3 23.3 19.6 16.3 14.2 17.4 24.1 22.3 17.7 20.1 23.3 22.3 17.9 19.4 Rwanda 16.1 16.7 10.0 13.4 14.4 13.8 14.8 17.2 17.5 18.4 18.8 14.8 14.8 16.0 São Tomé and Principe 16.8 35.3 41.6 68.1 56.2 49.1 35.8 39.0 43.5 29.9 26.6 14.6 24.2 43.5 Senegal 11.7 13.7 18.5 16.7 18.5 17.8 19.8 20.6 18.5 18.1 19.7 13.1 13.2 18.7 Seychelles 38.3 28.4 27.1 30.3 39.1 31.9 34.6 43.3 27.2 41.3 30.5 30.1 24.1 34.8 Sierra Leone 16.2 7.7 7.8 5.2 9.0 5.0 5.6 4.4 8.0 6.1 8.8 15.1 8.9 6.5 Somalia 42.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.1 26.3 .. South Africa 29.9 15.3 16.8 18.0 17.4 16.6 16.6 15.9 15.6 15.1 15.8 27.4 18.0 16.4 Sudan 9.5 19.8 22.7 16.0 23.4 15.0 26.7 21.0 17.7 18.7 19.5 15.2 14.1 19.7 Swaziland 37.3 23.1 21.5 20.0 31.9 20.6 22.4 18.7 18.5 17.1 17.9 31.8 21.7 20.9 Tanzania .. 25.1 24.6 19.8 16.6 14.9 13.8 15.5 17.6 17.0 16.7 .. 23.3 16.5 Togo 28.4 7.5 15.0 16.1 18.8 16.3 20.8 18.9 20.9 20.7 21.7 29.8 16.8 19.3 Uganda 6.2 15.2 14.7 16.4 16.1 16.8 16.2 19.4 19.8 20.1 21.7 7.2 12.3 18.3 Zambia 23.3 15.0 8.2 15.9 12.8 14.6 16.4 17.6 18.7 20.0 17.4 22.3 13.7 16.7 Zimbabwe 16.9 22.8 23.7 19.7 18.5 18.1 17.1 16.1 12.6 7.8 8.3 16.7 18.8 14.8 NORTH AFRICA 28.2 23.4 22.9 22.8 20.6 22.6 25.9 25.8 24.3 24.4 25.4 31.1 26.8 24.0 Algeria 39.1 29.1 31.2 31.8 25.1 23.8 28.7 27.8 23.8 25.8 28.4 41.7 30.5 26.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 27.5 16.2 16.6 17.2 16.6 21.7 25.6 25.5 23.9 22.7 23.0 29.9 24.4 22.0 Libya 22.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.3 .. .. Morocco 24.2 22.5 21.3 20.7 19.6 20.7 22.2 23.4 24.4 24.6 25.0 26.5 23.1 22.6 Tunisia 29.4 29.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 26.4 27.0 26.8 27.4 28.1 28.6 31.2 27.7 26.8 ALL AFRICA 24.3 18.7 19.6 19.7 19.1 19.2 21.6 21.1 20.1 20.6 21.5 25.1 20.2 20.4 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 23 2-9. Gross public investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.8 6.3 7.2 7.3 6.3 7.6 7.1 .. 6.9 6.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.6 5.4 5.7 5.8 .. 6.2 6.0 Angola .. .. .. .. .. 4.7 5.9 12.9 6.3 6.0 6.9 .. .. 7.1 Benin .. 7.1 9.3 10.4 7.5 6.8 5.8 6.3 7.6 7.8 6.4 .. 8.1 7.3 Botswana .. 12.8 13.0 11.0 11.4 12.4 13.2 13.1 12.3 10.7 11.7 .. 13.0 12.0 Burkina Faso .. 7.7 7.4 9.8 11.0 12.7 12.4 14.9 12.1 8.3 7.4 .. 6.8 11.1 Burundi 12.8 12.9 9.0 8.3 10.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 5.6 3.6 4.0 14.1 12.6 6.1 Cameroon 4.4 1.8 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.3 1.4 2.1 1.6 4.7 6.0 1.5 Cape Verde .. 28.2 32.0 27.1 20.5 18.0 15.9 14.5 12.0 10.0 11.2 .. 20.7 16.2 Central African Republic 3.7 6.2 7.2 9.8 1.8 3.9 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.6 4.7 6.4 6.4 Chad .. 5.8 7.3 6.3 3.5 5.6 7.6 9.6 10.5 9.1 10.0 2.2 5.6 7.8 Comoros 23.2 6.8 10.4 6.4 5.8 6.0 7.7 5.4 3.8 4.5 4.8 23.3 10.8 5.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5.1 0.9 0.6 4.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.9 3.5 0.9 Congo, Rep. of 35.8 7.1 12.8 9.3 5.2 3.6 4.7 6.1 7.0 10.1 8.6 35.5 9.0 6.8 Côte d'Ivoire 11.4 4.9 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.4 6.0 4.2 2.8 1.8 3.2 9.9 4.2 4.2 Djibouti .. .. .. 3.6 3.9 4.3 6.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 8.9 4.1 1.9 1.2 4.4 7.5 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.4 .. 4.7 2.2 Eritrea .. 14.5 10.8 12.3 15.4 18.1 20.4 29.5 11.7 20.3 17.3 .. 9.5 18.1 Ethiopia .. 5.0 7.1 7.5 7.5 8.3 7.4 8.1 5.2 8.5 11.5 .. 5.8 8.0 Gabon 5.3 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.9 9.2 13.4 7.3 4.8 5.6 5.4 15.8 5.5 7.1 Gambia, The .. 7.5 7.0 10.0 12.9 7.9 5.2 4.7 3.8 5.8 7.8 13.8 7.5 7.3 Ghana .. 11.1 13.3 14.0 13.3 12.4 11.3 9.8 10.4 10.4 9.6 2.5 8.6 11.4 Guinea .. 6.2 5.9 6.3 7.4 8.2 5.6 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.8 .. 7.2 7.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 24.6 20.4 15.2 14.8 15.6 6.2 10.8 10.0 13.7 8.7 .. 25.9 11.9 Kenya 10.1 8.0 8.5 7.4 7.0 6.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.7 8.9 8.1 4.5 Lesotho .. 14.9 14.5 15.6 19.6 18.4 12.0 8.7 8.5 11.3 10.2 20.0 19.0 13.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 7.8 6.2 5.8 6.7 6.5 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.3 4.8 6.4 7.0 6.6 Malawi 17.5 8.4 15.1 9.4 6.1 7.1 8.7 10.6 10.0 8.4 7.9 13.6 9.0 8.5 Mali .. 9.3 13.7 9.4 9.2 8.2 9.5 9.4 9.1 7.8 8.2 .. 10.6 8.9 Mauritania .. 4.3 4.3 3.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 6.0 7.5 8.3 10.7 .. 6.0 6.7 Mauritius 9.1 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.7 6.7 3.9 7.8 4.5 3.9 Mozambique 7.6 12.3 14.0 12.0 10.3 12.1 9.8 11.6 10.6 16.6 14.3 10.4 10.5 12.2 Namibia 15.7 6.1 7.0 7.1 7.3 8.5 7.7 11.0 6.0 9.3 9.5 13.9 7.7 8.3 Niger 20.4 4.9 6.6 5.2 4.6 5.8 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.5 7.4 13.8 7.1 6.0 Nigeria .. 10.7 3.6 5.3 5.2 7.1 11.3 9.9 9.3 14.1 11.7 .. 10.0 9.2 Rwanda 12.2 7.7 2.7 8.1 9.3 8.3 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.8 13.7 8.4 7.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 20.3 26.6 33.1 29.2 22.1 19.8 26.0 26.0 19.3 12.4 .. 24.4 23.5 Senegal 5.5 3.8 5.0 4.4 6.4 6.4 7.2 8.3 6.2 6.4 9.1 4.1 4.2 6.8 Seychelles .. 11.1 7.5 18.7 19.4 7.5 2.9 1.4 13.7 5.8 9.4 16.3 9.2 9.9 Sierra Leone 5.3 5.3 4.0 2.4 3.3 1.5 4.9 2.4 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.1 3.7 3.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.2 .. .. 1.8 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.3 .. .. 2.7 Swaziland 8.6 9.5 8.6 5.9 5.2 4.9 6.5 7.3 6.2 6.7 5.9 10.9 9.3 6.1 Tanzania .. 7.5 6.0 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 .. 7.0 3.3 Togo 20.2 2.3 2.3 3.5 5.0 2.0 4.3 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.6 12.2 7.1 3.3 Uganda .. 6.7 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.7 5.5 6.4 6.4 5.8 .. 5.5 5.6 Zambia 4.0 4.5 4.0 5.1 6.1 5.4 11.3 10.6 10.0 11.9 11.8 4.1 5.3 9.0 Zimbabwe 1.8 3.7 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.8 4.1 0.0 1.0 1.7 2.9 3.0 2.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 9.4 8.3 7.5 6.8 9.2 9.5 .. .. .. .. .. 9.6 8.2 Algeria 11.0 8.7 7.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 7.6 5.9 8.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 10.2 5.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 7.1 6.1 5.5 5.5 10.6 11.3 9.8 7.5 6.4 6.1 .. 9.9 7.9 Libya 19.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.1 .. .. Morocco 9.8 11.8 10.1 8.9 6.8 7.1 6.5 .. .. .. .. 13.5 9.4 7.3 Tunisia 15.0 15.3 13.7 12.3 11.0 11.9 11.6 12.4 12.5 0.0 0.0 17.2 11.9 9.0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 24 National Accounts 2-10. Gross private investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 13.9 12.9 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.1 13.8 12.9 12.4 13.0 14.4 12.6 13.5 excluding South Africa .. 11.3 12.9 12.1 12.3 12.0 13.3 13.6 12.6 12.2 12.9 8.2 9.4 12.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 11.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 12.4 13.4 13.9 13.7 13.9 13.3 8.9 9.6 13.3 Angola .. 19.8 28.4 21.1 21.7 20.8 29.6 33.9 29.1 28.6 25.4 .. 10.7 26.3 Benin .. 7.9 6.2 6.9 9.1 11.6 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.4 .. 5.8 10.5 Botswana 34.5 14.1 12.5 14.6 13.4 12.5 14.2 14.7 12.6 13.2 6.0 29.3 21.5 12.7 Burkina Faso .. 9.4 13.2 12.4 12.4 12.7 14.8 8.9 10.6 10.9 10.9 .. 11.8 11.7 Burundi 1.1 3.0 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.5 2.6 2.1 Cameroon 15.6 14.7 14.0 13.3 14.9 15.2 15.5 16.4 15.1 15.6 16.8 24.2 12.6 15.3 Cape Verde 20.8 11.5 11.3 15.3 3.6 4.0 3.9 6.4 7.7 8.3 9.7 10.1 9.6 7.4 Central African Republic 3.2 3.3 4.5 3.4 2.5 5.9 6.5 7.7 3.7 6.6 7.2 4.1 5.0 5.5 Chad .. 1.1 4.4 5.3 5.9 7.0 9.5 4.2 11.9 32.2 48.8 0.3 1.2 15.6 Comoros 5.3 8.1 9.2 9.1 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.2 5.4 6.6 7.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3.7 1.4 7.0 5.3 26.6 14.5 19.9 19.2 4.0 5.0 7.0 5.8 6.6 12.7 Congo, Rep. of 0.0 21.8 16.9 25.0 20.7 18.2 19.6 20.4 12.3 16.3 13.8 0.0 13.8 18.3 Côte d'Ivoire 15.1 4.9 8.6 10.5 7.2 9.0 7.3 8.9 7.8 9.1 7.3 12.8 5.6 8.4 Djibouti .. .. .. 4.8 5.2 5.1 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 13.1 70.0 74.4 112.4 61.3 84.1 29.2 16.7 13.9 12.4 .. 14.2 50.5 Eritrea .. 2.5 14.3 10.3 12.2 13.2 6.3 4.4 6.6 7.8 9.2 .. 7.1 8.8 Ethiopia .. 9.2 8.0 9.0 9.4 8.7 9.8 8.9 10.7 9.3 9.0 .. 7.8 9.3 Gabon 21.4 17.8 15.4 17.6 17.3 20.4 23.9 20.8 21.3 24.9 23.0 24.0 23.8 21.2 Gambia, The .. 13.5 11.1 10.2 8.6 9.3 13.2 13.1 13.2 11.9 13.7 7.4 11.6 11.7 Ghana .. 12.7 9.3 7.1 7.0 11.4 11.1 10.7 12.7 16.7 9.2 4.4 5.7 10.7 Guinea .. 10.6 11.1 10.3 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 8.8 .. 9.4 12.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 6.3 1.4 7.1 8.3 6.2 5.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 .. 9.2 6.4 Kenya 8.2 8.9 7.5 9.7 9.2 8.1 13.2 12.2 11.5 11.4 10.4 8.8 7.6 10.7 Lesotho 35.6 41.6 43.8 45.1 38.4 34.9 38.6 38.2 36.5 36.0 31.4 25.2 36.3 37.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 3.7 4.7 5.2 5.0 6.3 6.9 8.0 8.3 11.2 9.4 2.2 4.3 7.5 Malawi 4.7 4.6 11.6 7.6 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.9 1.7 7.0 8.3 3.4 Mali .. 12.5 13.7 13.5 13.7 12.4 11.4 11.8 11.5 13.2 10.7 .. 11.1 12.3 Mauritania .. 16.4 16.4 15.5 12.5 12.0 13.3 11.8 22.8 18.4 14.0 .. 17.2 15.0 Mauritius 15.1 23.7 25.1 23.7 21.7 22.9 21.7 22.0 21.8 16.4 18.0 15.1 20.7 21.0 Mozambique 0.0 0.4 5.8 10.8 11.6 8.5 14.5 25.1 25.9 24.9 30.4 0.0 2.6 19.0 Namibia 11.4 15.0 12.2 15.1 16.2 11.1 15.3 12.0 12.5 12.8 13.0 8.3 9.6 13.5 Niger 5.1 1.9 2.3 1.8 4.7 4.8 4.6 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 3.6 2.6 4.3 Nigeria .. 12.5 16.0 11.1 8.9 10.3 12.8 12.4 8.4 5.9 11.6 5.2 8.3 10.2 Rwanda .. 9.1 7.3 5.3 5.1 5.6 8.0 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.0 .. 7.6 8.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 15.0 15.0 35.0 27.0 27.0 16.0 14.0 17.5 10.6 14.2 .. 13.8 20.2 Senegal 7.7 9.7 11.1 10.2 9.9 9.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.3 10.3 7.9 9.0 10.5 Seychelles .. 15.5 18.9 11.6 20.4 20.6 31.1 40.1 13.0 35.5 21.0 5.4 14.1 24.2 Sierra Leone 9.5 2.4 3.8 2.8 5.6 3.5 0.7 2.0 2.8 1.3 3.5 9.0 4.8 2.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 25.9 14.7 15.2 15.9 16.3 16.5 15.1 13.8 13.4 12.7 12.9 26.9 18.2 14.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 12.0 11.1 16.1 16.1 16.2 16.2 .. .. 14.6 Swaziland 19.6 12.7 12.1 13.3 25.8 15.7 15.9 11.4 12.4 10.4 11.9 18.5 11.4 14.6 Tanzania .. 17.4 18.5 16.2 13.0 11.8 10.3 12.3 14.1 13.3 13.2 8.6 14.5 13.0 Togo 8.0 8.6 9.7 10.1 12.2 11.0 12.9 12.6 14.5 17.2 17.6 8.0 10.0 13.5 Uganda .. 8.5 9.2 10.2 11.3 11.7 11.0 13.7 13.1 13.4 15.4 .. 6.7 12.5 Zambia 17.2 7.0 7.3 7.3 5.2 7.7 3.5 5.4 7.2 6.8 4.2 12.6 5.0 5.9 Zimbabwe 12.3 19.9 18.3 21.7 15.7 15.3 15.7 10.8 12.4 6.7 7.4 13.3 15.1 13.2 NORTH AFRICA .. 14.7 15.3 15.4 14.1 14.6 15.4 16.2 15.0 19.2 18.8 13.0 15.9 16.1 Algeria 22.8 18.3 20.7 21.9 18.1 17.4 19.0 20.1 13.5 24.6 19.2 25.3 17.9 19.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 9.2 10.5 10.7 10.5 12.1 12.3 13.0 14.1 14.4 16.1 7.1 12.6 12.9 Libya 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 .. .. Morocco 16.7 18.6 17.2 17.7 16.3 17.3 19.3 20.7 20.7 21.2 21.7 18.1 18.2 19.4 Tunisia 13.3 12.8 13.3 11.9 12.2 12.7 13.2 12.9 13.8 23.7 24.2 13.2 14.7 15.6 ALL AFRICA 14.1 13.5 14.5 14.4 14.1 14.2 14.6 14.7 13.7 15.1 15.3 14.9 13.7 14.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 25 2-11. Gross domestic savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25.5 14.9 17.0 16.7 19.4 16.3 15.1 15.6 19.4 18.4 18.5 21.3 17.9 17.4 excluding South Africa 19.9 11.5 14.9 14.7 19.8 15.1 13.2 13.5 20.1 17.9 17.5 17.4 14.5 16.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 12.4 10.1 13.8 13.9 16.3 12.9 11.9 12.4 16.4 16.2 17.8 14.8 13.3 14.7 Angola .. 9.9 26.1 26.9 48.8 25.9 19.3 13.1 63.0 35.0 39.2 .. 20.3 33.9 Benin -6.3 1.1 6.0 6.7 3.4 5.6 6.6 4.8 6.0 6.5 6.0 -1.7 0.0 5.7 Botswana 26.7 36.8 37.0 37.5 41.3 43.0 39.8 38.1 40.3 39.7 38.5 23.3 41.4 39.8 Burkina Faso -7.2 5.2 7.0 8.2 8.3 9.9 11.6 8.1 6.5 5.1 4.8 -3.4 3.1 7.8 Burundi -0.6 -4.7 -7.6 -4.8 2.5 3.9 -2.9 -0.5 -5.7 -4.8 -4.5 4.1 -1.0 -2.1 Cameroon 21.7 17.6 17.9 19.6 17.3 19.1 19.2 18.4 20.3 20.4 16.8 23.1 20.9 18.9 Cape Verde -24.0 3.7 2.8 3.0 -16.7 -7.4 -16.7 -17.6 -13.3 -10.0 -10.1 -19.8 -2.4 -11.1 Central African Republic -8.9 1.8 6.0 6.2 0.6 4.4 5.3 11.0 7.8 11.1 10.3 -1.6 1.4 7.1 Chad .. -6.2 -1.5 -1.7 3.3 2.3 4.3 -0.9 2.1 5.1 6.4 2.4 -7.4 2.6 Comoros -10.1 1.5 -6.5 -5.3 -3.6 -9.0 -4.7 -5.7 -1.4 0.0 0.6 -6.5 -2.9 -3.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10.1 4.0 10.6 14.1 27.5 6.2 -1.3 9.0 4.3 6.2 4.0 10.5 9.8 8.8 Congo, Rep. of 35.7 23.6 15.5 37.7 35.7 37.8 30.3 41.0 57.7 53.1 50.0 26.1 22.2 42.9 Côte d'Ivoire 20.4 13.3 24.9 22.9 20.8 22.8 19.7 21.3 17.6 19.6 25.2 23.8 15.4 21.2 Djibouti .. .. .. -8.3 -6.9 -5.7 -0.8 -5.5 -5.3 .. .. .. .. -5.4 Equatorial Guinea .. -13.7 25.1 27.3 30.7 43.1 19.9 64.8 74.0 82.6 90.2 7.6 -14.6 54.1 Eritrea .. -24.0 -29.7 -38.0 -30.6 -24.9 -38.5 -39.1 -44.2 -31.6 -30.1 .. -26.5 -34.6 Ethiopia .. 2.1 5.4 8.0 7.0 7.9 7.7 2.1 0.9 2.6 2.2 6.4 5.7 4.8 Gabon 60.6 36.7 45.3 47.3 51.0 51.0 39.0 34.8 28.3 50.3 48.4 58.1 35.5 43.8 Gambia, The 5.8 4.0 2.8 -3.9 5.6 4.5 2.8 3.2 2.6 -2.4 3.7 4.3 7.5 2.0 Ghana 4.9 6.0 12.5 11.6 13.2 4.2 10.3 3.9 5.4 7.0 10.3 6.3 6.0 8.2 Guinea .. 11.1 12.1 12.8 17.7 21.4 17.3 17.3 16.8 20.0 11.3 .. 15.1 16.8 Guinea-Bissau -1.0 7.0 3.9 -1.2 1.8 3.0 -10.1 -1.1 -10.4 -13.2 -17.4 -4.3 2.0 -6.1 Kenya 13.4 23.8 19.6 11.3 13.2 7.9 9.7 10.4 5.9 3.4 9.5 17.4 17.5 8.9 Lesotho -52.0 -33.8 -30.3 -31.6 -27.4 -29.4 -23.9 -19.8 -17.9 -9.7 -15.1 -68.2 -52.2 -21.9 Liberia 27.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.3 16.4 .. Madagascar -1.4 2.1 3.3 3.4 6.1 4.7 7.0 7.2 7.7 15.3 7.7 1.9 4.0 7.4 Malawi 10.8 -0.9 -3.0 -0.3 3.1 -0.7 7.5 -0.2 -2.8 -10.3 -5.7 15.6 8.3 -1.2 Mali 1.1 6.4 7.5 7.8 7.2 10.0 10.4 9.5 8.1 4.1 10.2 0.2 3.1 8.4 Mauritania -3.5 4.7 16.9 8.9 6.3 7.9 5.0 7.2 16.2 14.0 9.0 -5.6 9.3 9.3 Mauritius 14.5 25.2 23.6 23.4 23.8 24.3 24.9 23.8 24.2 26.0 25.7 16.9 24.6 24.5 Mozambique -10.6 -22.4 -13.9 -1.9 -1.8 1.1 6.8 9.0 10.6 27.8 30.0 -10.4 -12.8 10.2 Namibia 38.4 11.7 18.6 15.5 15.1 10.2 13.7 12.5 13.8 13.8 23.5 9.7 11.9 14.8 Niger 14.6 3.9 0.0 0.2 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.7 3.3 4.1 4.2 8.4 5.3 3.1 Nigeria 31.4 20.2 20.6 18.4 34.9 24.6 19.6 18.2 33.4 24.5 17.4 21.5 21.2 23.9 Rwanda 4.2 1.4 -48.5 -7.3 -5.8 -4.1 -2.8 0.2 1.4 2.6 1.4 6.8 -0.8 -1.8 São Tomé and Principe -11.6 -31.6 -17.5 -11.4 -13.7 -16.5 -7.0 -10.3 -6.0 -27.1 -24.3 -6.6 -25.1 -14.5 Senegal -5.0 7.7 11.8 11.1 12.2 11.2 13.1 13.5 8.6 8.6 9.9 1.1 6.5 11.0 Seychelles 27.1 18.2 24.1 23.2 29.7 20.9 18.7 25.6 24.3 23.1 27.8 21.9 24.9 24.2 Sierra Leone .. 7.4 11.3 -2.1 -5.7 3.1 -1.6 -1.6 -8.1 -12.1 -13.6 10.9 11.4 -5.2 Somalia -12.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.4 2.6 .. South Africa 37.8 19.0 19.1 18.9 18.8 17.8 17.7 18.5 18.3 18.7 19.2 30.5 23.6 18.5 Sudan -0.2 11.8 11.7 11.3 15.6 2.5 10.3 14.9 20.0 19.6 12.2 5.2 8.8 13.3 Swaziland 9.6 -2.1 3.5 1.3 5.9 3.3 3.3 0.3 3.2 5.7 9.0 14.1 10.4 4.0 Tanzania .. -4.6 1.6 1.9 3.6 4.9 -0.8 3.4 9.3 8.4 9.7 11.0 3.7 5.1 Togo 23.2 -0.2 11.3 11.2 7.9 0.5 5.5 7.6 4.1 3.6 4.7 21.4 7.9 5.6 Uganda -0.4 1.1 4.3 7.4 4.6 9.4 5.4 7.4 7.9 7.7 6.3 4.1 2.2 7.0 Zambia 19.3 8.2 7.4 12.2 5.3 9.4 3.9 -1.1 8.3 9.8 4.1 18.9 11.6 6.5 Zimbabwe 13.8 21.0 21.8 17.0 18.7 11.1 15.3 15.7 14.8 9.8 11.4 15.2 18.2 14.2 NORTH AFRICA 40.5 20.0 18.0 17.9 19.1 21.3 19.8 21.8 25.1 24.9 24.4 35.3 21.4 21.8 Algeria 43.1 27.7 26.6 28.1 31.4 32.2 27.1 31.4 44.2 40.9 38.0 38.6 27.0 34.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.2 13.2 11.4 12.2 10.8 15.5 15.5 16.9 17.3 17.7 17.8 15.4 14.8 15.5 Libya 56.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46.5 .. .. Morocco 13.7 16.5 15.3 14.1 16.2 17.4 18.1 19.6 18.2 19.3 19.1 12.9 17.5 17.8 Tunisia 24.0 21.3 22.2 20.4 .. .. .. .. 25.3 24.5 24.9 22.1 20.2 23.8 ALL AFRICA 29.9 16.6 17.3 17.1 19.3 18.0 16.8 17.9 21.6 21.0 20.8 25.4 19.1 19.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 26 National Accounts 2-12. Gross national savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25.3 12.3 14.5 14.6 17.6 14.1 13.7 13.6 16.6 16.1 17.0 22.1 15.0 15.4 excluding South Africa 20.8 8.8 12.1 12.7 18.7 13.3 12.8 12.3 17.5 16.4 17.1 20.5 11.9 15.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 15.2 8.1 12.0 12.7 15.8 11.0 12.2 11.9 15.0 14.8 18.1 19.9 11.5 13.9 Angola .. 12.5 26.9 20.3 32.4 11.0 5.1 -3.5 44.6 19.9 26.6 .. 17.4 19.6 Benin 1.1 6.7 7.4 8.2 4.5 11.0 11.3 9.9 10.9 12.5 9.8 3.2 3.5 9.8 Botswana 28.7 43.8 33.2 36.0 39.8 44.1 47.1 37.9 37.8 41.0 36.3 27.3 40.4 40.0 Burkina Faso .. 17.1 20.3 15.3 11.9 14.5 15.1 6.6 5.9 7.8 8.0 .. 16.4 10.6 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.7 3.2 6.4 0.1 .. .. 3.4 Cameroon 5.1 11.3 11.2 13.7 11.2 13.4 15.0 14.6 14.7 13.6 11.7 12.9 17.5 13.5 Cape Verde 16.4 26.4 36.2 26.1 12.5 14.7 6.7 6.0 10.0 12.1 13.9 4.7 21.7 12.8 Central African Republic -2.9 1.8 11.4 6.3 -1.6 4.2 5.9 12.0 8.6 13.1 7.6 6.0 3.8 7.0 Chad .. -5.2 6.4 1.9 5.1 4.5 6.3 0.5 3.8 5.7 6.0 6.9 -1.4 4.2 Comoros -0.4 15.2 7.6 -1.2 1.8 5.6 8.3 2.5 11.3 13.1 10.6 11.3 14.2 6.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7.9 -4.2 -1.2 1.1 22.9 -0.4 -7.1 1.1 -0.9 2.6 5.1 8.4 2.4 3.0 Congo, Rep. of 26.2 9.4 5.6 -4.2 -7.1 9.1 7.4 11.0 28.5 23.3 23.0 19.8 11.8 11.4 Côte d'Ivoire .. -0.5 12.8 9.5 10.2 12.7 10.0 11.3 7.3 9.8 16.6 7.2 1.8 10.9 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. -16.2 22.5 23.6 10.1 27.7 9.7 18.4 11.2 -23.2 64.4 .. -7.3 17.7 Eritrea .. 50.9 64.0 26.8 30.5 59.7 19.0 22.5 17.9 22.9 30.6 .. 50.4 28.7 Ethiopia .. 12.5 13.5 19.7 26.2 23.8 24.0 18.0 10.7 13.7 14.5 7.9 10.5 18.8 Gabon .. 22.0 30.7 29.0 32.3 34.5 23.9 18.9 11.5 33.7 32.9 .. 24.5 27.1 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. 13.4 15.4 13.5 12.3 10.9 13.6 4.7 .. 13.2 Ghana 4.5 12.8 19.1 17.6 18.1 10.4 17.8 19.1 25.3 23.8 29.0 5.9 8.0 20.1 Guinea .. 6.6 8.2 8.8 14.3 17.4 14.3 14.8 14.7 19.5 10.3 .. 8.9 14.3 Guinea-Bissau .. 9.8 9.4 4.7 6.6 12.3 -1.8 4.8 2.9 -0.8 0.5 -8.5 8.0 3.7 Kenya 10.7 18.3 16.2 11.8 15.5 10.4 12.4 13.9 12.7 11.1 14.1 14.3 14.0 12.7 Lesotho 49.6 41.3 41.8 37.2 32.3 27.3 23.9 25.0 25.2 32.5 25.3 -1.4 37.1 28.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar -2.4 3.6 1.4 0.4 6.2 7.3 7.3 9.5 9.4 17.2 8.3 1.7 4.6 8.2 Malawi 6.6 0.2 -5.0 -3.9 0.5 0.2 12.6 6.7 -4.6 -11.7 -7.2 13.9 8.1 -0.9 Mali 1.9 14.9 19.1 13.7 12.8 13.0 12.9 11.9 12.1 3.0 6.1 1.0 11.7 10.7 Mauritania .. 13.3 21.2 9.8 14.2 17.6 16.2 23.2 30.1 23.3 28.0 .. 21.0 20.3 Mauritius 14.0 28.5 26.0 25.6 25.7 26.0 26.7 25.4 25.5 27.7 27.1 14.0 26.4 26.2 Mozambique -9.9 -30.9 -22.8 -9.6 -3.2 1.0 5.9 10.0 14.4 25.1 30.2 -10.9 -19.3 9.2 Namibia 26.9 39.1 42.2 49.5 45.3 34.9 36.5 39.8 42.0 39.7 46.9 20.5 24.6 41.8 Niger 17.1 4.2 -4.5 -3.7 0.4 0.4 1.3 2.5 2.6 4.1 4.3 11.7 5.5 1.5 Nigeria 26.1 13.2 12.8 12.9 29.6 12.0 15.4 13.2 27.2 22.9 14.8 19.0 15.0 18.5 Rwanda .. -0.5 -48.8 -7.1 -7.0 -6.3 -4.0 -1.1 -0.3 0.2 .. .. -16.0 -3.7 São Tomé and Principe -5.5 -39.9 -21.6 -22.2 -23.0 -25.7 -18.1 -19.0 -12.4 -15.6 -13.3 -4.1 -32.1 -18.7 Senegal -7.4 7.7 13.5 11.5 14.2 13.6 15.6 14.9 12.3 13.2 11.2 -2.8 3.7 13.3 Seychelles .. 19.4 25.0 20.6 28.7 20.2 16.9 23.2 18.6 18.9 18.8 0.0 21.2 20.7 Sierra Leone .. -0.6 2.5 -4.6 -2.0 4.0 -0.9 1.1 0.0 -3.3 -1.2 9.7 5.9 -0.9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 34.0 16.4 16.9 16.5 16.1 15.1 14.9 15.4 15.2 14.8 16.1 26.6 20.4 15.5 Sudan -0.9 16.4 13.7 .. 16.1 3.8 .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 8.5 10.0 Swaziland 25.1 5.1 6.0 10.0 15.8 15.5 7.1 5.9 13.8 12.8 13.9 25.8 22.8 11.9 Tanzania .. 4.9 6.6 -1.2 4.2 4.0 -2.1 2.0 7.7 7.3 9.1 13.8 13.3 3.9 Togo 26.4 1.5 9.6 14.2 11.4 3.8 8.8 7.3 6.8 4.8 5.9 23.7 8.8 7.9 Uganda .. 3.0 10.4 12.1 10.8 7.6 5.8 7.5 8.3 7.8 8.2 5.9 3.6 8.5 Zambia 7.3 -0.2 -0.2 4.6 -1.5 3.7 -3.6 -6.6 2.9 4.6 0.1 10.1 -0.8 0.5 Zimbabwe 12.4 20.6 21.7 16.8 18.0 9.1 12.6 14.0 11.2 7.4 8.5 13.1 16.8 12.2 NORTH AFRICA 37.1 16.8 15.2 15.2 16.5 19.4 18.3 20.1 23.3 26.7 26.2 31.7 18.1 20.7 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.6 38.1 35.9 .. .. 38.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.0 22.7 22.5 .. .. 22.7 Libya 53.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39.8 .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.3 22.5 22.8 23.8 23.2 .. .. 22.7 Tunisia 25.0 19.3 20.4 19.3 .. .. .. .. 24.7 23.8 24.2 22.5 19.9 23.0 ALL AFRICA 28.7 15.7 16.3 16.2 18.5 17.2 16.8 17.4 20.6 20.3 20.7 24.5 17.6 18.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 27 2-13. Resource balance Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.8 -1.5 -1.0 -1.5 1.1 -1.3 -4.1 -2.7 1.9 -0.1 -1.6 -1.9 0.1 -1.0 excluding South Africa 0.5 -5.8 -4.1 -3.6 0.9 -3.1 -7.7 -6.4 1.3 -2.2 -4.1 -3.9 -3.2 -3.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -5.8 -6.3 -5.0 -4.8 -3.6 -5.4 -8.4 -6.9 -2.6 -3.9 -3.5 -5.3 -4.4 -4.9 Angola .. -1.3 9.5 -1.2 14.1 0.4 -16.3 -6.7 27.6 0.4 6.9 .. 7.3 3.2 Benin -21.5 -14.2 -9.8 -12.9 -13.7 -12.8 -10.4 -12.7 -12.9 -12.7 -11.8 -19.4 -13.7 -12.5 Botswana -13.4 8.0 10.5 12.9 16.3 14.8 6.3 10.6 21.3 18.0 13.7 -13.0 13.8 14.2 Burkina Faso -22.3 -12.9 -12.3 -14.6 -16.2 -15.1 -15.6 -15.7 -16.2 -14.0 -13.5 -21.3 -15.8 -15.1 Burundi -14.5 -21.0 -18.2 -14.4 -9.6 -4.2 -11.6 -9.7 -14.7 -11.8 -12.4 -10.2 -16.1 -11.0 Cameroon 0.8 1.1 2.6 5.0 2.0 2.9 1.7 -0.3 3.9 2.7 -1.5 -2.0 1.6 2.0 Cape Verde -75.6 -36.9 -38.5 -40.0 -32.2 -30.4 -35.1 -38.4 -33.9 -32.9 -35.9 -65.2 -35.1 -34.8 Central African Republic -15.9 -8.3 -5.7 -7.3 -3.7 -5.4 -8.2 -3.4 -3.1 -2.9 -4.5 -12.0 -10.8 -4.8 Chad -11.9 -16.0 -18.2 -12.0 -11.6 -12.5 -13.0 -14.7 -20.3 -36.2 -52.4 -10.3 -17.0 -21.6 Comoros -43.2 -16.8 -27.2 -24.8 -23.1 -24.9 -22.6 -20.7 -14.5 -13.2 -12.3 -39.8 -23.9 -19.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.1 2.2 2.7 4.8 -0.3 3.8 -3.1 6.0 1.2 1.1 -3.1 -2.2 -0.1 1.3 Congo, Rep. of -0.1 -5.9 -15.7 1.1 8.8 15.5 3.7 13.2 36.7 26.6 26.7 -10.2 -0.9 16.5 Côte d'Ivoire -6.2 3.5 11.2 7.3 8.7 8.3 6.4 8.2 7.0 8.6 14.8 0.7 5.7 8.7 Djibouti .. .. .. -16.7 -16.0 -15.1 -16.1 -14.4 -18.2 .. .. .. .. -16.1 Equatorial Guinea .. -35.7 -49.0 -49.0 -82.8 -22.5 -71.7 10.3 36.5 25.6 31.0 -6.3 -32.9 -15.3 Eritrea .. -40.9 -54.8 -60.5 -58.1 -56.2 -65.2 -73.1 -62.6 -59.7 -56.6 .. -43.1 -61.5 Ethiopia .. -12.1 -9.8 -8.5 -9.9 -9.1 -9.4 -14.8 -15.0 -15.2 -18.3 -7.4 -7.7 -12.5 Gabon 33.1 14.2 23.4 23.6 27.6 21.4 1.7 6.8 2.2 19.8 20.0 15.2 6.2 15.4 Gambia, The -20.9 -17.0 -15.3 -24.1 -15.9 -12.7 -15.6 -14.6 -14.4 -20.1 -17.8 -15.4 -11.6 -16.9 Ghana -0.7 -16.2 -11.5 -8.4 -8.0 -20.6 -12.9 -17.6 -18.5 -19.6 -12.1 -0.6 -8.3 -14.7 Guinea .. -6.7 -3.3 -3.8 -5.4 -2.2 -3.7 -4.8 -5.1 -1.9 -5.5 .. -1.7 -4.0 Guinea-Bissau -29.2 -23.8 -17.9 -23.5 -21.3 -18.8 -21.5 -18.0 -26.5 -32.9 -32.1 -28.1 -32.0 -24.3 Kenya -11.1 6.0 3.2 -6.2 -3.6 -7.5 -8.0 -5.9 -9.7 -9.2 -3.2 -4.1 -1.5 -6.7 Lesotho -89.1 -89.6 -87.4 -91.7 -85.2 -81.7 -73.4 -66.5 -61.1 -54.6 -55.1 -100.6 -101.7 -71.2 Liberia 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.5 7.2 .. Madagascar -16.4 -9.3 -7.6 -7.6 -5.5 -8.1 -7.8 -7.7 -7.3 -3.2 -6.6 -8.2 -7.3 -6.7 Malawi -14.0 -16.1 -32.1 -17.3 -8.5 -12.9 -6.0 -15.0 -12.4 -11.3 -18.1 -9.7 -11.8 -12.7 Mali -14.4 -15.4 -19.9 -15.1 -15.7 -10.6 -10.5 -11.7 -12.5 -16.9 -8.7 -14.6 -18.6 -12.7 Mauritania -29.8 -15.9 -3.8 -10.4 -12.3 -9.7 -14.0 -10.6 -14.1 -12.7 -15.7 -32.3 -13.9 -12.4 Mauritius -10.9 -4.7 -7.4 -5.5 -1.5 -2.9 -2.7 -2.2 -2.0 2.7 3.8 -7.9 -3.2 -1.3 Mozambique -16.5 -35.1 -33.7 -24.7 -23.7 -19.5 -17.4 -27.6 -26.0 -13.7 -14.7 -16.2 -25.9 -20.9 Namibia 7.8 -4.8 -2.8 -6.2 -8.0 -10.0 -12.0 -10.8 -5.5 -10.0 -0.6 -13.4 -6.1 -7.9 Niger -13.5 -2.5 -10.3 -7.2 -6.5 -7.6 -8.6 -6.5 -7.5 -7.4 -8.5 -9.8 -5.5 -7.5 Nigeria 10.2 -3.1 1.0 2.1 20.7 7.2 -4.5 -4.0 15.7 4.5 -5.9 -0.8 3.3 4.5 Rwanda -11.9 -15.3 -58.5 -20.7 -20.2 -17.9 -17.6 -17.1 -16.1 -15.8 -17.5 -8.0 -15.6 -17.9 São Tomé and Principe -28.4 -66.9 -59.1 -79.5 -69.9 -65.6 -42.8 -49.3 -49.5 -57.0 -50.9 -21.2 -49.3 -58.1 Senegal -16.7 -6.0 -6.7 -5.6 -6.3 -6.7 -6.7 -7.2 -9.9 -9.6 -9.8 -12.0 -6.7 -7.7 Seychelles -11.2 -10.2 -2.9 -7.2 -9.4 -11.0 -15.9 -17.6 -2.9 -18.2 -2.7 -8.3 0.8 -10.6 Sierra Leone -15.4 -0.3 3.5 -7.4 -14.7 -1.9 -7.2 -6.0 -16.1 -18.2 -22.4 -9.0 2.5 -11.7 Somalia -55.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -38.5 -23.7 .. South Africa 8.0 3.7 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.2 2.6 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.0 5.6 2.1 Sudan -9.8 -8.0 -10.9 -4.9 -7.8 -12.5 -16.3 -6.0 2.2 0.9 -7.3 -10.0 -5.3 -6.5 Swaziland -27.6 -25.2 -18.0 -18.6 -26.0 -17.3 -19.1 -18.4 -15.4 -11.3 -8.9 -17.7 -11.3 -16.9 Tanzania .. -29.7 -23.0 -17.9 -13.0 -10.0 -14.7 -12.2 -8.3 -8.6 -7.0 -8.5 -20.5 -11.5 Togo -5.3 -7.7 -3.7 -5.0 -10.9 -15.8 -15.3 -11.2 -16.8 -17.1 -17.0 -8.4 -8.8 -13.6 Uganda -6.6 -14.1 -10.4 -9.0 -11.5 -7.4 -10.8 -12.1 -11.9 -12.4 -15.4 -3.1 -10.0 -11.3 Zambia -4.0 -6.8 -0.8 -3.7 -7.5 -5.2 -12.5 -18.7 -10.4 -10.2 -13.3 -3.4 -2.1 -10.2 Zimbabwe -3.2 -1.7 -1.9 -2.7 0.2 -7.0 -1.8 -0.4 2.2 1.2 .. -1.5 -0.6 -1.2 NORTH AFRICA 8.2 2.1 0.5 0.9 4.1 4.3 -1.2 1.0 6.6 6.3 4.8 0.6 -1.1 3.4 Algeria 4.0 -1.4 -4.6 -3.7 6.3 8.4 -1.6 3.5 20.4 15.0 9.6 -2.7 0.1 7.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. -12.4 -3.0 -5.2 -5.0 -5.8 -6.3 -10.1 -8.6 -6.6 -5.0 -5.2 -14.5 -9.6 -6.6 Libya 34.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.1 .. .. Morocco -10.5 -6.0 -6.0 -6.7 -3.4 -3.3 -4.1 -3.8 -6.1 -5.3 -5.9 -13.6 -5.6 -4.8 Tunisia -5.4 -7.5 -3.0 -4.1 -1.6 -2.5 -3.4 -2.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -7.0 -4.7 -3.1 ALL AFRICA 3.9 -0.9 -0.9 -1.2 1.7 0.2 -3.5 -1.8 3.0 1.7 0.2 -1.6 -0.7 0.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 28 National Accounts 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 80,966 71,926 77,293 91,305 101,978 102,500 91,285 93,777 111,426 106,284 108,286 51,580 67,163 100,855 excluding South Africa 52,831 43,908 47,210 56,622 66,720 65,991 56,903 60,111 74,901 71,356 72,962 33,995 41,929 65,696 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 32,536 33,859 37,358 44,198 49,729 49,716 46,171 47,310 52,455 52,411 56,611 24,797 33,549 49,825 Angola .. 2,849 3,465 3,843 6,202 5,235 3,666 5,296 8,182 6,737 8,607 .. 3,104 5,971 Benin 222 291 302 405 349 347 399 385 342 360 385 168 252 372 Botswana 563 1,959 2,139 2,432 2,601 2,914 2,537 2,743 3,220 2,845 2,667 447 1,713 2,745 Burkina Faso 173 237 244 306 276 267 362 287 237 260 272 126 244 283 Burundi 81 88 95 129 51 96 71 62 62 45 47 86 111 70 Cameroon 1,898 2,032 1,734 2,045 2,048 2,306 2,306 2,241 2,721 2,707 2,572 1,615 2,198 2,368 Cape Verde 19 45 69 94 112 129 109 113 146 167 194 22 43 133 Central African Republic 201 182 205 229 185 196 178 117 126 121 126 145 192 160 Chad 175 195 189 321 281 286 318 242 237 254 245 143 192 273 Comoros 11 53 37 46 42 38 26 29 31 35 39 15 37 36 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,371 1,213 1,316 1,607 1,732 1,145 1,848 1,109 964 924 1,048 1,691 1,903 1,297 Congo, Rep. of 1,024 849 1,035 1,369 1,746 1,756 1,487 1,702 2,586 2,232 2,434 782 1,085 1,914 Côte d'Ivoire 3,561 3,252 3,369 4,594 4,991 4,855 5,038 5,067 4,211 4,357 5,381 2,701 3,326 4,812 Djibouti .. .. .. 203 204 209 244 250 247 .. .. .. .. 226 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 70 91 201 502 464 818 1,272 974 1,074 34 38 674 Eritrea .. 143 149 131 203 203 110 66 97 147 185 .. 115 143 Ethiopia .. 507 554 786 787 1,010 1,034 916 984 958 962 560 595 930 Gabon 2,770 2,136 2,585 2,851 3,489 3,199 2,119 1,964 1,825 2,619 2,957 1,877 2,061 2,628 Gambia, The 103 213 159 187 185 185 213 199 202 212 192 77 157 197 Ghana 376 1,208 1,374 1,582 2,224 2,231 2,532 2,488 2,440 2,399 2,616 336 1,005 2,314 Guinea .. 640 763 766 734 771 770 759 735 822 779 .. 694 767 Guinea-Bissau 14 21 39 30 28 56 30 56 68 82 92 11 20 55 Kenya 2,030 2,244 2,647 2,948 3,035 3,013 2,843 2,687 2,743 2,968 3,281 1,533 2,037 2,940 Lesotho 91 169 184 194 245 252 235 231 265 332 367 52 104 265 Liberia 614 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 508 466 .. Madagascar 539 516 656 763 819 775 805 909 1,190 1,317 704 415 469 910 Malawi 307 334 350 424 521 569 563 498 446 481 477 258 353 497 Mali 263 424 406 521 525 646 644 680 649 878 1,095 175 358 705 Mauritania 261 413 431 525 506 430 399 370 378 383 362 255 453 419 Mauritius 539 1,942 1,912 2,219 2,584 2,740 2,653 2,716 2,801 2,978 2,749 490 1,400 2,680 Mozambique 383 262 304 351 346 385 406 403 474 747 846 275 207 495 Namibia 1,712 1,477 1,577 1,734 1,766 1,728 1,562 1,563 1,558 1,403 1,403 1,205 1,244 1,590 Niger 617 251 258 323 337 303 369 321 321 323 353 397 352 331 Nigeria 18,859 10,062 9,881 12,449 16,995 16,286 10,776 12,832 22,416 18,953 16,406 8,898 8,410 15,889 Rwanda 168 102 47 67 83 144 111 113 150 157 132 144 144 120 São Tomé and Principe 10 11 12 9 11 12 12 16 15 17 22 9 11 14 Senegal 803 1,205 1,272 1,544 1,367 1,276 1,413 1,463 1,307 1,401 1,571 775 1,186 1,418 Seychelles 100 257 255 278 334 369 370 422 464 500 546 77 199 410 Sierra Leone 252 165 269 162 164 112 95 92 110 122 142 178 183 125 Somalia 200 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 142 69 .. South Africa 28,267 28,025 30,090 34,703 35,307 36,549 34,403 33,701 36,594 34,993 35,392 17,752 25,253 35,205 Sudan 672 266 311 437 462 516 513 791 1,799 1,685 1,963 695 460 1,021 Swaziland 413 778 837 1,020 958 1,087 1,080 1,006 1,124 1,176 1,078 292 581 1,066 Tanzania .. 766 930 1,089 1,142 1,274 1,144 1,190 1,307 1,431 1,563 581 529 1,267 Togo 580 301 300 425 488 434 471 455 398 411 458 401 463 442 Uganda 242 227 349 679 723 838 635 735 663 677 698 279 380 706 Zambia 1,608 1,099 1,205 1,253 1,024 1,178 865 701 682 985 1,058 1,138 1,054 968 Zimbabwe 1,561 2,016 2,384 2,719 3,090 3,169 2,632 2,538 2,118 1,977 1,999 1,211 1,847 2,530 NORTH AFRICA 47,051 50,307 49,746 57,218 62,364 64,478 58,396 63,127 78,499 79,245 78,840 31,418 41,454 67,771 Algeria 14,541 10,880 9,966 11,325 14,148 14,665 10,829 13,259 22,579 21,701 20,578 10,590 11,177 16,136 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,992 13,071 11,904 13,506 13,650 14,779 13,442 13,500 15,940 17,072 16,332 5,294 8,686 14,778 Libya 23,523 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,757 .. .. Morocco 3,273 6,986 7,555 9,045 9,629 9,510 9,970 10,624 10,409 10,405 11,152 2,580 5,779 10,093 Tunisia 3,518 5,909 7,010 8,031 8,249 8,271 8,529 8,852 8,566 8,863 9,682 2,441 4,720 8,630 ALL AFRICA 123,719 119,057 124,466 145,785 161,585 163,856 146,709 153,237 184,884 179,870 181,729 80,351 106,727 164,707 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 29 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73,690 76,302 79,976 96,130 98,306 106,878 104,418 102,521 105,330 106,639 113,468 55,026 67,085 104,211 excluding South Africa 51,877 53,144 53,053 62,782 65,012 72,061 71,635 72,345 72,336 75,854 81,756 39,288 47,161 71,723 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 39,267 42,418 43,418 50,930 55,359 58,390 59,419 58,040 56,525 58,790 62,739 30,013 39,710 57,524 Angola .. 2,915 3,079 3,903 5,141 5,203 4,714 5,705 5,735 6,697 7,827 .. 2,500 5,616 Benin 524 591 448 664 652 623 642 688 634 662 703 373 471 659 Botswana 705 1,627 1,682 1,817 1,816 2,143 2,229 2,204 2,076 1,902 1,947 537 1,355 2,017 Burkina Faso 603 540 488 666 725 660 798 729 658 650 693 442 620 697 Burundi 214 285 263 273 137 136 174 131 162 126 136 175 284 159 Cameroon 1,847 1,904 1,532 1,646 1,867 2,041 2,159 2,268 2,376 2,479 2,713 1,696 2,032 2,194 Cape Verde 100 179 227 290 273 283 298 337 326 355 425 77 146 323 Central African Republic 327 290 253 311 225 250 264 153 155 149 174 220 325 210 Chad 298 429 403 493 467 475 544 467 519 858 1,295 240 426 640 Comoros 64 99 88 103 95 91 75 75 60 64 70 60 86 79 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,353 975 1,157 1,339 1,750 916 2,041 827 906 867 1,224 1,916 1,920 1,234 Congo, Rep. of 1,026 962 1,313 1,346 1,523 1,397 1,416 1,391 1,404 1,490 1,629 872 1,083 1,450 Côte d'Ivoire 4,190 2,861 2,437 3,789 3,935 3,879 4,224 4,041 3,471 3,430 3,655 2,714 2,790 3,803 Djibouti .. .. .. 286 282 285 327 327 347 .. .. .. .. 309 Equatorial Guinea .. 57 132 171 416 614 791 729 782 502 401 49 80 551 Eritrea .. 335 441 487 606 589 596 597 499 570 549 .. 330 562 Ethiopia .. 1,263 1,096 1,276 1,382 1,588 1,648 1,877 1,961 1,945 2,073 973 1,170 1,719 Gabon 1,354 1,513 1,603 1,679 1,904 2,037 2,041 1,669 1,718 1,761 1,962 1,338 1,723 1,846 Gambia, The 153 275 214 279 248 237 278 262 262 291 256 108 191 264 Ghana 407 2,172 2,000 2,126 2,777 3,648 3,492 3,841 3,362 3,437 3,359 360 1,485 3,255 Guinea .. 860 875 906 942 855 903 924 894 880 956 .. 752 908 Guinea-Bissau 46 77 81 89 86 107 74 96 125 148 157 48 83 110 Kenya 2,837 1,943 2,420 3,512 3,366 3,817 3,737 3,312 3,757 4,002 3,670 1,791 2,180 3,647 Lesotho 475 900 913 1,050 1,049 1,088 888 836 790 751 761 364 687 902 Liberia 614 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 514 387 .. Madagascar 1,202 830 881 1,002 1,039 1,062 1,095 1,197 1,474 1,463 993 692 682 1,166 Malawi 480 667 730 672 727 894 667 769 657 672 822 352 540 735 Mali 520 836 756 894 936 910 915 982 954 1,322 1,363 364 735 1,035 Mauritania 473 563 470 636 643 536 539 471 510 511 517 463 582 545 Mauritius 665 2,099 2,160 2,428 2,647 2,867 2,767 2,808 2,888 2,854 2,577 573 1,493 2,730 Mozambique 965 958 1,038 922 1,018 1,047 1,081 1,505 1,433 1,218 1,376 836 825 1,200 Namibia 1,542 1,614 1,669 1,950 2,046 2,092 1,972 1,927 1,746 1,717 1,421 1,447 1,407 1,859 Niger 957 291 420 457 466 444 547 452 455 467 538 569 458 478 Nigeria 12,324 10,719 9,646 11,858 9,688 13,677 12,236 14,304 15,794 17,038 18,977 8,996 7,486 14,196 Rwanda 307 404 488 334 362 475 462 443 441 427 435 237 396 422 São Tomé and Principe 24 42 41 46 42 41 30 40 38 44 48 19 36 41 Senegal 1,302 1,529 1,515 1,796 1,660 1,568 1,723 1,803 1,741 1,842 2,066 1,070 1,477 1,775 Seychelles 117 306 269 315 381 431 467 531 482 612 565 89 202 473 Sierra Leone 421 168 234 231 303 128 143 132 212 258 317 268 158 215 Somalia 534 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 400 304 .. South Africa 21,838 23,232 26,965 33,385 33,340 34,878 32,855 30,264 33,066 30,894 31,843 15,866 19,994 32,566 Sudan 1,333 744 1,021 904 1,119 1,799 2,258 1,434 1,546 1,573 2,953 1,387 948 1,698 Swaziland 564 1,046 1,044 1,274 1,304 1,335 1,339 1,260 1,338 1,321 1,183 384 677 1,294 Tanzania .. 2,031 1,968 2,029 1,986 2,040 2,375 2,242 2,064 2,232 2,218 1,058 1,438 2,148 Togo 640 396 337 490 647 672 687 615 603 626 693 471 579 629 Uganda 324 682 762 1,199 1,416 1,304 1,344 1,455 1,366 1,378 1,589 337 807 1,381 Zambia 1,764 1,322 1,232 1,383 1,271 1,381 1,268 1,287 1,018 1,358 1,552 1,249 1,125 1,315 Zimbabwe 1,771 2,130 2,516 2,910 3,074 3,760 2,737 2,561 1,956 1,872 1,807 1,342 1,886 2,585 NORTH AFRICA 36,840 46,963 48,941 55,715 54,331 55,849 60,920 60,884 63,014 64,211 67,506 30,264 42,960 60,304 Algeria 12,847 11,557 11,940 12,855 11,204 10,636 11,592 11,571 11,709 13,177 14,998 11,053 13,298 12,218 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9,822 14,488 14,604 16,544 17,562 19,528 21,812 21,144 22,457 21,963 21,010 8,159 12,443 20,253 Libya 11,167 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,634 .. .. Morocco 5,247 8,594 9,377 11,243 10,862 10,627 11,425 11,959 12,458 12,220 13,362 4,374 7,066 11,770 Tunisia 3,987 7,007 7,480 8,766 8,553 8,735 9,194 9,317 9,257 9,583 10,494 2,950 5,290 9,237 ALL AFRICA 108,840 122,939 128,594 151,676 152,658 162,982 165,127 163,119 168,017 170,490 180,648 84,291 109,648 164,340 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 30 National Accounts 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 65,556 79,892 84,583 91,123 99,527 104,509 108,849 110,994 116,741 120,428 120,212 1.0 3.0 4.5 excluding South Africa 41,427 49,769 53,160 56,439 61,659 64,528 67,873 69,443 71,691 74,257 74,686 1.3 3.0 4.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 28,094 39,864 42,540 44,016 47,771 50,478 53,059 56,497 58,378 61,196 63,980 2.6 2.8 5.4 Angola 2,322 3,117 4,574 3,843 4,370 4,811 5,337 5,345 5,166 4,975 6,103 .. 5.6 4.0 Benin 502 446 425 405 398 406 452 443 440 462 461 4.0 0.1 1.7 Botswana 752 2,124 2,269 2,432 2,698 2,943 2,731 2,918 3,506 3,341 3,181 14.2 4.4 4.8 Burkina Faso 335 398 293 306 290 306 439 388 351 361 403 4.7 2.0 4.1 Burundi 51 131 101 129 82 159 153 208 274 328 349 4.7 4.5 18.9 Cameroon 1,402 2,078 1,976 2,045 2,270 2,590 2,878 3,249 3,087 3,145 3,114 14.1 -1.9 6.8 Cape Verde 31 53 76 94 113 137 117 121 184 205 221 11.5 -1.8 13.2 Central African Republic 144 126 239 229 211 293 312 242 310 289 275 -0.4 2.5 3.1 Chad 190 253 258 321 255 289 299 251 268 238 232 -0.3 1.1 -2.3 Comoros 11 60 57 46 44 45 32 35 42 38 41 .. 9.7 -3.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,788 1,443 1,335 1,607 1,855 1,445 1,794 2,681 2,583 2,635 2,846 4.2 -9.1 10.1 Congo, Rep. of 714 1,139 1,104 1,369 1,450 1,606 1,936 1,630 1,651 1,683 1,863 10.1 1.0 5.1 Côte d'Ivoire 3,009 4,125 4,021 4,594 4,742 5,120 5,161 5,260 5,117 5,344 5,082 8.5 2.5 2.7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 2 80 91 164 365 449 520 641 723 762 .. -13.0 35.7 Eritrea .. 163 157 131 208 217 130 79 116 178 223 .. .. 0.2 Ethiopia .. 779 788 786 992 1,197 1,102 1,191 1,541 1,624 1,839 .. -1.3 11.3 Gabon 1,593 2,787 2,913 2,851 2,969 3,060 2,889 2,698 2,602 2,647 2,729 0.7 6.4 -1.4 Gambia, The 127 219 165 187 184 185 219 210 231 278 267 7.3 1.7 6.3 Ghana 957 1,482 1,562 1,582 2,186 2,191 2,400 2,703 2,726 2,727 2,681 -9.4 9.3 7.7 Guinea .. 652 673 766 791 818 923 953 1,017 1,212 1,133 .. 2.7 7.1 Guinea-Bissau 24 19 38 30 28 60 38 62 77 80 77 -1.8 8.7 14.0 Kenya 1,562 3,230 3,193 2,948 3,083 2,637 2,501 2,829 2,935 3,082 3,235 -0.2 7.9 0.3 Lesotho 86 179 195 194 265 272 277 272 329 474 592 9.1 9.6 13.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 800 671 738 763 796 767 732 845 975 1,033 582 -4.1 4.0 0.8 Malawi 353 386 426 424 496 518 632 537 501 557 535 2.7 1.5 3.0 Mali 243 458 490 521 536 777 776 911 890 1,111 1,436 8.9 5.5 13.8 Mauritania 366 323 456 525 522 427 447 469 525 567 647 5.8 -3.9 2.9 Mauritius 733 2,020 2,117 2,219 2,411 2,580 2,732 2,865 2,808 3,108 3,402 .. 9.8 5.7 Mozambique 314 284 324 351 430 467 517 509 673 1,067 1,218 .. 10.4 17.4 Namibia 1,254 1,636 1,583 1,734 1,781 1,733 1,721 1,798 1,782 1,703 1,824 .. 3.4 0.9 Niger 388 326 291 323 382 376 439 394 .. .. .. -1.3 -0.9 7.1 Nigeria 12,962 9,940 10,656 12,449 13,913 14,082 14,846 13,004 13,374 13,137 10,826 -2.9 3.9 0.1 Rwanda 185 158 61 67 95 123 126 149 163 229 219 6.5 -7.9 18.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 11 11 9 8 10 12 16 17 18 19 .. 5.3 11.1 Senegal 878 1,241 1,496 1,544 1,457 1,863 2,059 2,206 2,285 2,439 2,481 0.5 2.2 7.7 Seychelles .. 293 278 278 332 390 395 414 509 575 591 .. 10.2 10.7 Sierra Leone 375 333 254 162 132 102 15 11 12 14 14 -11.1 -0.6 -35.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 24,198 30,141 31,448 34,703 37,889 40,001 41,003 41,580 45,062 46,187 45,551 0.7 2.9 4.6 Sudan 502 397 431 437 563 520 510 932 1,935 1,776 1,822 2.4 -4.5 24.3 Swaziland 485 932 960 1,020 1,020 1,114 1,208 1,148 1,293 1,504 1,535 2.7 9.7 6.1 Tanzania .. 736 821 1,089 1,094 822 903 1,070 1,267 1,315 1,375 .. 11.9 5.5 Togo 532 359 352 425 504 465 460 454 450 444 475 4.6 -2.2 1.8 Uganda .. 401 528 679 863 1,118 952 1,314 1,383 1,579 1,759 .. 3.5 15.1 Zambia 1,787 1,379 1,500 1,253 1,336 1,593 1,671 1,754 1,501 1,937 2,157 -2.9 -1.0 5.3 Zimbabwe 965 2,067 2,455 2,719 2,829 2,996 3,593 3,781 3,156 3,043 3,019 5.4 7.3 2.7 NORTH AFRICA 28,716 53,738 54,440 57,218 58,900 62,473 63,425 67,488 72,483 74,830 77,483 3.8 5.8 4.6 Algeria 7,239 11,029 10,654 11,325 12,175 12,942 13,162 13,951 14,984 14,814 15,107 1.9 2.3 4.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,537 13,113 12,477 13,506 13,718 14,051 13,547 14,472 15,961 16,993 17,914 5.5 7.6 4.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 3,401 8,232 8,846 9,045 9,271 9,983 10,576 11,404 11,909 12,074 12,114 4.1 7.3 4.7 Tunisia 3,855 6,985 7,895 8,031 7,975 8,780 9,169 9,602 10,233 10,926 11,615 5.6 7.5 5.2 ALL AFRICA 94,613 130,516 136,207 145,587 156,123 164,440 169,948 175,559 185,859 191,776 193,679 1.8 3.8 4.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 31 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 95,814 81,386 86,166 96,124 102,534 110,497 114,899 116,358 120,148 126,725 137,958 1.8 0.7 5.3 excluding South Africa 73,718 56,887 57,680 62,797 66,294 72,318 76,158 80,546 81,751 88,273 98,355 2.2 -0.4 6.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 44,598 45,424 47,052 50,948 53,874 58,285 62,607 64,952 64,607 69,186 77,644 1.4 0.6 5.8 Angola 2,359 2,427 3,438 3,903 3,886 4,042 3,821 4,243 4,498 5,359 8,662 .. 1.8 8.7 Benin 965 700 479 664 656 681 678 744 767 800 808 2.8 -0.6 5.2 Botswana 888 1,700 1,787 1,817 1,974 2,366 2,682 2,646 2,532 2,533 2,631 7.2 6.7 5.4 Burkina Faso 584 763 544 666 710 701 921 849 742 811 860 3.2 0.6 4.6 Burundi 190 313 294 273 162 152 275 311 436 411 504 8.4 1.3 10.7 Cameroon 1,207 1,593 1,628 1,646 1,891 2,203 2,493 2,566 2,979 3,327 3,633 10.5 -4.3 11.2 Cape Verde 160 210 252 290 277 301 319 362 411 436 484 11.9 1.9 8.3 Central African Republic 319 286 305 311 222 291 298 175 199 192 207 3.0 1.4 -6.0 Chad 379 559 460 493 424 480 558 500 635 1,384 2,212 -4.0 -0.7 18.6 Comoros 82 92 79 103 97 109 96 101 96 106 119 .. -1.3 2.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,872 1,312 980 1,339 1,265 976 1,628 2,595 3,042 3,347 4,585 4.3 -10.1 21.4 Congo, Rep. of 1,330 1,548 1,446 1,346 1,564 1,570 1,401 1,658 1,733 1,842 2,288 8.0 -3.8 5.2 Côte d'Ivoire 5,896 2,307 2,946 3,789 3,645 3,948 4,163 4,097 3,475 3,431 3,353 3.2 -5.2 0.3 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 37 151 171 340 447 767 987 1,063 373 285 .. 2.9 14.2 Eritrea .. 374 475 487 604 626 656 680 582 676 640 .. .. 3.7 Ethiopia .. 1,366 1,166 1,276 1,322 1,578 1,740 2,033 2,032 2,031 2,226 .. -0.1 8.9 Gabon 1,900 2,048 1,723 1,679 1,918 2,295 2,297 1,920 1,964 2,008 2,064 4.0 -4.3 1.9 Gambia, The 342 283 223 279 247 237 286 277 301 381 355 5.3 3.7 5.7 Ghana 1,991 2,228 2,024 2,126 2,770 3,817 3,873 4,304 3,529 3,802 3,636 -9.8 7.7 8.1 Guinea .. 837 858 906 881 883 959 993 1,375 1,442 1,546 .. 2.0 8.2 Guinea-Bissau 98 98 96 89 84 109 80 102 139 157 134 0.1 -3.0 6.8 Kenya 2,115 2,558 2,989 3,512 3,576 3,670 3,472 3,292 3,873 4,100 3,417 -3.9 7.6 1.8 Lesotho 592 952 971 1,050 1,139 1,174 1,050 984 983 1,077 1,229 7.2 4.0 0.9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1,889 974 973 1,002 1,041 1,122 1,178 1,250 1,524 1,703 1,176 -3.0 0.1 5.5 Malawi 853 834 757 672 737 906 732 836 699 737 867 -2.1 3.9 1.1 Mali 506 895 835 894 963 1,062 1,121 1,211 1,188 1,485 1,611 7.0 2.6 8.2 Mauritania 471 517 473 636 609 538 612 605 694 728 800 2.9 -3.2 4.9 Mauritius 935 2,240 2,389 2,428 2,531 2,796 3,033 3,215 3,256 3,331 3,504 .. 12.1 5.3 Mozambique 1,253 926 1,194 922 968 972 1,054 1,479 1,346 1,168 1,330 .. 2.1 3.8 Namibia 1,531 1,722 1,787 1,950 2,256 2,334 2,512 2,548 2,415 2,510 2,896 .. 2.2 5.0 Niger 1,151 453 465 457 461 452 529 428 .. .. .. 4.9 -6.2 0.0 Nigeria 27,928 11,458 10,640 11,858 12,430 14,036 13,575 15,597 17,117 19,044 20,677 5.8 -3.2 8.4 Rwanda 175 455 514 334 346 480 524 492 436 453 451 10.4 7.0 1.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 47 43 46 41 43 35 44 43 54 58 .. 1.5 3.0 Senegal 1,434 1,682 1,513 1,796 1,871 1,839 2,095 1,992 1,947 1,973 2,012 2.3 0.0 2.7 Seychelles .. 317 272 315 381 428 529 522 514 689 598 .. 12.8 11.1 Sierra Leone 454 239 229 231 354 132 60 38 71 114 154 -7.8 0.8 -12.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 22,394 24,600 28,557 33,385 36,294 38,248 38,825 35,945 38,507 38,607 39,814 -1.4 3.4 3.1 Sudan 910 1,112 1,412 904 1,366 1,813 2,244 1,691 1,663 1,658 3,267 9.9 0.0 9.6 Swaziland 662 1,252 1,197 1,274 1,388 1,368 1,498 1,438 1,540 1,689 1,685 10.1 9.4 4.2 Tanzania .. 1,999 1,911 2,029 1,866 1,339 1,887 2,051 2,053 2,569 2,628 .. 2.9 4.4 Togo 702 430 378 490 624 717 770 704 685 723 748 6.0 -4.6 7.0 Uganda .. 692 772 1,199 1,355 1,382 1,425 1,584 1,447 1,468 1,765 .. 2.3 7.2 Zambia 2,287 1,080 1,217 1,383 1,322 1,385 1,449 1,473 1,177 1,497 1,550 -10.7 -3.3 1.7 Zimbabwe 959 2,198 2,610 2,910 2,823 3,534 3,743 3,830 3,004 2,983 2,840 3.7 9.8 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 52,209 51,292 52,529 55,715 53,159 55,918 61,853 63,302 67,201 70,141 74,729 4.9 -1.0 4.6 Algeria 18,603 11,878 12,603 12,855 11,145 11,413 12,246 12,454 13,326 15,617 17,038 5.1 -6.4 3.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16,885 15,385 15,675 16,544 16,801 17,123 18,494 18,804 19,270 18,532 19,368 4.5 -1.4 2.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 5,495 10,004 9,802 11,243 10,687 11,800 14,334 14,804 15,955 16,319 17,419 2.7 7.3 7.7 Tunisia 5,316 8,217 8,504 8,766 8,507 9,252 9,777 10,074 11,043 11,733 12,445 8.5 4.9 5.1 ALL AFRICA 147,873 132,248 138,365 151,675 155,961 166,801 176,891 179,754 187,320 196,886 212,820 2.9 0.0 5.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 32 National Accounts 2-18. GDP growth Average annual Percent annual change percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5.7 1.9 2.1 3.8 5.1 3.5 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.3 1.7 3.2 excluding South Africa 1.2 2.6 1.2 4.4 5.9 4.3 3.6 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.7 2.1 2.6 3.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 0.3 2.6 1.4 4.8 6.2 4.6 3.9 3.2 2.5 3.7 3.4 2.8 2.2 3.9 Angola .. -24.7 3.5 10.4 11.2 7.9 6.8 3.3 3.0 3.2 15.3 .. -1.2 6.7 Benin 6.8 3.5 4.4 4.6 5.5 6.1 4.5 4.7 5.8 5.0 6.0 3.8 2.3 5.3 Botswana 12.0 1.9 3.6 4.4 5.6 6.9 6.0 5.4 7.5 5.3 3.1 11.6 8.9 5.8 Burkina Faso 0.8 4.6 1.0 4.6 7.1 5.2 1.0 6.7 1.6 4.6 4.6 3.6 3.2 4.3 Burundi 1.0 -5.7 -3.9 -7.3 -8.4 0.4 4.8 -1.0 -0.9 3.2 3.6 3.8 2.7 -0.4 Cameroon -2.0 -3.2 -2.5 3.3 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.2 5.3 4.2 8.5 -2.7 4.7 Cape Verde 37.7 7.1 6.9 7.5 4.0 5.4 7.4 8.6 6.6 5.1 4.3 10.0 6.4 6.3 Central African Republic -4.5 0.3 4.9 7.2 -4.0 5.3 4.7 3.6 2.3 1.5 -0.8 0.4 -0.5 2.6 Chad -6.0 -15.7 10.1 0.8 2.4 4.3 5.9 -0.6 -0.6 9.5 9.9 -1.3 3.2 3.5 Comoros .. 3.0 -5.3 3.6 -1.3 4.2 1.2 1.9 -1.1 1.9 2.5 .. 1.2 1.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2.2 -13.5 -3.9 0.7 -1.0 -5.6 -1.6 -4.4 -7.0 -2.0 3.0 -0.3 -4.0 -3.0 Congo, Rep. of 17.6 -1.0 -5.5 5.0 4.3 -0.6 3.7 -3.0 8.2 3.6 3.5 9.2 0.3 2.7 Côte d'Ivoire -18.4 52.0 0.8 7.1 7.7 5.7 4.7 1.6 -2.5 0.3 -1.8 1.9 4.7 2.8 Djibouti .. -3.9 -2.9 -2.3 -3.3 -0.6 0.5 2.2 0.7 .. .. .. -1.2 -0.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 6.3 5.1 14.3 29.1 71.2 21.9 41.4 16.9 1.3 0.2 .. 3.0 26.5 Eritrea .. 13.4 21.2 2.9 9.2 7.9 1.8 0.0 -13.2 10.2 1.8 .. .. 1.8 Ethiopia .. 13.4 3.5 6.1 10.9 5.4 -1.9 6.2 5.7 8.9 2.7 .. 1.3 5.2 Gabon 2.6 2.4 3.4 7.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 -6.2 2.0 2.5 3.0 -0.2 1.9 2.0 Gambia, The 6.3 3.0 0.2 0.9 2.2 4.9 4.9 6.4 5.6 5.8 -3.1 4.3 3.4 4.2 Ghana 0.5 4.9 3.3 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.7 4.2 4.5 -1.1 4.7 4.3 Guinea .. 4.2 6.3 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.8 4.6 1.9 3.8 4.2 .. 3.8 4.2 Guinea-Bissau -16.0 2.1 3.2 4.4 11.6 6.5 -28.1 7.8 7.5 0.2 -7.2 2.1 3.8 -1.1 Kenya 5.6 0.4 2.6 4.4 4.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 -0.2 1.1 1.0 4.7 3.6 1.7 Lesotho 7.4 3.5 3.4 4.4 10.0 8.1 -4.6 0.2 1.3 3.2 3.8 6.7 5.4 2.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 0.8 2.1 -0.1 1.7 2.1 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.8 6.0 -12.7 -0.2 1.2 2.8 Malawi 0.4 9.7 -10.2 16.7 7.3 3.8 3.3 4.0 1.1 -4.2 1.8 3.2 2.2 3.5 Mali -4.3 -2.1 0.9 6.2 3.2 6.8 6.0 6.7 4.7 3.5 9.7 2.3 2.5 5.7 Mauritania 3.4 5.5 4.6 4.6 5.5 3.2 3.7 4.1 5.1 4.0 3.3 1.6 2.6 4.2 Mauritius .. 5.9 4.5 4.1 5.2 5.9 6.0 5.3 4.0 6.7 4.4 .. 6.5 5.3 Mozambique .. 8.7 7.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 12.6 7.5 1.5 13.0 7.7 .. 4.1 8.3 Namibia .. -2.0 7.3 4.1 3.2 4.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.4 2.7 .. 3.4 3.3 Niger -2.2 1.4 4.0 2.6 3.4 2.8 10.4 -0.6 -1.4 7.1 3.0 2.0 1.5 3.4 Nigeria 4.2 2.2 0.1 2.5 4.3 2.7 1.9 1.1 4.2 2.9 -0.9 -0.7 5.0 2.5 Rwanda 9.0 -8.1 -50.2 35.2 12.7 13.8 8.9 7.6 6.0 6.7 9.4 6.8 -2.7 10.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 1.1 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.1 .. 1.7 2.5 Senegal -3.3 -2.2 2.9 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.6 5.6 1.1 2.1 2.1 5.0 Seychelles -4.2 6.2 -0.8 -0.8 4.9 12.0 8.4 1.9 4.8 -2.2 0.3 3.4 5.7 4.4 Sierra Leone 4.8 1.4 -1.9 -8.0 6.1 -17.6 -0.9 -8.1 3.8 5.4 6.3 2.5 -1.7 -2.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9.2 1.2 3.2 3.1 4.3 2.6 0.8 2.0 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.4 0.8 2.6 Sudan -6.0 4.6 1.0 6.0 11.7 6.8 6.3 5.2 5.1 6.1 5.5 8.6 4.1 6.5 Swaziland 12.4 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.4 2.1 1.7 3.6 3.3 7.3 3.1 Tanzania .. 1.2 1.6 3.6 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.6 5.7 6.1 6.3 .. 2.6 4.5 Togo 14.6 -15.1 15.0 7.8 8.8 4.3 -2.1 2.4 -1.9 -0.2 4.6 2.1 0.5 2.2 Uganda .. 8.3 6.4 11.5 9.1 5.1 4.9 7.9 5.5 5.1 6.7 .. 5.1 6.6 Zambia 3.0 6.8 -8.6 -2.8 6.9 3.3 -1.9 2.2 3.6 4.9 3.3 0.2 0.9 2.5 Zimbabwe 14.4 1.1 9.2 0.2 10.4 2.7 2.9 -0.7 -4.9 -8.4 -5.6 3.0 3.3 -0.2 NORTH AFRICA 5.0 0.5 3.9 1.5 6.6 2.6 5.8 4.0 3.5 4.3 3.8 6.0 2.8 4.1 Algeria 0.8 -2.1 -0.9 3.8 4.1 1.1 5.1 3.2 2.4 3.6 3.4 5.5 0.5 3.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 10.0 2.9 3.9 4.7 5.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.1 3.3 3.0 8.3 3.9 5.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 3.6 -1.0 10.4 -6.6 12.2 -2.2 7.7 0.0 0.9 6.5 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.0 Tunisia 7.4 2.2 3.3 2.3 7.1 5.4 4.8 6.1 4.7 5.4 6.0 5.3 3.8 5.3 ALL AFRICA 5.5 1.5 2.7 3.0 5.6 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.3 2.0 3.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 33 2-19. Gross national income (GNI) per capita U.S. dollars, Atlas method Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 661 536 515 523 541 546 516 497 481 468 451 540 525 503 excluding South Africa 525 324 290 290 310 322 318 309 302 306 307 423 357 308 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 444 346 309 310 326 335 333 323 312 308 309 367 378 319 Angola .. 330 210 340 410 500 490 410 440 500 670 .. 644 470 Benin 410 380 330 350 350 390 380 380 390 380 380 314 346 375 Botswana 1,110 3,320 2,950 3,190 3,100 3,260 3,290 3,020 3,040 3,170 3,010 931 2,309 3,135 Burkina Faso 290 280 230 240 260 270 250 260 250 240 250 223 290 253 Burundi 220 180 160 150 140 140 140 120 110 100 100 186 222 125 Cameroon 620 900 730 660 610 620 610 600 580 560 550 600 949 599 Cape Verde .. 1,110 1,150 1,210 1,270 1,300 1,300 1,340 1,320 1,280 1,250 .. 1,031 1,284 Central African Republic 340 440 360 350 290 310 290 280 280 260 250 271 416 289 Chad 240 260 250 230 220 230 230 210 200 200 220 221 264 218 Comoros .. 640 500 480 440 450 410 400 380 380 390 327 499 416 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 630 190 160 140 120 60 110 90 90 80 90 483 222 98 Congo, Rep. of 880 900 720 460 500 620 610 520 600 670 720 833 996 588 Côte d'Ivoire 1,140 780 710 730 740 790 780 750 680 640 610 855 780 715 Djibouti .. .. .. 880 870 850 830 850 880 890 900 .. .. 869 Equatorial Guinea .. 420 370 390 430 860 1,060 790 680 900 .. .. 363 730 Eritrea .. .. 230 200 220 240 220 210 180 190 180 .. 230 205 Ethiopia .. 170 140 120 120 120 110 120 110 110 100 145 171 114 Gabon 4,820 4,570 4,140 3,930 4,130 4,400 3,980 3,300 3,190 3,160 3,120 4,344 4,438 3,651 Gambia, The 380 350 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 320 270 295 307 329 Ghana 430 410 370 360 370 390 390 390 330 300 270 355 399 350 Guinea .. 540 560 560 570 560 520 500 450 420 410 .. 490 499 Guinea-Bissau 150 230 220 230 240 240 160 170 180 160 150 184 211 191 Kenya 440 250 240 260 320 350 350 360 350 350 360 340 335 338 Lesotho 470 700 700 710 710 720 600 580 550 510 470 414 565 606 Liberia 530 .. .. .. .. 100 110 110 130 140 140 441 370 122 Madagascar 450 240 240 240 250 250 260 250 250 260 230 352 253 249 Malawi 190 240 170 170 190 220 220 190 170 160 160 164 190 185 Mali 270 300 250 250 240 260 250 250 230 230 240 201 250 244 Mauritania 460 510 490 460 470 450 420 390 350 350 280 404 507 396 Mauritius .. 3,100 3,170 3,390 3,610 3,840 3,800 3,760 3,730 3,890 3,900 1,137 2,175 3,740 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. 180 .. .. .. 200 210 240 217 197 Namibia .. 2,160 2,310 2,640 2,610 2,470 2,280 2,280 2,280 2,150 1,960 1,557 1,677 2,334 Niger 430 240 210 190 200 200 200 190 180 180 170 316 280 189 Nigeria 780 240 220 210 250 270 260 260 270 300 300 601 275 265 Rwanda 250 260 140 200 200 210 230 240 240 220 210 207 305 219 São Tomé and Principe .. 370 350 340 320 290 270 270 290 290 290 .. 426 295 Senegal 530 740 590 550 530 530 510 500 490 480 460 436 633 506 Seychelles 2,110 6,390 6,530 6,460 6,740 7,330 7,320 7,290 7,310 7,220 7,050 1,666 4,618 7,090 Sierra Leone 380 150 170 180 210 170 150 130 130 130 140 305 188 155 Somalia 100 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 124 147 .. South Africa 2,550 3,460 3,610 3,740 3,770 3,700 3,320 3,180 3,060 2,840 2,600 2,139 2,823 3,276 Sudan 470 290 260 260 300 310 340 360 350 350 380 415 527 331 Swaziland 960 1,290 1,300 1,510 1,590 1,640 1,400 1,420 1,390 1,330 1,240 811 1,073 1,440 Tanzania .. 170 160 160 190 210 230 250 270 270 290 .. 174 234 Togo 450 360 330 330 340 360 330 320 290 270 270 334 373 314 Uganda .. 190 200 250 290 320 310 300 280 250 240 180 284 280 Zambia 630 380 350 340 360 360 310 .. .. .. .. 562 360 343 Zimbabwe 960 650 640 610 670 660 540 450 .. .. .. 858 787 586 NORTH AFRICA 1,304 1,255 1,300 1,337 1,439 1,487 1,525 1,566 1,630 1,673 1,644 1,068 1,349 1,538 Algeria 2,080 1,780 1,660 1,590 1,550 1,540 1,560 1,540 1,580 1,660 1,720 1,772 2,341 1,593 Egypt, Arab Rep 530 800 880 990 1,100 1,200 1,270 1,370 1,490 1,530 1,470 483 792 1,303 Libya 10,460 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,921 6,190 .. Morocco 970 1,060 1,170 1,120 1,300 1,250 1,260 1,210 1,180 1,190 1,170 733 943 1,210 Tunisia 1,360 1,690 1,740 1,820 2,000 2,080 2,050 2,080 2,080 2,060 1,990 1,093 1,427 2,020 ALL AFRICA 772 669 657 669 701 712 691 680 676 671 650 631 676 681 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Gross National Income (GNI) previously called Gross National Product (GNP). 34 National Accounts 2-20. Total consumption per capita Current U.S. dollars Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 507 444 411 460 451 472 437 424 399 386 378 411 434 426 excluding South Africa 408 272 233 267 274 292 281 277 258 267 277 326 301 274 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 356 300 248 283 293 308 299 286 268 272 278 293 325 286 Angola .. 463 284 342 345 497 443 439 264 483 521 .. 640 417 Benin 432 402 264 343 380 354 369 375 341 347 387 305 343 362 Botswana 858 1,874 1,888 1,995 1,833 1,876 1,840 1,905 1,910 1,869 1,895 670 1,392 1,890 Burkina Faso 297 233 188 226 249 224 230 235 216 229 252 221 268 233 Burundi 224 167 165 170 140 143 138 108 105 104 106 179 206 127 Cameroon 603 771 493 477 547 523 487 507 467 438 494 486 755 492 Cape Verde 458 961 1,070 1,246 1,496 1,353 1,528 1,622 1,384 1,411 1,547 349 900 1,448 Central African Republic 375 405 247 314 308 271 275 255 237 228 246 273 413 267 Chad .. 246 184 217 223 206 219 211 173 196 225 200 265 209 Comoros 406 586 412 497 473 446 425 433 371 384 419 343 512 431 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 464 249 121 109 91 122 131 89 96 97 106 399 206 105 Congo, Rep. of 608 533 526 449 539 461 420 416 395 368 413 543 729 433 Côte d'Ivoire 989 734 464 611 673 616 680 639 551 534 529 671 770 604 Djibouti .. .. .. 929 883 862 818 869 874 .. .. .. .. 873 Equatorial Guinea .. 455 241 297 436 669 840 688 762 378 328 440 413 550 Eritrea .. 171 198 227 247 227 266 254 226 222 195 .. 183 233 Ethiopia .. 115 96 94 96 98 98 101 101 96 88 130 146 97 Gabon 2,424 2,652 2,127 2,355 2,470 2,272 2,349 2,307 2,810 1,672 1,949 1,938 2,966 2,273 Gambia, The 354 336 326 356 321 329 330 330 312 296 247 272 291 315 Ghana 383 340 280 326 334 357 355 385 240 248 273 318 350 315 Guinea .. 466 470 489 471 430 419 395 349 321 368 .. 403 405 Guinea-Bissau 141 196 196 216 217 207 175 171 174 161 165 179 193 186 Kenya 378 150 221 301 294 353 354 322 327 345 352 278 273 331 Lesotho 514 670 662 740 717 783 646 632 581 479 463 401 553 630 Liberia 433 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 408 411 .. Madagascar 462 263 223 230 273 239 238 229 231 240 247 341 242 241 Malawi 179 234 134 156 250 264 163 180 170 177 187 140 172 193 Mali 268 273 174 236 247 221 225 220 207 227 244 196 241 228 Mauritania 456 412 381 423 442 416 381 346 297 319 322 425 433 368 Mauritius 1,020 2,255 2,316 2,609 2,798 2,892 2,685 2,710 2,826 2,789 2,780 910 1,630 2,761 Mozambique 322 162 161 149 178 202 213 210 186 137 137 300 215 176 Namibia 1,313 1,605 1,645 1,798 1,757 1,887 1,647 1,614 1,573 1,403 1,119 1,595 1,444 1,600 Niger 384 183 179 208 206 184 201 187 162 168 182 281 256 187 Nigeria 619 162 174 206 201 232 214 241 221 248 271 464 210 229 Rwanda 216 255 212 244 257 272 281 257 232 209 209 196 290 245 São Tomé and Principe 588 501 451 384 378 368 308 357 333 395 405 490 579 366 Senegal 566 632 395 477 476 444 451 448 426 439 462 428 600 453 Seychelles 1,678 5,309 4,993 5,206 4,655 5,780 6,258 5,791 5,777 5,791 6,011 1,284 3,618 5,659 Sierra Leone 337 166 200 211 216 174 141 138 137 164 170 271 175 169 Somalia 105 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 128 144 .. South Africa 1,816 2,820 2,869 3,135 2,918 2,991 2,624 2,488 2,375 2,072 1,857 1,527 2,243 2,557 Sudan 350 197 210 301 247 340 317 294 286 .. .. 346 379 297 Swaziland 873 1,283 1,269 1,496 1,349 1,446 1,325 1,346 1,292 1,126 992 674 906 1,297 Tanzania .. 159 154 174 205 233 263 254 244 248 241 246 172 233 Togo 347 334 230 301 340 365 317 299 257 260 277 253 349 302 Uganda .. 165 193 263 277 266 282 245 233 218 221 186 253 251 Zambia 546 355 357 344 341 382 328 327 300 326 346 455 350 337 Zimbabwe 807 470 479 515 594 628 399 373 485 642 571 711 592 526 NORTH AFRICA 842 1,040 1,059 1,132 1,224 1,204 1,274 1,269 1,269 1,272 1,258 707 1,048 1,238 Algeria 1,291 1,342 1,136 1,070 1,125 1,117 1,170 1,091 979 1,087 1,148 1,125 1,663 1,098 Egypt, Arab Rep. 476 732 806 908 1,018 1,058 1,135 1,180 1,277 1,232 1,122 417 668 1,116 Libya 5,040 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,322 .. .. Morocco 838 879 991 1,074 1,143 1,011 1,056 1,004 950 947 1,025 610 801 1,026 Tunisia 1,041 1,321 1,392 1,593 1,648 1,559 1,625 1,672 1,550 1,563 1,694 820 1,116 1,613 ALL AFRICA 574 554 528 582 588 602 583 570 548 536 527 470 548 567 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 35 Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product, 2002* GDP level** GDP per capita (US$ billions) (US$ thousands) 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 104.2 South Africa 90.6 Egypt. Arab Rep. 58.0 Algeria Nigeria Morocco Sudan Kenya Côte d'Ivoire Tanzania Cameroon Zimbabwe Ghana Ethiopia Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of Botswana Senegal Gabon Mauritius Madagascar Zambia Mozambique Guinea Burkina Faso Mali Congo, Rep. of Namibia Benin Equatorial Guinea Niger Chad Malawi Rwanda Togo Swaziland Central African Republic Mauritania Sierra Leone Burundi Lesotho Seychelles Eritrea Cape Verde Djibouti Gambia The * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by GDP level. Figure 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 2001-2002* GDP growth rates** Export growth rates (average annual percent change) (average annual percent change) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Angola Chad Mali Rwanda Mozambique Uganda Tanzania Sierra Leone Benin Tunisia Sudan Togo Burkina Faso Ghana Morocco Mauritius Cape Verde Cameroon Guinea São Tomé and Principe Lesotho Burundi Swaziland Congo, Rep. of Algeria Zambia Mauritania Botswana Congo, Dem. Rep. of Gabon Egypt, Arab Rep. Niger South Africa Namibia Ethiopia Comoros Malawi Eritrea Senegal Kenya Seychelles Equatorial Guinea Central African Republic Nigeria Côte d'Ivoire Gambia, The Zimbabwe Guinea-Bissau Madagascar * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by GDP. 37 Figure 2-3. Composition of GDP, 2002* Agriculture share** Industry share Services share (percent) 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of Comoros Central African Republic Burundi Ethiopia Sierra Leone Rwanda Cameroon Niger Tanzania Togo Uganda Ghana Gambia The Nigeria Benin Mali Malawi Chad Burkina Faso São Tomé and Principe Mozambique Côte d'Ivoire Madagascar Kenya Mauritania Guinea Senegal Equatorial Guinea Zimbabwe Lesotho Morocco Cape Verde Zambia Egypt. Arab Rep. Swaziland Tunisia Namibia Algeria Congo, Rep. of Gabon Angola Mauritius Seychelles South Africa Djibouti Botswana * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by agriculture share. 38 National Accounts Technical notes Tables Table 2-3. Value added in industry. Value added in industry is shown at factor cost (World Bank country Table 2-1. Gross domestic product, real. Gross desks). It comprises the gross output of mining, manu- domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of facturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas, less goods and services for final use produced by residents the value of their intermediate inputs. However, for and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to do- Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, mestic and foreign claims (World Bank country Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, desks). It is calculated without making deductions for Togo, Zaire, and Zambia, it is shown at market prices, depreciation of "manmade" assets or depletion and that is, including intermediate inputs. degradation of natural resources. In this table, GDP figures are shown at market prices (also known as Table 2-4. Value added in services. Also shown at purchaser values) and have been converted to U.S. factor cost, this table consists of the gross output of dollars using constant (1995) exchange rates. For a all other branches of economic activity, including few countries where the official exchange rate does government, less the value of their intermediate in- not effectively reflect the rate applied to actual for- puts (World Bank country desks). However, for eign exchange transactions, an alternative currency Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, conversion factor has been used (Table 3-6). The sum Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, of the components of GDP by industrial origin (pre- Togo, Zaire, and Zambia, it is shown at market prices, sented in this volume in the form of value added) will that is, including intermediate inputs. Other items, not normally equal total GDP for several reasons. First, such as imputed bank service charges (which are components of GDP by expenditure are individually difficult to assess in the same fashion for all coun- rescaled and summed to provide a partially rebased tries) and any corrections for statistical discrepancies, series for total GDP. Second, total GDP is shown at are not included. purchaser value, while value added components are conventionally reported at producer prices. As ex- Table 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal. This plained above, the former excludes net indirect taxes, table, presented at market prices, is obtained by con- while the latter includes indirect taxes. Third, certain verting national currency GDP series in current prices items, such as imputed bank charges, are added in (World Bank country desks) to U.S. dollars at offi- total GDP. cial annual exchange rates (Table 3-4; see also the note for Table 2-1). GDP growth rates are presented Table 2-2. Value added in agriculture. Value added in real terms. in agriculture is shown at factor cost (World Bank country desks). It comprises the gross output of for- Table 2-6. Total consumption. Total consumption estry, hunting, and fishing less the value of their in- is the sum of private consumption (World Bank coun- termediate inputs. However, for Botswana, Cameroon, try desks) and general government consumption Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, (Table 2-7). Private consumption, not separately Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, Zaire, and shown here, is the value of all goods and services Zambia, it is shown at market prices, that is, includ- purchased or received as income in kind by house- ing intermediate inputs. holds and nonprofit institutions. It excludes purchases National Accounts 39 of dwellings, but includes imputed rent for rest of the world, including merchandise, freight, in- owner-occupied dwellings. In practice, it includes any surance, travel, and other nonfactor services. The value statistical discrepancy in the use of resources. of factor services, such as investment income, interest, and labor income, is not included. These series are gen- Table 2-7. General government consumption. This erally estimated on the basis of foreign trade statistics indicator includes all current expenditure for purchases from customs declarations. They are not fully compa- of goods and services by all levels of government, in- rablewiththeseriesfromthebalanceofpayments,which cluding capital expenditure on national defense and are based on changes in ownership between residents security (World Bank country desks). Other capital of a country and the rest of the world. Exports, as well expenditure by government is included in investment. as imports of GNFS, are shown in current U.S. dollars. Tables 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10. Gross domestic, public, Tables 2-16 and 2-17. Exports and imports of goods and private investment. Gross domestic investment and nonfactor services, real. These are defined as (GDI) consists of gross domestic fixed capital forma- in Tables 2-14 and 2-15, but expressed in constant tion plus net changes in the level of inventories (World 1995 U.S. dollars. Bank country desks). GDI comprises outlays by the public sector (Table 2-9) and the private sector (Table Table 2-18. GDP growth. This table (World Bank 2-10). Examples include improvements in land, dwell- country desks) provides average annual growth rates ings, machinery, and other equipment. For some coun- calculatedfromGDPatconstant1995prices(Table2-1). tries the sum of gross private investment and gross public investment does not add up to gross domestic Table 2-19. GNI per capita. Figures presented here investment due to statistical discrepancies. (World Bank country desks) are calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, as described in the techni- Table 2-11. Gross domestic savings. Gross domes- cal notes for Table 1-1; they are similar in concept tic savings (GDS) is calculated by deducting total to GNI per capita in current prices, except that the consumption (Table 2-6) from gross domestic prod- use of three-year averages of exchange rates smoothes uct in current prices (Table 2-5). out sharp fluctuations from year to year. Table 2-12. Gross national savings. Gross national Table 2-20. Total consumption per capita. This savings (GNS) is the sum of gross domestic savings table is obtained by dividing total consumption at (Table 2-11), net factor income from abroad (World current U.S. dollars (Table 2-6) by the correspond- Bank country desks), and net private transfers from ing midyear population (Table 1-2). abroad (Table 5-5). The estimate here also includes net public transfers from abroad (Table 5-6). Figures The following indicators have been used to derive the Table 2-13. Resource balance. The table indicates figures in this chapter. the difference between exports f.o.b. (Table 2-14) and imports c.i.f. (Table 2-15) of goods and nonfactor Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product (Table 2-5); GDP services (or the difference between GDS and GDI). per capita (Tables 1-2 and 2-5). The resource balance is shown as a share of GDP in U.S. dollars at current prices (Table 2-5). Figure 2-2. GDP growth (Table 2-1); export growth (Table 2-16). Tables 2-14 and 2-15. Exports and imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal. Data for exports Figure 2-3. Value added in agriculture (Table 2-2); and imports of goods and nonfactor services are from value added in industry (Table 2-3); value added in the World Bank country desks and refer to all goods services(Table2-4);grossdomesticproduct(Table2-1). and nonfactor services (GNFS) provided to, or by, the 40 National Accounts Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 2 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) 2-1 x x 2-2 x x 2-3 x x 2-4 x x 2-5 x x 2-6 x x 2-7 x x 2-8 x x 2-9 x x 2-10 x x 2-11 x x 2-12 x x 2-13 x x 2-14 x x 2-15 x x 2-16 x x 2-17 x x 2-18 x x 2-19 x x 2-20 x x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 3 Prices and Exchange Rates I nformation on prices and exchange rates are im- rencies because it is based on five major currencies. portant in monitoring national economic perfor- For Sub-Saharan Africa, it may be more representa- mance. This chapter provides three sets of price tive of movements in non-dual exchange rates than deflators and six exchange rate indicators. The GDP that expressed in U.S. dollars alone because a large deflator for national currency series shows changes share of the region's foreign trade and debt is not in domestic prices only. The U.S. dollar series GDP denominated in U.S. dollars. A decrease in the index deflator includes the effects of both domestic price shows that the currency has depreciated, which indi- changes, as reflected in the national currency series cates that foreign goods have become relatively more GDP implicit deflator, and changes in the exchange expensive than domestic goods. We have included rate between national currencies and U.S. dollars. The information on the parallel market exchange rate and consumer price index measures the price changes of the ratio of the parallel to the official exchange rates a selected bundle of consumer goods, which differs to provide a measure of the premium on the official among countries. rate. It is tempting to view the difference between The U.S. dollar exchange rate (units of national cur- the official and parallel rates as a measure of the dis- rency per US dollar) is reported because of extensive equilibrium in the official exchange rate. However, use of U.S. dollars to denominate international trans- this is not necessarily true. Conversion factors are actions; U.S. dollars are also widely used for statisti- sometimes used in place of official exchange rates cal comparisons across countries. The special draw- when the latter are considered to be especially unrep- ing right (SDR) exchange rate index (based on SDRs resentative of rates effectively applied to international per unit of national currency) is a broader measure of transactions. the changes in the international value of domestic cur- 41 42 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) Index 1995 = 100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23.1 71.4 90.4 100.0 109.9 117.6 124.4 132.2 147.4 162.4 166.2 24.0 58.5 132.5 excluding South Africa 24.8 71.4 90.1 100.0 110.6 118.0 123.7 131.6 152.5 163.4 168.0 25.8 59.7 133.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 26.4 71.4 90.4 100.0 109.9 117.6 122.8 129.0 141.7 162.4 164.6 28.0 60.9 131.0 Angola .. 0.2 5.0 100.0 5,500 10,687 14,461 93,904 477,055 1,086,173 2,207,860 .. 0.5 486,967 Benin 47.5 64.9 86.7 100.0 106.7 112.0 117.3 119.5 123.4 127.3 129.7 45.9 63.8 117.0 Botswana 21.3 82.4 91.9 100.0 114.3 126.9 131.7 140.5 152.5 162.4 171.4 19.2 61.2 137.5 Burkina Faso 55.3 78.3 93.2 100.0 107.7 109.7 117.8 115.9 122.1 128.6 131.3 54.3 80.6 116.6 Burundi 45.5 81.3 86.7 100.0 119.0 146.8 163.2 168.8 206.9 234.6 264.8 38.2 67.7 175.5 Cameroon 43.0 77.0 85.4 100.0 105.4 108.2 109.5 108.2 111.9 115.3 120.2 42.9 75.8 109.8 Cape Verde 32.6 89.1 95.9 100.0 105.8 114.1 119.3 125.3 123.8 130.5 133.8 34.3 78.7 119.1 Central African Republic 35.0 73.9 90.7 100.0 101.8 103.2 104.2 105.4 108.0 111.2 115.3 35.1 75.0 106.1 Chad 55.5 64.1 91.9 100.0 111.7 114.8 126.5 116.8 123.5 139.1 144.3 54.4 70.6 122.1 Comoros 41.6 88.9 92.3 100.0 103.2 104.0 105.7 111.8 119.9 130.1 135.9 52.2 81.2 113.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.1 17.7 100.0 738.2 2,160.3 2,718.0 14,930 103,402 490,227 604,418 0.0 1.8 152,337 Congo, Rep. of 56.4 71.4 97.7 100.0 118.0 123.8 101.3 131.6 192.4 165.5 164.6 57.2 76.2 137.1 Côte d'Ivoire 81.3 61.5 90.1 100.0 105.0 109.4 115.1 116.2 116.1 120.9 127.4 68.9 95.0 113.8 Djibouti .. 89.9 95.7 100.0 102.6 105.1 106.9 109.1 111.7 .. .. .. 80.4 105.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 63.2 97.5 100.0 125.4 160.5 121.9 172.1 261.8 366.1 409.1 .. 67.2 214.6 Eritrea .. 82.5 91.1 100.0 109.1 113.3 123.7 133.7 159.5 181.6 207.9 .. 85.7 141.1 Ethiopia .. 86.4 88.7 100.0 100.9 104.7 115.4 118.2 121.9 114.1 106.0 42.4 63.8 110.2 Gabon 50.8 68.5 100.6 100.0 112.8 115.1 97.0 101.7 130.6 115.3 122.1 46.6 70.1 111.8 Gambia, The 18.0 92.7 96.2 100.0 102.9 106.9 108.1 112.8 116.8 125.7 150.4 17.6 69.6 115.4 Ghana 0.8 53.7 69.9 100.0 139.8 167.0 195.5 222.8 283.5 381.5 468.5 1.6 30.3 244.8 Guinea .. 95.0 95.7 100.0 101.5 103.1 105.3 109.0 121.1 127.1 130.7 .. 63.4 112.2 Guinea-Bissau 0.2 56.1 69.1 100.0 139.3 186.8 201.0 212.4 219.4 208.2 218.2 0.3 22.0 185.7 Kenya 18.7 66.5 89.9 100.0 109.1 126.0 138.1 146.0 156.6 171.7 186.6 19.0 49.2 141.8 Lesotho 18.6 85.0 91.5 100.0 109.0 117.3 128.2 144.7 153.0 164.3 180.4 17.8 58.1 137.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 6.6 48.6 68.9 100.0 117.8 126.4 137.1 150.4 161.3 173.1 199.7 7.7 34.6 145.7 Malawi 6.6 43.7 55.2 100.0 158.9 171.3 214.8 305.3 384.5 481.4 565.6 6.9 27.5 297.7 Mali 37.6 66.0 84.4 100.0 105.4 106.5 106.5 103.1 108.3 116.0 118.1 37.1 64.6 108.0 Mauritania 33.3 90.0 95.7 100.0 104.7 110.3 120.7 123.2 130.7 144.8 145.4 33.3 72.4 122.5 Mauritius 28.0 87.9 96.1 100.0 105.3 112.8 119.1 125.1 131.0 135.8 142.7 33.9 67.5 121.5 Mozambique 0.6 41.3 65.8 100.0 143.6 157.4 164.6 169.4 182.9 202.3 225.0 0.8 19.0 168.1 Namibia 19.1 81.8 94.6 100.0 114.5 122.6 133.1 141.8 159.2 176.4 193.0 22.5 59.3 142.6 Niger 57.9 71.5 94.9 100.0 104.7 108.0 111.2 113.4 118.6 123.3 127.0 55.9 77.2 113.3 Nigeria 3.2 50.2 64.1 100.0 136.9 138.8 131.1 154.5 188.2 202.9 226.4 3.2 22.2 159.8 Rwanda 24.8 56.4 66.1 100.0 110.9 128.2 131.1 126.5 130.6 130.8 130.8 25.0 42.8 123.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 33.0 57.3 100.0 150.8 302.0 413.9 480.1 517.4 556.7 588.3 .. 19.3 388.6 Senegal 41.3 74.5 95.2 100.0 101.0 103.5 105.3 106.8 107.7 110.7 113.7 40.7 75.0 106.1 Seychelles 60.6 99.8 100.8 100.0 98.5 99.5 103.9 106.0 107.3 112.4 118.6 53.4 89.5 105.8 Sierra Leone 0.1 56.0 76.3 100.0 116.3 135.8 172.6 215.8 229.1 243.0 252.5 0.2 22.5 183.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 13.6 82.8 90.7 100.0 108.1 116.9 125.0 132.7 142.2 153.1 166.2 13.1 54.7 130.5 Sudan 0.1 18.4 36.1 100.0 170.7 245.5 306.1 364.1 372.7 380.2 409.7 0.2 7.4 293.6 Swaziland 18.3 75.2 85.3 100.0 110.6 123.9 135.0 147.6 165.5 183.1 202.9 18.7 53.1 146.1 Tanzania .. 60.1 78.8 100.0 119.3 143.9 164.3 183.1 195.7 207.8 216.5 .. 43.0 166.3 Togo 41.0 66.3 90.0 100.0 105.4 118.0 115.1 117.7 119.2 126.8 126.7 42.2 68.4 116.1 Uganda .. 85.6 91.4 100.0 104.6 107.8 116.4 116.7 121.2 128.8 123.6 0.2 36.7 114.9 Zambia 0.1 43.8 72.4 100.0 122.9 154.8 185.0 224.5 292.0 362.9 435.0 0.1 14.9 234.6 Zimbabwe 11.4 75.4 91.3 100.0 125.8 146.2 188.9 294.9 471.6 802.3 1,664.9 11.8 43.8 474.3 NORTH AFRICA 26.0 87.5 91.2 100.0 105.9 111.1 114.9 118.1 123.0 126.4 131.9 25.4 64.6 116.4 Algeria 10.9 60.3 77.8 100.0 123.8 131.9 126.3 139.4 172.4 181.6 185.3 9.9 35.2 145.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16.3 83.9 89.8 100.0 107.1 113.4 117.4 119.6 126.5 130.5 138.2 14.4 54.1 119.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 40.2 91.2 92.6 100.0 101.0 103.0 103.4 103.9 105.5 108.1 110.8 38.8 77.6 104.5 Tunisia 35.7 91.1 95.1 100.0 104.7 108.8 112.4 116.6 119.4 122.4 125.7 36.5 75.4 113.7 ALL AFRICA 23.1 72.7 90.4 100.0 109.1 117.1 122.8 129.0 136.6 153.1 164.6 24.0 58.9 129.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values for each year. Prices and Exchange Rates 43 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) Index 1995 = 100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 105.0 95.3 90.6 100.0 99.0 99.1 90.7 88.4 86.6 81.9 79.9 82.0 91.8 90.7 excluding South Africa 150.1 98.5 88.7 100.0 105.9 105.3 98.1 96.5 97.0 96.6 99.3 117.7 110.7 99.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 118.6 102.8 89.2 100.0 103.0 102.4 96.8 92.6 90.6 90.6 93.3 98.9 111.2 96.2 Angola .. 119.8 88.9 100.0 134.3 126.9 99.8 91.2 128.8 133.5 137.5 .. 129.5 119.0 Benin 112.1 114.5 77.9 100.0 104.1 95.8 99.2 96.9 86.5 86.7 92.9 83.7 95.1 95.3 Botswana 76.1 94.3 94.9 100.0 95.3 96.4 86.4 84.2 82.9 77.1 75.1 58.4 82.1 87.2 Burkina Faso 130.7 100.6 83.7 100.0 105.1 93.8 99.7 94.0 85.6 87.5 94.0 98.9 116.2 95.0 Burundi 126.4 83.6 85.7 100.0 98.2 104.0 91.0 74.8 71.7 70.6 71.1 102.9 102.1 85.2 Cameroon 106.7 150.4 101.9 100.0 108.9 103.7 94.3 95.3 88.2 80.4 85.1 83.4 122.0 94.5 Cape Verde 62.3 85.1 90.0 100.0 98.4 94.2 93.4 93.0 79.5 81.4 87.8 58.7 80.0 91.0 Central African Republic 82.6 130.2 81.5 100.0 99.4 88.5 88.2 85.5 75.7 75.7 82.5 62.5 116.0 86.9 Chad 131.0 112.9 82.6 100.0 109.0 98.1 107.0 94.9 86.5 94.9 103.5 99.7 108.2 99.2 Comoros 73.8 117.6 83.0 100.0 100.7 89.0 89.4 90.7 84.1 88.6 97.3 61.6 97.6 92.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 191.1 183.6 103.8 100.0 103.3 115.8 118.6 95.3 105.3 114.8 122.6 159.3 111.3 109.5 Congo, Rep. of 133.2 90.0 87.8 100.0 115.1 105.9 85.7 106.7 134.9 112.7 117.9 102.2 112.7 109.8 Côte d'Ivoire 192.1 108.4 81.0 100.0 102.5 93.6 97.4 94.2 81.4 82.3 91.2 125.2 147.4 92.8 Djibouti .. 89.9 95.7 100.0 102.6 105.1 106.9 109.1 111.7 .. .. .. 80.4 105.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 111.4 87.6 100.0 122.3 137.3 103.1 139.5 183.6 249.3 293.0 .. 102.5 166.0 Eritrea .. 99.4 93.1 100.0 108.1 99.2 105.7 103.3 104.7 104.9 93.6 .. 102.4 102.4 Ethiopia .. 118.8 101.7 100.0 93.8 94.5 98.3 92.3 87.7 80.3 72.8 120.0 153.0 89.9 Gabon 120.0 97.8 90.4 100.0 110.1 98.5 82.1 82.4 91.6 78.5 87.4 82.9 104.8 91.3 Gambia, The 99.9 96.9 95.9 100.0 100.4 100.0 97.0 94.5 87.2 76.5 72.1 75.8 85.6 90.9 Ghana 105.1 99.4 87.7 100.0 102.5 97.8 101.4 100.2 62.4 63.9 70.9 94.0 109.4 87.4 Guinea .. 98.6 97.1 100.0 100.2 93.3 84.4 77.9 68.7 64.7 65.6 .. 90.1 81.8 Guinea-Bissau 82.8 100.5 96.9 100.0 95.4 89.0 94.7 95.9 85.7 79.5 87.0 85.3 95.6 90.9 Kenya 129.5 59.0 82.5 100.0 98.3 111.7 114.9 106.7 105.6 112.4 122.1 103.8 96.2 109.0 Lesotho 86.6 94.3 93.4 100.0 91.9 92.3 84.1 85.9 80.0 69.2 62.1 67.3 77.6 83.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 132.6 108.4 95.8 100.0 123.8 105.9 107.5 102.1 101.7 112.0 124.7 108.3 95.4 109.7 Malawi 124.7 151.9 96.6 100.0 158.6 159.2 105.6 105.8 98.7 101.9 112.7 107.7 128.2 117.8 Mali 88.8 116.4 75.9 100.0 102.9 91.1 90.1 83.6 75.9 79.0 84.6 66.9 99.2 88.4 Mauritania 94.2 96.7 100.5 100.0 99.0 94.2 83.1 76.3 71.0 73.5 69.4 87.4 107.6 83.3 Mauritius 68.4 94.2 91.9 100.0 103.6 103.1 92.0 87.9 89.6 85.9 82.4 61.5 77.5 93.1 Mozambique 182.0 96.1 98.3 100.0 114.8 123.5 125.1 119.6 109.0 89.9 87.5 195.0 156.0 108.7 Namibia 88.8 90.8 96.7 100.0 96.6 96.5 87.3 84.2 83.2 74.3 66.4 77.8 79.6 86.1 Niger 136.9 91.2 85.3 100.0 102.2 92.3 94.1 92.0 83.1 84.0 91.0 100.8 115.1 92.3 Nigeria 287.2 77.9 86.3 100.0 120.4 120.3 104.8 117.7 130.2 128.3 132.1 210.6 108.7 119.2 Rwanda 70.2 102.5 78.8 100.0 94.8 111.5 110.1 99.3 87.9 77.4 72.0 69.7 103.1 94.1 São Tomé and Principe .. 109.1 111.1 100.0 97.2 94.2 85.4 95.8 92.1 89.4 91.9 .. 125.8 93.3 Senegal 97.6 131.3 85.6 100.0 98.5 88.5 89.1 86.6 75.5 75.4 81.4 74.4 116.1 86.9 Seychelles 45.2 91.7 95.0 100.0 94.3 94.3 94.0 94.5 89.4 91.4 103.1 38.0 77.5 95.1 Sierra Leone 98.0 74.6 98.3 100.0 95.4 104.5 83.4 90.3 82.7 92.4 90.8 86.7 69.0 92.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 63.2 91.9 92.7 100.0 91.2 92.0 82.0 78.8 74.3 64.5 57.2 48.8 72.5 80.0 Sudan 137.1 67.0 72.3 100.0 79.3 90.5 88.5 83.7 84.2 85.4 90.4 140.1 138.4 87.8 Swaziland 85.2 83.6 87.2 100.0 93.9 97.6 89.4 87.6 86.9 78.2 70.2 70.6 71.6 88.0 Tanzania .. 85.2 88.9 100.0 118.2 135.1 142.1 141.3 140.5 136.3 128.7 .. 96.2 130.3 Togo 96.7 116.8 80.9 100.0 102.8 100.9 97.4 95.4 83.6 86.4 90.7 77.4 105.8 94.7 Uganda .. 66.4 77.3 100.0 96.3 95.0 94.4 79.9 74.8 68.1 65.7 81.6 112.5 84.3 Zambia 115.4 83.6 93.5 100.0 87.9 101.8 85.9 81.2 81.1 86.9 85.5 92.8 82.4 88.8 Zimbabwe 153.4 101.0 97.1 100.0 109.0 104.6 69.1 66.7 92.0 126.3 122.6 134.9 116.1 98.8 NORTH AFRICA 117.5 95.6 93.2 100.0 104.8 105.2 105.1 105.0 107.7 105.1 101.2 92.8 98.0 104.3 Algeria 134.9 123.0 105.7 100.0 107.7 108.9 102.5 99.8 109.2 112.1 110.8 109.3 136.8 106.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 76.6 85.4 90.3 100.0 107.1 113.4 117.5 119.6 126.0 120.4 108.6 69.1 83.0 114.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 87.2 83.8 86.0 100.0 99.0 92.3 91.9 90.5 84.8 81.7 85.9 64.8 75.5 90.8 Tunisia 83.5 85.8 88.9 100.0 101.7 93.1 93.3 93.0 82.4 80.5 83.6 68.3 79.1 90.9 ALL AFRICA 108.1 95.4 91.5 100.0 100.9 101.1 95.5 94.0 93.7 89.8 87.2 84.7 93.9 95.3 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are obtained by dividing GDP in current US$ by GDP in constant US$ series for each group. 44 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-3. Consumer price index Average annual Index 1995 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16.3 67.9 90.1 100.0 107.4 114.9 124.1 130.4 130.1 142.7 138.2 12.5 11.2 5.6 excluding South Africa 17.0 67.6 89.8 100.0 107.4 114.6 123.7 130.0 129.9 138.3 137.7 11.0 10.7 5.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 18.6 67.9 90.1 100.0 107.3 114.5 123.3 127.7 129.7 133.9 137.2 11.0 9.7 5.2 Angola .. .. .. 100.0 4,257.3 13,587.8 28,159.8 98,053.7 416,724.4 1,052,476.0 2,198,561.0 .. .. 266.3 Benin .. 63.1 87.4 100.0 104.9 108.6 114.8 115.2 120.0 124.7 127.9 .. .. 4.3 Botswana 20.2 81.9 90.5 100.0 110.1 119.7 127.7 137.5 149.4 159.2 172.1 12.1 11.3 8.2 Burkina Faso 51.7 74.4 93.1 100.0 106.2 108.6 114.1 112.9 112.5 118.2 120.8 11.0 1.3 2.9 Burundi 28.9 73.0 83.8 100.0 126.4 165.8 186.5 192.8 239.7 261.8 258.3 13.4 7.0 15.8 Cameroon 32.2 67.9 91.7 100.0 103.9 108.9 112.4 114.1 111.7 116.8 120.0 11.5 3.6 2.9 Cape Verde .. 89.3 92.2 100.0 106.0 115.1 120.1 125.4 122.3 126.9 129.4 .. 6.3 4.2 Central African Republic 53.3 67.4 83.9 100.0 103.7 105.4 103.4 101.9 105.2 108.8 112.4 .. -0.3 2.4 Chad .. 65.3 91.7 100.0 112.4 118.7 133.1 124.1 128.8 144.8 152.3 .. 0.8 5.9 Comoros .. 76.1 93.5 100.0 102.0 105.1 108.7 112.5 117.9 121.4 125.4 .. 4.6 3.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.1 15.6 100.0 641.9 1,768.5 2,284.0 8,791.2 53,969.6 248,226.1 326,473.4 57.3 421.9 241.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 64.1 91.4 100.0 110.0 .. 124.1 130.8 129.7 129.8 135.4 .. 2.2 4.9 Côte d'Ivoire 38.8 69.4 87.5 100.0 102.5 106.6 111.6 112.5 115.2 120.2 123.9 12.9 4.4 3.8 Djibouti .. 89.5 95.3 100.0 104.2 106.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 .. Equatorial Guinea .. 64.6 89.8 100.0 106.0 109.2 112.5 119.2 126.4 132.9 136.9 .. 0.5 5.1 Eritrea .. 78.9 89.3 100.0 110.3 114.4 125.2 135.7 162.8 186.6 218.1 .. .. 11.2 Ethiopia 35.3 84.5 90.9 100.0 94.9 97.2 99.7 107.6 108.3 99.5 101.0 10.6 8.2 1.3 Gabon 47.4 67.0 91.2 100.0 100.7 104.7 106.2 104.2 104.7 .. .. 12.5 0.2 2.0 Gambia, The 8.3 91.7 95.4 100.0 102.1 105.0 106.1 110.1 111.1 65.6 74.1 10.5 24.0 -3.4 Ghana 0.1 50.2 62.7 100.0 146.6 187.5 223.7 251.4 314.8 418.7 480.6 67.9 64.6 26.8 Guinea .. 90.9 94.7 100.0 103.0 105.0 110.3 115.4 123.2 129.9 133.8 .. 19.2 4.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 59.7 68.8 100.0 150.7 224.7 239.4 237.7 258.2 266.9 276.9 .. 52.8 17.4 Kenya 10.9 76.4 98.5 100.0 108.9 121.2 129.4 136.8 150.5 159.1 162.2 13.6 17.8 7.2 Lesotho 15.5 84.6 91.5 100.0 109.3 .. .. 137.9 146.3 132.3 177.0 14.3 14.0 7.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 7.0 48.3 67.1 100.0 119.8 125.1 132.9 146.1 163.7 175.0 202.9 15.3 14.6 12.2 Malawi 5.3 40.5 54.5 100.0 137.6 150.2 194.9 282.2 365.6 465.2 .. .. 19.3 32.9 Mali .. 71.6 88.2 100.0 106.8 106.4 110.7 109.4 108.6 114.3 120.0 .. 1.3 2.9 Mauritania .. 90.1 93.9 100.0 104.7 109.5 118.3 123.1 127.1 133.1 138.2 .. 7.4 5.0 Mauritius 32.3 87.9 94.3 100.0 106.6 113.8 121.6 130.0 135.4 142.7 152.3 14.9 7.7 6.2 Mozambique .. 39.7 64.8 100.0 148.5 159.4 161.8 166.4 187.6 204.6 238.9 .. 49.8 14.0 Namibia 17.0 82.1 90.9 100.0 108.0 117.5 124.8 135.5 147.7 161.8 180.2 .. 13.0 8.6 Niger 62.0 66.5 90.4 100.0 105.3 108.4 113.3 110.7 113.9 118.5 121.6 12.6 -2.0 3.2 Nigeria 2.0 36.9 57.9 100.0 129.3 139.9 154.3 161.7 185.2 209.2 236.1 17.7 28.9 15.6 Rwanda 22.3 50.3 .. 100.0 107.4 120.3 127.8 124.7 130.1 133.9 137.2 11.1 5.6 4.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 57.5 72.9 100.0 137.5 230.6 348.0 404.8 449.3 492.0 537.3 .. 33.6 29.9 Senegal 40.7 70.1 92.7 100.0 102.8 104.4 105.6 106.5 107.2 110.5 113.0 9.7 1.5 2.0 Seychelles 68.5 98.5 100.2 100.0 98.9 99.5 102.1 108.6 115.4 122.2 122.5 10.6 2.1 3.0 Sierra Leone 0.1 63.9 79.4 100.0 123.1 141.5 191.8 257.2 255.1 260.4 251.8 22.7 75.3 17.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 14.9 84.5 92.0 100.0 107.4 117.0 124.9 131.2 138.1 144.8 160.1 12.9 14.3 6.8 Sudan 0.1 27.6 59.4 100.0 232.8 341.4 399.8 463.8 .. 525.5 .. 22.9 71.0 36.8 Swaziland 15.5 78.3 89.1 100.0 106.4 114.0 123.3 130.8 146.7 155.4 .. 14.4 12.6 8.1 Tanzania 2.1 58.5 77.9 100.0 121.0 140.4 158.4 170.9 181.0 190.3 199.0 19.6 29.4 11.8 Togo 42.7 61.7 85.9 100.0 104.7 113.3 114.4 114.3 116.5 121.1 124.8 11.1 1.9 3.9 Uganda 0.1 83.9 92.1 100.0 107.2 114.6 114.6 121.9 125.4 127.9 127.5 .. 76.9 4.1 Zambia .. 48.5 74.5 100.0 143.0 177.9 221.5 280.8 353.8 430.6 526.2 .. 99.2 27.3 Zimbabwe 8.1 66.7 81.6 100.0 121.4 144.2 190.1 301.3 469.6 829.8 .. 11.9 18.4 37.9 NORTH AFRICA 21.5 88.7 93.3 100.0 104.0 107.7 111.7 114.7 120.4 123.0 126.3 13.3 6.9 3.7 Algeria 11.9 59.7 77.1 100.0 118.7 125.5 131.7 135.2 135.6 141.4 143.4 10.9 16.0 6.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 11.0 79.9 86.4 100.0 107.2 112.1 116.8 120.4 123.7 126.5 129.9 13.2 17.4 4.6 Libya 31.1 88.7 93.3 100.0 104.0 107.7 111.7 114.7 .. .. .. 9.4 6.9 4.1 Morocco 37.0 89.6 94.2 100.0 103.0 104.1 106.9 107.7 109.7 110.4 113.5 9.9 5.3 2.0 Tunisia .. 89.9 94.1 100.0 103.7 107.5 110.9 113.9 117.2 119.4 122.7 .. 6.8 3.2 ALL AFRICA 16.3 69.7 90.4 100.0 107.2 114.4 122.4 125.4 129.7 133.9 137.2 12.9 10.9 5.2 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values for each year. Prices and Exchange Rates 45 3-4. Official exchange rate National currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.8 10.0 22.1 43.5 0.0 0.0 9.9 Benin 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Botswana 0.8 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.3 0.9 2.0 4.5 Burkina Faso 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Burundi 90.0 242.8 252.7 249.8 302.7 352.4 447.8 563.6 720.7 830.4 930.7 91.8 171.4 549.7 Cameroon 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Cape Verde 40.2 80.4 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.2 98.2 103.5 119.7 123.2 117.2 46.6 76.6 101.8 Central African Republic 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Chad 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Comoros 211.3 283.2 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.7 442.5 461.8 534.0 549.8 522.7 276.7 323.2 463.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.6 4.0 21.8 206.6 346.5 0.0 0.0 72.8 Congo, Rep. of 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Côte d'Ivoire 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Eritrea 2.1 5.0 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.8 7.4 8.2 9.6 11.3 14.0 2.1 2.8 8.7 Ethiopia 2.1 5.0 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.6 2.1 2.8 7.4 Gabon 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Gambia, The 1.7 9.1 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 12.8 15.7 19.9 2.3 7.6 12.5 Ghana 2.8 649.1 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,669.3 5,455.1 7,170.8 7,932.7 6.1 350.7 3,803.7 Guinea 19.0 955.5 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 1,387.4 1,746.9 1,950.6 1,975.8 21.1 610.0 1,423.5 Guinea-Bissau 0.5 155.1 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 0.6 60.9 576.9 Kenya 7.4 58.0 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.7 60.4 70.3 76.2 78.6 78.7 9.4 28.4 66.4 Lesotho 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 41.5 41.9 41.0 48.6 61.8 1.0 1.0 29.7 Madagascar 211.3 1,913.8 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 6,767.5 6,588.5 6,832.0 297.7 1,559.3 5,666.4 Malawi 0.8 4.4 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 59.5 72.2 76.7 1.0 3.3 41.3 Mali 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Mauritania 45.9 120.8 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 188.5 209.5 238.9 255.6 271.7 49.0 87.8 197.9 Mauritius 7.7 17.6 18.0 17.4 17.9 21.1 24.0 25.2 26.2 29.1 30.0 8.5 15.2 23.9 Mozambique 33.0 3,951.1 6,158.4 9,203.4 11,517.8 11,772.6 12,110.2 13,028.6 15,447.1 20,703.6 23,678.0 34.7 1,676.3 14,682.7 Namibia 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Niger 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Nigeria 0.5 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 92.3 101.7 111.2 120.6 0.6 9.8 64.2 Rwanda 86.1 144.2 140.7 262.2 306.1 301.3 313.7 337.8 393.4 442.8 476.3 92.4 105.3 354.2 São Tomé and Principe 34.8 429.9 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 7,978.2 8,842.1 9,088.3 36.5 217.7 6,010.9 Senegal 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Seychelles 6.4 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.5 6.7 5.6 5.3 Sierra Leone 1.0 567.5 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.5 1,563.6 1,804.2 2,092.1 1,986.2 2,099.0 1.3 224.8 1,525.3 Somalia 6.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 175.6 .. South Africa 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Sudan 0.0 15.9 29.0 58.1 125.1 157.6 200.8 252.6 257.1 258.7 263.3 0.1 5.7 196.7 Swaziland 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Tanzania 8.2 405.3 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 800.4 876.4 966.6 9.2 198.4 727.5 Togo 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Uganda 0.1 1,195.0 979.4 968.9 1,046.1 1,083.0 1,240.3 1,454.8 1,644.5 1,755.7 1,797.6 0.7 486.4 1,373.9 Zambia 0.8 452.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 3,110.8 3,610.9 4,398.6 0.9 143.2 2,344.6 Zimbabwe 0.6 6.5 8.2 8.7 10.0 12.1 23.7 38.3 44.4 55.1 55.0 0.8 3.5 30.9 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 23.3 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 75.3 77.2 79.7 4.3 13.6 64.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.5 0.6 1.8 3.6 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Morocco 3.9 9.3 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.3 11.0 5.2 8.8 9.9 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.9 1.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary.Uganda changed its currency in 1987 and Congo Dem. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem. Rep. again changed their currency in 1998. Guinea-Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. 46 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-5. SDR exchange rate index SDRs per unit of national currency, index 1995 = 100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 4,972,386 77,622 6,952 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 5,637,727 3,513,572 13 Benin 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Botswana 416 124 109 100 88 84 74 66 63 57 51 402 163 73 Burkina Faso 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Burundi 323 112 105 100 86 78 63 49 40 36 32 354 188 61 Cameroon 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Cape Verde 223 104 99 100 97 91 88 83 76 74 77 240 118 86 Central African Republic 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Chad 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Comoros 207 144 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 184 139 91 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.67E+11 423,415 3,019 100 14 5 4 2 0 0 0 1.44E+12 1.17E+10 16 Congo, Rep. of 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Côte d'Ivoire 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Djibouti 117 109 106 100 104 110 112 111 115 119 117 130 117 111 Equatorial Guinea 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Eritrea 347 134 120 100 101 101 94 84 74 66 52 386 305 84 Ethiopia 347 134 120 100 101 101 97 86 86 87 84 386 306 93 Gabon 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Gambia, The 647 114 106 100 102 103 100 93 86 73 57 568 161 89 Ghana 50,406 201 132 100 76 64 57 50 26 20 18 76,474 854 52 Guinea 6,145 109 106 100 104 110 112 111 106 61 59 6,101 783 95 Guinea-Bissau 61,655 193 148 100 73 52 52 50 45 45 46 62,731 3,799 58 Kenya 796 100 98 100 93 96 94 80 77 77 75 727 267 86 Lesotho 543 121 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 510 168 71 Liberia 117 109 106 100 104 110 3 3 3 2 2 130 117 41 Madagascar 2,349 241 160 100 110 92 87 75 72 77 73 2,029 416 86 Malawi 2,199 377 211 100 104 103 59 38 31 25 23 2,087 684 61 Mali 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Mauritania 329 117 111 100 99 94 77 69 63 60 56 345 181 77 Mauritius 264 107 103 100 101 91 81 77 76 71 68 284 136 83 Mozambique 31,524 259 154 100 81 84 83 76 66 51 43 33,660 6,950 73 Namibia 543 121 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 510 168 71 Niger 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Nigeria 4,669 108 106 100 105 110 112 27 25 23 21 4,415 822 65 Rwanda 326 181 181 100 82 88 86 79 71 65 59 338 287 79 São Tomé and Principe 4,681 355 210 100 67 36 23 22 20 19 18 5,055 1,897 38 Senegal 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Seychelles 87 100 100 100 100 104 101 99 96 97 102 92 100 100 Sierra Leone 81,552 141 133 100 84 85 53 46 41 44 41 78,935 4,278 62 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 543 121 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 510 168 71 Sudan 129,561 382 212 100 47 40 31 132 249 256 247 141,389 14,281 138 Swaziland 543 121 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 510 168 71 Tanzania 8,149 156 119 100 103 103 96 86 82 78 69 8,361 1,098 90 Togo 275 192 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 245 182 91 Uganda 1,520,277 88 105 100 97 99 88 74 68 66 63 1,025,920 3,825 82 Zambia 126,813 210 121 100 75 72 52 40 32 28 23 127,103 9,896 53 Zimbabwe 1,570 145 113 100 91 80 45 25 23 19 18 1,556 423 50 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 1,441 221 150 100 91 91 90 79 73 73 70 1,447 701 83 Egypt, Arab Rep. 565 110 106 100 105 110 112 111 112 102 88 823 368 105 Libya 165 149 129 100 100 100 100 100 94 83 39 183 168 89 Morocco 253 100 98 100 102 99 99 97 92 90 91 225 114 96 Tunisia 272 102 99 100 101 94 93 89 80 78 78 254 125 89 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary.Uganda changed its currency in 1987 and Congo Dem. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem. Rep. again changed their currency in 1998. Guinea-Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. Prices and Exchange Rates 47 3-6. Currency conversion factor Units of national currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.8 10.0 22.1 43.5 .. 0.0 9.9 Benin 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 345.6 617.8 Botswana 0.8 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.3 0.9 2.0 4.5 Burkina Faso 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 350.2 617.8 Burundi 90.0 242.8 252.7 249.8 302.8 352.4 447.8 563.6 720.7 830.3 930.7 91.8 171.4 549.7 Cameroon 209.2 265.4 435.0 518.5 501.8 541.1 602.1 588.5 658.2 743.5 732.7 265.6 333.3 610.8 Cape Verde 40.2 80.4 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.1 98.2 103.5 119.7 123.2 117.2 46.6 76.6 101.8 Central African Republic 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 582.4 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.6 Chad 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 614.8 713.0 732.0 696.0 276.7 337.0 617.5 Comoros 211.3 283.2 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.8 442.5 461.8 534.0 549.8 522.7 276.7 323.2 463.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.6 11.0 69.0 300.0 346.3 0.0 0.0 91.2 Congo, Rep. of 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Côte d'Ivoire 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 110.6 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 146.9 337.0 617.8 Eritrea .. 5.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 7.2 7.4 8.2 9.6 10.9 14.0 .. 5.3 8.7 Ethiopia 2.1 4.3 5.1 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.3 8.5 2.1 2.6 7.3 Gabon 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Gambia, The 1.7 9.1 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 12.8 15.7 19.9 2.3 7.6 12.5 Ghana 9.6 649.1 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,669.3 5,455.1 7,170.8 7,932.7 17.5 352.2 3,803.7 Guinea 19.0 955.5 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 1,387.4 1,746.9 1,947.8 1,976.2 21.1 611.3 1,423.2 Guinea-Bissau 0.8 155.1 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 728.0 697.8 0.8 61.2 576.4 Kenya 7.4 58.0 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.0 61.8 70.4 76.3 78.6 78.6 9.4 28.4 66.5 Lesotho 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 41.5 41.9 41.0 48.6 61.8 1.0 1.0 29.7 Madagascar 211.3 1,913.8 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 6,767.5 6,588.5 6,832.0 297.7 1,559.3 5,666.4 Malawi 0.8 4.4 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 59.5 72.2 76.7 1.0 3.3 41.3 Mali 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.1 617.8 Mauritania 45.9 120.8 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 188.5 209.5 238.9 255.6 271.7 49.0 87.8 197.9 Mauritius 7.1 16.3 18.2 17.4 17.7 19.1 22.6 24.8 25.5 27.6 30.2 9.8 15.1 23.1 Mozambique 32.4 3,951.1 6,158.4 9,203.4 11,517.8 11,722.6 12,110.2 13,028.6 15,447.1 20,703.6 23,678.0 34.3 1,673.0 14,676.4 Namibia 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Niger 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Nigeria 0.8 45.3 52.3 70.4 80.0 81.1 88.0 92.3 101.7 111.2 120.6 1.1 16.4 93.2 Rwanda 92.8 144.3 220.0 262.2 306.8 301.5 312.3 333.9 389.7 443.0 476.3 93.7 113.0 353.2 São Tomé and Principe 34.8 429.9 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 7,978.2 8,842.1 9,088.3 36.5 217.6 6,010.8 Senegal 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Seychelles 6.4 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.5 6.7 5.6 5.3 Sierra Leone 1.0 567.5 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.9 1,563.6 1,804.2 2,092.1 1,986.2 2,099.0 1.3 224.8 1,525.4 Somalia 28.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.1 512.9 .. South Africa 0.8 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 1.0 2.6 6.3 Sudan 0.1 15.9 29.0 58.1 125.1 157.6 200.8 252.6 257.1 258.7 263.3 0.1 6.0 196.7 Swaziland 0.8 3.3 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.5 10.5 0.9 2.6 6.2 Tanzania 8.2 405.3 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 800.4 876.4 966.6 9.2 198.4 727.5 Togo 211.3 283.2 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 276.7 337.0 617.8 Uganda 1.0 1,201.8 1,102.7 932.5 1,012.8 1,058.1 1,149.7 1,362.0 1,511.4 1,762.9 1,755.0 1.1 440.2 1,318.1 Zambia 0.8 452.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 3,110.8 3,610.9 4,398.6 0.9 144.3 2,344.6 Zimbabwe 0.6 6.5 8.1 8.7 10.0 12.1 23.7 38.3 44.4 55.1 117.6 0.8 3.4 38.7 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 23.3 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 75.3 77.2 79.7 4.3 13.6 64.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 4.3 0.7 2.2 3.5 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Morocco 3.9 9.3 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.3 11.0 5.2 8.8 9.9 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.9 1.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Official exchange rate adjusted for some countries to better reflect the rate at which international transactions are carried out. Guinea- Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. 48 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate National currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 1,266.7 1,087.5 31,740.0 203,137.5 569,573.8 163,370.0 283,138.8 564,250.0 900.0 30,572.7 395,083.2 Benin 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Botswana 0.8 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.7 4.4 1.2 2.4 3.6 Burkina Faso 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 304.2 320.0 .. Burundi 106.0 214.0 186.1 269.3 310.9 370.7 409.4 340.8 369.6 459.2 568.1 122.3 235.5 434.4 Cameroon 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Cape Verde .. .. .. 88.0 79.5 87.0 92.0 89.3 89.5 99.5 98.2 .. 86.6 94.1 Central African Republic 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 603.2 304.2 343.5 553.0 Chad 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Comoros 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 446.0 390.6 415.6 467.6 468.3 304.2 329.4 435.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.4 469.4 738.1 19,318.8 756,558.3 3,112,920.5 1,209.8 7,452.1 52,429.4 160,358.3 69,064.0 14.3 389,165.8 72,325.9 Congo, Rep. of 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Côte d'Ivoire 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Djibouti .. 217.9 191.8 213.8 205.8 212.0 208.6 198.5 192.1 183.9 184.0 .. 207.1 189.6 Equatorial Guinea 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 586.4 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 565.4 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 2.8 5.9 6.0 6.7 9.5 13.3 12.0 10.7 10.2 7.5 7.2 3.5 7.3 8.9 Gabon 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 334.6 343.5 536.3 Gambia, The 1.7 7.4 8.3 8.8 11.5 9.1 9.0 10.4 10.8 10.8 11.2 2.5 8.2 10.8 Ghana 15.9 328.8 360.8 382.2 451.6 665.7 976.4 1,224.3 1,663.4 2,080.7 2,334.8 41.7 394.7 1,825.8 Guinea 41.7 580.1 693.3 793.0 1,608.1 1,156.9 1,074.1 1,017.9 1,025.9 1,125.3 1,265.8 102.9 759.4 1,108.7 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 4,172.5 6,075.0 9,883.3 14,012.5 19,166.7 26,855.0 .. .. .. 7,188.7 23,010.8 Kenya 8.2 22.4 23.3 30.0 44.4 91.7 66.8 53.4 59.5 62.1 63.6 11.9 35.1 59.6 Lesotho .. 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 5.6 1.4 2.8 4.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 40.0 45.0 42.3 45.8 48.5 48.5 .. 28.8 46.3 Madagascar 265.0 1,639.1 1,589.2 2,071.3 2,239.2 2,217.9 3,122.9 4,397.5 4,551.7 5,582.1 5,630.6 521.1 1,690.8 5,040.5 Malawi 1.6 3.6 3.3 3.9 4.6 5.9 9.2 16.7 16.5 17.6 33.3 1.7 4.1 21.0 Mali 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Mauritania 65.0 .. .. 213.3 221.7 247.5 145.0 139.3 144.0 158.9 194.3 93.2 192.4 159.1 Mauritius .. 16.0 15.7 17.1 16.8 18.3 18.4 18.2 19.4 21.4 24.4 .. 15.9 20.8 Mozambique 80.0 1,250.0 .. 2,100.0 2,800.0 3,950.0 6,875.0 9,865.7 12,172.5 12,533.7 12,851.3 322.2 2,862.5 11,855.8 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.9 5.8 .. .. 5.3 Niger 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Nigeria 0.9 10.7 9.3 6.7 21.9 56.8 71.7 78.3 81.8 84.7 91.5 1.4 19.8 84.1 Rwanda 115.0 109.8 104.2 209.1 238.9 297.4 286.5 268.1 331.8 360.5 642.1 135.4 169.3 400.6 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 222.5 360.0 432.5 810.0 1,503.3 2,407.5 7,300.0 .. .. 456.3 3,736.9 Senegal 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Seychelles .. .. 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 .. 5.6 5.5 Sierra Leone 1.4 180.9 470.6 535.7 845.1 647.5 618.7 741.3 942.1 1,137.9 2,024.4 2.1 355.0 1,211.4 Somalia 9.9 398.8 1,982.1 4,675.0 6,095.0 7,456.3 6,961.3 6,549.2 7,789.8 5,919.3 7,850.0 14.7 2,829.0 7,027.1 South Africa 0.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 5.7 1.2 2.8 4.6 Sudan 1.0 15.9 43.6 105.3 62.4 31.6 45.3 77.5 147.2 171.2 221.6 1.3 33.0 154.4 Swaziland .. 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.9 5.8 .. 3.0 4.8 Tanzania 21.0 263.5 292.4 348.5 405.9 443.5 523.2 587.3 604.7 656.9 709.8 30.5 289.1 639.7 Togo 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Uganda 75.7 597.5 685.8 859.2 1,365.4 1,515.8 1,289.2 1,076.2 1,135.2 1,178.1 1,333.8 203.8 2,412.3 1,180.8 Zambia 1.3 107.8 121.2 133.3 104.2 531.0 805.4 935.6 1,281.8 1,583.0 2,411.7 1.7 186.3 1,553.0 Zimbabwe 1.1 3.5 3.3 5.3 6.7 7.7 9.4 8.9 10.8 13.9 195.0 1.7 4.6 57.1 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 10.9 37.1 29.8 33.8 87.4 106.8 128.7 131.9 127.6 129.8 131.4 13.6 52.3 130.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.8 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 0.9 2.6 3.5 Libya 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 0.5 1.2 2.0 Morocco 4.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 8.9 9.4 9.4 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.8 6.0 9.2 9.2 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Rates are annual average of month-end estimates, based on a sample of transactions. Guinea-Bissau joined the W.A.M.U. in 1997. The new Ugandan shilling was introduced in 1987. Prices and Exchange Rates 49 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Annual average 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 2.30E+10 4.33E+09 1.19E+10 3.41E+09 2.07E+08 1.28E+06 1.24E+06 1.44E+06 3.01E+10 3.60E+10 5.28E+07 Benin 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Botswana 1.03 1.14 1.02 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.08 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.23 1.20 1.02 Burkina Faso 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03 1.01 .. Burundi 1.18 1.35 1.09 1.48 1.49 1.53 1.62 1.36 1.22 1.30 1.27 1.28 1.33 1.29 Cameroon 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Cape Verde .. .. .. 1.23 1.17 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.08 1.07 1.00 .. 1.15 1.08 Central African Republic 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.01 Chad 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Comoros 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.06 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.86E+11 3.69E+11 3.08E+11 3.72E+11 3.52E+11 1.24E+11 1.01E+05 1.06E+05 1.04E+05 1.22E+05 4.30E+04 6.49E+11 2.78E+11 9.39E+04 Congo, Rep. of 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Côte d'Ivoire 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Djibouti .. 1.23 1.08 1.20 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.12 1.08 1.03 1.04 .. 1.17 1.07 Equatorial Guinea 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.17 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.07 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 1.35 2.85 2.90 3.24 3.39 2.66 2.20 1.74 1.61 1.12 1.01 1.70 2.68 1.37 Gabon 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.02 1.02 1.01 Gambia, The 0.99 0.98 1.05 1.00 1.29 1.00 0.94 1.09 1.10 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.08 Ghana 5.78 1.22 1.11 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 7.98 1.36 1.01 Guinea 2.20 0.98 1.05 1.05 1.78 1.21 1.10 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 4.62 2.33 1.02 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 74.13 56.95 63.72 70.65 68.94 66.19 .. .. .. 74.18 67.56 Kenya 1.11 1.09 1.02 1.09 1.38 1.58 1.19 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.18 1.17 1.05 Lesotho .. 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.09 1.07 1.03 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 40.00 45.00 42.30 45.80 48.50 1.17 .. 28.83 34.44 Madagascar 1.25 1.02 1.06 1.13 1.20 1.16 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.10 1.03 1.53 1.08 1.07 Malawi 1.97 1.30 1.21 1.39 1.28 1.34 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.77 1.25 1.08 Mali 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Mauritania 1.42 .. .. 2.60 2.55 2.05 1.17 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.79 2.23 1.05 Mauritius .. 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.02 1.01 .. 1.04 1.04 Mozambique 2.42 1.65 .. 1.44 1.09 1.00 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 8.06 12.60 1.06 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.06 1.04 .. .. 1.05 Niger 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Nigeria 1.65 1.45 1.16 0.68 1.27 2.57 3.26 3.58 3.74 3.87 4.18 2.09 2.01 3.84 Rwanda 1.34 1.37 1.24 1.67 1.78 2.06 2.04 1.02 1.08 1.20 2.05 1.48 1.53 1.34 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 1.10 1.12 1.01 1.11 1.06 1.09 1.60 .. .. 1.08 1.25 Senegal 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Seychelles .. .. 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.09 1.09 .. 1.08 1.11 Sierra Leone 1.33 3.02 3.11 1.81 1.69 1.14 1.05 0.98 1.02 1.16 1.29 1.42 2.11 1.11 Somalia 1.57 0.81 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.45 1.76 .. South Africa 1.16 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.03 Sudan 20.00 35.33 96.89 151.39 6.40 1.98 1.56 1.33 1.18 1.09 1.10 16.25 37.57 1.18 Swaziland .. 1.14 1.04 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.06 1.05 .. 1.11 1.07 Tanzania 2.56 1.84 1.50 1.59 1.36 1.09 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.07 3.02 2.20 1.05 Togo 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Uganda 1,020.63 2.68 1.60 1.17 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.08 535.92 76.51 1.09 Zambia 1.65 7.80 4.00 2.06 0.61 1.17 1.20 1.08 1.06 1.20 1.30 1.69 2.49 1.16 Zimbabwe 1.71 1.65 1.35 1.46 1.31 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.08 1.15 8.23 2.09 1.42 2.87 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 2.84 4.88 3.33 1.83 4.00 4.57 3.67 2.77 2.33 2.25 2.24 3.08 4.15 2.40 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.14 3.00 1.68 1.08 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.42 1.95 1.02 Libya 1.69 3.00 3.53 4.27 5.68 5.59 4.59 3.11 4.58 4.77 5.30 1.64 4.07 4.44 Morocco 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.04 1.01 Tunisia 0.99 1.05 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.00 1.09 0.95 1.03 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.00 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2).Guinea-Bissau joined the WAMU in May 1997.New Ugandan shilling = 100 old Ugandan shillings, introduced in 1987.Values for Angola and Congo, Dem. Rep. are in scientific notation. 50 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index Index 1990 = 100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 117.6 91.0 79.9 79.2 83.1 82.4 84.0 81.9 78.5 76.4 75.9 72.8 100.4 80.2 excluding South Africa 115.2 90.9 79.9 79.0 83.0 80.0 83.6 80.7 76.7 77.5 76.1 71.5 100.8 79.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 112.8 91.0 75.8 79.0 82.2 79.9 83.2 80.5 76.1 76.4 75.9 70.6 100.0 79.2 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. 102.3 69.0 79.5 81.5 80.0 86.0 83.0 82.9 85.5 89.6 .. 93.8 83.5 Botswana 165.4 86.9 79.9 85.9 88.5 72.8 73.8 73.8 74.9 75.9 75.9 160.2 106.2 77.7 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 128.1 90.8 93.8 103.3 109.4 130.1 117.3 97.3 101.1 96.2 81.7 155.7 115.1 104.5 Cameroon 88.0 89.9 57.9 66.8 67.8 64.7 68.1 71.2 63.8 65.8 68.2 82.2 93.4 67.1 Cape Verde 88.7 87.6 88.0 89.6 89.0 92.1 94.2 89.1 85.8 86.0 88.0 97.2 95.5 89.2 Central African Republic 104.9 85.8 53.8 63.4 64.8 62.8 61.2 58.0 56.6 58.5 60.5 100.1 91.2 60.7 Chad 102.3 111.6 58.7 64.4 66.8 66.9 66.9 61.8 65.4 73.6 76.3 114.4 102.2 67.8 Comoros .. 97.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101.3 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 387.5 125.5 95.3 83.8 83.3 102.2 106.1 285.1 232.9 208.7 91.5 342.3 114.8 149.2 Congo, Rep. of 102.2 89.2 69.3 79.0 75.2 77.6 79.9 80.3 75.5 78.8 .. 102.2 94.9 78.0 Côte d'Ivoire 105.6 99.3 61.2 70.7 71.0 69.9 74.5 73.0 68.1 70.5 73.3 86.3 93.0 71.4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 93.2 66.6 78.6 79.2 77.5 83.2 80.7 80.4 85.1 91.6 .. 102.0 82.1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 92.5 44.5 37.9 38.5 35.4 35.8 35.5 36.2 35.9 31.6 30.6 92.5 93.7 35.0 Gabon 112.8 74.0 49.9 55.1 54.5 53.7 55.5 53.1 49.5 50.1 50.4 101.4 87.8 52.8 Gambia, The 133.3 105.7 98.1 95.1 94.1 98.2 96.6 94.5 89.9 78.9 65.0 127.2 103.5 89.0 Ghana 478.5 79.3 63.8 73.4 80.0 84.7 91.7 92.1 59.4 59.8 59.4 816.4 114.6 75.1 Guinea .. 100.6 98.5 92.8 95.1 94.4 90.9 85.5 76.7 76.4 76.2 .. 106.1 86.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 80.8 71.8 66.4 69.6 78.2 81.3 77.2 80.9 78.5 .. .. 86.6 76.0 Kenya 138.9 88.2 111.0 110.8 108.5 124.6 130.5 119.9 128.0 134.6 131.8 136.3 108.3 123.6 Lesotho 112.5 114.8 109.3 109.3 99.6 102.5 93.1 91.2 87.5 75.9 66.5 110.9 107.0 90.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 193.1 102.7 90.2 81.9 104.1 93.6 94.5 91.9 101.2 111.6 120.6 200.0 112.4 99.9 Malawi 110.4 97.3 69.1 60.3 83.0 92.1 67.0 67.2 67.9 70.2 69.3 107.7 95.3 72.1 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 120.7 93.8 86.3 78.9 79.6 79.9 .. .. .. .. .. 139.8 106.0 79.5 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 117.6 63.5 61.4 58.7 67.4 73.7 66.6 67.9 65.4 59.3 55.1 150.1 140.2 64.3 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 79.3 55.2 62.1 65.5 65.7 67.2 63.2 61.8 .. .. .. 91.1 64.3 Nigeria 349.6 77.3 143.5 121.6 150.4 172.7 189.4 96.0 98.4 109.2 109.8 448.7 188.6 130.9 Rwanda 83.3 85.1 128.7 78.0 85.2 102.2 103.2 104.8 106.4 106.4 106.4 60.9 102.8 99.1 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 108.2 91.0 58.8 63.7 64.2 59.9 61.2 59.8 56.2 57.3 58.9 98.2 97.1 60.1 Seychelles 90.6 106.0 104.5 102.1 97.3 101.1 101.1 109.7 107.3 116.7 122.6 103.8 105.6 107.2 Sierra Leone .. 102.8 117.5 106.1 107.1 122.8 105.4 123.2 111.0 122.9 99.8 .. 116.9 112.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 134.2 106.0 101.5 98.7 91.0 97.4 88.2 83.5 81.8 72.2 61.7 134.4 100.6 84.3 Sudan 45.0 27.9 33.0 25.4 25.3 26.2 19.9 18.3 20.0 21.6 22.0 43.4 60.2 22.4 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 94.0 93.6 97.7 118.3 125.6 135.5 135.5 120.6 121.8 121.8 .. 111.0 122.1 Togo 126.3 93.2 62.1 72.0 73.7 75.4 78.5 75.5 70.9 73.2 75.9 118.1 96.6 74.4 Uganda 913.9 73.0 90.8 88.8 88.6 94.9 84.0 78.0 74.6 72.5 68.1 413.8 129.5 81.2 Zambia 134.7 101.6 97.8 93.6 98.0 117.3 107.2 104.8 106.0 115.1 108.3 138.4 94.0 106.3 Zimbabwe 165.4 86.9 79.9 85.9 88.5 72.8 73.8 .. .. .. .. 167.1 106.2 80.2 NORTH AFRICA 150.7 103.3 105.4 108.3 109.1 109.5 110.9 112.0 112.7 109.0 108.2 148.0 110.8 110.0 Algeria 143.0 73.8 64.6 53.7 55.8 61.2 64.2 59.0 57.6 59.2 54.6 165.3 117.2 58.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 108.7 112.6 118.9 126.9 131.2 156.3 162.2 174.1 171.7 166.7 .. 104.1 151.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 156.5 105.9 109.3 112.8 113.7 114.7 117.5 118.7 122.0 117.0 116.7 138.7 106.6 116.7 Tunisia 150.7 100.7 101.5 103.7 104.4 104.3 104.2 105.3 103.5 100.9 99.7 148.0 108.9 103.3 ALL AFRICA 123.5 93.2 83.1 80.7 84.2 88.4 86.0 83.2 80.7 78.5 76.2 76.2 101.3 82.3 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 51 Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2002* (index 1990 = 100) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Egypt. Arab Rep. Kenya Seychelles Tanzania Madagascar Morocco Nigeria Zambia Rwanda Sierra Leone Tunisia Equatorial Guinea Congo. Democratic Republic Benin Cape Verde Burundi Mauritania Congo Guinea-Bissau Chad Guinea Botswana Togo Zimbabwe Cote d Ivoire Malawi Cameroon Uganda Lesotho Gambia The Niger South Africa Central African Republic Ghana Senegal Mozambique Algeria Gabon Ethiopia *Or most recent available data. 52 Prices and Exchange Rates Technical notes Tables come groups in capital cities or major urban areas. Thus, the consumer price indexes shown for some Table 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series). The countries may not accurately represent price move- implicit GDP deflator for the national currency series ments because the underlying consumption basket is obtained by dividing, for each year of the time se- may not be representative of overall national consump- ries, the value of GDP at current prices (World Bank tion patterns, and the weights assigned to prices may country desks) by the value of GDP at constant 1995 be outdated. prices (World Bank country desks), both in national currency. Table 3-4. Official exchange rate. The official ex- change rate (IMF, IFS, line rf) is expressed as the Table 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series). The annual average of the official market exchange rate GDP deflator for U.S. dollar series (with base year in national currency per U.S. dollar. 1995 = 100) (World Bank country desks) is obtained by dividing, for each year of the time series, the value Table 3-5. SDR exchange rate index. This index is of GDP at current U.S. dollars (Table 2-5) by the based on the average annual exchange rate for SDRs value of GDP at constant 1995 dollars (Table 2-1). per unit of national currency (IMF, IFS, line rd-zf). GDP at current U.S. dollars was obtained by con- verting current national series at single-year exchange Table 3-6. Currency conversion factor. These are rates, while GDP at constant 1995 dollars was ob- the annual exchange rates used by the World Bank tained by converting the constant national series at (World Bank country desks) to convert the national 1995 prices at a fixed (1995) exchange rate. As a currency series into U.S. dollars. For most countries, result, the GDP deflator for U.S. dollar series includes in most years, the conversion factor is identical to both the effects of domestic price changes and the the average annual official exchange rate. However, effects of exchange rate variations. where the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate effec- Table 3-3. Consumer price index. Consumer price tively applied to international transactions, a more indexes (IMF, International Financial Statistics [IFS], appropriate conversion factor is estimated. An alter- line 64) are generally compiled using the Laspeyres native conversion factor is used when there are egre- formula: goods in the consumption basket selected gious differences between the official and effective according to consumption patterns in the base year, transaction rates, when officially recognized multiple derived from household expenditure surveys, are exchange rates have analytically significant spreads, weighted by their relative prices in the base year. The or when exchange rates need to be adjusted to a fiscal data often relate only to selected representative in- year base. The objective in estimating alternative con- Prices and Exchange Rates 53 version factors is to approximate as closely as possible exchange rates (Table 3-4), to measure the premium exchange rates actually used. For example, where on the official exchange rate. The premium is usually multiple exchange rates are maintained, a high in the presence of an overvalued exchange rate. transaction-weighted rate is calculated. This table reflects the corrected series for Table 3-7. Note that national statistical compilers sometimes use an official exchange rate to assign a national cur- Table 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index. This rency value to international transactions originally de- index (World Bank country desks) gives a measure nominated in foreign currencies. In these cases, the of price competitiveness of the country's exports rela- official rate must be used to convert the same items tive to its trading partners. A decline (increase) in the back to dollars, regardless of whether it was the rate index indicates real depreciation (appreciation) of the actually applied to the international transactions, even exchange rate. The data have been rebased to 1990. if an alternative conversion factor is used for other The year 1987 coincided with the early period components of GDP. of massive devaluations in the process of adjustment by several Sub-Saharan African countries. As a re- Table 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate. Data re- sult, the substantial devaluations that continued to take ported here are from Pick's Currency Yearbooks and place after 1987 may not be very pronounced in the Currency Alerts (now discontinued) and the Global data. Relative movements in the inflation rates between Currency Report. They are averages of month-end a country and the trading partner (or partners) may rates for the period covered, based on a sample of diminish the real impact of a devaluation, particularly if transactions, usually in a capital city or a financial inflationary tendencies are stronger domestically than center of the country. They include the rates at the abroad. Bureaux de Change that have been established in some countries with auction markets as semi-official foreign Figure exchange windows for small transactions. The current table corrects some errors contained in ADI 1994/95. The following indicator has been used to derive the figure in this chapter. Table 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official ex- change rates. This ratio is obtained by dividing par- Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate (Table 3-9). allel market exchange rates (Table 3-7) by official 54 Prices and Exchange Rates Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 3 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (4) (7) (8) (1) (2) 3-1 x x 3-2 x x 3-3 x x 3-4 x x 3-5 x x 3-6 x x 3-7 x x 3-8 x x 3-9 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap- filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 4 Money and Banking M onetary variables directly affect prices and ex- financial conditions of a country and to arrive at a change rates and indirectly affect real eco- proper evaluation of the financial policy options open nomic performance. Money plays a vital role to a country for achieving its macroeconomic objec- in any modern economy. Data in this chapter are con- tives. The government usually intervenes in finance cerned with the creation of the types of assets that to control the supply of money and credit. The pri- transactors in the economy wish to hold from the types mary objective of such intervention is to maintain of liabilities that debtors are willing to incur. How- price stability. However, the government may also ever, emphasis here is on the creation of the means of intervene to finance a budget deficit that in turn may payment, that is, on the high end of the liquidity spec- threaten price stability. The government also ensures trum for assets. that financial institutions are properly supervised to Money and the institutions that deal in money pro- ensure continued confidence in the financial system vide cover against credit risks, limit transactions costs, and to avoid destabilizing runs on the banking sys- help mobilize savings, allocate credit, and facilitate tem. Time series are provided for nine indicators in investment and hence growth of the economy. Data this section. on money and banking help to assess the prevailing 55 56 Money and Banking 4-1. Domestic credit Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20 6 20 11 11 13 11 10 13 11 12 21 12 12 excluding South Africa .. 19 6 20 11 11 12 11 10 12 11 12 21 12 11 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 18 6 20 11 11 13 11 10 13 10 12 16 13 11 Angola 8 .. .. .. .. 404 340 156 176 -1,191 -91 -2,294 .. .. 210 Benin 117,710 49 -26 74 21 4 -24 2 6 36 -42 37 24 -8 -1 Botswana -4,709 -28 11 20 -3 16 147 19 -1 20 16 -56 7 .. .. Burkina Faso 66,293 3 -5 4 -14 30 116 9 5 23 5 -1 23 1 22 Burundi 39,933 20 6 16 -17 54 19 24 34 12 28 27 32 7 23 Cameroon 791,344 28 -3 -1 -1 -4 6 9 9 -1 9 4 24 0 4 Cape Verde 21,027 39 19 23 19 11 21 6 5 32 7 13 49 18 14 Central African Republic 63,333 39 0 31 -4 -4 -2 11 14 4 11 11 12 1 5 Chad 71,325 -1 -15 30 -10 28 0 2 8 20 21 3 10 0 10 Comoros 12,450 .. -20 9 0 -18 3 -2 20 4 -6 12 .. 9 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7 22 1,648 5,299 182 .. .. .. .. .. .. -86 43 441 .. Congo, Rep. of 183,036 17 -32 3 10 8 14 11 9 -28 37 -12 21 -1 5 Côte d'Ivoire 1,540,052 23 -3 6 12 3 8 5 -1 -4 -2 1 21 0 2 Djibouti 45,598 .. -2 10 17 7 -3 -4 -31 12 -10 0 .. 3 -5 Equatorial Guinea 20,829 .. -26 47 1 11 16 -15 36 13 -75 -61 .. 6 -14 Eritrea 1,853 .. .. .. .. 84 6 69 35 23 8 22 .. .. 32 Ethiopia 14,087 18 6 9 11 19 8 9 27 16 -3 1 22 12 12 Gabon 453,735 11 1 25 15 -4 14 26 -4 -25 46 -2 15 1 6 Gambia, The 281 23 -17 -13 41 9 35 17 31 16 107 22 28 -8 31 Ghana 1,464,053 29 43 16 53 42 73 18 58 59 19 23 44 32 43 Guinea 282,366 .. 9 18 29 17 -7 -7 .. .. 13 51 .. .. 14 Guinea-Bissau 2,171 .. 52 14 -50 58 234 15 44 47 -29 15 .. 39 35 Kenya 198,876 13 -2 50 37 19 21 9 10 1 3 9 20 16 12 Lesotho -270 .. -37 -71 -616 83 52 25 -98 -1,234 59 121 .. -3 .. Liberia 1,692 2 11 6 14 11 5 1,783 -9 12 14 41 21 13 75 Madagascar 2,506,189 50 16 29 -3 -2 2 29 10 13 21 14 28 12 11 Malawi 2,646 6 16 35 -3 16 12 -3 75 17 74 76 22 15 28 Mali 136,883 5 12 20 15 0 29 29 18 -9 34 17 8 -3 16 Mauritania 32,877 13 7 -1 -37 -36 -38 -66 -87 -1,182 -120 -1,927 19 13 -48 Mauritius 46,369 14 25 23 13 6 26 22 9 5 15 7 26 16 13 Mozambique 887,600 .. -39 131 28 -40 107 4 192 97 49 15 .. 17 50 Namibia 5,595 .. 29 28 31 22 -1 9 9 15 14 14 .. .. 12 Niger 81,241 45 -17 25 -17 10 23 3 3 1 -3 13 32 -4 5 Nigeria 474,361 23 64 56 8 -22 -1 40 23 -25 76 60 40 29 13 Rwanda 44,016 12 23 -7 -7 -2 61 13 13 -1 7 -3 10 14 12 São Tomé and Principe 22,359 .. .. .. .. 22 -110 -783 -7 -45 350 15 .. .. 6 Senegal 538,122 16 -2 7 2 7 2 6 8 16 7 -5 20 -1 6 Seychelles 1,615 12 25 20 15 16 23 31 15 12 11 16 20 16 18 Sierra Leone 426,184 35 1 1,076 -12 6 11 7 13 20 7 3 33 63 9 Somalia .. 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 63 .. South Africa 333,490 21 12 21 12 18 16 17 9 14 20 8 16 17 15 Sudan 46,238 22 65 48 47 114 18 24 23 43 23 34 27 55 36 Swaziland 328 0 109 163 -36 -45 -15 -269 7 37 71 -206 30 2 8 Tanzania 693,880 24 40 11 11 -15 -1 17 23 5 -8 13 25 35 5 Togo 169,769 13 2 21 44 10 7 11 -7 0 -8 -13 17 3 3 Uganda 234,994 64 -4 -13 -42 34 38 31 15 74 -11 54 50 72 24 Zambia 1,921,138 17 .. 123 63 21 0 71 13 60 -5 12 22 85 27 Zimbabwe 20,496 28 59 20 19 27 83 41 7 66 84 129 19 25 49 NORTH AFRICA .. 18 7 10 15 6 15 9 12 11 9 7 30 16 8 Algeria 968,930 17 17 4 25 10 10 9 25 -20 -4 .. 23 14 7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 157,300 42 7 13 17 14 16 19 12 11 11 13 30 16 14 Libya 11,529 -11 4 10 8 -4 -16 2 3 2 10 9 21 11 0 Morocco 166,721 18 9 11 15 6 49 9 2 11 -1 4 19 9 12 Tunisia 9,746 19 5 6 7 0 15 8 14 27 9 5 20 10 12 ALL AFRICA .. 18 6 20 11 10 14 11 10 12 10 12 23 11 10 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 57 4-2. Credit to the private sector Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 15 11 14 17 14 18 15 11 13 12 15 18 18 14 excluding South Africa .. 15 11 14 17 13 20 14 11 13 11 15 18 20 14 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 15 10 13 17 13 18 14 11 13 11 15 15 21 14 Angola 1 .. .. .. .. 3,595 241 -1 391 318 298 216 .. .. 277 Benin 80,447 34 -2 11 7 27 -30 40 61 20 -1 15 22 -7 16 Botswana 1,560 10 12 12 -3 4 9 39 43 23 13 25 17 28 21 Burkina Faso 80,590 4 -9 -17 9 13 80 10 3 16 14 19 16 0 20 Burundi 30,648 14 35 8 -15 31 7 26 29 46 9 30 21 26 22 Cameroon 371,390 29 -8 0 1 4 -10 23 12 13 11 12 27 -9 9 Cape Verde 10,391 -14 59 1 37 17 20 12 12 5 15 12 21 16 15 Central African Republic 23,159 50 -5 17 24 0 4 16 -1 11 12 20 11 -7 9 Chad 27,790 -2 -33 14 17 8 -3 17 0 1 26 30 9 -10 9 Comoros 9,525 .. -12 -3 10 -29 25 -17 23 10 -3 11 .. 9 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 32 1,889 22,432 474 .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 33 372 .. Congo, Rep. of 85,683 23 -46 15 13 14 9 5 41 -31 -8 -40 24 -10 0 Côte d'Ivoire 1,016,035 12 -5 -5 19 2 13 1 -7 4 6 0 17 -2 3 Djibouti 37,901 .. -6 2 13 3 -1 9 -35 14 -14 -5 .. 0 -5 Equatorial Guinea 3,397 .. -74 13 51 82 94 18 51 27 35 45 .. -10 47 Eritrea 632 .. .. .. .. 142 14 47 -27 6 25 17 .. .. 17 Ethiopia 3,706 -30 116 47 86 74 24 9 29 6 3 -1 -5 14 23 Gabon 196,080 16 -3 0 25 -2 41 6 0 10 20 11 15 -7 12 Gambia, The 363 19 59 7 -10 0 23 14 20 10 33 37 21 8 16 Ghana 393,289 18 35 46 44 73 70 40 60 47 19 30 32 44 49 Guinea 181,518 .. 22 11 26 4 -1 -13 .. .. 7 8 .. .. 5 Guinea-Bissau 6,129 .. 78 53 -8 20 51 13 -22 23 -63 -5 .. 59 -3 Kenya 118,189 20 5 28 50 24 25 1 11 4 -4 3 17 16 11 Lesotho 674 -10 59 39 -4 0 46 -15 2 3 7 14 24 25 5 Liberia 191 -39 -12 64 -20 -60 36 1,040 -21 -23 25 24 -1 11 34 Madagascar 1,563,020 26 15 26 16 2 14 1 7 24 15 1 18 14 10 Malawi 1,253 8 -14 54 6 12 14 99 6 50 5 14 19 20 27 Mali 131,787 8 3 -9 52 31 16 27 14 -2 20 20 8 1 19 Mauritania 31,417 13 3 3 -27 13 8 7 18 24 17 20 14 13 11 Mauritius 32,879 9 28 20 15 5 26 31 10 13 10 8 17 23 16 Mozambique 2,374,200 .. 14 58 54 46 50 27 32 27 -83 -7 .. 35 5 Namibia 4,743 .. 30 31 34 19 16 9 4 17 16 20 .. .. 15 Niger 42,004 20 -10 10 -41 3 -18 39 -3 29 7 15 21 -5 4 Nigeria 201,785 38 18 61 42 25 23 18 22 30 41 14 27 29 26 Rwanda 28,538 46 17 -9 74 1 56 20 11 17 9 10 21 3 21 São Tomé and Principe 6,694 .. .. .. .. 32 36 88 11 6 10 54 .. .. 30 Senegal 357,834 16 2 -17 2 16 4 2 11 28 5 5 17 0 9 Seychelles 245 3 10 21 17 10 44 19 9 12 14 17 10 7 18 Sierra Leone 17,600 28 44 12 5 23 25 6 -13 12 25 62 14 72 13 Somalia .. -5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 95 .. South Africa 327,114 26 11 18 16 17 14 16 10 15 22 5 18 17 15 Sudan 13,068 29 69 96 48 144 23 13 -2 64 41 76 29 48 39 Swaziland 928 15 9 22 2 6 12 6 6 7 6 27 19 22 8 Tanzania 201,015 11 40 20 -10 -42 43 44 26 10 21 41 13 78 15 Togo 131,241 13 -8 -1 28 7 10 4 -10 1 -7 -7 15 4 2 Uganda 246,361 85 56 12 28 31 -1 33 22 12 1 15 36 101 17 Zambia 253,971 10 .. 98 81 47 10 3 31 56 10 7 11 72 26 Zimbabwe 15,276 18 44 29 28 21 49 37 13 51 61 186 11 37 43 NORTH AFRICA .. 13 10 11 9 10 12 12 20 11 11 4 29 26 15 Algeria 103,499 14 1 25 7 33 -21 19 35 41 18 .. 21 -6 17 Egypt, Arab Rep. 66,777 -9 19 32 37 26 26 27 20 10 12 5 29 18 20 Libya 3,475 8 10 7 8 -17 8 0 28 0 1 -1 17 5 4 Morocco 90,906 13 11 11 15 10 54 12 9 11 0 4 15 13 15 Tunisia 9,274 22 7 8 9 1 12 10 10 24 11 5 19 11 11 ALL AFRICA .. 14 10 14 16 13 16 14 11 13 11 14 23 19 14 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 58 Money and Banking 4-3. Credit to the government Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 19 5 35 2 11 2 16 11 1 4 8 51 15 16 excluding South Africa .. 19 4 34 3 9 0 16 13 0 4 6 53 16 14 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 20 2 34 4 11 2 15 11 1 5 6 53 16 15 Angola 7 .. .. .. .. 86 538 322 122 -2,024 -44 -140 .. .. 153 Benin 36,262 -9 -308 -274 73 -45 8 -125 1,037 -6 95 0 .. 4 .. Botswana -6,388 15 11 19 -2 13 113 23 4 21 15 -41 .. .. .. Burkina Faso -14,605 46 -25 -115 -704 -63 -500 -7 27 76 -36 -167 .. .. 45 Burundi 7,694 9 -58 93 -20 136 64 20 43 -37 78 16 40 -10 29 Cameroon 410,935 40 1 -2 -3 -11 21 -2 8 -15 4 -7 .. 46 0 Cape Verde 10,732 188 -3 46 6 4 20 0 -1 69 0 14 57 20 13 Central African Republic 40,174 26 2 38 -15 -6 -6 8 23 1 10 5 14 7 4 Chad 43,535 0 -1 38 -21 40 -1 -9 15 31 20 -6 8 33 9 Comoros 2,924 .. -41 49 -23 17 -41 62 11 -9 -16 15 .. 7 -1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 18 1,628 3,914 -3 .. .. .. .. .. .. -185 47 455 .. Congo, Rep. of 96,501 7 -18 -5 8 3 20 17 -16 -24 92 5 9 24 7 Côte d'Ivoire 510,099 -52 2 35 1 6 0 13 11 -19 -18 6 .. 7 -1 Djibouti 7,697 .. 123 112 37 30 -13 -60 17 -5 21 25 .. .. -6 Equatorial Guinea 17,432 .. 5 53 -5 -3 -13 -42 11 -18 -458 79 .. 17 -15 Eritrea 1,221 .. .. .. .. 54 0 89 79 28 3 .. .. .. 43 Ethiopia 9,916 18 19 4 -4 -3 -3 10 24 27 -7 2 39 14 7 Gabon 246,554 -3 7 50 8 -4 -6 52 -9 -63 135 -21 -27 23 -2 Gambia, The -82 -43 -476 35 -60 -29 -42 -13 -150 268 922 1 28 .. .. Ghana 1,031,892 30 45 7 51 35 75 7 55 61 21 14 47 30 39 Guinea 100,355 .. -13 35 36 42 -15 4 .. .. 19 80 .. .. 24 Guinea-Bissau -3,959 .. -979 324 72 -1 -108 85 1,383 73 -2 21 .. -22 138 Kenya 69,644 11 -10 89 17 7 16 10 -8 -6 22 18 26 15 7 Lesotho -944 329 773 97 44 24 49 2 -51 -25 -12 -53 62 19 .. Liberia 1,498 49 15 -1 20 19 4 1,824 -8 13 14 36 50 13 77 Madagascar 943,169 81 16 33 -24 -7 -21 102 14 -1 31 32 54 9 13 Malawi 1,380 11 41 24 -9 20 11 -93 1,741 -33 297 .. 27 11 12 Mali 5,096 2 -239 639 -84 -799 -37 16 -15 82 -65 98 8 -20 .. Mauritania 1,411 13 24 -17 -85 -1,118 77 44 30 38 4 54 25 12 .. Mauritius 13,358 18 20 32 11 9 26 -1 -2 -23 44 6 35 7 5 Mozambique -1,486,000 .. 95 26 75 97 36 36 -4 -10 -269 19 .. .. .. Namibia 796 .. 27 4 20 49 -79 16 115 -15 -12 -115 .. .. -7 Niger 39,237 -59 -39 102 50 17 62 -14 8 -19 -14 10 .. 0 6 Nigeria 272,350 6 98 55 -8 -56 -57 181 27 -159 -127 1,286 46 30 -7 Rwanda 14,249 109 27 -8 -51 -6 76 -3 22 -40 -4 .. 0 37 -2 São Tomé and Principe 15,665 .. .. .. .. 18 -178 -68 83 107 -168 -81 .. .. .. Senegal 179,488 53 -23 174 3 -10 -5 18 4 -15 12 -42 57 -4 -3 Seychelles 1,369 118 28 20 15 17 19 33 16 12 10 16 56 18 18 Sierra Leone 408,584 37 -14 1,689 -12 5 10 7 14 18 6 -1 41 61 8 Somalia .. 38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 18 .. South Africa 6,376 0 51 112 -60 81 79 50 -7 3 -27 111 3 9 18 Sudan 33,177 19 65 34 47 101 16 30 34 35 16 13 26 58 34 Swaziland -600 27 -6 -28 50 34 19 50 6 12 20 -47 .. .. .. Tanzania 446,034 37 46 5 30 3 -12 9 21 2 -25 -16 34 33 0 Togo 38,278 14 -57 -278 177 20 -3 32 0 -2 -12 -30 14 .. 9 Uganda -11,367 58 -21 -28 -105 -26 -1,469 26 -4 302 -24 108 54 75 22 Zambia 1,667,167 20 .. 126 60 17 -2 86 11 60 -8 13 35 88 27 Zimbabwe 5,051 41 105 6 -4 43 167 53 -5 90 105 76 26 13 59 NORTH AFRICA .. 21 2 5 8 3 12 3 5 13 -8 10 30 11 -2 Algeria 864,285 24 20 1 28 7 15 8 24 -27 -9 .. 29 27 6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 86,799 60 2 5 5 5 7 10 5 13 9 25 30 16 9 Libya 8,055 -20 2 11 8 1 -24 3 -12 -3 26 15 24 14 -2 Morocco 74,178 21 7 10 14 3 12 -1 -11 13 -8 5 21 6 2 Tunisia 473 2 -14 -12 -16 -22 81 -17 97 65 -8 0 20 2 22 ALL AFRICA .. 19 4 32 5 7 7 10 11 2 4 8 39 15 15 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 59 4-4. Net foreign assets Billions of units of national currency Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 6 31 48 94 .. .. 22 Benin -23 70 160 146 173 215 206 298 354 481 446 -17 12 290 Botswana 0 11 11 12 19 22 28 30 35 43 31 0 6 28 Burkina Faso 0 106 164 236 220 204 183 170 147 148 171 6 79 185 Burundi 5 35 45 54 47 46 32 33 32 12 18 3 16 34 Cameroon -14 -236 -318 -343 -302 -204 -195 -191 10 93 264 13 -140 -109 Cape Verde 2 6 6 5 7 6 6 10 7 10 11 2 5 8 Central African Republic 3 21 85 92 101 90 66 66 68 53 46 1 22 73 Chad -4 -1 14 48 55 47 35 24 21 34 68 0 13 41 Comoros .. 11 16 16 19 19 15 20 23 36 39 4 8 23 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. -72 -222 0 0 -59 Congo, Rep. of 8 -4 4 15 25 18 -44 -11 199 11 23 -3 -16 29 Côte d'Ivoire -223 -515 -72 58 62 100 114 25 73 396 931 -211 -411 220 Djibouti .. 37 36 34 28 26 24 34 30 38 47 21 35 33 Equatorial Guinea .. -7 -14 -10 -7 -7 -1 5 16 61 105 .. -6 20 Eritrea .. .. .. 3 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 .. .. 1 Ethiopia 0 3 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 11 0 1 6 Gabon 16 -33 52 9 86 69 -64 -74 146 -39 8 35 -9 18 Gambia, The 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 Ghana 0 -43 217 499 736 981 1,069 333 -9 1,460 3,457 -3 -76 1,066 Guinea .. 159 112 97 80 151 176 0 151 200 119 .. 113 122 Guinea-Bissau .. -5 -6 -4 -3 16 15 14 29 36 55 .. -2 20 Kenya 2 30 16 24 47 56 54 55 87 94 107 1 2 65 Lesotho 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 0 0 3 Liberia 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -28 -25 -27 -31 -44 0 0 -20 Madagascar -110 -11 1 316 861 1,489 921 1,496 1,919 2,405 2,194 -150 -1,244 1,450 Malawi 0 0 -1 0 2 2 9 9 14 12 4 0 0 6 Mali -8 74 107 120 184 205 172 126 197 223 324 -29 18 194 Mauritania -2 -30 -33 -25 -11 -2 0 7 24 26 56 -3 -19 10 Mauritius 0 17 16 19 20 22 20 26 34 36 44 0 9 27 Mozambique .. -5,671 -3,162 -3,534 -1,627 -861 -243 735 4,348 7,810 12,150 -26 -1,623 2,347 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 2 .. 0 1 Niger 5 24 23 22 12 0 -9 -17 3 32 29 5 21 9 Nigeria 6 63 56 108 237 228 235 663 1,275 1,433 1,387 3 29 696 Rwanda 14 5 3 28 38 46 40 45 67 81 103 8 8 56 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 9 19 101 139 156 169 201 241 .. .. 129 Senegal -97 -207 -130 -70 -46 36 78 119 122 197 345 -102 -204 98 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 0 -204 -339 -396 -159 -169 -220 -322 -180 -202 -140 0 -99 -224 Somalia 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 -63 .. South Africa 6 -16 -21 -18 -31 -23 -32 2 11 32 75 2 -4 2 Sudan 0 -59 -122 -202 -444 -494 -687 -724 -677 -697 -626 0 -22 -569 Swaziland 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 0 1 2 Tanzania 0 -384 -278 -207 -68 245 275 374 583 898 1,169 0 -164 409 Togo 0 23 43 33 13 14 8 23 67 66 90 21 57 39 Uganda 0 -104 64 177 252 392 655 790 1,197 1,519 1,553 0 -29 817 Zambia -1 -496 -788 -1,022 -1,287 -1,228 -2,397 -2,572 -3,661 -2,794 -2,599 -1 -150 -2,195 Zimbabwe 0 -3 -2 -3 -3 -13 -30 -12 -8 -11 -12 0 -1 -12 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 17 20 60 26 134 350 281 170 776 1,311 .. 12 18 435 Egypt, Arab Rep. -1 46 51 49 54 49 36 25 23 21 19 -1 15 34 Libya 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 6 7 15 2 2 5 Morocco 0 35 40 34 36 40 43 59 54 102 110 -1 13 60 Tunisia 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 60 Money and Banking 4-5. Growth of money supply Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 19 12 32 15 14 16 9 16 13 15 17 16 15 14 excluding South Africa .. 16 12 33 15 14 15 9 16 15 15 18 15 13 16 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 14 12 32 15 14 14 8 16 13 15 18 13 13 15 Angola 3 .. .. .. .. 3,393 108 40 343 342 168 134 .. .. 239 Benin 161,730 32 -13 67 -13 17 2 -5 47 35 10 -9 18 7 13 Botswana 829 10 15 11 7 15 9 46 17 7 24 7 17 18 18 Burkina Faso 213,703 20 12 39 25 7 18 -3 -2 5 -3 -7 14 8 4 Burundi 38,802 3 12 28 -3 12 10 1 42 -1 17 26 15 9 13 Cameroon 319,242 13 -14 35 -12 -2 35 14 11 17 13 14 20 -3 13 Cape Verde 11,868 26 7 8 3 11 22 -2 17 11 3 9 19 10 10 Central African Republic 111,237 32 16 74 8 5 -8 -18 13 3 -3 -4 17 4 -2 Chad 85,330 -16 -28 32 43 33 -5 -8 -3 18 22 27 13 -2 10 Comoros 12,040 .. 5 10 -5 8 -19 -6 16 21 63 10 .. 7 9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 19 73 2,461 5,635 407 .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 59 448 .. Congo, Rep. of 134,845 37 -20 40 0 14 9 -14 28 68 -23 14 18 1 11 Côte d'Ivoire 944,519 1 1 62 18 2 12 13 -2 -4 15 32 12 0 8 Djibouti 36,998 .. 4 3 -2 -3 -10 -10 3 -8 3 24 .. 7 -3 Equatorial Guinea 9,509 .. -29 135 58 50 -4 10 90 35 26 52 .. -11 34 Eritrea 1,135 .. .. .. .. 30 36 18 46 13 28 .. .. .. 28 Ethiopia 9,280 0 4 21 3 -2 8 -7 12 11 4 15 11 14 5 Gabon 219,087 10 -3 42 12 26 8 -5 -5 19 4 4 11 0 6 Gambia, The 471 6 6 -12 16 -4 39 0 14 37 14 56 12 15 18 Ghana 925,334 30 28 50 33 32 46 21 16 38 46 61 42 37 33 Guinea 274,125 .. 19 -3 9 0 21 9 .. .. 12 22 .. .. 13 Guinea-Bissau 7,211 .. 27 58 47 51 236 -12 22 64 8 22 .. 54 44 Kenya 69,333 -8 27 13 4 14 15 3 16 9 6 19 13 18 11 Lesotho 538 .. 23 12 11 19 23 25 -3 8 25 12 .. 16 15 Liberia 653 -4 60 8 42 7 -1 129 15 -12 7 39 6 16 22 Madagascar 1,848,007 22 12 57 15 17 23 11 20 13 30 7 14 20 17 Malawi 2,211 7 35 51 44 25 17 57 33 37 9 .. 7 24 32 Mali 198,195 5 9 48 14 21 6 5 -1 9 30 29 13 2 11 Mauritania 18,202 12 4 -5 -8 -11 8 5 6 23 15 4 14 8 6 Mauritius 9,573 21 3 19 8 3 8 9 4 11 16 18 9 17 9 Mozambique 3,264,000 .. 52 51 35 20 25 15 25 22 18 16 .. 43 21 Namibia 1,822 .. 46 15 8 54 4 27 22 28 9 6 .. .. 20 Niger 100,238 13 11 15 9 -10 -19 -18 15 12 35 -8 17 0 0 Nigeria 207,509 50 57 43 16 14 17 19 22 62 26 16 21 32 25 Rwanda 40,658 7 11 16 41 12 23 -1 7 7 1 .. 12 6 11 São Tomé and Principe 14,225 .. .. .. .. 66 108 -3 5 23 54 14 .. .. 30 Senegal 316,756 14 -9 54 4 8 0 16 11 6 15 6 11 2 8 Seychelles 335 38 14 -3 3 34 44 20 37 6 13 22 13 10 24 Sierra Leone 49,902 20 12 10 29 7 57 7 49 4 35 31 24 58 26 Somalia .. 19 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 87 .. South Africa 111,844 36 7 25 18 32 17 23 22 2 17 12 20 17 18 Sudan 40,464 31 76 55 67 86 32 29 28 42 16 30 30 57 38 Swaziland 363 22 14 7 17 16 16 2 32 0 14 9 14 16 13 Tanzania 428,284 28 33 33 30 5 10 10 16 10 10 25 21 32 13 Togo 131,199 5 -18 105 38 -8 2 7 10 22 -9 -8 16 -3 6 Uganda 408,701 32 26 36 15 10 14 19 13 17 13 21 40 80 15 Zambia 227,058 0 .. 45 61 19 31 17 24 51 34 29 12 67 31 Zimbabwe 11,270 37 95 18 52 23 54 24 35 53 143 170 13 24 55 NORTH AFRICA .. 21 5 11 7 7 13 8 9 8 10 7 25 12 5 Algeria 520,286 17 19 8 7 13 15 21 9 17 19 .. 21 10 15 Egypt, Arab Rep. 41,540 56 12 11 9 7 9 20 1 5 8 13 25 12 9 Libya 6,251 29 4 13 6 1 5 0 5 4 1 4 16 7 3 Morocco 135,964 8 5 11 6 6 16 8 12 8 15 9 13 14 10 Tunisia 3,637 21 4 11 10 13 13 8 16 10 10 -2 17 6 11 ALL AFRICA .. 19 12 25 12 13 15 9 16 12 15 15 16 13 14 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 61 4-6. Discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.5 11.5 12.0 13.0 12.4 12.3 10.0 11.3 10.7 9.3 12.8 8.4 10.7 11.5 excluding South Africa 8.5 11.5 12.0 12.5 11.8 12.0 9.5 11.2 10.4 9.1 11.4 8.4 10.6 11.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 8.5 11.5 11.5 12.0 10.9 11.4 9.1 10.8 10.0 8.9 10.0 8.4 10.6 10.4 Angola .. .. .. 160.0 2.0 48.0 58.0 120.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 .. .. 104.8 Benin 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Botswana 5.8 14.3 13.5 13.0 13.0 12.5 12.5 13.3 14.3 14.3 15.3 8.3 10.2 13.5 Burkina Faso 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Burundi 7.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 15.5 6.4 8.3 12.4 Cameroon 8.5 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.6 9.8 7.2 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 8.5 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.6 9.8 7.3 Chad 8.5 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.7 9.8 7.3 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 9.3 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 12.0 95.0 145.0 125.0 238.0 13.0 22.0 120.0 120.0 140.0 24.0 14.7 56.3 100.3 Congo, Rep. of 8.5 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.6 9.8 7.3 Côte d'Ivoire 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 .. 9.8 7.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 12.0 12.0 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 12.0 Gabon 8.5 11.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.6 9.8 7.3 Gambia, The 8.0 13.5 13.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 10.5 10.0 13.0 18.0 7.6 16.7 13.2 Ghana 13.5 35.0 33.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 37.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.5 12.7 26.6 34.7 Guinea .. 17.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 15.0 .. .. 11.5 16.3 16.3 .. 14.3 15.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 .. 28.3 6.0 Kenya 8.0 45.5 21.5 24.5 26.9 32.3 17.1 26.5 .. .. .. 9.9 19.7 25.4 Lesotho 8.0 13.5 13.5 15.5 17.0 15.6 19.5 19.0 15.0 13.0 16.2 11.8 13.9 16.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 .. .. .. 8.0 11.5 15.0 Malawi 10.0 25.0 40.0 50.0 27.0 23.0 43.0 47.0 50.2 46.8 40.0 8.5 17.0 40.9 Mali 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Mauritania 6.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 6.8 .. Mauritius 10.5 8.3 13.8 11.4 11.8 10.5 17.2 .. .. .. .. 9.5 10.8 12.7 Mozambique .. .. 69.7 57.8 32.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 .. 69.7 19.1 Namibia .. 14.5 15.5 17.5 17.8 16.0 18.8 11.5 11.3 9.3 12.8 .. 16.8 14.3 Niger 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.4 6.0 Nigeria 6.0 26.0 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 18.0 14.0 20.5 16.5 5.9 15.5 15.4 Rwanda 9.0 11.0 11.0 16.0 16.0 10.8 11.4 11.2 11.7 13.0 13.0 7.4 10.6 12.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 30.0 32.0 50.0 35.0 55.0 29.5 17.0 17.0 15.5 15.5 .. 33.7 29.3 Senegal 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Seychelles .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 3.5 1.0 Sierra Leone 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.2 26.9 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6.5 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 16.0 19.3 12.0 12.0 9.5 13.5 11.1 13.9 14.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 7.0 11.0 12.0 15.0 16.8 15.8 18.0 12.0 11.0 9.5 13.5 11.1 11.4 13.9 Tanzania 4.8 14.5 67.5 47.9 19.0 16.2 17.6 20.2 10.7 8.7 9.2 4.5 15.2 18.7 Togo 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.5 9.5 6.0 Uganda 8.0 24.0 15.0 13.3 15.9 14.1 9.1 15.8 18.9 8.9 13.1 13.7 36.7 13.6 Zambia 6.5 72.5 20.5 40.2 47.0 17.7 .. 32.9 25.7 40.1 27.9 7.5 22.5 33.1 Zimbabwe 4.5 28.5 29.5 29.5 27.0 31.5 39.5 74.4 57.8 57.2 29.7 6.3 16.3 43.3 NORTH AFRICA 5.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.9 5.5 7.8 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.7 9.2 6.7 Algeria 2.8 11.5 21.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 2.8 9.1 9.2 Egypt, Arab Rep 11.0 16.5 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.7 14.9 12.0 Libya 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 2.9 Morocco 4.9 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 5.0 4.7 3.8 5.4 4.1 3.1 Tunisia 5.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.1 10.1 8.4 ALL AFRICA 8.5 11.5 12.0 12.5 11.8 11.5 9.5 10.8 10.0 8.9 10.0 8.1 10.6 10.6 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 62 Money and Banking 4-7. Real discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -3.6 3.8 -5.7 -0.4 1.5 3.4 4.5 6.5 3.9 2.6 3.2 -3.6 0.9 3.1 excluding South Africa -3.5 4.6 -6.8 -0.6 1.3 3.4 4.3 6.5 3.7 2.3 3.3 -3.8 1.1 3.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -3.4 5.4 -5.7 -0.4 1.5 3.4 4.5 6.3 3.9 2.0 3.3 -3.6 1.2 3.1 Angola .. .. .. .. -97.6 -53.6 -23.8 -36.8 -41.2 -1.0 19.7 .. .. -33.5 Benin .. 5.5 -23.5 -7.4 1.0 2.4 0.2 5.7 1.8 1.9 3.4 .. -9.0 1.1 Botswana -6.9 -0.1 2.7 2.3 2.6 3.5 5.5 5.1 5.2 7.2 6.6 -3.1 -0.9 4.7 Burkina Faso -1.5 5.4 -15.3 -1.3 -0.2 3.6 0.9 7.1 6.3 0.9 3.7 -0.5 6.8 2.7 Burundi 4.4 0.3 -4.2 -7.8 -13.0 -14.6 -0.4 8.3 -8.3 4.4 17.1 -5.4 1.2 -1.8 Cameroon -1.0 15.2 -20.2 -0.4 3.7 2.6 3.7 5.7 9.2 1.9 3.4 -3.8 4.3 3.7 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. 14.8 -13.5 -8.9 3.9 5.8 9.1 9.1 3.7 3.0 2.8 1.2 8.3 3.6 Chad .. 20.0 -23.3 -0.4 -4.1 1.8 -4.6 15.5 3.1 -5.3 1.1 -9.4 8.2 0.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of -23.6 -90.7 -99.0 -64.9 -47.3 -59.0 -5.5 -42.8 -64.2 -47.8 -5.7 -25.6 -48.4 -42.2 Congo, Rep. of .. 6.5 -24.4 -0.7 -2.1 .. .. 2.1 8.0 6.4 1.8 .. 5.6 2.6 Côte d'Ivoire -3.7 3.8 -15.9 -7.3 3.4 1.9 1.3 5.2 3.5 1.6 2.8 -2.1 3.8 1.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 9.7 -22.4 -2.5 1.7 4.4 3.9 1.5 0.9 1.2 3.2 .. 9.8 1.8 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 8.2 4.1 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.5 1.8 Gabon -3.4 10.9 -20.8 -1.0 7.0 3.4 5.5 9.7 6.5 .. .. -4.9 7.8 5.2 Gambia, The 1.1 9.1 9.1 8.8 11.7 10.9 10.8 6.5 9.0 91.5 4.5 -4.2 -2.4 19.2 Ghana -24.4 8.0 6.5 -9.1 -1.1 13.4 14.8 13.0 1.4 -4.5 8.4 -30.2 -6.3 4.5 Guinea .. 22.2 12.3 11.7 14.6 12.9 .. .. 4.4 10.3 12.9 .. -2.1 11.1 Guinea-Bissau .. -28.4 -8.0 -27.1 -29.7 -28.9 -0.5 6.7 -2.4 2.6 2.2 .. -10.7 -9.6 Kenya -5.1 -0.3 -5.7 22.6 16.5 18.8 9.7 19.6 .. .. .. -3.4 0.9 17.4 Lesotho -7.1 0.3 4.9 5.7 7.0 .. .. .. 8.4 25.0 -13.2 -1.7 0.2 6.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar -10.8 -9.1 -28.0 -32.9 -16.5 -4.3 -5.8 4.6 .. .. .. -5.3 -9.3 -11.0 Malawi .. 1.8 4.0 -18.2 -7.7 12.7 10.2 1.5 15.9 15.4 .. -3.2 -2.5 4.3 Mali .. 6.3 -13.9 -6.6 -0.8 6.4 1.9 7.3 6.7 0.8 0.9 .. 7.1 2.1 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.5 .. Mauritius -22.2 -2.0 6.0 5.1 4.9 3.4 9.7 .. .. .. .. -3.4 3.3 5.8 Mozambique .. .. 4.0 2.1 -11.1 5.2 8.3 6.9 -2.5 0.8 -5.8 .. 4.0 0.5 Namibia .. 5.5 4.3 6.8 9.0 6.6 11.8 2.6 2.1 -0.3 1.3 .. 4.1 5.0 Niger 0.2 7.3 -22.1 -4.1 0.7 3.0 1.4 8.5 3.0 1.9 3.3 -2.1 9.9 2.2 Nigeria -3.6 -19.8 -27.7 -34.3 -12.2 4.9 2.9 12.6 -0.5 6.7 3.2 -11.7 -9.4 -2.1 Rwanda 1.6 -1.2 .. .. 8.0 -1.1 4.9 13.9 7.1 9.7 10.3 -3.6 4.5 7.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 3.6 4.2 9.3 -1.8 -7.6 -14.2 0.6 5.4 5.5 5.8 .. -1.0 0.4 Senegal 1.6 6.6 -19.9 -1.7 3.2 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.2 2.8 3.7 -1.2 5.8 3.4 Seychelles .. -0.4 -0.7 1.2 2.1 0.4 -1.5 -5.0 -5.0 -4.7 0.8 1.2 1.6 -1.5 Sierra Leone -0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.9 -31.6 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -6.3 2.1 3.7 5.8 9.0 6.4 11.8 6.6 6.4 4.5 2.6 -1.5 -0.1 6.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland -9.8 -0.9 -1.6 2.4 9.7 8.1 9.1 5.6 -1.1 3.4 .. -2.4 -1.4 5.3 Tanzania -19.5 -8.6 25.9 15.2 -1.6 0.1 4.3 11.4 4.5 3.4 4.4 -13.2 -11.1 5.2 Togo -1.6 7.1 -23.8 -9.0 1.3 -2.1 5.0 6.1 4.0 2.0 2.8 -0.8 6.1 1.3 Uganda .. 16.9 4.8 4.3 8.0 6.7 9.1 8.8 15.6 6.7 13.4 -23.2 -17.0 9.1 Zambia .. -40.1 -21.6 4.5 0.5 -5.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. -36.0 -0.2 Zimbabwe -0.9 0.7 5.9 5.6 4.6 10.7 5.8 10.0 1.3 -11.0 .. -5.5 -2.0 3.9 NORTH AFRICA -6.4 -4.9 1.9 -5.8 -2.9 2.0 3.8 5.2 5.6 4.1 4.0 -4.8 -1.9 2.0 Algeria -6.2 -7.5 -6.2 -12.2 -4.8 5.0 4.3 5.7 5.6 1.7 4.0 -6.8 -6.5 1.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. -8.0 3.9 5.4 -1.9 5.4 7.3 7.5 8.7 9.1 8.5 7.1 -3.1 -1.2 6.5 Libya -6.6 -5.5 -4.9 -6.7 -3.9 -3.4 -0.7 2.3 .. .. .. -3.8 -2.3 -2.5 Morocco -4.1 -4.9 1.9 -5.8 -2.9 -1.0 3.2 4.7 3.0 4.1 1.0 -4.0 -1.4 0.8 Tunisia .. 4.7 4.0 2.5 4.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.7 3.3 3.2 ALL AFRICA -4.1 3.7 -4.5 -0.9 1.3 3.4 4.3 6.3 4.0 2.7 3.3 -4.1 0.7 3.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Real discount rate in each year is the nominal discount rate deflated by the annual change in the CPI. Money and Banking 63 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.0 17.5 17.5 18.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 20.7 18.2 12.3 15.9 20.9 excluding South Africa 12.3 17.5 17.5 19.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 20.7 18.5 12.2 15.7 21.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 12.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.2 12.4 15.5 20.9 Angola .. .. .. 206.3 217.9 37.8 45.0 80.3 103.2 96.0 97.3 .. .. 110.5 Benin 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Botswana 8.5 14.9 13.9 14.3 14.5 14.1 13.5 14.6 15.3 15.8 16.0 13.5 11.1 14.8 Burkina Faso 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Burundi 12.0 13.8 14.2 15.3 .. .. .. 15.2 15.8 16.8 19.5 12.0 12.7 16.5 Cameroon 13.0 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 13.0 15.9 20.6 Cape Verde 6.5 10.0 10.7 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.5 12.0 11.9 12.8 13.2 6.5 10.1 12.3 Central African Republic 10.5 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 11.1 15.1 20.6 Chad 11.0 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 10.7 14.5 20.6 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 14.0 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 398.3 293.9 247.0 134.6 29.0 124.6 165.0 167.9 66.8 .. 398.3 153.6 Congo, Rep. of 11.0 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 11.3 14.8 20.6 Côte d'Ivoire 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.5 11.3 8.5 9.5 11.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 .. 16.3 20.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 14.0 14.3 15.1 13.9 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.9 10.9 8.7 .. 8.2 11.4 Gabon 12.5 17.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 11.8 14.9 20.6 Gambia, The 15.0 26.1 25.0 25.0 25.5 25.5 25.4 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 16.7 25.8 24.7 Ghana 19.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.3 23.1 .. Guinea .. 24.5 22.0 21.5 .. .. 19.6 19.9 19.4 .. .. .. 20.8 20.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 63.6 36.3 32.9 51.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38.6 42.3 Kenya 10.6 30.0 36.2 28.8 33.8 30.2 29.5 22.4 22.3 19.7 18.5 11.8 19.9 25.6 Lesotho 11.0 15.8 14.3 16.4 17.7 18.0 20.1 19.1 17.1 16.6 17.1 15.2 16.5 17.8 Liberia 18.4 .. 14.5 15.6 .. 16.8 21.7 16.7 20.5 22.1 20.2 19.9 14.9 19.1 Madagascar .. 26.0 30.5 37.5 32.8 30.0 27.0 28.0 26.5 25.3 25.3 .. 25.7 29.0 Malawi 16.7 29.5 31.0 47.3 45.3 28.3 37.7 53.6 53.1 56.2 50.5 17.7 22.6 46.5 Mali 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Mauritania 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.0 11.0 .. Mauritius .. 16.6 18.9 20.8 20.8 18.9 19.9 21.6 20.8 21.1 21.0 13.5 16.2 20.6 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.4 19.6 19.0 22.7 26.7 .. .. 22.5 Namibia .. 18.0 17.1 18.5 19.2 20.2 20.7 18.5 15.3 14.5 13.8 .. 19.7 17.6 Niger 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Nigeria 8.4 31.6 20.5 20.2 19.8 17.8 18.2 20.3 21.3 23.4 24.8 8.0 19.3 20.7 Rwanda 13.5 15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.3 14.3 .. São Tomé and Principe .. 37.0 30.0 52.0 38.0 51.5 55.6 40.3 39.7 37.0 37.1 .. 30.2 43.9 Senegal 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Seychelles .. 15.7 15.7 15.8 16.2 14.9 14.4 12.0 11.4 11.1 11.1 .. 15.6 13.4 Sierra Leone 11.0 50.5 27.3 28.8 32.1 23.9 23.8 26.8 26.3 24.3 22.2 12.7 37.0 26.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9.5 16.2 15.6 17.9 19.5 20.0 21.8 18.0 14.5 13.8 15.8 14.1 17.5 17.7 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 9.5 14.3 14.3 17.1 18.7 19.5 19.5 17.4 14.0 13.3 15.3 12.7 14.9 16.8 Tanzania 11.5 31.0 39.0 42.8 34.0 26.3 22.9 21.9 21.6 20.3 16.4 11.4 27.0 25.8 Togo 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 15.2 .. Uganda 10.8 .. .. 20.2 20.3 21.4 20.9 21.5 22.9 22.7 19.1 15.2 34.3 21.1 Zambia 9.5 113.3 70.6 45.5 53.8 46.7 31.8 40.5 38.8 46.2 45.2 9.7 41.9 43.6 Zimbabwe 17.5 36.3 34.9 34.7 34.2 32.5 42.1 55.4 68.2 38.0 36.5 20.3 18.7 42.7 NORTH AFRICA 7.1 7.0 13.0 8.2 7.8 6.3 12.0 11.5 11.6 11.4 10.8 7.5 8.8 9.9 Algeria .. .. 16.0 19.0 19.0 12.5 11.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 8.5 .. 16.0 12.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 13.3 18.3 16.5 16.5 15.6 13.8 13.0 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.8 12.5 17.3 14.0 Libya 7.0 7.0 .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Morocco 7.0 .. 10.0 .. .. .. 13.5 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.1 7.0 8.9 13.3 Tunisia 7.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.9 8.9 .. ALL AFRICA 12.0 17.5 17.5 17.9 21.4 21.4 21.8 21.5 21.3 20.7 18.0 11.9 15.6 20.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 64 Money and Banking 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.2 7.8 8.7 10.0 10.8 9.1 7.6 7.6 7.0 6.2 5.5 6.6 7.8 8.0 excluding South Africa 6.2 7.8 8.4 9.7 10.8 8.5 7.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.3 6.6 7.6 7.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6.2 7.8 8.3 9.4 10.7 9.1 7.3 6.9 6.6 5.9 5.2 6.6 7.6 7.6 Angola .. .. .. 125.9 147.1 29.3 36.9 36.6 39.6 47.9 48.7 .. .. 64.0 Benin 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Botswana 5.0 13.5 10.4 10.0 10.4 9.3 8.7 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.3 9.3 9.0 9.8 Burkina Faso 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Burundi 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 4.9 .. Cameroon 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.3 7.5 5.1 Cape Verde .. 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.3 4.7 4.9 .. 4.0 4.9 Central African Republic 5.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.4 7.5 5.1 Chad 5.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 6.3 5.1 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 7.0 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 60.0 60.0 60.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.0 60.0 Congo, Rep. of 6.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 7.8 5.1 Côte d'Ivoire 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.8 1.2 .. .. 2.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 .. 7.5 5.1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 11.5 11.5 11.5 9.4 7.0 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 4.1 .. 6.7 7.2 Gabon 7.5 7.8 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.4 7.9 5.1 Gambia, The 5.0 13.0 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.7 7.1 13.3 12.5 Ghana 11.5 23.6 23.1 28.7 34.5 35.8 32.0 23.6 28.6 30.9 16.2 12.0 18.9 28.8 Guinea .. 19.8 18.0 17.5 .. .. 6.4 5.7 7.5 8.0 7.4 .. 19.4 8.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 53.9 28.7 26.5 47.3 4.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 .. 34.5 12.0 Kenya 5.8 .. .. 13.6 17.6 16.7 18.4 9.6 8.1 6.6 5.5 7.7 11.5 12.0 Lesotho .. 8.1 8.4 13.3 12.7 11.8 10.7 7.5 4.9 4.8 5.2 10.2 10.3 8.9 Liberia 10.3 .. 6.3 6.4 .. 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.2 10.4 6.8 6.2 Madagascar .. 19.5 19.5 18.5 19.0 14.4 8.0 15.3 15.0 12.0 12.0 .. 19.7 14.3 Malawi 7.9 21.8 25.0 37.3 26.3 10.2 19.1 33.2 33.3 35.0 28.1 9.8 15.4 27.8 Mali 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 5.7 .. Mauritius .. 8.4 11.0 12.2 10.8 9.1 9.3 10.9 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.7 10.4 10.2 Mozambique .. .. 33.4 38.8 18.1 25.4 8.2 7.9 9.7 15.0 18.0 .. 33.4 17.6 Namibia .. 9.6 9.2 10.8 12.6 12.7 12.9 10.8 7.4 6.8 7.8 .. 10.7 10.2 Niger 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Nigeria 5.3 23.2 13.1 13.5 13.1 7.2 10.1 12.8 11.7 15.3 16.7 5.1 14.8 12.5 Rwanda 6.3 5.0 .. .. 10.9 9.5 8.5 7.9 8.9 9.2 8.0 5.1 6.6 9.0 São Tomé and Principe .. 35.0 35.0 35.0 31.0 36.8 38.3 27.0 21.0 15.0 15.0 .. 28.7 27.4 Senegal 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Seychelles .. 9.5 8.9 9.2 9.9 9.2 7.5 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.9 9.1 9.6 6.9 Sierra Leone 9.2 27.0 11.6 7.0 14.0 9.9 7.1 9.5 9.2 7.7 8.2 9.2 25.6 9.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5.5 11.5 11.1 13.5 14.9 15.4 16.5 12.2 9.2 9.4 10.8 10.0 14.1 12.7 Sudan 6.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 .. .. Swaziland 4.5 7.9 7.5 9.4 11.1 12.0 11.9 9.9 6.5 6.2 8.0 8.6 8.8 9.4 Tanzania 4.0 .. .. 24.6 13.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.4 4.8 3.3 4.0 12.6 9.6 Togo 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 Uganda 6.8 16.3 10.0 7.6 10.6 11.8 11.4 8.7 9.8 8.5 5.6 9.9 24.2 9.3 Zambia 7.0 .. 46.1 30.2 42.1 34.5 13.1 20.3 20.2 23.4 23.3 6.2 23.7 25.9 Zimbabwe 3.5 29.4 26.8 25.9 21.6 18.6 29.1 38.5 50.2 13.9 18.4 6.6 15.6 27.0 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 6.8 5.9 5.5 5.3 4.9 7.9 6.9 6.3 5.6 4.9 4.7 7.1 5.9 Algeria 3.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 14.5 9.8 8.5 7.5 7.5 6.3 5.3 3.0 6.7 9.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8.3 12.0 11.8 10.9 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.2 9.5 9.5 9.3 8.0 11.6 9.8 Libya 5.1 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 5.5 3.1 Morocco 4.9 .. .. .. .. .. 7.3 6.4 5.2 5.0 4.5 5.6 8.4 5.7 Tunisia 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 6.7 .. ALL AFRICA 6.2 7.8 8.7 10.0 10.7 9.1 7.6 7.5 7.0 6.2 5.3 6.5 7.8 7.9 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 65 Figure 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2002* Credit to public sector** Credit to private sector (percentage of GDP) (percentage of GDP) -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75 100 Seychelles Sierra Leone Egypt. Arab Rep. Zambia Cape Verde Ethiopia Morocco Zimbabwe Ghana Mauritius Guinea-Bissau Kenya Mozambique Burundi Madagascar Uganda Guinea Congo Gambia The Nigeria Central African Republic Chad Sudan Gabon Cote d Ivoire Cameroon Tunisia South Africa Tanzania Togo Niger Senegal Comoros Sao Tome and Principe Namibia Congo. Democratic Republic Burkina Faso Mali Equatorial Guinea Lesotho Benin Swaziland Mauritania Botswana * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by credit to public sector. 66 Figure 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1993-2002* (percentage) -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Ghana Lesotho Namibia Ethiopia Mauritius Botswana Malawi Swaziland Tunisia Zimbabwe Central African Republic Gabon Cameroon Senegal Burkina Faso São Tomé and Principe Mali Mozambique Chad Morocco Niger Equatorial Guinea Côte d'Ivoire Congo, Rep. of Algeria Togo Benin Seychelles Burundi Libya Nigeria Guinea-Bissau Zambia Madagascar Angola Congo, Dem. Rep. of * Or most recent year available. Money and Banking 67 Technical notes Tables eign assets (that is, foreign assets less foreign liabilities) indicate the direct monetary impact of a country's trans- Table 4-1. Domestic credit. Domestic credit (IMF, IFS, actions with the rest of the world. line 32) includes all domestic assets of the banking sys- tem. It is the sum of the claims on the central govern- Table 4-5. Growth of money supply. This table shows ment (net), on official entities, and on the private sector. the annual percentage change in money (M1), defined as Domestic credit comprises credit to the private sector the sum of currency outside of banks and demand de- (Table 4-2) and credit to the government (Table 4-3). posits other than those of the central government (IMF, IFS, line 34). The presentation of the money supply in Table 4-2. Credit to the private sector. Credit to the the form of growth rates rather than levels reflects the private sector is taken from IMF, IFS ( line 32d). importance from the point of view of macroeconomic stability of the rate of growth rather than the stock of Table 4-3. Credit to the government. Credit to the money. government sector is taken from IMF, IFS (line 32an). Negative numbers for net claims on the central govern- Table 4-6. Discount rate.The discount rate reported here ment indicate that government is a net depositor to the is the nominal interest rate at which the monetary au- banking system. The government's financial position thorities lend to (or discount eligible paper from) deposit with the monetary system is always presented on a net money banks (IMF, IFS, line 60). basis because its recourse to the monetary system can- not always be analyzed meaningfully in terms of liquid- Table 4-7. Real discount rate. The real discount rate in ity preferences or by considering debtor and creditor each year is the nominal discount rate (Table 4-6) de- positions separately. Movements in net claims on the flated by the annual change in inflation as reflected by central government (that is, claims or credits less gov- the consumer price index (CPI) (Table 3-3). It has been ernment deposits) indicate the impact of government calculated using the formula: operations on the liquidity of the rest of the economy. {[l + (i/100)] /[(t /t-1)] ­1} x 100 Table 4-4. Net foreign assets. Data for net foreign as- sets are from the IMF, IFS (line 31n).As for credit to the where i is nominal interest rate and is inflation rate government, the financial position of the foreign sector based on the CPI. with the monetary system is presented on a net basis for the same reason as noted above. Movements in net for- 68 Money and Banking Table 4-8.Commercial bank lending rate.The commer- Figures cial bank lending rate (IMF, IFS, line 60p) is the rate charged to borrowers by commercial banks for short- The following indicators have been used to derive the and medium-term use of funds. figures in this chapter. Table 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate.The deposit Figure 4-1. Credit to the private sector (Table 4-2); credit rate (IMF, IFS, line 60l) is the rate paid to depositors on to the public sector (Table 4-3); gross domestic product time savings and demand deposits by deposit money (Table 2-5). banks and similar financial institutions. Figure 4-2. Real discount rate (Table 4-7). Money and Banking 69 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 4 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (4) (8) (1) (2) 4-1 x x 4-2 x x 4-3 x x 4-4 x x 4-5 x x 4-6 x x 4-7 x x 4-8 x x 4-9 x x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. The definitions of the methodologies used throughout the book are given below. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 5 External Sector T he external sector provides data on economic The tables provide gross entries for goods and ser- and financial relations between African coun- vices and net entries for unrequited transfers (official tries and the rest of the world, with detailed ac- and private) and other financial flows; a table for cur- counting of commodity trade, one of the principal rent account balance as traditionally defined (with components of the current account within the balance transfers above the line) is also shown. The informa- of payments framework. Commodity trade and price tion is presented for broad aggregates; fuller detail data can also provide a partial basis for analyzing can be found in the IMF's Balance of Payments Africa's constraints and performance in the interna- Manual (1993) and Balance of Payments Yearbook. tional marketplace, including its terms of trade. Com- Unit values for exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) modity exports are a major source of foreign ex- measure changes in the aggregate price level of a change. Other sources of foreign exchange include country's exports and imports of goods and nonfactor receipts from factor and nonfactor services, borrow- services over time. Unit values reflect average price ing from abroad, incoming foreign investment, and changes for broad groups of commodities, rather than foreign transfers and grants. for any single commodity. The terms of trade indi- The balance of payments is a system of accounts cate relative movements in export and import unit covering a given period that is intended to record sys- values (here, they are based on goods and nonfactor tematically (a) flows of real resources, including the services from the national accounts). If the prices of services of the original factors of production, between exports rise while the prices of imports rise more the domestic economy of a country and the rest of the slowly, stay constant, or decline, the same quantity world; (b) changes in the country's foreign assets of exports "buys" a bigger quantity of imports. The and liabilities that arise from economic transactions; effect of such price changes is equivalent to an in- and (c) transfer payments, which are the counterpart crease in the real value of output (or increased pro- of real resources or financial claims provided to, or ductivity in value terms) of the export sector. Were received from, the rest of the world that carry no import prices to rise more quickly than export prices, provision for repayment. the reverse would be true. Export figures for specific 70 External Sector 71 commodities show physical quantities rather than value the five major oil-exporting countries in Sub-Saharan in either current or constant prices. Most of the key Africa (which in the 1980s accounted for about half nonagricultural primary commodities are exported of Sub-Saharan export earnings) have dominated from a few countries with substantial mineral re- trends in this region as a whole. sources. Variations in export prices and earnings for 72 External Sector 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 78,719 62,582 65,647 77,877 86,311 87,534 75,895 79,544 97,254 92,691 94,844 6.9 3.1 3.6 excluding South Africa 53,107 37,837 39,307 47,805 56,043 56,351 46,781 50,963 65,586 62,014 62,852 5.4 2.2 4.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 26,479 27,912 29,901 36,079 39,910 40,803 36,690 39,051 44,145 44,050 47,966 6.0 2.8 4.5 Angola .. 2,908 3,016 3,730 5,095 5,006 3,543 5,157 7,921 6,534 8,343 .. 6.4 11.7 Benin 222 341 308 235 263 191 239 223 189 210 214 7.1 3.3 -3.8 Botswana 544 1,722 1,874 2,161 2,218 2,822 2,073 2,658 2,683 2,326 2,279 20.0 10.7 2.2 Burkina Faso 161 260 191 237 233 229 323 254 206 224 236 8.1 6.1 0.9 Burundi 66 74 81 113 40 87 64 56 49 39 48 .. -4.5 -8.5 Cameroon 1,506 1,652 1,433 1,655 1,605 1,816 1,800 1,682 2,125 2,129 1,911 18.2 -2.7 4.1 Cape Verde 9 4 20 24 30 38 23 8 40 37 42 15.2 0.5 5.6 Central African Republic 147 132 162 179 142 155 138 96 111 107 110 8.6 1.4 -6.5 Chad 71 152 135 243 238 243 257 188 183 189 172 0.8 6.1 -1.0 Comoros 11 22 11 11 6 6 6 9 14 17 19 .. 4.5 9.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,269 1,144 1,256 1,612 1,652 1,196 1,180 974 892 880 1,088 5.9 -4.9 -6.2 Congo, Rep. of 911 1,119 959 1,282 1,654 1,657 1,369 1,556 2,449 2,055 2,249 22.9 1.0 9.7 Côte d'Ivoire 3,013 2,519 2,869 3,820 4,256 4,275 4,458 4,486 3,739 3,761 4,775 6.4 -0.1 3.0 Djibouti .. .. .. 38 40 43 59 69 72 .. .. .. .. 16.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 52 65 86 101 291 460 814 1,363 2,182 2,035 .. 9.2 64.0 Eritrea 0 36 65 81 95 54 28 20 37 20 54 .. .. -12.2 Ethiopia 459 222 245 453 413 599 602 484 486 441 431 6.3 -7.8 3.9 Gabon 2,531 2,326 2,365 2,643 3,190 3,043 2,209 2,526 2,750 2,897 3,080 8.9 5.2 1.4 Gambia, The 51 141 124 121 114 108 130 120 126 140 147 3.2 10.5 2.4 Ghana 1,104 1,064 1,227 1,431 1,810 1,810 2,091 2,006 1,936 1,867 2,057 -3.8 6.7 5.3 Guinea 500 672 610 649 610 660 659 646 667 723 700 4.7 3.4 1.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 16 33 24 22 48 26 51 62 46 51 .. 6.6 10.3 Kenya 1,363 1,103 1,484 1,924 2,083 2,060 2,012 1,755 1,773 1,881 2,169 5.8 2.0 1.6 Lesotho 58 132 147 154 182 196 193 189 214 276 373 10.4 19.4 10.1 Liberia 600 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4 .. .. Madagascar 437 332 447 566 512 507 522 584 829 965 499 2.0 2.0 5.4 Malawi 281 317 327 404 483 530 528 447 402 426 421 8.8 3.7 1.1 Mali 205 349 337 442 433 561 561 596 547 725 1,002 10.9 7.8 11.2 Mauritania 196 380 393 479 484 408 360 333 345 339 330 6.8 1.4 -4.3 Mauritius 406 1,343 1,334 1,473 1,629 1,727 1,599 1,680 1,523 1,633 1,569 .. 14.7 1.3 Mozambique 281 132 164 174 226 230 245 284 364 703 682 .. 7.3 20.2 Namibia 1,534 1,293 1,320 1,418 1,463 1,365 1,209 1,196 1,313 1,142 1,205 .. 6.1 -2.2 Niger 576 301 225 287 302 272 334 287 283 266 288 14.6 -1.6 1.2 Nigeria 25,956 9,924 9,415 11,734 16,117 15,539 10,114 11,927 21,395 17,949 14,912 3.8 1.1 5.9 Rwanda 134 68 32 50 62 93 64 62 90 93 67 5.6 -10.8 8.9 São Tomé and Principe 17 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 -3.0 -6.5 -4.1 Senegal 480 719 791 968 988 905 988 1,047 920 1,003 1,087 2.1 4.0 2.3 Seychelles 6 49 52 53 78 115 123 146 195 217 236 -1.8 34.7 22.8 Sierra Leone 214 118 194 102 105 88 65 61 75 77 104 -1.0 3.2 -7.0 Somalia 133 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 -4.1 .. South Africa 25,698 24,750 26,342 30,085 30,306 31,218 29,127 28,610 31,729 30,731 32,042 10.3 4.7 1.4 Sudan 689 306 524 556 620 594 596 780 1,807 1,699 1,948 1.0 -2.4 20.2 Swaziland 368 675 746 868 856 962 976 937 910 1,054 957 6.3 14.2 2.8 Tanzania 508 411 486 593 696 794 588 543 663 776 903 0.1 3.0 4.8 Togo 476 215 226 357 372 352 396 392 327 349 371 7.1 -2.5 3.0 Uganda 319 157 254 595 590 684 458 549 460 458 474 1.3 -8.6 1.7 Zambia 1,457 994 1,067 1,186 993 1,119 816 756 746 884 916 -0.9 3.2 -4.0 Zimbabwe 281 1,610 1,947 2,216 2,496 2,424 1,925 1,924 1,791 1,715 1,730 0.0 4.5 -3.5 NORTH AFRICA 41,259 31,134 30,602 37,625 41,279 43,368 38,416 41,314 56,574 56,637 55,783 9.7 3.0 7.3 Algeria 13,652 10,410 8,892 10,260 13,220 13,820 10,140 12,320 21,700 21,125 19,660 14.3 -0.4 10.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,854 3,725 3,337 4,957 4,609 5,345 5,128 4,445 6,388 7,078 7,005 9.4 0.4 7.8 Libya 21,919 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 -2.5 .. Morocco 2,414 4,922 5,541 6,871 6,886 7,039 7,144 7,621 7,508 7,256 7,663 5.1 10.5 2.9 Tunisia 2,395 3,746 4,643 5,470 5,519 5,559 5,724 5,873 5,840 6,024 6,528 12.0 11.3 3.1 ALL AFRICA 119,829 93,423 96,343 115,356 127,511 130,527 113,826 120,144 151,767 146,833 148,498 8.0 3.0 4.6 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 73 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 60,606 57,007 59,342 71,966 73,931 79,528 77,149 75,626 78,699 80,137 85,547 8.2 4.0 3.1 excluding South Africa 42,350 38,538 37,482 44,560 46,325 50,667 49,931 51,129 51,356 54,328 58,056 8.1 3.3 4.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 27,645 30,229 31,025 36,383 38,119 41,041 40,661 40,593 40,277 42,003 44,703 6.2 4.3 3.4 Angola .. 1,463 1,454 1,852 2,040 2,597 2,079 3,109 3,040 3,179 3,709 .. 1.7 11.2 Benin 499 539 374 439 444 426 451 474 447 467 491 8.3 4.3 2.3 Botswana 602 1,455 1,364 1,606 1,468 1,926 1,995 1,874 1,778 1,663 1,596 17.4 12.8 1.8 Burkina Faso 368 534 355 485 563 510 634 581 519 510 549 8.1 3.4 3.2 Burundi 165 173 173 176 100 96 124 97 108 108 115 .. 1.0 -4.8 Cameroon 1,452 1,021 1,017 1,074 1,200 1,347 1,452 1,483 1,538 1,617 1,922 12.5 -3.2 7.5 Cape Verde 80 152 191 219 206 211 208 223 233 232 277 10.1 8.9 3.3 Central African Republic 185 158 151 179 125 145 150 86 83 82 97 8.7 0.1 -8.7 Chad 55 205 212 277 243 246 271 239 276 515 812 -1.8 3.8 13.2 Comoros 22 50 45 54 49 48 42 43 37 40 45 .. 6.0 -2.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,519 614 667 997 1,011 694 775 458 680 807 1,061 0.0 -6.3 0.0 Congo, Rep. of 545 500 613 653 586 649 558 523 596 681 706 15.2 -1.0 0.9 Côte d'Ivoire 2,614 1,784 1,608 2,456 2,510 2,537 2,776 2,643 2,300 2,295 2,352 6.1 1.4 2.0 Djibouti .. .. .. 207 201 204 240 252 271 .. .. .. .. 6.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 52 67 97 127 206 434 440 464 696 750 .. 6.7 37.1 Eritrea 0 275 396 404 514 495 527 495 470 537 520 .. .. 3.0 Ethiopia 692 1,052 915 1,063 1,144 1,309 1,357 1,558 1,611 1,556 1,696 16.4 -1.1 7.7 Gabon 829 845 777 898 969 1,018 987 841 887 934 988 4.6 0.3 1.2 Gambia, The 116 205 179 209 189 176 207 194 193 219 232 11.0 11.1 2.2 Ghana 908 1,728 1,580 1,684 2,295 3,042 2,918 3,252 2,759 2,831 2,714 -1.6 10.7 7.2 Guinea 339 602 583 583 584 573 577 582 583 562 650 5.0 4.9 0.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 54 54 59 57 73 51 66 86 92 82 .. 1.3 6.4 Kenya 2,585 1,606 2,042 2,666 2,598 2,944 3,028 2,679 3,033 3,176 3,058 8.1 1.8 4.0 Lesotho 424 859 869 983 996 1,012 841 793 737 675 796 14.2 11.1 -3.8 Liberia 478 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 .. .. Madagascar 764 510 546 628 629 682 672 742 933 950 620 5.4 5.3 4.5 Malawi 308 627 536 474 624 783 579 674 563 584 727 2.7 10.9 2.5 Mali 308 502 466 556 552 556 558 632 595 735 764 9.7 7.1 5.3 Mauritania 321 375 304 395 403 355 358 305 336 372 418 7.0 0.9 1.0 Mauritius 494 1,541 1,556 1,875 1,945 2,013 1,972 2,046 2,006 1,913 1,799 .. 16.5 1.2 Mozambique 720 830 881 727 783 760 817 1,200 1,162 1,063 1,263 .. 7.6 6.6 Namibia 1,094 1,335 1,406 1,548 1,555 1,644 1,489 1,396 1,432 1,325 1,368 .. 9.5 -1.5 Niger 677 259 263 297 306 300 396 317 324 320 374 11.0 0.3 3.0 Nigeria 14,735 8,293 6,470 8,183 8,216 9,630 9,276 10,531 11,068 12,303 13,326 12.7 0.1 8.3 Rwanda 196 268 367 194 213 277 256 249 240 238 234 12.3 3.6 -1.8 São Tomé and Principe 15 26 24 23 20 19 17 22 21 22 22 12.5 2.3 -0.5 Senegal 973 1,102 1,022 1,216 1,264 1,176 1,281 1,373 1,336 1,428 1,603 4.3 3.7 4.3 Seychelles 84 216 188 214 263 304 352 375 304 415 376 12.4 11.3 9.2 Sierra Leone 334 130 131 120 185 81 85 68 137 163 227 1.4 -1.5 4.0 Somalia 402 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 -8.6 .. South Africa 18,268 18,518 21,875 27,412 27,618 28,880 27,244 24,542 27,373 25,869 27,556 8.7 5.7 1.0 Sudan 1,127 533 1,045 1,066 1,340 1,422 1,732 1,256 1,366 1,395 2,153 0.2 3.5 6.2 Swaziland 538 772 816 1,064 1,062 1,067 1,083 1,068 1,046 1,132 1,037 16.6 11.8 1.9 Tanzania 1,089 1,472 1,591 1,510 1,370 1,388 1,376 1,368 1,368 1,563 1,514 3.6 8.5 -0.2 Togo 524 251 229 350 447 508 553 490 486 506 515 9.4 -1.4 7.8 Uganda 318 523 672 1,085 1,218 899 966 1,039 954 953 1,066 4.5 4.4 1.9 Zambia 1,114 1,019 1,003 1,194 1,056 1,218 971 871 978 1,253 1,204 0.3 6.7 0.6 Zimbabwe 308 1,512 1,778 2,128 2,247 2,654 2,020 1,675 1,520 1,455 1,413 1.4 7.3 -5.4 NORTH AFRICA 31,015 37,896 37,651 45,426 44,783 46,533 46,560 49,505 51,708 52,004 56,342 8.0 3.6 4.0 Algeria 9,596 7,990 9,154 10,100 9,090 8,130 8,630 8,960 9,300 10,795 12,260 5.6 -0.7 2.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,814 12,879 10,377 13,372 14,263 16,718 15,321 16,969 17,861 16,431 17,411 10.2 2.6 5.4 Libya 10,368 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.0 0.4 .. Morocco 3,770 6,981 7,648 9,353 9,080 8,903 9,463 9,957 10,601 10,494 11,129 7.3 9.6 3.9 Tunisia 3,453 5,757 6,210 7,458 7,280 7,514 7,875 8,015 8,093 8,397 9,165 13.2 9.3 3.7 ALL AFRICA 90,663 94,454 96,653 116,996 118,444 125,890 123,440 124,587 129,827 131,597 141,250 7.7 3.8 3.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 74 External Sector 5-3. Exports of total services (nonfactor and factor) Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,335 13,236 13,354 16,262 17,375 18,238 18,644 19,004 19,738 19,626 20,589 6.6 5.2 4.4 excluding South Africa 8,812 9,273 8,637 10,512 11,272 11,603 12,097 12,374 12,592 12,852 14,106 8.0 5.0 4.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,352 9,126 8,473 10,300 10,872 11,226 10,990 11,177 11,364 11,599 12,834 9.1 5.8 3.6 Angola .. 117 163 129 311 251 158 179 313 252 282 .. 3.5 6.7 Benin 84 137 108 162 168 162 191 187 189 160 181 11.3 7.7 4.1 Botswana 203 747 417 744 669 833 929 804 705 718 690 14.8 15.4 3.4 Burkina Faso 65 80 67 80 71 55 53 46 45 52 49 9.2 13.5 -5.9 Burundi 26 25 23 27 17 13 11 8 6 16 18 .. 8.5 -8.0 Cameroon 395 394 310 405 456 507 521 574 612 597 674 21.7 -2.9 8.7 Cape Verde 14 46 53 68 85 99 89 108 117 136 159 43.2 6.4 12.7 Central African Republic 58 54 45 53 47 43 40 22 16 22 19 7.0 0.4 -13.9 Chad 0 47 28 79 55 54 65 59 61 67 79 -13.0 -2.3 6.7 Comoros 3 35 29 38 38 35 22 23 19 21 22 .. 23.8 -7.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 135 151 66 159 73 64 119 48 88 101 123 3.1 -4.7 2.0 Congo, Rep. of 119 68 159 96 101 106 -108 172 149 182 191 7.6 1.0 6.8 Côte d'Ivoire 588 773 536 813 774 741 790 750 626 712 787 8.4 3.7 1.2 Djibouti .. .. .. 192 188 188 206 196 195 .. .. .. .. 0.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 5 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 614 .. -18.2 47.3 Eritrea 0 57 80 99 113 160 94 54 70 137 141 .. .. 2.0 Ethiopia 131 291 283 354 413 441 458 460 514 535 542 5.0 4.6 7.5 Gabon 350 344 231 286 298 263 249 261 280 290 326 12.2 8.5 2.2 Gambia, The 21 77 62 70 75 80 86 82 79 68 85 10.0 13.6 2.3 Ghana 110 156 171 178 451 471 494 498 520 548 571 -5.8 16.2 15.3 Guinea 54 187 153 118 124 111 111 113 68 99 79 .. 18.8 -7.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 5 6 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 7 .. -1.9 1.9 Kenya 835 1,146 1,184 1,050 974 955 872 963 1,014 1,130 1,147 7.1 7.4 0.3 Lesotho 305 479 482 519 505 495 415 372 333 267 270 14.8 6.1 -8.7 Liberia 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.0 .. .. Madagascar 82 187 208 254 292 287 306 347 379 376 257 2.6 13.8 4.7 Malawi 34 18 31 28 44 51 43 59 57 63 58 -5.4 -2.7 9.8 Mali 58 99 78 88 103 102 111 99 110 154 168 10.7 9.1 8.4 Mauritania 73 34 40 48 33 23 41 39 43 48 50 9.6 1.3 3.3 Mauritius 154 660 630 757 890 944 908 1,007 1,113 1,207 1,240 .. 19.6 8.0 Mozambique 171 240 246 292 314 342 333 356 405 311 545 .. 9.2 6.7 Namibia 205 181 203 348 282 310 289 270 229 175 191 .. -3.6 -4.7 Niger 68 49 37 41 39 39 54 45 53 63 70 7.4 -2.6 7.9 Nigeria 2,164 171 187 239 427 405 1,129 1,219 1,250 1,284 1,318 2.7 -9.6 30.8 Rwanda 49 37 22 38 27 60 57 59 74 77 74 27.2 -3.9 16.0 São Tomé and Principe 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 13 13 14 14 20.0 9.2 14.8 Senegal 416 577 504 604 460 440 502 500 472 465 503 9.0 5.8 -1.0 Seychelles 97 211 201 224 247 265 284 285 280 291 314 15.4 7.3 4.9 Sierra Leone 21 70 76 61 61 24 30 31 35 38 39 42.5 4.3 -8.0 Somalia 71 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.9 -8.6 .. South Africa 3,560 3,975 4,720 5,757 6,110 6,641 6,555 6,638 7,153 6,783 6,499 8.5 5.7 3.5 Sudan 341 70 78 127 57 48 30 101 32 32 66 18.6 -13.4 -8.3 Swaziland 83 100 98 152 304 275 262 234 369 285 259 15.4 -2.7 10.5 Tanzania 179 206 369 511 472 520 601 695 694 710 734 -1.1 9.8 8.3 Togo 95 115 81 103 162 117 120 104 105 96 100 17.7 0.5 -0.6 Uganda 11 85 90 87 157 192 218 227 245 264 253 9.2 14.7 15.3 Zambia 168 107 123 152 143 228 144 130 147 192 192 3.7 4.9 3.3 Zimbabwe 34 401 443 542 646 696 660 472 358 293 300 5.2 9.1 -8.0 NORTH AFRICA 11,109 18,463 19,221 21,076 23,231 24,448 23,803 24,938 25,753 27,038 29,306 12.2 8.8 4.5 Algeria 978 760 798 800 750 1,330 1,110 940 1,300 1,551 1,807 7.4 1.2 10.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,662 8,332 8,677 9,556 10,636 11,241 10,455 11,015 11,420 11,696 12,757 19.9 11.8 3.9 Libya 1,446 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.8 2.5 .. Morocco 896 2,288 2,238 2,425 2,932 2,643 3,020 3,302 3,281 3,535 3,571 8.1 10.2 5.9 Tunisia 1,214 2,143 2,364 2,657 2,697 2,692 2,848 3,009 2,860 3,022 3,329 11.3 9.3 3.4 ALL AFRICA 21,318 29,313 30,050 34,718 37,667 39,589 39,514 40,820 42,277 43,193 46,069 11.7 7.2 4.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 75 5-4. Imports of total services (nonfactor and factor) Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32,085 34,368 33,845 39,037 41,047 41,244 41,774 43,806 47,761 48,484 48,459 7.5 4.2 4.2 excluding South Africa 24,449 26,341 25,403 29,098 31,158 30,775 31,806 33,443 36,719 37,349 38,437 8.5 4.6 4.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 15,773 21,541 20,148 23,681 25,916 25,468 25,244 25,882 27,727 29,847 30,052 9.5 5.3 4.2 Angola .. 2,509 2,469 2,726 3,872 3,890 3,885 4,070 4,426 5,128 5,665 .. 16.6 9.7 Benin 112 192 171 226 242 234 236 255 238 228 249 11.2 3.4 2.7 Botswana 351 588 778 960 1,106 1,208 1,043 1,222 1,280 1,030 1,140 18.6 7.9 3.5 Burkina Faso 228 230 165 204 198 180 190 179 174 181 177 9.1 4.7 -0.5 Burundi 58 133 110 120 57 61 62 45 53 49 50 .. 3.9 -10.0 Cameroon 877 1,626 1,071 1,115 1,270 1,320 1,208 1,267 1,451 1,577 1,364 17.7 1.2 3.8 Cape Verde 8 36 40 62 77 88 98 127 121 132 158 29.4 9.0 16.3 Central African Republic 144 155 126 156 124 123 134 80 84 77 87 7.0 2.1 -7.7 Chad 28 240 188 235 246 250 291 246 269 369 519 -7.6 5.5 9.7 Comoros 12 52 45 52 48 45 34 34 25 25 27 .. 2.6 -9.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,160 1,092 1,186 1,266 845 753 971 692 645 692 673 8.5 1.9 -7.5 Congo, Rep. of 650 1,219 1,253 1,588 2,031 1,416 1,331 1,604 1,766 1,647 1,748 16.3 10.0 2.2 Côte d'Ivoire 2,110 2,484 1,638 2,359 2,383 2,222 2,419 2,381 2,035 1,916 2,019 11.6 5.0 -0.1 Djibouti .. .. .. 88 90 91 98 80 81 .. .. .. .. -2.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 51 82 95 224 345 411 672 1,204 1,894 1,595 .. 21.5 51.3 Eritrea 0 1 7 44 70 108 77 105 39 47 45 .. .. 11.5 Ethiopia 105 314 273 293 318 406 386 397 425 457 441 -1.9 8.8 6.6 Gabon 1,414 1,688 1,336 1,679 1,985 1,833 1,511 1,663 1,850 1,916 1,939 10.8 3.4 2.8 Gambia, The 44 80 70 79 68 73 81 78 80 73 83 14.3 33.6 1.4 Ghana 355 568 555 602 662 791 780 768 766 730 785 0.4 7.8 3.8 Guinea 238 403 365 407 453 406 455 426 388 385 366 .. 3.4 -0.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 39 41 48 48 48 37 45 52 52 45 .. 6.0 1.1 Kenya 872 719 787 1,222 1,102 1,036 880 838 899 1,016 769 4.9 2.6 -2.1 Lesotho 58 160 165 201 180 182 165 132 112 102 110 12.9 18.2 -7.9 Liberia 97 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.2 .. .. Madagascar 368 443 477 538 536 490 520 518 629 595 506 9.9 4.5 1.5 Malawi 330 82 111 125 149 165 137 146 142 130 217 11.5 -4.9 4.4 Mali 221 356 322 395 446 424 432 417 416 588 693 7.9 4.7 7.1 Mauritania 172 258 221 295 298 233 222 253 223 243 271 13.2 -1.2 -0.4 Mauritius 201 602 583 666 723 792 740 799 794 863 833 .. 15.1 4.1 Mozambique 155 366 393 416 404 423 509 592 648 917 804 .. 4.8 11.5 Namibia 787 380 358 429 456 397 314 322 310 268 246 .. -4.2 -6.3 Niger 339 143 193 215 193 180 193 166 164 168 182 10.7 -0.7 -2.2 Nigeria 8,498 4,806 5,250 5,420 5,251 5,315 6,559 7,550 8,972 7,510 8,382 5.3 2.2 7.4 Rwanda 139 154 132 156 169 222 223 213 231 225 230 13.4 -0.2 6.7 São Tomé and Principe 7 22 22 28 27 27 18 23 20 25 24 14.7 7.9 -1.3 Senegal 475 787 657 763 550 532 575 606 581 569 622 12.0 3.7 -1.4 Seychelles 43 104 95 115 133 145 165 183 218 241 291 14.6 14.3 14.1 Sierra Leone 95 174 217 135 141 65 75 84 95 102 123 3.4 10.7 -5.9 Somalia 139 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.9 6.1 .. South Africa 7,720 8,077 8,485 9,986 9,944 10,519 10,024 10,423 11,109 11,202 10,102 10.5 2.9 2.1 Sudan 449 131 240 177 202 178 215 398 1,227 1,621 1,370 12.4 -6.9 35.1 Swaziland 121 125 96 194 311 290 382 268 405 296 236 9.8 -1.4 9.3 Tanzania 160 723 805 659 759 793 1,168 1,005 852 810 832 5.7 9.6 2.1 Togo 227 201 186 208 272 228 202 205 181 178 208 14.0 1.0 -1.6 Uganda 132 223 241 371 450 460 511 521 596 612 671 6.2 7.4 11.0 Zambia 872 530 566 588 490 622 536 480 519 561 563 3.1 1.0 -0.5 Zimbabwe 330 836 1,016 1,120 1,224 1,415 1,048 993 710 694 661 8.8 7.7 -7.4 NORTH AFRICA 7,995 12,616 16,132 16,894 16,860 15,468 19,536 17,507 18,664 19,324 20,262 12.8 2.6 2.8 Algeria 5,035 3,510 3,770 4,320 4,710 4,630 4,590 5,070 5,500 5,604 5,702 16.1 -1.5 4.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,931 2,620 5,273 4,952 4,688 3,894 7,342 5,069 5,796 6,118 6,452 20.4 -1.5 3.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,076 3,045 3,124 3,459 3,280 3,072 3,190 3,175 3,001 3,079 3,341 9.0 8.1 -0.4 Tunisia 918 2,012 2,138 2,250 2,274 2,121 2,203 2,212 2,254 2,335 2,474 11.5 10.9 1.2 ALL AFRICA 41,760 47,449 50,173 56,278 58,338 57,252 61,576 61,808 66,995 68,361 69,207 8.2 3.8 3.8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 76 External Sector 5-5. Net private transfers Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -303 2,437 2,815 2,570 3,037 3,947 3,610 3,891 4,263 4,595 4,571 359 1,470 3,811 excluding South Africa -397 2,444 2,827 3,215 3,783 4,670 4,349 4,818 5,189 5,334 5,143 240 1,431 4,563 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -397 1,652 2,278 2,416 2,839 2,803 2,808 3,193 3,486 3,536 3,310 240 1,217 3,049 Angola .. -5 -4 -34 11 38 79 110 0 0 0 26 -21 25 Benin 107 94 50 68 67 77 71 74 84 81 71 60 79 74 Botswana -11 -1 -62 391 173 273 264 252 327 370 435 -5 -21 311 Burkina Faso 112 153 98 106 84 74 74 65 55 35 50 75 144 68 Burundi 3 17 21 16 11 9 6 6 5 8 16 6 12 9 Cameroon 19 -95 -41 -23 7 86 80 100 97 85 93 11 -68 66 Cape Verde 40 71 81 93 96 71 79 107 114 109 127 30 50 100 Central African Republic 0 -31 -10 -11 -10 -10 -9 -6 -8 -8 -20 0 -20 -10 Chad -4 -23 -8 2 4 4 26 26 38 26 17 -6 -8 18 Comoros 2 11 7 9 12 0 27 28 24 26 28 2 6 19 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -79 -123 -98 -124 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -47 -84 -16 Congo, Rep. of -1 -9 60 -2 -4 -4 -11 -6 7 -3 -2 -44 -32 -3 Côte d'Ivoire -706 -305 -259 -439 -474 -452 -478 -458 -353 -341 -501 -403 -388 -437 Djibouti .. .. .. -11 -10 -9 -5 -7 -9 .. .. .. .. -9 Equatorial Guinea .. -3 0 -3 -3 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -1 Eritrea 0 165 276 215 244 352 190 244 196 175 206 0 57 228 Ethiopia 20 248 247 311 313 33 88 289 410 379 364 37 199 273 Gabon -124 -209 -163 -192 -216 -218 -160 -170 -181 -186 -192 -81 -156 -189 Gambia, The 2 13 15 16 17 17 24 20 16 27 29 2 7 21 Ghana -3 261 271 263 276 400 454 472 496 600 680 7 189 455 Guinea -8 -79 -82 -92 -49 -36 -39 -31 -15 -13 -16 -8 -51 -36 Guinea-Bissau .. 1 1 3 2 2 16 5 8 16 21 -10 0 9 Kenya 27 147 147 409 433 497 476 566 769 694 577 56 105 553 Lesotho 2 183 195 217 195 198 155 152 135 123 135 29 94 164 Liberia -29 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -32 -25 .. Madagascar -21 114 46 63 78 102 68 94 102 99 19 -14 68 78 Malawi .. 64 20 -4 -24 -19 -25 9 8 10 10 15 36 -4 Mali 40 93 85 96 90 73 68 68 62 70 76 24 69 75 Mauritania -28 28 14 30 39 54 56 61 35 48 30 -25 47 44 Mauritius 16 92 93 88 101 109 92 86 90 55 64 21 67 86 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 351 327 409 433 452 435 390 427 342 280 0 186 396 Niger -57 -34 -41 -23 -25 -22 -6 -5 4 14 16 -40 -34 -6 Nigeria .. 792 549 799 945 1,867 1,541 1,625 1,703 1,798 1,834 -137 306 1,514 Rwanda 0 22 45 16 27 25 18 18 11 22 25 1 15 20 São Tomé and Principe 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Senegal 0 40 39 40 40 35 36 82 162 236 134 7 20 96 Seychelles 0 -6 -7 -5 -6 -6 -8 -7 -6 -6 -10 0 1 -7 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 7 7 6 8 1 1 5 Somalia 57 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 .. .. South Africa 239 -641 -608 -645 -753 -724 -744 -926 -926 -738 -572 133 -134 -754 Sudan 257 81 68 60 321 429 490 446 315 412 357 267 219 354 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 -13 -74 -18 1 1 -12 Tanzania 22 197 465 18 20 26 18 -38 -38 -19 -2 22 305 -2 Togo 1 10 9 11 10 9 11 21 29 30 30 -1 9 19 Uganda 2 108 304 330 421 19 37 21 167 147 228 12 118 171 Zambia -176 -19 -19 -20 -17 -16 -27 -16 -18 -20 -20 -86 -33 -19 Zimbabwe 120 26 86 120 149 126 128 115 -70 -39 -35 87 27 62 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,092 7,121 .. .. 7,106 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 815 840 .. .. 552 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,791 3,835 3,232 3,279 2,798 3,256 3,718 3,772 3,747 2,973 2,899 2,091 3,285 3,305 Libya -1,089 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1,075 -550 .. Morocco 1,070 2,141 2,096 2,261 2,526 2,158 2,293 2,165 2,332 2,522 2,571 822 1,797 2,354 Tunisia 348 597 688 753 835 766 813 886 807 781 811 255 520 807 ALL AFRICA 2,817 9,010 8,832 8,862 9,197 10,127 10,434 10,715 11,149 11,687 11,692 3,054 6,742 10,483 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's series shows a data break between 1991 and 1992. External Sector 77 5-6. Net official current transfers Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,495 1,532 1,612 2,055 2,439 1,855 2,270 1,953 2,022 2,644 3,015 1,547 2,098 2,282 excluding South Africa .. 2,166 2,208 2,055 2,439 1,855 2,270 1,953 2,022 2,644 3,015 1,422 2,271 2,282 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 2,112 2,257 2,121 2,507 1,881 2,295 1,933 2,158 2,670 3,037 1,450 2,260 2,325 Angola .. 171 249 190 214 68 91 102 28 91 89 .. 92 109 Benin 0 64 5 6 4 70 52 64 40 84 56 0 22 47 Botswana 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 120 0 Burkina Faso 0 108 129 59 68 61 81 41 40 52 39 0 60 55 Burundi 42 111 144 136 50 51 50 46 71 94 36 45 90 67 Cameroon 83 76 61 80 28 0 25 17 0 34 32 47 76 27 Cape Verde 0 34 40 45 45 36 42 41 22 13 39 0 33 35 Central African Republic 0 50 32 33 8 23 34 30 27 30 26 27 47 26 Chad 0 49 129 78 57 59 24 9 6 8 6 0 97 31 Comoros 11 0 0 27 21 19 4 3 2 4 5 20 19 11 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 267 7 99 153 103 -1 32 18 146 268 363 137 76 135 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 19 44 35 6 8 1 12 6 6 0 5 15 Côte d'Ivoire .. 141 23 43 132 72 81 71 23 45 36 29 104 63 Djibouti .. .. .. 60 57 61 74 68 52 .. .. .. .. 62 Equatorial Guinea .. 1 7 7 4 6 4 1 1 2 3 0 5 4 Eritrea 0 17 44 22 27 51 59 77 102 117 43 0 10 62 Ethiopia 60 108 87 148 392 226 261 213 291 395 435 40 61 295 Gabon .. 14 15 0 0 0 17 17 17 17 17 .. 15 11 Gambia, The .. 0 30 27 25 28 36 31 31 31 24 1 5 29 Ghana 0 256 201 260 206 160 288 148 154 263 221 0 46 212 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau .. 21 26 30 30 39 15 23 33 25 24 6 27 27 Kenya 0 94 -1 -4 13 19 0 -2 91 88 0 0 91 26 Lesotho -90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -174 7 0 Liberia 36 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 78 .. Madagascar 0 70 44 17 81 80 17 35 34 47 80 37 97 49 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali -6 132 143 97 106 56 47 39 65 66 44 2 128 65 Mauritania 118 86 41 32 104 105 87 105 110 74 226 119 88 105 Mauritius 0 5 7 15 12 3 10 5 6 7 -3 3 9 7 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 0 Niger 154 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 66 0 Nigeria -167 54 -49 -66 -68 -26 -25 20 -135 -25 -22 -44 11 -43 Rwanda 104 78 347 231 196 147 149 176 206 170 170 92 118 181 São Tomé and Principe 0 2 3 5 1 10 9 6 6 4 2 0 6 5 Senegal 28 -26 165 132 126 143 135 77 90 68 73 -10 13 106 Seychelles 15 22 15 13 16 15 17 10 9 9 13 13 21 13 Sierra Leone 26 21 25 19 57 19 17 31 64 77 121 11 20 51 Somalia 143 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 286 .. South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 229 85 82 60 37 129 365 309 198 278 631 146 259 251 Swaziland 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 30 0 Tanzania 0 266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 103 0 Togo 86 28 16 26 24 21 22 .. .. .. .. 55 52 23 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 10 0 3 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 70 70 0 0 24 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 766 750 .. 1,233 758 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,902 814 919 724 890 883 1,097 932 769 754 .. 1,471 871 Libya -46 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -85 -39 .. Morocco 47 154 173 70 50 48 52 -11 94 -3 -4 15 130 37 Tunisia 42 0 0 0 25 25 18 16 18 0 0 36 4 13 ALL AFRICA .. 3,588 2,598 3,043 3,237 2,817 3,222 3,054 3,067 3,410 3,764 1,432 3,382 3,202 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 78 External Sector 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -116 -10,902 -9,144 -11,698 -5,551 -8,862 -18,028 -14,760 -2,658 -8,498 -10,389 -8,245 -7,783 -10,056 excluding South Africa -3,624 -12,391 -9,238 -9,496 -3,660 -6,599 -15,702 -14,118 -2,131 -8,203 -10,699 -8,044 -9,718 -8,826 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -7,934 -10,233 -7,620 -8,598 -7,613 -9,439 -12,627 -10,827 -6,304 -9,396 -7,032 -6,277 -8,345 -8,980 Angola .. -781 -499 -563 -281 -1,124 -2,094 -1,631 796 -1,430 -660 .. -308 -873 Benin -197 -95 -73 -194 -185 -159 -133 -181 -183 -162 -218 -174 -85 -177 Botswana -152 426 87 730 486 793 228 618 656 721 669 -101 264 612 Burkina Faso -259 -163 -35 -207 -305 -271 -292 -355 -347 -329 -353 -203 -181 -307 Burundi -86 -79 -15 -4 -39 2 -55 -28 -30 -1 -47 -98 -88 -25 Cameroon -346 -620 -324 -71 -375 -258 -235 -377 -153 -349 -575 -291 -214 -299 Cape Verde -25 -33 -38 -51 -27 -55 -74 -87 -62 -68 -69 -38 -19 -61 Central African Republic -43 -108 -48 -81 -63 -57 -80 -25 -21 -9 -76 -24 -111 -51 Chad -16 -219 -115 -110 -134 -137 -190 -204 -257 -594 -1,057 -80 -157 -335 Comoros -9 -34 -43 -21 -20 -33 -18 -14 -3 4 3 -14 -27 -13 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -87 -528 -530 -465 -28 -188 -415 -113 -199 -250 -160 -366 -627 -227 Congo, Rep. of -167 -541 -670 -822 -831 -301 -632 -404 256 -88 -10 -258 -345 -354 Côte d'Ivoire .. -1,140 -78 -579 -204 -123 -344 -174 -300 -34 725 -663 -855 -129 Djibouti .. .. .. -17 -16 -12 -3 -4 -43 .. .. .. .. -16 Equatorial Guinea .. -48 -73 -97 -244 -250 -375 -289 -297 -399 244 6 -7 -213 Eritrea 0 55 73 -11 -89 14 -177 -205 -105 -132 -85 0 15 -99 Ethiopia -126 -497 -291 -90 68 -416 -333 -509 -335 -262 -365 -176 -377 -280 Gabon 514 -58 336 159 317 237 -183 131 128 168 305 157 -216 158 Gambia, The -86 -54 -18 -54 -26 -15 -13 -19 -20 -26 -29 -47 -38 -25 Ghana -54 -559 -265 -154 -214 -991 -370 -896 -419 -283 30 -154 -357 -412 Guinea -32 -225 -267 -316 -352 -244 -239 -253 -226 -73 -208 -64 -238 -239 Guinea-Bissau .. -50 -29 -45 -45 -24 -27 -27 -28 -50 -23 .. -51 -34 Kenya -1,233 165 -15 -509 -196 -450 -549 -234 -284 -398 66 -478 -332 -319 Lesotho -207 -225 -211 -294 -294 -306 -242 -212 -167 -110 -128 -222 -148 -219 Liberia 46 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 -15 .. Madagascar -635 -250 -277 -267 -201 -196 -278 -201 -218 -59 -271 -262 -177 -211 Malawi -310 -311 -269 -171 -270 -386 -171 -305 -239 -214 -455 -163 -158 -276 Mali -232 -185 -145 -228 -265 -187 -203 -247 -227 -308 -166 -168 -197 -229 Mauritania -133 -105 -37 -102 -40 1 -36 -20 -27 -105 -52 -133 -57 -48 Mauritius -117 -44 -75 -208 -35 -22 -103 -65 -69 126 238 -88 -29 -17 Mozambique -423 -825 -864 -677 -647 -611 -749 -1,152 -1,042 -967 -841 -489 -711 -835 Namibia -40 110 86 199 168 85 130 138 227 66 62 33 105 134 Niger -429 378 187 249 283 252 340 296 308 309 335 -247 92 296 Nigeria 4,310 -2,158 -1,618 -897 3,953 2,840 -3,075 -3,290 4,173 1,193 -3,667 -1,767 -1,373 154 Rwanda -48 -218 -53 -15 -70 -175 -190 -148 -90 -101 -127 -23 -133 -114 São Tomé and Principe 1 -33 -28 -35 -34 -23 -12 -21 -19 -26 -24 -6 -24 -24 Senegal -524 -578 -181 -235 -200 -185 -195 -274 -274 -225 -428 -402 -464 -252 Seychelles -23 -42 -21 -44 -61 -60 -100 -124 -45 -145 -114 -17 -6 -87 Sierra Leone -168 -95 -53 -73 -103 -9 -44 -22 -51 -67 -79 -128 -57 -56 Somalia -136 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -117 -114 .. South Africa 3,508 1,489 94 -2,203 -1,892 -2,263 -2,326 -642 -527 -295 310 -223 1,934 -1,230 Sudan -289 -129 -560 -500 -827 -828 -957 -465 -411 -912 -843 -124 -158 -718 Swaziland -129 -122 -68 -238 -52 -3 -94 -35 -66 -55 -46 -61 -27 -74 Tanzania -540 -1,115 -1,076 -1,047 -942 -842 -1,336 -1,172 -900 -906 -712 -424 -777 -982 Togo -95 -84 -64 -63 -112 -88 -89 -120 -115 -91 .. -101 -93 -97 Uganda -117 -396 -265 -444 -500 -464 -764 -763 -678 -696 -782 -58 -276 -636 Zambia -538 -467 -398 -464 -427 -509 -574 -481 -622 -758 -652 -377 -405 -561 Zimbabwe -444 -311 -318 -370 -180 -823 -355 -157 -101 -110 -56 -283 -251 -269 NORTH AFRICA 6,271 1,301 -2,805 -3,870 421 2,889 -4,207 -2,186 6,621 5,922 2,259 -3,616 -943 981 Algeria 242 810 -1,839 -2,240 1,050 3,450 -910 20 9,000 7,091 4,346 -1,008 -28 2,726 Egypt, Arab Rep. -438 2,295 410 386 -185 119 -2,479 -1,709 -1,171 -34 -449 -1,765 6 -690 Libya 8,259 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,034 32 .. Morocco -1,420 -521 -723 -1,186 35 -87 -144 -55 -387 -263 -667 -1,369 -355 -344 Tunisia -373 -1,283 -654 -830 -479 -593 -675 -443 -821 -873 -971 -507 -585 -710 ALL AFRICA 6,155 -9,601 -11,950 -15,568 -5,130 -5,973 -22,235 -16,946 3,963 -2,577 -8,130 -11,861 -8,726 -9,074 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 79 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.2 -3.8 -3.3 -3.7 -1.7 -2.6 -5.6 -4.6 -0.8 -2.7 -3.3 -4.3 -2.9 -3.1 excluding South Africa -1.9 -8.0 -6.5 -5.7 -2.0 -3.4 -8.4 -7.5 -1.1 -4.1 -5.1 -6.0 -6.0 -4.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -7.9 -7.7 -6.5 -6.2 -5.0 -6.0 -8.1 -7.1 -4.1 -5.9 -4.2 -7.1 -6.1 -5.8 Angola .. -14.8 -12.3 -11.2 -3.7 -14.6 -32.5 -26.8 9.0 -15.1 -5.9 .. -5.0 -12.6 Benin -14.0 -4.5 -4.9 -9.7 -8.4 -7.4 -5.7 -7.6 -8.1 -6.8 -8.1 -16.6 -5.4 -7.7 Botswana -14.3 10.2 2.0 15.3 10.1 15.3 4.6 12.2 12.2 13.7 12.7 -12.0 9.8 12.0 Burkina Faso -13.4 -6.9 -1.8 -8.4 -11.0 -10.4 -10.4 -12.6 -13.4 -11.8 -11.3 -13.8 -7.7 -11.2 Burundi -9.3 -8.4 -1.6 -0.4 -4.4 0.3 -6.2 -3.9 -4.5 -0.1 -6.6 -9.8 -8.0 -3.2 Cameroon -5.1 -5.2 -4.1 -0.9 -4.1 -2.8 -2.7 -4.1 -1.7 -4.1 -6.1 -6.0 -2.0 -3.3 Cape Verde -23.5 -9.0 -9.1 -10.3 -5.4 -10.8 -13.7 -14.9 -11.6 -11.9 -10.7 -42.3 -8.1 -11.2 Central African Republic -5.4 -8.3 -5.6 -7.2 -5.9 -5.6 -7.6 -2.4 -2.2 -0.9 -7.3 -4.0 -8.8 -4.9 Chad -1.5 -15.0 -9.8 -7.7 -8.3 -9.1 -10.9 -13.3 -18.5 -35.6 -52.8 -8.6 -11.3 -19.5 Comoros -7.2 -12.4 -23.1 -8.9 -8.7 -15.7 -8.4 -6.4 -1.7 1.8 1.1 -13.0 -12.1 -5.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -0.6 -4.9 -9.1 -8.2 -0.5 -3.1 -6.7 -2.4 -4.1 -4.8 -2.8 -3.4 -7.5 -4.1 Congo, Rep. of -9.8 -28.2 -37.8 -38.8 -32.7 -12.9 -32.4 -17.1 7.9 -3.2 -0.3 -21.5 -16.0 -16.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. -10.3 -0.9 -5.3 -1.7 -1.1 -2.7 -1.4 -2.8 -0.3 6.2 -9.5 -7.6 -1.1 Djibouti .. .. .. -3.4 -3.3 -2.3 -0.6 -0.8 -7.7 .. .. .. .. -3.0 Equatorial Guinea .. -31.6 -58.2 -58.9 -94.3 -50.3 -82.2 -33.2 -22.2 -21.6 11.2 .. -3.0 -43.9 Eritrea .. 11.8 13.7 -1.9 -12.8 2.1 -23.8 -28.1 -16.3 -18.6 -13.2 .. 9.9 -14.1 Ethiopia .. -8.0 -5.2 -1.6 1.1 -6.5 -5.1 -7.8 -5.1 -4.0 -6.0 -5.8 -5.0 -4.4 Gabon 12.0 -1.3 8.0 3.2 5.5 4.4 -4.0 3.0 2.6 3.9 6.1 4.2 -6.3 3.1 Gambia, The -35.7 -14.6 -5.0 -14.2 -6.7 -3.8 -3.0 -4.3 -4.7 -6.6 -8.2 -22.5 -13.7 -6.4 Ghana -1.2 -9.4 -4.9 -2.4 -3.1 -14.4 -5.0 -11.6 -8.4 -5.3 0.5 -3.9 -6.3 -6.2 Guinea .. -6.9 -7.8 -8.6 -9.1 -6.4 -6.7 -7.3 -7.3 -2.4 -6.5 .. -8.8 -6.8 Guinea-Bissau .. -21.0 -12.4 -17.6 -16.5 -8.8 -13.2 -12.1 -13.2 -24.9 -11.4 .. -23.7 -14.7 Kenya -17.0 3.3 -0.2 -5.6 -2.1 -4.2 -4.9 -2.2 -2.7 -3.5 0.5 -8.0 -4.1 -3.1 Lesotho -47.9 -27.6 -25.2 -31.5 -31.2 -29.9 -27.2 -23.3 -19.4 -14.4 -17.9 -71.8 -23.5 -24.3 Liberia 4.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 -1.2 .. Madagascar -15.7 -7.4 -9.3 -8.4 -5.0 -5.5 -7.4 -5.4 -5.6 -1.3 -6.2 -7.5 -6.1 -5.6 Malawi -25.0 -15.0 -22.7 -12.0 -11.1 -15.2 -9.8 -16.8 -14.0 -12.7 -23.9 -15.6 -10.3 -14.4 Mali -13.0 -6.9 -8.3 -9.2 -10.1 -7.6 -7.8 -9.6 -9.3 -11.7 -5.4 -12.9 -10.0 -8.8 Mauritania -18.8 -11.1 -3.6 -9.5 -3.6 0.1 -3.6 -2.1 -2.8 -10.5 -5.3 -19.9 -5.9 -4.7 Mauritius -10.2 -1.3 -2.2 -5.5 -0.9 -0.5 -2.5 -1.6 -1.6 2.8 5.2 -7.6 -1.0 -0.5 Mozambique -12.0 -41.6 -39.7 -29.3 -22.8 -18.0 -19.3 -28.9 -28.3 -28.1 -23.4 -14.2 -29.8 -24.8 Namibia -1.8 3.9 2.6 5.7 4.8 2.4 3.8 4.1 6.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 5.5 3.9 Niger -17.1 23.5 11.9 13.3 14.2 13.6 16.4 14.7 17.1 15.9 15.4 -13.6 4.3 15.1 Nigeria 6.7 -10.1 -6.8 -3.2 11.2 7.8 -9.6 -9.0 9.9 2.8 -8.4 -4.5 -6.2 0.2 Rwanda -4.1 -11.0 -7.0 -1.1 -5.1 -9.4 -9.6 -7.6 -5.0 -5.9 -7.3 -1.6 -6.6 -6.4 São Tomé and Principe 2.1 -70.1 -57.4 -76.7 -76.0 -53.1 -30.5 -45.4 -41.3 -55.2 -47.4 -10.5 -47.8 -53.2 Senegal -17.5 -10.6 -5.0 -5.3 -4.3 -4.2 -4.2 -5.8 -6.3 -4.9 -8.5 -16.7 -10.3 -5.4 Seychelles -15.9 -8.9 -4.4 -8.7 -12.0 -10.7 -16.5 -19.8 -7.2 -23.5 -16.3 -15.8 -0.6 -14.4 Sierra Leone -15.3 -12.4 -5.3 -7.9 -10.9 -1.0 -6.5 -3.2 -8.0 -8.9 -10.1 -11.4 -7.3 -7.1 Somalia -22.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -17.3 -11.7 .. South Africa 4.4 1.1 0.1 -1.5 -1.3 -1.5 -1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 0.3 -0.2 2.2 -0.9 Sudan -4.3 -2.2 -8.6 -5.3 -9.8 -8.1 -8.9 -4.4 -3.7 -7.5 -6.2 -2.4 -2.9 -6.7 Swaziland -23.7 -11.5 -5.9 -17.4 -3.9 -0.2 -6.9 -2.6 -4.7 -4.3 -3.9 -11.0 -2.1 -5.5 Tanzania .. -26.2 -23.8 -19.9 -14.5 -11.0 -15.9 -13.6 -9.9 -9.7 -7.6 -10.0 -17.5 -12.8 Togo -8.4 -6.8 -6.5 -4.8 -7.6 -5.9 -6.3 -8.5 -9.4 -7.3 .. -12.2 -7.3 -7.1 Uganda -9.4 -12.3 -6.6 -7.7 -8.3 -7.4 -11.7 -12.8 -11.5 -12.3 -13.5 -3.3 -7.0 -10.6 Zambia -13.8 -14.3 -11.9 -13.3 -13.1 -13.0 -17.7 -15.3 -19.2 -20.8 -17.6 -11.9 -14.2 -16.3 Zimbabwe -6.6 -4.7 -4.6 -5.2 -2.1 -9.8 -6.2 -2.9 -1.4 -1.2 -0.7 -4.0 -3.5 -3.7 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 0.9 -2.0 -2.5 0.2 1.6 -2.3 -1.1 3.2 2.8 1.1 -4.0 -0.7 0.4 Algeria 0.6 1.6 -4.3 -5.4 2.2 7.2 -1.9 0.0 16.9 12.5 7.5 -4.5 0.0 4.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. -1.9 4.9 0.8 0.6 -0.3 0.2 -3.0 -1.9 -1.2 0.0 -0.5 -9.6 -0.3 -0.8 Libya 23.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.8 -2.2 .. Morocco -7.5 -1.9 -2.4 -3.6 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -1.2 -0.8 -1.8 -10.3 -1.7 -1.0 Tunisia -4.3 -8.8 -4.2 -4.6 -2.4 -3.1 -3.4 -2.1 -4.2 -4.4 -4.4 -7.4 -4.7 -3.6 ALL AFRICA 1.9 -2.3 -2.9 -3.3 -1.0 -1.2 -4.4 -3.3 0.8 -0.5 -1.6 -4.2 -2.2 -1.8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 80 External Sector 5-9. Net capital grants Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 963 4,304 3,789 3,954 3,208 3,303 3,554 2,935 3,021 3,073 2,893 974 3,309 3,243 excluding South Africa 963 4,362 3,723 3,954 3,208 3,303 3,554 2,935 3,021 3,073 2,893 989 3,313 3,243 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 963 4,362 3,723 3,954 3,208 3,303 3,554 2,935 3,021 3,073 2,893 989 3,313 3,243 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 63 63 54 70 56 84 62 67 46 44 34 63 59 58 Botswana 8 85 19 14 6 17 32 21 38 18 18 6 14 20 Burkina Faso 211 98 65 74 53 29 33 38 32 37 43 151 143 43 Burundi 34 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 42 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 29 19 20 20 13 51 70 29 27 4 7 20 11 28 Central African Republic 0 69 63 56 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 56 47 Chad 28 95 70 53 46 53 70 49 67 66 101 76 94 63 Comoros 0 26 19 8 4 8 12 11 7 5 4 0 13 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 19 41 204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 26 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 21 8 2 6 10 10 5 5 0 0 9 Côte d'Ivoire .. 95 53 70 79 76 86 65 47 55 41 0 29 65 Djibouti .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0 Equatorial Guinea .. 29 5 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 7 23 2 Eritrea 0 52 29 8 4 51 62 78 102 128 84 0 21 65 Ethiopia 0 293 199 280 259 225 229 0 0 0 0 26 216 124 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The .. 40 35 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 40 4 Ghana 83 256 201 260 206 61 120 72 62 218 60 69 181 132 Guinea 17 101 104 120 117 114 75 80 72 82 55 13 81 89 Guinea-Bissau .. 37 44 56 41 32 0 21 16 24 12 0 27 25 Kenya .. 65 82 111 112 63 79 64 56 71 89 119 115 81 Lesotho .. 42 39 45 47 169 176 117 53 31 35 6 32 84 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 0 87 72 85 51 114 119 107 115 113 59 16 23 95 Malawi 50 128 111 152 97 83 157 157 148 98 235 33 80 141 Mali 78 30 57 99 94 92 76 78 123 124 .. 95 54 98 Mauritania 0 20 26 30 10 16 25 12 13 15 8 0 32 16 Mauritius 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 Mozambique 56 503 565 339 225 313 313 434 564 469 420 90 398 385 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger 0 94 134 120 117 113 129 96 85 93 99 0 90 106 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 87 7 69 68 116 95 71 73 63 66 10 17 78 São Tomé and Principe 0 8 8 18 20 22 4 9 12 14 12 0 5 14 Senegal 92 266 184 210 164 92 107 95 74 114 86 131 243 118 Seychelles 15 22 15 1 6 7 22 16 9 9 5 10 21 9 Sierra Leone 11 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 4 7 5 5 3 3 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 South Africa 0 -58 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -16 -4 0 Sudan .. 29 15 11 8 4 17 11 24 8 35 7 6 15 Swaziland -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 Tanzania 108 759 634 525 581 690 682 533 534 486 485 115 517 565 Togo .. 4 7 8 7 13 15 .. .. .. .. 24 27 11 Uganda 0 277 228 303 277 307 380 277 369 391 414 15 148 340 Zambia 23 340 338 318 304 198 221 214 185 253 305 13 260 250 Zimbabwe 58 173 181 167 85 85 77 101 53 26 67 39 114 83 NORTH AFRICA 43 104 103 70 46 95 82 73 3 270 200 195 330 105 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 100 0 0 28 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182 231 0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 6 Tunisia 42 104 103 70 46 95 82 73 3 100 100 27 100 71 ALL AFRICA 1,006 4,408 3,891 4,024 3,253 3,398 3,636 3,008 3,024 3,343 3,093 1,170 3,640 3,347 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 81 5-10. Net foreign direct investment Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -741 925 712 880 2,500 5,585 4,231 7,585 6,472 18,285 8,904 691 1,250 6,805 excluding South Africa 24 1,213 1,568 2,136 2,726 4,118 5,448 7,663 5,854 7,500 7,810 854 1,621 5,407 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 763 632 980 1,459 1,966 2,579 4,228 6,190 4,352 5,704 5,860 686 886 4,042 Angola .. 302 327 303 181 412 1,114 2,471 878 2,146 1,312 346 221 1,102 Benin 4 -7 8 4 -6 19 18 77 75 36 41 2 4 33 Botswana 109 -296 -24 30 72 96 92 35 55 55 54 46 6 61 Burkina Faso 0 9 25 14 14 8 1 9 24 12 11 1 6 12 Burundi 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 1 1 2 Cameroon 105 134 -228 -154 92 100 -50 7 280 373 703 58 198 169 Cape Verde .. 3 2 26 28 12 9 67 34 34 32 .. 1 30 Central African Republic 5 -15 -13 4 12 -5 7 2 3 9 6 6 -1 5 Chad 0 21 35 37 43 37 22 28 101 462 902 11 20 204 Comoros 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 40 0 22 -208 -50 -7 12 91 6 -24 Congo, Rep. of 40 254 285 123 73 76 41 519 478 218 225 24 55 219 Côte d'Ivoire 83 24 -25 234 269 415 383 324 235 271 216 45 3 294 Djibouti .. .. .. 3 3 2 3 4 9 .. .. .. .. 4 Equatorial Guinea .. -10 65 93 264 185 366 30 113 230 106 0 11 173 Eritrea 0 .. .. .. 37 39 30 83 28 12 20 0 0 36 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 60 7 136 51 52 0 3 0 38 Gabon 24 -114 -100 -109 -146 -63 -62 129 -15 -33 -39 59 72 -42 Gambia, The .. 9 6 7 9 9 12 7 2 5 7 .. 7 7 Ghana 16 106 128 83 70 36 45 63 65 88 50 13 33 62 Guinea .. 6 11 25 17 45 49 34 -47 -58 31 .. 25 12 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 78 2 4 33 13 40 42 42 127 50 50 25 19 50 Lesotho 4 20 38 30 40 40 172 170 128 110 96 2 31 98 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 2 .. Madagascar 0 15 6 10 10 14 16 58 70 93 9 -1 9 35 Malawi 10 0 0 0 30 24 34 39 27 28 38 4 0 27 Mali 24 -7 38 30 60 -14 -50 24 18 21 .. 16 0 13 Mauritania 27 12 3 7 0 -3 0 0 1 4 7 1 4 2 Mauritius 0 -36 -1 22 31 5 20 19 13 197 28 1 11 42 Mozambique 0 32 35 45 73 64 213 382 139 255 156 0 14 166 Namibia .. 47 104 157 152 83 76 110 156 312 247 .. 83 162 Niger 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 30 4 17 -4 7 Nigeria -739 581 588 677 760 1,539 1,220 1,473 1,502 1,796 1,950 206 736 1,365 Rwanda 16 6 0 2 2 3 7 2 8 4 3 11 12 4 São Tomé and Principe .. 4 2 2 2 0 4 3 3 4 3 .. 2 3 Senegal 61 -48 50 35 5 115 75 142 62 39 59 43 -19 67 Seychelles 6 6 17 30 25 38 40 46 14 22 38 5 9 32 Sierra Leone 10 18 17 -5 0 0 4 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1 .. .. South Africa -765 -288 -856 -1,256 -226 1,466 -1,218 -78 617 10,785 1,094 -178 -371 1,398 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 98 371 371 392 0 633 0 0 233 Swaziland 18 31 23 31 28 -3 130 87 73 69 54 15 36 59 Tanzania .. 62 63 104 134 150 172 517 463 327 240 .. 30 264 Togo 42 2 6 5 24 19 1 .. .. .. .. 23 11 12 Uganda 0 4 5 2 110 110 158 145 177 144 146 1 13 124 Zambia 62 3 40 97 117 207 198 163 122 72 197 20 4 147 Zimbabwe -26 32 30 98 35 107 436 50 15 10 153 -18 4 113 NORTH AFRICA -78 .. .. 1,350 1,470 2,409 2,477 2,284 2,886 5,519 4,365 72 221 2,845 Algeria 281 0 0 0 270 260 500 460 400 1,100 900 -2 -43 486 Egypt, Arab Rep. 541 1,021 1,285 735 612 723 967 655 1,613 1,613 1,855 456 542 1,097 Libya -1,136 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -564 -19 .. Morocco .. .. .. 320 327 1,071 313 831 143 2,298 910 .. .. 777 Tunisia 236 545 442 295 261 355 697 337 731 509 700 182 247 486 ALL AFRICA -819 2,490 2,438 2,230 3,970 7,993 6,707 9,869 9,358 23,805 13,269 763 1,985 9,650 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 82 External Sector 5-11. Net long-term borrowing Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,739 5,035 4,405 4,045 746 1,540 -539 -234 270 186 1,251 6,024 4,771 908 excluding South Africa 7,739 5,035 2,881 2,566 1,224 1,590 -143 -122 -733 -244 815 6,024 4,619 619 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,229 5,070 3,029 3,052 2,334 2,116 355 308 205 1,404 1,882 5,009 4,703 1,457 Angola .. 622 263 218 125 374 -494 -327 -486 -275 79 .. 437 -98 Benin 56 63 84 77 83 23 32 37 -10 91 39 77 68 46 Botswana 21 55 -2 3 -46 -53 -31 -30 -24 -32 -43 27 27 -32 Burkina Faso 55 119 80 83 73 40 58 70 62 121 106 48 87 77 Burundi 35 58 31 27 23 7 18 6 30 2 26 37 73 17 Cameroon 500 267 251 -48 -39 -5 -87 -22 22 -47 -106 313 288 -42 Cape Verde .. 6 23 16 19 11 39 47 18 42 20 18 9 26 Central African Republic 24 48 36 30 25 2 -9 -2 9 -9 1 17 66 6 Chad 3 52 61 55 89 68 31 70 18 33 83 21 64 56 Comoros 13 6 10 9 9 5 3 -1 2 11 9 11 11 6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 271 53 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 167 281 183 22 Congo, Rep. of 488 383 48 -67 -136 -30 -7 0 -5 -17 -7 222 96 -34 Côte d'Ivoire 1,017 278 524 204 64 -580 -225 -577 -294 -291 -213 636 277 -239 Djibouti 8 19 17 9 15 7 2 -3 -1 5 24 8 22 7 Equatorial Guinea 18 9 4 2 0 1 0 3 0 -1 1 8 13 1 Eritrea .. .. 27 7 7 33 67 108 50 103 81 .. 27 57 Ethiopia 93 314 168 141 1 127 78 142 114 424 544 426 356 196 Gabon -109 58 38 57 -43 -23 -66 -197 -157 -245 -156 52 137 -104 Gambia, The 51 7 3 8 43 11 2 11 8 13 40 18 17 17 Ghana 143 327 305 409 696 419 354 128 122 423 137 68 285 336 Guinea 47 245 122 49 85 143 54 30 -20 36 -40 44 142 42 Guinea-Bissau 72 22 25 13 23 25 8 -1 4 -8 -3 22 36 8 Kenya 424 111 -289 111 -142 -197 -92 -202 48 -169 -109 251 253 -94 Lesotho 10 52 47 48 58 45 40 26 36 -21 -15 15 41 27 Liberia 61 20 -14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 10 0 Madagascar 333 89 51 66 93 217 44 65 76 106 149 171 128 102 Malawi 120 151 74 149 121 129 121 114 88 95 59 75 88 110 Mali 89 58 69 138 110 86 53 57 50 67 97 78 115 82 Mauritania 108 91 82 42 83 26 -6 -11 68 33 78 100 72 39 Mauritius 79 22 83 255 32 57 -93 38 -269 -62 -14 37 57 -7 Mozambique .. 152 176 196 222 216 185 90 68 63 204 822 216 155 Namibia 0 50 -45 23 19 20 7 59 .. .. .. 0 -1 26 Niger 223 44 35 -3 10 51 49 48 62 58 102 107 72 47 Nigeria 1,510 -35 -148 -486 -1,110 -525 -497 -430 -938 -1,648 -1,068 1,015 -84 -838 Rwanda 25 50 20 43 53 62 79 70 27 54 73 27 62 58 São Tomé and Principe 9 14 14 12 10 3 5 14 6 7 1 7 15 7 Senegal 171 100 7 4 66 126 52 -56 6 124 117 166 152 55 Seychelles 12 6 8 -7 2 2 10 -5 8 4 1 11 7 2 Sierra Leone 50 95 45 38 28 33 33 9 67 74 53 25 28 42 Somalia 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 136 47 0 South Africa .. .. 1,524 1,478 -478 -51 -396 -111 1,002 431 437 .. 1,524 289 Sudan 658 91 9 36 17 5 -1 -6 -4 -2 0 495 130 6 Swaziland 19 -9 -5 2 8 39 17 17 1 22 2 21 -6 13 Tanzania 318 142 164 135 64 161 118 153 87 72 117 290 181 113 Togo 78 14 34 19 81 29 52 15 15 21 12 84 35 31 Uganda 51 299 181 161 170 231 107 113 192 326 139 61 202 180 Zambia 388 99 109 110 80 107 -49 192 163 174 32 205 132 101 Zimbabwe 93 322 57 171 33 63 -198 11 -51 -24 -5 164 144 0 NORTH AFRICA 5,253 688 1,147 1,817 1,007 -260 -1,992 -2,353 -1,780 -347 -2,125 5,240 2,377 -754 Algeria 869 -453 1,432 1,435 920 -377 -1,554 -1,899 -1,508 -1,792 -1,115 1,435 519 -736 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,337 227 276 -252 -344 -47 -215 -622 -513 802 -743 2,164 840 -242 Libya 110 375 -507 77 -14 1 33 -64 .. .. .. 101 157 7 Morocco 1,584 261 -184 93 -28 -492 -85 -298 10 -388 -1,133 1,167 631 -290 Tunisia 352 277 131 465 473 655 -170 529 232 1,030 866 373 231 510 ALL AFRICA 12,992 5,723 5,552 5,862 1,753 1,280 -2,530 -2,587 -1,510 -160 -874 11,264 7,148 154 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 83 5-12. Other capital flows Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,058 -5,607 37 -7,192 -80 -7,371 295 -11,111 -25,621 -4,719 -9,971 2,009 -1,795 -8,221 excluding South Africa 3,596 -3,922 -2,339 -1,573 -42 -1,405 370 -2,204 -25,090 -4,465 -4,627 1,245 -883 -4,879 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3,813 -1,401 -2,477 -2,165 1,482 -628 -264 -1,962 -2,842 -3,037 -2,665 2,417 -597 -1,510 Angola 0 -550 -443 431 2,528 -163 1,164 -879 -613 -940 -479 0 116 131 Benin 116 -109 -65 -1 -25 39 27 187 -36 -1 -78 95 46 14 Botswana 124 477 316 -7 -217 -206 -34 -325 -475 -824 -211 107 142 -287 Burkina Faso .. -24 -29 -10 -39 -17 -104 -48 -20 -30 12 83 -22 -32 Burundi -22 -22 34 -1 -55 -29 -16 -7 -9 -19 20 -41 -15 -14 Cameroon 705 -100 -201 -329 76 147 0 10 0 -2 -2 614 -283 -13 Cape Verde .. -24 -40 -43 -22 -53 -116 -24 -48 28 43 4 -9 -29 Central African Republic 24 -10 -47 -75 -31 4 -19 -54 -30 -90 22 5 -51 -34 Chad -24 -48 -90 -66 -116 -96 59 19 48 7 13 -27 -31 -16 Comoros -11 32 16 -17 24 14 -9 -5 -2 -6 -10 -3 12 -1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 652 -159 -221 -512 665 771 100 30 -242 -144 -149 175 -17 65 Congo, Rep. of 219 463 96 534 468 -117 201 -205 -635 -244 -230 317 449 -28 Côte d'Ivoire 626 355 -40 -51 -46 57 171 -350 -165 -34 -379 224 76 -100 Djibouti .. .. .. 2 -2 -33 .. -2 25 .. .. .. .. -2 Equatorial Guinea .. 7 -8 6 -32 64 9 279 366 373 0 15 -43 133 Eritrea 0 -43 -84 -133 -125 30 -91 -1 5 -60 -6 0 -27 -48 Ethiopia -7 -41 96 -88 -192 -52 -27 182 -52 -34 220 -4 -119 -5 Gabon -337 26 -245 -153 -217 -126 -128 -83 -51 -59 -108 -259 -119 -116 Gambia, The .. 1 -36 1 7 2 5 10 14 12 -2 -2 -22 6 Ghana -168 -7 -129 -338 -733 366 -6 424 129 -301 -40 -20 -38 -62 Guinea -8 -138 -44 -15 -40 -143 4 -59 167 61 18 6 -12 -1 Guinea-Bissau .. -29 -52 -12 -17 12 11 30 45 37 31 -8 -11 17 Kenya 683 80 142 195 493 569 485 955 446 472 26 115 165 455 Lesotho .. 204 219 279 247 106 -149 -141 -67 -51 -4 115 67 28 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 399 -160 -24 -76 -7 -103 -141 -65 -211 -258 -14 66 109 -110 Malawi 62 -12 -8 14 103 144 -97 50 -17 -10 19 31 -19 26 Mali 34 -106 -109 -169 -101 -102 -188 -111 -85 97 19 38 -60 -80 Mauritania -5 27 -107 98 40 -16 8 15 -149 8 -43 15 -98 -5 Mauritius 84 25 32 60 82 60 7 7 226 -15 11 46 72 55 Mozambique -85 -551 -554 -316 -113 -322 -360 -544 -621 -439 -707 -90 -424 -428 Namibia .. -153 -225 -427 -383 -167 -180 -229 -352 -237 -146 .. -222 -265 Niger 0 -527 -456 -451 -502 -560 -572 -462 -467 -471 -497 0 -270 -498 Nigeria -217 -2,521 137 591 -1,524 -777 634 -242 -22,248 -1,428 -1,962 -783 -286 -3,369 Rwanda 1 13 27 -46 -41 27 -46 -8 -15 -32 15 -14 26 -18 São Tomé and Principe -22 -1 -9 -15 -23 -22 -8 -11 0 7 18 0 -6 -7 Senegal -44 0 15 -14 0 4 1 0 -1 0 0 -14 4 -1 Seychelles 0 7 0 26 17 16 -23 3 -40 101 78 -5 -26 22 Sierra Leone -57 -14 -60 -419 -43 -11 38 40 25 46 13 -25 -28 -39 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -1,538 -1,685 2,376 -5,618 -38 -5,965 -75 -8,908 -531 -254 -5,344 300 -911 -3,342 Sudan 504 394 501 474 842 605 815 270 467 334 304 287 420 514 Swaziland 129 70 88 288 37 -16 4 9 47 43 19 27 46 54 Tanzania .. -14 -289 -279 -490 -711 -547 -618 -475 -171 -241 .. -73 -442 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. -84 29 -127 -71 -131 108 122 -44 36 101 .. -52 -1 Zambia -123 -552 -295 -380 -331 -229 -439 -404 47 -149 -321 -30 -337 -276 Zimbabwe 365 -101 -176 -6 -132 -235 -182 30 21 -75 -3 66 -92 -73 NORTH AFRICA -573 561 2,523 -646 179 86 1,797 163 -3,397 -2,018 -1,643 152 80 -685 Algeria 201 -780 574 -180 -10 -40 0 -950 200 -707 0 -19 -180 -211 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 333 318 -525 237 -138 1,673 -411 -3,152 -1,400 -1,400 0 -280 -639 Libya -481 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 161 1,100 .. Morocco -101 610 1,377 43 -144 268 240 1,293 -67 89 -70 97 -171 207 Tunisia -192 398 255 16 96 -4 -117 231 -378 0 -173 -22 51 -41 ALL AFRICA 1,485 -5,046 2,560 -7,838 99 -7,285 2,092 -10,949 -29,018 -6,737 -11,614 2,417 -1,715 -8,906 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Includes all capital account flows, except changes in reserves, that are not included in the tables on foreign investment or long-term borrowing. 84 External Sector 5-13. Use of reserves Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -4,839 -2,672 -2,056 1,146 -6,527 -1,463 -211 5,169 -4,407 -730 -7,017 1,142 -1,284 -1,755 excluding South Africa -4,024 57 -3,001 -1,221 -5,339 -3,821 516 938 -5,145 -1,693 -10,422 954 -1,146 -3,273 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 521 -668 -3,002 -822 -2,986 -760 401 -728 -1,186 -670 -13,413 518 -1,111 -2,520 Angola 0 900 46 33 -245 150 114 -462 -631 508 207 33 49 -41 Benin 19 -30 -75 18 -58 -14 -9 -181 15 -19 -27 10 -44 -34 Botswana -91 -759 -530 -295 -332 -647 -266 -289 -89 421 -129 -55 -446 -203 Burkina Faso -11 -72 -119 -145 1 35 35 15 53 -3 -18 -13 -37 -3 Burundi 8 0 -48 -11 62 19 39 14 17 -7 -10 10 -27 15 Cameroon -162 -291 333 -13 -81 -142 39 -4 -242 -168 -198 -38 -71 -101 Cape Verde 0 4 3 9 -22 3 8 -29 21 -15 -23 -1 -1 -6 Central African Republic -10 -27 -72 -11 -20 18 41 -6 -11 4 10 -4 -8 3 Chad 5 32 -19 -63 -5 14 20 25 -5 -4 -67 -3 0 -11 Comoros 4 -14 -10 4 -9 4 3 -4 -9 -21 -9 0 -3 -5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -35 14 17 39 -15 21 .. 694 830 709 -10,168 76 -23 -1,127 Congo, Rep. of -59 5 -56 -6 -17 20 69 -60 -169 142 36 1 3 2 Côte d'Ivoire .. -88 -794 -222 -227 -39 3 117 -50 -461 -587 138 -47 -183 Djibouti .. .. .. 7 -1 12 .. -3 -5 .. .. .. .. 2 Equatorial Guinea 13 2 -1 -8 -4 -7 2 -29 -176 -199 -230 2 2 -81 Eritrea 0 -109 -78 58 76 -112 129 22 19 -14 -7 0 -28 21 Ethiopia 40 -108 -227 -120 -286 317 147 -23 63 5 -321 27 -42 -27 Gabon -93 79 -137 42 -83 -39 107 59 -39 -31 -31 -9 -85 -2 Gambia, The .. -6 5 -11 -8 -7 -10 -3 -1 12 4 5 -1 -3 Ghana 96 -41 -164 -211 14 -25 -100 204 96 -291 -157 25 -59 -59 Guinea -25 -49 34 -13 27 -47 -71 43 35 -54 44 -5 -15 -4 Guinea-Bissau 0 9 6 1 -12 -25 -1 6 -26 -5 -20 6 -3 -10 Kenya 37 -323 -132 129 -426 0 -58 -68 -148 -191 -21 -63 -163 -98 Lesotho -41 -92 -119 -109 -112 -89 19 75 78 14 -8 -8 -11 -16 Liberia 41 -1 -3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 -2 .. Madagascar -83 -20 8 -61 -134 -54 104 -46 37 -98 53 6 -13 -25 Malawi 17 0 29 -87 -109 53 -77 -31 17 12 109 16 2 -14 Mali -9 -28 -87 -68 -128 3 61 56 19 -28 -284 -6 -66 -46 Mauritania 2 -26 11 -131 -67 -61 -19 -23 52 13 2 9 15 -29 Mauritius -3 56 53 58 -217 -84 -9 -28 -84 -185 -243 2 -89 -99 Mozambique 32 46 -52 -60 -159 -115 -62 -68 -194 6 -94 46 -15 -93 Namibia .. -91 -75 -24 -23 -22 -53 -57 -14 -29 -45 .. -37 -33 Niger 53 -6 -21 9 11 29 1 22 -29 -24 -5 6 -2 2 Nigeria -4,545 725 1 -399 -2,353 -3,061 115 1,666 -3,959 -1,023 2,991 436 -35 -753 Rwanda 33 31 -4 -35 -8 -29 4 10 -10 -25 -30 19 51 -15 São Tomé and Principe 12 0 0 -5 0 -8 3 -1 1 -3 -2 0 0 -2 Senegal 135 296 -464 -245 -217 -162 -155 -173 -79 -208 77 87 163 -145 Seychelles -8 -3 6 3 5 -5 33 -1 12 7 -26 -1 -2 4 Sierra Leone 32 -16 0 23 19 -5 11 20 -23 -18 -28 19 -4 0 Somalia 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 -18 .. South Africa -815 -2,729 945 2,367 -1,188 2,357 -727 4,231 737 963 3,404 188 -138 1,518 Sudan 177 2 1 -23 -13 -23 -25 -36 -90 -91 -110 85 64 -51 Swaziland -34 63 13 -30 -15 -26 -51 -21 6 57 29 -8 -12 -6 Tanzania 66 123 -107 -46 -81 -208 72 -125 -148 -184 -371 9 -21 -136 Togo 2 125 11 -12 12 -35 19 .. .. .. .. -18 10 -4 Uganda 55 -29 -90 -146 -73 -132 -134 -33 15 -41 -167 25 -13 -89 Zambia 162 -17 -77 1,210 -52 -33 211 -19 -138 -84 -229 152 -74 108 Zimbabwe 125 -207 -17 -255 43 739 205 -286 -163 -80 -319 46 -17 -14 NORTH AFRICA -7,615 -4,370 -3,944 865 -3,638 -6,982 1,164 2,139 -3,918 -7,760 -2,860 434 -1,800 -2,624 Algeria -1,341 300 -1,122 740 -2,380 -4,180 1,090 2,350 -7,600 -5,741 -3,655 -39 60 -2,422 Egypt, Arab Rep. 168 -4,312 -2,106 -754 -570 -1,912 135 2,117 3,025 685 948 421 -1,173 459 Libya -6,407 -35 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 -218 .. Morocco 30 -284 -361 982 -292 -553 -247 -1,639 415 -1,985 223 0 -433 -387 Tunisia -65 -39 -355 -103 -397 -336 187 -690 243 -718 -377 -20 -58 -274 ALL AFRICA -12,454 -7,042 -6,000 2,012 -10,165 -8,445 953 7,308 -8,325 -8,489 -9,878 1,576 -3,084 -4,379 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Excludes IMF credit transactions, which appear in the table on long-term borrowing. External Sector 85 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves Reserves in months of imports of goods and services Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 7 3 6 7 excluding South Africa 5 10 10 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 3 7 9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3 11 11 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 9 3 8 10 Angola .. .. .. 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 .. .. 1 Benin 0 4 6 4 5 5 5 7 8 10 10 1 2 6 Botswana 4 24 25 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 24 4 18 24 Burkina Faso 2 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 2 5 5 Burundi 6 7 9 9 11 9 5 4 3 1 4 3 5 6 Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 Cape Verde 6 4 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 6 6 1 Central African Republic 2 4 9 9 11 8 6 10 10 9 8 2 4 9 Chad 2 1 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 Comoros 2 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 8 12 13 2 4 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 0 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 0 0 2 Djibouti .. .. .. 3 3 3 2 3 2 .. .. .. .. 3 Equatorial Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eritrea .. .. .. 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. 2 Ethiopia 4 4 6 7 7 4 4 3 2 3 5 5 2 5 Gabon 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Gambia, The 0 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 2 3 5 Ghana 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 2 Guinea .. 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 .. 1 2 Guinea-Bissau .. 2 2 2 1 3 5 4 6 6 10 .. 2 5 Kenya 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 Lesotho 1 3 4 5 5 6 7 6 6 6 5 1 2 6 Liberia 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Madagascar 0 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 1 2 2 Malawi 1 1 1 2 4 2 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 Mali 1 5 3 4 5 5 5 4 5 3 5 1 2 4 Mauritania 4 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 6 7 3 1 5 Mauritius 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 6 1 4 4 Mozambique .. 2 2 2 3 5 6 4 5 4 5 1 2 4 Namibia .. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 .. 1 2 Niger 2 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 6 2 Nigeria 5 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 3 2 5 Rwanda 7 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 5 3 4 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 5 .. .. 3 Senegal 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 0 3 Seychelles 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sierra Leone 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 Somalia 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 0 .. South Africa 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 Sudan 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 Swaziland 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 Tanzania 0 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 4 Togo 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 2 Uganda 0 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 1 1 6 Zambia 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 0 2 1 4 1 1 2 Zimbabwe 8 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 NORTH AFRICA .. 8 8 8 9 9 8 7 8 10 12 .. 8 9 Algeria 6 4 4 3 5 9 8 5 11 14 17 4 4 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3 11 11 11 12 11 10 8 7 7 7 2 5 9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 8 9 1 3 5 Tunisia 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 ALL AFRICA 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 9 10 3 5 8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Data are based on total reserves, excluding gold, at year-end and on imports of all goods and services at current prices and exchange rates. 86 External Sector 5-15. Export unit values Average annual Index 1995 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 123.5 90.0 91.4 100.0 102.5 98.1 83.9 84.5 95.4 88.3 90.1 5.9 1.9 -1.2 excluding South Africa 127.5 88.2 88.8 100.0 108.2 102.3 83.8 86.6 104.5 96.1 97.7 4.0 1.8 0.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 115.8 84.9 87.8 100.0 104.1 98.5 87.0 83.7 89.9 85.6 88.5 2.6 0.3 -1.5 Angola .. 91.4 75.8 100.0 141.9 108.8 68.7 99.1 158.4 135.4 141.0 .. -1.5 6.0 Benin 44.2 65.3 71.0 100.0 87.6 85.3 88.4 87.1 77.8 77.9 83.5 5.9 3.0 -0.5 Botswana 74.8 92.2 94.2 100.0 96.4 99.0 92.9 94.0 91.9 85.2 83.8 4.5 6.9 -1.8 Burkina Faso 51.6 59.6 83.4 100.0 95.3 87.1 82.5 73.9 67.6 72.0 67.4 5.1 2.9 -4.4 Burundi 159.5 67.1 93.8 100.0 61.4 60.0 46.8 29.8 22.7 13.6 13.5 6.3 -7.6 -24.0 Cameroon 135.4 97.8 87.8 100.0 90.2 89.0 80.1 69.0 88.1 86.1 82.6 4.8 -0.5 -1.6 Cape Verde 62.3 85.1 90.0 100.0 98.4 94.2 93.4 93.0 79.5 81.4 87.8 9.5 7.2 -1.9 Central African Republic 139.5 144.1 85.7 100.0 87.8 66.9 57.1 48.5 40.5 41.9 45.8 8.4 -1.4 -11.0 Chad 92.3 77.1 73.3 100.0 110.2 98.8 106.3 96.2 88.6 107.0 105.5 -0.7 2.7 2.0 Comoros 101.4 87.3 65.4 100.0 96.7 85.1 81.2 84.2 73.0 92.6 95.3 .. 3.0 1.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 132.6 84.0 98.6 100.0 93.4 79.3 103.1 41.4 37.3 35.1 36.8 0.9 4.9 -14.7 Congo, Rep. of 143.5 74.5 93.8 100.0 120.4 109.3 76.8 104.4 156.6 132.7 130.7 9.7 -1.2 4.5 Côte d'Ivoire 118.4 78.8 83.8 100.0 105.3 94.8 97.6 96.3 82.3 81.5 105.9 -1.1 -2.2 -0.3 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 133.3 87.6 100.0 122.4 137.5 103.2 157.3 198.4 134.6 140.9 .. 1.6 6.7 Eritrea .. 87.5 94.7 100.0 97.3 93.7 85.0 83.1 84.3 82.7 83.3 .. .. -2.5 Ethiopia .. 65.1 70.2 100.0 79.3 84.4 93.8 76.9 63.9 59.0 52.3 .. -0.6 -5.3 Gabon 173.9 76.6 88.7 100.0 117.5 104.5 73.3 72.8 70.2 99.0 108.3 8.8 -1.4 -1.0 Gambia, The 81.3 96.9 95.9 100.0 100.4 100.0 97.0 94.5 87.2 76.5 72.1 3.4 7.9 -3.7 Ghana 39.3 81.5 88.0 100.0 101.7 101.8 105.5 92.1 89.5 88.0 97.6 0.9 1.3 -0.5 Guinea .. 98.1 113.3 100.0 92.8 94.2 83.4 79.7 72.2 67.8 68.8 .. -1.2 -6.2 Guinea-Bissau 57.5 109.8 102.2 100.0 102.1 93.9 79.1 90.5 88.5 101.6 120.4 14.1 -1.5 0.6 Kenya 130.0 69.5 82.9 100.0 98.5 114.2 113.6 95.0 93.4 96.3 101.4 5.5 -3.0 0.7 Lesotho 105.8 94.9 94.1 100.0 92.4 92.6 84.9 85.0 80.6 70.0 62.0 5.5 6.9 -5.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 67.4 77.0 88.9 100.0 102.8 101.1 109.8 107.6 122.0 127.5 121.0 6.5 0.9 4.0 Malawi 87.1 86.5 82.3 100.0 104.9 109.9 89.1 92.7 89.1 86.5 89.1 3.8 1.8 -1.0 Mali 108.3 92.6 82.7 100.0 97.8 83.2 82.9 74.6 72.9 79.1 76.3 3.5 1.8 -2.8 Mauritania 71.4 127.8 94.6 100.0 96.9 100.8 89.2 78.8 71.9 67.5 56.0 1.7 5.5 -6.6 Mauritius 73.6 96.2 90.3 100.0 107.1 106.2 97.1 94.8 99.8 95.8 80.8 .. 5.1 -1.4 Mozambique 122.0 92.3 93.9 100.0 80.3 82.3 78.7 79.3 70.4 70.0 69.5 .. -0.8 -4.2 Namibia 136.5 90.3 99.6 100.0 99.1 99.7 90.8 86.9 87.4 82.4 76.9 .. 2.8 -3.3 Niger 158.9 77.0 88.7 100.0 88.2 80.6 84.0 81.5 .. .. .. 12.0 -1.6 -2.9 Nigeria 145.5 101.2 92.7 100.0 122.2 115.6 72.6 98.7 167.6 144.3 151.5 3.1 8.6 6.1 Rwanda 90.9 64.7 77.4 100.0 88.1 117.0 88.3 75.8 91.6 68.7 60.4 8.0 -2.8 -4.0 São Tomé and Principe .. 94.4 110.0 100.0 127.0 130.5 103.6 102.6 88.6 94.6 114.0 .. -6.7 -1.6 Senegal 91.5 97.1 85.1 100.0 93.8 68.5 68.6 66.3 57.2 57.4 63.3 2.5 3.1 -6.2 Seychelles .. 87.7 91.6 100.0 100.4 94.7 93.9 101.7 91.3 86.9 92.5 .. -0.7 -0.8 Sierra Leone 67.2 49.6 106.1 100.0 124.7 110.0 647.1 808.3 898.4 882.0 1,013.8 12.2 7.3 43.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 116.8 93.0 95.7 100.0 93.2 91.4 83.9 81.1 81.2 75.8 77.7 9.1 2.1 -3.4 Sudan 133.9 67.0 72.3 100.0 81.9 99.3 100.6 84.8 93.0 94.9 107.7 4.2 -11.7 2.6 Swaziland 85.2 83.6 87.2 100.0 93.9 97.6 89.4 87.6 86.9 78.2 70.2 4.0 3.8 -3.1 Tanzania .. 104.0 113.2 100.0 104.4 155.0 126.7 111.2 103.1 108.8 113.6 .. 2.4 -0.1 Togo 109.2 83.9 85.2 100.0 96.8 93.4 102.5 100.3 88.5 92.5 96.4 -1.9 0.5 0.2 Uganda .. 56.7 66.1 100.0 83.7 74.9 66.7 56.0 48.0 42.8 39.7 .. -10.5 -9.5 Zambia 89.9 79.7 80.3 100.0 76.7 73.9 51.7 40.0 45.4 50.9 49.1 2.4 5.0 -9.0 Zimbabwe 161.8 97.5 97.1 100.0 109.2 105.8 73.3 67.1 67.1 65.0 66.2 0.3 -1.5 -6.8 NORTH AFRICA 163.8 93.6 91.4 100.0 105.9 103.2 92.1 93.5 108.3 105.9 101.8 6.5 -0.2 0.9 Algeria 200.9 98.7 93.5 100.0 116.2 113.3 82.3 95.0 150.7 146.5 136.2 11.4 -2.4 5.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 106.9 99.7 95.4 100.0 99.5 105.2 99.2 93.3 99.9 100.5 91.2 9.8 1.2 -0.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 96.2 84.9 85.4 100.0 103.9 95.3 94.3 93.2 87.4 86.2 92.1 1.8 2.6 -0.9 Tunisia 91.3 84.6 88.8 100.0 103.4 94.2 93.0 92.2 83.7 81.1 83.4 5.3 3.2 -2.2 ALL AFRICA 130.8 91.2 91.4 100.0 103.5 99.6 86.3 87.3 99.5 93.8 93.8 6.6 1.3 -0.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 87 5-16. Import unit values Average annual Index 1995 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 76.9 93.8 92.8 100.0 95.9 96.7 90.9 88.1 87.7 84.1 82.2 5.1 4.9 -2.1 excluding South Africa 70.4 93.4 92.0 100.0 98.1 99.6 94.1 89.8 88.5 85.9 83.1 2.2 5.8 -1.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 88.0 93.4 92.3 100.0 102.8 100.2 94.9 89.4 87.5 85.0 80.8 3.9 3.4 -2.4 Angola .. 120.1 89.6 100.0 132.3 128.7 123.4 134.5 127.5 125.0 90.4 .. 4.8 1.1 Benin 54.3 84.4 93.6 100.0 99.3 91.5 94.7 92.5 82.6 82.8 87.0 6.3 3.9 -2.0 Botswana 79.3 95.7 94.1 100.0 92.0 90.6 83.1 83.3 82.0 75.1 74.0 7.5 5.4 -3.5 Burkina Faso 103.2 70.8 89.6 100.0 102.1 94.1 86.6 85.8 88.6 80.2 80.5 5.8 -0.4 -2.4 Burundi 112.9 91.2 89.7 100.0 84.5 89.5 63.1 42.1 37.2 30.5 27.0 8.9 0.7 -16.4 Cameroon 153.0 119.5 94.1 100.0 98.8 92.7 86.6 88.4 79.8 74.5 74.7 6.9 0.5 -3.7 Cape Verde 62.3 85.1 90.0 100.0 98.4 94.2 93.4 93.0 79.5 81.4 87.8 -0.5 7.2 -1.9 Central African Republic 102.6 101.4 83.0 100.0 101.7 86.0 88.6 87.5 78.0 77.7 83.8 4.4 -0.8 -2.0 Chad 78.6 76.8 87.7 100.0 110.2 98.9 97.5 93.3 81.7 62.0 58.5 2.2 5.4 -6.0 Comoros 78.5 108.5 111.1 100.0 98.2 83.9 77.6 74.9 63.0 60.4 58.5 .. 7.0 -8.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 125.7 74.4 118.0 100.0 138.3 93.9 125.4 31.9 29.8 25.9 26.7 -2.6 5.2 -21.0 Congo, Rep. of 77.1 62.2 90.8 100.0 97.4 89.0 101.1 83.9 81.0 80.9 71.2 5.8 5.9 -3.3 Côte d'Ivoire 71.1 124.0 82.7 100.0 108.0 98.2 101.5 98.6 99.9 100.0 109.0 4.4 7.3 1.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 156.1 87.7 100.0 122.4 137.3 103.1 73.9 73.6 134.4 140.6 .. 3.7 1.9 Eritrea .. 89.5 92.7 100.0 100.3 94.1 90.9 87.8 85.6 84.3 85.7 .. .. -2.0 Ethiopia .. 92.5 94.0 100.0 104.5 100.7 94.7 92.3 96.5 95.8 93.1 .. 0.1 -0.7 Gabon 71.2 73.9 93.0 100.0 99.3 88.8 88.8 86.9 87.5 87.7 95.0 1.3 4.7 -1.0 Gambia, The 44.8 96.9 95.9 100.0 100.4 100.0 97.0 94.5 87.2 76.5 72.1 7.6 6.3 -3.7 Ghana 20.4 97.5 98.8 100.0 100.2 95.6 90.2 89.3 95.3 90.4 92.4 2.0 5.8 -1.2 Guinea .. 102.8 101.9 100.0 106.9 96.9 94.2 93.0 65.0 61.0 61.9 .. 3.2 -7.2 Guinea-Bissau 47.0 79.3 84.3 100.0 102.6 98.4 92.0 94.1 90.6 94.0 117.7 8.1 7.1 1.4 Kenya 134.1 75.9 81.0 100.0 94.1 104.0 107.6 100.6 97.0 97.6 107.4 9.6 -4.3 1.8 Lesotho 80.3 94.6 94.1 100.0 92.0 92.7 84.6 85.0 80.4 69.8 61.9 8.1 6.1 -5.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 63.6 85.2 90.6 100.0 99.8 94.7 92.9 95.8 96.7 85.9 84.4 9.1 5.5 -1.3 Malawi 56.3 80.0 96.4 100.0 98.6 98.7 91.2 91.9 94.1 91.3 94.8 6.4 6.7 -0.8 Mali 102.9 93.4 90.5 100.0 97.2 85.7 81.6 81.1 80.3 89.1 84.6 1.7 3.1 -1.7 Mauritania 100.4 109.0 99.4 100.0 105.7 99.6 88.2 77.9 73.4 70.2 64.6 5.6 2.7 -6.1 Mauritius 71.1 93.7 90.4 100.0 104.6 102.5 91.2 87.3 88.7 85.7 73.5 .. 4.2 -2.9 Mozambique 77.0 103.5 86.9 100.0 105.1 107.7 102.5 101.7 106.5 104.3 103.4 .. 4.0 1.3 Namibia 100.7 93.7 93.4 100.0 90.7 89.6 78.5 75.6 72.3 68.4 49.0 .. 5.1 -7.0 Niger 83.1 64.1 90.4 100.0 101.1 98.1 103.3 105.6 .. .. .. 1.8 4.8 2.4 Nigeria 44.1 93.6 90.7 100.0 77.9 97.4 90.1 91.7 92.3 89.5 91.8 -3.4 17.3 0.0 Rwanda 175.7 88.7 94.9 100.0 104.8 98.9 88.0 90.0 101.1 94.1 96.5 5.9 -4.6 -0.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 90.3 94.4 100.0 101.9 95.5 84.6 90.0 88.3 81.3 82.5 .. 4.3 -2.5 Senegal 90.8 90.9 100.1 100.0 88.7 85.2 82.2 90.5 89.5 93.3 102.7 3.8 3.8 0.0 Seychelles .. 96.4 99.0 100.0 100.1 100.6 88.2 101.9 93.8 88.8 94.6 .. 0.1 -1.1 Sierra Leone 92.7 70.3 102.1 100.0 85.5 97.2 238.6 345.1 298.9 225.6 206.0 11.4 4.8 16.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 97.5 94.4 94.4 100.0 91.9 91.2 84.6 84.2 85.9 80.0 80.0 10.3 2.4 -2.5 Sudan 146.6 67.0 72.3 100.0 81.9 99.3 100.6 84.8 93.0 94.9 90.4 -1.0 -11.7 1.4 Swaziland 85.2 83.6 87.2 100.0 93.9 97.6 89.4 87.6 86.9 78.2 70.2 4.2 3.8 -3.1 Tanzania .. 101.6 103.0 100.0 106.4 152.3 125.9 109.3 100.5 86.9 84.4 .. 8.2 -2.7 Togo 91.2 92.0 89.1 100.0 103.6 93.7 89.3 87.4 88.0 86.7 92.6 0.2 4.0 -1.1 Uganda .. 98.6 98.8 100.0 104.5 94.3 94.3 91.8 94.4 93.9 90.0 .. -0.3 -1.3 Zambia 77.1 122.5 101.3 100.0 96.2 99.7 87.5 87.4 86.5 90.7 100.1 11.9 9.8 -1.1 Zimbabwe 184.8 96.9 96.4 100.0 108.9 106.4 73.1 66.9 65.1 62.8 63.6 5.7 -1.7 -7.3 NORTH AFRICA 70.6 91.6 93.2 100.0 102.2 99.9 98.5 96.2 93.8 91.5 90.3 5.5 4.2 -1.0 Algeria 69.1 97.3 94.7 100.0 100.5 93.2 94.7 92.9 87.9 84.4 88.0 5.6 3.9 -1.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 58.2 94.2 93.2 100.0 104.5 114.0 117.9 112.4 116.5 118.5 108.5 8.6 5.6 2.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 95.5 85.9 95.7 100.0 101.6 90.1 79.7 80.8 78.1 74.9 76.7 3.7 1.8 -3.9 Tunisia 75.0 85.3 88.0 100.0 100.5 94.4 94.0 92.5 83.8 81.7 84.3 5.1 4.8 -1.9 ALL AFRICA 73.6 93.0 92.9 100.0 97.9 97.7 93.3 90.7 89.7 86.6 84.9 5.4 4.6 -1.7 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 88 External Sector 5-17. Terms of trade Average annual Index 1995 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 160.6 96.0 98.5 100.0 106.9 101.4 92.3 95.9 108.9 104.9 109.5 0.8 -2.8 0.9 excluding South Africa 181.2 94.4 96.6 100.0 110.3 102.6 89.1 96.4 118.1 111.8 117.5 1.5 -3.8 2.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 131.5 91.0 95.2 100.0 101.3 98.3 91.7 93.7 102.7 100.8 109.5 -1.3 -3.0 0.9 Angola .. 76.1 84.6 100.0 107.3 84.5 55.7 73.7 124.2 108.4 156.1 .. -6.0 4.9 Benin 81.4 77.3 75.9 100.0 88.2 93.3 93.3 94.1 94.1 94.2 96.0 -0.3 -0.9 1.5 Botswana 94.3 96.4 100.1 100.0 104.8 109.3 111.8 112.8 112.0 113.4 113.3 -2.8 1.4 1.7 Burkina Faso 50.0 84.1 93.1 100.0 93.3 92.6 95.3 86.2 76.3 89.7 83.7 -0.7 3.3 -2.0 Burundi 141.3 73.6 104.6 100.0 72.7 67.1 74.1 70.8 61.1 44.5 50.1 -2.4 -8.2 -9.0 Cameroon 88.5 81.8 93.2 100.0 91.4 96.1 92.5 78.0 110.5 115.5 110.6 -2.0 -1.0 2.2 Cape Verde 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic 136.0 142.1 103.3 100.0 86.4 77.9 64.4 55.4 51.9 53.9 54.7 3.9 -0.6 -9.1 Chad 117.5 100.4 83.6 100.0 100.0 99.9 109.0 103.1 108.4 172.7 180.2 -2.8 -2.5 8.5 Comoros 129.2 80.4 58.8 100.0 98.5 101.4 104.7 112.4 115.9 153.3 162.7 .. -3.8 10.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 105.5 113.0 83.5 100.0 67.5 84.4 82.2 129.8 125.3 135.3 137.9 3.6 -0.3 7.9 Congo, Rep. of 186.0 119.8 103.2 100.0 123.6 122.9 76.0 124.5 193.3 164.1 183.5 3.7 -6.7 8.1 Côte d'Ivoire 166.6 63.6 101.3 100.0 97.5 96.5 96.2 97.6 82.4 81.6 97.1 -5.2 -8.8 -1.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 85.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 213.0 269.6 100.2 100.2 .. -2.0 4.7 Eritrea .. 97.7 102.1 100.0 97.0 99.6 93.5 94.6 98.4 98.1 97.2 .. .. -0.5 Ethiopia .. 70.4 74.7 100.0 75.9 83.9 99.1 83.3 66.2 61.6 56.1 .. -0.7 -4.7 Gabon 244.0 103.7 95.4 100.0 118.4 117.7 82.5 83.7 80.2 112.9 114.0 7.5 -5.8 -0.1 Gambia, The 181.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -3.9 1.5 0.0 Ghana 192.3 83.6 89.0 100.0 101.5 106.5 117.0 103.1 94.0 97.3 105.6 -1.1 -4.2 0.7 Guinea .. 95.4 111.2 100.0 86.8 97.2 88.5 85.7 111.1 111.1 111.1 .. -4.3 1.1 Guinea-Bissau 122.2 138.4 121.3 100.0 99.6 95.4 86.0 96.2 97.7 108.1 102.4 5.5 -8.0 -0.8 Kenya 96.9 91.5 102.4 100.0 104.6 109.8 105.6 94.4 96.3 98.7 94.4 -3.8 1.4 -1.1 Lesotho 131.8 100.3 100.0 100.0 100.4 99.9 100.4 100.0 100.3 100.3 100.1 -2.4 0.7 0.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 105.9 90.4 98.1 100.0 103.0 106.9 118.2 112.3 126.1 148.4 143.4 -2.4 -4.3 5.4 Malawi 154.7 108.2 85.3 100.0 106.4 111.3 97.7 100.9 94.7 94.8 93.9 -2.4 -4.6 -0.2 Mali 105.3 99.1 91.4 100.0 100.7 97.1 101.6 92.0 90.7 88.8 90.2 1.8 -1.3 -1.1 Mauritania 71.1 117.2 95.1 100.0 91.7 101.2 101.1 101.1 98.0 96.2 86.6 -3.6 2.7 -0.6 Mauritius 103.4 102.6 99.9 100.0 102.5 103.6 106.5 108.5 112.5 111.8 109.9 .. 0.9 1.6 Mozambique 158.4 89.2 108.0 100.0 76.4 76.4 76.7 77.9 66.2 67.1 67.2 .. -4.6 -5.5 Namibia 135.5 96.4 106.7 100.0 109.3 111.2 115.7 114.9 120.9 120.4 156.9 .. -2.2 4.0 Niger 191.1 120.1 98.1 100.0 87.2 82.1 81.3 77.1 .. .. .. 10.1 -6.1 -5.2 Nigeria 329.7 108.2 102.3 100.0 156.7 118.7 80.5 107.6 181.6 161.3 165.1 6.7 -7.4 6.1 Rwanda 51.7 72.9 81.5 100.0 84.1 118.2 100.3 84.2 90.5 73.0 62.6 2.0 1.9 -3.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 104.6 116.5 100.0 124.6 136.6 122.4 113.9 100.3 116.3 138.2 .. -10.6 0.9 Senegal 100.8 106.9 85.0 100.0 105.8 80.4 83.5 73.3 63.9 61.6 61.7 -1.2 -0.7 -6.2 Seychelles .. 91.0 92.6 100.0 100.3 94.1 106.4 99.8 97.3 97.8 97.8 .. -0.8 0.3 Sierra Leone 72.4 70.6 103.9 100.0 145.9 113.2 271.2 234.2 300.6 390.9 492.1 0.7 2.4 23.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 119.8 98.4 101.3 100.0 101.4 100.2 99.1 96.3 94.6 94.7 97.1 -1.2 -0.3 -0.9 Sudan 91.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 119.2 5.2 0.0 1.2 Swaziland 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -0.2 0.0 0.0 Tanzania .. 102.4 110.0 100.0 98.1 101.7 100.6 101.7 102.6 125.3 134.6 .. -5.4 2.7 Togo 119.7 91.1 95.6 100.0 93.4 99.7 114.8 114.8 100.6 106.8 104.0 -2.1 -3.4 1.4 Uganda .. 57.5 66.9 100.0 80.2 79.4 70.7 60.9 50.8 45.6 44.1 .. -10.2 -8.3 Zambia 116.6 65.1 79.3 100.0 79.7 74.2 59.1 45.7 52.5 56.1 49.0 -8.5 -4.4 -8.0 Zimbabwe 87.6 100.7 100.7 100.0 100.3 99.4 100.2 100.3 103.1 103.6 104.1 -5.1 0.2 0.5 NORTH AFRICA 232.2 102.2 98.1 100.0 103.6 103.3 93.5 97.3 115.5 115.7 112.6 1.0 -4.2 1.9 Algeria 290.9 101.4 98.7 100.0 115.6 121.6 86.9 102.3 171.5 173.6 154.8 5.5 -6.1 7.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 183.9 105.9 102.4 100.0 95.2 92.2 84.1 83.0 85.7 84.8 84.0 1.0 -4.2 -2.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 100.8 98.8 89.3 100.0 102.2 105.8 118.3 115.3 111.9 115.1 120.0 -1.8 0.8 3.2 Tunisia 121.7 99.2 100.9 100.0 102.9 99.8 98.9 99.7 99.9 99.3 98.8 0.2 -1.5 -0.3 ALL AFRICA 177.7 98.1 98.3 100.0 105.7 102.0 92.5 96.2 110.9 108.3 110.5 1.2 -3.2 1.2 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 89 5-18. Forest products exports Average annual Thousands of cubic meters percentage growth 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,169 6,803 8,821 7,032 6,931 6,824 7,170 4,764 4,364 3,788 4,289 149.9 -3.3 .. excluding South Africa 7,413 5,283 6,044 5,855 5,794 5,632 5,478 4,339 3,960 3,300 3,748 149.8 -3.1 .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,402 5,266 6,028 5,844 5,757 5,583 5,444 3,908 3,672 3,030 3,499 150.2 -3.7 .. Angola .. 0 0 3 0 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 35.0 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 934 521 652 539 837 1,049 816 .. .. .. .. 151.6 4.4 .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 177 74 80 113 67 37 36 .. .. .. .. 150.6 -13.6 .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. 1 .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 116 147 163 143 142 172 136 113 101 74 91 171.2 -3.3 .. Congo, Rep. of 385 643 941 937 816 609 530 .. .. .. .. 163.8 9.7 .. Côte d'Ivoire 3,394 1,175 1,138 1,084 1,127 967 878 .. .. .. .. 150.4 -11.5 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 16 133 133 142 129 126 143 400 380 .. 5 218.1 13.5 .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 1,150 1,353 1,343 1,460 1,244 1,392 1,447 1,685 1,729 1,359 1,632 154.9 2.6 .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 183 514 531 371 361 390 426 936 735 754 1,018 107.8 13.8 .. Guinea .. 8 8 8 13 15 17 45 45 45 45 112.1 16.4 .. Guinea-Bissau 6 5 4 4 6 12 9 5 5 6 8 117.7 15.0 .. Kenya 33 4 4 3 4 3 0 82 94 95 27 138.6 8.6 .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia 524 255 701 729 663 429 642 149 145 206 225 147.3 -1.0 .. Madagascar 0 2 1 2 3 26 6 6 10 8 4 111.7 35.7 .. Malawi .. .. 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 153.8 -8.8 .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 31 5 10 2 5 4 1 149 137 140 158 68.8 28.7 .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 11 17 16 11 37 49 34 431 288 269 248 143.7 16.5 .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 1 1 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. -26.0 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 756 1,520 2,777 1,177 1,137 1,191 1,692 425 405 488 541 150.9 -4.1 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 421 355 293 285 254 254 254 241 239 299 270 163.6 -7.8 .. Tanzania 5 5 6 3 25 14 8 40 40 37 9 115.7 24.2 .. Togo .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. 0 0 1 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 11 7 7 45.4 .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 26 65 17 17 56 83 89 .. .. .. .. 214.2 10.3 .. NORTH AFRICA 88 94 117 95 95 77 105 78 84 71 60 160.0 0.4 .. Algeria .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. 3 6 0 .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 74 85 102 88 84 70 98 43 48 50 39 169.1 -3.2 .. Tunisia 14 10 16 7 10 8 7 32 29 20 21 135.1 9.7 .. ALL AFRICA 8,258 6,897 8,938 7,127 7,026 6,901 7,275 4,842 4,448 3,859 4,349 150.0 -3.3 .. 90 External Sector 5-19. Petroleum exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 118,522 138,295 147,611 146,069 148,560 163,548 174,930 178,213 172,584 187,664 182,983 -4.5 5.3 3.5 excluding South Africa 118,522 138,217 147,308 145,873 148,476 163,546 174,089 177,557 171,159 187,492 182,805 -4.5 5.3 3.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 21,791 55,211 55,114 56,615 61,159 67,009 70,526 73,462 73,492 78,933 75,629 3.8 6.9 4.4 Angola 6,334 25,706 23,497 25,315 28,654 31,441 33,410 35,108 35,171 37,853 35,089 -0.2 11.1 5.0 Benin .. 138 157 131 97 84 65 62 45 38 40 .. 8.8 -16.3 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 3,407 6,097 6,091 5,278 5,014 5,354 5,532 6,200 5,503 5,797 5,528 81.5 -2.8 1.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 859 1,027 1,019 1,141 1,138 1,133 1,136 1,138 1,182 1,224 1,167 0.3 -3.1 0.8 Congo, Rep. of 3,432 8,358 9,201 8,725 9,047 10,272 11,809 13,125 14,087 13,589 12,550 12.2 5.6 6.9 Côte d'Ivoire 122 95 126 315 137 1,049 719 514 476 430 356 .. 0.2 4.7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 7,637 13,790 15,023 15,710 17,072 17,676 17,855 17,315 15,326 13,261 13,063 -4.5 9.6 -3.5 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 96,731 83,006 92,194 89,258 87,317 96,537 103,563 104,095 97,667 108,559 107,176 -6.8 4.4 2.9 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 78 303 196 84 2 841 656 1,425 172 178 .. .. 30.5 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,702 6,741 7,836 .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 146,129 115,283 111,512 100,666 99,750 102,320 98,236 100,246 92,090 99,543 98,824 -3.6 1.5 -0.5 Algeria 39,182 32,299 33,246 33,254 33,108 36,722 35,499 37,040 36,802 39,652 38,556 -5.4 1.7 2.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 17,146 20,412 19,924 8,480 8,503 6,836 6,241 2,836 2,865 7,190 7,058 20.7 -5.8 -6.4 Libya 85,054 58,463 54,893 55,661 54,573 55,365 53,633 57,443 49,067 49,725 50,392 -6.4 4.3 -1.7 Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia 4,747 4,109 3,449 3,271 3,566 3,397 2,863 2,927 3,356 2,976 2,818 -0.5 -1.4 -2.3 ALL AFRICA 264,651 253,578 259,123 246,735 248,310 265,868 273,166 278,459 264,674 287,207 281,807 -4.0 3.5 2.0 External Sector 91 5-20. Copper exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,286 1,074 973 792 714 598 495 418 392 393 316 5.2 -8.6 -9.1 excluding South Africa 1,164 958 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248 4.6 -9.3 -10.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,164 958 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248 4.6 -9.3 -10.5 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 20 19 19 20 19 22 20 18 23 18 20 .. 0.2 0.3 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 461 439 374 252 116 28 14 5 0 0 0 16.8 -27.6 .. Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 41 33 30 34 35 30 26 25 18 0 0 1.9 -5.2 .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 121 115 90 104 132 81 74 79 74 71 68 13.2 -3.2 -2.8 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 617 456 460 382 412 437 361 292 276 304 228 -1.8 -3.0 -8.4 Zimbabwe 23 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 -16.6 .. NORTH AFRICA 6 12 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 0 0 .. -3.3 .. Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 6 12 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 0 0 .. -3.2 .. Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 1,292 1,086 989 807 730 611 514 434 408 393 316 5.4 -8.4 -10.1 92 External Sector 5-21. Iron exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28,215 20,447 22,981 24,956 21,057 17,509 15,778 18,986 19,465 21,397 19,545 .. -3.0 .. excluding South Africa 17,482 14,903 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -11.5 .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 17,482 14,903 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -11.5 .. Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 11,695 9,052 9,231 8,540 2,607 670 853 0 0 0 0 .. -30.0 .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 5,673 5,851 6,503 7,240 7,381 6,804 5,261 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. 0.6 .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 10,733 5,544 7,247 9,176 11,069 10,035 9,664 12,710 12,743 14,201 12,545 .. 8.2 .. Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 784 6 48 62 47 50 55 58 42 21 4 .. 4.9 .. Algeria 699 6 0 10 9 10 20 25 25 5 4 .. -6.7 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 85 0 48 52 38 40 35 33 17 16 0 .. -13.6 .. Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 28,999 20,453 23,029 25,018 21,104 17,559 15,833 19,044 19,507 21,418 19,549 .. -3.1 .. External Sector 93 5-22. Phosphates exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,277 5,983 5,877 4,995 5,544 4,617 3,747 4,154 4,919 4,496 4,290 0.4 -0.9 .. excluding South Africa 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 -3.2 .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 -3.2 .. Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 1,378 1,847 1,435 1,356 1,304 1,187 983 648 859 836 598 -3.9 -5.0 .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 4 1,268 1,094 1,217 1,166 1,344 1,197 1,273 1,408 974 1,300 39.6 8.6 .. Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 2,896 2,868 3,347 2,422 3,074 2,086 1,567 2,234 2,652 2,686 2,392 1.9 -2.6 .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 18,932 16,560 14,700 13,297 10,537 11,068 10,096 11,523 11,466 12,422 13,390 -1.1 -5.3 .. Algeria 768 877 970 735 804 800 449 575 671 993 474 5.6 -2.3 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 258 268 246 297 164 180 134 114 48 65 .. 12.4 -4.3 .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 16,457 14,260 12,407 11,672 9,143 9,132 8,398 9,527 9,420 10,141 11,669 -0.8 -5.9 .. Tunisia 1,449 1,156 1,077 593 426 956 1,114 1,308 1,327 1,224 1,247 -6.9 -2.6 .. ALL AFRICA 23,210 22,543 20,576 18,292 16,080 15,684 13,843 15,678 16,385 16,918 17,680 -0.8 -4.2 .. 94 External Sector 5-23. Cocoa exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 870 1,190 1,469 1,271 1,342 1,995 1,688 1,659 1,952 1,956 1,695 0.4 3.2 4.6 excluding South Africa 869 1,180 1,456 1,260 1,334 1,985 1,678 1,650 1,944 1,949 1,686 0.4 3.1 4.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 719 1,069 1,296 1,113 1,195 1,803 1,531 1,515 1,736 1,803 1,511 1.0 3.6 5.0 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -20.0 .. .. Benin 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.2 -70.3 .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 25.8 8.5 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 105 68 112 82 120 142 110 118 127 101 137 0.1 -2.3 3.0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21.8 .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.3 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 -0.2 -1.7 -12.7 Congo, Rep. of 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 -5.1 -21.7 17.0 Côte d'Ivoire 332 724 872 744 795 1,138 1,090 1,020 1,253 1,257 1,095 9.1 5.3 6.4 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 7 5 3 3 3 6 4 6 3 4 4 -0.2 -9.2 1.2 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -4.2 -3.0 -11.5 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 218 243 278 252 253 478 288 333 319 405 246 -7.7 4.4 1.3 Guinea 4 2 4 4 3 6 7 8 0 2 3 4.3 -2.6 -3.5 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.2 64.2 -10.8 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 1 9.1 -25.5 46.1 Madagascar 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 5.8 5.1 1.5 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21.2 .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 29.2 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 151 111 161 148 139 182 147 135 208 145 175 -2.6 0.1 2.1 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 7 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 4 4 3 -5.6 -1.1 -2.0 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65.7 -3.6 6.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -27.3 Sierra Leone 8 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 6.0 -9.8 -7.5 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 10 13 11 8 10 10 9 8 7 9 -8.5 36.1 -3.1 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 7 10 4 .. .. -3.6 Tanzania 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 9.0 5.5 -3.4 Togo 15 6 5 6 4 11 10 5 8 6 6 -1.7 -9.6 -1.0 Uganda 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2.5 12.6 11.0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.6 22.9 -6.7 NORTH AFRICA 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6.1 11.9 11.3 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. 16.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 -22.9 41.1 -1.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 21.1 -12.8 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -3.9 30.0 ALL AFRICA 870 1,191 1,469 1,272 1,343 1,996 1,689 1,659 1,953 1,957 1,697 0.4 3.2 4.6 External Sector 95 5-24. Coffee exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 819 829 759 787 945 898 849 797 926 674 647 -2.3 -1.0 -2.1 excluding South Africa 818 829 758 786 944 894 843 795 924 673 645 -2.4 -1.0 -2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 816 828 758 785 943 893 843 795 924 673 645 -2.4 -1.0 -2.1 Angola 47 2 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 -17.7 -30.1 30.0 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.1 -19.5 -27.3 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 -5.6 20.3 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 19 23 29 29 13 25 42 24 22 19 18 3.0 -0.6 -3.6 Cameroon 92 67 54 63 74 59 53 86 89 71 48 0.0 -4.1 0.9 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 11 8 8 14 5 12 12 12 6 4 6 2.2 -5.8 -7.5 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.4 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 74 55 63 60 49 23 38 23 29 10 5 0.3 -1.9 -24.2 Congo, Rep. of 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.4 -34.0 -7.4 Côte d'Ivoire 207 226 122 135 145 233 215 106 308 216 144 -2.6 -2.0 4.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.7 -24.2 -4.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 70 89 77 110 119 115 109 119 80 119 .. .. 2.3 Gabon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.9 -19.4 -30.2 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 3 1 2 1 3 6 6 5 2 1 -21.1 12.7 8.9 Guinea 3 6 12 19 9 18 14 9 12 12 6 0.4 29.7 -7.3 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 80 88 80 89 115 68 51 70 87 62 17 2.9 -2.9 -12.3 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6.3 -19.0 .. Madagascar 69 51 37 35 40 26 30 13 5 1 4 -2.5 -0.9 -32.7 Malawi 0 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 25.2 10.1 -5.9 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 23.0 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1.8 8.4 -11.3 Rwanda 22 30 2 8 2 10 1 18 13 18 20 1.4 -13.2 30.9 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.5 -8.1 28.0 Senegal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 -2.5 .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 10 3 4 5 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 -0.7 -2.4 -7.9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 0 1 1 4 6 2 2 1 1 24.9 11.7 9.1 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 165.8 Tanzania 43 59 37 48 62 41 39 45 54 48 36 0.8 0.3 -0.4 Togo 9 13 9 13 5 19 8 19 13 8 5 -6.2 9.0 -3.9 Uganda 110 114 202 169 289 211 199 236 143 110 201 -2.8 0.1 -4.3 Zambia 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 .. 16.1 45.2 Zimbabwe 3 4 4 10 11 12 8 7 6 1 4 13.2 -7.6 -12.4 NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34.0 10.3 19.1 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -29.4 10.8 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 27.1 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 6.4 4.3 ALL AFRICA 819 829 759 787 945 898 850 797 926 674 647 -2.4 -1.0 -2.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 96 External Sector 5-25. Cotton exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 459 697 706 793 854 962 979 965 1,023 818 861 1.2 2.2 2.1 excluding South Africa 459 697 706 793 853 958 972 960 1,017 814 860 1.3 2.2 2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 459 694 703 791 831 926 963 952 1,017 794 849 1.3 2.2 2.0 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27.7 10.4 .. Benin 8 60 74 99 89 112 128 163 134 108 146 -0.6 11.8 7.2 Botswana 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 .. .. -8.0 Burkina Faso 28 62 48 62 64 89 139 114 109 113 0 10.8 6.7 14.0 Burundi 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.4 18.9 .. Cameroon 26 51 59 54 66 51 61 73 73 89 100 15.1 10.5 7.2 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 14 8 5 12 15 9 15 10 10 9 12 -4.0 -6.6 2.5 Chad 35 40 32 62 50 72 68 60 63 47 47 -2.4 1.9 1.6 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -35.9 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 39 96 100 88 75 94 122 131 161 113 138 14.7 6.1 6.7 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 4 4 2 .. .. 19.8 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 13.0 -23.5 Ghana 0 2 7 1 0 0 1 7 10 2 3 .. .. 27.4 Guinea 0 10 6 4 4 2 2 9 4 1 0 .. 45.9 -17.4 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 .. 2.9 23.1 Kenya 4 8 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -18.6 50.8 -23.8 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.2 -13.7 -23.3 Malawi 3 0 0 0 0 9 5 3 7 4 6 -20.5 -26.3 -4.2 Mali 53 133 90 105 130 140 160 138 164 83 121 9.9 9.0 1.5 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 6 13 16 13 16 16 17 10 10 15 20 -8.0 18.0 -0.2 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 1 0 5 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 -12.4 7.6 0.9 Nigeria 0 3 3 2 22 32 9 7 0 20 11 .. 59.8 2.0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 6 20 15 9 11 15 14 5 7 7 15 2.1 7.5 -4.8 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 5 6 5 1 -30.6 25.4 81.7 Sudan 132 48 78 96 104 75 63 30 43 40 71 0.0 -11.5 -9.1 Swaziland 4 7 4 3 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 4.8 14.0 -40.2 Tanzania 31 61 60 71 82 69 23 30 30 30 31 -3.9 9.0 -12.7 Togo 5 42 43 61 56 48 45 45 30 48 30 27.3 10.4 -5.6 Uganda 2 8 4 6 10 10 5 14 14 3 5 -21.5 -0.1 -0.7 Zambia 5 1 1 1 5 17 12 25 3 5 13 15.9 -10.7 26.6 Zimbabwe 54 18 47 27 44 91 78 80 140 69 83 4.2 -10.8 12.9 NORTH AFRICA 167 20 114 68 23 42 67 112 63 82 161 0.1 -17.7 8.5 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 164 18 113 67 23 42 66 112 63 82 161 0.2 -18.4 8.6 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3.4 -15.6 -8.9 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -25.8 ALL AFRICA 627 718 820 861 877 1,004 1,046 1,077 1,087 900 1,022 0.9 0.1 2.6 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 97 5-26. Groundnut exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 605 276 398 281 392 381 392 301 370 395 379 -8.9 -0.7 0.8 excluding South Africa 560 249 338 245 353 323 359 275 339 352 323 -8.7 -1.2 1.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 559 249 331 244 349 301 346 270 339 350 320 -8.2 -1.3 1.3 Angola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.9 .. .. Benin 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -27.0 .. -25.2 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.2 -4.8 12.6 Burkina Faso 1 0 2 0 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 -43.9 10.3 -8.9 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -39.5 -10.0 30.0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 .. .. -46.4 Chad 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 7 1 1 .. .. 2.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 -8.4 .. 7.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -4.7 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 67 28 26 38 32 38 30 20 33 40 59 -7.7 -4.6 4.8 Ghana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 .. .. 63.8 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -26.1 -48.0 Kenya 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -24.6 42.7 3.5 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 -44.9 26.8 -2.3 Malawi 28 0 1 1 1 3 4 1 0 1 1 -17.8 -35.1 -7.6 Mali 15 12 17 16 15 15 12 13 11 7 10 -11.7 6.6 -7.8 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 8.5 10.5 Mozambique 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.5 -21.0 -16.8 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -6.7 Niger 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 -38.0 11.2 32.8 Nigeria 1 0 7 1 4 22 13 5 0 2 3 -37.9 46.0 -12.8 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 175 119 164 98 207 88 103 155 238 260 195 -9.1 -1.6 7.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 45 27 59 36 38 58 33 26 31 43 56 -12.5 6.4 -1.7 Sudan 238 84 110 82 84 140 160 63 29 33 30 -6.0 3.7 -16.4 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 8 7 3 4 .. .. -8.6 Tanzania 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 8 .. 280.1 54.5 Togo 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 -36.2 -18.2 31.8 Uganda 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -21.0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 -26.0 14.6 33.2 Zimbabwe 3 3 7 3 1 5 15 2 3 0 0 -19.6 28.8 -23.2 NORTH AFRICA 13 21 16 15 10 19 24 14 26 29 13 -7.3 23.3 4.2 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 13 12 9 10 6 11 15 4 3 4 11 -7.3 14.0 -6.1 Libya 0 8 4 5 5 8 9 9 23 25 1 .. .. 5.6 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tunisia 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 618 297 414 297 402 401 416 315 396 425 391 -8.9 -0.3 1.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 98 External Sector 5-27. Oil palm products exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 280 319 252 197 228 187 210 186 324 211 192 -12.2 4.6 -0.3 excluding South Africa 280 317 249 197 227 186 208 185 323 204 190 -12.2 4.5 -0.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 184 315 242 185 210 176 197 171 160 190 180 -9.3 8.9 -2.8 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 13 3 12 13 8 16 19 18 14 17 17 -12.5 0.1 5.4 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 2.9 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -43.8 Cameroon 21 27 30 8 41 13 15 11 12 11 4 -7.7 3.5 -14.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -0.5 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10 1 3 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -23.7 -14.6 -39.0 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 99 207 153 121 103 76 102 98 72 86 97 -7.9 11.7 -5.3 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 0 1 0 3 6 9 3 6 6 6 2 .. -1.8 -3.7 Gambia, The 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.8 .. .. Ghana 0 9 11 12 21 19 10 11 14 38 30 .. 21.2 10.7 Guinea 15 7 1 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 0 -3.6 -0.3 -37.7 Guinea-Bissau 6 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 2.0 -7.6 5.6 Kenya 0 53 14 13 11 26 31 12 1 4 2 -52.7 326.3 -25.8 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 24.9 2.1 -21.3 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 30.4 Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -19.8 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -12.8 Nigeria 96 2 6 11 17 10 11 14 163 14 11 -16.9 -28.8 13.3 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.1 .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 27 1 1 -55.4 13.2 64.1 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4 -23.8 -16.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 0 2 3 0 1 1 3 1 2 7 2 .. 79.1 13.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 15 6 .. .. 57.5 Togo 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 -13.6 -11.2 102.5 Uganda 0 0 0 1 5 2 3 2 1 0 1 .. .. -2.2 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 .. .. 50.8 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -1.9 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. 0.0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 .. .. 61.6 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. 38.9 ALL AFRICA 280 320 252 197 228 187 211 187 325 212 197 -12.2 4.6 -0.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 99 5-28. Sisal exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 109 42 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 -9.6 -5.7 -6.5 excluding South Africa 109 42 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 -9.7 -5.5 -6.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 109 42 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 -9.7 -5.5 -6.5 Angola 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -30.8 .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -4.9 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 40 27 26 25 22 19 18 17 17 18 9 -1.3 -3.2 -9.1 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 10 9 8 10 10 4 3 5 5 0 0 -5.9 -1.6 -13.9 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.5 -11.3 -19.3 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.6 .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -38.0 27.7 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 48 5 7 11 9 13 14 12 13 14 13 -12.1 -14.6 6.1 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -0.5 32.2 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 42.7 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 36.8 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -2.2 ALL AFRICA 109 42 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 -9.6 -5.7 -6.4 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 100 External Sector 5-29. Tea exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 182 298 263 337 340 312 388 357 383 324 235 3.8 3.3 -0.3 excluding South Africa 180 297 262 335 339 311 385 353 372 318 224 3.7 3.3 -0.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 180 297 262 335 339 311 385 353 372 317 223 3.7 3.3 -0.8 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.8 0.0 28.4 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 -6.7 .. .. Burundi 1 5 7 7 4 6 6 2 3 9 1 12.3 6.4 -15.6 Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.2 -19.0 .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 -8.5 -5.6 -19.3 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .. .. 3.0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -27.1 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 72.1 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 84 199 177 259 262 199 264 246 217 207 88 6.7 4.9 -5.8 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 10.3 14.2 Malawi 31 35 35 32 32 40 41 30 70 32 37 3.8 -0.4 2.4 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 4 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.2 -5.3 -49.2 Mozambique 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 -0.2 -23.2 17.0 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -9.3 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. 23.3 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. 50.5 Rwanda 7 12 5 3 3 13 15 12 12 18 15 8.5 -0.5 23.7 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.6 .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.6 .. -9.4 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 10 6 11 44.8 16.3 42.5 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 45.3 Tanzania 13 20 22 22 22 19 21 22 23 23 24 2.6 8.0 1.4 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 1 10 0 0 0 17 23 22 26 18 30 -28.0 22.1 6.8 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 .. .. 71.2 Zimbabwe 6 8 10 9 12 13 11 16 17 6 19 10.5 -2.6 4.1 NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 .. 21.8 22.0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 .. 52.7 28.7 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -19.8 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -1.6 50.6 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -32.5 ALL AFRICA 182 298 263 337 340 312 388 358 384 325 237 3.8 3.3 -0.2 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 101 5-30. Sugar exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,148 1,292 1,742 1,590 2,358 2,663 2,878 2,597 3,556 3,146 2,666 0.8 -4.6 7.9 excluding South Africa 1,362 1,150 1,424 1,201 1,525 1,658 1,646 1,459 2,082 1,607 1,502 3.1 -1.1 2.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,362 1,150 1,424 1,201 1,525 1,658 1,646 1,459 2,081 1,596 1,492 3.1 -1.1 2.6 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 -14.0 28.8 23.8 Burkina Faso 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 13 91.6 .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 5 3 5 .. .. 155.3 Cameroon 9 1 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 42.1 -35.6 6.1 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 4.8 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 18 11 14 7 37 21 25 33 49 40 -1.3 -3.7 21.9 Côte d'Ivoire 11 39 33 12 28 41 12 25 71 53 19 142.4 2.9 6.2 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 2 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 1 65 50 81 .. .. 46.0 Gabon 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.3 .. .. Gambia, The 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 0 0 .. .. 7.5 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 56 50 112 13 55 31 2 5 4 8 37 19.0 148.8 -19.4 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.1 .. .. Madagascar 26 11 24 15 7 1 1 7 1 2 1 -1.1 -3.5 -30.2 Malawi 92 26 34 66 55 30 72 48 48 58 83 13.9 -13.4 5.8 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 618 535 519 524 773 575 602 534 424 599 571 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 Mozambique 64 0 52 54 25 59 20 20 69 15 95 -12.8 13.3 -0.8 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 10 23 5 5 4 6 .. .. -21.5 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 12 .. .. 76.7 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 9 .. -57.9 133.8 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34.3 -38.1 36.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 786 141 318 390 833 1,005 1,233 1,138 1,474 1,538 1,165 -2.7 -13.8 19.3 Sudan 0 39 136 20 49 145 217 103 114 109 22 .. .. -1.4 Swaziland 300 363 279 275 241 466 345 395 859 302 216 9.2 -1.7 2.7 Tanzania 13 11 11 11 12 4 18 25 16 46 25 33.4 0.4 18.3 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 .. .. 76.4 Uganda 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 2 1 1 .. .. 13.8 Zambia 0 8 7 36 69 35 89 90 76 101 104 60.8 -4.5 28.4 Zimbabwe 169 0 201 160 192 219 207 165 278 179 150 3.9 -28.8 -0.6 NORTH AFRICA 23 1 7 6 4 1 2 0 0 36 21 -29.0 9.5 4.7 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 10 1 7 6 4 0 2 0 0 35 20 -12.4 31.6 -5.0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -20.0 -14.3 Tunisia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -28.6 -42.9 119.4 ALL AFRICA 2,171 1,293 1,749 1,596 2,362 2,663 2,880 2,598 3,556 3,181 2,687 0.4 -4.5 7.9 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 102 External Sector 5-31. Tobacco exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,777 3,221 4,439 3,150 3,699 3,495 3,788 3,178 3,319 3,998 3,206 3.0 8.6 -1.5 excluding South Africa 1,705 3,128 4,269 3,039 3,611 3,374 3,643 3,019 3,175 3,632 3,017 3.2 8.8 -2.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,705 3,125 4,265 3,037 3,602 3,371 3,641 3,018 3,175 3,632 3,017 3.2 8.8 -2.0 Angola 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.7 .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -36.9 .. .. Botswana 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 32.5 -10.3 -1.6 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 .. .. 41.0 Burundi 0 10 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 .. 23.1 -15.4 Cameroon 21 6 1 3 0 1 3 1 2 3 1 -7.9 -14.1 0.0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 4 -8.6 -18.9 -1.3 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 40 30 14 15 12 3 1 2 10 59 .. .. -8.7 Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 -23.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 -2.6 .. -2.9 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 3 5 2 7 4 2 3 2 3 2 -33.6 18.8 -8.2 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 .. .. 17.9 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 56 29 30 96 51 50 44 53 122 108 9.8 31.9 14.6 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 .. .. Madagascar 1 0 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 -11.2 -33.7 -10.7 Malawi 611 957 983 980 1,121 1,168 1,296 956 903 930 1,146 8.4 6.0 -0.3 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -53.9 .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 51.3 Niger 3 0 1 4 6 5 4 1 11 1 1 39.9 .. -6.6 Nigeria 0 2 4 2 9 3 2 2 0 0 0 .. 46.3 -36.1 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 8 1 1 .. 14.6 13.8 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 0 .. 13.6 10.2 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 72 94 169 112 88 121 145 159 143 365 188 -1.8 5.0 9.1 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .. .. 7.3 Swaziland 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.4 -7.1 -31.8 Tanzania 83 106 154 171 249 355 214 263 195 191 241 -7.4 8.2 2.3 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7 .. .. Uganda 3 41 34 51 21 83 81 47 153 72 229 -8.6 33.1 22.3 Zambia 26 58 30 9 34 35 38 51 64 76 73 -13.6 9.8 21.3 Zimbabwe 930 1,843 2,989 1,760 2,042 1,650 1,941 1,639 1,771 2,211 1,055 3.9 9.9 -6.1 NORTH AFRICA 15 7 9 12 4 6 5 3 16 18 3 6.5 -3.1 -1.8 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 .. .. 64.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. -7.6 Tunisia 15 4 8 12 4 6 5 3 2 4 2 26.9 -5.5 -17.7 ALL AFRICA 1,792 3,228 4,448 3,162 3,703 3,502 3,793 3,181 3,334 4,016 3,209 3.0 8.5 -1.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 103 5-32. Meat exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,436 1,281 1,154 1,418 1,322 1,151 1,413 1,127 1,180 1,094 1,289 -6.8 0.6 -1.0 excluding South Africa 895 1,133 1,070 1,114 980 1,010 1,220 935 960 869 1,035 -7.2 1.1 -1.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 895 1,133 1,070 1,114 980 1,010 1,220 935 960 869 1,035 -7.2 1.1 -1.7 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 143 301 .. .. 110.8 Botswana 249 279 250 241 201 228 262 215 212 274 133 -0.8 -3.2 -3.4 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -4.6 -36.7 13.2 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -53.6 -27.6 34.0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.8 .. .. Chad 0 2 2 2 2 8 9 5 2 3 3 -37.5 16.9 3.9 Comoros 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .. .. 3.2 Côte d'Ivoire 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 3 1 11.9 .. 42.4 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 2 6 6 18 25 19 12 2 12 .. .. 10.0 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 30.0 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 .. .. 86.1 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 16 10 11 8 12 12 12 12 7 11 6 -11.6 -5.3 -3.4 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 72 22 30 49 24 8 1 0 1 0 0 -16.0 16.4 -61.8 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -24.4 .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 32 65 69 45 52 32 11 5 0 1 13.7 43.7 -49.3 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.6 .. .. Namibia 306 438 459 425 391 402 540 339 337 338 316 5.1 8.3 -4.3 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 -20.1 .. 70.0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.1 -11.5 5.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -40.8 .. .. South Africa 542 148 84 304 342 141 193 192 220 226 255 -7.0 -2.6 5.0 Sudan 0 61 40 65 134 118 146 96 86 65 84 -12.0 .. 3.0 Swaziland 35 10 10 9 10 16 21 22 75 7 27 -5.1 -8.1 13.9 Tanzania 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 9 1 -37.0 .. 9.4 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 6 14 .. -22.5 98.7 Uganda 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -14.6 Zambia 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 -11.8 30.6 0.2 Zimbabwe 175 275 195 238 151 143 164 205 200 5 122 -16.5 -4.0 -19.1 NORTH AFRICA 34 39 24 17 13 19 20 18 17 18 20 -2.2 37.0 -0.1 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -58.2 .. -41.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1 37 21 14 10 14 11 7 8 8 11 -0.4 60.0 -8.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 32 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 2 1 -2.5 -6.4 1.6 Tunisia 1 1 2 1 1 2 5 6 6 7 8 -6.5 4.1 31.8 ALL AFRICA 1,471 1,320 1,178 1,435 1,335 1,170 1,432 1,146 1,197 1,112 1,309 -6.7 1.0 -1.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 104 External Sector 5-33. Manufactured goods exports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,464 15,564 17,479 22,243 22,607 23,863 22,539 22,653 25,144 24,077 25,017 5,107 12,870 23,518 excluding South Africa 767 4,205 4,799 6,094 6,376 6,016 5,816 5,681 6,122 5,853 6,100 687 3,708 6,007 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 767 4,165 4,752 6,023 6,329 5,977 5,676 5,654 5,984 5,906 5,774 687 3,674 5,916 Angola .. 63 72 78 105 101 62 75 132 93 95 .. 76 93 Benin .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana .. 48 144 336 299 368 305 198 111 30 30 .. 96 210 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 1 9 5 7 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 7 2 Cameroon 96 227 204 259 302 291 423 399 381 351 392 81 246 350 Cape Verde .. 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 1 1 Central African Republic .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Chad .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 .. Comoros .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 93 140 225 305 .. .. .. 97 129 130 .. 173 177 Congo, Rep. of 0 20 13 23 17 16 10 12 12 12 13 6 32 14 Côte d'Ivoire .. 956 1,012 1,294 1,287 1,182 1,244 1,222 1,205 1,182 1,424 672 935 1,255 Djibouti .. .. .. 26 27 29 39 46 46 50 55 .. .. 40 Equatorial Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea .. 16 21 31 41 20 6 8 4 6 7 .. 12 15 Ethiopia .. 40 52 76 61 75 56 37 42 86 67 85 70 62 Gabon .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 177 241 378 467 454 455 440 409 367 432 467 128 194 436 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 7 6 51 .. .. 23 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 175 191 296 318 346 356 398 608 572 119 42 109 377 Malawi .. 32 39 49 69 74 63 56 56 60 60 .. 35 61 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. Mauritius 108 861 887 1,004 1,104 1,098 1,034 1,135 1,171 1,177 1,101 117 606 1,103 Mozambique .. 7 3 5 8 20 14 14 14 13 13 0 9 13 Namibia 158 256 302 320 343 223 237 249 331 266 271 169 251 280 Niger .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Nigeria .. 40 47 70 47 40 140 27 138 -54 325 .. 49 92 Rwanda .. 7 2 4 5 18 10 16 42 48 27 4 4 21 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 136 164 201 254 250 254 258 242 241 250 250 171 173 250 Seychelles .. 11 17 19 35 60 80 102 116 147 169 0 9 91 Sierra Leone .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5,697 11,359 12,680 16,149 16,231 17,847 16,723 16,972 19,022 18,224 18,917 4,420 9,162 17,511 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 109 93 31 26 104 Swaziland .. 56 52 66 80 82 81 79 62 2 2 .. 26 57 Tanzania 91 52 77 109 123 111 30 22 34 56 66 54 61 69 Togo .. 75 60 86 78 74 78 79 65 73 79 66 102 76 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 103 129 155 168 180 194 189 163 203 213 101 64 183 Zimbabwe .. 652 750 829 846 900 655 640 567 552 579 319 561 696 NORTH AFRICA 1,292 6,332 7,178 9,189 8,761 8,824 9,693 10,271 10,927 11,432 12,213 1,039 4,613 10,164 Algeria .. 68 28 30 31 40 42 46 81 124 133 7 132 66 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,167 1,127 1,655 1,314 1,302 1,685 2,080 2,845 3,187 3,321 .. 1,103 2,174 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 387 2,710 3,010 3,754 3,673 3,802 3,932 4,087 3,997 3,822 3,966 320 1,841 3,879 Tunisia 905 2,387 3,012 3,750 3,742 3,680 4,033 4,058 4,005 4,300 4,792 718 1,758 4,045 ALL AFRICA 7,756 21,896 24,657 31,432 31,368 32,687 32,232 32,924 36,071 35,509 37,230 6,146 17,484 33,682 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 105 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.7 2.3 12.2 20.3 9.4 8.4 0.0 3.8 15.4 2.9 -9.4 -0.1 10.2 6.1 excluding South Africa 388.6 2.9 17.9 7.6 8.8 4.6 -0.6 -1.0 9.2 -1.4 -25.2 37.4 17.4 1.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 388.6 2.8 17.9 7.3 9.2 4.7 -2.3 0.8 7.5 1.3 -25.8 37.4 17.3 1.2 Angola .. 28.4 11.7 -4.6 4.7 -0.6 -20.1 8.2 1.8 -8.0 -4.9 .. -3.3 -3.3 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. 189.3 120.8 -6.2 32.0 -14.0 -34.8 -42.7 -71.7 -4.0 .. .. -21.6 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. -19.2 -39.1 19.1 -36.3 -87.7 3.0 2.2 6.2 6.1 6.2 .. -2.9 -27.9 Cameroon 21.3 -0.4 -4.6 -5.5 21.1 5.6 2.7 20.0 5.0 8.0 3.4 13.0 2.3 8.3 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. -4.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 50.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. -33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. -5.4 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. -7.3 19.7 1.2 5.2 -2.7 13.7 -5.4 7.3 3.8 12.3 .. 1.8 3.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. -0.2 1.1 31.4 14.9 -2.9 5.6 6.3 .. .. 8.8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 1,326.3 30.9 45.8 29.5 -51.6 -70.7 26.5 -54.2 .. .. .. .. -31.2 Ethiopia .. 44.9 66.6 2.0 -23.0 16.2 -16.1 -26.2 43.4 42.8 -11.8 .. -7.4 0.1 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. 16.4 68.3 11.9 0.5 8.9 -1.6 -5.2 -5.9 20.8 5.3 .. 12.7 2.6 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -73.2 -4.7 0.5 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 9.7 5.4 46.5 13.2 17.0 6.7 12.2 55.9 -4.6 -79.4 .. 13.8 5.1 Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. 4.8 0.8 8.1 9.5 5.8 -0.4 12.0 4.3 4.0 .. .. 5.6 6.0 Mozambique .. -47.1 -55.2 44.4 66.9 158.0 -24.4 -0.2 2.7 -6.9 4.5 .. 179.7 19.5 Namibia .. -19.4 13.7 -2.1 9.8 -33.3 9.2 7.6 36.2 -17.4 4.3 .. 0.2 0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. 11.6 14.4 38.3 -30.6 -10.0 260.3 -81.2 406.2 -137.7 .. .. 0.5 10.2 Rwanda .. -25.9 -38.8 175.0 -15.5 2.8 -46.9 61.9 93.7 14.2 -35.5 .. -19.5 11.9 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. 12.7 -1.5 18.1 -8.3 27.3 1.7 -7.0 -1.8 5.2 -0.1 .. -2.9 3.1 Seychelles .. -9.6 64.8 -14.5 103.7 60.9 4.9 60.0 19.9 6.0 1.5 .. 16.5 30.4 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -4.2 2.1 10.5 24.6 9.6 9.5 0.2 5.1 17.0 3.9 -5.9 -1.6 8.7 7.4 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 113.9 -10.4 40.3 27.5 10.2 2.6 -1.5 -18.8 -96.7 1.1 .. .. -30.2 Tanzania .. -19.0 48.1 41.8 12.5 -9.4 -73.2 -27.9 59.1 64.3 17.3 .. .. -10.7 Togo .. 192.4 -22.7 88.5 -94.3 1,063.5 29.6 32.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 65.8 19.9 13.7 14.3 14.8 12.0 -2.2 -12.0 26.1 4.4 .. 746.2 7.3 Zimbabwe .. 8.8 20.2 -4.6 5.1 14.9 -25.1 0.2 -9.1 2.2 0.8 .. 3.2 -3.5 NORTH AFRICA .. -5.2 11.7 11.0 -9.1 8.4 18.6 12.8 -34.0 -49.7 6.0 .. 21.7 -7.9 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -21.9 -5.5 40.1 -20.9 -15.0 69.5 25.9 39.2 .. .. .. 3.6 16.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. 4.3 1.1 0.6 -0.8 11.6 -3.2 13.9 -3.3 3.3 6.0 .. .. 3.5 Tunisia .. -4.0 34.9 8.5 -10.0 16.4 21.0 5.7 .. .. .. .. 8.4 8.1 ALL AFRICA 1.7 0.2 12.1 17.9 4.9 8.4 4.0 6.0 2.6 -5.9 -8.1 0.7 12.5 3.7 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 106 External Sector 5-35. Food Imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,815 5,440 5,682 7,068 6,897 7,371 7,355 6,828 6,742 7,270 7,330 3,250 4,930 7,108 excluding South Africa 4,391 4,665 4,653 5,757 5,609 5,919 6,144 5,787 5,766 6,352 6,347 2,787 4,261 5,960 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,230 3,894 3,916 4,697 4,680 4,699 4,747 4,271 4,194 4,562 4,430 881 3,438 4,535 Angola .. 203 215 205 275 365 .. .. .. .. .. .. 232 282 Benin .. 113 85 134 136 130 138 145 137 143 .. 80 120 138 Botswana .. 315 288 305 292 297 306 305 247 231 216 .. 288 275 Burkina Faso .. 0 0 70 86 71 111 .. .. .. .. .. 58 84 Burundi 18 19 30 29 11 11 10 11 11 12 12 19 16 13 Cameroon 82 161 189 123 138 155 173 169 162 181 203 70 160 163 Cape Verde .. 53 65 79 75 78 50 53 55 58 61 .. 46 64 Central African Republic .. 25 23 29 22 20 23 23 18 14 15 20 27 20 Chad .. 6 25 22 21 18 4 4 .. .. .. .. 13 14 Comoros .. 10 9 18 12 20 18 18 9 12 12 8 9 15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 36 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 10 26 21 Côte d'Ivoire 435 431 317 523 496 529 634 560 433 543 597 389 429 539 Djibouti .. .. .. 70 67 69 72 75 78 81 85 .. .. 75 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 32 69 68 85 83 62 92 117 154 105 .. 45 96 Ethiopia .. 167 126 181 103 17 28 100 116 110 209 126 171 108 Gabon .. 166 166 181 191 189 166 138 142 149 158 142 156 164 Gambia, The .. 52 46 55 50 57 82 64 63 72 76 .. 26 65 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 45 .. Guinea .. 53 76 77 76 77 79 82 87 93 .. .. 27 82 Guinea-Bissau .. 25 17 26 25 31 17 31 34 30 45 16 18 30 Kenya 109 75 79 96 136 158 162 156 182 207 146 89 89 155 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 .. .. 73 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 89 51 79 67 60 49 54 46 77 84 61 87 48 62 Malawi .. 5 65 82 43 32 77 32 30 34 41 .. 16 46 Mali 103 97 86 111 113 111 123 105 111 118 .. 113 95 113 Mauritania .. 104 95 128 103 117 103 98 120 113 106 76 112 111 Mauritius 143 219 235 287 330 350 320 339 299 291 316 137 169 317 Mozambique .. .. .. 44 29 30 32 47 87 72 99 .. .. 55 Namibia .. 286 301 331 333 352 319 299 306 283 293 .. 282 314 Niger .. 22 16 18 19 27 36 .. .. .. .. .. 28 25 Nigeria 3,161 771 738 1,060 929 1,219 1,397 1,516 1,573 1,790 1,917 1,906 823 1,425 Rwanda .. 59 218 56 51 54 57 35 47 52 55 27 53 51 São Tomé and Principe .. 7 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 7 5 Senegal 210 348 293 364 353 289 350 359 304 359 335 246 294 339 Seychelles .. 46 42 42 58 75 80 81 81 102 112 17 32 79 Sierra Leone .. 57 52 66 110 41 36 28 66 72 68 39 50 61 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 424 774 1,029 1,311 1,288 1,453 1,210 1,041 976 917 983 462 669 1,147 Sudan .. 205 181 215 232 243 264 276 340 416 441 219 200 303 Swaziland 42 135 136 202 173 171 156 187 167 132 128 32 82 165 Tanzania .. 58 97 97 54 57 169 200 176 169 147 96 70 134 Togo .. 82 75 96 149 209 212 .. .. .. .. 118 129 166 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 50 55 98 25 12 108 .. 9 10 11 24 50 39 Zimbabwe .. 121 43 78 119 84 90 88 54 135 170 77 102 102 NORTH AFRICA 3,100 5,364 5,541 7,766 7,034 7,192 7,746 6,142 5,735 6,319 6,737 2,484 4,772 6,834 Algeria 1,992 2,092 2,206 2,762 2,601 2,544 2,657 2,609 2,465 2,704 2,958 1,558 2,096 2,662 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,878 1,982 2,760 2,513 2,885 3,194 1,799 1,395 1,473 1,469 .. 1,995 2,186 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 720 978 817 1,373 1,298 1,072 1,191 1,177 1,338 1,370 1,459 594 643 1,285 Tunisia 388 417 537 871 622 691 705 557 538 772 851 333 436 701 ALL AFRICA 7,915 10,804 11,224 14,834 13,931 14,563 15,101 12,970 12,478 13,589 14,067 5,733 9,702 13,942 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 107 5-36. Food imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 42.6 -5.5 0.2 22.1 0.1 7.7 -25.2 -4.1 -1.6 4.0 -2.6 11.3 1.4 -3.0 excluding South Africa 58.9 -3.5 -6.6 20.3 -2.5 6.2 -30.3 -1.8 -2.1 7.7 -6.6 20.5 0.7 -4.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 58.0 -3.6 -5.2 17.6 1.6 -1.4 -7.9 -1.8 -2.1 7.7 -6.6 20.5 5.1 -0.5 Angola .. -12.6 2.5 -13.2 34.2 47.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. -5.4 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -11.8 0.0 0.7 9.3 7.0 0.0 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. -1.2 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 75.5 61.3 -4.0 -62.2 2.8 -9.6 4.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 .. 8.1 -10.2 Cameroon 0.8 -17.2 9.5 -27.6 -3.8 20.6 9.5 -10.1 1.6 9.8 9.0 -0.9 9.8 1.9 Cape Verde .. -27.7 11.9 12.5 -8.4 11.0 -35.0 3.5 3.1 5.4 4.5 .. 11.4 -3.8 Central African Republic .. -16.9 -11.4 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 -3.9 -21.1 -25.4 4.5 .. -4.6 -9.0 Chad .. 500.0 25.0 -12.8 -0.3 -1.9 2.8 1.2 .. .. .. .. -10.6 -1.7 Comoros .. -12.6 32.7 77.9 -30.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. .. .. .. 4.3 0.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 62.8 50.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 32.2 10.9 -1.1 -0.7 9.6 7.6 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.4 .. -2.7 4.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. 13.0 -26.1 52.6 1.5 7.1 5.0 4.0 -2.0 1.0 5.5 .. -8.8 5.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. -7.3 -1.5 0.9 1.5 -0.1 2.3 2.4 .. .. 0.1 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -3.5 -12.8 15.5 -12.3 9.1 41.0 -23.6 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. 41.6 3.1 Ghana .. 5.5 4.2 5.4 7.7 -0.7 7.3 6.0 4.1 6.0 6.3 .. 3.3 5.1 Guinea .. 12.8 38.7 -7.4 0.0 -2.0 5.3 5.8 5.2 5.0 .. .. 25.8 2.1 Guinea-Bissau .. -21.4 -15.6 61.3 -7.9 20.2 -44.9 87.3 11.4 -9.6 54.7 .. 9.8 9.3 Kenya 37.5 29.4 -2.3 3.9 49.4 20.2 1.5 9.9 27.6 8.5 -29.7 9.7 -10.4 12.5 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -17.5 53.4 -26.2 -19.9 -8.8 22.0 -22.2 -9.1 20.5 -10.6 .. -1.7 -6.6 Malawi .. -90.5 967.9 23.5 -47.9 -30.5 56.2 -8.6 -1.7 83.0 41.1 .. 53.2 3.4 Mali 2.1 1.9 -8.7 13.3 11.3 7.5 11.4 -10.2 23.5 8.3 .. 6.7 -4.4 8.0 Mauritania .. -22.4 -5.1 -19.4 4.6 -6.1 11.9 -9.0 52.0 -7.3 -7.4 .. -0.9 3.4 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. -40.9 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -2.5 -2.7 10.0 -5.0 0.0 -14.4 -11.3 -3.0 -12.5 -2.3 .. .. -6.5 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 59.2 -3.0 -11.7 31.3 -17.1 39.8 .. .. .. .. .. 20.0 -7.8 .. Rwanda .. 0.9 5.1 8.1 12.2 -10.8 -12.7 -3.8 -6.6 9.1 -0.2 .. -2.9 -2.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 23.6 -14.2 2.9 -24.9 -14.6 25.7 -17.2 -4.7 5.1 27.1 .. 0.8 -3.3 Senegal .. 0.7 -34.3 10.6 -9.7 4.4 27.2 -1.9 -19.6 24.8 -5.9 .. 2.1 2.8 Seychelles .. 27.2 -16.4 3.1 36.9 29.3 23.5 21.0 -7.1 49.6 20.3 .. 5.4 21.2 Sierra Leone .. 5.4 -11.6 16.3 64.9 -60.1 -5.5 -25.8 131.1 11.3 -4.9 .. .. 0.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -2.0 .. South Africa -8.9 -12.6 26.0 27.0 6.9 11.3 -13.1 -8.3 -0.7 -3.2 6.1 -1.5 4.3 0.1 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.1 20.4 19.9 .. .. 10.1 .. Swaziland .. 21.4 0.4 52.1 -14.9 -1.7 -9.3 43.5 -9.3 -19.8 -1.6 .. .. 0.9 Tanzania .. .. .. .. -64.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. -80.3 0.7 64.0 -75.9 -47.3 864.4 .. .. 10.6 9.2 .. 15.4 -18.5 Zimbabwe .. -51.0 -65.7 71.9 59.4 -26.4 13.5 0.8 -40.8 135.9 19.9 .. 19.3 10.6 NORTH AFRICA .. -5.2 -8.6 11.0 -12.3 2.7 16.5 -49.6 -14.4 -62.9 2.3 .. 9.8 -20.6 Algeria .. -10.5 7.5 -12.0 -7.0 -10.6 12.4 .. .. .. .. .. 2.5 -5.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -4.8 2.0 27.8 -15.3 14.1 21.1 -35.3 -13.3 .. .. .. -1.9 -2.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. 2.9 -56.5 35.5 -6.9 -1.3 16.4 0.7 17.8 -2.4 2.3 .. .. 6.2 Tunisia .. 2.3 21.1 35.2 -30.8 18.3 6.3 -9.7 .. .. .. .. -6.6 0.2 ALL AFRICA 42.6 -5.3 -5.0 15.8 -6.7 5.1 -4.4 -31.7 -7.4 -23.7 -1.6 14.0 5.4 -10.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 108 External Sector 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,164 8,347 8,682 10,575 10,603 11,636 10,091 10,151 10,240 10,542 9,830 2,937 7,221 10,458 excluding South Africa 1,849 5,391 5,374 6,753 6,532 7,270 5,985 6,310 6,017 6,540 5,580 1,212 4,822 6,373 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,849 5,391 5,374 6,753 6,532 7,270 5,985 6,310 6,017 6,540 5,580 1,212 4,822 6,373 Angola .. 778 712 1,069 1,119 1,263 .. .. .. .. .. .. 536 1,150 Benin .. 121 92 144 146 140 148 156 147 153 .. .. 103 148 Botswana .. 451 459 511 475 539 559 632 512 479 448 .. 427 519 Burkina Faso .. 0 0 170 192 176 160 .. .. .. .. .. 119 175 Burundi 53 33 28 28 8 19 49 -4 10 10 30 43 38 19 Cameroon 136 89 76 64 74 179 244 402 432 428 685 222 178 313 Cape Verde .. 57 65 85 91 81 45 48 49 51 52 .. 51 63 Central African Republic .. 26 29 11 32 51 15 -13 -31 -27 -25 30 39 2 Chad .. 131 -86 22 -56 -60 -9 -21 .. .. .. .. 89 -25 Comoros .. 41 36 35 28 22 17 17 15 21 24 25 35 22 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 3 5 5 7 9 28 36 82 99 119 26 107 48 Côte d'Ivoire 629 491 454 743 675 669 766 681 420 466 513 466 469 617 Djibouti .. .. .. 35 34 34 36 38 39 41 43 .. .. 37 Equatorial Guinea .. 25 22 29 50 43 39 49 49 51 53 21 27 45 Eritrea .. 109 95 28 59 3 3 2 1 2 3 .. 134 13 Ethiopia .. 167 165 159 207 259 252 329 310 358 379 116 155 282 Gabon .. 241 71 77 78 79 67 61 65 68 72 330 217 71 Gambia, The .. 29 26 34 30 34 36 40 39 45 47 .. 12 38 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 165 .. Guinea .. 318 320 389 313 355 378 405 436 467 .. .. 296 392 Guinea-Bissau .. 5 6 7 7 9 9 10 10 9 8 11 9 9 Kenya 524 519 808 614 637 882 920 832 831 1,070 915 307 608 838 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 .. .. 110 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 209 236 299 309 353 387 417 479 571 291 89 140 388 Malawi .. 54 39 31 45 58 30 44 33 35 58 .. 45 42 Mali 181 188 176 159 182 168 154 147 165 191 .. 163 129 167 Mauritania .. 16 12 18 17 23 22 25 -15 18 39 23 28 18 Mauritius 46 159 163 186 204 179 181 188 188 181 108 36 106 177 Mozambique .. .. .. 140 137 137 147 216 175 120 130 .. .. 150 Namibia .. 176 185 204 205 217 196 184 189 175 180 .. 174 194 Niger .. 92 117 112 154 130 147 .. .. .. .. .. 103 136 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 88 158 69 71 120 105 133 91 122 114 31 70 103 São Tomé and Principe .. 11 9 7 8 6 6 .. .. .. .. 15 9 6 Senegal 151 192 186 215 203 202 196 201 186 212 197 139 186 201 Seychelles .. 39 33 65 75 80 87 75 64 61 77 8 23 73 Sierra Leone .. 19 16 11 11 4 7 6 19 142 121 18 25 40 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 2,316 2,956 3,308 3,822 4,071 4,365 4,106 3,841 4,223 4,002 4,250 1,725 2,399 4,085 Sudan .. 8 15 160 -11 87 38 365 391 313 148 120 69 186 Swaziland 127 78 46 32 39 41 37 47 43 23 22 86 64 36 Tanzania .. 293 237 355 268 323 272 357 376 362 367 71 171 335 Togo .. 16 22 27 29 28 14 .. .. .. .. 61 55 24 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. 167 199 200 125 121 128 125 139 176 .. 167 152 Zimbabwe .. 119 173 205 183 203 77 76 93 84 77 303 162 125 NORTH AFRICA 2,714 6,125 7,969 7,761 5,877 7,122 7,454 8,469 11,000 7,696 10,582 2,083 5,105 8,245 Algeria 1,785 1,373 2,027 1,757 1,037 1,095 1,314 1,422 1,386 1,507 1,683 1,333 1,885 1,400 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,448 2,159 1,531 121 1,167 785 1,621 4,087 435 2,734 .. 1,155 1,560 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 334 1,366 1,525 1,853 2,037 2,134 2,418 2,481 2,701 2,649 2,816 288 977 2,386 Tunisia 595 1,938 2,258 2,621 2,683 2,726 2,937 2,945 2,825 3,105 3,350 462 1,318 2,899 ALL AFRICA 6,878 14,472 16,651 18,336 16,480 18,757 17,545 18,620 21,240 18,238 20,412 5,019 12,326 18,704 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 109 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 19.8 8.2 5.6 9.6 16.0 9.5 -13.3 -2.0 9.8 2.5 -3.6 4.9 8.0 2.5 excluding South Africa -1.2 6.3 1.3 9.5 14.9 11.5 -22.2 0.1 9.3 4.2 -12.2 34.3 11.6 0.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -1.2 6.3 1.3 9.5 14.9 11.5 -22.2 0.1 9.3 4.2 -12.2 34.3 11.6 0.6 Angola .. -19.0 -11.5 36.7 4.7 25.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.8 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -1.8 5.1 -2.2 22.0 7.7 13.4 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. 2.6 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. -33.2 -46.6 0.2 -101.6 -5,796.8 259.1 -130.0 -120.4 -0.8 735.0 .. -10.6 -9.9 Cameroon -40.2 -25.5 69.5 -22.2 40.4 21.7 16.6 3.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 -3.7 6.3 10.5 Cape Verde .. -4.5 -6.5 20.1 14.7 -8.7 -44.4 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.8 .. 7.9 -7.1 Central African Republic .. -1.4 8.2 -64.1 166.4 66.9 -72.7 -186.3 133.1 -16.1 -9.8 .. -9.7 -1.6 Chad .. -20.4 -96.4 -4,951.8 43.3 -6.9 27.8 72.3 .. .. .. .. -31.0 .. Comoros .. -9.5 27.5 -11.0 20.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. .. .. .. 2.0 3.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 32.2 10.9 -1.1 140.8 -22.9 -22.1 8.7 -3.1 -6.4 8.7 .. 3.2 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. -8.2 -8.4 48.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.0 -2.0 1.0 5.0 .. -1.3 5.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. -7.1 -1.5 0.9 2.4 -0.1 1.3 1.4 .. .. 0.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 13.5 -8.5 18.6 71.3 57.6 157.1 -59.7 -27.2 -8.5 0.1 .. 4.9 9.5 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -8.3 -12.3 25.2 -15.2 11.0 3.5 6.7 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. 114.9 3.9 Ghana .. 69.6 -30.7 4.8 10.3 0.9 7.3 6.1 4.1 6.0 6.3 .. 15.5 5.6 Guinea .. 6.2 -3.0 10.6 -20.2 18.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.8 .. .. 2.4 3.3 Guinea-Bissau .. -36.5 15.8 13.8 10.9 12.2 2.8 9.3 9.2 -9.0 -4.9 .. -2.0 5.8 Kenya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 10.7 9.1 19.4 8.7 22.9 13.8 8.2 17.3 20.9 -49.3 .. 6.8 9.2 Malawi .. -5.4 -32.3 -35.3 66.0 45.9 -19.2 -8.9 18.0 6.8 41.1 .. -1.1 9.5 Mali 2.5 7.7 -9.5 -19.0 17.8 10.4 -119.4 -455.4 148.9 -40.3 .. -3.4 7.5 4.6 Mauritania .. -46.9 -12.1 23.2 7.7 -7.1 4.3 -42.3 679.9 46.3 -95.7 .. -12.2 7.2 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. 0.4 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -3.6 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 5.2 -5.1 5.9 .. .. 0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. -6.3 3.3 -45.0 -83.6 552.5 15.0 55.2 -67.5 54.1 -98.2 .. 7.5 -22.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 13.3 -20.2 -31.9 17.6 5.1 -57.9 152.8 27.8 -48.6 -2.7 .. -1.9 -3.1 Senegal .. -8.8 -33.8 2.7 -12.1 27.2 2.0 -2.0 -12.1 20.4 -6.4 .. -0.2 2.1 Seychelles .. 47.0 -25.4 101.5 22.7 3.8 17.6 -13.7 -25.3 7.9 39.1 .. 15.3 6.8 Sierra Leone .. 34.3 -17.7 -38.2 4.1 -58.2 66.6 -8.0 189.4 647.6 -14.1 .. .. 34.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4 .. South Africa 28.2 11.0 11.8 9.9 17.5 7.0 -1.7 -4.2 10.4 0.7 5.9 -0.1 4.7 4.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 842.7 4.5 -21.7 .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 33.7 -41.0 -28.4 20.7 4.1 -10.6 47.6 -4.0 -43.8 1.8 .. .. -2.0 Tanzania .. .. .. .. 13.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. 12.5 5.7 -32.6 -0.1 6.6 -0.2 12.7 25.5 .. .. -0.6 Zimbabwe .. 2.2 40.9 11.7 -6.2 15.5 -59.5 0.8 25.3 -5.4 -11.7 .. -7.0 -10.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 15.6 28.7 -2.8 -16.0 18.0 4.1 23.9 -0.3 -54.4 5.0 .. 5.4 -4.3 Algeria .. -9.3 73.2 17.3 -16.7 -27.0 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. -11.3 -10.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 78.6 44.1 -34.9 -92.6 858.0 -26.3 336.0 53.6 .. .. .. 21.1 24.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. 0.9 6.8 18.0 28.3 13.8 13.2 5.1 12.7 9.0 5.0 .. .. 12.7 Tunisia .. 8.3 11.6 3.1 0.3 8.0 6.8 1.9 .. .. .. .. 8.6 4.3 ALL AFRICA 19.8 11.1 15.0 4.0 2.5 12.5 -6.9 8.6 5.1 -22.6 -1.3 8.2 6.8 0.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 110 External Sector 5-39. Fuel imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,587 4,327 4,394 5,189 5,815 5,941 5,295 5,557 7,619 6,981 8,625 2,818 3,967 6,378 excluding South Africa 2,698 3,376 3,346 3,858 4,612 4,757 4,345 4,421 5,889 5,405 7,165 1,675 3,043 5,057 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,358 3,330 3,260 3,740 4,522 4,614 4,222 4,269 5,730 5,233 4,863 1,405 2,986 4,649 Angola .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 Benin .. 39 27 43 54 48 64 56 66 55 60 34 31 56 Botswana .. 133 93 98 110 127 125 107 87 81 76 .. 110 101 Burkina Faso .. 99 45 52 73 69 72 81 91 93 102 .. 72 79 Burundi 25 24 29 27 18 14 14 19 20 21 22 30 27 19 Cameroon 187 7 7 139 151 136 149 12 24 63 58 96 11 91 Cape Verde .. 6 5 10 9 9 7 11 20 26 26 .. 7 15 Central African Republic .. 15 11 17 13 15 14 13 16 17 18 17 17 16 Chad .. 4 13 14 22 21 21 21 21 27 27 20 21 22 Comoros .. 6 6 8 4 4 4 5 7 10 11 5 5 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 43 43 .. .. 45 Congo, Rep. of 0 162 367 187 215 225 216 221 229 237 246 2 100 222 Côte d'Ivoire 557 459 396 470 651 508 448 534 841 670 534 433 424 582 Djibouti .. .. .. 14 14 14 11 11 12 12 13 .. .. 13 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 3 3 5 11 11 13 13 14 14 5 5 11 Eritrea .. 1 2 8 6 7 6 4 5 3 5 .. 2 6 Ethiopia .. 198 222 169 148 147 143 111 250 292 268 183 138 191 Gabon .. 11 161 173 221 217 216 162 177 187 199 44 37 194 Gambia, The .. 28 30 45 40 29 23 25 25 28 30 .. 17 31 Ghana .. 158 176 194 266 240 220 342 533 257 275 168 165 291 Guinea .. 73 69 82 87 90 86 93 99 107 .. .. 63 92 Guinea-Bissau .. 3 6 8 9 9 6 7 10 9 14 9 7 9 Kenya 852 407 333 401 448 519 532 527 850 721 741 456 374 592 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 .. .. 110 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 159 85 72 81 106 117 101 124 212 168 217 123 71 141 Malawi .. 40 25 49 59 79 56 66 75 68 97 .. 41 69 Mali 120 74 52 85 102 105 88 112 166 147 .. 99 70 115 Mauritania .. 37 36 51 43 69 50 61 99 95 108 43 37 72 Mauritius 84 126 116 123 146 169 159 135 151 236 184 85 99 163 Mozambique .. .. .. 68 78 78 84 124 44 41 43 .. .. 70 Namibia .. 79 83 91 92 97 88 82 84 78 81 .. 78 86 Niger .. 23 20 35 32 28 23 .. .. .. .. .. 21 30 Nigeria 340 46 86 118 89 143 123 152 159 173 2,302 270 57 407 Rwanda .. 35 24 22 27 37 35 46 94 73 74 49 44 51 São Tomé and Principe .. 2 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 .. 1 3 Senegal 276 124 142 138 176 191 156 209 341 317 284 272 157 226 Seychelles .. 34 32 30 43 50 36 43 74 70 60 26 29 51 Sierra Leone .. 22 29 24 23 15 25 21 29 36 38 45 26 26 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 1,889 951 1,047 1,331 1,203 1,184 949 1,136 1,729 1,575 1,461 1,143 924 1,321 Sudan .. 230 178 194 306 299 256 184 108 130 131 351 239 201 Swaziland 99 91 42 78 136 150 153 143 140 97 94 57 77 124 Tanzania .. 101 124 186 189 194 129 104 95 106 .. 247 161 143 Togo .. 26 22 41 34 42 38 .. .. .. .. 33 29 39 Uganda .. 58 55 64 90 92 84 108 143 170 154 91 69 113 Zambia .. 47 56 41 51 87 42 115 177 220 247 144 78 122 Zimbabwe .. 260 150 176 222 250 229 216 250 202 161 213 171 213 NORTH AFRICA 2,065 2,820 2,270 2,554 2,856 3,934 3,616 3,222 5,424 5,775 5,078 1,237 2,300 4,057 Algeria 259 141 150 115 110 132 110 127 106 112 113 149 162 116 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,267 542 721 854 1,909 2,188 1,228 2,451 3,233 2,497 .. 1,040 1,885 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,006 957 1,113 1,177 1,285 1,296 922 1,326 2,039 2,026 2,086 745 924 1,520 Tunisia 799 455 466 541 607 597 396 541 827 403 383 387 382 537 ALL AFRICA 6,652 7,147 6,664 7,743 8,671 9,874 8,911 8,779 13,042 12,756 13,703 4,054 6,267 10,435 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 111 5-40. Fuel imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35.1 25.9 -4.5 15.3 -2.8 5.5 3.7 1.7 1.4 -0.2 -2.7 5.7 1.2 2.3 excluding South Africa 43.6 22.7 -21.9 16.2 9.0 15.6 15.1 -2.8 -4.5 0.3 -8.3 11.9 3.2 4.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 75.8 23.1 -24.0 15.7 11.3 14.0 20.2 -2.8 -4.5 0.3 -8.3 20.9 3.4 5.7 Angola .. -25.0 -33.3 -50.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -32.5 -0.5 18.0 24.1 2.2 -14.1 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. -0.8 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 2.4 29.0 -15.1 -42.3 -19.8 50.0 20.0 -3.8 2.9 4.0 .. 0.9 -1.0 Cameroon 9.7 379.3 -38.3 40.6 -12.9 101.9 -4.4 -44.7 255.0 10.0 10.0 -42.7 -0.1 23.8 Cape Verde .. -10.2 -15.1 91.5 -9.9 -1.1 -18.2 13.5 12.0 4.8 5.2 .. 1.0 4.4 Central African Republic .. -5.9 -28.1 46.2 -25.4 18.6 -12.5 -9.0 15.4 6.8 1.5 .. -3.2 0.9 Chad .. -21.0 190.0 35.4 20.5 9.3 124.3 135.4 .. .. .. .. -16.1 51.5 Comoros .. -5.7 42.0 13.8 -47.9 2.0 2.5 2.9 .. .. .. .. 2.0 -10.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 32.2 10.9 -1.1 -3.6 12.7 9.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 .. 0.2 4.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 1.8 27.1 9.8 9.5 6.2 4.8 3.5 -5.7 -2.0 1.3 .. -1.4 3.0 Djibouti .. .. .. .. -7.2 -1.7 -25.8 2.4 -0.5 1.3 2.4 .. .. -5.3 Equatorial Guinea .. -2.4 -4.5 15.8 23.9 126.9 5.3 24.7 1.9 3.9 -1.2 .. -2.2 23.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 119.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.3 .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 1.3 4.1 45.1 -13.5 -29.4 -21.7 3.7 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. 23.7 -6.6 Ghana .. 3.2 19.0 3.9 9.9 17.9 22.7 11.9 4.4 6.0 5.7 .. 3.3 11.4 Guinea .. 14.1 0.1 10.2 11.1 1.5 7.7 5.4 6.5 6.1 .. .. 2.9 6.5 Guinea-Bissau .. -39.3 137.1 44.3 14.9 4.0 -33.1 15.0 47.3 -8.2 53.8 .. -2.1 8.3 Kenya 89.1 7.6 -14.7 8.6 17.5 20.7 33.6 -14.5 14.6 -3.1 0.0 19.6 3.5 9.6 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 33.7 -14.4 3.8 11.6 16.9 27.3 -12.2 8.7 1.5 -25.9 .. 2.1 5.3 Malawi .. -2.8 -33.5 78.2 2.7 41.8 31.5 1.2 19.7 -6.1 41.1 .. -3.3 20.2 Mali 3.0 -14.1 12.9 28.3 14.8 20.2 70.0 -10.6 -6.6 3.1 .. 0.7 4.0 15.9 Mauritania .. 17.2 -2.6 158.8 3.3 -6.1 15.0 17.1 -23.9 10.3 40.5 .. 1.4 10.6 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. 7.8 -62.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 8.5 11.7 1.7 -15.5 -11.1 -23.8 -21.1 -13.8 -22.2 -13.2 .. .. -16.6 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria -35.3 5.3 98.6 26.6 -36.1 70.8 .. .. .. .. .. -10.6 -1.8 .. Rwanda .. -8.2 -5.4 8.0 3.5 26.4 60.5 -14.5 -3.4 3.1 32.0 .. -8.7 12.1 São Tomé and Principe .. -21.7 -1.9 36.5 6.2 40.8 -12.3 17.2 -35.0 4.4 16.6 .. .. 3.5 Senegal .. -8.9 -37.7 -13.3 18.9 38.4 -14.5 28.2 55.1 -1.8 -9.6 .. -4.7 14.1 Seychelles .. 8.2 -3.4 -8.6 37.6 16.1 5.9 2.2 10.2 9.8 -9.8 .. 6.1 8.9 Sierra Leone .. -0.6 27.3 -25.5 -1.1 -28.4 69.4 -18.4 38.1 24.3 5.1 .. .. 6.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.2 .. South Africa 33.1 28.3 8.0 14.8 -9.1 -0.9 -4.7 5.7 6.2 -0.5 1.4 4.0 0.1 0.7 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -29.1 -42.6 17.9 .. .. -15.0 .. Swaziland .. -10.0 -49.9 39.0 87.0 18.3 9.4 -32.4 -36.8 -55.3 -37.4 .. .. -11.7 Tanzania .. .. .. .. -5.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.4 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 0.1 25.2 -31.7 4.6 82.1 -29.5 98.0 -0.4 44.3 9.0 .. -4.4 18.9 Zimbabwe .. 42.3 -39.1 8.5 6.3 19.4 34.8 -31.3 -25.5 -8.4 -5.6 .. 7.9 -3.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 13.3 -8.3 5.9 -5.2 26.2 27.2 -15.6 0.8 -43.4 4.0 .. 23.4 -1.8 Algeria .. -13.6 5.9 1.3 -12.8 -9.9 30.0 .. .. .. .. .. -0.6 -1.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 41.4 -53.2 31.9 4.1 80.0 65.9 -41.9 34.2 .. .. .. -6.6 22.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. -4.4 31.2 -3.8 -9.5 4.4 0.8 24.8 4.7 13.6 4.0 .. .. 5.6 Tunisia .. 16.5 9.8 7.1 -4.7 5.8 -12.0 25.5 .. .. .. .. 4.2 1.7 ALL AFRICA 35.1 21.5 -5.8 12.3 -3.5 11.6 11.5 -4.9 1.2 -14.6 -1.2 6.1 5.0 1.2 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 112 External Sector 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,846 3,286 3,710 4,999 4,771 4,754 4,197 4,154 5,089 4,506 5,167 2,485 3,354 4,705 excluding South Africa 119 1,388 1,757 2,349 2,490 2,411 2,192 2,067 2,079 1,790 2,376 160 1,477 2,219 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 119 1,388 1,757 2,349 2,490 2,411 2,192 2,067 2,079 1,790 2,376 160 1,477 2,219 Angola .. 89 129 157 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 251 52 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 163 159 177 176 205 211 203 164 154 144 .. 127 179 Burkina Faso .. 0 0 42 42 40 68 .. .. .. .. .. 15 48 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon 55 61 60 69 77 94 76 69 70 71 72 61 72 75 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 16 16 17 18 21 29 36 .. .. 22 Central African Republic .. 40 44 58 44 39 45 54 56 59 63 .. 52 52 Chad .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0 0 Comoros .. 4 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 28 72 78 98 89 101 108 117 126 135 0 22 107 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 .. .. 7 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 5 7 10 17 9 6 9 6 4 5 .. 4 8 Ethiopia .. 21 15 21 29 27 28 27 20 24 30 35 25 26 Gabon .. 10 10 10 10 11 5 5 5 6 6 .. 10 7 Gambia, The .. 2 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 4 4 .. 27 4 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 12 15 4 19 19 18 18 .. .. 15 Kenya .. 47 51 74 66 76 105 82 84 102 81 42 51 84 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 183 .. .. 183 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 .. .. 81 Malawi .. 81 58 46 67 87 46 66 50 53 83 .. 96 62 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 0 0 27 Mozambique .. .. .. 124 140 140 151 221 169 172 185 .. .. 163 Namibia .. 153 161 178 178 189 171 160 164 152 157 .. 151 168 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Senegal .. .. 96 118 119 108 129 134 112 118 160 .. 96 125 Seychelles .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Sierra Leone .. 13 11 18 29 14 12 12 20 20 23 .. 12 19 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,728 1,898 1,952 2,650 2,281 2,344 2,005 2,087 3,011 2,716 2,791 2,325 1,878 2,486 Sudan .. 113 117 134 234 192 157 114 221 160 207 172 155 177 Swaziland 64 132 197 283 236 194 200 213 170 155 150 41 81 200 Tanzania .. 116 113 255 381 284 123 207 200 .. .. 134 212 241 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 20 72 80 80 50 54 2 13 15 16 .. 45 39 Zimbabwe .. 292 379 404 424 522 476 332 386 344 316 39 233 400 NORTH AFRICA 1,106 1,601 1,818 1,903 1,432 1,391 1,402 1,368 1,345 1,938 2,075 930 1,522 1,607 Algeria 606 942 999 831 539 520 603 607 580 516 565 535 799 595 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 501 659 819 1,072 893 871 799 761 765 755 801 395 723 840 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 668 709 .. .. 689 ALL AFRICA 4,953 4,887 5,528 6,902 6,204 6,146 5,599 5,522 6,435 6,444 7,242 3,415 4,876 6,312 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 113 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17.7 -11.9 12.3 25.4 -4.3 6.8 -6.4 -3.2 26.0 -3.8 2.2 -3.3 4.2 3.6 excluding South Africa 17.2 -4.1 22.9 20.1 -8.6 9.9 -5.1 -13.5 -1.2 -1.8 -0.3 33.5 16.0 -2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 17.2 -4.1 22.9 20.1 -8.6 9.9 -5.1 -13.5 -1.2 -1.8 -0.3 33.5 16.0 -2.1 Angola .. -58.0 40.2 10.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -9.4 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -5.9 5.1 4.6 25.2 6.9 -3.5 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. 1.0 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 17.2 -16.5 -19.4 2.6 -8.7 12.6 -7.3 -4.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 15.3 -1.1 -0.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. -25.0 8.5 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 17.5 -0.2 3.5 3.6 .. -6.4 1.2 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. 16.6 64.2 -1.4 -46.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. -6.6 -2.3 1.9 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.9 .. .. 0.7 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -13.1 -10.3 53.0 98.7 -57.0 -22.8 38.4 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. -45.5 0.3 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. -24.5 -1.0 34.4 -13.6 6.5 46.6 -11.9 1.1 6.0 -21.4 .. 1.0 4.8 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. -5.4 -32.3 -35.3 66.0 45.9 -19.2 -8.9 18.0 6.8 41.1 .. -14.4 9.5 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. 6.1 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -3.6 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 5.2 -5.1 5.9 .. .. 0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. 9.2 -6.5 16.5 25.0 -0.7 -20.5 10.9 37.5 .. .. 5.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. -12.0 27.7 -30.4 -1.9 -69.5 51.1 123.9 .. .. -12.2 Sierra Leone .. -6.4 -14.1 52.7 54.4 -45.4 -8.3 -7.1 64.8 -1.9 19.0 .. .. 4.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 17.7 -16.4 5.3 29.5 -1.3 4.8 -7.2 4.0 42.0 -4.6 3.2 -3.9 0.3 6.8 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -28.5 89.8 -29.3 .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 12.3 43.6 59.0 -12.3 -11.6 7.1 7.6 -17.4 -5.6 0.4 .. .. -1.4 Tanzania .. .. .. .. 43.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. -52.3 222.6 0.1 -13.5 -37.5 5.1 -95.8 559.3 22.8 9.5 .. 6.5 -25.5 Zimbabwe .. 1.1 25.6 0.2 10.4 28.2 -2.9 -28.8 11.6 -5.2 -10.1 .. 21.1 -0.9 NORTH AFRICA .. -11.6 19.4 6.0 -9.4 0.2 5.1 -9.7 1.1 -13.6 15.0 .. 11.3 -2.2 Algeria .. -13.6 10.1 1.3 -10.8 -10.6 25.6 .. .. .. .. .. -4.2 -1.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. -10.7 24.1 8.1 -8.8 4.7 -2.1 30.8 1.1 -13.6 15.0 .. .. 3.7 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 17.7 -11.8 14.6 18.8 -5.8 4.9 -3.2 -5.2 18.9 -6.2 5.1 -2.2 6.1 1.9 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 114 External Sector 5-43. Manufactured goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,423 14,105 15,881 19,863 20,732 21,592 20,683 18,840 19,705 19,149 20,645 7,123 12,042 20,151 excluding South Africa 1,003 3,358 3,455 4,374 5,127 5,393 5,259 4,717 4,526 4,908 5,637 688 3,010 4,993 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,003 3,358 3,455 4,374 5,127 5,393 5,259 4,717 4,526 4,908 5,637 688 3,010 4,993 Angola .. 72 71 94 343 400 .. .. .. .. .. .. 129 279 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 206 .. .. Botswana .. 179 153 166 152 241 249 189 153 143 134 .. 454 178 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 40 57 55 62 38 33 35 41 44 48 51 46 54 44 Cameroon 605 378 370 363 398 385 407 424 438 458 483 511 502 420 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 10 10 12 13 14 16 16 .. .. 13 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 156 136 92 108 109 82 81 .. .. .. .. 111 95 Comoros .. 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 0 2 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 61 45 52 82 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 67 Congo, Rep. of 0 141 86 94 118 141 148 156 164 172 180 14 128 147 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. 28 27 26 37 39 40 41 43 .. .. 35 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 63 102 117 177 94 87 78 76 75 88 .. 69 99 Ethiopia .. 95 129 183 200 332 321 312 205 284 288 117 131 266 Gabon .. 89 30 32 286 289 388 401 422 443 468 .. 82 341 Gambia, The .. 46 36 34 29 16 21 22 22 25 27 .. 44 25 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 196 151 173 159 174 194 215 227 247 .. .. 172 198 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 5 6 2 8 8 8 8 .. .. 6 Kenya .. 229 268 487 443 465 413 402 361 437 421 186 272 429 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 .. .. 110 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .. .. 20 Malawi .. 214 176 122 169 230 106 160 153 159 199 .. 107 162 Mali 193 136 122 150 150 148 159 189 209 216 .. 174 116 174 Mauritania .. 133 113 138 200 97 148 86 54 86 109 .. 118 115 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 644 0 0 81 Mozambique .. .. .. 185 229 221 237 348 277 262 281 .. .. 255 Namibia .. 200 210 232 233 246 223 209 214 198 205 .. 197 220 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 91 23 41 55 71 66 48 43 44 45 82 93 52 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Senegal .. .. 289 354 356 324 387 402 336 353 481 .. 289 374 Seychelles .. 0 0 26 30 37 34 42 35 37 43 .. 0 35 Sierra Leone .. 15 15 7 15 6 8 6 9 11 14 .. 17 9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 8,420 10,747 12,426 15,489 15,605 16,200 15,424 14,124 15,179 14,240 15,008 6,434 9,031 15,159 Sudan .. 311 255 307 324 339 636 276 354 547 695 160 162 435 Swaziland 165 211 229 321 277 296 291 261 289 245 238 91 147 277 Tanzania .. 12 10 15 17 27 18 15 14 .. .. 6 11 18 Togo .. 60 48 80 72 63 75 .. .. .. .. 67 81 72 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. 40 54 55 116 108 103 105 116 129 .. 40 98 Zimbabwe .. 212 290 364 369 447 365 189 257 232 213 166 214 304 NORTH AFRICA 3,492 3,882 4,342 4,740 4,035 3,774 4,108 3,892 3,930 6,005 6,492 3,057 3,600 4,622 Algeria 2,593 2,212 2,347 2,390 1,788 1,564 1,732 1,665 1,681 1,828 1,956 2,341 2,150 1,826 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 899 1,670 1,994 2,350 2,247 2,210 2,376 2,227 2,249 2,358 2,528 716 1,450 2,318 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,819 2,008 .. .. 1,913 ALL AFRICA 12,915 17,987 20,223 24,602 24,767 25,366 24,791 22,732 23,635 25,153 27,137 10,179 15,641 24,773 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 115 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11.2 8.5 15.4 20.2 14.5 7.8 -0.6 -8.4 4.2 -0.1 3.9 -2.1 4.9 3.3 excluding South Africa 18.5 9.4 5.0 25.0 10.4 15.3 -14.4 -8.1 -2.8 3.4 -5.2 30.2 5.4 0.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 18.5 9.4 5.0 25.0 10.4 15.3 -14.4 -8.1 -2.8 3.4 -5.2 30.2 5.4 0.4 Angola .. -43.9 -5.0 20.5 264.7 29.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. -9.2 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -17.5 2.5 -3.7 70.4 7.3 -23.9 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. 0.6 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 1.9 -6.4 4.3 -36.1 -7.9 9.0 15.7 6.1 6.1 2.3 .. -1.7 -0.6 Cameroon 16.5 31.5 -12.3 10.6 2.4 0.8 8.1 2.3 10.0 5.2 5.2 -3.9 -0.2 5.2 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. -13.0 27.0 21.5 18.3 -0.6 7.0 3.6 .. .. .. .. -3.0 8.9 Comoros .. -1.4 24.3 3.3 6.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. .. .. .. 6.6 3.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 32.2 10.9 -1.1 35.9 35.9 -31.0 8.5 4.6 4.5 4.0 .. 1.3 4.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. -7.3 -4.5 33.9 2.4 -0.1 1.3 1.4 .. .. 4.8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 4.5 -22.2 -9.6 -17.2 -47.4 26.8 6.0 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. -4.6 -6.3 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. -2.0 -25.6 3.2 -7.5 8.1 9.4 7.9 2.9 6.2 .. .. 1.7 4.6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. -5.8 13.4 64.7 -7.8 -4.4 -9.5 -5.0 -19.6 11.7 -6.6 .. -3.9 -3.2 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. -3.9 -18.3 -42.3 60.6 48.2 -18.4 -8.9 17.0 5.6 41.1 .. 32.0 8.5 Mali 4.5 -5.0 -13.6 10.2 3.5 4.7 3.8 18.4 8.4 3.0 .. 4.6 3.8 7.5 Mauritania .. -2.2 -6.3 -20.3 -3.8 0.8 26.6 -23.3 -50.5 55.5 22.3 .. 0.7 -6.2 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. 16.1 -3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -3.6 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 5.2 -5.1 5.9 .. .. 0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. -6.3 3.3 62.1 36.6 39.3 -5.3 -25.5 -4.1 9.0 8.0 .. -5.8 7.2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. 9.2 -6.5 16.5 25.0 -0.7 -20.5 10.9 37.5 .. .. 5.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. 26.1 21.4 -1.5 23.1 -25.6 17.2 29.1 .. .. 7.8 Sierra Leone .. -14.2 -2.4 -59.6 120.8 -54.9 47.5 -33.2 43.4 33.8 19.0 .. .. 1.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 10.1 8.2 18.4 19.0 15.5 5.9 3.3 -8.5 5.8 -0.8 5.9 -3.7 4.9 4.0 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -57.1 25.3 50.9 .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 24.0 4.9 54.7 -9.3 14.9 2.1 -9.4 14.6 -12.2 0.4 .. .. 3.2 Tanzania .. .. .. .. -29.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. 61.4 51.5 125.2 -0.1 -11.2 4.7 11.5 10.1 .. .. 23.1 Zimbabwe .. -13.7 32.5 18.1 6.4 26.2 -13.1 -47.0 39.4 -5.4 -11.7 .. 3.0 -4.0 NORTH AFRICA .. -9.2 2.9 0.3 -6.6 0.5 9.7 -33.9 -3.6 6.7 8.0 .. 3.6 -5.2 Algeria .. -13.6 6.7 1.3 -11.1 -10.6 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. -7.1 -5.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. -5.5 0.0 -0.6 -2.8 9.0 12.3 5.2 -3.6 6.7 8.0 .. .. 4.5 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 11.2 4.0 12.7 16.2 10.8 6.8 0.8 -12.2 3.3 0.6 4.3 -0.6 4.5 2.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 116 External Sector 5-45. Capital goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,087 11,591 12,475 15,971 17,022 16,851 16,690 14,986 14,560 14,307 14,494 4,120 10,208 15,610 excluding South Africa 2,862 8,043 8,024 10,612 11,403 10,998 10,758 10,107 9,603 9,567 9,534 1,747 7,114 10,323 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,862 8,043 8,024 10,612 11,403 10,998 10,758 10,107 9,603 9,567 9,534 1,747 7,114 10,323 Angola .. 322 327 327 303 354 .. .. .. .. .. .. 284 328 Benin .. 207 156 246 249 239 253 266 250 262 .. .. 152 252 Botswana .. 542 485 657 521 850 875 760 616 576 538 .. 576 674 Burkina Faso .. 114 81 151 169 155 194 203 173 157 179 .. 113 173 Burundi 33 78 81 88 49 45 49 52 59 66 68 45 74 59 Cameroon 388 325 314 315 362 399 403 407 412 416 421 359 420 392 Cape Verde .. 71 98 121 114 117 95 99 106 106 109 .. 66 108 Central African Republic .. 53 43 63 14 20 54 62 82 88 94 73 62 59 Chad .. 125 124 126 149 158 174 154 .. .. .. 52 87 152 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 13 11 14 4 5 6 .. .. 9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 464 553 788 862 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 567 825 Congo, Rep. of 0 203 113 336 1,105 510 371 321 525 496 528 20 217 524 Côte d'Ivoire 1,102 417 410 584 576 621 709 720 471 492 596 663 467 596 Djibouti .. .. .. 54 53 54 77 81 96 101 103 .. .. 77 Equatorial Guinea .. 24 42 64 192 300 384 205 108 83 82 10 25 177 Eritrea .. 62 114 173 162 161 141 122 80 91 115 .. 62 131 Ethiopia .. 404 257 350 458 528 586 679 710 487 523 449 379 540 Gabon .. 320 320 339 355 388 343 311 327 344 363 188 292 346 Gambia, The .. 48 39 37 32 37 43 40 40 45 48 .. 21 40 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 200 201 .. Guinea .. 92 72 88 78 83 85 106 120 132 .. .. 79 99 Guinea-Bissau .. 14 15 15 10 18 26 -10 4 7 10 12 16 10 Kenya 409 329 503 995 869 844 896 680 724 639 754 287 481 800 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 .. .. 134 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 333 140 143 141 164 146 139 140 167 164 92 160 131 144 Malawi .. 272 199 164 259 326 250 305 223 217 317 .. 170 258 Mali 225 182 193 246 226 221 231 252 257 280 .. 214 169 245 Mauritania .. 114 73 93 72 79 64 59 78 61 56 85 105 70 Mauritius 89 378 381 529 412 493 548 498 653 465 456 72 283 507 Mozambique .. .. .. 166 170 154 166 243 410 396 525 .. .. 279 Namibia .. 443 466 514 516 545 494 463 475 439 454 .. 437 487 Niger .. 80 67 87 56 68 87 .. .. .. .. .. 100 74 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 72 36 50 54 62 60 55 53 51 53 50 71 55 São Tomé and Principe .. 11 12 12 7 7 8 11 12 13 14 1 11 11 Senegal 158 159 154 180 193 192 214 243 234 242 317 137 158 227 Seychelles .. 60 48 70 172 98 147 193 87 204 126 16 41 137 Sierra Leone .. 23 27 11 24 12 9 5 18 22 26 54 35 16 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,225 3,547 4,451 5,359 5,619 5,854 5,933 4,879 4,957 4,741 4,960 2,373 3,093 5,288 Sudan .. 202 189 210 254 261 348 358 324 551 621 348 273 366 Swaziland 126 172 213 249 286 302 329 290 303 197 191 95 146 268 Tanzania .. 628 597 602 461 503 733 693 638 755 813 458 534 650 Togo .. 58 41 75 105 101 97 .. .. .. .. 51 92 95 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 328 296 396 361 388 284 253 284 460 325 118 282 344 Zimbabwe .. 508 743 901 930 1,148 784 773 480 458 476 345 525 744 NORTH AFRICA 4,871 7,841 7,905 9,775 10,634 10,607 12,193 13,795 13,108 14,066 15,775 4,580 6,809 12,494 Algeria 3,324 1,835 2,118 2,934 3,023 2,831 2,907 3,155 2,983 4,128 4,985 3,054 2,304 3,368 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 2,545 2,349 3,108 4,101 4,114 4,801 5,575 5,639 5,583 5,999 .. 2,500 4,865 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 806 1,946 2,003 2,186 1,948 1,939 2,567 2,833 2,388 2,237 2,393 808 1,477 2,311 Tunisia 742 1,515 1,434 1,547 1,562 1,724 1,918 2,233 2,099 2,118 2,398 719 1,028 1,950 ALL AFRICA 10,958 19,432 20,380 25,745 27,656 27,458 28,883 28,781 27,668 28,373 30,269 8,700 17,016 28,104 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 117 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32.6 5.5 12.7 20.5 14.5 7.9 -0.2 -8.1 1.2 3.7 -0.3 3.7 5.0 3.1 excluding South Africa 22.4 1.9 2.7 23.7 11.3 8.0 -6.8 -1.3 -3.9 4.9 -4.5 17.7 5.9 2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 22.4 1.9 2.7 23.7 11.3 8.0 -6.8 -1.3 -3.9 4.9 -4.5 17.7 5.9 2.1 Angola .. -10.5 -1.7 -9.0 -7.3 29.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. -13.6 27.9 -16.6 75.3 6.9 -12.9 -17.4 -1.8 -10.2 .. .. 3.0 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 6.9 0.2 -3.3 -42.7 2.8 12.0 7.0 10.9 10.9 2.7 .. -0.5 -0.3 Cameroon -7.4 2.3 -15.3 13.2 21.9 6.3 6.0 4.0 45.0 5.0 5.9 -5.6 2.1 13.0 Cape Verde .. -27.7 36.1 21.4 -8.3 0.1 -21.2 4.3 5.8 -0.6 1.4 .. 10.8 -2.1 Central African Republic .. -17.2 -21.1 34.1 -79.1 47.6 162.6 11.9 28.5 4.6 4.7 .. -4.8 12.9 Chad .. -8.0 -2.0 29.6 18.9 5.9 0.4 1.1 .. .. .. .. -8.5 9.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 32.2 10.9 -1.1 199.4 -58.4 19.1 2.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 .. -1.1 3.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. -13.5 -2.6 29.4 23.7 8.5 7.5 8.0 6.5 7.5 7.5 .. 2.2 10.7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. -4.9 -2.5 37.1 3.0 14.6 1.7 -0.3 .. .. 8.4 Equatorial Guinea .. -4.3 67.5 39.0 189.2 62.3 22.4 -48.3 -48.7 -25.5 -2.9 .. 9.1 0.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -1.0 -20.8 -7.9 -15.7 11.1 13.2 -8.6 -2.6 11.0 3.4 .. 74.5 0.6 Ghana .. 14.7 6.0 9.1 24.8 -17.1 13.8 9.8 7.6 8.5 8.0 .. 4.7 6.9 Guinea .. -0.5 -24.3 9.4 5.2 7.2 23.5 21.2 11.1 7.1 .. .. 2.7 13.0 Guinea-Bissau .. -40.9 26.2 13.8 -37.4 74.0 38.2 -138.9 -140.2 100.0 38.1 .. 8.0 -9.5 Kenya 8.0 -22.9 48.6 79.0 -11.4 -11.5 -16.7 -3.7 5.5 -12.5 14.4 10.9 -2.8 -2.9 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 13.9 -2.1 -9.9 20.1 -3.3 2.8 5.5 10.6 10.8 -20.6 .. 2.3 3.5 Malawi .. -1.8 -28.7 -20.4 59.8 29.5 -8.1 1.6 -46.6 -4.5 -0.1 .. 15.9 -3.2 Mali 3.0 -5.0 2.2 15.5 -8.0 8.9 8.7 9.0 0.1 8.1 .. -1.1 2.0 5.5 Mauritania .. -4.9 -31.0 46.9 -26.3 -15.9 -0.1 -24.0 56.5 -22.2 -8.3 .. -7.1 -4.8 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. -11.9 -9.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -3.6 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 5.2 -5.1 5.9 .. .. 0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. -6.3 3.3 25.8 11.5 23.3 -0.8 6.1 1.6 8.0 6.4 .. -0.3 8.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 20.8 3.9 -6.4 -38.0 0.2 51.7 5.6 7.1 7.9 4.9 .. 2.1 4.2 Senegal .. -8.7 -34.0 4.5 -0.4 27.6 16.8 8.6 -8.5 9.2 31.9 .. -1.2 9.9 Seychelles .. 56.4 -19.5 43.9 164.2 -44.3 62.0 30.8 -60.2 162.3 -31.8 .. 13.8 13.2 Sierra Leone .. -3.2 16.1 -61.4 106.6 -47.0 -21.1 -46.8 273.4 19.6 19.0 .. .. 1.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 .. South Africa 37.4 11.1 27.2 16.8 18.4 7.9 7.5 -14.9 7.2 2.4 4.3 -0.3 4.0 4.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 -11.7 66.4 .. .. 20.1 .. Swaziland .. -11.9 19.8 29.3 20.8 13.5 13.1 -11.0 8.2 -32.7 0.4 .. .. 2.6 Tanzania .. .. .. .. -22.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. -6.6 -12.9 26.3 -4.0 15.4 -24.0 -10.7 14.6 64.5 -29.7 .. 5.6 2.3 Zimbabwe .. -17.3 41.4 14.0 8.5 28.5 -27.2 0.8 -36.2 0.0 0.0 .. 5.1 -6.1 NORTH AFRICA .. -6.9 -11.8 15.6 8.4 6.7 30.1 -15.2 -13.1 -72.2 8.0 .. 5.0 -11.3 Algeria .. -10.5 7.6 7.0 8.9 -1.0 25.3 .. .. .. .. .. -8.3 8.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -4.7 -9.6 26.2 31.5 6.6 23.4 18.4 2.9 .. .. .. 0.9 18.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. -19.7 -23.3 24.7 -21.6 11.1 66.9 -7.3 3.3 -8.9 8.0 .. .. 7.7 Tunisia .. 20.7 -23.7 -4.2 -1.0 17.1 10.3 17.2 .. .. .. .. 2.7 8.0 ALL AFRICA 32.6 -0.7 1.3 18.5 12.1 7.5 11.2 -11.2 -4.8 -25.6 0.9 7.3 5.0 -0.8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). 118 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1992 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 ** 0.6 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.6 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 16.2 .. 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 .. 6.7 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 ** 0 .. 0.1 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.1 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.5 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.8 0.0 14.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.9 0.0 46.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.2 .. 0.0 0.9 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.1 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.7 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.9 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.3 0.5 13.8 17.1 1.6 7.3 4.6 5.1 5.4 8.0 0.1 1.4 1.5 25.5 71.5 2.5 16.3 .. 0.6 1.1 European Community EU 74.1 32.0 47.8 38.1 14.0 78.7 80.5 47.9 45.7 71.4 54.5 63.6 59.2 58.7 3.0 52.8 78.9 .. 48.7 40.4 Canada CAN 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 3.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 2.0 0.0 United States USA 14.0 62.7 7.7 4.1 0.0 7.5 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 34.9 18.5 35.9 6.3 0.0 7.5 0.2 .. 4.3 39.1 North America NNA 14.8 62.7 7.7 4.3 0.0 7.6 5.1 0.8 0.4 0.4 36.3 21.9 35.9 6.9 0.0 8.4 0.2 .. 6.2 39.1 Rest of World ROW 10.8 4.7 30.7 40.5 84.4 6.4 9.8 46.2 48.6 20.3 9.0 13.1 3.4 8.9 25.5 36.3 4.7 .. 44.4 19.4 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 119 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1992 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.1 0.8 16.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 6.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.9 2.7 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 9.6 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 1.1 14.0 4.6 18.2 21.3 1.0 0.8 1.7 9.0 12.3 10.2 10.2 4.1 1.7 9.6 4.1 3.5 7.4 2.4 0.4 0.0 European Community EU 79.0 60.1 36.0 52.6 48.0 36.9 75.3 83.3 56.9 48.3 45.6 52.0 81.7 69.9 34.6 73.0 88.8 41.3 96.3 89.5 80.2 Canada CAN 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.8 2.3 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.2 2.2 0.1 0.9 1.1 1.9 6.5 4.3 3.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 United States USA 0.4 8.9 12.2 0.0 5.4 57.0 1.6 0.0 13.3 13.0 0.7 4.7 10.0 3.3 7.1 8.5 1.5 38.9 0.1 2.4 5.3 North America NNA 0.5 9.3 13.1 0.0 6.2 59.3 1.7 0.0 14.7 13.3 2.9 4.7 10.9 4.4 9.0 15.1 5.8 42.1 0.1 2.6 5.3 Rest of World ROW 19.4 16.6 46.3 29.3 24.5 2.7 22.2 15.0 19.4 26.2 41.4 33.1 3.3 24.0 46.8 7.8 1.8 9.2 1.2 7.5 14.4 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 120 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1992 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 3.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Guinea GIN 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 1.9 1.8 0.1 0.0 2.4 0.7 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 4.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 10.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 ** 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Togo TGO 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 3.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 3.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 ** 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 23.7 2.3 0.7 1.0 11.0 0.5 13.0 15.7 20.8 1.8 3.4 3.7 21.5 9.1 1.9 0.2 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.6 European Community EU 47.8 32.1 74.0 11.4 48.6 33.3 34.9 43.0 30.5 76.7 70.8 23.0 38.2 48.1 65.9 8.8 24.7 21.1 26.6 42.1 Canada CAN 1.1 0.4 1.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 3.7 0.5 12.5 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.9 ** 18.1 14.1 2.2 3.5 United States USA 1.7 0.9 17.0 1.7 10.2 3.3 5.3 2.4 3.0 1.2 6.9 5.5 6.7 20.4 6.6 73.3 ** 16.4 20.6 14.2 North America NNA 2.8 1.3 18.4 1.7 10.9 3.3 9.0 2.9 15.5 1.2 8.2 5.9 7.0 21.7 7.5 73.3 18.1 30.5 22.7 17.7 Rest of World ROW 25.7 64.3 6.9 85.9 29.4 62.9 43.1 38.4 33.2 20.2 17.5 67.4 33.3 21.1 24.8 17.6 56.0 47.5 49.3 38.6 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 121 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 1.1 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 8.6 .. 0.0 0.1 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 ** 1.1 0.0 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 7.7 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0 .. 2.8 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 .. 1.6 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 .. 0.1 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.7 0.0 7.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.1 0.6 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.5 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 7.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.1 0.2 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.7 30.1 3.6 5.1 11.9 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.6 1.2 4.6 15.8 12.3 1.8 7.5 0.7 1.5 4.3 0.0 7.9 1.2 19.7 62.1 1.5 8.7 .. 2.1 1.0 European Community EU 61.3 14.1 24.7 50.2 41.9 70.7 73.9 62.2 76.9 61.9 64.2 60.4 31.9 54.1 7.7 50.4 31.5 .. 49.1 11.7 Canada CAN 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 1.3 0.0 United States USA 17.2 62.1 3.1 6.1 0.5 15.9 2.6 1.5 0.8 2.0 18.2 21.8 20.4 6.8 0.0 10.9 8.3 .. 11.4 64.8 North America NNA 20.3 62.1 3.1 6.4 0.5 16.0 2.9 1.7 0.9 2.1 18.4 22.4 20.6 7.9 0.0 11.3 8.4 .. 12.7 64.8 Rest of World ROW 17.8 22.5 67.6 27.6 45.3 11.5 15.7 35.4 20.7 31.7 17.3 9.3 46.3 18.3 30.2 36.8 51.5 .. 36.1 22.5 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 122 External Sector 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.9 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 0.8 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.6 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.7 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.9 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.6 0.1 0.0 ** 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 4.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.7 12.7 ** .. 0.1 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.4 14.5 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 11.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 .. 0.5 0.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.7 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.3 0.2 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 6.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 8.9 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 1.3 8.3 6.0 1.3 30.6 0.3 1.4 2.6 5.3 19.9 3.6 9.5 2.8 1.4 27.6 4.5 15.2 8.0 .. 5.8 9.0 European Community EU 83.6 58.7 40.2 19.9 43.1 30.3 55.3 82.7 70.4 37.4 33.0 60.9 74.6 69.9 39.4 67.3 13.4 28.1 .. 70.7 73.7 Canada CAN 0.1 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.6 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 3.4 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 3.2 2.1 2.3 .. 0.2 0.3 United States USA 1.6 10.0 12.7 0.1 5.4 52.7 0.6 0.0 9.6 14.8 1.3 0.1 15.3 4.2 10.0 16.5 13.2 37.1 .. 3.9 1.8 North America NNA 1.6 10.6 14.8 0.3 6.0 56.4 0.6 0.0 10.3 15.1 4.7 0.1 16.1 4.9 10.3 19.7 15.4 39.4 .. 4.1 2.1 Rest of World ROW 13.5 22.4 39.1 78.5 20.3 13.0 42.7 14.7 14.0 27.5 58.7 29.5 6.5 23.8 22.7 8.5 56.0 24.5 .. 19.5 15.3 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 123 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1997 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Guinea GIN 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 3.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 1.2 6.2 0.1 0.1 4.0 12.8 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.7 ** 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 3.6 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 ** 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 25.8 3.2 0.3 0.3 14.2 1.3 14.9 11.2 12.1 0.9 2.3 13.2 22.3 10.8 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.3 European Community EU 52.7 75.4 81.7 15.6 34.4 34.2 42.0 36.9 22.0 82.6 72.7 26.4 40.6 36.9 59.5 6.7 21.6 18.2 23.3 35.3 Canada CAN 0.4 1.2 3.9 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.3 12.8 0.1 1.2 2.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 ** 19.1 14.8 1.8 3.8 United States USA 1.1 2.4 9.1 0.1 8.8 2.3 15.3 4.0 3.1 1.2 5.8 5.1 6.5 19.8 8.3 77.7 ** 17.5 21.3 16.1 North America NNA 1.5 3.6 13.0 0.1 10.1 2.3 16.7 4.3 15.9 1.3 7.0 7.4 7.4 21.1 9.4 77.7 19.1 32.2 23.1 19.9 Rest of World ROW 20.0 17.8 5.1 83.9 41.3 62.2 26.5 47.7 50.0 15.2 18.0 53.0 29.7 31.2 29.6 15.4 58.5 48.8 52.5 43.5 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 124 External Sector 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2002 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 2.2 .. 0.0 0.1 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 3.7 0.0 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 ** 0.6 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 13.5 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0 .. 0.8 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.1 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.7 0.0 3.4 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.2 .. 0.4 0.7 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.2 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.2 2.2 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.3 0.4 10.3 2.5 15.5 23.6 7.5 0.7 2.6 10.6 0.3 7.6 2.3 20.8 81.6 2.1 2.2 .. 0.9 3.6 European Community EU 64.3 26.8 27.1 91.0 32.6 58.7 71.0 87.3 87.7 59.9 64.9 75.7 23.2 51.5 3.3 45.8 36.4 .. 48.1 18.6 Canada CAN 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.6 10.6 .. 0.8 0.1 United States USA 12.2 41.1 0.4 1.7 1.9 2.6 8.9 8.1 1.1 8.5 17.7 13.5 10.2 7.9 1.4 21.1 28.3 .. 5.4 55.1 North America NNA 17.9 41.1 0.4 1.8 1.9 3.6 9.2 8.1 1.3 8.6 18.2 13.5 10.2 8.9 1.8 21.7 38.9 .. 6.3 55.1 Rest of World ROW 17.5 31.6 62.2 4.7 50.0 14.1 12.2 3.9 8.4 20.9 16.5 3.2 64.3 18.8 13.3 30.5 22.4 .. 44.8 22.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 125 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2002 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 1.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 3.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.7 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 6.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.7 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.3 3.7 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.1 0.0 ** 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 1.2 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 4.2 0.2 ** 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.7 35.1 ** .. 0.1 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 10.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1 4.4 0.0 5.6 1.8 .. 0.3 0.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 5.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 4.2 11.8 5.9 2.3 36.0 0.0 1.9 0.2 3.5 13.9 9.9 12.9 3.9 1.8 12.4 1.6 47.6 11.9 .. 2.0 0.4 European Community EU 76.3 56.3 44.5 7.9 32.5 2.6 74.8 82.2 59.4 34.3 37.4 67.0 72.9 67.5 72.7 81.5 46.2 25.5 .. 31.9 69.8 Canada CAN 0.1 1.7 3.1 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.0 1.8 0.6 0.8 .. 0.4 10.8 United States USA 1.0 7.5 9.2 0.0 8.3 96.0 4.0 0.0 25.8 17.3 1.6 0.2 17.2 4.7 1.1 7.3 0.6 33.3 .. 2.4 3.4 North America NNA 1.1 9.2 12.3 0.0 8.7 97.0 4.1 0.0 26.2 17.6 2.8 0.2 17.8 5.4 1.1 9.1 1.2 34.1 .. 2.9 14.2 Rest of World ROW 18.4 22.6 37.4 89.8 22.8 0.3 19.2 17.6 10.9 34.2 49.9 19.8 5.4 25.3 13.8 7.8 5.1 28.5 .. 63.3 15.6 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 126 External Sector 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2002 (continued) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 3.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 3.4 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 6.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 3.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.4 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.3 0.1 0.5 10.2 13.5 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.5 ** 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 ** 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 33.8 10.5 2.4 1.3 13.2 0.3 10.4 16.6 48.4 1.0 2.6 27.5 17.5 11.2 1.5 0.2 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.3 European Community EU 39.6 66.5 86.1 3.5 41.5 9.6 27.8 38.3 19.0 80.4 65.0 16.0 38.6 39.6 59.5 6.1 22.5 18.3 22.9 35.1 Canada CAN 0.1 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.2 ** 20.3 15.1 2.0 3.7 United States USA 0.4 7.7 3.8 0.5 12.8 0.1 27.5 3.3 1.0 1.4 4.8 1.2 7.4 19.1 10.2 82.0 ** 21.1 22.9 18.2 North America NNA 0.5 7.8 5.5 0.8 13.8 0.1 27.9 3.7 1.1 1.5 4.9 1.3 7.8 20.0 11.3 82.0 20.3 36.2 24.9 21.9 Rest of World ROW 26.1 15.2 6.0 94.4 31.5 90.0 33.9 41.5 31.4 17.1 27.5 55.2 36.1 29.2 27.6 11.7 56.2 44.8 51.2 41.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 127 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1992 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 3.4 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.5 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.1 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.0 30.3 0.2 0.0 10.2 10.4 0.7 0.0 2.2 1.2 ** 0.0 0.0 5.3 .. 0.0 1.3 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 3.7 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 ** 0 .. 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 .. 1.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 .. 0.2 0.9 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 7.1 0.1 5.6 0.4 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.7 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 10.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.5 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.2 0.0 24.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.3 6.9 8.1 26.3 38.5 16.3 5.8 11.8 14.4 8.7 20.5 12.1 5.5 25.2 4.0 0.6 5.7 .. 1.1 8.7 European Community EU 72.1 74.5 52.6 32.6 46.4 58.4 70.1 72.6 73.3 80.1 63.1 52.2 63.3 56.3 45.1 39.2 69.1 .. 42.8 69.0 Canada CAN 1.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.0 .. 0.9 0.7 United States USA 9.2 6.5 4.8 17.3 2.9 5.7 4.8 2.5 0.8 4.2 0.6 4.5 8.7 4.0 2.5 24.7 19.2 .. 21.8 6.5 North America NNA 10.9 6.7 5.0 18.3 4.0 5.9 6.2 2.5 0.9 4.2 0.6 5.3 8.8 4.2 2.6 25.4 19.2 .. 22.8 7.2 Rest of World ROW 16.7 11.9 34.3 22.7 11.0 19.5 17.8 13.0 11.4 6.9 15.8 30.3 22.5 14.3 48.2 34.7 6.0 .. 33.4 15.1 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 128 External Sector 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1992 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 3.6 3.9 11.7 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.4 3.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 9.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 6.4 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.0 1.1 1.3 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.1 16.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 3.3 0.0 2.4 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 44.1 0.1 0.0 15.8 0.0 25.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.5 4.8 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 7.6 21.5 18.6 8.3 3.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 12.2 52.0 32.0 4.1 18.4 1.6 30.3 1.7 11.8 3.1 5.0 21.9 5.0 European Community EU 42.1 43.9 49.1 55.6 39.5 54.3 22.3 62.7 56.4 24.8 49.7 59.7 36.8 64.5 28.2 68.7 66.1 51.6 84.0 50.8 65.0 Canada CAN 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.4 United States USA 2.9 7.4 7.8 1.3 6.5 4.4 0.6 0.0 1.4 2.2 2.2 11.5 1.6 6.4 14.5 20.9 4.3 11.6 0.2 1.3 8.1 North America NNA 2.9 8.7 8.0 1.3 7.5 4.5 0.6 1.4 1.6 2.6 3.2 11.7 1.7 7.7 16.1 21.6 4.6 12.1 0.2 2.5 8.5 Rest of World ROW 47.4 26.0 24.3 34.9 49.5 40.5 76.6 35.7 29.8 20.5 15.1 24.6 43.1 26.1 25.5 8.0 17.5 33.2 10.9 24.8 21.5 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 129 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1992 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 Angola AGO 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 7.2 0.0 12.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.5 0.0 15.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 19.9 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 Madagascar MDG 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 5.7 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.3 Reunion REU 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 16.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.3 21.9 35.0 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 4.7 ** 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 16.0 19.1 16.6 16.0 2.5 2.5 2.2 4.9 17.4 0.6 22.8 27.7 38.3 9.2 1.6 0.5 2.1 1.8 0.9 1.5 European Community EU 57.8 32.5 48.6 29.0 50.5 33.5 31.3 37.7 39.6 78.1 38.5 30.4 33.2 48.4 66.2 9.7 19.1 17.3 26.4 42.0 Canada CAN 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 2.1 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.6 ** 19.3 15.7 1.4 3.6 United States USA 6.4 1.3 13.2 10.7 17.4 4.5 5.6 2.5 2.3 3.9 4.2 6.7 9.3 9.1 6.8 72.7 ** 13.6 16.9 11.9 North America NNA 7.8 1.3 13.4 11.4 18.0 5.0 6.2 3.4 2.9 4.6 6.3 7.5 10.3 9.6 7.4 72.7 19.3 29.3 18.3 15.5 Rest of World ROW 18.5 47.1 21.4 43.7 28.9 59.0 60.3 54.0 40.2 16.7 32.3 34.5 18.2 32.8 24.7 17.1 59.5 51.6 54.4 41.0 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 130 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 14.6 9.6 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 13.3 .. 0.0 4.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 25.4 0.0 3.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 8.3 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 ** 0 .. 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.5 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 6.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 4.2 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.1 .. 2.6 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.8 .. 0.0 1.7 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 6.4 0.2 0.7 11.7 0.0 7.1 0.3 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 2.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 1.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.3 9.1 0.4 0.0 0.6 6.7 0.9 2.4 0.2 0.2 4.3 0.0 4.8 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 2.2 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 2.2 .. 0.0 0.3 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.3 0.0 19.0 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.7 10.4 11.9 19.7 32.5 19.2 17.8 6.3 17.8 23.8 7.7 18.7 12.6 19.1 14.1 0.7 14.4 .. 3.2 16.3 European Community EU 61.3 52.1 45.3 25.4 48.1 64.5 59.5 68.4 55.5 61.0 71.3 34.3 61.4 56.2 41.9 39.6 52.3 .. 40.9 60.5 Canada CAN 5.3 0.3 0.9 5.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.0 .. 0.4 0.6 United States USA 8.7 12.2 5.4 8.7 3.8 0.7 8.8 9.3 3.2 2.6 0.2 4.2 9.9 5.8 2.1 20.1 25.8 .. 9.0 7.6 North America NNA 14.0 12.6 6.2 13.8 4.0 0.7 9.0 9.8 3.3 2.8 0.2 4.8 10.2 6.0 2.3 20.7 25.8 .. 9.3 8.2 Rest of World ROW 24.1 24.9 36.5 41.2 15.4 15.6 13.7 15.5 23.4 12.3 20.8 42.2 15.8 18.7 41.7 39.0 7.5 .. 46.5 15.0 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 131 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 (continued) Importer Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 .. 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.6 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 4.3 5.1 8.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.8 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.6 .. 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9 .. 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 22.4 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.6 Morocco MAR 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 1.1 1.8 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 .. 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.6 .. 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.4 14.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 8.2 ** .. 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Senegal SEN 4.2 0.1 1.3 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.3 3.1 2.1 0.4 11.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 7.7 48.8 2.3 0.4 13.9 1.0 59.8 0.0 0.2 0.8 .. 2.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.4 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.5 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.5 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.5 9.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 9.7 23.1 13.6 13.3 14.2 0.7 1.1 0.3 16.1 72.5 36.2 4.1 15.8 4.1 66.8 10.3 25.5 3.3 .. 30.5 European Community EU 39.6 42.2 49.2 43.9 31.4 27.7 17.8 62.1 50.1 13.1 48.0 56.8 37.3 65.7 10.3 44.3 50.6 46.9 .. 34.6 Canada CAN 0.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 3.0 0.1 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 1.5 1.4 0.2 2.3 0.7 .. 1.0 United States USA 3.3 10.4 11.5 3.6 7.0 3.2 1.2 0.0 1.6 3.2 3.6 3.3 1.6 4.9 4.2 11.9 7.6 12.8 .. 13.3 North America NNA 3.4 11.6 12.2 3.9 7.4 3.3 1.3 3.0 1.7 4.2 4.5 3.4 1.8 6.4 5.6 12.1 10.0 13.5 .. 14.4 Rest of World ROW 47.3 23.1 24.9 38.9 46.9 68.3 79.8 34.7 32.1 10.2 11.3 35.7 45.1 23.8 17.3 33.3 13.9 36.3 .. 20.5 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 132 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1997 Importer Percentage of total exports Exporters STP SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 3.3 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.1 13.6 0.1 2.3 0.1 13.7 0.0 0.0 37.5 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 5.7 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 7.2 0.2 15.7 3.7 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 6.1 0.8 0.0 5.1 32.6 57.6 5.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 ** 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 12.3 ** 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 10.0 9.9 19.2 20.5 14.0 3.7 3.2 3.2 21.4 16.9 0.7 44.4 45.9 61.5 13.2 1.5 0.5 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.5 European Community EU 24.6 64.2 38.6 51.9 7.1 44.6 28.3 28.2 26.3 39.4 78.0 28.9 17.7 20.9 41.4 64.2 8.1 18.4 16.5 25.8 37.9 Canada CAN 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 ** 20.5 16.8 1.0 3.9 United States USA 34.5 3.7 2.1 7.2 1.2 12.2 2.7 7.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 4.8 3.1 3.5 8.6 7.2 77.3 ** 14.2 16.1 12.4 North America NNA 34.6 4.6 2.2 7.8 1.5 13.2 3.4 7.1 4.2 4.0 4.0 5.5 3.6 4.0 9.4 7.7 77.3 20.5 31.0 17.1 16.3 Rest of World ROW 30.8 21.3 40.0 19.8 77.4 38.5 65.1 61.5 48.0 39.7 17.3 21.2 32.8 13.7 36.0 26.6 14.1 59.3 51.0 56.1 44.4 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Table continues on the following page.) Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 133 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2002 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 6.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 .. 0.0 0.5 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 6.3 3.1 0.0 3.4 2.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 .. 0.0 1.7 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.3 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 0.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 24.3 0.0 1.6 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.9 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.7 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0 .. 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.7 2.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 4.9 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 .. 3.2 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 Morocco MAR 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.2 .. 0.0 0.8 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 3.6 0.0 12.6 0.0 1.3 5.0 0.0 10.8 0.4 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.9 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.4 2.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.8 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.3 12.8 1.0 0.0 0.4 4.0 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.2 16.6 19.4 4.2 1.9 1.1 0.1 0.9 .. 1.6 2.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.9 14.6 11.1 7.1 36.4 22.3 24.0 5.9 13.6 9.2 28.4 43.8 12.5 23.7 12.7 1.6 4.3 .. 5.2 8.1 European Community EU 62.3 47.6 37.6 56.3 46.4 39.0 52.4 80.9 65.3 49.2 44.7 40.1 55.7 47.6 25.7 35.8 52.8 .. 31.6 74.4 Canada CAN 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.3 .. 0.3 0.4 United States USA 8.1 13.5 2.5 13.1 3.4 1.5 7.8 3.4 7.2 31.0 0.1 3.2 5.9 3.1 9.6 17.1 27.6 .. 5.5 6.4 North America NNA 10.3 13.7 2.8 13.8 3.6 2.0 8.3 3.4 7.5 31.2 0.1 4.0 6.1 3.6 9.7 17.7 27.9 .. 5.8 6.8 Rest of World ROW 26.6 24.1 48.6 22.8 13.6 36.8 15.4 9.8 13.5 10.4 26.7 12.1 25.6 25.1 51.9 44.9 15.0 .. 57.3 10.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 134 External Sector 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2002 (continued) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.1 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.1 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 3.6 6.0 7.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.4 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 11.4 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.7 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 29.1 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Morocco MAR 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.0 1.7 2.5 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.1 21.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.6 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 9.2 0.2 2.1 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.9 3.4 1.6 0.2 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 45.1 2.3 1.4 13.8 0.9 43.2 0.0 1.3 2.5 .. 4.0 2.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 1.8 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 .. 1.5 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 14.1 33.5 12.3 23.0 10.0 0.7 1.2 0.0 18.6 66.3 39.9 6.2 17.3 1.7 44.2 1.1 25.6 4.4 .. 42.3 4.2 European Community EU 31.1 32.5 52.3 41.2 26.6 6.1 27.7 60.5 35.6 12.1 42.7 51.6 34.8 61.9 19.8 50.5 41.8 42.8 .. 36.0 85.0 Canada CAN 0.1 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 .. 0.5 0.0 United States USA 2.6 6.5 8.0 2.6 8.4 1.2 0.6 0.4 2.1 5.5 1.3 3.1 1.4 4.8 6.4 18.4 8.7 9.2 .. 4.7 3.5 North America NNA 2.7 8.0 8.5 2.6 8.8 1.2 0.6 1.0 2.2 6.2 1.6 3.4 1.5 5.8 7.0 18.6 9.0 9.7 .. 5.2 3.5 Rest of World ROW 52.1 26.1 26.8 33.2 54.6 92.1 70.5 38.5 43.6 15.5 15.8 38.7 46.4 30.6 29.0 29.8 23.6 43.1 .. 16.5 7.3 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 135 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2002 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 Angola AGO 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 2.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 1.0 0.0 15.9 0.0 3.2 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 46.5 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 7.8 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 1.1 11.0 1.3 0.1 ** 1.6 0.0 13.6 0.6 0.0 6.6 63.5 52.5 5.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 ** 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 13.5 16.4 11.6 16.5 3.7 5.0 1.6 20.2 14.7 0.6 54.5 67.6 63.8 13.0 1.3 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 European Community EU 56.2 44.7 65.5 10.6 45.5 25.9 18.2 23.3 44.2 78.1 20.8 11.3 12.5 40.5 63.8 9.6 20.1 18.4 25.1 37.9 Canada CAN 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 0 19.6 16.4 0.8 3.9 United States USA 3.8 2.4 5.8 2.2 9.7 0.5 11.5 4.0 1.5 2.1 2.5 3.9 3.4 7.2 6.2 73.4 0 11.9 14.4 10.8 North America NNA 4.1 2.7 6.6 2.3 10.3 2.2 11.7 4.7 2.5 3.1 2.8 4.5 3.7 7.7 6.6 73.4 19.6 28.3 15.2 14.8 Rest of World ROW 26.1 36.2 16.2 70.7 40.5 66.9 68.6 51.9 38.6 18.2 21.9 16.6 20.0 38.8 28.2 16.7 59.2 52.3 58.8 46.1 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 136 External Sector 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1992 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 ** 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 28 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 ** 3 2 0 6 0 0 0 1 Congo, Rep. of COG 16 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 1 3 23 0 137 0 0 17 12 1 0 16 8 ** 0 0 3 0 0 11 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 42 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 28 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 ** 0 0 2 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 1 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 3 41 0 0 11 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 27 0 2 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco MAR 72 8 2 0 1 1 8 0 1 0 1 3 5 6 0 2 1 0 3 8 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 1 0 9 0 13 0 7 0 0 9 0 42 3 386 0 0 0 0 0 23 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 0 5 6 0 3 0 27 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 3 141 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 0 6 13 0 1 0 0 0 5 Sudan SDN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 1 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 98 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 6 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 4 0 65 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 25 167 46 71 175 27 69 19 16 11 22 89 38 552 17 80 3 0 12 74 European Community EU 5,282 1,803 296 88 211 98 825 118 82 102 67 384 437 1,233 189 4,903 39 0 490 582 Canada CAN 119 5 1 3 5 0 16 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 0 86 0 0 11 6 United States USA 677 158 27 47 13 10 57 4 1 5 1 33 60 87 11 3,087 11 0 250 55 North America NNA 796 163 28 49 18 10 73 4 1 5 1 39 61 93 11 3,173 11 0 260 61 Rest of World ROW 1,225 288 193 61 50 33 210 21 13 9 17 223 156 314 202 4,340 3 0 382 127 World WLD 7,327 2,421 563 269 453 168 1,176 163 112 128 106 735 691 2,192 419 12,496 57 0 1,144 844 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 137 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1992 (continued) Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 3 0 0 0 16 0 137 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 13 64 90 5 0 0 23 1 0 0 121 17 11 18 3 0 27 111 0 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 58 0 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 3 13 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 29 2 0 Morocco MAR 0 1 8 0 1 0 0 131 1 0 6 7 2 ** 0 0 0 12 2 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ** 60 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 0 277 15 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 ** 0 0 0 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** Senegal SEN 12 0 18 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 4 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 25 269 1 0 210 1 262 0 0 2 53 1 2 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 0 Togo TGO 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 21 0 0 0 Tunisia TUN 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 181 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 3 0 0 17 1 0 4 0 41 0 0 3 1 42 2 0 1 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 27 356 144 9 66 1 28 13 53 317 166 22 246 122 312 3 35 270 102 45 2 European Community EU 148 729 380 58 753 39 1,176 2,938 244 151 258 318 490 4,969 290 113 196 4,438 1,720 105 21 Canada CAN 0 21 1 0 20 0 1 64 1 2 5 1 1 103 16 1 1 40 0 2 0 United States USA 10 124 61 1 124 3 31 0 6 14 11 61 21 493 150 34 13 1,001 3 3 3 North America NNA 10 144 62 1 144 3 32 64 7 16 17 62 22 596 166 35 14 1,041 3 5 3 Rest of World ROW 167 431 187 36 944 29 4,044 1,671 129 125 79 131 574 2,012 262 13 52 2,860 223 51 7 World WLD 353 1,661 773 104 1,906 72 5,280 4,687 432 610 519 532 1,332 7,700 1,030 164 296 8,608 2,048 206 32 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 138 External Sector 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1992 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Millions of current US dollars Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 28 8,386 33 1,553 1,587 1,136 11,137 Angola AGO 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 19 1,131 0 2,214 2,215 162 3,527 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 14 28 0 0 0 23 65 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 22 14 0 0 0 39 76 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 15 25 0 6 6 29 74 Cameroon CMR 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 62 1,370 0 106 106 303 1,840 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 6 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 73 0 0 0 26 107 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 55 0 0 0 15 77 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 10 10 2 27 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 18 811 44 235 279 377 1,486 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 514 0 517 517 135 1,187 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 89 0 26 0 50 0 0 3 30 17 0 0 0 917 1,619 1 124 125 330 2,991 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 3 0 0 0 24 96 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 0 0 0 2 46 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 75 1,211 6 286 293 1,471 3,050 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 34 0 0 0 2 43 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 7 7 104 187 Gabon GAB 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 24 916 0 894 894 452 2,286 Gambia, The GMB 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 176 0 1 1 44 232 Ghana GHA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 0 0 206 375 4 32 37 620 1,237 Guinea GIN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 342 8 114 122 67 573 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 4 13 Kenya KEN 0 1 0 30 6 12 0 44 0 0 72 3 3 231 447 7 40 47 613 1,337 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 587 1 12 13 173 781 Libya LBY 1 0 0 0 0 168 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 170 8,251 0 0 0 1,521 9,942 Madagascar MDG 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 134 1 42 42 63 268 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 64 215 1 58 59 172 510 Mali MLI 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 22 97 5 1 6 91 216 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 45 230 0 21 21 152 448 Mauritius MUS 0 3 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 67 1,015 10 161 172 48 1,301 Morocco MAR 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 50 0 0 0 98 2,582 24 149 173 1,552 4,405 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 28 67 0 19 19 21 134 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 74 144 0 0 0 53 271 Nigeria NGA 71 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 874 5,110 387 4,818 5,204 1,182 12,370 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 176 0 0 0 20 209 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 167 0 4 5 25 197 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 5 Senegal SEN ** 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 140 296 0 3 3 303 741 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 0 0 0 1 18 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 46 46 34 150 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 2 2 112 130 South Africa ZAF 0 28 0 0 ** 8 0 11 4 0 1 224 537 1,823 8,538 122 1,795 1,916 5,279 17,556 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 107 0 11 11 201 320 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 1 4 3 0 ** 0 0 5 3 6 74 197 2 11 13 190 474 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 57 64 26 6 33 101 256 Tunisia TUN 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 37 3,140 1 34 35 832 4,044 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 0 0 6 127 2 12 15 31 179 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 ** 23 70 182 3 5 8 492 752 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 1 0 0 171 2 1 3 0 1 4 48 ** 415 436 4 81 84 323 1,257 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 199 32 35 31 351 29 1 68 145 33 83 283 588 5,436 26,024 632 11,408 12,040 12,414 55,914 European Community EU 719 55 103 57 7,038 389 20 517 329 4,617 140 311 510 28,669 1,049,442 11,970 102,538 114,508 380,185 1,572,804 Canada CAN 17 0 0 1 85 5 0 13 5 38 8 9 15 334 9,732 0 103,860 103,860 19,520 133,447 United States USA 80 2 28 21 2,425 53 4 34 19 232 15 68 143 5,382 107,739 90,156 0 90,156 244,033 447,310 North America NNA 97 2 29 22 2,510 58 4 47 24 270 23 77 159 5,716 117,471 90,156 103,860 194,016 263,554 580,757 Rest of World ROW 230 80 45 85 4,032 686 39 741 334 990 117 353 279 19,464 392,104 21,253 320,318 341,571 784,207 1,537,346 World WLD 1,244 169 212 195 13,932 1,162 64 1,372 831 5,910 363 1,023 1,536 59,285 1,585,040 124,012 538,124 662,135 1,440,361 3,746,821 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 139 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 1 2 0 0 0 ** 0 17 12 0 2 14 7 0 0 24 0 0 44 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 ** 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 22 0 51 0 124 0 51 1 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 91 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 5 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 ** 0 0 2 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 9 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 11 18 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 3 38 2 0 3 52 0 1 35 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 0 2 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco MAR 3 6 4 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 6 22 0 12 2 0 0 18 Mozambique MOZ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 1 0 8 0 13 0 88 0 1 14 0 64 2 390 0 2 0 0 0 6 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 0 0 16 0 5 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 4 29 0 0 0 0 0 11 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 21 209 4 0 3 5 13 3 0 0 6 0 36 20 1 15 0 0 3 24 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 Togo TGO 1 0 10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 36 1 5 0 2 0 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 27 4 0 1 3 Uganda UGA 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 27 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 1 7 0 94 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 10 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 53 240 115 97 158 14 245 7 21 29 11 169 95 495 49 127 26 1 43 181 European Community EU 4,910 1,197 437 125 234 46 822 73 65 74 105 310 467 1,455 146 7,571 96 0 552 670 Canada CAN 422 8 8 25 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 6 2 5 1 129 0 0 5 7 United States USA 695 281 52 43 18 1 122 10 4 3 0 38 75 151 7 3,840 47 16 121 84 North America NNA 1,117 288 60 68 19 1 124 10 4 3 0 44 77 156 8 3,969 47 16 126 91 Rest of World ROW 1,926 572 352 203 75 11 189 16 27 15 31 382 120 484 145 7,475 14 -18 627 166 World WLD 8,006 2,297 964 494 487 72 1,381 106 117 121 148 904 761 2,590 349 19,142 183 0 1,348 1,107 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 140 External Sector 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 (continued) Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 51 0 93 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 16 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 12 154 64 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 202 5 0 25 0 0 43 37 0 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 59 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 14 0 2 0 0 3 0 59 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 ** 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 57 3 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Morocco MAR 1 5 8 0 0 0 1 130 1 0 8 10 1 ** 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 36 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 1 430 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 188 0 0 27 ** 0 0 0 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** Senegal SEN 12 2 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 15 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 1 93 15 0 370 0 11 4 55 271 17 2 273 87 647 0 1 49 0 6 3 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 1 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Togo TGO 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Tunisia TUN 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 227 0 0 1 2 0 41 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 1 0 79 0 0 2 0 71 20 0 3 0 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 28 701 99 10 458 1 38 13 116 402 263 22 309 366 723 22 84 209 0 80 4 European Community EU 115 1,280 356 31 1,011 21 613 3,138 360 73 349 310 733 5,870 112 95 167 2,986 0 91 9 Canada CAN 0 39 6 0 14 0 1 150 1 5 7 0 5 130 15 0 8 47 0 3 0 United States USA 10 314 83 3 226 2 43 0 12 18 26 18 31 438 46 26 25 814 0 35 13 North America NNA 10 354 89 3 239 3 44 150 12 23 33 19 36 568 61 26 33 861 0 38 13 Rest of World ROW 137 701 180 28 1,512 51 2,749 1,751 231 57 82 195 884 2,127 187 71 46 2,314 0 54 12 World WLD 290 3,036 723 72 3,221 75 3,444 5,052 719 555 726 546 1,962 8,931 1,082 214 330 6,370 0 263 38 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 141 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1997 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 10 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 68 8,718 464 2,194 2,658 2,287 13,731 Angola AGO 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 609 0 2,696 2,696 947 4,310 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 14 41 0 0 0 130 185 Bostwana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 38 63 0 3 4 89 194 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 57 0 1 1 29 87 Cameroon CMR 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 144 1,402 0 14 14 299 1,858 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 1 1 0 14 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 92 0 0 0 0 98 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 6 43 0 3 3 42 93 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 1 6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 109 767 7 277 284 118 1,278 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 24 696 5 456 462 1,078 2,259 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 46 0 25 0 26 0 0 0 67 14 0 0 0 1,012 2,209 10 310 320 609 4,150 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 8 0 0 0 31 102 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 1 0 0 0 40 25 0 1 0 19 1 2 0 84 1,621 6 447 453 1,749 3,908 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 108 0 30 30 186 355 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 17 254 3 67 70 251 592 Gabon GAB 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 34 391 0 2,135 2,135 920 3,479 Gambia, The GMB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 3 15 Ghana GHA 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 120 852 9 145 154 422 1,547 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 400 20 148 168 36 640 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 41 52 Kenya KEN 1 4 0 32 17 32 0 237 0 1 278 4 7 785 673 10 57 68 423 1,948 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 448 0 5 5 341 805 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 261 0 0 0 194 0 0 0 263 7,899 0 0 0 1,414 9,576 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 147 1 11 11 50 224 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 3 0 1 1 3 14 116 192 2 80 82 148 537 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 84 10 4 14 176 284 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 51 313 0 0 0 163 527 Mauritius MUS 0 4 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 12 91 1,181 9 227 237 87 1,595 Morocco MAR 11 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 2 40 0 0 0 127 2,839 30 165 195 1,966 5,127 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 69 85 1 26 27 43 223 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 102 0 1 1 35 192 Nigeria NGA 80 0 10 0 182 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 1,338 4,641 377 6,107 6,484 4,061 16,525 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 66 0 4 4 42 118 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 0 1 9 Senegal SEN ** 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 178 301 0 2 2 213 694 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 62 0 0 0 5 68 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 7 17 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 0 0 0 132 157 South Africa ZAF 2 46 8 0 ** 6 0 106 6 3 38 308 1,364 4,020 10,264 393 2,616 3,009 12,560 29,853 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 7 174 0 12 12 317 510 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 ** 0 0 7 2 17 91 229 1 12 12 287 619 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 41 45 29 0 29 121 236 Tunisia TUN 7 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 68 4,408 8 36 44 1,243 5,763 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 ** 0 0 15 430 7 36 43 112 600 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 5 0 0 0 ** 30 144 311 0 75 75 525 1,055 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 2 0 0 293 4 1 13 0 0 2 116 ** 752 763 6 122 128 503 2,146 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 139 56 44 33 906 45 2 372 121 54 329 433 1,456 9,451 28,569 902 15,684 16,586 25,550 80,156 European Community EU 898 112 113 17 11,001 396 20 457 281 5,888 214 167 494 29,610 1,265,037 15,719 158,570 174,289 625,043 2,093,980 Canada CAN 13 0 1 1 254 10 0 9 3 48 5 4 12 534 10,556 ** 177,317 177,317 24,612 213,020 United States USA 52 6 16 3 3,000 37 5 65 26 251 35 30 82 6,165 141,412 150,124 ** 150,124 389,880 687,581 North America NNA 65 6 17 4 3,254 47 5 74 29 299 41 34 94 6,700 151,968 150,124 177,317 327,441 414,492 900,602 Rest of World ROW 298 116 43 183 9,511 912 45 833 283 1,307 157 310 324 25,773 523,747 27,382 512,144 539,526 1,361,656 2,450,702 World WLD 1,399 291 217 237 24,672 1,400 73 1,736 713 7,549 741 944 2,367 71,534 1,969,321 194,128 863,715 1,057,843 2,426,742 5,525,440 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1997 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 142 External Sector 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2002 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 25 0 0 7 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 0 0 0 5 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Benin BEN 0 0 ** 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso BFA 1 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 1 16 1 0 0 0 ** 0 6 13 0 29 20 3 0 0 11 0 0 17 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 ** 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Rep. of COG 1 11 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 11 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 50 0 33 0 133 0 33 9 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 19 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 7 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 53 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 ** 0 0 3 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Ethiopia ETH 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 4 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 10 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 18 29 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 5 43 1 0 3 94 0 5 35 0 Lesotho LSO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 2 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 5 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 7 20 0 2 1 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 Morocco MAR 16 7 3 0 5 0 6 1 0 0 1 3 9 16 0 26 5 0 0 9 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger NER 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 2 0 11 0 20 0 250 0 1 21 0 94 4 462 0 0 0 0 0 9 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 0 0 22 0 6 0 7 6 1 1 0 1 9 33 0 0 0 0 0 8 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 32 353 14 0 2 4 38 1 1 1 14 168 37 48 6 19 4 2 18 21 Sudan SDN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 3 0 Swaziland SWZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania TZA 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Togo TGO 0 0 40 0 25 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 86 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 11 1 25 0 1 0 2 Uganda UGA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 1 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 104 404 154 17 199 24 477 17 12 38 24 381 112 583 74 273 17 8 57 82 European Community EU 7,589 1,313 524 136 254 41 1,041 230 59 202 37 349 498 1,174 150 6,011 208 0 347 755 Canada CAN 265 4 3 2 1 0 9 0 0 1 0 7 3 13 1 112 1 0 4 4 United States USA 985 373 35 32 19 2 156 10 7 127 0 28 52 76 56 2,866 109 29 60 65 North America NNA 1,250 377 39 33 20 2 165 10 7 128 0 35 55 89 57 2,978 110 29 64 69 Rest of World ROW 3,248 665 678 55 74 39 305 28 12 43 22 106 229 619 304 7,543 59 -37 630 109 World WLD 12,191 2,759 1,395 242 547 106 1,988 285 90 411 84 870 894 2,465 585 16,806 394 0 1,098 1,015 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. External Sector 143 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2002 (continued) Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 10 0 141 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 Bostwana BWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso BFA 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Congo, Rep. of COG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 13 179 60 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 221 6 1 13 0 0 54 53 0 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 1 4 3 0 22 0 0 47 2 0 1 2 9 28 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 80 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 6 8 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 64 0 Lesotho LSO 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia LBR 0 1 0 0 11 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 7 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 2 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 ** 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 68 2 0 0 ** 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 Morocco MAR 4 4 8 1 1 0 3 60 1 0 14 18 3 ** 0 0 1 18 0 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 Niger NER 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 52 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 0 625 1 0 2 0 2 0 13 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 26 ** 0 0 0 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** Senegal SEN 34 5 17 20 0 0 3 0 0 0 84 29 0 3 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 3 102 12 0 243 0 2 0 43 247 19 10 279 111 657 0 6 283 0 9 1 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 1 18 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 4 0 Togo TGO 0 54 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 12 4 0 0 0 Tunisia TUN 1 3 2 0 1 0 0 317 1 0 3 2 0 47 0 0 10 2 0 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Zambia ZMB 0 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 0 9 2 0 2 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 52 992 97 21 321 1 55 1 134 363 334 45 350 200 673 3 120 506 0 92 2 European Community EU 114 962 411 38 859 10 1,272 2,963 257 66 358 374 702 7,230 300 159 196 4,895 0 78 47 Canada CAN 0 44 4 0 13 0 1 29 1 4 2 2 2 112 8 1 1 51 0 1 0 United States USA 10 193 63 2 271 2 28 18 15 30 11 23 27 566 98 58 41 1,057 0 10 2 North America NNA 10 236 67 2 285 2 29 47 16 34 13 25 30 678 106 58 42 1,108 0 11 2 Rest of World ROW 191 774 210 31 1,759 156 3,235 1,885 315 85 133 280 937 3,570 441 94 111 4,938 0 36 4 World WLD 366 2,965 784 93 3,223 169 4,591 4,896 722 548 838 724 2,018 11,677 1,520 315 470 11,446 0 218 55 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page.) South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 144 External Sector 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2002 Importers Millions of current U.S. dollars Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA EU CAN USA NNA ROW WLD Algeria DZA 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 60 11,842 929 2,633 3,562 3,063 18,528 Angola AGO 9 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 1,941 0 2,978 2,978 2,291 7,240 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 21 54 0 1 1 124 199 Bostwana BWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 21 45 0 3 3 102 171 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 16 0 1 1 5 28 Cameroon CMR 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 0 144 1,335 7 167 174 248 1,900 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 2 2 1 21 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 150 0 2 2 14 171 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 39 0 6 6 14 66 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 5 5 5 28 Congo, Dem. Rep. of ZAR 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 108 1,069 0 190 190 49 1,416 Congo, Rep. of COG 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40 436 1 191 192 1,265 1,934 Côte d'Ivoire CIV 50 0 22 0 15 0 0 0 92 17 0 0 0 1,027 2,366 45 363 408 1,246 5,046 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 4 0 2 2 17 127 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 10 0 2 0 10 36 0 5 0 43 1 1 1 132 2,799 37 1,288 1,325 2,687 6,943 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 648 188 503 692 398 1,777 Eritrea ERI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 228 4 26 30 308 573 Gabon GAB 6 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 104 512 2 1,514 1,516 906 3,037 Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 0 0 0 5 27 Ghana GHA 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 183 873 26 117 143 501 1,700 Guinea GIN 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 373 26 77 103 308 871 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 108 120 Kenya KEN 0 3 0 43 10 64 0 87 0 0 419 3 2 817 720 8 184 192 534 2,263 Lesotho LSO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia LBR 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 808 1 43 44 207 1,079 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 262 0 0 0 22 8,115 0 0 0 1,743 9,879 Madagascar MDG 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 278 13 98 112 84 495 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 60 137 1 69 70 141 408 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 16 59 2 2 4 85 165 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 69 358 0 1 1 113 542 Mauritius MUS 0 13 0 0 19 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 7 133 1,099 8 344 352 123 1,707 Morocco MAR 15 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 2 52 0 0 0 164 5,487 55 386 441 2,170 8,262 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 174 416 0 11 11 81 682 Namibia NAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 61 67 0 0 0 28 156 Nigeria NGA 155 0 15 0 342 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 2,061 4,324 130 5,654 5,783 4,913 17,081 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 39 1 3 4 118 164 São Tomé and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 8 Senegal SEN ** 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 0 0 0 304 325 1 2 4 316 949 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 216 1 25 25 49 325 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 81 2 4 5 10 98 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 81 85 South Africa ZAF 22 37 6 0 ** 32 0 210 5 4 60 575 757 4,346 9,795 185 5 190 7,081 21,413 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 180 0 1 2 1,686 1,873 Swaziland SWZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania TZA 0 0 1 0 17 0 0 ** 0 0 5 17 1 130 476 1 14 15 328 949 Togo TGO 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ** 2 0 0 0 149 58 0 3 3 90 301 Tunisia TUN 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 73 5,395 4 54 58 1,273 6,799 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 ** 0 0 9 210 0 16 16 89 324 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 71 0 1 4 0 0 2 ** 14 188 102 1 7 8 351 649 Zimbabwe ZWE 1 0 0 0 200 1 0 2 0 0 0 12 ** 266 518 6 99 105 1,592 2,481 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 268 55 50 45 948 99 2 313 135 52 492 613 920 10,706 30,426 662 12,730 13,391 25,998 80,522 European Community EU 1,115 150 284 29 11,798 515 18 361 405 7,140 188 102 181 33,416 1,484,103 21,041 226,641 247,682 664,960 2,430,161 Canada CAN 7 1 3 0 158 33 0 11 9 87 3 5 3 421 10,540 ** 221,292 221,292 20,128 252,381 United States USA 75 8 25 6 2,525 11 12 62 14 195 23 36 49 5,966 144,085 160,799 ** 160,799 382,274 693,123 North America NNA 82 9 29 6 2,684 44 12 73 23 282 26 41 53 6,386 154,624 160,799 221,292 382,092 402,402 945,504 Rest of World ROW 518 121 70 193 10,518 1,332 69 805 354 1,668 198 150 288 31,981 656,635 36,497 668,402 704,899 1,558,228 2,951,742 World WLD 1,983 336 433 273 25,948 1,990 100 1,552 916 9,142 903 905 1,442 82,490 2,325,788 218,999 1,129,065 1,348,064 2,651,588 6,407,930 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 2002 is taken from partner countries' data. Source : International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. 145 Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1993-2002* (annual average percentage change) -12.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 Sierra Leone Equatorial Guinea Comoros Congo, Rep. of Angola Nigeria Congo, Dem. Rep. of Chad Côte d'Ivoire Sudan Madagascar Seychelles Kenya Namibia Cameroon São Tomé and Principe Rwanda Gabon Lesotho Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Mauritius Ghana Mauritania Guinea-Bissau South Africa Guinea Ethiopia Mali Burundi Malawi Niger Mozambique Senegal Central African Republic * Or most recent year available. 146 External Sector Technical notes Tables property and labor income. Net interest is recorded on an accrual basis; that is, interest obligations are Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Merchandise exports and mer- included whether payments are made or not. chandise imports, f.o.b. Merchandise exports and imports (World Bank country desks) are both valued Table 5-5. Net private transfers. Net private trans- f.o.b. and comprise all transactions involving a change fers (World Bank country desks) are inflows (from of ownership of goods, including nonmonetary gold, private sources to either private or public recipients) between residents of a country and the rest of the less outflows from private sources to either private or world. These transactions include those in which public recipients that carry no provisions for repay- ownership changes even though goods do not cross ments. They include workers' remittances; transfers customs borders. The few types of goods not covered by migrants; gifts, dowries, and inheritances; and ali- by the merchandise account include travelers' pur- mony and other support remittances. chases abroad, which are included in travel, and pur- chases of goods by diplomatic and military person- Table 5-6. Net official current transfers. Net offi- nel, which are classified under other official goods, cial transfers (World Bank country desks) are the of- services, and income. ficial sources counterpart of Table 5-5. They include transfers on both current and capital accounts, in- Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Exports and imports of total cluding government grants of real resources and fi- services. Service exports and imports (World Bank nancial items such as subsidies to current budgets, country desks) include total nonfactor and factor ser- grants of technical assistance, and government con- vices, based on transactions involving ownership tributions to international organizations for adminis- changes as explained above for goods. Nonfactor ser- trative expenses. vices comprise shipment, passenger and other trans- port services, and travel, as well as current account Table 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net transactions not separately reported (that is, not clas- capital grants. Current account balance (World Bank sified as merchandise, nonfactor services, or trans- country desks), as presented here, is the difference fers). These include transactions with nonresidents by between exports of goods and all services plus in- government agencies and their personnel abroad, as flows of unrequited current transfers (official and pri- well as transactions by private residents with foreign vate) and imports of goods and all services plus out- governments and government personnel stationed in flows of unrequited transfers to the rest of the world. the reporting country. Factor services comprise ser- Other common presentations exclude or include both vices of labor and capital, thus covering income from current and capital official transfers. Data in previ- direct investment abroad, interest, dividends, and ous volumes included both. External Sector 147 Table 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net an increase in reserves. This table incorporates cor- capital grants, as a percentage of GDP. It is de- rections to data in ADI 1996. fined as the ratio of figures presented in Table 5-7 to GDP in current prices (Table 2-5). Table 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves. This ratio gives the number of months, at current import Table 5-9. Net capital grants. These grants (World levels, that can adequately be covered by available Bank country desks) are unrequited transfers, often foreign exchange reserves (World Bank country used to finance balance of payments deficits. desks). It is obtained by dividing the stock of reserves by imports divided by 12. Table 5-10. Net foreign direct investment. Net for- eign direct investment (World Bank country desks) Tables 5-15 and 5-16. Export and import unit is the net amount invested or reinvested by nonresi- values. The indexes for total export and import unit dents to acquire a lasting interest in enterprises in values (World Bank country desks) are based on ex- which they exercise significant managerial control. ports and imports of goods and nonfactor services Investment includes equity capital, reinvested earn- from the national accounts. These indexes are calcu- ings, and other capital. The net figures subtract the lated by dividing the values of exports and imports value of direct investment abroad by residents of the expressed in current U.S. dollars (Tables 2-14 and reporting country. 2-15) by the volume of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) expressed in constant 1995 U.S. dollars (Tables Table 5-11. Net long-term borrowing. Net long-term 2-16 and 2-17). Because of the way these trade unit borrowing is calculated as disbursements less the re- value indexes are calculated (Paasche indexes, with payment of principal (amortization) of public, pub- changing weights), they reflect the composition of licly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed borrow- exports and imports in each year and may not give a ings that have an original or extended maturity of more reliable trend in unit values when trade composition than one year and that are repayable in foreign cur- changes dramatically. By contrast, this index reflects rencies, goods, or services. These data are as reported more accurately shifts in a country's actual composi- in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS) tion of trade than would an index using weights based and are in accord with the data on external debt dis- on trade shares in a single year. Data may differ from cussed in Chapter 6. those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a dif- ferent source was used for this volume. Table 5-12. Other capital flows. Other capital flows comprise the net balance of inflows and outflows of Table 5-17. Terms of trade. Terms of trade measure capital not elsewhere included. It covers, for example, the relative movement of export and import prices. changes in the stock of short-term debt, arrears, and This series is calculated as the ratio of a country's other liabilities (all adjusted for valuation changes export unit values or prices (Table 5-15) to its import resulting from exchange rate changes and other fac- unit values or prices (Table 5-16). It shows changes tors), and errors and omissions. This table incorpo- over a base year (1995) in the level of export unit rates corrections to data in ADI 1992. values as a percentage of import unit values. Data may differ from those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 be- Table 5-13. Use of reserves. This table (World Bank cause a different source was used for this volume. country desks) shows the variation from year to year of the net balance of international reserve assets and Table 5-18. Forest products exports. Exports of is valued throughout at year-end London prices (for forest production (FAO data) are given as an aggre- example, US$37.37 an ounce in 1980 and US$484.10 gate including all wood from trees and forests (co- an ounce in 1987). Positive numbers represent a de- niferous and nonconiferous), whether in natural form crease or use of reserves; negative numbers represent or partially processed (UN Standard International 148 External Sector Trade Classification [SITC] 245, 246, and 247); Table 5-28. Sisal exports. Only sisal fiber exports sawwood and sleepers (SITC 248); and wood-based are included (FAO data). panels and fiberwood, compressed or noncompressed (SITC 634 and 641). Table 5-29. Tea exports. Tea exports figures are for processed tea (FAO data). Table 5-19. Petroleum exports. This table contains the volumes of crude petroleum exported (World Table 5-30. Sugar exports. Sugar exports are shown Bank, International EnergyAgency [IEA]). Data may in terms of raw sugar equivalent. The conversion fac- differ from ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a tor to express refined sugar in raw sugar equivalent is different source was used for this volume. 1.087 for all countries (FAO data). Table 5-20. Copper exports. The table presents the Table 5-31. Tobacco exports. Only tobacco leaves unweighted sum of the metal content weights of cop- are included (FAO data). per ore and concentrate and of unrefined plus refined copper, metal, and alloys, unwrought (World Bank, Table 5-32. Meat exports. Meat exports are defined Metals and Minerals Database [METMIN]). Data may as fresh, chilled, or frozen meat (SITC category 011) differ from ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a (FAO data). different source was used for this volume. Tables 5-33 and 5-34. Manufactured goods exports. Table 5-21. Iron exports. These are exports mea- Data reported in these tables follow the classification sured in metal content weight of iron ore (World Bank, of manufacturing industries as reported in the UN METMIN). International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 (World Bank Table 5-22. Phosphates exports. These are the vol- country desks). Table 5-33 is expressed in current ume of phosphates exports, expressed as the weight prices; Table 5-34 shows growth. of mineral content in phosphate rock (World Bank, METMIN). Tables 5-35 and 5-36. Food imports. Data refer to the sum of food, beverages, tobacco, oilseeds and ole- Table 5-23. Cocoa exports. Cocoa exports include aginous fruits, animal and vegetable oils, and fats cocoa beans, cocoa powder and cake, cocoa paste, (SITC sections 0, 1, and 4 and division 22) (World cocoa butter, and chocolate products not elsewhere Bank country desks). Table 5-35 is expressed in cur- specified (FAO data). rent prices; Table 5-36 shows growth. Table 5-24. Coffee exports. Coffee exports are shown Tables 5-37 and 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods for green and roasted beans (FAO data). imports. Data reported in these tables show consumer goods imports other than food. Data are calculated as Table 5-25. Cotton exports. Cotton exports refer to total merchandise imports less food, fuel, intermedi- cotton lint only (FAO data). ate goods, and capital goods imports (World Bank country desks). Table 5-37 is expressed in current Table 5-26. Groundnut exports. Groundnut exports prices; Table 5-38 shows growth. include the weight of groundnuts in shelled equiva- lent (using a conversion factor of 70 percent), ground- Tables 5-39 and 5-40. Fuel imports. Figures are nut oil, and groundnut cake (FAO data). defined as SITC section 3 (sum of Canada, Mexico, and United States) (World Bank country desks).Table Table 5-27. Palm oil products exports. Exports of 5-39 presents data in current prices;Table 5-40 shows palm oil products consist of palm oil and palm ker- growth. nels (FAO data). External Sector 149 Tables 5-41 and 5-42. Primary intermediate goods Tables 5-50, 5-51, and 5-52. Direction of trade ma- imports. Data on these tables comprise minerals, ores, trix, exports. As with the foregoing, for each ex- and metals imports (the sum of SITC divisions 27, porter, these tables show the percentage of the value 28, and 68, and item 522.56) and agricultural raw of total exports, f.o.b., that goes to each of its trade materials imports (the sum of SITC section 2, less partners for 1992, 1997, and 2002, respectively.These divisions 22, 27, and 28, and groups 233, 244, 266, are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. and 267). Synthetics are excluded (World Bank coun- In these tables data posted under South Africa are try desks). Table 41 presents data in current prices; for the SouthernAfrican Customs Union, which com- Table 42 shows growth. prises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, SouthAfrica, and Swaziland. Tables 5-43 and 5-44. Manufactured goods im- ports. Data reported on these tables follow the clas- Tables 5-53, 5-54, and 5-55. Direction of trade sification of manufacturing industries as reported in matrix, current U.S. dollars. These are the value of the UN International Standard Industrial Classifica- trade in goods and services to or from the countries tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 indicated. Matrices are shown for 1992, 1997, and (World Bank country desks).Table 5-43 presents data 2002. They form the basis for the calculations in the in current prices; Table 5-44 shows growth. previous six tables. Data for South Africa are for the Southern African Customs Union, which comprises Tables 5-45 and 5-46. Capital goods imports. Data Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and shown here are for machinery and transport equip- Swaziland. The source of the data is the International ment (SITC section 7) (World Bank country desks). Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. IMF Table 5-45 presents data in current prices; Table 5- staff have estimated some of these numbers in order 46 shows growth. to have a consistent time series. Tables 5-47, 5-48, and 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports. These tables show, for each import- Figure ing country, the percentage of the value of its total imports that originates from each of the exporting The following indicator has been used to derive the countries for 1992, 1997, and 2002, respectively. They figures in this chapter. are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. In these tables data posted under South Africa are Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains or losses (Table for the SouthernAfrican Customs Union, which com- 5-17). prises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, SouthAfrica, and Swaziland. 150 External Sector Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 5 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (3) (4) (6) (9) (2) (3) 5-1 x x 5-2 x x 5-3 x x 5-4 x x 5-5 x x 5-6 x x 5-7 x x 5-8 x x 5-9 x x 5-10 x x 5-11 x x 5-12 x x 5-13 x x 5-14 x x 5-15 x x 5-16 x x 5-17 x x 5-18 x x 5-19 x x 5-20 x x 5-21 x x 5-22 x x 5-23 x x 5-24 x x 5-25 x x 5-26 x x 5-27 x x 5-28 x x 5-29 x x 5-30 x x 5-31 x x 5-32 x x 5-33 x x 5-34 x x 5-35 x x 5-36 x x 5-37 x x 5-38 x x 5-39 x x 5-40 x x 5-41 x x 5-42 x x 5-43 x x 5-44 x x 5-45 x x 5-46 x x 5-47 x 5-48 x 5-49 x 5-50 x 5-51 x 5-52 x 5-53 x 5-54 x 5-55 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 6 External Debt and Related Flows T he tables in this chapter provide a consistent pre- DRS data, especially for recent years, on debt not guar- sentation of the structure and terms of external anteed by debtor governments and on short-term debt. debt and debt servicing. No data are presented The figures in this chapter are based mostly on data on debt owed to domestic lenders. The aggregates and supplied by debtor countries. Other data series on debt, ratios provide various measures of a country's exter- on which the World Bank may base some of its esti- nal debt situation. These measures include the size of mates, are maintained by the Organisation for Eco- debt and its servicing requirements, the amount of debt nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and relative to GDP, the ratio of debt-servicing payments the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from data to exports, and the interest rate and terms of the stock provided by creditor governments and agencies. No of debt (including grace period, maturity, and grant figures are given for Libya and Namibia, which do element). not report debt information to the DRS. However, These tables follow the presentation in the Global totals do include estimates for these countries. Development Finance (GDF--formerly World Debt The following definitions apply throughout the Tables) and therefore show IMF purchases, repur- chapter. Long-term loans have an original or extended chases, charges, and net purchases separately from maturity of more than one year, while the maturity on long- and short-term lending, repayments, interests, short-term loans is one year or less. Official and pri- or net lending. While IMF purchases and repurchases vate refer to the source of the foreign loans. Official are not strictly lending (they are swaps of currency), loans are from multilateral organizations (excluding they do add to, or subtract from, the resources avail- the IMF) and from foreign governments; these loans able for consumption or investment and do impose a are either made directly to the government of the bor- liability against future income streams. For this rea- rowing country or guaranteed by it, or its agencies, son, IMF transactions are included here. when made to a third party. Private loans are from the Data on debt and related flows are drawn largely private sector, including foreign parent companies and from the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System their affiliates, suppliers, financial markets (such as (DRS), to which member countries submit detailed commercial banks), and other sources. These private accounts on the annual status, transactions, and terms loans may or may not be guaranteed by creditor or of debt and related flows. World Bank and IMF staff debtor governments and agencies. Public and pub- estimates based on other sources of data supplement licly guaranteed loans, as defined by the DRS, refer 151 152 External Debt and Related Flows to loans from both official and private foreign sources Concessional loans carry a grant element of 25 per- that are made to, or guaranteed by, the debtor govern- cent or more (based on a standard 10 percent dis- ment or its agencies. Almost all loans from foreign count rate), which is consistent with the Develop- official sources are public or publicly guaranteed. mentAssistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD defi- Some loans from foreign private sources are made to, nition of ODA (see Chapter 12). Nonconcessional loans or guaranteed by, the debtor government or its agen- carry a grant element of less than 25 percent. In this cies (these are labeled private guaranteed by the DRS). chapter, private loans are shown separately from of- Some loans from foreign private sources are not pub- ficial nonconcessional loans. lic or publicly guaranteed (these are labeled private Additional information, definitions, and methodol- nonguaranteed by the DRS). ogy are available in the Global Development Finance 2001 (formerly World Debt Tables) (World Bank). External Debt and Related Flows 153 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,547 4,872 4,870 4,726 4,208 3,975 3,513 3,313 3,365 3,461 4,116 2,637 4,593 3,835 excluding South Africa 2,547 4,872 4,870 4,726 4,208 3,975 3,513 3,313 3,365 3,461 4,116 2,637 4,593 3,835 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,499 4,805 4,793 4,627 4,114 3,878 3,368 3,232 3,297 3,442 4,070 2,612 4,549 3,753 Angola 0 31 73 63 43 36 80 68 34 15 21 0 31 45 Benin 35 79 101 96 104 49 50 70 30 113 67 33 79 73 Botswana 9 49 37 57 15 13 12 9 23 7 2 11 26 17 Burkina Faso 41 131 105 110 102 70 90 108 87 125 131 36 95 103 Burundi 38 76 52 45 34 19 30 20 36 12 36 32 88 29 Cameroon 143 311 372 118 155 220 161 171 216 103 94 118 184 155 Cape Verde 0 6 28 16 17 20 32 57 29 40 30 3 11 30 Central African Republic 19 50 44 32 27 5 3 6 16 0 1 15 67 11 Chad 5 58 69 58 97 80 43 86 33 39 97 16 59 67 Comoros 13 8 12 10 10 6 4 1 3 12 12 11 12 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 131 58 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 415 127 163 53 Congo, Rep. of 49 8 194 14 2 3 0 0 0 38 2 61 72 7 Côte d'Ivoire 42 473 767 548 395 150 312 141 131 10 211 62 259 237 Djibouti 1 26 26 18 24 12 5 3 8 12 28 7 29 14 Equatorial Guinea 4 10 4 2 2 3 1 4 2 0 2 3 13 2 Eritrea 0 0 27 7 5 32 64 98 50 104 84 0 3 55 Ethiopia 70 348 211 199 223 95 115 206 180 522 574 395 334 264 Gabon 16 19 53 64 27 96 13 21 0 0 14 11 40 29 Gambia, The 27 22 22 23 58 24 16 21 21 23 52 13 27 30 Ghana 114 342 324 407 392 404 416 317 320 323 192 66 287 346 Guinea 56 228 125 123 84 173 118 76 60 91 48 57 176 97 Guinea-Bissau 49 23 26 21 28 30 15 2 14 6 6 16 32 15 Kenya 160 309 197 507 257 146 153 129 295 142 83 117 261 214 Lesotho 7 28 43 28 24 29 28 28 28 20 30 11 35 27 Liberia 39 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 13 0 Madagascar 153 104 72 88 116 214 102 125 140 132 181 95 151 137 Malawi 45 187 107 211 161 162 147 128 115 117 72 44 115 139 Mali 75 79 120 188 153 127 96 121 99 114 143 73 137 130 Mauritania 96 142 111 101 114 80 53 47 107 74 107 82 100 85 Mauritius 16 42 25 22 12 30 13 19 26 21 17 14 42 20 Mozambique 0 173 221 219 272 239 220 128 123 121 245 63 213 196 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 59 68 70 28 41 85 85 62 71 78 119 40 88 71 Nigeria 49 67 77 99 94 97 145 81 68 20 46 25 44 81 Rwanda 27 61 22 54 62 70 88 82 40 64 85 27 71 68 São Tomé and Principe 8 15 15 13 11 5 7 12 6 7 4 4 15 8 Senegal 113 85 98 150 181 199 190 67 121 179 224 88 215 164 Seychelles 6 4 1 2 4 6 6 8 15 1 4 3 5 6 Sierra Leone 33 96 61 94 73 40 34 14 77 83 66 18 33 60 Somalia 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 47 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 270 95 10 27 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 313 152 4 Swaziland 7 1 14 13 5 4 4 11 2 10 10 8 8 7 Tanzania 159 191 230 201 198 245 195 251 203 172 188 186 223 207 Togo 35 17 41 26 99 57 58 38 25 33 13 37 61 44 Uganda 13 328 265 219 211 270 170 171 217 338 170 33 198 220 Zambia 243 205 218 309 205 210 59 194 245 142 167 100 158 191 Zimbabwe 1 190 183 97 66 120 81 111 52 -1 25 29 121 69 NORTH AFRICA 2,079 1,691 1,631 1,660 1,569 1,189 956 1,115 888 763 654 1,746 1,345 1,099 Algeria 79 352 388 645 387 212 145 341 182 106 85 78 176 263 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,064 578 463 360 430 389 371 181 154 86 95 1,085 608 258 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 731 534 504 477 589 450 297 303 180 201 216 406 342 339 Tunisia 204 227 277 178 164 138 144 290 372 371 258 177 219 239 ALL AFRICA 4,626 6,563 6,501 6,386 5,777 5,164 4,469 4,428 4,253 4,224 4,770 4,383 5,938 4,934 154 External Debt and Related Flows 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,691 1,664 1,445 1,194 1,066 970 743 546 507 344 290 1,434 1,942 707 excluding South Africa 1,691 1,664 1,445 1,194 1,066 970 743 509 416 340 283 1,434 1,942 690 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,618 1,188 923 861 852 752 612 415 331 293 249 1,254 1,414 545 Angola 0 5 0 56 11 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 40 9 Benin 24 2 4 5 5 1 11 3 0 0 0 8 6 3 Botswana 16 32 22 10 12 8 11 3 1 1 0 15 42 6 Burkina Faso 18 7 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 14 3 11 11 3 Burundi 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 5 1 Cameroon 108 84 68 44 21 25 16 18 17 31 1 71 167 21 Cape Verde 0 5 1 1 1 0 23 7 0 0 0 5 2 4 Central African Republic 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 Chad 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 9 1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 71 0 Congo, Rep. of 60 0 137 1 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 38 42 3 Côte d'Ivoire 189 151 151 121 70 34 77 50 18 2 12 178 265 48 Djibouti 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 11 1 0 0 0 0 2 Ethiopia 7 21 21 33 49 54 17 24 4 10 23 11 48 27 Gabon 19 71 79 157 62 30 22 6 9 4 16 36 76 38 Gambia, The 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Ghana 106 26 21 21 123 37 22 13 30 39 35 38 44 40 Guinea 9 47 44 47 42 39 24 19 10 4 2 12 24 23 Guinea-Bissau 6 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 Kenya 73 20 46 38 69 14 14 9 12 29 2 100 94 23 Lesotho 1 41 19 27 20 15 8 9 40 4 3 3 15 16 Liberia 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 5 0 Madagascar 59 19 10 1 21 103 0 4 11 8 5 49 33 19 Malawi 60 6 4 4 1 5 9 13 3 0 0 26 14 4 Mali 10 5 1 5 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 1 Mauritania 16 25 28 11 16 9 3 2 8 1 6 24 30 7 Mauritius 20 23 11 17 37 45 37 29 22 5 112 18 29 38 Mozambique 0 9 8 11 10 20 3 2 2 13 6 0 14 8 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 33 33 4 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 27 8 1 Nigeria 73 476 522 334 214 218 131 94 85 47 34 180 528 145 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 2 1 1 Senegal 74 68 34 7 0 1 15 4 7 7 6 63 35 6 Seychelles 6 5 8 7 7 5 8 3 1 0 0 2 4 4 Sierra Leone 9 3 3 1 2 0 13 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 Somalia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 91 4 7 0 0 17 Sudan 297 6 2 24 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 138 14 5 Swaziland 20 7 1 4 23 18 27 22 14 12 3 15 6 15 Tanzania 86 4 18 20 5 7 21 2 0 2 1 81 23 7 Togo 12 2 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 15 3 2 Uganda 5 62 3 11 14 21 4 3 2 2 1 15 32 7 Zambia 68 25 42 18 19 12 5 7 6 10 3 91 54 10 Zimbabwe 77 370 130 137 172 209 210 113 79 34 0 31 127 119 NORTH AFRICA 1,690 3,064 2,822 2,717 2,836 2,274 1,587 1,681 1,465 1,435 1,417 1,769 3,171 1,926 Algeria 487 812 1,134 947 1,191 993 606 389 608 343 339 489 961 677 Egypt, Arab Rep. 840 453 471 242 220 242 88 50 81 108 183 702 631 152 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 135 785 635 1,095 904 509 578 740 449 341 390 229 713 626 Tunisia 119 614 583 433 521 518 315 502 328 644 506 131 439 471 ALL AFRICA 3,382 4,728 4,267 3,912 3,902 3,243 2,330 2,227 1,973 1,778 1,707 3,203 5,113 2,634 External Debt and Related Flows 155 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,290 1,969 4,664 5,202 4,306 6,586 3,474 4,306 4,872 5,090 5,095 4,372 2,748 4,866 excluding South Africa 6,290 1,969 1,146 1,654 2,015 1,956 1,428 1,611 1,352 1,491 1,069 4,372 2,396 1,572 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,660 1,969 1,146 1,654 2,015 1,956 1,428 1,611 1,352 1,491 1,069 2,973 1,957 1,572 Angola .. 649 344 431 723 1,154 709 875 1,011 1,047 801 .. 472 844 Benin 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 Botswana 3 30 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 0 0 6 5 2 Burkina Faso 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 5 1 1 Cameroon 364 104 8 0 25 14 10 56 39 0 0 230 228 18 Cape Verde .. 0 0 4 5 2 0 0 0 11 4 0 0 3 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 263 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 8 0 Congo, Rep. of 412 451 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 212 0 Côte d'Ivoire 1,508 190 317 75 411 52 56 56 0 0 0 791 230 81 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 33 10 4 0 22 30 10 1 2 0 0 45 93 8 Gabon 135 3 2 0 0 20 10 33 21 13 41 174 93 17 Gambia, The 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 Ghana 0 77 123 178 384 208 164 67 45 212 21 12 76 160 Guinea 57 11 0 0 17 20 7 0 0 0 0 29 8 5 Guinea-Bissau 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 Kenya 387 87 6 132 42 25 152 127 85 5 136 224 237 88 Lesotho 5 3 2 16 33 24 29 15 2 2 0 4 6 15 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 Madagascar 163 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 5 0 Malawi 48 1 10 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 29 7 0 Mali 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Mauritania 14 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 4 24 2 4 Mauritius 61 39 150 369 91 118 11 97 85 45 43 28 62 107 Mozambique .. 8 4 36 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 201 30 5 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 190 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 27 0 Nigeria 1,630 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,399 439 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Senegal 141 1 1 1 0 21 2 1 1 58 12 74 18 12 Seychelles 0 8 9 0 1 0 10 0 0 10 8 2 8 4 Sierra Leone 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 1 0 Somalia 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 0 South Africa .. .. 3,518 3,549 2,291 4,630 2,046 2,695 3,520 3,599 4,026 .. 3,518 3,294 Sudan 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 14 0 3 2 6 Tanzania 122 45 17 42 6 0 0 7 5 1 0 63 36 8 Togo 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 Uganda 65 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 36 37 1 Zambia 289 11 35 25 13 50 20 50 10 60 0 154 48 28 Zimbabwe 55 172 115 338 209 167 225 180 40 7 0 167 180 146 NORTH AFRICA 5,204 6,594 4,569 3,810 2,583 2,245 2,070 2,252 2,626 3,838 3,208 4,921 6,406 2,829 Algeria 2,832 5,363 3,268 2,092 1,308 438 399 394 425 583 1,112 2,743 4,578 844 Egypt, Arab Rep. 776 168 260 40 33 265 289 353 352 1,722 221 780 882 409 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,308 783 769 788 437 549 809 641 1,009 648 845 956 569 716 Tunisia 288 281 199 777 648 824 190 639 840 885 1,030 306 310 729 ALL AFRICA 11,494 8,563 9,233 9,012 6,889 8,831 5,544 6,558 7,498 8,928 8,303 9,293 9,154 7,695 156 External Debt and Related Flows 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11,745 9,652 11,896 14,117 10,233 12,054 8,534 8,681 9,244 9,439 10,731 9,410 10,071 10,379 excluding South Africa 11,745 8,794 8,378 10,568 7,942 7,424 6,489 5,949 5,633 5,836 6,698 9,410 9,633 7,067 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9,993 8,250 7,780 10,135 7,633 7,110 6,213 5,774 5,480 5,770 6,618 7,806 8,622 6,842 Angola .. 685 417 550 778 1,190 790 943 1,045 1,063 822 .. 589 898 Benin 71 103 130 115 128 57 62 83 39 124 72 86 92 85 Botswana 27 111 59 67 27 21 23 22 28 7 2 33 73 25 Burkina Faso 70 151 132 139 112 89 108 125 96 161 148 56 111 122 Burundi 45 77 53 45 35 19 31 20 39 14 53 44 100 32 Cameroon 626 499 478 175 230 296 260 306 340 154 136 427 595 237 Cape Verde 0 10 29 21 24 22 55 63 29 52 38 11 13 38 Central African Republic 40 50 59 33 27 6 15 17 16 11 1 27 78 16 Chad 5 58 83 70 123 92 54 98 47 66 115 26 74 83 Comoros 13 8 14 10 10 6 4 1 3 12 12 12 12 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 603 58 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 959 482 306 121 Congo, Rep. of 526 459 350 15 24 24 10 0 14 38 2 310 329 16 Côte d'Ivoire 1,777 813 1,405 924 1,014 236 613 247 148 12 299 1,114 819 437 Djibouti 10 26 26 18 28 14 8 8 11 17 37 9 29 18 Equatorial Guinea 38 14 7 2 2 3 1 4 2 0 2 12 17 2 Eritrea .. .. 27 7 7 33 67 108 51 104 84 .. 27 58 Ethiopia 119 409 256 232 315 179 162 231 185 576 642 470 486 315 Gabon 171 93 198 279 121 168 46 59 47 17 71 222 230 101 Gambia, The 56 26 23 23 58 24 21 26 30 31 56 26 34 34 Ghana 249 509 468 648 940 649 713 457 429 641 316 183 506 599 Guinea 129 286 182 200 143 265 180 106 70 122 66 103 218 144 Guinea-Bissau 75 23 28 24 31 36 18 5 22 6 6 24 40 19 Kenya 714 447 281 677 404 185 318 265 437 176 220 515 657 335 Lesotho 15 82 69 70 76 68 65 53 69 35 43 19 60 60 Liberia 109 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 113 19 0 Madagascar 444 123 82 90 156 336 102 147 200 169 201 234 209 175 Malawi 190 194 147 227 184 178 173 152 126 117 94 120 151 156 Mali 109 98 164 238 186 156 111 144 109 137 152 95 156 154 Mauritania 155 179 163 133 176 108 55 57 123 98 133 141 146 110 Mauritius 143 105 186 409 140 193 60 145 132 71 172 87 139 165 Mozambique .. 211 254 267 300 300 258 158 184 145 262 834 278 234 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 290 100 89 28 56 111 111 62 87 89 140 164 135 86 Nigeria 1,753 544 598 433 308 314 276 175 153 67 81 1,603 1,011 226 Rwanda 34 61 22 68 62 92 104 111 65 76 85 31 73 83 São Tomé and Principe 10 15 15 13 11 5 7 16 11 8 4 8 16 9 Senegal 395 153 201 241 216 270 255 92 148 273 253 261 316 218 Seychelles 12 18 18 8 12 11 23 11 16 11 12 12 17 13 Sierra Leone 104 100 200 115 90 47 62 36 91 143 102 63 52 86 Somalia 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 56 0 South Africa 0 858 3,518 3,549 2,291 4,630 2,046 2,733 3,611 3,603 4,033 0 438 3,312 Sudan 921 101 12 51 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 655 166 9 Swaziland 29 8 15 18 28 55 31 33 16 36 13 29 16 29 Tanzania 433 240 265 262 246 336 264 341 261 226 241 353 309 272 Togo 119 19 56 59 101 72 84 38 25 33 13 124 76 53 Uganda 161 409 320 285 288 351 224 209 231 355 172 135 311 264 Zambia 690 241 294 2,606 236 286 84 264 287 308 341 482 272 551 Zimbabwe 132 799 504 652 447 496 570 437 171 40 25 257 464 355 NORTH AFRICA 9,313 11,348 9,864 8,661 7,731 6,172 4,956 5,354 4,979 6,036 5,279 8,661 11,274 6,146 Algeria 3,398 6,526 5,631 4,157 3,629 2,107 1,494 1,429 1,215 1,031 1,536 3,310 5,891 2,075 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,743 1,199 1,193 642 683 896 749 584 586 1,915 498 2,627 2,156 819 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,452 2,102 1,908 2,361 1,929 1,508 1,683 1,685 1,638 1,189 1,451 1,753 1,712 1,681 Tunisia 611 1,122 1,059 1,389 1,333 1,480 648 1,430 1,540 1,900 1,794 616 1,021 1,439 ALL AFRICA 21,059 21,000 21,760 22,778 17,964 18,226 13,491 14,035 14,223 15,475 16,010 18,070 21,345 16,525 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 157 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 243 770 715 873 889 1,031 1,729 1,633 1,295 1,308 1,228 237 594 1,248 excluding South Africa 243 770 715 873 889 1,031 1,729 1,633 1,295 1,308 1,228 237 594 1,248 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 229 609 714 871 888 959 1,409 1,631 1,290 1,290 1,190 224 571 1,191 Angola 0 2 9 3 8 8 363 406 217 303 5 0 3 164 Benin 1 12 12 15 14 18 19 22 34 20 25 2 7 21 Botswana 0 13 13 11 15 30 15 18 19 16 20 1 7 18 Burkina Faso 4 11 18 20 23 25 27 30 21 15 22 2 10 23 Burundi 1 15 16 14 6 8 9 12 9 12 12 1 13 10 Cameroon 13 37 12 12 14 49 75 47 60 53 77 12 23 48 Cape Verde 0 2 3 4 3 7 6 4 7 6 9 0 2 6 Central African Republic 0 1 5 2 2 4 10 6 7 9 0 1 2 5 Chad 3 1 6 2 7 6 7 12 12 14 11 1 3 9 Comoros 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 0 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 167 5 7 21 Congo, Rep. of 11 1 8 7 22 0 0 0 1 5 2 10 3 5 Côte d'Ivoire 18 78 56 65 81 68 106 216 131 70 95 15 55 104 Djibouti 2 6 9 9 9 5 3 6 8 7 7 1 6 7 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Ethiopia 7 16 19 25 35 26 38 48 37 76 24 9 35 39 Gabon 4 7 8 12 9 39 28 45 16 80 69 5 7 37 Gambia, The 0 8 9 8 9 10 12 9 10 7 10 1 7 9 Ghana 14 30 53 50 54 52 81 96 107 62 38 20 35 67 Guinea 44 16 26 86 44 29 31 43 38 45 64 36 37 47 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 3 3 6 7 0 3 4 Kenya 6 39 67 69 75 66 67 87 75 86 125 8 34 81 Lesotho 0 9 6 11 11 12 10 11 13 31 13 1 4 14 Liberia 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 Madagascar 18 12 13 10 21 55 39 40 59 26 27 19 14 35 Malawi 2 9 10 16 19 21 19 15 18 16 8 2 7 17 Mali 4 23 39 45 42 38 40 58 46 43 43 4 20 44 Mauritania 3 40 33 37 37 39 41 36 29 26 26 3 28 34 Mauritius 2 23 22 25 27 47 23 23 23 28 31 2 16 28 Mozambique 0 12 17 24 29 33 24 21 23 31 18 1 15 25 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 16 12 6 6 8 18 12 11 12 7 8 5 7 10 Nigeria 14 162 1 2 1 72 321 3 5 17 38 13 22 57 Rwanda 0 11 2 11 8 9 8 10 11 10 12 1 7 10 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 0 1 1 Senegal 7 31 68 72 64 47 89 89 85 79 78 5 37 75 Seychelles 0 4 3 4 2 2 4 5 2 1 1 0 2 3 Sierra Leone 2 3 9 7 6 6 10 3 6 5 6 3 4 6 Somalia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 14 5 3 9 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 16 26 2 Swaziland 1 7 7 8 10 8 7 6 8 6 5 1 5 7 Tanzania 19 38 40 38 54 35 48 63 55 50 31 14 35 47 Togo 2 4 4 7 15 13 13 16 10 11 1 8 5 11 Uganda 2 16 23 22 23 37 41 42 18 11 25 2 10 27 Zambia 3 10 21 47 34 33 27 15 40 13 61 2 5 34 Zimbabwe 2 38 35 58 47 51 48 52 13 4 0 1 19 34 NORTH AFRICA 294 576 737 699 775 866 1,099 1,166 1,364 1,502 1,670 264 469 1,143 Algeria 73 84 62 54 110 128 175 234 273 288 290 72 90 194 Egypt, Arab Rep. 119 56 68 151 225 289 434 461 580 625 697 111 124 433 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 62 281 341 287 225 237 265 262 288 370 457 41 113 299 Tunisia 41 154 266 207 216 211 225 209 223 219 226 39 142 217 ALL AFRICA 537 1,346 1,452 1,572 1,664 1,896 2,828 2,799 2,659 2,810 2,898 501 1,062 2,391 158 External Debt and Related Flows 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 423 1,428 1,906 2,117 2,445 1,953 1,782 1,836 2,032 2,331 1,460 336 1,412 1,995 excluding South Africa 423 1,428 1,906 2,117 2,445 1,953 1,782 1,836 2,032 2,331 1,457 336 1,412 1,994 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 392 1,100 1,476 1,650 1,718 1,442 1,354 1,380 1,122 818 989 301 1,038 1,309 Angola 0 21 25 21 26 40 71 28 52 35 46 0 27 40 Benin 1 6 9 10 11 10 10 14 7 3 3 2 6 8 Botswana 6 43 46 47 49 39 34 33 26 21 22 3 33 34 Burkina Faso 4 9 9 9 7 7 6 9 5 4 6 2 6 6 Burundi 1 3 5 3 6 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 4 2 Cameroon 16 98 117 133 178 175 146 111 99 37 76 18 73 119 Cape Verde 0 2 3 2 2 3 8 11 2 2 3 0 2 4 Central African Republic 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 Chad 0 4 2 1 3 7 5 3 3 1 2 0 1 3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 36 33 10 Congo, Rep. of 10 0 119 25 104 53 7 0 4 49 7 11 27 31 Côte d'Ivoire 37 216 299 414 429 261 248 268 152 123 227 30 160 265 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Ethiopia 4 13 13 19 26 18 18 28 25 22 26 6 23 23 Gabon 15 24 55 78 71 104 67 187 144 142 134 14 27 116 Gambia, The 0 6 6 7 5 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 3 3 Ghana 22 36 45 62 45 55 56 54 62 32 30 15 29 49 Guinea 20 17 12 20 14 21 46 23 52 14 25 9 19 27 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 1 4 3 1 1 0 7 8 2 0 1 3 Kenya 25 139 183 201 199 170 190 185 117 123 57 22 123 155 Lesotho 0 6 6 7 5 8 10 10 14 9 28 1 5 11 Liberia 2 12 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 Madagascar 1 14 14 9 18 43 18 23 14 6 10 8 28 18 Malawi 3 21 23 27 18 15 14 12 11 5 4 5 26 13 Mali 0 3 14 11 5 4 5 6 4 4 4 0 4 5 Mauritania 1 36 24 32 36 22 19 22 16 13 13 6 29 21 Mauritius 4 34 36 36 31 31 30 30 33 33 42 4 27 33 Mozambique 0 15 35 34 25 12 11 8 3 10 4 0 12 13 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 2 20 8 1 1 2 0 1 0 6 1 5 10 2 Nigeria 31 328 429 468 727 510 428 456 910 1,513 469 34 375 685 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 São Tomé and Principe 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Senegal 12 19 47 55 41 42 48 33 35 24 35 8 43 39 Seychelles 0 3 3 3 3 5 5 6 2 1 0 0 3 3 Sierra Leone 2 2 9 22 41 1 4 3 3 5 7 2 4 11 Somalia 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sudan 32 4 0 6 0 0 1 6 2 1 0 24 10 2 Swaziland 4 9 12 8 10 8 6 11 6 8 6 3 13 8 Tanzania 7 49 45 62 69 33 33 20 46 31 15 8 48 39 Togo 8 2 2 0 6 9 4 7 0 0 0 8 18 3 Uganda 9 61 49 38 25 22 24 18 8 7 6 6 30 18 Zambia 34 80 105 132 83 75 53 36 39 19 65 28 71 63 Zimbabwe 3 71 81 109 121 139 142 170 125 21 1 5 46 103 NORTH AFRICA 287 2,558 2,954 2,827 2,399 2,965 2,633 2,462 2,164 2,326 2,912 533 2,365 2,586 Algeria 171 1,080 598 618 560 917 801 884 782 992 1,206 157 882 845 Egypt, Arab Rep. 32 336 306 391 348 352 274 258 283 281 326 54 406 314 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 52 806 1,128 1,351 1,115 1,305 1,047 876 641 621 884 57 527 980 Tunisia 32 312 342 432 376 373 386 444 458 432 496 44 233 425 ALL AFRICA 711 3,987 4,859 4,944 4,844 4,917 4,415 4,298 4,195 4,657 4,372 868 3,778 4,580 External Debt and Related Flows 159 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,123 1,271 3,954 4,087 5,501 7,007 4,757 4,926 5,120 5,020 5,562 1,845 2,506 5,247 excluding South Africa 2,123 1,271 1,959 2,017 2,731 2,326 2,315 2,082 2,511 1,848 1,969 1,845 2,307 2,225 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,926 1,182 1,644 1,568 2,041 2,069 2,291 1,936 2,334 1,664 1,327 1,305 1,608 1,904 Angola .. 39 120 308 619 768 850 836 1,262 1,001 692 .. 104 792 Benin 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 Botswana 0 1 2 6 9 5 5 1 7 2 2 2 6 5 Burkina Faso 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 Burundi 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 1 Cameroon 85 98 67 65 49 39 54 108 90 91 49 76 196 68 Cape Verde .. 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 3 3 0 0 1 Central African Republic 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Chad 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 19 0 Congo, Rep. of 12 75 157 50 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 199 8 Côte d'Ivoire 667 242 356 60 302 487 316 339 159 110 114 350 262 236 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 7 37 36 48 231 8 8 13 10 10 4 10 60 41 Gabon 260 4 33 75 51 25 17 24 27 40 25 149 38 36 Gambia, The 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 Ghana 42 52 66 85 105 124 110 118 103 57 44 11 58 93 Guinea 11 8 9 15 0 40 17 0 0 0 0 8 10 9 Guinea-Bissau 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kenya 165 127 287 295 237 146 153 195 153 136 147 161 181 183 Lesotho 3 6 5 4 3 3 4 7 7 7 8 2 5 5 Liberia 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Madagascar 23 8 5 5 5 2 1 1 0 2 0 10 19 2 Malawi 28 13 14 23 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 17 15 4 Mali 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Mauritania 13 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 3 0 21 3 1 Mauritius 14 26 45 93 50 58 101 54 346 73 114 17 32 111 Mozambique .. 10 5 13 6 5 4 10 31 30 25 0 13 15 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 40 24 24 24 24 14 24 2 2 6 8 40 35 13 Nigeria 197 89 316 448 690 258 25 146 177 184 642 540 698 321 Rwanda 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 137 4 10 27 11 7 17 7 3 17 11 46 37 12 Seychelles 0 5 4 9 5 3 5 6 4 5 10 0 5 6 Sierra Leone 29 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 4 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 South Africa .. .. 1,995 2,070 2,770 4,680 2,442 2,844 2,609 3,172 3,593 .. 1,995 3,023 Sudan 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 Swaziland 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 Tanzania 23 11 16 27 22 22 17 24 21 22 26 18 17 23 Togo 9 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 16 5 1 Uganda 21 32 15 9 7 1 2 2 1 1 1 15 25 3 Zambia 175 51 60 62 39 57 52 8 19 6 12 111 52 32 Zimbabwe 34 301 256 234 246 244 525 170 84 39 29 58 219 196 NORTH AFRICA 3,139 7,527 4,185 2,843 2,807 2,137 2,872 3,714 3,231 2,555 2,822 2,399 5,710 2,873 Algeria 2,284 5,816 2,698 1,577 1,297 975 1,727 1,905 1,667 1,543 1,155 1,646 4,225 1,481 Egypt, Arab Rep. 192 579 544 352 454 302 255 488 237 207 218 238 750 314 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 477 754 624 630 617 457 457 845 700 586 1,244 325 353 692 Tunisia 186 378 320 285 268 241 208 248 628 219 206 157 362 288 ALL AFRICA 5,262 8,798 8,139 6,930 8,308 9,144 7,629 8,640 8,351 7,575 8,384 4,244 8,217 8,120 160 External Debt and Related Flows 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,173 3,924 7,041 9,450 9,431 11,056 9,372 8,959 8,911 9,139 9,011 2,703 5,386 9,416 excluding South Africa 3,173 3,924 5,046 7,379 6,662 5,953 6,513 6,115 6,302 5,966 5,415 2,703 5,186 6,288 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,931 3,345 4,300 6,461 5,244 5,113 5,740 5,510 5,211 4,252 4,267 2,115 4,091 5,225 Angola .. 63 153 332 652 816 1,285 1,270 1,530 1,338 743 .. 153 996 Benin 6 18 21 26 27 32 35 45 51 32 37 7 19 36 Botswana 6 56 61 64 73 74 53 52 52 39 45 6 46 57 Burkina Faso 11 20 27 29 31 33 35 44 33 25 35 7 20 33 Burundi 4 23 28 27 21 20 21 21 14 16 17 5 25 20 Cameroon 131 280 202 216 246 275 291 284 267 183 201 112 307 245 Cape Verde 0 4 6 6 5 10 16 16 11 10 14 1 4 11 Central African Republic 7 3 13 10 8 12 25 12 8 9 0 6 13 11 Chad 5 8 10 10 16 24 23 21 16 17 19 4 7 18 Comoros 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 4 0 1 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 277 4 5 1 37 0 1 1 0 0 637 123 172 85 Congo, Rep. of 41 77 287 84 140 56 18 4 5 56 17 86 233 47 Côte d'Ivoire 722 585 787 625 860 838 670 832 481 369 522 405 596 650 Djibouti 2 6 9 9 9 5 3 7 11 9 10 2 7 8 Equatorial Guinea 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 17 66 68 91 292 52 68 98 84 120 65 30 135 109 Gabon 279 71 119 216 137 172 135 281 196 273 240 169 85 206 Gambia, The 0 21 24 22 22 20 20 15 14 10 13 4 19 17 Ghana 106 184 245 304 329 395 387 344 310 216 116 57 232 300 Guinea 76 44 54 129 67 100 104 73 98 68 99 56 73 92 Guinea-Bissau 3 1 4 9 7 6 7 4 10 13 10 2 5 8 Kenya 205 367 552 605 571 449 473 527 387 369 348 217 424 466 Lesotho 3 20 18 25 22 27 29 33 39 51 52 4 16 35 Liberia 18 13 15 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 23 10 0 Madagascar 44 48 43 38 60 118 72 76 79 35 39 43 97 65 Malawi 35 49 53 76 56 55 60 50 38 25 20 30 69 47 Mali 9 35 63 62 54 49 55 75 66 62 65 8 42 61 Mauritania 26 82 63 79 82 70 69 70 53 47 44 35 72 64 Mauritius 19 83 103 154 108 136 153 107 402 133 186 30 103 172 Mozambique .. 44 67 85 92 64 64 57 57 71 53 12 42 68 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 58 66 48 41 44 49 50 20 16 20 19 50 66 32 Nigeria 242 579 746 918 1,418 840 773 605 1,091 1,715 1,148 588 1,095 1,063 Rwanda 3 11 2 11 10 13 11 20 24 12 14 3 11 14 São Tomé and Principe 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 Senegal 165 81 154 195 160 158 215 161 144 143 147 67 168 165 Seychelles 0 12 10 16 10 10 13 17 8 7 11 1 10 11 Sierra Leone 50 13 99 60 50 7 14 19 35 85 14 28 23 35 Somalia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 0 South Africa 0 0 1,995 2,070 2,769 5,103 2,859 2,844 2,609 3,172 3,596 0 199 3,128 Sudan 131 9 3 54 36 42 59 44 59 54 22 90 37 46 Swaziland 8 17 20 16 21 16 13 17 15 14 11 6 23 15 Tanzania 81 104 116 146 166 121 136 136 132 106 77 59 116 128 Togo 19 14 13 18 32 40 29 32 20 22 10 33 42 25 Uganda 45 119 111 97 105 117 121 97 48 32 50 35 116 83 Zambia 269 211 206 2,067 156 165 132 59 98 80 199 193 167 369 Zimbabwe 40 410 372 401 423 459 763 454 292 73 33 67 324 362 NORTH AFRICA 3,942 11,151 8,244 6,750 6,297 6,387 7,089 7,811 6,891 6,555 7,702 3,276 8,908 6,935 Algeria 2,529 7,309 3,553 2,419 2,102 2,370 3,139 3,382 2,815 2,964 2,948 1,875 5,266 2,767 Egypt, Arab Rep. 446 971 939 989 1,112 959 964 1,207 1,100 1,113 1,241 450 1,324 1,085 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 678 1,997 2,244 2,369 2,004 2,003 1,769 1,982 1,629 1,577 2,584 454 1,215 1,990 Tunisia 290 850 928 939 907 875 868 951 1,348 901 928 243 765 965 ALL AFRICA 7,115 15,075 15,285 16,200 15,728 17,442 16,461 16,769 15,802 15,693 16,713 5,979 14,293 16,351 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 161 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 237 760 599 614 793 737 930 761 602 544 720 172 516 713 excluding South Africa 237 760 599 614 793 737 930 761 602 544 720 172 516 713 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 229 503 597 613 790 669 794 756 596 525 711 164 418 682 Angola 0 3 7 7 3 6 4 2 6 3 3 0 2 4 Benin 1 8 9 10 9 11 12 13 11 10 17 1 6 12 Botswana 1 6 3 3 9 7 6 5 5 5 6 1 3 6 Burkina Faso 2 6 7 9 11 13 13 15 10 9 13 2 6 12 Burundi 1 9 10 9 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 1 8 6 Cameroon 15 24 19 54 36 61 62 55 66 36 45 13 24 52 Cape Verde 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 0 1 3 Central African Republic 0 2 6 3 3 2 5 4 4 4 0 0 4 3 Chad 0 4 5 3 7 5 6 6 6 4 8 0 3 6 Comoros 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 47 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 11 11 13 Congo, Rep. of 12 4 93 9 35 1 1 0 1 4 2 6 17 7 Côte d'Ivoire 14 30 32 47 77 75 145 118 57 47 55 13 21 78 Djibouti 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 5 6 0 0 3 Ethiopia 7 12 16 19 19 21 25 30 31 47 28 7 19 28 Gabon 3 4 15 40 39 36 24 27 9 43 23 2 6 30 Gambia, The 0 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 0 3 4 Ghana 11 36 37 28 50 42 63 57 50 34 32 13 24 44 Guinea 12 23 27 29 22 23 24 25 22 20 22 10 18 23 Guinea-Bissau 0 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 2 5 4 0 2 4 Kenya 9 39 47 59 56 46 48 47 30 36 49 10 30 46 Lesotho 0 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 9 6 4 0 3 5 Liberia 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Madagascar 4 14 11 11 12 42 36 34 17 15 19 7 13 23 Malawi 4 13 13 19 17 18 16 13 15 12 14 4 9 15 Mali 2 38 19 19 57 18 16 19 16 14 21 3 15 22 Mauritania 8 20 22 18 18 19 18 15 13 14 12 8 14 16 Mauritius 1 16 17 18 17 15 15 14 12 11 11 1 10 14 Mozambique 0 31 16 19 25 27 23 32 16 7 13 0 16 20 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 2 7 6 7 5 8 7 7 7 5 7 2 6 7 Nigeria 9 256 2 2 3 68 136 5 6 20 9 8 99 31 Rwanda 1 4 2 8 6 7 6 8 8 5 7 1 5 7 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 Senegal 7 7 25 22 80 30 37 34 39 34 42 4 26 40 Seychelles 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Sierra Leone 0 3 4 5 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 1 2 4 Somalia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 28 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 13 12 0 Swaziland 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 Tanzania 15 49 28 28 55 27 76 51 38 28 50 14 21 44 Togo 1 6 5 5 13 8 8 7 5 6 0 1 6 6 Uganda 1 13 18 23 25 25 20 19 16 10 22 1 9 20 Zambia 14 22 36 32 29 20 23 41 41 23 49 5 14 32 Zimbabwe 1 19 23 26 23 22 20 21 8 4 1 2 15 16 NORTH AFRICA 289 672 783 909 948 775 778 783 714 814 1,096 237 395 852 Algeria 35 26 55 89 144 117 124 128 124 117 102 32 25 118 Egypt, Arab Rep. 153 423 469 570 553 416 380 380 372 359 332 121 223 420 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 70 145 152 161 166 164 199 203 149 266 590 55 73 237 Tunisia 30 78 107 89 84 78 75 72 69 72 72 29 74 76 ALL AFRICA 526 1,432 1,382 1,523 1,740 1,513 1,708 1,545 1,316 1,358 1,817 409 912 1,565 162 External Debt and Related Flows 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 452 1,185 1,426 1,403 1,873 1,352 1,123 1,159 1,216 1,060 756 383 1,487 1,243 excluding South Africa 452 1,185 1,426 1,403 1,873 1,352 1,123 1,159 1,215 1,048 753 383 1,487 1,241 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 398 871 1,091 1,081 1,361 1,054 884 919 705 437 602 324 955 880 Angola 0 5 3 5 24 15 11 6 30 6 7 0 8 13 Benin 1 4 10 11 7 7 9 7 3 4 6 1 4 7 Botswana 5 26 26 22 61 18 15 14 9 7 9 5 26 19 Burkina Faso 2 10 8 9 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 7 3 Burundi 0 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 Cameroon 27 104 114 98 184 112 97 124 132 69 76 22 77 111 Cape Verde 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Central African Republic 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 Chad 0 4 2 1 6 4 5 4 3 1 1 0 1 3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 59 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 33 48 8 Congo, Rep. of 13 0 85 11 141 40 6 0 6 22 1 8 26 28 Côte d'Ivoire 64 188 236 206 252 194 224 194 132 66 129 48 184 175 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 8 9 15 13 19 21 20 21 17 11 13 6 10 17 Gabon 17 25 59 133 180 192 110 194 109 113 129 11 55 145 Gambia, The 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 Ghana 13 31 24 24 27 36 26 23 24 8 13 10 23 22 Guinea 9 13 12 14 21 19 19 19 19 10 11 7 13 16 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 1 2 Kenya 45 87 114 108 106 71 61 41 25 18 15 37 99 56 Lesotho 0 6 7 8 7 9 8 7 8 5 5 1 4 7 Liberia 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 Madagascar 3 10 7 4 5 51 15 42 11 13 10 6 37 19 Malawi 6 12 10 16 9 7 6 4 3 1 2 8 16 6 Mali 1 2 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 Mauritania 1 23 16 14 11 14 12 12 6 7 5 4 16 10 Mauritius 6 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 5 20 13 Mozambique 0 40 36 52 21 14 5 0 3 0 1 0 15 12 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 5 7 3 0 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 5 11 1 Nigeria 54 314 335 322 512 297 240 240 510 611 151 59 532 360 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Senegal 15 14 36 43 36 44 51 23 18 18 23 13 44 32 Seychelles 0 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 2 2 Sierra Leone 2 10 17 16 9 3 6 3 5 5 4 2 4 6 Somalia 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 3 0 0 2 Sudan 16 2 0 2 0 0 2 7 1 0 0 13 5 1 Swaziland 6 4 4 3 9 5 5 10 9 8 6 4 7 7 Tanzania 19 49 33 49 35 10 25 10 14 10 8 15 28 20 Togo 11 1 1 2 11 5 2 1 0 0 0 8 19 3 Uganda 1 14 14 9 13 13 4 8 5 0 1 2 13 7 Zambia 39 54 75 83 39 33 25 31 35 11 50 31 59 38 Zimbabwe 1 79 90 95 95 93 85 89 56 8 2 6 53 65 NORTH AFRICA 401 1,848 2,039 2,367 2,651 2,299 2,310 2,034 1,834 1,682 1,649 420 1,507 2,103 Algeria 124 343 346 734 1,108 1,009 1,073 1,061 1,007 894 863 104 307 969 Egypt, Arab Rep. 68 463 542 552 427 278 258 250 201 216 234 162 468 302 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 66 780 865 762 723 639 580 466 401 383 336 66 528 536 Tunisia 44 231 256 279 286 261 253 258 226 189 216 37 168 246 ALL AFRICA 853 3,033 3,465 3,770 4,524 3,650 3,433 3,193 3,050 2,742 2,405 803 2,993 3,346 External Debt and Related Flows 163 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,694 753 1,947 1,969 2,158 1,576 1,753 1,575 1,512 1,370 1,328 1,259 1,558 1,655 excluding South Africa 1,694 753 1,330 1,114 1,235 726 861 761 771 522 472 1,259 1,496 808 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,228 461 591 579 707 548 716 588 597 349 308 850 797 549 Angola .. 18 41 67 266 127 187 105 114 102 91 .. 55 132 Benin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 Botswana 1 1 1 3 9 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 3 2 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Burundi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Cameroon 78 26 21 21 14 16 19 22 17 12 8 56 69 16 Cape Verde .. 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 22 0 Congo, Rep. of 13 17 50 40 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 50 5 Côte d'Ivoire 513 163 159 138 145 145 246 231 273 102 96 343 267 172 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 2 3 9 29 15 4 3 5 4 3 1 4 20 8 Gabon 100 6 29 44 12 10 8 9 7 10 6 52 26 13 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Ghana 7 17 21 8 31 48 63 57 42 28 31 4 17 38 Guinea 2 1 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Guinea-Bissau 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 110 82 129 95 79 67 48 45 43 30 21 69 90 53 Lesotho 1 1 1 3 4 6 9 10 7 6 6 1 1 6 Liberia 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Madagascar 19 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 12 9 1 Malawi 25 2 2 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 6 1 Mali 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mauritania 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 3 1 1 Mauritius 15 8 11 21 38 34 35 31 29 17 15 11 11 27 Mozambique .. 4 2 4 1 1 8 8 0 0 0 3 5 3 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 58 7 6 6 5 3 2 0 0 1 1 30 18 2 Nigeria 466 292 739 535 528 178 145 173 174 173 164 409 699 259 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 46 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 0 4 2 22 15 2 Seychelles 0 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 Sierra Leone 11 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 South Africa .. .. 617 855 923 850 892 814 741 849 856 .. 617 848 Sudan 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 4 0 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 6 3 1 1 1 3 Tanzania 13 5 1 5 6 3 3 12 3 2 3 9 3 4 Togo 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 Uganda 1 3 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 4 1 Zambia 63 15 15 9 8 12 7 5 4 3 3 43 21 6 Zimbabwe 9 72 79 74 65 59 60 32 43 21 16 30 81 46 NORTH AFRICA 2,118 1,972 1,678 1,603 1,457 1,268 1,184 1,190 1,060 880 727 1,389 2,154 1,171 Algeria 1,280 1,338 1,098 918 770 817 682 532 421 323 203 837 1,321 583 Egypt, Arab Rep. 129 170 137 130 97 71 69 54 47 114 162 128 240 93 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 515 354 345 437 447 233 241 402 398 276 152 319 464 323 Tunisia 154 109 99 118 137 140 168 173 194 167 210 88 129 163 ALL AFRICA 3,812 2,724 3,625 3,572 3,615 2,844 2,937 2,766 2,572 2,251 2,055 2,648 3,712 2,826 164 External Debt and Related Flows 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,487 2,835 4,141 4,546 4,947 3,766 3,871 3,553 3,373 3,010 2,947 1,943 3,834 3,752 excluding South Africa 2,487 2,835 3,486 3,641 3,985 2,883 2,964 2,738 2,630 2,150 2,088 1,943 3,769 2,885 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,958 1,973 2,411 2,782 2,941 2,339 2,443 2,320 1,940 1,346 1,764 1,467 2,439 2,234 Angola .. 26 51 79 293 148 202 114 149 110 101 .. 72 150 Benin 3 13 19 22 17 19 22 21 14 15 23 5 14 19 Botswana 7 33 30 27 78 28 23 21 15 12 15 7 33 27 Burkina Faso 6 16 15 18 16 16 16 18 12 10 16 5 14 15 Burundi 3 12 13 11 9 9 8 6 5 5 5 2 13 7 Cameroon 121 157 156 175 237 191 181 204 217 118 132 92 174 182 Cape Verde 0 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 5 4 7 1 3 4 Central African Republic 1 4 9 5 4 3 7 5 4 4 0 3 9 4 Chad 1 8 8 5 14 11 11 11 9 6 10 1 5 10 Comoros 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 220 10 2 16 5 0 0 2 0 0 276 118 114 38 Congo, Rep. of 38 21 228 62 181 41 7 1 7 27 4 50 93 41 Côte d'Ivoire 590 399 437 398 478 416 618 547 465 218 283 417 507 428 Djibouti 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 1 4 3 3 5 6 .. 0 3 Ethiopia 19 24 40 61 54 46 49 56 52 62 42 20 52 53 Gabon 120 41 106 223 236 244 148 235 128 170 160 66 93 193 Gambia, The 1 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 6 2 7 5 Ghana 35 97 93 69 115 131 154 138 117 71 78 30 97 109 Guinea 24 37 41 44 44 45 44 45 42 30 33 20 35 41 Guinea-Bissau 1 2 4 6 4 3 5 5 10 10 4 1 3 6 Kenya 171 212 292 263 243 185 158 133 98 84 85 126 242 156 Lesotho 2 12 11 16 16 20 22 22 23 18 15 2 8 19 Liberia 24 9 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 17 7 1 Madagascar 28 27 20 17 19 93 51 77 29 29 31 29 68 43 Malawi 37 28 26 40 29 27 23 17 18 13 16 28 37 23 Mali 4 42 25 23 60 21 19 22 18 16 23 5 22 25 Mauritania 15 43 38 33 30 36 33 29 21 23 18 16 33 28 Mauritius 26 42 45 56 71 63 62 56 52 38 35 24 48 54 Mozambique .. 76 55 76 48 42 36 42 20 9 15 5 37 36 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 65 23 16 14 11 14 11 11 9 7 9 37 39 11 Nigeria 529 862 1,075 859 1,043 544 521 418 690 804 324 476 1,330 650 Rwanda 2 5 2 8 7 8 7 9 10 6 7 1 6 8 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 0 1 2 Senegal 70 26 66 72 122 78 91 59 59 57 67 45 98 76 Seychelles 0 5 6 7 5 5 6 6 3 1 2 1 5 4 Sierra Leone 16 18 64 21 14 8 12 7 11 11 9 12 16 12 Somalia 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 6 1 South Africa 0 0 656 905 962 884 908 815 743 860 859 0 66 867 Sudan 63 11 1 15 12 15 3 13 2 2 1 57 30 8 Swaziland 9 6 6 5 12 7 14 19 17 11 8 5 10 12 Tanzania 54 103 62 83 97 42 104 75 56 41 63 41 56 70 Togo 19 9 6 8 24 14 10 9 5 6 1 17 32 10 Uganda 7 32 35 36 40 40 28 30 23 14 27 13 39 30 Zambia 141 151 167 544 86 71 60 83 85 42 107 102 129 135 Zimbabwe 10 179 203 209 194 184 175 152 118 35 19 41 159 136 NORTH AFRICA 2,838 4,593 4,569 4,980 5,147 4,445 4,378 4,235 3,704 3,453 3,515 2,083 4,170 4,232 Algeria 1,440 1,749 1,530 1,810 2,097 2,036 1,977 1,799 1,644 1,410 1,211 972 1,682 1,748 Egypt, Arab Rep. 367 1,068 1,157 1,261 1,081 764 707 684 620 688 728 422 941 817 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 663 1,310 1,375 1,367 1,338 1,037 1,020 1,071 948 926 1,077 466 1,126 1,098 Tunisia 229 436 477 503 519 488 503 507 492 429 498 155 385 492 ALL AFRICA 5,325 7,428 8,711 9,526 10,094 8,211 8,249 7,788 7,076 6,463 6,462 4,026 8,005 7,984 External Debt and Related Flows 165 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credits Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5,660 6,759 11,182 13,995 14,379 14,822 13,243 12,512 12,338 12,218 11,959 4,645 9,220 13,183 excluding South Africa 5,660 6,759 8,532 11,020 10,647 8,835 9,477 8,853 8,986 8,185 7,504 4,645 8,955 9,188 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,889 5,318 6,710 9,243 8,185 7,452 8,183 7,830 7,205 5,666 6,032 3,582 6,530 7,474 Angola 0 89 204 411 945 965 1,487 1,384 1,680 1,448 844 0 135 1,145 Benin 9 31 40 48 44 51 56 65 66 47 60 13 33 55 Botswana 13 89 92 91 151 102 76 73 67 51 60 13 78 84 Burkina Faso 17 36 42 47 47 49 51 61 46 35 51 11 34 48 Burundi 7 35 40 38 30 29 29 27 19 21 21 8 38 27 Cameroon 252 436 358 391 483 466 471 487 484 301 333 203 481 427 Cape Verde 0 6 9 9 8 14 19 20 16 13 21 1 7 15 Central African Republic 8 7 21 15 12 15 32 17 13 13 1 9 22 15 Chad 6 16 18 15 30 35 34 32 25 23 29 5 11 28 Comoros 0 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 5 1 3 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 497 15 6 18 42 0 1 3 0 0 913 241 286 122 Congo, Rep. of 78 98 515 146 321 96 25 5 13 83 21 136 326 89 Côte d'Ivoire 1,312 984 1,224 1,023 1,338 1,254 1,288 1,379 946 587 805 822 1,103 1,078 Djibouti 3 9 11 11 12 7 5 10 13 11 12 3 10 10 Equatorial Guinea 2 1 2 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 5 4 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 3 3 6 9 0 0 3 Ethiopia 36 90 107 153 346 99 117 154 136 182 108 51 187 162 Gabon 399 112 225 439 373 415 283 515 325 443 400 235 178 399 Gambia, The 1 27 30 27 27 26 25 20 20 13 19 5 26 22 Ghana 141 281 339 374 444 526 541 481 427 287 194 87 329 409 Guinea 100 81 94 173 110 145 147 118 140 98 133 76 108 133 Guinea-Bissau 4 3 7 15 11 9 12 9 20 23 14 2 8 14 Kenya 376 579 844 869 814 634 631 661 485 452 433 343 666 622 Lesotho 5 33 30 41 38 48 52 55 62 69 67 6 24 54 Liberia 43 22 15 2 2 0 1 3 1 1 1 41 16 1 Madagascar 72 75 63 55 79 211 123 153 108 64 70 72 164 108 Malawi 71 78 79 116 85 82 83 67 56 38 35 58 106 70 Mali 13 77 87 85 115 70 74 98 85 78 88 13 64 86 Mauritania 40 124 102 112 112 105 102 98 74 70 62 51 105 92 Mauritius 44 125 148 210 179 199 215 163 453 171 221 54 150 226 Mozambique 0 119 123 161 140 107 100 99 77 80 68 2 79 104 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 122 88 64 55 56 62 61 31 24 28 28 87 104 43 Nigeria 772 1,441 1,822 1,777 2,461 1,383 1,294 1,023 1,781 2,519 1,472 1,064 2,425 1,714 Rwanda 4 16 3 20 17 21 19 30 34 18 22 4 17 22 São Tomé and Principe 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 6 1 2 4 Senegal 235 107 220 267 282 237 306 221 202 199 214 112 265 241 Seychelles 0 17 16 23 15 14 20 22 10 8 13 1 15 16 Sierra Leone 66 31 163 82 65 15 25 26 46 95 23 39 39 47 Somalia 13 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 17 1 South Africa 0 0 2,650 2,976 3,732 5,987 3,766 3,659 3,352 4,033 4,455 0 265 3,995 Sudan 194 20 3 69 48 58 61 57 61 56 24 147 67 54 Swaziland 17 23 26 21 32 23 28 35 31 25 19 12 33 27 Tanzania 135 207 179 229 263 163 240 211 188 147 140 100 172 198 Togo 38 23 19 26 56 54 39 41 25 28 11 50 74 35 Uganda 52 151 146 133 145 157 149 126 71 46 77 48 155 113 Zambia 410 362 374 2,611 242 236 193 141 183 122 307 295 296 504 Zimbabwe 50 590 574 610 617 642 938 605 410 107 52 107 483 498 NORTH AFRICA 6,780 15,745 12,814 11,730 11,444 10,832 11,467 12,046 11,055 10,547 11,217 5,359 13,078 11,292 Algeria 3,968 9,058 5,083 4,228 4,199 4,406 5,117 5,181 4,459 4,374 4,160 2,848 6,948 4,515 Egypt, Arab Rep. 813 2,040 2,096 2,250 2,193 1,723 1,671 1,890 1,719 1,801 1,969 871 2,265 1,902 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,341 3,307 3,619 3,736 3,342 3,039 2,789 3,053 2,577 2,502 3,662 921 2,341 3,087 Tunisia 518 1,285 1,405 1,442 1,426 1,364 1,371 1,458 1,840 1,330 1,426 398 1,150 1,457 ALL AFRICA 12,440 22,504 23,996 25,726 25,823 25,653 24,710 24,558 23,392 22,764 23,176 10,004 22,298 24,475 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. 166 External Debt and Related Flows 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,025 523 631 819 885 1,053 1,158 1,160 1,101 650 476 537 631 913 excluding South Africa 1,025 523 379 404 380 498 536 529 592 327 239 537 606 438 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 646 473 329 348 333 465 499 489 528 304 221 301 501 398 Angola 0 66 55 53 49 46 45 45 26 22 19 0 30 38 Benin 11 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 Botswana 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Burkina Faso 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 4 2 Burundi 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 Cameroon 28 30 24 39 24 40 55 59 72 34 25 17 43 43 Cape Verde 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Central African Republic 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 Chad 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 45 13 9 8 7 12 18 18 25 18 14 18 21 15 Congo, Rep. of 31 30 20 35 18 16 16 20 30 9 3 12 40 19 Côte d'Ivoire 95 110 20 23 37 105 96 70 74 34 26 47 97 58 Djibouti 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Equatorial Guinea 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 9 5 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 6 1 Gabon 33 45 43 17 11 18 25 23 28 12 10 13 38 18 Gambia, The 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ghana 18 22 26 28 36 29 38 38 38 27 17 12 16 31 Guinea 9 3 3 5 3 10 12 11 15 8 3 4 4 8 Guinea-Bissau 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 Kenya 58 53 38 36 30 30 39 40 41 26 20 24 47 33 Lesotho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 Madagascar 29 3 2 3 4 1 2 6 9 4 4 9 4 4 Malawi 16 1 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 1 1 5 4 2 Mali 3 2 1 2 2 15 8 8 8 3 2 2 3 6 Mauritania 7 4 4 5 4 8 8 7 10 5 3 5 7 6 Mauritius 8 4 10 16 19 23 27 27 32 31 30 3 4 26 Mozambique 0 3 1 1 1 3 4 6 11 10 8 0 7 5 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 19 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 7 6 1 Nigeria 379 50 50 56 48 33 38 41 64 24 18 236 105 40 Rwanda 3 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 4 1 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 24 15 14 14 7 11 15 17 15 6 5 13 20 11 Seychelles 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 5 2 2 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa 0 0 251 415 504 555 622 631 509 322 236 0 25 474 Sudan 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 22 0 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 0 8 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 Tanzania 26 4 5 4 6 6 7 8 10 6 6 12 12 7 Togo 14 4 4 3 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 6 5 3 Uganda 5 3 3 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 Zambia 0 1 2 1 9 10 10 8 3 3 2 0 1 6 Zimbabwe 15 33 28 35 44 44 43 41 42 16 6 22 32 34 NORTH AFRICA 869 385 333 316 321 522 438 445 297 241 144 589 624 340 Algeria 116 36 33 22 13 13 15 10 10 9 7 150 118 12 Egypt, Arab Rep. 422 164 130 132 133 262 227 231 113 150 97 246 274 168 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 105 18 18 24 40 100 106 102 112 54 29 57 45 71 Tunisia 26 67 52 38 39 49 60 77 61 29 11 9 33 46 ALL AFRICA 1,895 908 964 1,135 1,205 1,575 1,596 1,604 1,398 891 620 1,126 1,255 1,253 External Debt and Related Flows 167 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 10,026 4,991 2,547 7,653 3,172 4,494 -1,385 -958 -795 -1,746 -51 7,731 5,512 1,298 excluding South Africa 10,026 4,991 1,023 4,240 2,491 4,871 -1,088 -260 -1,981 -979 467 7,731 5,359 970 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,245 4,519 1,683 4,799 3,826 5,534 -809 125 -1,284 518 1,968 5,981 4,856 1,834 Angola .. 294 305 -90 76 418 -314 -530 -734 -279 -119 .. 598 -196 Benin 42 87 112 105 101 114 -24 74 -61 105 30 82 70 55 Botswana 8 55 -2 4 -44 -19 -63 -18 -28 -27 -47 28 27 -30 Burkina Faso 56 109 117 124 81 72 66 127 44 115 106 49 91 92 Burundi 40 45 25 26 4 3 10 46 17 13 35 39 75 19 Cameroon 538 137 306 119 -186 679 67 -80 -32 -268 -252 342 298 6 Cape Verde .. 6 25 35 -5 13 39 60 11 49 30 18 9 29 Central African Republic 31 54 32 25 14 -4 -13 25 -14 -5 1 21 66 4 Chad -8 51 72 61 109 77 27 78 29 47 96 22 68 65 Comoros 13 7 11 11 7 9 -1 4 4 4 11 12 11 6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 278 0 -140 61 -91 242 -13 13 20 2 244 368 121 60 Congo, Rep. of 541 310 97 166 -451 96 -66 154 -52 -341 159 230 114 -42 Côte d'Ivoire 1,257 726 -1,002 935 2,117 413 -1,064 -904 -617 -518 -362 741 385 0 Djibouti 9 36 -10 13 18 11 3 -1 -2 8 27 9 20 10 Equatorial Guinea 41 13 17 -8 0 19 12 -21 -12 -2 1 10 12 -1 Eritrea .. .. 27 7 7 33 67 103 61 110 93 .. 27 60 Ethiopia 94 314 188 133 21 130 93 134 90 454 583 441 347 205 Gabon -122 19 -18 14 -84 260 -172 -112 -344 -270 -248 72 154 -120 Gambia, The 58 26 -20 -8 44 -5 4 19 21 21 54 26 14 19 Ghana 75 373 326 414 660 275 369 105 -16 400 235 128 308 305 Guinea 23 228 120 98 72 403 -43 68 -41 14 -31 49 144 67 Guinea-Bissau 73 19 27 13 30 27 7 0 23 -10 -8 27 32 10 Kenya 718 153 -336 78 -251 -13 -148 -328 90 -375 3 318 256 -118 Lesotho 20 62 51 46 54 41 35 20 31 -17 -10 16 44 25 Liberia 95 10 -14 0 11 -21 3 1 -5 -5 0 91 9 -2 Madagascar 476 65 22 59 60 210 100 165 45 130 158 195 109 116 Malawi 154 107 95 183 181 48 112 127 86 70 146 88 78 119 Mali 99 62 92 200 135 293 -33 71 -11 30 184 91 110 109 Mauritania 139 85 96 68 103 158 -84 -11 60 64 51 111 73 51 Mauritius 104 22 260 312 110 134 -16 38 -75 43 6 56 61 69 Mozambique .. 99 189 193 197 335 192 215 63 181 64 822 230 180 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 286 26 27 -9 14 98 33 45 64 54 118 115 65 52 Nigeria 2,780 472 -660 -559 -1,334 -663 -279 -385 -696 -1,497 -1,501 1,750 503 -864 Rwanda 36 50 -11 53 52 114 79 95 25 62 80 31 60 70 São Tomé and Principe 7 15 8 13 5 5 5 20 9 5 6 7 15 8 Senegal 246 70 -29 74 -14 143 100 -34 -157 185 198 210 144 62 Seychelles -390 -3 6 -17 -2 9 33 -6 50 16 1 -78 7 11 Sierra Leone 54 86 102 55 38 24 56 13 57 65 84 35 29 49 Somalia 138 0 0 0 0 -7 5 0 -7 2 9 153 44 0 South Africa .. .. 1,524 3,412 681 -377 -297 -698 1,186 -767 -518 .. 1,524 328 Sudan 839 91 9 0 -119 -157 -14 -191 -97 -183 -26 640 102 -98 Swaziland 29 -8 -4 6 -1 195 -113 41 12 30 -8 22 -7 20 Tanzania 405 112 169 94 148 226 138 214 173 39 205 341 173 155 Togo 108 -57 56 39 72 12 52 87 -43 25 22 94 34 33 Uganda 130 244 223 184 206 244 106 119 176 324 122 100 196 185 Zambia 360 29 88 435 169 -84 25 85 159 325 70 305 137 148 Zimbabwe 148 283 28 437 142 213 -402 -38 -354 -174 -150 220 156 -41 NORTH AFRICA 6,015 -1,698 1,679 2,261 2,953 1,105 -2,323 -1,995 -3,162 -1,391 -2,482 6,095 1,898 -629 Algeria 1,261 -875 2,014 1,361 1,597 -428 -1,622 -1,943 -1,574 -1,956 -1,504 1,442 513 -759 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,465 -286 182 92 -453 581 1,056 -588 -702 71 -647 2,598 547 -74 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,814 31 -423 -30 1,156 221 -406 -124 -448 -278 -1,114 1,395 462 -128 Tunisia 267 221 448 654 692 568 -719 976 -438 771 783 382 350 411 ALL AFRICA 16,040 3,293 4,225 9,914 6,125 5,599 -3,708 -2,952 -3,957 -3,138 -2,533 13,827 7,410 669 168 External Debt and Related Flows 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,573 4,869 4,856 4,666 802 998 -838 -314 228 305 1,720 6,707 4,600 946 excluding South Africa 8,573 4,869 3,332 3,188 1,280 1,472 -25 -166 -686 -126 1,283 6,707 4,447 778 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,062 4,904 3,480 3,674 2,390 1,997 472 264 252 1,522 2,351 5,692 4,531 1,615 Angola 0 623 263 218 126 374 -494 -327 -486 -275 79 0 262 -98 Benin 66 85 109 89 101 24 27 38 -12 91 35 79 73 49 Botswana 21 55 -2 3 -46 -53 -31 -31 -24 -32 -43 27 27 -32 Burkina Faso 59 131 105 110 82 56 73 81 63 135 113 50 90 89 Burundi 41 54 25 18 14 -1 9 -1 26 -3 36 39 76 12 Cameroon 495 219 276 -41 -16 21 -30 22 73 -29 -65 315 288 -8 Cape Verde 0 6 23 16 19 11 39 47 18 42 23 7 9 27 Central African Republic 33 46 47 23 19 -5 -11 5 8 2 1 21 65 5 Chad 0 50 74 60 107 68 31 76 31 48 96 22 67 65 Comoros 13 6 12 9 9 4 3 -2 2 10 8 11 11 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 326 53 -3 -1 -33 0 -1 7 0 0 322 359 134 37 Congo, Rep. of 485 383 63 -69 -116 -32 -8 -4 9 -18 -15 224 97 -32 Côte d'Ivoire 1,055 229 618 299 154 -602 -57 -585 -333 -357 -223 709 223 -213 Djibouti 8 19 17 9 19 9 5 1 1 8 27 8 22 10 Equatorial Guinea 36 13 6 1 -1 -2 -3 0 -2 -3 -1 10 13 -1 Eritrea 0 0 27 7 7 33 67 108 50 103 81 0 3 57 Ethiopia 102 343 188 141 23 127 94 133 101 456 577 440 351 206 Gabon -109 22 79 62 -16 -4 -89 -221 -149 -256 -169 53 145 -105 Gambia, The 55 5 -1 1 36 4 1 12 15 22 43 22 15 17 Ghana 143 326 223 343 610 254 327 113 120 425 200 126 275 299 Guinea 54 242 128 71 76 165 77 33 -29 53 -33 47 144 52 Guinea-Bissau 72 22 25 14 25 30 11 1 13 -8 -4 23 35 10 Kenya 509 80 -271 72 -167 -264 -155 -262 50 -192 -127 298 233 -131 Lesotho 12 62 51 46 54 41 35 20 31 -17 -10 15 44 25 Liberia 91 20 -15 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 89 9 0 Madagascar 401 75 39 51 96 218 30 71 121 134 162 191 112 111 Malawi 156 145 94 151 128 123 113 102 88 91 75 90 82 109 Mali 100 63 101 176 132 107 55 69 42 76 87 87 114 93 Mauritania 129 97 100 55 94 39 -13 -12 70 51 88 107 74 46 Mauritius 124 22 83 255 32 57 -93 38 -269 -62 -14 56 36 -7 Mozambique 0 168 187 182 208 236 194 101 128 73 209 82 236 166 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 233 35 41 -13 12 62 61 42 72 68 122 114 69 53 Nigeria 1,510 -35 -148 -486 -1,110 -525 -497 -430 -938 -1,648 -1,068 1,015 -84 -838 Rwanda 31 50 20 56 52 80 93 91 41 64 71 28 62 69 São Tomé and Principe 9 14 14 12 10 3 4 13 9 7 1 6 15 7 Senegal 230 72 47 46 56 112 40 -70 4 131 106 195 148 53 Seychelles 12 6 8 -7 2 2 10 -5 8 4 1 5 7 2 Sierra Leone 54 86 102 55 40 40 49 17 56 58 89 35 29 50 Somalia 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 149 46 0 South Africa 0 0 1,524 1,478 -478 -473 -813 -148 914 431 437 0 152 168 Sudan 790 91 9 -3 -18 -38 -59 -44 -59 -54 -22 565 129 -37 Swaziland 22 -9 -5 2 8 39 17 16 1 22 2 22 -7 13 Tanzania 352 136 149 116 80 215 128 204 129 120 164 294 193 144 Togo 101 5 43 41 69 32 56 6 6 11 3 91 34 28 Uganda 116 289 209 188 183 233 103 112 182 323 122 100 195 181 Zambia 421 29 88 539 80 121 -49 206 190 228 142 289 105 182 Zimbabwe 93 389 132 250 24 37 -193 -17 -121 -33 -8 190 141 -8 NORTH AFRICA 5,371 197 1,620 1,911 1,434 -215 -2,133 -2,457 -1,947 -659 -2,423 5,385 2,366 -811 Algeria 869 -782 2,078 1,739 1,527 -263 -1,646 -1,953 -1,600 -1,933 -1,413 1,435 625 -693 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,297 227 254 -347 -430 -63 -215 -622 -513 803 -743 2,177 832 -266 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,774 105 -336 -8 -75 -495 -85 -298 10 -388 -1,133 1,299 497 -309 Tunisia 321 272 131 450 426 605 -220 479 192 999 866 373 256 474 ALL AFRICA 13,944 5,067 6,476 6,577 2,236 784 -2,971 -2,771 -1,719 -354 -703 12,092 6,966 135 External Debt and Related Flows 169 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,513 2,491 -2,225 2,288 -2,660 -325 -5,996 -5,558 -5,293 -5,809 -4,231 5,251 1,132 -3,448 excluding South Africa 6,513 1,633 -2,842 196 -1,874 1,490 -4,586 -3,451 -5,316 -3,859 -2,617 5,251 985 -2,502 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,642 2,073 -1,057 1,669 551 2,729 -3,748 -2,608 -3,865 -1,535 -775 4,214 1,917 -948 Angola 0 202 200 -222 -266 224 -562 -689 -909 -411 -239 0 286 -384 Benin 27 73 92 81 82 91 -45 48 -78 87 4 72 51 34 Botswana 0 22 -33 -24 -122 -48 -86 -40 -45 -39 -63 20 -6 -58 Burkina Faso 45 91 100 104 64 53 32 95 30 88 82 43 73 68 Burundi 36 32 12 15 -5 -6 2 38 9 11 19 36 60 10 Cameroon 389 -50 126 -95 -447 447 -226 -386 -372 -438 -450 234 81 -246 Cape Verde 0 4 21 30 -8 9 35 56 6 45 19 7 6 24 Central African Republic 28 49 21 19 9 -8 -19 13 -19 -19 0 17 56 -3 Chad -9 42 63 55 95 65 4 56 6 25 74 21 63 47 Comoros 13 7 10 11 6 9 -2 4 2 3 11 11 9 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 13 -23 -151 38 -103 229 -31 -5 -4 -16 -201 232 -13 -12 Congo, Rep. of 473 258 -152 69 -650 39 -76 144 -104 -391 141 168 -19 -103 Côte d'Ivoire 572 217 -1,459 514 1,602 -109 -1,764 -1,410 -1,094 -761 -735 277 -218 -470 Djibouti 7 31 -13 11 15 9 -3 -8 -6 4 21 8 15 5 Equatorial Guinea 40 12 15 -9 -1 17 13 -20 -11 -1 1 9 10 -1 Eritrea 0 0 27 7 7 33 64 100 58 104 87 0 3 57 Ethiopia 67 285 144 70 -35 83 23 101 50 359 507 417 289 145 Gabon -275 -67 -167 -226 -331 -2 -343 -369 -530 -463 -428 -7 22 -337 Gambia, The 55 18 -27 -14 38 -12 2 11 13 17 43 23 6 12 Ghana 22 253 207 317 509 115 176 -94 -208 266 61 86 195 143 Guinea -11 188 76 49 25 348 -121 2 -98 -54 -86 25 106 8 Guinea-Bissau 71 17 23 7 26 23 2 -5 12 -20 -8 26 27 5 Kenya 489 -112 -665 -222 -525 -228 -344 -485 -83 -486 -104 168 -33 -309 Lesotho 18 49 39 30 38 20 12 -2 8 -44 -34 13 36 3 Liberia 60 1 -14 -2 10 -21 3 -1 -5 -5 -1 69 1 -3 Madagascar 419 35 0 39 37 116 60 75 -38 70 111 157 37 59 Malawi 101 78 69 141 148 18 87 109 75 53 130 55 38 95 Mali 92 19 67 175 73 257 -60 59 -19 8 169 84 85 83 Mauritania 117 39 54 30 69 114 -126 -45 36 20 20 90 33 15 Mauritius 70 -24 204 241 21 47 -105 -46 -159 -26 -59 30 9 -11 Mozambique 0 20 133 116 148 290 177 153 -27 152 35 82 186 130 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 202 1 9 -24 2 83 9 40 46 36 90 70 20 35 Nigeria 1,872 -440 -1,785 -1,474 -2,425 -1,239 -838 -843 -1,451 -2,325 -1,842 1,038 -932 -1,555 Rwanda 31 39 -14 44 45 104 52 54 0 45 74 28 51 52 São Tomé and Principe 7 13 7 12 3 4 4 19 7 5 5 6 14 7 Senegal 151 28 -110 -13 -143 53 -7 -110 -234 128 124 151 27 -25 Seychelles -427 -10 -2 -25 -7 4 26 -14 44 12 -2 -44 0 5 Sierra Leone 39 68 37 32 22 16 29 6 45 39 -3 23 13 23 Somalia 135 0 0 -1 -3 -7 5 -1 -7 2 9 148 38 0 South Africa 0 858 617 2,092 -786 -1,816 -1,410 -2,107 23 -1,950 -1,614 0 147 -946 Sudan 707 81 9 -15 -131 -173 41 -166 -45 -133 -5 544 51 -78 Swaziland 18 -15 -10 1 -13 180 -129 21 -9 17 -18 16 -18 6 Tanzania 324 5 102 8 45 179 69 160 65 -58 90 288 105 70 Togo 74 -70 47 28 45 -4 37 84 -45 24 28 70 -4 25 Uganda 118 209 185 146 163 201 73 50 146 288 71 84 154 142 Zambia 219 -124 -81 -111 74 -165 -45 -5 70 140 -194 203 8 -29 Zimbabwe 122 70 -202 193 -96 -15 -620 -230 -444 -216 -171 158 -36 -200 NORTH AFRICA 2,307 -6,676 -3,224 -3,036 -2,513 -3,862 -7,460 -6,674 -7,162 -4,914 -5,844 3,424 -2,896 -5,183 Algeria -294 -2,660 450 -471 -513 -2,477 -3,984 -3,753 -3,228 -3,235 -2,425 320 -1,287 -2,511 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,676 -1,518 -1,105 -1,302 -1,666 -445 122 -1,503 -1,435 -767 -1,472 1,930 -667 -1,059 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,046 -1,298 -1,816 -1,421 -222 -916 -1,533 -1,296 -1,508 -1,257 -2,221 872 -709 -1,297 Tunisia 12 -282 -81 113 134 30 -1,232 393 -991 345 273 218 -69 -117 ALL AFRICA 8,820 -4,186 -5,449 -748 -5,173 -4,187 -13,456 -12,233 -12,455 -10,723 -10,075 8,675 -1,764 -8,631 170 External Debt and Related Flows 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,085 2,892 715 121 -4,146 -2,768 -4,290 -3,755 -3,152 -3,111 -1,985 4,764 851 -2,886 excluding South Africa 6,085 2,034 -153 -452 -2,705 -1,411 -2,987 -2,828 -3,412 -2,682 -1,562 4,764 678 -2,255 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 5,104 2,931 1,070 892 -552 -342 -1,969 -1,981 -1,784 -229 -171 4,225 2,093 -767 Angola 0 597 213 139 -167 226 -697 -441 -635 -385 -22 0 219 -248 Benin 63 72 91 67 84 6 11 17 -25 76 12 74 59 31 Botswana 15 22 -33 -24 -124 -81 -53 -51 -39 -44 -58 20 -5 -59 Burkina Faso 53 115 90 92 66 40 42 52 50 111 91 45 77 68 Burundi 38 41 12 7 5 -10 2 -7 21 -3 22 36 62 5 Cameroon 374 63 121 -216 -253 -170 -268 -225 -195 -165 -238 223 114 -216 Cape Verde 0 4 20 13 16 7 35 44 13 38 14 7 6 22 Central African Republic 32 43 38 18 15 -8 -16 -7 4 -13 0 18 57 -1 Chad -1 42 66 55 93 57 9 54 8 27 74 21 63 47 Comoros 13 6 11 9 8 4 2 -2 1 9 8 11 10 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 106 43 -5 -18 -39 0 0 6 0 0 -109 241 20 -20 Congo, Rep. of 448 362 -166 -131 -296 -73 -2 6 -13 -58 -29 174 3 -74 Côte d'Ivoire 465 -171 181 -99 -324 -1,018 -662 -1,021 -737 -567 -569 292 -284 -624 Djibouti 7 17 15 7 16 7 0 -5 -3 4 21 7 20 6 Equatorial Guinea 36 12 5 0 -3 -3 -1 2 -1 -1 0 9 11 -1 Eritrea .. .. 27 7 7 33 64 105 48 98 75 .. 27 55 Ethiopia 83 319 148 79 -31 81 25 101 62 362 501 419 299 147 Gabon -228 -19 -27 -160 -252 -247 -236 -455 -308 -438 -339 -13 52 -305 Gambia, The 54 -2 -7 -4 31 -2 0 5 9 18 33 21 8 11 Ghana 108 228 130 274 496 123 173 -48 -34 318 44 96 177 168 Guinea 30 204 88 27 32 119 10 -23 -70 -7 -85 27 109 0 Guinea-Bissau 71 20 21 9 21 27 6 -4 3 -17 -4 22 32 5 Kenya 338 -132 -563 -192 -410 -449 -312 -379 -82 -277 -215 172 -9 -290 Lesotho 10 50 39 30 38 21 12 -2 8 -44 -34 13 36 4 Liberia 67 11 -15 -2 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 -1 72 3 -1 Madagascar 373 48 19 35 77 125 -7 -12 47 77 118 162 45 58 Malawi 119 117 68 111 99 96 90 85 80 75 59 63 45 87 Mali 96 22 76 153 72 86 36 65 42 56 74 82 92 73 Mauritania 115 55 62 22 63 3 -47 -39 56 13 60 90 41 16 Mauritius 98 -21 37 199 -39 -7 -155 -19 -321 -100 -49 33 -12 -61 Mozambique 0 92 132 106 160 193 182 46 48 55 189 82 199 122 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 168 12 25 -26 1 49 38 37 54 51 93 77 31 37 Nigeria 981 -897 -1,223 -1,344 -2,153 -1,069 -1,018 -848 -1,628 -2,452 -1,391 540 -1,415 -1,488 Rwanda 29 45 19 48 45 72 68 52 18 48 66 27 57 52 São Tomé and Principe 9 13 12 11 8 2 3 12 8 7 1 6 14 7 Senegal 160 46 -19 -26 -66 34 -52 -129 -57 80 37 150 50 -22 Seychelles 12 0 2 -14 -3 -3 3 -11 5 3 -1 5 2 -3 Sierra Leone 39 68 37 33 25 32 21 10 44 32 2 23 13 25 Somalia 122 0 0 -1 -3 0 0 -1 0 0 0 144 40 -1 South Africa 0 858 868 573 -1,441 -1,357 -1,304 -926 260 -430 -422 0 173 -631 Sudan 727 81 9 -18 -31 -53 -4 -19 -7 -3 -2 509 99 -17 Swaziland 13 -16 -10 -3 -4 32 3 -2 -16 10 -6 17 -17 2 Tanzania 297 33 87 33 -17 173 67 159 31 31 55 253 137 66 Togo 81 -3 37 33 45 18 42 7 10 16 12 74 2 23 Uganda 109 257 174 152 143 193 74 48 155 290 73 87 156 141 Zambia 280 -122 -80 -6 -6 50 -109 123 103 46 -120 187 -24 10 Zimbabwe 82 209 -71 42 -170 -147 -368 -167 -169 -58 -24 150 -18 -133 NORTH AFRICA 2,533 -4,396 -2,950 -3,070 -3,712 -4,659 -6,832 -6,692 -5,616 -3,799 -5,640 3,302 -1,804 -5,003 Algeria -570 -2,531 548 -71 -570 -2,299 -3,993 -3,752 -3,245 -3,202 -2,327 463 -1,057 -2,432 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,930 -841 -903 -1,608 -1,509 -827 -922 -1,306 -1,133 114 -1,471 1,755 -109 -1,083 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,111 -1,206 -1,712 -1,375 -1,413 -1,531 -1,106 -1,368 -938 -1,313 -2,211 833 -629 -1,407 Tunisia 92 -163 -346 -53 -93 116 -674 -27 -300 601 368 218 -129 -8 ALL AFRICA 8,618 -1,504 -2,235 -2,949 -7,858 -7,427 -11,122 -10,447 -8,768 -6,911 -7,625 8,066 -953 -7,888 External Debt and Related Flows 171 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16,381 69,849 76,133 81,098 83,098 83,334 89,799 84,327 82,647 80,151 88,550 16,406 54,740 84,125 excluding South Africa 16,381 69,849 76,133 81,098 83,098 83,334 89,799 84,327 82,647 80,151 88,550 16,406 54,740 84,125 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 15,942 68,755 74,844 79,721 81,744 82,012 88,217 82,603 81,190 78,813 87,078 16,038 54,048 82,672 Angola .. 1,315 1,405 1,490 2,152 2,212 2,386 2,004 1,791 1,581 1,658 .. 1,231 1,909 Benin 166 1,165 1,270 1,253 1,293 1,265 1,333 1,359 1,343 1,413 1,585 166 828 1,356 Botswana 59 272 305 352 335 302 311 298 290 268 296 86 185 306 Burkina Faso 221 916 912 1,008 1,092 1,083 1,219 1,301 1,162 1,250 1,344 177 644 1,182 Burundi 104 946 1,012 1,047 1,041 989 1,048 1,023 1,003 950 1,062 107 731 1,020 Cameroon 873 2,484 3,503 4,156 4,203 4,278 4,603 4,307 4,248 4,211 4,494 690 1,870 4,312 Cape Verde .. 107 133 147 154 162 193 256 268 304 346 32 92 229 Central African Republic 59 674 723 765 768 724 745 741 714 678 745 64 492 735 Chad 171 592 674 692 760 803 872 927 903 895 1,051 141 379 863 Comoros 43 167 181 192 196 195 203 197 193 210 231 44 160 202 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 862 3,265 3,453 3,563 3,412 3,175 3,471 3,311 3,139 3,014 3,807 829 2,648 3,362 Congo, Rep. of 404 1,690 1,884 1,984 2,002 1,854 1,886 1,730 1,648 1,627 1,800 373 1,331 1,816 Côte d'Ivoire 438 3,696 3,882 4,563 4,806 4,503 4,943 4,418 4,126 3,880 4,526 411 2,643 4,471 Djibouti 15 229 253 267 278 252 263 248 237 235 295 19 167 259 Equatorial Guinea 32 139 142 148 145 139 144 142 137 132 143 31 107 141 Eritrea .. .. 29 37 42 73 140 236 281 379 480 .. 29 208 Ethiopia 562 8,185 8,483 8,715 8,693 8,632 8,810 4,798 4,811 5,056 5,815 1,352 6,930 6,916 Gabon 113 408 579 708 748 898 953 825 1,366 1,282 1,312 87 349 1,011 Gambia, The 68 310 336 361 394 388 417 418 421 421 491 59 239 414 Ghana 775 2,845 3,290 3,693 3,966 4,043 4,584 4,784 4,714 4,631 5,176 683 2,018 4,449 Guinea 678 2,157 2,329 2,457 2,426 2,479 2,649 2,618 2,536 2,485 2,614 734 1,622 2,533 Guinea-Bissau 87 475 534 565 675 666 698 668 607 569 607 63 344 632 Kenya 684 3,090 3,394 3,859 3,931 3,742 4,083 4,115 4,092 4,107 4,450 650 2,307 4,047 Lesotho 44 382 440 470 468 435 448 454 448 427 472 48 273 453 Liberia 211 599 622 635 610 585 599 582 568 556 582 221 568 590 Madagascar 467 1,952 2,118 2,242 2,132 2,681 2,913 2,918 2,875 2,763 3,065 499 1,594 2,698 Malawi 258 1,502 1,681 1,897 1,946 1,973 2,184 2,475 2,452 2,407 2,606 275 1,049 2,242 Mali 613 2,693 2,464 2,660 2,688 2,636 2,654 2,639 2,502 2,477 2,455 592 2,074 2,589 Mauritania 526 1,525 1,602 1,692 1,743 1,705 1,721 1,789 1,821 1,734 1,818 507 1,294 1,753 Mauritius 65 384 417 441 403 345 354 316 299 274 294 65 298 341 Mozambique .. 2,864 3,239 2,936 3,204 3,185 4,055 3,515 3,482 2,063 2,377 764 2,277 3,102 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 155 937 967 1,006 1,021 1,039 1,153 1,207 1,217 1,225 1,440 173 752 1,163 Nigeria 439 1,094 1,290 1,377 1,354 1,322 1,582 1,724 1,457 1,339 1,472 368 692 1,453 Rwanda 141 835 903 961 977 985 1,114 1,158 1,145 1,162 1,303 126 636 1,101 São Tomé and Principe 20 158 177 221 218 219 236 284 278 277 289 20 104 253 Senegal 400 2,111 2,104 2,268 2,313 2,416 2,800 2,709 2,615 2,634 2,987 412 1,820 2,593 Seychelles 19 67 69 69 69 69 72 72 84 82 98 22 63 77 Sierra Leone 176 493 591 701 737 732 783 778 815 940 1,065 157 345 819 Somalia 546 1,546 1,576 1,596 1,557 1,503 1,531 1,516 1,487 1,461 1,513 564 1,432 1,520 South Africa .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Sudan 1,730 4,671 4,775 4,838 4,750 4,636 4,704 4,654 4,569 4,503 4,634 1,697 4,173 4,661 Swaziland 82 124 141 153 140 126 127 124 113 113 127 60 126 128 Tanzania 2,692 4,018 4,373 4,455 4,483 5,111 5,524 5,859 5,542 5,254 5,717 2,556 3,442 5,243 Togo 318 811 892 912 971 961 1,052 1,046 1,005 987 1,090 228 626 1,003 Uganda 254 2,130 2,456 2,766 2,876 2,973 3,137 2,824 2,910 3,053 3,424 222 1,343 2,995 Zambia 797 2,616 3,087 3,294 3,502 3,488 3,648 3,532 3,578 3,557 3,920 672 2,055 3,565 Zimbabwe 15 1,209 1,443 1,464 1,407 1,356 1,456 1,427 1,358 1,288 1,477 81 875 1,404 NORTH AFRICA 13,488 27,883 30,907 33,098 37,199 35,125 36,285 35,188 32,995 31,145 32,607 11,996 24,582 34,205 Algeria 1,269 1,318 2,054 3,076 3,287 3,145 3,303 3,415 3,101 2,696 2,759 1,031 924 3,098 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,116 18,082 19,643 20,414 24,110 22,669 23,550 22,623 21,204 20,094 21,174 7,117 15,009 21,980 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,717 5,572 6,128 6,570 6,966 6,773 6,935 6,566 6,098 5,760 5,797 2,597 6,043 6,433 Tunisia 1,386 2,910 3,082 3,039 2,836 2,539 2,497 2,584 2,591 2,595 2,877 1,251 2,605 2,695 ALL AFRICA 29,869 97,732 107,041 114,196 120,296 118,459 126,084 119,515 115,642 111,297 121,157 28,402 79,322 118,331 172 External Debt and Related Flows 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,282 50,307 54,968 56,672 52,656 47,671 48,634 43,941 51,951 48,540 48,076 8,289 42,931 49,768 excluding South Africa 9,282 50,307 54,968 56,672 52,656 47,671 48,634 43,910 51,807 48,418 47,947 8,289 42,931 49,714 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 8,728 33,155 36,447 37,557 35,365 31,981 32,547 28,984 26,689 23,823 23,881 7,556 29,622 30,103 Angola 0 608 688 736 716 658 1,016 976 912 860 1,232 0 379 888 Benin 50 203 213 226 150 128 135 111 100 94 101 30 145 131 Botswana 64 336 334 308 250 205 190 155 120 92 151 69 323 184 Burkina Faso 39 148 130 131 71 59 65 51 47 58 55 34 126 67 Burundi 6 49 48 47 40 33 30 25 24 23 30 9 55 31 Cameroon 364 2,539 2,774 2,996 3,018 2,935 3,142 2,968 2,846 2,574 2,576 298 1,691 2,882 Cape Verde 0 31 31 32 30 26 38 42 39 22 19 12 32 31 Central African Republic 40 78 62 71 68 64 63 52 49 46 201 37 93 77 Chad 34 116 78 137 134 115 115 101 91 83 84 24 57 108 Comoros 0 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 9 8 9 2 11 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,747 4,679 4,981 5,195 5,002 4,620 4,845 4,447 4,245 4,084 3,434 1,327 4,316 4,484 Congo, Rep. of 200 1,192 1,949 2,059 1,797 1,598 1,551 1,422 1,346 1,251 1,385 158 1,110 1,551 Côte d'Ivoire 809 4,906 4,760 4,654 3,981 3,403 3,359 2,837 2,543 2,331 2,226 694 3,997 3,167 Djibouti 7 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 4 2 Equatorial Guinea 14 61 62 65 61 56 58 52 50 48 52 13 64 55 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 2 3 7 17 17 16 16 0 0 10 Ethiopia 76 399 433 464 437 442 456 437 399 375 401 82 300 426 Gabon 203 1,929 2,848 3,069 3,081 2,637 2,755 2,337 1,964 1,664 1,766 173 1,486 2,409 Gambia, The 5 35 32 24 18 13 17 13 15 12 11 5 35 15 Ghana 259 435 427 400 442 395 375 327 275 453 420 181 374 386 Guinea 183 398 460 448 458 454 448 414 375 330 330 149 410 407 Guinea-Bissau 10 212 200 202 180 172 176 165 108 58 55 15 180 140 Kenya 523 1,060 1,445 1,358 1,150 965 848 668 478 309 291 490 1,283 758 Lesotho 2 97 116 137 134 131 120 116 133 91 76 5 58 117 Liberia 148 303 306 319 301 285 295 275 276 266 287 131 307 288 Madagascar 105 1,277 1,333 1,380 1,344 1,149 1,152 1,411 1,382 958 979 251 1,397 1,219 Malawi 184 177 170 157 126 106 106 102 85 67 72 132 230 103 Mali 15 89 79 77 75 66 179 168 163 160 32 13 61 115 Mauritania 57 393 415 426 401 350 308 341 303 211 161 74 381 313 Mauritius 89 241 233 223 212 209 227 225 201 166 298 74 253 220 Mozambique 0 1,832 1,888 2,227 2,127 2,008 1,893 1,105 1,045 140 146 36 1,250 1,336 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 101 273 285 309 295 270 284 244 242 183 164 90 293 249 Nigeria 554 17,153 18,521 19,115 17,291 15,689 16,087 14,926 25,117 24,595 24,066 733 13,309 19,611 Rwanda 1 1 1 7 6 7 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 3 São Tomé and Principe 3 23 23 11 8 7 7 6 16 17 19 5 22 11 Senegal 253 829 840 868 816 699 484 454 391 337 340 272 863 549 Seychelles 6 29 36 40 40 37 42 39 36 34 36 6 27 38 Sierra Leone 71 305 296 265 218 201 220 198 185 179 194 51 208 207 Somalia 21 316 323 329 325 315 320 310 305 302 313 60 312 315 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 145 122 129 0 0 53 Sudan 1,564 2,870 2,990 3,083 3,026 2,886 2,962 2,851 2,760 2,698 2,861 1,201 2,754 2,891 Swaziland 79 63 56 56 66 70 94 100 99 96 115 57 91 87 Tanzania 348 1,388 1,360 1,345 1,228 692 673 604 504 411 393 341 1,482 731 Togo 236 267 287 322 289 253 274 239 225 216 247 180 359 258 Uganda 37 354 320 212 197 318 176 139 123 225 228 63 332 202 Zambia 688 1,462 1,854 1,793 1,697 1,600 1,572 946 839 807 787 621 1,782 1,255 Zimbabwe 86 1,144 1,273 1,345 1,321 1,295 1,421 1,293 1,169 1,153 1,279 86 688 1,284 NORTH AFRICA 9,190 29,203 33,752 38,525 35,336 33,635 34,772 32,824 30,784 30,468 27,105 9,205 29,183 32,931 Algeria 2,226 5,188 8,874 12,602 14,894 15,120 16,142 15,066 14,356 13,463 13,496 1,739 4,956 14,392 Egypt, Arab Rep 4,507 7,471 8,234 8,543 3,581 3,234 3,370 3,088 2,766 3,260 3,478 4,824 11,744 3,915 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 802 9,979 10,175 10,356 9,553 8,169 8,097 7,409 6,745 6,189 6,108 983 7,658 7,828 Tunisia 575 3,338 3,804 4,361 4,644 4,447 4,562 3,830 3,458 3,535 4,023 518 2,396 4,108 ALL AFRICA 18,472 79,510 88,720 95,197 87,992 81,305 83,406 76,765 82,735 79,008 75,181 17,494 72,114 82,699 External Debt and Related Flows 173 6-21. Long-term debt: private Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20,830 33,129 46,859 48,585 44,766 41,750 40,467 38,857 37,182 36,464 37,909 17,403 36,804 40,747 excluding South Africa 20,830 33,129 33,824 33,813 30,431 27,820 27,159 25,796 22,019 20,891 20,397 17,403 35,501 26,041 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16,454 24,633 25,370 25,864 23,345 21,905 21,098 19,838 18,358 17,426 17,730 12,907 23,123 20,695 Angola .. 6,781 7,031 7,318 6,511 5,813 5,700 5,734 5,383 5,390 5,992 .. 6,131 5,980 Benin 118 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 142 151 3 Botswana 8 48 50 47 36 28 24 32 28 19 17 15 38 29 Burkina Faso 20 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 18 23 3 Burundi 8 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 4 10 13 2 Cameroon 1,014 1,397 1,189 1,186 1,069 751 658 727 647 382 348 727 1,447 721 Cape Verde .. 2 2 6 12 12 10 9 8 16 20 0 3 12 Central African Republic 48 21 18 18 14 14 33 33 33 33 34 40 22 26 Chad 54 6 6 2 17 17 17 16 15 14 13 42 19 14 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,462 836 860 878 861 834 899 504 496 488 150 1,393 870 639 Congo, Rep. of 652 1,232 941 913 866 832 814 782 764 753 789 546 1,213 814 Côte d'Ivoire 5,091 5,125 5,210 5,345 4,429 4,592 4,330 4,039 3,876 3,764 3,617 3,507 5,442 4,249 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 1 Equatorial Guinea 7 15 16 17 16 14 15 13 12 12 14 9 17 14 Eritrea .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 49 704 652 594 354 350 348 127 117 100 98 103 631 261 Gabon 955 596 268 199 143 131 125 129 118 88 153 766 713 136 Gambia, The 24 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 16 17 1 Ghana 131 345 419 525 799 851 919 840 755 811 786 132 313 786 Guinea 159 104 98 82 98 76 30 29 29 29 29 133 116 50 Guinea-Bissau 36 25 28 32 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 37 4 Kenya 1,286 1,700 1,207 1,089 866 701 846 757 670 443 446 898 1,505 727 Lesotho 11 24 22 35 61 77 93 91 76 58 63 9 24 69 Liberia 156 200 208 208 199 192 199 205 197 189 196 115 192 198 Madagascar 346 87 86 84 77 45 41 40 39 73 93 256 191 61 Malawi 192 50 49 28 24 21 20 19 18 10 10 128 67 19 Mali 36 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 22 0 Mauritania 131 19 9 8 25 24 22 20 19 4 6 118 93 16 Mauritius 165 275 448 751 783 787 702 733 453 411 319 94 232 617 Mozambique .. 162 1,743 1,815 1,872 1,930 1,770 1,759 1,728 1,553 1,516 232 713 1,743 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 432 182 157 133 110 96 72 70 68 62 54 267 298 83 Nigeria 4,376 8,496 8,455 7,949 7,086 5,915 6,061 5,958 3,661 3,466 2,668 4,496 12,377 5,345 Rwanda 8 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 6 1 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Senegal 461 156 153 127 53 66 33 23 21 61 46 301 243 54 Seychelles 0 35 43 36 30 25 31 24 12 16 15 4 29 24 Sierra Leone 157 522 509 92 92 91 91 90 6 2 2 168 424 58 Somalia 28 34 36 37 36 34 35 34 33 32 34 86 47 34 South Africa .. .. 13,035 14,772 14,335 13,930 13,309 13,061 15,163 15,573 17,512 .. 13,035 14,707 Sudan 854 1,949 2,131 2,355 2,090 1,973 2,055 1,843 1,813 1,782 2,044 872 1,893 1,994 Swaziland 24 2 1 0 0 31 26 24 20 22 31 14 9 19 Tanzania 341 422 420 465 437 302 288 271 234 115 91 263 468 275 Togo 415 50 51 52 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 247 57 13 Uganda 244 115 93 87 81 80 66 26 24 37 38 149 261 55 Zambia 726 333 259 224 193 183 141 106 96 149 139 671 460 154 Zimbabwe 594 1,051 935 1,052 1,009 906 618 605 539 495 513 561 1,112 717 NORTH AFRICA 22,372 28,984 27,885 26,469 23,127 20,932 20,341 19,771 16,945 17,066 17,873 17,349 31,892 20,315 Algeria 13,545 18,588 17,509 15,625 13,104 10,447 9,036 7,414 5,875 4,706 5,107 9,882 18,166 8,914 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,070 2,915 2,520 2,066 1,484 1,206 1,258 1,039 1,112 2,605 2,630 2,132 5,426 1,675 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4,969 5,949 6,300 6,646 6,313 6,458 6,851 6,991 6,318 5,690 5,009 3,841 6,403 6,284 Tunisia 1,429 1,372 1,319 1,817 2,086 2,531 2,622 3,853 3,639 4,066 5,128 1,069 1,647 3,218 ALL AFRICA 43,202 62,113 74,744 75,054 67,893 62,682 60,809 58,628 54,126 53,530 55,782 34,752 68,696 61,063 174 External Debt and Related Flows 6-22. Total external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 60,696 188,509 221,491 235,713 231,576 221,074 228,766 215,308 211,445 202,872 210,685 54,506 161,811 219,680 excluding South Africa 60,696 188,509 199,820 210,355 205,526 195,801 204,014 191,401 186,584 178,822 185,645 54,506 159,644 194,769 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 51,774 157,773 166,728 176,262 174,120 167,346 173,719 162,274 155,230 147,780 155,169 45,991 130,700 163,987 Angola .. 10,586 11,295 11,502 10,548 9,950 10,786 10,301 9,410 9,296 10,134 .. 9,473 10,241 Benin 424 1,447 1,589 1,614 1,593 1,627 1,651 1,687 1,602 1,672 1,843 408 1,243 1,661 Botswana 136 664 700 717 626 575 532 504 453 400 480 175 551 536 Burkina Faso 330 1,119 1,135 1,274 1,302 1,304 1,459 1,579 1,409 1,492 1,580 269 864 1,425 Burundi 166 1,062 1,123 1,158 1,127 1,066 1,119 1,131 1,103 1,070 1,204 153 856 1,122 Cameroon 2,588 7,371 8,255 9,425 9,622 9,371 9,957 9,476 9,277 8,367 8,502 1,976 5,873 9,250 Cape Verde .. 148 176 214 202 207 247 327 327 361 414 62 132 287 Central African Republic 195 875 888 946 933 883 919 909 858 822 1,066 181 686 917 Chad 284 768 828 900 994 1,023 1,091 1,141 1,115 1,104 1,281 227 509 1,081 Comoros 44 189 202 214 218 219 227 228 232 243 270 48 183 231 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4,773 11,273 12,322 13,239 12,830 12,337 13,203 12,048 11,692 11,519 8,726 4,319 9,563 11,949 Congo, Rep. of 1,526 5,081 5,413 6,004 5,241 5,071 5,119 5,033 4,887 4,491 5,152 1,227 4,429 5,125 Côte d'Ivoire 7,462 19,071 17,395 18,899 19,524 15,609 14,852 13,170 12,138 11,618 11,816 5,644 15,329 14,703 Djibouti 32 264 263 282 296 274 288 275 262 263 335 33 201 284 Equatorial Guinea 76 264 288 292 282 283 306 271 248 239 260 71 223 273 Eritrea .. .. 29 37 44 76 151 253 311 414 528 .. 29 227 Ethiopia 824 9,703 10,063 10,308 10,078 10,077 10,347 5,544 5,483 5,697 6,523 1,656 8,111 8,007 Gabon 1,514 3,861 4,171 4,360 4,310 4,278 4,425 3,979 3,912 3,413 3,533 1,231 3,205 4,026 Gambia, The 137 426 423 426 452 425 460 465 483 487 573 116 351 471 Ghana 1,402 4,834 5,416 5,888 6,402 6,313 6,933 6,979 6,625 6,734 7,338 1,313 3,762 6,652 Guinea 1,134 2,848 3,110 3,242 3,240 3,519 3,546 3,522 3,388 3,254 3,401 1,119 2,343 3,389 Guinea-Bissau 140 787 852 898 937 921 966 934 804 668 699 110 617 853 Kenya 3,387 7,115 7,128 7,313 6,811 6,456 6,808 6,450 6,159 5,562 6,031 2,646 6,193 6,449 Lesotho 72 542 623 684 701 674 688 682 671 594 637 69 375 667 Liberia 686 1,957 2,056 2,154 2,107 2,012 2,103 2,077 2,032 2,164 2,324 620 1,749 2,122 Madagascar 1,248 3,805 4,096 4,322 4,146 4,109 4,394 4,755 4,701 4,160 4,518 1,187 3,576 4,388 Malawi 830 1,826 2,025 2,243 2,315 2,229 2,444 2,751 2,716 2,604 2,912 659 1,510 2,527 Mali 727 2,903 2,695 2,958 3,007 3,152 3,205 3,189 2,974 2,911 2,803 699 2,296 3,025 Mauritania 840 2,174 2,260 2,396 2,457 2,495 2,392 2,534 2,489 2,296 2,309 805 2,011 2,421 Mauritius 467 1,008 1,382 1,757 1,818 1,837 1,856 1,847 1,720 1,723 1,803 359 931 1,795 Mozambique .. 5,212 7,272 7,458 7,566 7,632 8,289 6,965 7,038 4,449 4,609 1,438 4,600 6,751 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 863 1,542 1,510 1,572 1,522 1,556 1,650 1,668 1,686 1,589 1,797 640 1,519 1,630 Nigeria 8,921 30,736 33,092 34,093 31,407 28,455 30,294 29,128 31,355 31,042 30,476 8,515 28,943 30,781 Rwanda 190 909 952 1,029 1,043 1,111 1,226 1,292 1,271 1,283 1,435 158 694 1,211 São Tomé and Principe 24 210 223 245 234 237 257 320 315 313 333 28 142 282 Senegal 1,473 3,764 3,658 3,870 3,690 3,687 3,883 3,766 3,428 3,482 3,918 1,269 3,537 3,715 Seychelles 84 157 171 159 148 149 187 175 215 231 253 59 153 190 Sierra Leone 470 1,557 1,558 1,250 1,242 1,200 1,314 1,298 1,229 1,295 1,448 443 1,172 1,284 Somalia 660 2,501 2,616 2,678 2,643 2,561 2,635 2,606 2,561 2,563 2,688 785 2,208 2,617 South Africa .. .. 21,671 25,358 26,050 25,272 24,753 23,907 24,861 24,050 25,041 .. 21,671 24,911 Sudan 5,177 15,837 16,918 17,603 16,972 16,326 16,843 16,132 15,741 15,414 16,389 4,807 13,292 16,428 Swaziland 206 196 206 220 208 385 275 301 295 303 342 146 240 291 Tanzania 5,324 6,790 7,250 7,425 7,386 7,199 7,669 8,066 7,394 6,678 7,244 4,883 6,514 7,383 Togo 1,122 1,294 1,456 1,476 1,488 1,346 1,472 1,521 1,432 1,406 1,581 757 1,237 1,465 Uganda 687 3,028 3,371 3,575 3,677 3,878 3,912 3,492 3,503 3,743 4,100 610 2,335 3,735 Zambia 3,244 6,485 6,816 6,966 7,069 6,669 6,879 5,868 5,731 5,671 5,969 2,954 6,380 6,353 Zimbabwe 786 4,285 4,524 5,007 4,976 4,919 4,669 4,440 3,911 3,726 4,066 982 3,291 4,464 NORTH AFRICA 53,980 91,634 98,719 104,744 104,194 99,450 101,248 97,481 85,809 82,097 84,776 46,727 96,424 94,975 Algeria 19,365 26,267 30,233 33,042 33,645 30,892 30,678 27,997 25,272 22,581 22,800 14,323 25,913 28,363 Egypt, Arab Rep. 19,131 30,675 32,523 33,499 31,538 30,102 32,440 31,045 29,187 29,331 30,750 18,167 37,207 30,986 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 9,722 22,099 22,972 23,821 24,269 23,549 23,714 22,982 20,721 19,308 18,601 8,641 21,365 22,121 Tunisia 3,527 8,694 9,614 10,820 11,379 11,230 10,850 11,880 10,629 10,877 12,625 3,002 7,421 11,286 ALL AFRICA 114,676 280,142 320,211 340,456 335,770 320,523 330,014 312,790 297,254 284,969 295,461 101,233 258,235 314,655 External Debt and Related Flows 175 6-23. Structure of external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMF Concessional Nonconcessional Concessional Nonconcessional 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,445 35,700 5,683 39,798 3,936 52,850 3,599 8,277 20,830 37,909 11,170 29,121 3,033 7,030 excluding South Africa 12,445 35,700 5,683 39,798 3,936 52,850 3,599 8,148 20,830 20,397 11,170 21,721 3,033 7,030 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 12,044 35,060 5,663 17,792 3,899 52,018 3,066 6,088 16,454 17,730 7,617 19,451 3,033 7,030 Angola .. 1,366 0 1,211 .. 292 0 21 .. 5,992 .. 1,252 .. 0 Benin 82 458 31 84 84 1,127 20 18 118 3 73 80 16 73 Botswana 28 130 12 0 32 166 53 151 8 17 4 16 0 0 Burkina Faso 89 133 30 20 133 1,211 9 35 20 1 35 55 15 127 Burundi 49 139 1 4 55 922 5 26 8 4 12 96 36 13 Cameroon 663 3,417 142 2,231 210 1,077 222 344 1,014 348 278 778 59 307 Cape Verde .. 73 0 13 .. 273 0 6 .. 20 .. 25 0 3 Central African Republic 17 172 28 189 42 573 12 12 48 34 25 53 24 33 Chad 97 88 34 49 75 963 0 35 54 13 12 26 14 107 Congo, Rep. of 21 51 0 0 21 180 0 9 0 0 1 30 0 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 667 1,937 1,620 2,889 194 1,870 127 545 1,462 150 329 764 373 571 Congo, Rep. of 355 1,533 132 1,083 49 267 69 302 652 789 247 1,145 22 33 Côte d'Ivoire 369 2,553 355 1,159 69 1,973 454 1,066 5,091 3,617 1,059 956 65 491 Djibouti 14 101 5 2 1 194 1 3 5 6 6 10 0 21 Equatorial Guinea 30 53 13 45 2 90 1 8 7 14 7 50 16 1 Eritrea .. 167 0 10 .. 313 0 7 .. 0 .. 31 .. 0 Ethiopia 281 2,140 18 208 282 3,675 58 193 49 98 57 66 79 143 Gabon 103 1,284 173 1,395 10 28 30 371 955 153 228 235 15 67 Gambia, The 33 106 0 4 36 385 5 8 24 1 23 37 16 32 Ghana 637 1,203 119 309 139 3,973 140 111 131 786 131 593 105 363 Guinea 615 1,064 116 172 63 1,551 67 158 159 29 80 289 35 139 Guinea-Bissau 58 225 5 47 29 383 5 8 36 0 5 14 1 23 Kenya 414 1,644 159 130 270 2,806 364 162 1,286 446 640 756 254 88 Lesotho 4 41 2 13 40 431 0 63 11 63 8 4 6 22 Liberia 179 385 50 77 33 197 98 211 156 196 81 956 89 304 Madagascar 319 997 71 918 148 2,068 34 61 346 93 244 231 87 150 Malawi 111 408 112 7 147 2,198 72 65 192 10 116 130 80 95 Mali 451 725 6 19 163 1,730 9 14 36 0 24 151 39 166 Mauritania 420 760 38 83 106 1,057 18 78 131 6 65 212 62 113 Mauritius 39 231 37 84 25 63 53 214 165 319 47 892 102 0 Mozambique .. 924 0 106 .. 1,453 0 40 .. 1,516 .. 371 .. 200 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 42 238 70 149 112 1,202 30 15 432 54 159 33 16 106 Nigeria 401 640 21 22,006 37 831 533 2,060 4,376 2,668 3,553 2,270 0 0 Rwanda 51 148 1 0 91 1,155 0 0 8 1 26 46 14 85 São Tomé and Principe 9 109 4 15 11 180 0 5 0 0 0 23 0 3 Senegal 221 929 169 218 179 2,058 84 122 461 46 219 293 140 253 Seychelles 16 72 4 6 3 26 2 31 0 15 59 103 0 0 Sierra Leone 138 365 47 173 39 701 23 22 157 2 7 16 59 169 Somalia 400 803 9 296 147 710 13 18 28 34 47 676 18 152 South Africa .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 129 .. 17,512 .. 7,400 0 0 Sudan 1,361 2,839 1,298 2,665 368 1,794 266 196 854 2,044 598 6,277 431 573 Swaziland 65 56 34 17 17 71 45 99 24 31 15 68 6 0 Tanzania 2,388 2,179 89 361 305 3,537 259 33 341 91 1,771 643 171 400 Togo 228 283 210 231 90 807 26 17 415 0 120 192 33 52 Uganda 191 327 21 169 63 3,096 16 60 244 38 63 153 89 257 Zambia 778 1,297 314 659 19 2,623 374 128 726 139 586 108 447 1,015 Zimbabwe 15 910 83 277 0 567 3 1,002 594 513 90 517 0 280 NORTH AFRICA 11,435 28,328 7,177 13,786 2,053 4,280 2,013 13,319 22,372 17,873 8,063 5,861 868 1,330 Algeria 1,255 2,387 1,956 10,029 14 372 270 3,468 13,545 5,107 2,325 108 0 1,330 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,231 18,858 3,767 1,924 1,885 2,316 741 1,554 2,070 2,630 4,027 3,468 411 0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,638 4,818 158 1,391 79 979 644 4,717 4,969 5,009 778 1,688 457 0 Tunisia 1,311 2,264 218 443 75 613 357 3,580 1,429 5,128 136 598 0 0 ALL AFRICA 23,880 64,028 12,860 53,585 5,989 57,129 5,612 21,596 43,202 55,782 19,233 34,982 3,901 8,360 176 External Debt and Related Flows 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMF Concessional Nonconcessional Concessional Nonconcessional 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 1980 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 422 915 451 747 59 1,033 425 1,468 3,818 6,890 1,025 476 487 905 excluding South Africa 422 915 451 747 59 1,033 425 1,462 3,818 2,441 1,025 239 487 905 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 400 887 436 557 58 1,015 354 1,033 3,154 1,635 646 221 487 905 Angola .. 3 0 50 .. 5 0 4 .. 784 0 19 .. 0 Benin 1 15 1 5 1 27 1 3 4 0 11 3 0 10 Botswana 1 15 1 0 0 11 10 30 1 3 2 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 3 5 4 1 3 30 2 7 5 0 5 2 0 9 Burundi 1 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 4 2 2 2 1 3 Cameroon 25 98 18 49 4 24 24 103 163 57 28 25 19 2 Cape Verde .. 4 0 1 .. 9 0 3 .. 4 0 1 0 0 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 Chad 1 3 0 1 2 16 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 5 Congo, Rep. of 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 48 0 136 0 2 269 22 143 189 0 45 14 101 501 Congo, Rep. of 22 0 13 0 1 4 11 8 25 0 31 3 8 9 Côte d'Ivoire 29 115 55 18 3 35 46 338 1,180 211 95 26 0 89 Djibouti 2 5 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Eritrea .. 4 0 0 .. 4 0 1 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 Ethiopia 11 12 1 3 2 39 10 37 9 5 9 1 2 12 Gabon 6 91 28 219 0 0 4 44 359 31 33 10 1 15 Gambia, The 0 7 0 2 0 8 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 0 Ghana 24 23 22 7 1 46 13 36 48 75 18 17 33 6 Guinea 55 49 7 3 0 37 21 33 14 0 9 3 2 11 Guinea-Bissau 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 2 4 0 1 0 0 2 Kenya 13 104 22 32 2 70 47 40 274 168 58 20 17 19 Lesotho 0 4 0 2 0 13 0 30 4 14 1 0 0 4 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 27 0 11 0 5 1 Madagascar 21 16 2 9 1 30 3 11 42 1 29 4 3 2 Malawi 4 0 7 0 2 22 3 5 53 0 16 1 3 8 Mali 4 22 0 2 1 41 0 3 3 0 3 2 4 19 Mauritania 8 17 0 0 3 22 2 17 17 0 7 3 11 6 Mauritius 2 37 4 14 0 5 6 37 29 128 8 30 3 0 Mozambique .. 13 0 1 .. 19 0 4 .. 25 0 8 .. 6 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 3 2 5 0 16 13 2 1 98 9 19 0 0 3 Nigeria 22 29 15 190 1 18 70 429 663 806 379 18 0 0 Rwanda 0 7 0 0 1 12 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 13 73 19 29 1 47 8 30 183 13 24 5 12 24 Seychelles 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 37 2 0 0 Sierra Leone 2 2 2 10 0 8 2 1 41 0 0 1 19 2 Somalia 3 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 6 .. 4,449 0 236 0 0 Sudan 37 0 30 0 5 1 18 0 12 0 70 0 92 23 Swaziland 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 12 5 1 2 1 0 0 Tanzania 32 38 2 16 2 43 23 8 36 29 26 6 39 7 Togo 2 0 17 0 1 1 2 0 16 0 14 2 0 10 Uganda 3 5 8 1 1 42 2 5 22 3 5 2 16 20 Zambia 16 83 21 82 0 28 51 33 238 15 0 2 84 67 Zimbabwe 3 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 43 46 15 6 0 3 NORTH AFRICA 571 2,407 428 1,716 11 360 261 2,845 5,256 3,549 869 144 253 341 Algeria 107 319 226 1,196 2 73 69 873 3,564 1,358 116 7 0 341 Egypt, Arab Rep. 265 901 50 224 7 128 51 337 320 380 422 97 121 0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 130 949 24 192 1 98 94 1,028 992 1,396 105 29 100 0 Tunisia 70 238 28 103 1 61 47 608 340 416 26 11 33 0 ALL AFRICA 994 3,322 879 2,463 70 1,393 685 4,314 9,074 10,439 1,895 620 739 1,245 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 177 6-25. Average terms of new commitments in 2002 Structure of financing Concessional terms Nonconcessional terms (percentage of total) Grace Grant Grace Grant Con- Noncon- Interest period Maturity element Interest period Maturity element cessional cessional (percent) (years) (years) (percent) (percent) (years) (years) (percent) loans loans SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.1 9.0 35.9 72.7 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 excluding South Africa 1.1 9.0 35.9 72.7 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1.1 9.0 35.8 72.9 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 Angola 0.8 10.1 49.6 83.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Benin 1.0 9.6 39.6 77.4 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Botswana 0.0 10.3 19.2 74.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Burkina Faso 1.4 8.2 33.9 70.3 3.0 0.3 7.8 21.5 98.6 1.4 Burundi 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Cameroon 0.9 8.9 33.2 73.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Cape Verde 0.9 10.3 42.9 80.2 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 0.8 9.7 38.5 78.3 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Congo, Republic of 0.8 9.8 39.3 80.1 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Côte d'Ivoire 0.8 9.9 42.1 80.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 1.0 9.1 36.6 75.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Ethiopia 1.1 9.9 39.6 76.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Gabon 4.3 4.3 10.4 27.1 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Gambia, The 1.9 8.3 31.0 64.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Ghana 0.8 10.3 49.8 83.2 1.4 1.2 5.7 23.3 90.3 9.7 Guinea 0.8 10.3 47.7 82.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Guinea-Bissau 0.8 10.1 41.4 80.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Kenya 0.9 8.0 31.1 69.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Lesotho 1.0 9.4 45.0 77.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 0.8 10.2 40.6 80.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Malawi 0.8 9.7 47.8 81.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mali 0.9 8.5 39.2 75.5 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mauritania 1.8 7.3 26.5 61.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mauritius 2.6 3.5 11.8 34.6 4.5 0.5 10.0 20.0 93.0 7.0 Mozambique 0.9 9.2 35.8 76.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 1.3 8.2 33.7 70.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Nigeria 1.2 8.2 38.0 67.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Rwanda 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. São Tomé and Principe 0.9 7.8 20.8 63.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Senegal 1.6 10.0 36.1 71.2 6.0 3.1 12.1 19.1 95.5 4.5 Seychelles 2.6 5.4 22.5 52.0 5.0 3.0 12.0 24.1 78.2 21.8 Sierra Leone 1.1 8.1 38.2 74.1 6.0 1.7 15.2 20.0 91.8 8.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 0.6 9.8 38.8 80.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 0.7 9.7 39.2 78.9 1.6 0.9 3.9 16.9 98.3 1.7 Zambia 0.8 10.0 39.5 80.3 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Zimbabwe 2.1 9.5 27.7 63.4 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. NORTH AFRICA 2.7 5.0 17.0 44.2 5.1 1.6 8.5 13.5 84.7 15.3 Algeria 2.7 7.0 17.5 48.3 7.0 0.2 6.9 7.8 95.6 4.4 Egypt, Arab Republic 2.2 4.0 14.8 43.2 2.3 1.5 2.2 12.2 62.8 37.2 Libya .. .. Morocco 2.8 4.8 19.0 45.5 6.0 3.0 16.5 20.5 80.5 19.5 Tunisia 3.2 4.3 16.7 39.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. ALL AFRICA 1.3 8.6 34.0 69.9 4.3 1.5 9.2 18.5 97.2 2.8 Note: No data indicates no commitment for the year 2002. Commitments are for offical long-term loans, only. 178 External Debt and Related Flows 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 2002 Debt-GDP ratio Total external Percentage Debt-export ratio Present value Debt service- Non- debt per capita of debt Non- of debt-export export ratio Concessional concessional (U. S. dollars) disbursed Concessional concessional ratio, 2002 (Ex post) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 27 38 307 89 78 107 142 11 excluding South Africa 41 45 289 89 117 128 182 10 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 51 39 305 88 147 115 178 11 Angola 15 11 772 89 19 98 114 10 Benin 59 4 281 81 342 56 .. 14 Botswana 6 3 280 93 10 6 14 2 Burkina Faso 43 2 134 74 406 71 140 16 Burundi 148 4 170 88 1,621 218 1,146 36 Cameroon 48 27 539 91 174 155 187 14 Cape Verde 54 3 903 61 123 24 95 8 Central African Republic 71 19 279 92 576 248 592 1 Chad 52 4 154 76 419 92 244 12 Congo, Rep. of 94 3 461 96 317 53 263 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 67 60 169 96 314 406 694 77 Congo, Rep. of 60 46 1,409 95 74 137 200 1 Côte d'Ivoire 39 19 716 92 81 131 169 15 Djibouti .. 0 484 84 .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 7 2 540 88 5 4 8 0 Eritrea 75 3 123 21 141 14 90 3 Ethiopia 96 7 97 91 597 73 408 11 Gabon 26 36 2,687 90 39 65 103 12 Gambia, The 138 3 412 85 185 31 111 7 Ghana 84 7 362 83 195 82 147 8 Guinea 81 10 439 85 335 101 184 17 Guinea-Bissau 299 27 483 91 1,036 157 778 25 Kenya 36 2 192 83 134 48 135 14 Lesotho 66 11 359 78 73 26 67 10 Liberia .. .. 705 99 .. .. .. .. Madagascar 70 22 275 89 405 192 185 10 Malawi 137 4 271 81 520 61 175 7 Mali 79 1 246 82 210 30 106 8 Mauritania 185 16 829 90 442 120 139 16 Mauritius 6 7 1,488 78 10 50 58 8 Mozambique 66 4 250 82 194 182 73 6 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 66 8 157 80 382 95 135 7 Nigeria 3 55 230 94 9 179 194 9 Rwanda 75 0 176 80 923 93 488 16 São Tomé and Principe 575 38 2,165 83 1,480 230 575 31 Senegal 59 7 399 81 168 52 135 12 Seychelles 14 5 3,008 73 18 28 46 3 Sierra Leone 136 25 277 96 746 268 502 16 Somalia .. .. 288 89 .. .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 552 89 0 65 65 12 Sudan 34 21 500 94 230 584 787 1 Swaziland 11 10 314 73 10 18 27 2 Tanzania 61 4 206 83 349 93 107 9 Togo 79 18 332 86 217 98 232 3 Uganda 59 4 167 87 471 93 174 11 Zambia 106 21 583 92 354 185 387 28 Zimbabwe 18 15 313 75 73 127 192 3 NORTH AFRICA 16 25 618 89 47 75 113 16 Algeria 5 23 728 82 12 90 98 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 23 4 463 94 93 42 118 9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 15 16 628 89 43 95 126 27 Tunisia 13 18 1,291 73 27 91 117 13 ALL AFRICA 23 33 358 89 66 95 131 13 179 Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2002 (percentage of exports of goods and services) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burundi São Tomé and Principe Zambia Morocco Guinea-Bissau Algeria Guinea Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Mauritania Rwanda Côte d'Ivoire Cameroon Benin Kenya Tunisia Senegal South Africa Gabon Chad Ethiopia Uganda Lesotho Angola Madagascar Nigeria Egypt. Arab Rep. Tanzania Mauritius Ghana Cape Verde Mali Niger Gambia The Malawi Comoros Mozambique Zimbabwe Eritrea Seychelles Togo Botswana 180 Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 2002* (percentage ) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Guinea-Bissau 299 Mauritania Burundi Gambia The Malawi Sierra Leone Zambia Ethiopia Comoros Ghana Guinea Mali Togo Rwanda Eritrea Central African Republic Madagascar Congo, Dem. Rep. of Niger Concessional Lesotho Mozambique Nonconcessional Tanzania Congo, Rep. of Senegal Uganda Benin Cape Verde Chad Cameroon Burkina Faso Djibouti Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Sudan Gabon Egypt. Arab Rep. Zimbabwe Morocco Angola Seychelles Tunisia Swaziland Equatorial Guinea Mauritius Botswana Algeria Nigeria South Africa * Sorted by concessional debt. External Debt and Related Flows 181 Technical notes Tables Table 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges. This is the sum of Tables 6-9 Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3. Gross disbursements: of- through 6-11, plus IMF charges on drawings. ficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and private long-term loans. Gross disbursements are Table 6-13. Total external debt service payments: from commitments of long-term external loans by long-term loans and IMF credit. Total external debt official concessional, official nonconcessional, and service payments include the sum of amortization on private sources, respectively (World Bank, DRS). long-term loans and IMF credit and interest payments on long-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, Table 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and DRS). IMF purchases.This is the sum ofTables 6-1 through 6-3, plus IMF purchases. Table 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans. These are estimated for the respective year based on Tables 6-5, 6-6, and 6-7. Amortization: official the estimated year-end stock of short-term debt (which concessional, official nonconcessional, and private may include interest arrears on long-term debt) and long-term loans. Amortization is the actual repay- the annual average six-month London interbank of- ment of principal made in foreign currencies, goods, fered rate (LIBOR) on notes denominated in U.S. or services on outstanding long-term official dollars as reported in the IFS (with no adjustment for concessional, official nonconcessional, and private spreads). Actual payments may be different because long-termloansasdescribedabove(WorldBank,DRS). the LIBOR only approximates actual interest rates on short-term loans, and because not all interest due on Table 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF short-term loans is actually paid (World Bank, DRS). repurchases. This is the sum of Tables 6-5 to 6-7, plus repurchases of drawings from the IMF. Table 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF. These flows represent all disburse- Tables 6-9, 6-10, and 6-11. Interest payments: of- ments of long- and short-term loans net of all repay- ficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and ments of principal on long- and short-term loans and private long-term loans. These are actual payments IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). made in foreign currencies, goods, and services to various lenders described above on interest obliga- Table 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including tions, including IMF charges on drawings due on dis- IMF. Net flows of long-term loans are as defined bursed debt and on commitment charges due on un- above for Table 6-15, but excluding short-term loans disbursed debt (where information is available), that (World Bank, DRS). is, on long-term official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). 182 External Debt and Related Flows Table 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term Table 6-25. Average terms of new commitments, loans, including IMF. Net transfers are net flows 2002. This table presents the average interest rates, (Table 6-15) less interest payments (Tables 6-12 and grace periods, maturities, and grant elements shown 6-14). separatelyforofficialconcessionalandnonconcessional long-term loans (excluding private financing); Table 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, includ- short-term loans are excluded (World Bank, DRS). ing IMF. Net transfers include long-term loans and Grant elements are calculated using a standard 10 per- IMF credit only (Table 6-16 less Table 6-12). cent discount rate. The indicators are weighted aver- ages (based on amount of commitments) across all Tables 6-19, 6-20, and 6-21. Long-term debt: offi- loans in each category. cial concessional, official nonconcessional, and pri- vate. This series reflects the total debt outstanding Table 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, and disbursed of official concessional, official 2002. This table includes the ratio of debt outstand- nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, ing and disbursed to GDP; per capita debt; the ratio DRS). The time series reflects changes in the valua- of debt outstanding and disbursed to debt outstand- tion of year-end debt stocks (because of U.S. dollar ing, including undisbursed; the ratio of debt outstand- exchange rate fluctuation) and debt cancellation, as ing and disbursed and the ratio of the present value of well as net disbursements. Therefore, changes in debt debt to exports of goods and all services, including stocks from year to year cannot be used as a measure receipts of workers' remittances; and the ratio of total of net borrowing or vice versa. debt service paid to exports of goods and all services, more commonly called the debt service ratio (World Table 6-22. Total external debt. When Tables 6-19 Bank, DRS). Ratios are shown separately for to 6-21 are supplemented with IMF credit and esti- concessional debt and for all nonconcessional (includ- mates of total short-term debt (which includes inter- ing private) debt. Both the stock of external debt and est in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed debt service payments include short- and long-term long-term loans), they sum up to total external debt loans and IMF credit, except for the ratio of debt out- (World Bank, DRS). standing to debt outstanding including undisbursed, which is calculated for public and publicly guaran- Table 6-23. Structure of external debt. This table teed debt only. The data for exports of goods and all summarizes debt structure for 1980 and 2002 (World services, plus receipts of workers' remittances, are Bank, DRS). The columns cover the type of creditor taken from balance of payments data in Chapter 5. and concessionality. The private debt shown includes The present value of debt is the sum of all future pay- both the private guaranteed (by an entity of the debtor ments discounted to the present (usually with a com- government) and the private nonguaranteed debt. For mercial discount rate similar to LIBOR). The debt each year, all components shown add up to the totals service ratio is shown for the ex post category, show- in Table 6-22. ing the amount paid after debt relief and/or arrears. Table 6-24. Structure of external debt service pay- Figures ments. This summary table compares debt service payments for all types of creditors in 1980 and 2002 The following indicators have been used to derive the (World Bank, DRS). Debt service payments on figures in this chapter. short-term loans are excluded, to be consistent with Table 6-13. Debt service payments are actual repay- Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (Table 6-26). ments of principal (amortization) and actual payments of interest. The column headings have the same defi- Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio (Table 6-26). nitions as given above for Table 6-23. External Debt and Related Flows 183 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 6 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (6) (1) 6-1 x x 6-2 x x 6-3 x x 6-4 x x 6-5 x x 6-6 x x 6-7 x x 6-8 x x 6-9 x x 6-10 x x 6-11 x x 6-12 x x 6-13 x x 6-14 x x 6-15 x x 6-16 x x 6-17 x x 6-18 x x 6-19 x x 6-20 x x 6-21 x x 6-22 x 6-23 x 6-24 x 6-25 x 6-26 x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 7 Government Finance T he data in this chapter pertain to consolidated Measures of fiscal deficit or surplus are among the government (except when not available) instead single most important indicators of government fis- of to central government operations, which were cal performance. The measure is usually calculated as reported in previous volumes. the difference between total revenue (including grants) Definitions have been taken from the IMF's Gov- and total expenditure (including lending minus repay- ernment Finance Statistics (GFS). For this volume, ments). As such, it measures government net financing data are taken from country desks. When not avail- requirements. GFS methodology recommends group- able from country desks, data are taken from GFS and ing grants receipts with revenue because they can be supplemented with data from IMF andWorld Bank staff spent without incurring an obligation for future pay- reports,orfromothernationalgovernmentsources.Data ments but lists them separately because grants can from various sources have been harmonized to produce sometimes be treated as financing items. Financing a consistent and comparable time series. includes all government borrowing from others (at The focus of this chapter is on the principal finan- home and abroad) minus amortization (government cial transactions of government--taxing, borrowing, repayment of its borrowing from others and changes spending, and lending--rather than on the produc- in cash balances). Other measures of fiscal balance tion and consumption of goods and services, the use include the fiscal deficit or surplus without capital of labor, or other government activities. Spending cov- grants, which measures the government's ability to ers both current and capital transactions. operate without foreign capital transfers, and the fis- The data comprise major government finance indi- cal deficit or surplus, excluding interest payments from cators--fiscal deficit or surplus, expenditure and lend- expenditure, referred to as the primary deficit or sur- ing minus repayments, revenue, grants, and domes- plus. tic and foreign financing--expressed as a percentage Revenue is divided between taxes--unrequited com- of GDP. The chapter also includes information on the pulsory payments to government--and nontax rev- major components of revenue and expenditure by eco- enue. It includes only non-repayable receipts other nomic category, shown as percentages of total rev- than grants. Tax revenue is also classified according enue and as a percentage of expenditure and lending to the base upon which the tax is levied (for example, minus repayments, respectively. income and profits). 184 Government Finance 185 Expenditure is classified by economic category further discussion, see World Bank 1988b, box 2.1, (such as wages, purchases, and interest payments). p. 45.) Indicators calculated as ratios to GDP use Lending minus repayments--government lending less GDP at purchaser values or market prices (see tech- repayment of past government lending--is grouped nical notes to Chapter 1). Because GDP at purchaser with expenditure, except in certain cases (see the tech- values includes import duties (and GDP at market nical notes at the end of this chapter). prices includes indirect taxes), ratios for revenues tend The economic classification of expenditures (for to understate tax burdens, especially where such taxes example, on wages) is presented as a percentage of are an important source of government revenue. total expenditure and lending minus repayments, be- Fiscal year data are compared with the calendar year cause lending minus repayments is itself a separate GDP data that correspond either to the second half of economic classification. the fiscal year or to the calendar year in which most No attempt was made to reconcile GFS data in this of the fiscal year falls. Fiscal years do not correspond chapter with the System of National Accounts (SNA). to calendar years in Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, The fundamental difference between the two systems Ethiopia, The Gambia, and Ghana (before 1982), and is that GFS focuses on government financial transac- Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, tions, whereas the SNA considers government trans- Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, actions as part of total demand and value added. (For Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (after 1985). 186 Government Finance 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -2.1 -4.8 -3.2 -3.1 -3.2 -3.5 -2.8 -2.0 -1.9 -2.6 -4.5 -4.5 -2.8 excluding South Africa .. 5.1 -3.5 -1.5 -1.2 -2.0 -4.2 -3.5 -2.0 -2.1 -3.9 .. -3.9 -2.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 5.1 -4.6 -3.8 -3.2 -2.6 -3.2 -2.8 -3.7 -2.3 -3.5 .. -4.0 -3.1 Angola .. -21.7 -20.1 -37.5 -16.1 -22.0 -7.9 -16.4 -6.3 0.6 -6.2 .. -20.3 -14.0 Benin .. -2.9 -4.4 -4.6 -0.4 0.3 2.1 1.9 -1.8 -1.5 -2.2 .. -5.9 -0.8 Botswana .. 11.0 6.6 4.6 4.7 5.8 2.7 -2.1 7.5 6.3 -3.1 10.4 10.0 3.3 Burkina Faso .. -4.1 -3.1 -3.5 -0.5 -2.9 -2.9 -3.6 -3.9 -4.0 -4.7 .. -3.4 -3.2 Burundi 9.8 -3.7 -2.2 -2.2 -7.4 -4.1 -4.7 -6.4 -0.8 -0.9 -0.8 9.5 -3.3 -3.4 Cameroon 0.4 -6.3 -9.2 -3.2 -1.7 -1.2 -1.7 -3.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.5 -6.4 -0.8 Cape Verde .. -9.3 -14.0 -19.1 -17.2 -6.0 0.4 -9.9 -19.1 -5.2 -0.9 -7.2 -6.7 -9.6 Central African Republic .. -8.2 -10.0 -5.1 -3.4 -2.3 -0.8 -1.9 -2.0 -0.2 0.3 .. -8.8 -1.9 Chad .. -8.6 -4.7 -4.4 -5.1 -3.9 -2.6 -6.0 -7.6 -6.2 -5.9 .. -6.1 -5.2 Comoros .. -2.0 -13.8 -6.2 -5.2 -2.1 -3.5 -0.8 -2.5 -3.6 -6.2 0.0 -5.8 -3.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. -4.2 -5.8 -6.2 -5.0 -5.3 -1.5 -2.0 .. .. -4.3 Congo, Rep. of .. -12.6 -13.2 -8.2 -10.5 -8.9 -20.0 -5.9 1.1 -0.7 -8.1 7.1 -9.9 -7.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. -11.2 -5.9 -3.1 -1.4 -1.4 -1.5 -2.0 -1.3 0.9 -1.6 .. -8.8 -1.4 Djibouti .. -13.0 -8.4 -8.0 -3.9 -4.3 0.9 -2.2 -1.8 .. .. .. -11.0 -3.2 Equatorial Guinea .. .. -5.7 -6.3 -6.3 1.5 -5.7 0.1 9.1 12.1 16.2 .. -5.7 2.6 Eritrea .. 14.2 6.5 -12.2 -9.3 0.1 -29.9 -48.3 -28.3 -14.2 -20.5 .. 8.7 -20.3 Ethiopia .. -5.9 -7.7 -3.9 -5.6 -1.4 -3.1 -7.1 -11.6 -5.4 -9.2 -5.9 -6.6 -5.9 Gabon .. -5.7 -1.6 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 0.6 2.2 3.6 -36.9 -5.4 -0.1 Gambia, The .. 1.3 -1.1 -6.3 -10.0 -6.5 -2.4 -3.5 -1.4 -6.3 -4.8 -14.7 2.1 -5.2 Ghana .. -3.1 -8.9 -6.4 -9.5 -9.4 -6.5 -8.2 -7.9 -10.1 -4.0 -2.3 -2.9 -7.8 Guinea .. -3.7 -3.6 -2.7 -3.0 -2.8 -0.3 -3.0 0.3 -4.4 -5.9 .. -3.7 -2.7 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -13.0 -8.4 -1.4 -12.2 -5.0 -16.4 -10.1 -10.9 -11.7 -12.0 -8.3 -13.9 -10.0 Kenya -7.0 -1.2 0.2 -1.4 0.3 -1.8 -0.7 18.4 2.9 7.7 1.3 -5.9 -3.8 3.3 Lesotho .. -1.5 4.3 5.0 4.5 2.3 -1.8 -13.2 -5.0 0.1 -2.3 -5.4 -7.5 -1.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -7.6 -8.7 -5.3 -8.1 -2.4 -5.8 -2.8 -2.8 -4.3 -5.5 1.7 -2.4 -4.6 Malawi -11.6 -6.1 -17.4 -4.7 -3.7 -5.5 -6.6 -4.5 -4.9 -7.6 -7.7 -8.3 -7.1 -5.6 Mali -14.9 -4.1 -4.6 -3.1 -0.9 -2.1 -3.3 -3.5 -4.0 -5.1 -5.5 -11.9 -4.6 -3.4 Mauritania .. -7.4 -0.5 1.2 7.4 5.1 3.6 4.7 -1.7 -1.8 10.2 .. -7.3 3.6 Mauritius -10.9 -1.9 -2.4 -3.6 -7.2 -7.4 -3.9 -3.4 -3.8 -5.7 -6.0 -10.5 -2.5 -5.1 Mozambique -2.1 -3.6 -5.3 -3.2 -2.9 -2.6 -2.4 -1.5 -6.0 -6.6 -7.9 -8.6 -6.1 -4.1 Namibia .. -4.9 -2.0 -3.3 -5.3 -3.8 -3.8 -2.5 -1.1 -3.7 -4.1 -5.3 -0.7 -3.4 Niger .. -3.8 -6.7 -2.7 -0.2 -2.7 -4.2 -5.1 -2.7 -2.4 -5.3 -4.9 -5.0 -3.2 Nigeria .. .. 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -9.3 -7.1 6.8 -1.5 -5.8 .. 1.9 0.4 Rwanda .. -8.2 -11.5 -2.4 -5.8 -2.5 -3.0 -4.0 0.7 -1.3 -2.4 .. -7.6 -2.6 São Tomé and Principe .. -33.6 -43.0 -37.6 -32.3 -26.7 -24.9 -23.2 -16.6 -22.0 -25.9 .. -19.6 -26.1 Senegal -4.6 -3.1 -1.9 0.0 -0.1 0.5 -0.3 -1.4 0.1 -2.0 -1.3 -6.8 -1.8 -0.6 Seychelles .. -11.3 3.4 1.8 -19.0 -15.7 -27.0 -6.9 -12.8 -10.7 -19.4 .. -3.7 -13.7 Sierra Leone .. -7.4 -5.5 -9.2 -5.1 -7.0 -10.4 -9.5 -9.3 -11.4 -10.0 .. -14.3 -9.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -18.0 -8.9 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -2.6 -2.0 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -6.5 -5.1 -3.1 Sudan .. 137.3 -1.1 -0.7 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.6 -0.9 -0.7 .. 16.4 -0.7 Swaziland .. -4.5 -5.2 -1.7 -1.2 1.8 1.0 -1.0 -1.5 -2.6 -4.2 .. -1.5 -1.2 Tanzania .. -1.4 1.6 -3.4 -1.9 1.8 0.2 0.4 -1.2 -1.5 -1.4 -9.4 -1.0 -0.9 Togo .. -15.5 -11.5 -6.4 -4.5 0.8 -5.2 -3.4 -5.4 -2.1 -1.6 -2.1 -6.0 -3.5 Uganda .. -3.2 -3.8 -2.6 -1.9 -1.4 -0.5 -1.3 -9.7 -2.2 -5.7 -2.1 -4.0 -3.1 Zambia .. -5.6 -6.5 -4.3 -0.5 -0.2 -3.2 -2.4 -5.0 -7.2 -5.6 .. -8.4 -3.6 Zimbabwe 7.6 -6.1 -6.7 -10.1 -7.7 -7.6 -2.5 -9.6 -21.4 -11.3 -12.1 8.0 -7.1 -10.3 NORTH AFRICA .. -4.4 -2.6 -2.1 -0.6 -0.5 -2.2 -2.8 0.2 -0.3 -1.0 .. -5.7 -1.2 Algeria -8.4 -8.6 -4.4 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.5 9.9 6.4 5.3 -9.5 -5.5 2.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -2.3 -0.9 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -3.6 -3.3 -4.5 -4.3 .. -9.1 -2.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -10.9 -2.9 -3.8 -5.4 -3.5 -3.4 -2.7 -4.7 -6.2 -0.8 -3.4 -0.8 -3.9 -3.7 Tunisia 0.9 -2.8 -2.1 -4.2 -4.9 -3.9 -2.5 -2.2 -2.9 -2.7 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -3.2 ALL AFRICA .. -3.0 -4.0 -2.8 -2.3 -2.3 -3.0 -2.8 -1.3 -1.3 -2.1 .. -5.1 -2.2 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. Government Finance 187 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -4.1 -6.2 -4.4 -4.2 -4.2 -4.6 -4.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.8 -5.3 -5.7 -3.9 excluding South Africa .. 1.0 -6.2 -3.7 -3.1 -3.9 -6.2 -5.7 -4.0 -4.5 -6.0 .. -6.6 -4.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 1.0 -7.8 -6.4 -5.5 -4.9 -5.6 -5.4 -6.1 -5.1 -6.0 .. -6.6 -5.6 Angola .. -21.7 -20.1 -37.5 -19.3 -24.4 -11.3 -35.7 -8.6 -3.7 -9.0 .. -20.3 -18.7 Benin .. -6.8 -7.0 -7.3 -4.3 -4.2 -1.0 -1.6 -3.5 -4.2 -3.3 .. -10.9 -3.7 Botswana .. 9.8 5.2 4.1 4.4 5.4 2.1 -2.7 7.1 6.1 -3.3 7.8 8.4 2.9 Burkina Faso .. -8.8 -9.9 -9.8 -8.2 -9.3 -9.2 -11.7 -11.1 -11.3 -10.2 .. -8.1 -10.1 Burundi 6.1 -12.7 -4.7 -5.8 -9.7 -7.1 -5.6 -9.2 -4.1 -3.5 -1.7 5.4 -7.8 -5.8 Cameroon 0.4 -6.3 -9.4 -3.3 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -3.4 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.5 -6.4 -1.0 Cape Verde .. -24.6 -29.2 -27.8 -22.2 -16.1 -14.1 -14.8 -25.2 -11.0 -9.3 -45.0 -22.2 -17.5 Central African Republic .. -13.5 -15.0 -11.4 -5.0 -6.3 -8.6 -8.7 -9.3 -7.9 -7.8 .. -13.7 -8.1 Chad .. -13.2 -14.2 -11.9 -11.2 -10.3 -7.5 -10.7 -13.1 -11.8 -12.8 .. -14.1 -11.2 Comoros .. -11.3 -23.8 -17.9 -14.1 -11.1 -10.7 -7.4 -5.7 -6.0 -7.7 -19.1 -20.4 -10.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. -4.2 -5.8 -6.2 -5.0 -5.3 -1.5 -2.3 .. .. -4.4 Congo, Rep. of .. -12.6 -14.3 -9.2 -10.9 -9.0 -20.3 -6.3 0.8 -0.9 -8.3 6.2 -10.2 -8.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. -11.7 -6.5 -4.4 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -3.0 -1.9 0.3 -2.1 .. -9.0 -2.4 Djibouti .. -21.8 -13.4 -10.0 -5.7 -8.1 -7.9 -9.6 -10.4 .. .. .. -19.8 -8.6 Equatorial Guinea .. .. -9.9 -8.9 -7.2 0.8 -6.4 -0.2 8.9 11.9 16.1 .. -9.9 1.9 Eritrea .. -27.2 -31.7 -37.0 -31.0 -11.5 -47.7 -62.6 -64.3 -49.3 -45.1 .. -23.4 -43.6 Ethiopia .. -7.6 -11.1 -7.3 -8.5 -5.1 -5.6 -10.5 -13.8 -10.2 -13.9 -8.0 -9.7 -9.4 Gabon .. -6.0 -2.0 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 0.6 2.2 3.6 -37.3 -5.8 -0.1 Gambia, The .. -2.4 -4.2 -8.7 -12.2 -7.8 -4.4 -4.9 -3.6 -9.8 -9.4 -14.7 -7.3 -7.6 Ghana .. -9.8 -12.4 -10.0 -12.1 -11.7 -10.3 -9.8 -10.0 -14.6 -8.1 -3.1 -6.4 -10.8 Guinea .. -7.3 -7.1 -6.7 -6.2 -5.9 -3.2 -5.3 -2.0 -7.8 -8.2 .. -7.2 -5.7 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -29.9 -23.1 -17.7 -21.2 -17.8 -19.6 -14.4 -25.0 -26.2 -18.1 -10.1 -34.0 -20.0 Kenya -9.5 -4.3 -2.6 -2.7 -0.9 -3.2 -2.2 17.1 1.8 3.9 -0.4 -7.6 -6.1 1.7 Lesotho .. -1.5 0.7 0.3 -0.3 -1.6 -4.5 -15.5 -7.2 -2.5 -5.8 -8.9 -8.9 -4.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -11.0 -11.7 -8.2 -12.3 -7.7 -9.3 -6.4 -6.4 -8.2 -7.7 1.0 -4.7 -8.3 Malawi -15.9 -8.8 -29.5 -12.7 -8.3 -9.0 -12.8 -11.0 -14.2 -14.6 -14.5 -11.1 -11.4 -12.1 Mali -35.4 -9.6 -14.6 -10.7 -8.1 -7.9 -9.2 -8.8 -9.1 -9.5 -9.4 -38.2 -10.9 -9.1 Mauritania .. -9.6 -3.1 -0.8 5.2 4.3 2.2 2.1 -4.9 -5.7 6.0 .. -11.0 1.1 Mauritius -10.9 -2.1 -2.6 -4.0 -7.5 -7.4 -4.1 -3.5 -4.0 -5.9 -6.2 -10.8 -3.0 -5.3 Mozambique -3.9 -15.5 -19.2 -13.0 -9.9 -11.9 -10.5 -13.2 -14.0 -21.4 -19.7 -10.4 -14.8 -14.2 Namibia .. -5.6 -2.4 -3.6 -5.6 -4.0 -3.9 -2.7 -1.3 -4.0 -4.4 -18.2 -6.0 -3.7 Niger .. -9.4 -12.5 -7.4 -5.1 -7.3 -8.6 -9.0 -7.5 -7.1 -6.5 -8.3 -9.8 -7.3 Nigeria .. .. 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -9.3 -7.1 6.8 -1.5 -5.8 .. 1.9 0.4 Rwanda .. -14.6 -12.4 -13.7 -13.2 -9.2 -8.3 -9.7 -8.9 -9.5 -11.0 .. -12.7 -10.4 São Tomé and Principe .. -50.3 -60.5 -60.9 -55.8 -54.5 -34.6 -50.1 -44.5 -60.1 -54.7 .. -37.0 -51.9 Senegal -5.3 -4.2 -6.1 -3.2 -4.4 -2.0 -3.3 -3.5 -2.0 -3.9 -3.1 -7.7 -3.4 -3.2 Seychelles .. -12.9 2.7 1.3 -19.5 -16.0 -27.5 -7.6 -13.7 -11.1 -20.0 .. -5.1 -14.3 Sierra Leone .. -7.4 -5.5 -9.2 -7.1 -7.5 -13.0 -16.9 -18.5 -18.6 -20.5 .. -14.7 -13.9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -18.0 -8.9 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -2.7 -2.1 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -6.5 -5.1 -3.1 Sudan .. 120.0 -2.8 -1.4 -1.5 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.9 .. 12.6 -1.0 Swaziland .. -5.4 -5.9 -1.9 -1.5 1.6 0.5 -2.2 -2.6 -3.8 -5.5 .. -2.4 -1.9 Tanzania .. -4.8 -1.7 -5.2 -3.9 -1.4 -2.6 -3.4 -5.4 -5.0 -5.7 -12.2 -3.9 -4.1 Togo .. -15.8 -12.9 -7.7 -5.1 -0.6 -6.5 -5.1 -5.9 -2.6 -2.9 -5.6 -8.3 -4.5 Uganda .. -11.3 -10.3 -6.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.8 -6.3 -15.5 -8.9 -12.8 -2.7 -7.3 -8.5 Zambia .. -13.6 -11.8 -9.5 -6.6 -5.3 -9.8 -10.3 -10.7 -13.0 -13.9 .. -12.7 -9.9 Zimbabwe 6.9 -8.1 -8.6 -11.9 -9.0 -8.6 -4.2 -10.6 -22.5 -11.6 -12.9 7.0 -8.4 -11.4 NORTH AFRICA .. -4.9 -3.2 -2.5 -0.9 -0.8 -2.4 -3.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.2 .. -6.7 -1.4 Algeria -8.4 -8.6 -4.4 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.6 9.9 6.0 5.0 -9.5 -5.5 2.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -3.5 -2.1 -1.2 -1.3 -0.9 -1.0 -4.2 -3.6 -4.6 -4.5 .. -11.2 -2.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -11.3 -3.3 -4.0 -5.4 -3.5 -3.4 -2.7 -4.7 -6.2 -0.8 -3.4 -2.6 -4.7 -3.8 Tunisia 0.9 -2.8 -2.5 -4.5 -5.1 -4.2 -2.8 -2.6 -3.3 -3.0 -2.8 -1.7 -2.7 -3.5 ALL AFRICA .. -4.4 -5.1 -3.7 -3.0 -3.0 -3.8 -3.7 -2.0 -2.2 -2.9 .. -6.1 -3.1 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. 188 Government Finance 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/+) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. -0.6 5.0 2.8 2.6 1.3 -0.7 0.7 2.2 1.5 -0.2 .. -0.1 1.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. -0.6 4.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.8 -0.5 .. -0.9 0.4 Angola .. -12.2 219.0 -26.6 -4.5 -16.5 -1.0 -7.3 -0.7 5.3 -3.0 .. 7.7 -6.8 Benin .. -0.2 -1.2 -1.8 2.1 2.0 3.1 2.8 -0.9 -0.6 -1.4 .. -2.9 0.7 Botswana .. 11.0 6.6 4.6 4.7 5.8 2.7 -2.1 7.5 6.3 -3.1 .. 4.8 3.3 Burkina Faso .. -2.7 -1.7 -2.1 0.3 -2.1 -2.1 -2.8 -3.0 -3.1 -4.0 .. -2.1 -2.4 Burundi 10.1 -2.2 -0.7 -0.4 -5.6 -2.1 -2.3 -3.2 2.2 1.7 1.9 10.1 -1.2 -1.0 Cameroon 0.7 -1.5 -2.2 3.2 5.0 4.9 4.0 2.0 5.7 5.0 4.5 1.6 -3.4 4.3 Cape Verde .. -2.9 -13.0 -15.9 -13.6 -2.1 3.9 -8.6 -16.9 -3.1 1.7 -7.2 -4.4 -6.8 Central African Republic .. -6.1 -7.6 -2.8 -1.5 -0.9 0.5 -0.5 -0.1 1.2 1.7 .. -6.9 -0.3 Chad .. -7.4 -3.5 -3.4 -4.0 -2.9 -1.7 -5.1 -6.5 -5.4 -5.1 .. -5.5 -4.3 Comoros .. -1.1 -12.6 -5.2 -4.3 -1.1 -2.4 0.2 -1.6 -4.8 -7.4 -22.0 -6.5 -3.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. -1.2 -3.3 -2.4 -2.9 -3.5 -0.3 1.1 .. .. -1.8 Congo, Rep. of .. -5.2 -1.1 5.9 2.1 4.2 -6.1 5.7 8.1 6.7 0.3 7.1 -2.9 3.4 Côte d'Ivoire .. -3.0 1.3 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.3 1.9 2.7 4.2 1.7 .. -0.6 2.8 Djibouti .. -12.5 -8.1 -7.4 -3.2 -3.8 1.3 -1.8 -1.0 .. .. .. -10.6 -2.7 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 1.4 -0.4 -2.4 2.9 -4.1 1.4 9.3 12.3 16.4 .. 1.4 4.4 Eritrea .. -6.6 -13.0 -23.9 -8.5 1.1 -28.7 -46.4 -25.4 -10.7 -16.6 .. -7.5 -19.9 Ethiopia .. -3.9 -4.3 -1.4 -3.2 0.8 -1.1 -5.1 -9.3 -3.4 -7.3 -5.0 -5.0 -3.7 Gabon .. 1.3 5.1 11.3 8.6 8.3 -7.1 5.8 6.1 7.2 7.8 -34.5 0.1 6.0 Gambia, The .. 5.1 2.6 -2.5 -5.6 -1.3 2.9 1.5 3.2 -1.5 0.4 .. 6.1 -0.4 Ghana .. 0.4 -4.4 -2.1 -4.4 -3.1 -1.4 -2.6 -0.4 -2.3 2.1 -1.1 -0.9 -1.8 Guinea .. -2.4 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.2 1.1 -1.5 2.0 -2.5 -4.0 .. -1.5 -1.1 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -7.2 -3.0 5.2 -5.6 0.4 -9.6 -9.2 -5.1 -3.3 -7.1 -3.2 -9.4 -4.3 Kenya -3.5 13.1 11.5 5.4 7.4 3.8 4.7 23.8 6.8 10.7 4.1 -2.1 3.9 8.4 Lesotho .. 1.0 6.2 6.7 6.1 4.1 0.6 -10.1 -1.0 3.4 0.6 .. -6.3 1.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -3.5 -3.3 -0.2 -3.4 0.6 -3.1 -0.7 -0.5 -2.4 -3.3 3.2 0.1 -1.6 Malawi -8.3 -3.0 -12.4 1.7 1.6 -2.1 -2.7 -1.1 -0.4 -2.2 -2.0 -5.2 -2.2 -0.9 Mali -10.5 -2.5 -2.1 -1.7 0.2 -1.1 -2.6 -2.6 -3.0 -4.4 -4.6 -7.7 -2.8 -2.5 Mauritania .. -3.3 2.4 4.4 10.6 8.0 7.1 8.3 1.5 1.3 13.0 .. -4.2 6.8 Mauritius .. 0.9 0.3 -0.6 -4.1 -3.9 -0.1 0.1 -0.4 -1.3 -2.6 -4.6 1.8 -1.6 Mozambique -2.1 -1.1 -4.2 -1.6 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -0.8 -5.8 -5.9 -6.4 -8.5 -4.7 -3.1 Namibia .. -4.3 -1.1 -2.2 -3.8 -1.9 -1.3 -0.1 1.1 -1.6 -1.6 -2.4 1.0 -1.4 Niger .. -2.1 -4.4 -0.4 1.4 -1.2 -2.6 -3.6 -1.0 -0.6 -3.8 -2.8 -2.6 -1.5 Nigeria .. .. 7.5 13.6 11.4 3.5 -6.3 0.8 13.4 4.6 1.2 .. 7.5 5.3 Rwanda .. -6.1 -7.0 0.0 -4.1 -1.2 -2.0 -3.2 1.6 -0.5 -1.4 .. -5.4 -1.4 São Tomé and Principe .. -22.2 -32.0 -25.5 -22.3 -15.4 -12.5 -11.9 -10.0 -13.1 -16.9 .. -10.9 -16.0 Senegal -2.5 -0.8 1.6 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.0 0.0 1.6 -1.1 -0.2 -4.3 1.1 1.2 Seychelles .. -3.4 11.8 12.3 -8.8 -5.7 -16.8 2.2 -5.4 -3.4 -10.8 .. 4.3 -4.6 Sierra Leone .. -3.4 -3.0 -7.3 -3.0 -4.9 -5.6 -3.7 -3.0 -6.5 -3.6 .. -8.5 -4.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 0.1 0.7 .. .. .. .. 0.4 Swaziland .. -3.8 -4.6 -1.1 -0.5 2.5 1.7 -0.2 -0.8 -1.8 -3.0 .. -0.8 -0.4 Tanzania .. -2.5 0.5 -0.4 1.1 4.2 2.3 1.9 0.5 0.1 -0.1 -7.0 -0.2 1.2 Togo .. -11.2 -6.0 -2.8 -1.8 3.1 -2.6 -0.9 -3.2 -0.1 0.4 4.0 -1.6 -1.0 Uganda .. -1.4 -2.3 -1.6 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 -0.4 -8.6 -1.1 -4.3 -0.1 -2.7 -2.1 Zambia .. 6.7 5.2 3.8 4.2 3.9 0.1 0.5 -1.9 -4.7 -1.6 .. 1.3 0.5 Zimbabwe -2.2 0.1 0.0 -0.7 0.7 -0.4 7.4 0.7 -4.2 -1.2 .. -3.2 -1.9 0.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 1.1 3.4 3.3 4.7 4.5 2.5 .. 4.8 4.4 3.3 .. 0.3 3.9 Algeria .. -6.3 -1.6 1.7 6.4 6.3 0.1 .. 14.0 10.6 8.6 .. 0.3 6.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 6.1 8.6 6.9 6.2 5.7 4.8 1.8 2.0 0.9 1.1 -22.6 -6.8 3.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -8.5 3.0 1.9 0.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 0.8 -1.0 4.0 1.3 2.3 2.0 1.5 Tunisia 2.5 0.7 1.6 -0.2 -0.6 -0.4 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. Government Finance 189 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 31.5 29.2 27.8 27.0 27.4 25.6 26.6 26.6 27.4 27.2 27.1 29.0 27.0 excluding South Africa .. 27.2 24.9 23.0 21.6 22.8 24.5 26.8 27.4 28.5 28.4 .. 27.5 25.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 27.2 26.6 25.1 23.7 23.6 24.4 25.0 25.2 24.3 25.0 25.8 27.6 24.5 Angola .. 60.7 62.1 67.6 64.1 64.7 42.8 82.6 60.4 46.3 47.9 .. 52.5 59.5 Benin .. 17.8 19.8 22.1 19.5 18.6 16.3 17.6 20.1 20.3 20.2 .. 19.6 19.3 Botswana .. 38.9 37.3 32.8 33.9 33.9 37.5 40.0 38.7 38.9 42.7 35.8 36.2 37.3 Burkina Faso .. 19.8 20.3 20.1 19.5 21.3 22.2 25.4 23.0 22.4 22.1 .. 19.0 22.0 Burundi 11.9 30.1 24.7 25.9 27.4 22.2 23.6 28.7 25.0 25.1 20.8 12.6 25.5 24.8 Cameroon 16.0 20.0 19.3 16.2 16.0 16.3 17.9 18.9 17.4 18.8 17.9 10.6 22.6 17.4 Cape Verde .. 48.0 52.6 51.7 42.9 40.4 36.4 41.1 46.0 31.6 31.8 67.4 41.2 40.2 Central African Republic .. 21.2 22.4 20.6 11.0 14.0 17.7 17.9 18.9 18.7 19.7 .. 22.0 17.3 Chad .. 20.2 19.1 18.1 18.5 18.1 14.9 19.0 20.5 18.0 20.0 .. 20.2 18.4 Comoros .. 25.1 38.3 31.1 26.5 24.9 22.1 19.2 15.8 22.0 26.8 36.8 34.1 23.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 9.6 10.9 12.2 9.5 9.8 7.4 10.0 .. .. 9.9 Congo, Rep. of .. 36.7 36.7 32.8 38.4 37.5 42.9 32.8 25.5 31.6 35.5 28.4 35.3 34.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 28.3 24.9 24.5 22.5 22.1 21.2 19.5 18.2 16.6 19.6 .. 31.0 20.5 Djibouti .. 50.1 43.0 38.7 34.7 35.4 33.3 33.1 32.7 .. .. .. 48.0 34.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 55.9 27.1 24.6 24.9 16.6 30.0 16.0 8.6 5.0 5.2 .. 43.8 16.3 Eritrea .. 63.7 62.0 73.3 62.4 52.5 78.5 94.5 98.6 75.1 70.6 .. 53.1 75.7 Ethiopia .. 19.6 25.0 24.7 26.9 24.2 24.3 30.1 32.6 29.8 34.1 25.4 26.5 28.3 Gabon .. 28.6 25.5 26.3 23.0 28.8 46.2 27.0 21.5 23.0 20.8 36.9 32.1 27.1 Gambia, The .. 25.4 25.1 27.2 31.1 26.9 23.2 22.7 22.1 26.0 26.3 35.9 28.9 25.7 Ghana 18.7 29.0 31.2 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.6 26.2 27.7 32.7 26.1 13.1 21.4 28.8 Guinea .. 18.5 17.3 17.7 16.5 17.4 14.4 16.1 12.9 19.1 20.2 .. 20.7 16.8 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 40.3 35.5 30.4 33.7 33.1 25.1 25.8 41.9 42.1 33.7 10.8 47.2 33.2 Kenya 34.3 35.3 31.1 29.3 28.2 26.9 28.0 26.6 22.2 26.3 23.8 27.2 30.3 26.4 Lesotho .. 45.2 46.4 47.6 48.3 48.1 49.1 56.4 49.9 44.1 45.3 37.6 46.3 48.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 21.9 20.4 16.9 21.7 17.4 19.9 17.8 18.1 18.4 15.6 13.4 16.8 18.2 Malawi 35.7 26.0 49.0 31.0 23.3 24.2 29.5 29.1 31.6 33.1 33.1 29.2 32.2 29.4 Mali 108.2 23.4 27.2 23.5 23.5 23.9 25.0 26.1 23.9 24.6 25.9 106.8 25.8 24.6 Mauritania .. 36.8 27.7 24.8 24.0 22.7 25.0 25.8 30.4 25.5 31.6 .. 35.5 26.2 Mauritius 32.9 23.1 23.5 23.3 24.6 27.0 23.6 24.0 24.6 23.9 24.4 32.5 25.1 24.4 Mozambique 17.4 29.5 30.9 24.4 20.5 23.5 21.8 25.1 27.3 34.7 33.8 26.5 26.9 26.4 Namibia .. 36.7 32.4 34.4 35.3 35.9 35.7 36.1 34.3 35.9 36.4 41.6 37.0 35.5 Niger .. 16.7 18.6 14.7 12.9 15.7 17.8 17.8 16.7 16.7 17.1 19.2 19.2 16.2 Nigeria .. .. 16.6 12.7 10.6 19.0 25.5 36.4 38.6 50.2 46.0 .. 16.6 29.9 Rwanda .. 23.7 16.0 20.5 22.5 19.6 18.9 19.6 18.7 20.9 23.2 .. 21.4 20.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 68.3 73.8 77.5 69.3 70.1 59.6 69.5 66.0 81.6 79.5 .. 57.2 71.6 Senegal 27.4 20.8 21.0 19.6 21.0 19.0 20.1 20.9 20.0 21.7 22.0 26.8 20.7 20.5 Seychelles .. 64.3 50.6 47.1 61.7 57.7 64.7 48.4 49.5 46.0 56.6 .. 53.3 54.0 Sierra Leone .. 21.3 17.3 18.0 16.9 13.0 20.1 22.0 28.7 30.1 32.4 .. 25.4 22.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 24.1 35.5 34.0 33.0 33.3 32.6 26.9 26.4 25.8 26.0 25.9 26.4 30.6 28.7 Sudan .. 19.1 17.9 8.0 7.4 7.4 8.0 8.5 12.1 12.8 14.1 30.9 27.9 9.8 Swaziland .. 32.3 32.9 29.7 30.1 27.7 28.8 31.4 30.3 30.7 31.2 .. 31.1 30.0 Tanzania .. 17.7 15.6 16.2 15.8 13.6 13.7 14.1 16.1 16.3 17.2 30.9 17.9 15.4 Togo 40.5 26.7 25.1 22.6 20.0 18.0 22.7 19.5 19.2 16.3 17.5 34.9 29.0 19.5 Uganda .. 18.6 18.6 16.7 16.2 16.8 16.4 18.0 26.8 19.8 25.1 13.7 14.1 19.5 Zambia 38.1 29.4 31.9 29.3 27.3 25.2 28.6 28.1 30.1 32.1 31.8 35.1 32.0 29.1 Zimbabwe 4.2 34.8 33.1 38.6 34.5 37.4 35.7 39.5 49.9 34.9 36.5 11.4 34.9 38.4 NORTH AFRICA .. 33.1 31.9 30.3 29.2 29.1 28.9 30.1 29.4 31.3 30.8 .. 33.7 29.9 Algeria 46.2 36.1 33.5 31.6 29.2 31.2 31.7 30.5 29.4 35.4 35.9 47.8 35.5 31.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 33.2 32.2 28.6 27.8 26.1 25.3 28.4 27.2 27.8 27.5 .. 38.1 27.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 32.2 29.8 28.2 29.3 28.1 29.8 30.0 31.9 32.4 31.4 29.2 24.6 27.7 30.3 Tunisia 27.9 30.7 33.8 34.5 35.5 32.6 32.0 31.5 31.9 32.0 31.2 32.3 31.5 32.6 ALL AFRICA .. 32.1 30.2 28.6 27.7 27.9 26.7 27.8 27.6 28.7 28.5 30.3 30.9 28.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. 190 Government Finance 7-5. Government interest payments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. 5.2 8.9 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.5 4.2 4.1 3.7 4.0 3.4 5.1 3.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 4.6 9.6 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.2 4.3 3.7 Angola .. 9.4 12.1 10.9 11.6 5.6 6.9 9.1 5.6 4.7 3.2 .. 5.4 7.2 Benin .. 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 .. 2.5 1.4 Botswana .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso .. 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.9 Burundi 0.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.7 0.7 1.8 2.4 Cameroon 0.3 4.8 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.4 3.6 2.9 0.6 3.0 5.1 Cape Verde .. 1.2 1.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.6 1.3 2.2 2.1 2.6 0.0 1.1 2.8 Central African Republic .. 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.4 .. 1.6 1.6 Chad .. 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 .. 0.6 0.9 Comoros .. 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 3.0 2.6 3.8 2.1 1.8 1.3 3.1 .. .. 2.5 Congo, Rep. of .. 7.4 12.1 14.1 12.6 13.1 13.9 11.6 6.9 7.4 8.4 0.0 7.0 11.0 Côte d'Ivoire 0.0 8.2 7.2 6.3 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.3 3.3 1.6 8.2 4.3 Djibouti .. 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 .. .. .. 0.4 0.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 7.6 7.1 5.9 3.9 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 .. 6.5 1.9 Eritrea .. 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.9 2.8 3.5 3.9 .. 0.0 1.9 Ethiopia .. 2.0 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.9 0.9 1.6 2.2 Gabon .. 7.0 6.7 8.1 5.9 5.8 7.3 7.2 5.5 5.0 4.3 2.4 5.6 6.1 Gambia, The .. 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.8 5.2 .. 4.0 4.8 Ghana .. 3.5 4.4 4.2 5.1 6.3 5.1 5.6 7.5 7.8 6.1 1.3 2.1 6.0 Guinea .. 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 .. 2.2 1.6 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 5.8 5.4 6.7 6.6 5.5 6.8 0.9 5.7 8.4 4.9 0.1 4.4 5.7 Kenya 3.5 14.3 11.2 6.8 7.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 3.9 3.0 2.8 3.7 7.8 5.0 Lesotho .. 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.4 3.0 4.0 3.3 2.9 .. 3.8 2.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 4.0 5.4 5.1 4.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.0 2.5 3.0 Malawi 3.2 3.1 5.1 6.4 5.3 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.4 5.4 5.7 4.2 4.8 4.7 Mali 4.4 1.6 2.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 5.9 1.8 1.0 Mauritania .. 4.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.1 2.8 .. 3.1 3.2 Mauritius .. 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.4 3.3 5.8 4.3 3.5 Mozambique 0.0 2.5 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.0 1.4 1.0 Namibia .. 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.8 1.8 2.0 Niger .. 1.7 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 2.1 2.4 1.7 Nigeria 1.4 8.2 5.6 3.7 2.3 2.4 3.1 7.9 6.5 6.1 7.0 1.7 8.5 4.9 Rwanda 0.2 2.1 4.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.4 1.6 1.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 11.5 11.0 12.0 10.0 11.3 12.4 11.3 6.6 8.9 9.0 .. 8.7 10.2 Senegal 2.0 2.3 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.1 2.5 2.9 1.7 Seychelles 1.8 7.9 8.3 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.2 9.1 7.4 7.3 8.6 1.9 7.3 9.2 Sierra Leone 2.0 4.0 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.1 4.8 5.8 6.3 4.9 6.4 2.3 5.9 4.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 1.3 .. .. .. .. 1.0 Swaziland .. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.2 .. 0.7 0.8 Tanzania .. 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 Togo .. 4.3 5.5 3.5 2.8 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.0 7.2 4.4 2.5 Uganda .. 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 2.0 1.3 1.1 Zambia 4.1 12.3 11.6 8.1 4.8 4.1 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.5 4.1 4.2 9.6 4.1 Zimbabwe 1.2 6.2 6.7 9.4 8.5 7.1 9.9 10.3 17.2 10.2 14.2 2.6 5.2 10.8 NORTH AFRICA .. 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.6 .. 4.7 4.6 4.3 .. 4.7 4.9 Algeria .. 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.0 .. 4.0 4.2 3.3 .. 2.1 3.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 8.5 9.4 7.3 7.0 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.4 0.0 5.0 5.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2.4 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.1 5.9 5.3 Tunisia 1.6 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.7 1.8 3.0 3.4 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. Government Finance 191 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 27.2 23.0 23.4 22.8 23.2 21.1 22.6 23.6 24.2 23.5 21.4 22.9 23.0 excluding South Africa .. 27.7 18.8 19.4 18.5 18.9 18.4 21.2 23.4 24.0 22.5 .. 20.4 20.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 28.2 18.8 18.7 18.3 18.7 18.8 19.6 19.1 19.3 19.0 19.4 20.9 18.9 Angola .. 39.1 42.1 30.1 44.8 40.3 31.6 46.8 51.7 42.5 39.0 .. 32.2 40.9 Benin .. 11.0 12.8 14.8 15.2 14.5 15.3 16.0 16.6 16.2 16.9 14.2 8.7 15.7 Botswana .. 48.7 42.5 36.9 38.3 39.3 39.6 37.3 45.8 44.9 39.5 43.5 44.7 40.2 Burkina Faso .. 11.0 10.3 10.3 11.3 11.9 13.1 13.7 11.8 11.2 11.9 8.6 10.1 11.9 Burundi 18.1 17.4 20.1 20.1 17.7 15.1 18.0 19.5 20.9 21.6 19.1 18.0 17.6 19.0 Cameroon 16.3 13.7 9.9 12.9 14.3 15.1 15.9 15.5 18.8 19.8 19.2 11.1 16.2 16.4 Cape Verde .. 23.5 23.4 23.9 20.7 24.3 22.4 26.4 20.8 20.6 22.5 22.4 18.0 22.7 Central African Republic .. 7.7 7.5 9.2 6.1 7.7 9.1 9.2 9.7 10.8 12.0 .. 8.8 9.2 Chad .. 7.0 4.9 6.2 7.3 7.8 7.4 8.3 7.4 6.2 7.1 3.6 5.8 7.2 Comoros .. 13.8 14.5 13.2 12.3 13.8 11.4 11.7 10.1 16.0 19.1 17.6 13.7 13.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 5.4 5.0 6.0 4.5 4.5 5.9 7.7 .. .. 5.6 Congo, Rep. of .. 24.1 22.4 23.6 27.5 28.5 22.6 26.5 26.3 30.7 27.2 34.6 25.1 26.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 16.6 18.3 20.1 19.8 19.4 18.4 16.4 16.4 17.0 17.5 30.2 22.1 18.1 Djibouti .. 28.4 29.5 28.7 28.9 27.3 25.3 23.5 22.3 .. .. .. 28.3 26.0 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 17.3 15.7 17.7 17.4 23.6 15.8 17.6 16.9 21.2 .. 17.3 18.2 Eritrea .. 36.5 30.3 36.4 31.4 40.9 30.7 31.9 34.3 25.8 25.5 .. 29.7 32.1 Ethiopia .. 12.0 13.9 17.4 18.4 19.0 18.7 19.6 18.8 19.6 20.2 17.4 16.8 19.0 Gabon .. 22.6 23.5 29.5 25.7 31.3 31.8 25.6 22.1 25.2 24.4 -0.3 26.3 27.0 Gambia, The .. 23.0 20.9 18.5 18.8 19.1 18.8 17.9 18.5 16.2 16.9 21.2 21.6 18.1 Ghana .. 19.2 18.7 20.4 17.6 17.3 18.3 16.4 17.7 18.1 18.0 8.0 14.9 18.0 Guinea .. 11.2 10.2 11.0 10.3 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.9 11.3 12.0 .. 13.5 11.1 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 10.4 12.4 12.7 12.5 15.3 5.4 11.4 16.9 15.9 15.6 0.7 13.2 13.2 Kenya 24.8 31.0 28.5 26.6 27.3 23.7 25.8 43.7 24.0 30.2 23.3 19.6 24.2 28.1 Lesotho .. 43.7 47.0 48.0 48.0 46.5 44.6 40.9 42.7 41.6 39.5 31.7 37.4 44.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 10.8 8.8 8.8 9.4 9.7 10.6 11.4 11.7 10.1 8.0 14.4 12.2 10.0 Malawi 19.8 17.1 19.5 18.3 15.1 15.2 16.8 18.1 17.4 18.4 18.6 18.1 20.8 17.2 Mali 72.8 13.8 12.7 12.9 15.4 16.0 15.8 17.3 14.7 15.2 16.5 68.6 14.9 15.5 Mauritania .. 27.2 24.7 24.0 29.2 27.0 27.1 27.9 25.6 19.8 37.5 .. 24.5 27.3 Mauritius 22.0 21.0 20.8 19.3 17.1 19.6 19.5 20.5 20.7 18.0 18.2 21.8 22.1 19.1 Mozambique 13.4 14.0 11.8 11.3 10.6 11.6 11.3 12.0 13.2 13.3 14.2 16.1 12.0 12.2 Namibia 0.0 31.1 30.0 30.8 29.7 31.9 31.8 33.4 33.0 31.9 32.0 14.0 31.1 31.8 Niger .. 7.3 6.0 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.1 8.8 9.3 9.6 10.6 11.0 9.4 8.9 Nigeria .. 25.5 18.5 22.6 19.7 20.0 16.2 29.3 45.4 48.7 40.2 .. 18.6 30.3 Rwanda .. 9.1 3.6 6.8 9.3 10.4 10.6 9.9 9.7 11.4 12.3 9.0 9.6 10.1 São Tomé and Principe .. 18.0 13.3 16.5 13.4 15.6 25.0 19.3 21.5 21.5 24.8 .. 20.2 19.7 Senegal 22.1 16.6 14.9 16.4 16.6 16.9 16.8 17.3 18.1 17.8 18.9 19.1 17.2 17.4 Seychelles .. 51.4 53.3 48.4 42.2 41.6 37.2 40.8 35.7 34.9 36.5 40.2 47.6 39.7 Sierra Leone .. 13.9 11.8 8.9 9.8 5.4 7.1 5.1 10.2 11.4 11.9 .. 10.7 8.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6.0 26.6 27.8 27.8 27.9 28.1 24.2 24.3 23.8 24.4 24.6 19.9 25.5 25.7 Sudan .. .. 15.1 6.6 6.0 6.6 7.3 7.6 11.3 11.8 13.2 .. 16.4 8.8 Swaziland .. 26.8 27.0 27.7 28.6 29.3 29.3 29.2 27.7 26.9 25.7 .. 28.7 28.1 Tanzania .. 12.9 13.9 11.0 11.9 12.2 11.1 10.7 10.6 11.4 11.5 18.6 14.0 11.3 Togo .. 10.9 12.2 14.9 14.9 17.4 16.1 14.4 13.3 13.8 14.6 28.1 20.7 14.9 Uganda .. 7.3 8.3 9.8 10.2 11.0 10.7 11.7 11.3 10.9 12.3 11.1 6.8 11.0 Zambia .. 15.9 20.1 19.8 20.7 19.9 18.8 17.7 19.4 19.1 17.9 .. 19.4 19.2 Zimbabwe 11.1 26.8 24.5 26.7 25.5 28.7 31.4 28.9 27.4 23.3 23.6 18.5 26.6 26.9 NORTH AFRICA .. 28.2 28.7 27.8 28.3 28.3 26.5 27.0 29.4 30.8 29.5 .. 27.0 28.4 Algeria 37.9 27.5 29.1 30.2 32.2 33.5 27.8 29.9 39.3 41.3 40.9 38.3 30.0 34.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 29.7 30.0 27.3 26.5 25.2 24.3 24.2 23.6 23.2 23.0 .. 26.9 24.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 20.9 26.6 24.2 23.9 24.6 26.4 27.3 27.2 26.2 30.6 25.8 22.0 22.9 26.5 Tunisia 28.8 27.8 31.3 30.0 30.3 28.4 29.1 28.9 28.6 29.0 28.5 30.6 28.8 29.1 ALL AFRICA .. 27.5 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.9 22.9 24.1 25.6 26.5 25.5 24.1 24.4 24.9 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. 192 Government Finance 7-7. Grants to government Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.4 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.1 excluding South Africa 0.7 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.1 0.9 2.0 2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 0.9 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.1 2.4 2.5 Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.4 3.3 19.4 2.3 4.3 2.8 .. 0.0 4.7 Benin 0.0 3.9 2.6 2.7 3.9 4.5 3.1 3.5 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.1 4.5 2.9 Botswana 0.0 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.6 0.4 Burkina Faso 0.0 4.7 6.9 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 8.2 7.3 7.3 5.4 0.7 4.8 6.9 Burundi 3.7 9.1 2.4 3.6 2.2 3.1 0.9 2.8 3.3 2.6 0.9 2.0 4.5 2.4 Cameroon 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 Cape Verde 0.0 15.3 15.2 8.7 5.0 10.1 14.4 4.9 6.1 5.8 8.4 3.8 16.2 7.9 Central African Republic 4.4 5.3 4.9 6.3 1.5 4.0 7.8 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.1 1.6 5.0 6.2 Chad 0.0 4.6 9.5 7.5 6.2 6.4 5.0 4.7 5.6 5.6 6.9 0.8 8.1 6.0 Comoros 0.0 9.2 10.0 11.7 8.9 9.0 7.3 6.6 3.2 2.4 1.5 3.8 14.6 6.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 Côte d'Ivoire 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.2 1.0 Djibouti .. 8.8 5.0 2.0 1.8 3.8 8.8 7.4 8.6 .. .. .. 2.9 5.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 19.3 4.2 2.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 12.2 0.7 Eritrea .. 41.4 38.2 24.7 21.7 11.6 17.8 14.3 36.0 35.1 24.6 .. 32.1 23.2 Ethiopia .. 1.7 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.7 2.5 3.4 2.3 4.8 4.7 2.1 3.1 3.5 Gabon 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Gambia, The 0.0 3.7 3.1 2.4 2.2 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.3 3.5 4.6 0.0 9.4 2.4 Ghana 0.1 6.8 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.3 3.8 1.7 2.1 4.4 4.1 0.1 3.5 3.1 Guinea .. 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.3 3.4 2.3 .. 3.4 2.9 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 16.9 14.7 16.3 9.0 12.8 3.2 4.3 14.1 14.5 6.1 1.8 20.1 10.0 Kenya 2.5 3.1 2.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 3.8 1.7 1.1 2.3 1.7 Lesotho 0.0 0.0 3.6 4.7 4.8 3.9 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.6 3.6 1.0 1.3 3.3 Liberia 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Madagascar 0.0 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.2 5.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.9 2.2 0.2 2.3 3.6 Malawi 4.3 2.8 12.1 8.0 4.5 3.5 6.2 6.5 9.3 7.1 6.8 2.2 4.3 6.5 Mali 20.5 5.5 10.0 7.5 7.2 5.8 5.9 5.3 5.2 4.3 4.0 26.3 6.2 5.6 Mauritania 0.0 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.2 0.8 1.4 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.2 0.0 3.7 2.5 Mauritius 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 Mozambique 1.8 11.9 13.8 9.8 7.0 9.3 8.1 11.7 8.0 14.8 11.8 1.9 8.7 10.1 Namibia 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 7.8 5.3 0.3 Niger 0.0 5.6 5.8 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.8 4.7 1.2 0.3 4.9 4.1 Nigeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda 0.0 6.4 0.9 11.3 7.4 6.8 5.3 5.7 9.6 8.2 8.6 1.6 4.3 7.9 São Tomé and Principe 0.0 16.6 17.5 23.4 23.5 27.8 9.7 27.0 27.9 38.1 28.8 0.0 15.6 25.8 Senegal 0.7 1.1 4.2 3.3 4.3 2.6 3.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.5 1.6 2.6 Seychelles 0.0 1.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.8 0.5 Sierra Leone 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.6 2.6 7.4 9.2 7.2 10.5 0.4 0.4 4.9 Somalia 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. South Africa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sudan 0.0 17.3 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.3 Swaziland 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 Tanzania .. 3.4 3.3 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.8 3.7 4.2 3.5 4.2 2.8 3.0 3.2 Togo 1.5 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.4 2.4 1.1 Uganda 0.0 8.1 6.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 5.3 5.0 5.8 6.7 7.1 0.1 3.2 5.4 Zambia 0.0 8.0 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.1 6.6 8.0 5.7 5.7 8.3 0.0 4.3 6.3 Zimbabwe 0.7 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.3 1.1 NORTH AFRICA 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.0 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.6 0.5 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.0 Tunisia 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 ALL AFRICA 0.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. Government Finance 193 7-8. Foreign financing Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.0 1.3 2.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.8 excluding South Africa .. 2.4 3.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 0.5 -0.5 -0.3 0.6 0.9 1.7 2.6 0.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 3.8 5.0 2.1 2.7 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.7 2.2 3.5 1.4 Angola .. -8.7 7.3 17.0 -8.8 7.0 -12.8 2.1 -4.8 -4.9 -4.9 .. 0.8 -1.3 Benin .. 6.9 10.3 8.3 7.6 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.6 3.3 1.9 .. 12.3 3.2 Botswana .. 0.7 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.5 0.3 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.6 .. 0.2 -0.2 Burkina Faso .. 8.7 9.4 11.6 10.0 8.5 -2.6 -3.7 -3.0 -1.6 -1.7 2.6 4.2 2.2 Burundi 3.3 10.6 7.4 2.9 3.0 1.6 2.6 1.7 0.5 1.2 -1.1 5.6 8.9 1.5 Cameroon 2.2 0.1 20.5 0.1 8.2 -4.0 9.0 3.3 1.3 2.0 5.8 1.6 5.1 3.2 Cape Verde .. 3.2 .. .. .. .. 6.5 8.2 3.8 3.5 3.7 11.5 3.5 5.1 Central African Republic 0.4 0.3 2.3 0.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -1.8 1.0 1.5 -1.4 Chad .. 2.8 2.6 2.8 6.7 5.6 2.6 5.4 3.3 3.7 5.3 0.5 3.7 4.4 Comoros .. 2.3 4.8 4.1 3.5 2.7 1.8 1.5 -2.6 3.8 3.8 0.0 1.3 2.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 11.2 8.1 5.4 -14.1 32.2 11.0 -13.3 -12.2 -10.4 -4.2 -0.7 5.7 8.8 -1.5 Côte d'Ivoire 7.9 7.1 10.1 3.8 2.6 0.7 0.8 0.2 2.2 0.4 1.2 6.9 7.5 1.5 Djibouti .. 3.4 2.5 1.6 3.4 1.4 0.7 2.0 3.7 .. .. .. 2.5 2.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 0.6 -8.5 -8.0 -0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -0.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 .. -1.9 -1.4 Eritrea .. 0.1 4.7 1.2 1.2 4.2 3.7 8.8 8.7 13.6 10.2 .. 1.6 6.5 Ethiopia .. 2.7 6.0 3.7 3.8 1.6 1.3 3.6 2.0 4.3 9.5 2.6 2.9 3.7 Gabon .. -5.1 -3.2 -5.7 -3.1 -4.9 -6.2 -6.9 -2.7 -0.9 -1.5 .. 1.6 -4.0 Gambia, The 0.0 2.0 0.7 2.9 6.6 4.1 1.2 0.6 -0.8 -1.4 0.7 1.3 4.3 1.7 Ghana 0.9 6.2 4.5 4.3 3.7 4.6 3.1 2.2 0.5 3.8 -1.6 0.7 3.6 2.6 Guinea .. 3.1 -0.3 1.7 1.2 4.1 1.8 2.4 1.5 4.1 1.8 .. 2.9 2.3 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 14.0 9.9 3.3 9.0 20.8 7.8 -0.1 7.4 11.0 4.8 0.0 8.0 8.0 Kenya 0.3 1.2 -0.5 -0.7 0.1 -1.0 -1.1 -1.6 -2.8 1.4 -1.1 0.2 1.1 -0.9 Lesotho .. 9.8 8.1 9.4 11.6 11.3 6.8 4.8 7.3 7.1 6.5 -0.5 8.3 8.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 5.6 2.9 1.7 1.9 5.0 3.8 1.9 1.2 2.7 2.1 3.6 4.1 3.0 2.8 Malawi 4.0 4.4 12.9 1.8 4.9 3.4 9.0 3.1 4.3 3.5 -0.1 4.8 4.8 3.7 Mali 15.2 3.4 7.8 7.4 6.1 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.0 3.4 4.1 20.5 6.8 4.4 Mauritania .. 23.5 6.8 2.7 3.4 0.1 -3.2 -2.0 -0.1 -1.2 -0.4 0.0 6.4 -0.1 Mauritius 5.7 -0.6 -0.2 -0.6 3.2 0.2 -0.3 -1.1 -0.5 -2.9 0.8 3.0 -0.5 -0.1 Mozambique 2.1 2.6 5.9 3.8 4.2 5.8 4.6 1.8 3.5 3.9 6.3 3.7 4.1 4.3 Namibia .. 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 Niger .. -0.1 12.5 -0.6 4.1 3.5 4.3 .. .. .. .. 5.4 4.2 2.8 Nigeria 0.5 -4.7 -3.7 -2.9 -2.1 1.4 -1.4 -5.6 -3.7 -3.9 -2.9 0.6 -1.4 -2.6 Rwanda -0.3 3.0 -1.4 2.2 2.5 2.1 6.3 3.3 1.6 5.4 4.2 0.9 3.0 3.4 São Tomé and Principe .. 23.4 29.8 29.6 24.9 26.7 5.3 16.9 37.6 7.5 -8.1 .. 18.0 17.5 Senegal 2.7 0.6 9.2 3.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.5 1.6 3.2 4.0 3.0 1.9 Seychelles .. 0.9 -1.5 -1.8 1.8 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 1.5 0.0 Sierra Leone 7.8 8.6 4.9 6.9 3.7 1.4 1.4 -1.2 6.1 42.0 8.7 5.0 1.0 8.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.4 2.6 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.8 Sudan .. 17.3 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 .. 9.5 0.3 Swaziland .. -0.6 -0.9 0.0 0.3 0.5 2.1 -0.4 -0.5 0.7 1.5 .. -0.6 0.5 Tanzania .. 1.7 2.1 0.8 -1.1 -0.4 0.9 0.4 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.6 Togo .. 0.8 4.9 11.7 5.9 5.4 4.3 2.0 2.3 1.5 -0.1 .. 4.4 4.1 Uganda .. 5.2 5.5 4.5 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.8 5.0 0.4 3.3 3.5 Zambia .. 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.3 .. .. .. -1.0 -1.1 0.0 .. 4.4 0.8 Zimbabwe 0.4 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 -2.6 -1.1 -2.5 .. .. 1.8 1.9 -0.9 NORTH AFRICA .. 0.1 1.9 2.0 0.8 0.1 -0.8 -1.4 -1.7 -0.4 -0.7 1.4 1.1 -0.3 Algeria -0.1 1.7 8.3 7.6 4.1 2.3 -0.3 -2.3 -2.4 -1.3 -1.4 -0.1 1.1 0.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -1.0 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.0 -1.2 -1.2 -0.9 -1.0 3.7 2.7 -1.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4.8 -0.7 -1.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.9 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 4.0 -2.9 -1.6 Tunisia .. 1.2 1.4 2.9 2.8 2.4 0.0 1.4 .. 5.9 4.2 2.4 2.2 2.8 ALL AFRICA .. 0.9 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.7 -0.1 -0.4 -0.5 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.4 Note: 2002 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over- valued. 194 Government Finance 7-9. Taxes on income and profits Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 33.2 33.5 33.7 34.3 36.1 41.7 40.6 41.6 42.0 42.4 41.7 36.5 39.1 excluding South Africa .. 19.7 21.8 22.3 22.5 24.5 27.0 25.0 27.1 27.3 27.8 .. 21.3 25.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 23.7 26.2 26.8 26.9 27.2 27.6 26.8 28.0 27.9 28.6 23.3 25.9 27.5 Angola .. 66.4 72.9 91.7 93.3 90.6 84.0 92.5 93.4 87.8 85.7 .. 55.3 89.9 Benin .. 29.6 30.9 28.5 26.9 23.5 23.6 21.1 20.7 22.5 24.0 26.3 29.8 23.8 Botswana .. 48.0 54.8 57.2 52.6 58.2 59.4 55.1 63.4 65.6 64.7 12.1 35.8 59.5 Burkina Faso .. 18.9 18.7 23.4 24.7 21.9 20.2 22.7 28.0 24.6 23.8 19.7 19.7 23.7 Burundi 18.9 27.3 18.3 19.1 22.3 23.8 26.1 24.4 19.6 24.9 21.6 21.0 20.4 22.7 Cameroon 21.7 10.9 12.6 10.9 10.0 13.5 15.7 20.8 16.7 19.3 21.0 26.9 35.2 16.0 Cape Verde .. 22.2 25.1 24.4 29.4 24.8 25.7 24.6 29.5 36.2 37.4 29.5 22.8 29.0 Central African Republic .. 23.0 24.4 20.6 24.3 19.4 14.0 19.9 21.2 21.1 21.3 .. 23.6 20.2 Chad .. 23.5 28.7 38.9 37.6 32.7 30.5 32.2 33.3 39.4 45.7 7.6 21.6 36.3 Comoros .. 9.0 12.4 12.2 9.6 11.2 14.7 17.3 17.2 10.8 18.5 0.0 12.7 13.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 17.2 25.0 29.9 17.5 26.0 23.6 26.6 .. .. 23.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 51.3 67.7 49.1 61.0 78.7 53.6 72.1 78.0 70.5 70.9 15.1 43.2 66.7 Côte d'Ivoire .. 19.4 14.9 18.3 20.5 22.9 23.6 25.3 27.1 24.4 23.3 15.8 19.0 23.2 Djibouti .. 38.7 38.5 37.2 41.0 39.2 39.2 37.4 39.8 38.6 37.5 .. 38.7 38.7 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 19.6 20.5 52.9 61.7 76.6 77.4 83.4 87.1 88.3 .. 19.6 68.5 Eritrea .. 20.1 31.9 25.2 27.4 22.1 30.3 27.4 22.5 28.8 24.1 .. 21.7 26.0 Ethiopia 24.3 23.1 24.0 22.2 25.2 24.1 22.3 21.1 23.6 25.9 29.8 24.8 28.2 24.3 Gabon .. 12.8 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1 13.0 17.0 13.7 14.1 14.0 .. 15.9 12.9 Gambia, The .. 16.2 17.7 19.4 19.9 21.1 22.3 23.0 22.5 25.3 26.5 14.2 14.4 22.5 Ghana .. 14.8 17.5 17.4 21.7 24.8 24.0 27.3 29.3 30.8 31.7 18.7 19.9 25.9 Guinea .. 6.9 8.8 9.1 10.9 9.7 9.7 11.2 9.8 11.6 12.4 .. 3.9 10.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 7.2 6.7 7.9 7.8 8.3 15.2 5.7 4.0 7.8 9.0 21.9 8.3 8.2 Kenya 27.8 31.7 35.2 34.9 33.3 32.4 31.3 17.0 28.4 20.9 24.7 27.0 30.6 27.9 Lesotho .. 14.3 15.3 16.3 15.1 15.0 17.1 18.1 17.9 20.1 21.6 14.2 13.1 17.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 14.9 18.8 14.2 16.9 18.9 15.7 14.9 15.2 19.6 23.1 15.3 12.8 17.3 Malawi 83.8 32.9 32.3 31.7 40.3 38.0 40.7 40.0 41.5 42.1 39.8 83.4 57.0 39.3 Mali 15.2 13.1 15.2 18.4 18.5 18.0 21.0 16.0 17.2 21.9 19.9 17.4 13.2 18.9 Mauritania .. 24.8 24.5 25.3 17.3 19.2 18.5 18.3 18.6 22.1 12.1 .. 26.6 18.9 Mauritius 19.2 19.3 17.7 20.3 22.7 19.9 19.2 18.4 17.5 19.4 19.6 25.4 17.7 19.6 Mozambique 12.4 14.3 17.3 16.6 18.2 19.0 18.1 14.0 13.7 16.0 17.5 15.5 18.9 16.6 Namibia .. 31.1 29.0 27.4 28.8 34.1 33.8 32.5 32.0 35.9 38.7 18.1 31.2 32.9 Niger .. 33.7 30.0 30.5 25.4 21.1 21.8 24.0 20.0 23.0 22.1 22.0 27.9 23.5 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 23.9 15.6 22.5 24.2 23.5 .. .. 20.0 Rwanda .. 24.8 25.8 12.5 26.2 25.1 27.7 24.8 27.0 28.4 30.1 26.0 24.7 25.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 8.9 10.7 14.1 21.1 29.3 16.4 18.5 20.9 26.7 30.1 .. 9.7 22.1 Senegal 26.2 23.4 21.1 21.9 21.6 21.8 23.3 21.2 22.9 21.7 21.4 25.7 23.5 22.0 Seychelles .. 26.8 29.6 27.2 18.6 17.8 18.9 22.1 25.7 26.3 25.9 22.6 20.9 22.8 Sierra Leone .. 21.7 21.4 15.9 17.0 13.2 17.9 35.7 29.3 32.0 32.2 .. 24.4 24.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 58.2 48.2 46.6 46.5 48.0 49.8 58.8 58.7 58.5 59.2 59.4 59.2 52.5 54.9 Sudan .. 2.9 26.4 28.7 28.3 20.4 19.9 17.6 11.5 11.2 8.8 .. 17.6 18.3 Swaziland .. 33.5 32.1 28.1 28.5 26.8 26.1 27.2 25.6 24.5 24.7 .. 33.0 26.4 Tanzania .. 30.9 31.2 41.1 37.4 34.7 39.6 34.3 37.8 29.6 30.7 33.6 29.6 35.6 Togo .. 30.9 40.1 41.4 30.5 22.6 22.3 25.6 23.1 19.1 21.3 35.0 33.5 25.7 Uganda .. 14.5 14.6 14.7 13.2 14.0 15.6 17.9 18.0 20.7 22.6 6.7 10.1 17.1 Zambia .. 28.6 28.7 28.9 30.0 32.0 35.2 36.5 32.5 38.0 42.7 .. 27.8 34.5 Zimbabwe 0.0 48.7 47.7 45.9 45.7 47.6 48.0 48.9 50.4 48.2 47.6 8.6 46.1 47.8 NORTH AFRICA .. 19.1 19.8 19.7 20.2 20.8 22.6 20.6 21.4 20.4 20.9 .. 18.9 20.8 Algeria 11.0 10.9 9.9 8.9 8.2 8.8 11.4 7.6 5.2 4.7 4.9 12.0 15.1 7.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 23.8 22.9 21.8 22.5 22.6 22.5 21.2 24.6 25.4 24.9 .. 20.7 23.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 22.8 23.2 22.5 24.0 25.5 25.8 30.5 28.6 28.9 23.3 26.7 22.7 23.8 26.7 Tunisia 16.1 17.2 31.0 33.3 35.1 38.1 38.9 38.7 40.5 40.4 39.4 15.6 16.4 38.1 ALL AFRICA .. 28.3 28.7 28.8 29.5 30.9 35.1 33.7 34.7 34.6 35.0 34.4 30.7 32.8 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 195 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 10.6 12.5 13.2 13.9 14.4 14.8 13.9 13.1 13.6 13.6 8.2 10.9 13.8 excluding South Africa .. 17.5 20.9 22.1 22.8 23.8 24.6 22.9 21.1 22.2 22.3 .. 17.3 22.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 21.1 25.1 26.6 27.2 26.2 26.6 25.6 24.1 24.8 24.8 16.0 21.0 25.7 Angola .. 6.5 4.6 4.9 4.3 4.8 7.0 2.8 2.7 4.9 5.5 .. 4.2 4.6 Benin .. 50.8 39.6 40.6 40.9 45.5 43.3 45.5 47.6 47.4 45.8 52.7 59.2 44.6 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.3 13.3 .. Burkina Faso .. 36.4 54.0 48.4 28.2 27.6 25.7 23.4 17.4 17.2 16.3 35.3 42.7 25.5 Burundi 30.5 21.0 26.6 25.4 15.5 17.5 25.8 21.7 22.3 21.8 15.2 22.5 25.6 20.7 Cameroon .. 16.6 18.3 19.5 19.3 17.0 17.1 16.5 12.9 13.0 12.5 .. 17.0 16.0 Cape Verde .. 41.2 40.5 41.6 45.7 36.2 41.1 34.7 47.9 45.8 43.3 .. 43.5 42.0 Central African Republic .. 33.0 32.5 42.5 38.7 38.1 44.7 38.0 38.4 35.8 36.2 .. 35.5 39.0 Chad .. 13.6 19.4 27.1 31.1 30.3 36.0 29.5 29.9 35.7 32.1 .. 20.8 31.5 Comoros .. 36.6 36.0 32.3 35.2 43.1 33.2 31.7 57.8 53.9 49.4 .. 38.9 42.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 24.6 23.2 25.0 16.9 32.8 34.4 35.9 .. .. 27.6 Congo, Rep. of .. 20.0 13.9 19.2 16.3 9.1 13.4 5.6 5.2 6.9 6.7 0.0 11.0 10.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 26.3 39.0 38.9 39.6 36.5 34.4 38.4 31.6 33.9 36.4 .. 31.9 36.2 Djibouti .. 22.0 24.7 24.7 22.2 21.3 37.6 40.7 39.7 38.9 37.5 .. 22.1 32.8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 26.9 30.8 19.0 18.8 8.0 8.2 5.3 3.8 3.2 .. 26.9 12.1 Eritrea .. 21.8 20.1 16.7 19.5 14.8 15.8 13.9 12.9 20.6 26.9 .. 22.5 17.6 Ethiopia 34.7 22.6 32.9 27.4 26.0 27.4 26.7 24.2 25.5 31.4 31.6 33.5 19.6 27.5 Gabon .. 21.1 16.0 17.6 19.6 17.7 19.6 25.6 20.1 20.8 24.1 .. 19.4 20.6 Gambia, The .. 44.3 37.6 49.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 56.3 57.6 53.5 49.7 .. 50.1 41.0 Ghana .. 16.3 28.2 22.7 27.3 25.8 27.5 23.3 20.5 22.7 22.7 .. 29.7 24.1 Guinea .. 14.6 15.7 14.4 14.1 15.5 14.5 15.6 20.0 17.0 18.2 .. 9.9 16.2 Guinea-Bissau .. 11.8 12.7 19.5 14.1 36.7 34.8 44.3 26.6 33.6 40.7 .. 11.4 31.3 Kenya 16.0 12.3 14.6 30.6 30.3 30.8 30.0 17.6 29.8 21.4 23.7 18.0 12.5 26.8 Lesotho .. 57.2 58.6 54.8 50.4 51.6 48.8 50.3 44.8 49.5 49.2 57.9 55.9 49.9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 38.6 41.9 53.7 49.3 54.3 55.3 55.5 51.9 47.9 43.4 26.9 39.2 51.4 Malawi .. 15.5 19.9 25.3 22.9 21.9 16.1 14.1 12.9 10.7 10.2 .. 27.7 16.8 Mali 51.6 45.3 44.4 46.1 45.8 48.7 52.9 49.3 51.1 48.3 44.9 46.8 33.6 48.4 Mauritania .. 33.7 32.4 22.5 16.5 12.0 10.9 9.6 9.6 12.0 6.2 .. 32.7 12.4 Mauritius 52.0 45.6 41.8 38.8 38.8 33.9 33.7 28.2 29.7 28.2 22.7 46.2 49.8 31.8 Mozambique 18.5 25.5 21.8 24.0 19.9 17.6 17.6 16.9 17.0 15.6 15.4 11.7 18.2 18.0 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 41.3 41.5 43.2 46.7 47.7 50.9 46.8 49.3 48.6 48.5 36.9 37.0 47.7 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 14.0 9.3 5.9 8.4 9.3 .. .. 9.8 Rwanda .. 27.8 35.8 38.5 29.2 31.8 23.9 17.3 16.9 16.2 16.5 54.7 37.8 23.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 28.2 30.8 24.1 25.5 21.0 18.6 31.0 22.7 21.7 21.0 .. 28.5 23.2 Senegal .. 27.6 26.3 26.5 29.4 25.2 24.1 21.0 12.9 17.8 17.6 .. 27.0 21.8 Seychelles .. 37.7 30.5 41.6 43.8 44.6 48.3 42.5 25.0 24.6 25.7 .. 44.9 37.0 Sierra Leone .. 39.2 38.1 45.7 48.7 39.4 54.7 66.0 54.0 55.4 50.7 .. 42.7 51.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 12.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 5.8 4.1 3.5 Sudan .. 2.8 26.3 29.0 43.9 39.1 44.2 41.0 21.3 19.5 23.6 .. 14.6 32.7 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 14.2 15.7 27.6 27.0 30.5 29.2 31.7 28.5 39.1 38.6 17.4 18.7 31.5 Togo .. 35.3 40.8 37.4 40.7 37.4 42.6 41.9 42.5 44.2 41.9 35.2 36.2 41.1 Uganda .. 50.8 53.0 48.6 50.6 51.4 47.7 44.1 42.9 43.0 38.2 58.1 54.4 45.8 Zambia .. 33.3 30.8 27.4 29.7 28.2 25.2 25.5 30.6 33.0 28.8 .. 31.5 28.5 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.0 9.7 13.2 14.2 .. .. 12.8 NORTH AFRICA .. 12.4 13.1 13.9 12.7 11.6 12.0 12.2 10.1 9.8 10.3 .. 12.8 11.6 Algeria 4.8 9.4 11.0 12.2 10.2 7.9 9.7 8.5 5.5 7.5 8.6 6.0 7.4 8.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 10.7 11.6 12.6 13.0 12.6 13.1 15.1 11.8 12.0 11.7 .. 12.8 12.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 22.8 19.0 17.7 17.6 15.2 14.9 13.6 13.5 13.8 10.8 11.9 27.4 18.1 13.9 Tunisia 10.2 14.9 15.6 16.0 13.5 12.4 11.4 10.2 9.9 6.8 6.9 12.9 15.6 10.9 ALL AFRICA .. 11.2 12.7 13.4 13.5 13.4 13.8 13.3 12.1 12.3 12.5 9.1 11.4 13.0 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 196 Government Finance 7-11. Indirect taxes Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 41.0 43.3 56.1 42.5 62.0 46.5 44.5 44.0 44.5 44.5 43.9 41.7 48.1 excluding South Africa .. 43.3 46.7 71.3 46.2 83.2 52.8 49.2 47.9 49.1 49.2 .. 45.1 56.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 52.0 56.1 85.7 55.1 96.0 57.2 55.5 55.2 55.9 56.0 55.7 54.9 64.6 Angola .. 31.9 25.5 7.3 6.2 8.6 14.7 6.9 6.2 11.5 13.2 .. 24.5 9.3 Benin .. 72.0 55.6 54.3 56.0 63.8 63.1 64.4 67.2 65.5 64.8 67.4 77.1 62.4 Botswana .. 24.7 22.4 20.5 18.6 18.2 20.6 23.2 21.1 19.7 19.2 70.8 41.3 20.1 Burkina Faso .. 51.2 71.2 66.8 65.6 67.4 69.7 68.3 61.9 66.2 66.5 61.9 62.6 66.6 Burundi 53.8 59.6 64.4 63.3 50.4 60.7 61.6 64.9 68.1 58.1 67.7 50.3 60.3 61.9 Cameroon 61.6 52.7 59.5 61.0 58.9 79.1 76.4 72.9 77.8 76.4 75.4 40.4 45.6 72.2 Cape Verde .. 47.3 45.9 46.6 51.8 40.4 46.6 38.5 59.3 53.2 51.7 45.4 49.0 48.5 Central African Republic .. 70.4 66.4 75.1 74.8 74.8 75.2 68.1 68.9 65.9 67.0 .. 69.6 71.2 Chad .. 54.0 67.5 49.7 49.7 55.0 54.9 49.7 60.3 63.7 53.2 71.0 66.3 54.5 Comoros .. 78.5 76.3 74.0 78.1 82.1 70.7 69.7 71.1 63.9 58.7 62.7 69.8 71.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 45.5 45.5 51.6 39.3 48.6 49.2 65.7 .. .. 49.3 Congo, Rep. of .. 45.7 30.7 41.7 35.7 20.1 43.5 25.5 20.5 27.1 27.4 13.8 38.4 30.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. 64.6 65.2 63.0 64.0 60.9 58.6 65.0 60.3 63.0 63.5 48.6 60.0 62.3 Djibouti .. 55.9 56.6 55.7 51.5 50.5 48.3 54.8 54.5 53.2 51.4 .. 56.0 52.5 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 61.2 62.4 35.1 32.2 19.4 18.1 11.2 8.2 6.7 .. 61.2 24.2 Eritrea .. 37.9 34.5 27.9 32.5 25.3 27.5 26.4 24.1 35.5 43.0 .. 40.1 30.3 Ethiopia 58.6 46.0 54.1 43.4 42.6 43.8 40.8 36.8 39.9 44.4 45.9 54.0 42.2 42.2 Gabon .. 37.0 26.7 26.1 25.3 24.2 27.5 37.2 30.1 30.2 30.6 .. 45.3 28.9 Gambia, The .. 74.0 70.7 70.6 71.2 68.3 68.1 65.1 64.9 60.9 60.1 75.9 77.2 66.1 Ghana .. 53.7 68.7 54.5 63.9 59.9 62.2 63.5 62.5 64.2 65.4 63.8 63.7 62.0 Guinea .. 86.2 84.1 84.6 82.6 83.5 83.7 82.5 81.2 78.9 78.2 .. 89.4 81.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 41.3 48.5 46.8 47.0 43.8 53.0 24.1 49.8 50.9 46.6 .. 44.9 45.2 Kenya 56.3 55.2 53.5 50.3 50.0 50.8 49.4 29.7 51.2 40.2 46.2 57.9 54.8 46.0 Lesotho .. 72.9 72.7 68.6 62.9 64.0 61.4 62.7 57.8 62.5 63.4 63.6 74.7 62.9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 60.6 68.9 80.8 73.3 75.4 74.3 80.3 80.3 76.3 72.8 50.6 62.1 76.7 Malawi 0.0 46.4 55.5 56.5 52.2 54.5 50.2 46.9 50.2 49.2 48.0 0.0 26.1 51.0 Mali 71.7 66.9 68.0 64.6 65.3 66.9 74.7 74.1 78.1 74.3 71.3 67.3 55.4 71.2 Mauritania .. 45.3 48.1 45.8 41.3 38.9 39.2 38.2 38.4 47.7 25.7 .. 48.3 39.4 Mauritius 69.2 71.4 71.2 65.7 68.3 65.4 66.6 66.0 70.8 70.3 66.6 63.4 72.5 67.5 Mozambique 65.7 76.7 71.3 74.7 73.6 72.6 74.7 78.4 77.4 72.7 70.6 53.8 64.9 74.3 Namibia .. 62.1 58.9 61.7 60.5 56.8 56.6 59.0 60.3 56.3 52.0 72.2 56.9 57.9 Niger .. 56.1 59.1 60.9 61.4 64.9 64.9 67.8 66.7 68.0 67.8 65.3 54.6 65.3 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. 17.0 30.0 16.6 10.2 13.7 14.2 .. .. 17.0 Rwanda .. 67.5 73.5 81.4 65.8 69.5 67.1 70.1 68.2 63.8 63.3 86.9 75.1 68.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 63.4 64.5 45.1 46.0 38.6 35.7 65.2 60.0 59.8 53.7 .. 49.2 50.5 Senegal 67.7 73.0 67.8 68.3 72.1 71.0 72.1 75.7 72.7 74.0 73.2 67.8 61.7 72.4 Seychelles .. 56.7 48.7 44.0 46.7 48.9 53.1 46.3 49.4 50.4 49.0 49.1 54.0 48.5 Sierra Leone .. 69.0 70.7 76.9 78.4 73.2 76.8 91.3 73.8 85.0 85.6 .. 73.9 80.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 103.6 38.5 39.5 39.1 38.1 37.4 39.1 38.9 39.6 39.2 38.9 39.0 38.1 38.8 Sudan .. 5.0 45.3 50.3 56.3 62.1 60.7 57.0 31.8 39.8 36.6 .. 37.6 49.3 Swaziland .. 60.2 63.8 68.9 68.0 67.1 65.8 65.8 69.0 69.2 70.1 .. 59.7 68.0 Tanzania .. 35.0 37.8 49.5 48.2 55.2 51.9 55.1 51.8 59.4 59.3 59.6 51.9 53.8 Togo .. 49.8 50.4 50.0 57.2 53.4 63.3 65.7 67.0 65.8 64.5 43.4 48.3 60.9 Uganda .. 77.5 78.5 77.7 80.7 80.1 78.5 75.5 73.9 74.4 69.5 86.8 81.4 76.3 Zambia .. 68.0 64.4 62.7 62.1 62.6 61.5 61.0 56.6 58.7 55.1 .. 66.1 60.0 Zimbabwe 0.0 39.1 40.3 42.7 44.6 44.2 44.6 42.7 43.3 45.9 46.5 9.2 42.4 44.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 41.3 41.2 43.3 41.2 40.8 42.2 42.0 38.2 58.7 60.9 .. 42.3 45.9 Algeria 25.3 28.5 27.7 29.9 27.0 25.1 31.2 25.6 16.9 90.3 90.1 29.6 32.0 42.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 34.7 36.8 39.7 40.3 40.2 42.2 44.4 41.1 43.0 43.1 .. 34.1 41.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 66.8 64.2 65.4 66.5 60.9 60.5 54.4 57.2 57.8 46.6 56.9 63.7 67.0 57.6 Tunisia 42.3 58.2 49.1 50.2 47.4 49.9 50.5 50.7 50.5 50.0 51.0 42.6 54.7 50.0 ALL AFRICA .. 41.1 42.6 51.6 42.0 54.7 45.0 43.6 42.0 49.4 50.1 44.4 42.1 47.3 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 197 7-12. Nontax revenue (excluding grants) Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 12.7 12.8 14.0 13.6 19.5 11.6 13.7 14.6 13.1 12.5 13.2 11.2 14.1 excluding South Africa .. 12.6 12.0 14.1 13.6 25.5 19.8 23.5 25.4 23.0 21.8 .. 13.8 20.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 15.2 14.5 16.9 16.3 16.4 14.8 14.9 17.5 16.1 14.0 19.5 16.7 15.9 Angola .. 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.1 .. 20.1 0.8 Benin .. 18.1 13.7 17.6 17.0 12.7 13.4 14.5 12.1 12.1 11.2 6.3 27.2 13.8 Botswana .. 27.2 22.8 22.2 28.7 23.6 20.0 21.7 15.5 14.7 16.1 17.0 22.9 20.3 Burkina Faso .. 26.8 8.3 8.4 6.9 7.7 7.2 6.7 7.5 6.4 7.1 19.9 16.3 7.2 Burundi 6.7 33.0 9.4 11.6 14.7 17.1 8.5 4.7 4.7 13.8 9.0 8.5 20.0 10.5 Cameroon 16.7 10.5 7.5 8.2 9.3 7.4 7.9 6.3 5.6 4.4 3.6 32.7 14.6 6.6 Cape Verde .. 58.9 60.6 37.5 27.6 8.8 26.9 11.9 11.2 10.6 10.9 25.1 83.5 18.2 Central African Republic .. 6.6 9.2 4.3 0.9 5.7 10.7 12.0 9.9 12.9 11.7 .. 6.8 8.5 Chad .. 35.2 59.4 43.7 39.8 21.9 31.4 19.7 16.3 17.2 11.7 21.4 26.3 25.2 Comoros .. 12.6 11.3 13.7 12.3 6.7 14.6 13.0 11.7 12.5 12.6 0.0 19.6 12.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 37.3 29.5 18.5 43.2 25.4 27.2 7.7 .. .. 27.0 Congo, Rep. of .. 2.9 6.3 9.2 3.2 1.2 2.9 2.4 1.4 2.4 1.8 68.5 18.5 3.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. 16.0 19.9 21.8 18.8 19.5 21.4 12.8 14.4 13.8 16.5 33.6 20.4 17.4 Djibouti .. 5.4 5.0 7.2 7.5 10.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.4 8.3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 19.2 21.4 12.0 6.0 4.1 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.0 .. 19.2 8.1 Eritrea .. 42.1 33.6 46.8 40.0 52.6 35.4 31.6 38.1 26.8 31.6 .. 38.3 37.9 Ethiopia 17.2 30.9 21.9 34.4 32.2 27.6 33.1 33.7 29.9 25.9 23.7 21.2 29.7 30.1 Gabon .. 4.8 3.1 2.9 4.6 4.3 6.7 4.6 56.1 55.7 .. .. 4.4 19.3 Gambia, The .. 18.6 16.4 9.8 8.9 10.6 9.7 12.0 12.6 13.7 13.4 9.5 29.1 11.3 Ghana .. 31.5 13.8 28.2 14.4 15.2 13.8 9.2 8.2 5.0 2.9 17.5 16.4 12.1 Guinea .. 6.8 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.3 9.0 9.4 9.3 .. 6.7 7.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 65.6 50.6 98.5 53.7 85.8 90.9 75.9 94.8 77.2 52.9 248.0 105.7 78.7 Kenya 15.3 13.1 11.4 14.8 16.7 16.9 19.3 12.5 13.4 10.5 16.0 14.7 14.1 15.0 Lesotho .. 12.9 12.0 15.2 22.0 20.9 21.5 19.2 24.3 17.4 15.0 21.9 12.7 19.5 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 21.0 15.5 7.5 17.2 49.0 15.6 17.6 16.4 18.2 14.5 13.4 17.5 19.5 Malawi 16.2 20.7 12.2 11.7 7.5 7.5 9.0 13.1 8.2 8.7 12.2 16.6 17.0 9.8 Mali 12.9 20.1 15.4 16.2 16.1 14.5 4.3 9.9 4.8 3.8 8.8 15.0 31.2 9.8 Mauritania .. 27.9 25.9 24.0 38.9 39.6 39.4 41.8 43.1 30.2 62.2 .. 20.4 39.9 Mauritius 11.5 9.3 9.9 11.5 5.4 14.7 14.2 13.2 9.5 10.3 13.8 11.2 9.7 11.6 Mozambique 21.8 8.9 11.4 8.7 8.2 8.4 7.1 7.6 8.9 11.3 11.8 30.7 16.2 9.0 Namibia .. 6.8 12.1 10.8 10.6 9.1 9.5 8.5 7.7 8.1 9.3 9.7 11.9 9.2 Niger .. 47.8 46.3 30.1 41.2 34.0 37.1 19.2 24.9 24.0 21.8 12.7 28.8 29.0 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. 73.0 46.1 67.8 66.3 58.4 62.2 .. .. 62.3 Rwanda .. 77.8 25.7 172.1 87.7 70.5 55.1 63.1 103.8 79.6 76.5 12.5 35.0 88.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 27.7 31.2 63.9 43.7 38.6 25.4 39.0 25.7 13.5 16.3 .. 76.4 33.2 Senegal 6.0 3.6 11.2 9.8 6.3 7.2 4.6 3.1 4.4 4.3 5.3 6.5 14.9 5.6 Seychelles .. 8.6 21.7 28.7 34.6 33.3 27.9 31.6 24.9 23.2 25.1 28.3 20.8 28.7 Sierra Leone .. 9.3 7.9 7.2 21.9 23.9 39.0 78.3 75.1 38.9 64.6 .. 1.7 43.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 44.3 12.8 13.6 13.9 13.6 12.6 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.6 14.7 8.5 6.2 Sudan .. 1.9 25.6 21.0 15.4 24.2 19.4 26.0 51.8 48.4 51.2 .. 25.2 32.2 Swaziland .. 6.3 4.1 3.0 3.5 6.1 8.0 7.0 5.5 6.3 5.2 .. 7.3 5.6 Tanzania .. 8.0 6.9 9.5 14.4 10.1 8.6 10.6 10.4 11.0 10.0 6.8 8.2 10.6 Togo .. 17.4 8.3 7.7 11.0 8.4 9.1 8.5 9.9 15.1 14.2 22.2 17.8 10.5 Uganda .. 8.0 6.9 7.7 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.6 8.1 4.9 7.8 6.6 8.5 6.6 Zambia .. 3.4 6.8 8.4 8.0 5.4 3.4 2.6 1.1 2.4 2.1 .. 6.1 4.2 Zimbabwe 0.0 12.2 12.0 11.4 9.7 8.2 7.4 4.9 6.3 5.9 .. 2.2 11.5 7.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 19.6 18.9 17.2 17.6 16.9 16.3 15.5 13.7 14.2 14.3 .. 17.8 15.7 Algeria 2.6 2.8 3.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 4.6 1.0 4.4 4.4 6.0 7.5 2.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 35.0 34.3 33.5 32.0 31.4 29.3 26.1 25.2 26.0 26.6 .. 30.0 28.8 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 10.4 12.6 12.1 9.5 13.6 13.7 15.1 14.2 13.3 9.1 8.5 11.6 9.2 12.1 Tunisia 24.8 23.8 19.8 16.4 17.2 11.8 10.5 10.5 8.9 8.5 8.8 25.8 23.9 11.6 ALL AFRICA .. 15.1 14.9 15.1 15.0 18.6 13.2 14.3 14.3 13.5 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.6 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 198 Government Finance 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 29.4 27.1 27.4 27.0 27.6 31.2 31.3 30.6 30.2 30.7 20.8 20.7 29.5 excluding South Africa .. 25.1 21.1 21.6 21.8 22.7 22.8 23.4 22.9 23.0 24.2 .. 22.7 22.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 25.1 23.2 23.5 23.4 25.4 25.6 25.8 24.1 25.1 25.8 19.6 22.9 24.8 Angola .. 21.5 8.7 11.1 10.8 15.6 21.0 5.0 9.6 15.4 21.9 .. 38.1 13.8 Benin .. 35.5 27.8 24.3 26.4 26.5 28.7 25.6 23.2 22.9 23.7 .. 34.7 25.2 Botswana .. .. 23.6 26.1 23.3 22.6 23.1 23.7 23.4 22.9 22.3 .. 23.6 23.4 Burkina Faso .. 29.0 26.2 24.9 23.4 20.9 19.7 18.8 20.8 21.5 21.4 .. 31.3 21.4 Burundi 49.1 23.7 30.0 28.0 28.7 32.2 29.3 26.0 27.7 28.0 33.0 49.0 26.6 29.1 Cameroon 31.4 43.7 31.4 29.1 25.8 26.5 27.7 26.9 28.9 29.5 32.9 24.8 34.0 28.4 Cape Verde .. 22.1 19.2 20.2 24.1 23.8 25.4 24.1 21.9 29.5 29.6 0.0 20.1 24.8 Central African Republic .. 29.5 24.2 22.5 41.8 32.6 24.2 23.3 21.1 20.4 19.2 .. 27.7 25.6 Chad .. 27.1 28.0 28.6 20.3 19.4 20.6 19.0 19.7 20.1 17.6 .. 20.7 20.6 Comoros .. 30.8 23.2 28.6 35.4 37.0 34.1 32.6 35.4 36.2 30.0 0.0 17.3 33.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 6.8 35.6 43.8 42.1 22.2 20.4 19.8 .. .. 27.3 Congo, Rep. of .. 48.8 36.3 32.1 21.2 20.5 20.8 21.2 18.3 18.3 16.1 0.0 37.3 21.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 35.6 28.6 25.8 27.9 27.0 26.0 28.3 32.6 37.0 32.9 .. 30.9 29.7 Djibouti .. 48.0 56.4 61.6 60.3 62.2 49.3 47.1 46.1 44.3 43.3 .. 50.3 51.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.8 16.4 17.9 17.3 15.3 11.3 17.6 15.6 21.9 21.5 .. 13.7 17.3 Eritrea .. 15.0 22.7 24.0 29.0 27.3 19.9 17.5 21.6 20.2 23.2 .. 18.8 22.8 Ethiopia 26.1 28.3 24.8 22.6 20.6 22.2 21.3 19.7 20.4 22.3 21.4 25.8 25.3 21.3 Gabon .. 34.0 27.9 27.4 27.3 21.4 16.1 29.8 25.8 26.4 27.3 16.2 28.7 25.2 Gambia, The .. 21.1 23.3 21.8 20.3 24.0 27.5 27.0 28.6 21.6 21.1 .. 20.1 24.0 Ghana .. 20.2 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.4 19.4 21.5 18.9 18.6 32.5 17.6 23.7 20.7 Guinea .. 24.2 25.1 23.9 27.1 23.9 28.4 25.2 15.7 19.0 18.4 .. 19.3 22.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 8.1 7.5 9.2 9.5 9.4 18.8 19.3 16.3 17.9 22.0 10.4 10.9 15.3 Kenya 16.8 23.7 25.8 31.4 30.7 28.7 32.0 32.0 37.3 29.3 33.7 19.2 23.6 31.9 Lesotho .. 29.6 31.4 31.2 29.8 30.5 33.5 26.6 30.3 33.5 31.1 32.1 29.8 30.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 17.0 16.4 18.8 14.5 21.3 20.4 24.0 21.9 24.4 29.3 40.5 27.5 21.8 Malawi 14.3 21.6 18.3 22.7 19.6 23.5 17.4 16.7 15.9 17.4 20.9 16.4 17.5 19.2 Mali 16.5 23.0 16.7 16.6 16.1 16.4 15.9 15.8 17.6 17.2 16.1 19.8 23.1 16.5 Mauritania .. 15.4 19.0 20.3 20.3 21.2 19.3 18.6 16.1 18.6 15.4 .. 17.6 18.7 Mauritius 28.1 28.9 31.7 32.2 29.1 26.1 29.4 30.0 27.9 27.4 26.3 29.0 29.5 28.5 Mozambique 25.8 10.4 7.9 9.6 10.8 15.4 20.5 23.0 24.6 20.0 21.5 19.2 11.0 18.2 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 38.3 29.4 36.1 25.5 26.1 20.7 22.8 24.2 21.2 21.4 18.8 27.0 24.8 Nigeria .. .. 10.8 12.2 13.7 8.2 7.8 11.1 16.9 12.0 15.8 .. 10.8 12.2 Rwanda .. 24.1 25.0 19.5 20.1 26.2 24.6 27.2 27.8 24.6 21.2 .. 24.6 23.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 7.8 7.0 4.3 6.0 8.4 11.3 10.9 11.8 9.6 9.8 .. 10.8 9.0 Senegal 39.7 41.4 35.1 35.9 32.7 33.1 29.0 27.3 28.2 24.2 25.8 38.8 41.3 29.5 Seychelles .. 20.9 26.9 31.5 25.4 24.9 23.2 29.8 28.6 30.6 24.1 .. 25.2 27.3 Sierra Leone .. 18.5 20.9 17.3 27.4 25.4 23.8 27.5 23.4 25.0 26.8 .. 10.8 24.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 17.2 33.4 33.7 33.8 33.1 33.4 41.0 40.4 39.5 38.6 38.3 17.7 27.4 37.2 Sudan .. 18.3 14.5 13.5 28.1 31.2 33.5 35.4 27.6 32.8 32.8 .. 8.8 29.4 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 19.0 21.7 22.8 26.2 31.2 28.6 24.4 24.4 23.0 22.0 20.9 20.8 25.3 Togo .. 41.2 36.0 35.5 35.8 36.2 31.1 34.5 34.2 36.7 32.7 27.1 30.9 34.6 Uganda .. 8.7 10.3 15.1 16.9 20.3 20.7 23.3 15.6 22.0 21.4 10.9 10.3 19.4 Zambia .. 17.7 16.1 20.2 20.5 25.1 19.0 19.2 17.7 21.1 25.2 .. 20.8 21.0 Zimbabwe .. 29.5 29.1 29.2 32.0 35.5 35.5 34.3 30.6 38.1 34.0 68.2 30.0 33.6 NORTH AFRICA .. 26.3 27.3 27.9 28.0 28.9 29.8 29.4 28.0 31.7 32.4 .. 27.0 29.5 Algeria 15.5 27.3 29.1 28.5 28.4 27.3 29.3 28.8 23.9 33.7 34.5 15.3 28.5 29.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 18.8 19.7 21.5 22.0 23.0 24.1 22.7 24.0 24.3 24.8 .. 17.3 23.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 33.1 34.4 37.5 38.1 38.1 39.7 39.1 38.7 37.0 40.2 41.2 32.0 36.5 39.0 Tunisia 34.7 35.5 30.1 30.3 29.1 34.1 35.1 37.4 36.8 36.5 37.2 31.4 33.9 34.6 ALL AFRICA .. 28.2 27.1 27.5 27.3 28.0 30.7 30.6 29.7 30.7 31.3 21.8 22.8 29.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 199 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries Index 1987 = 100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 181 173 138 137 130 136 146 165 154 203 .. 157 151 excluding South Africa .. 176 167 127 129 127 131 145 157 144 170 .. 153 141 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 127 120 86 83 85 93 106 110 98 121 .. 116 98 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. 119 106 105 103 106 107 124 134 141 145 .. 112 120 Burundi .. 126 117 102 96 82 83 88 80 87 101 99 111 90 Cameroon .. 100 56 48 45 48 57 60 65 74 83 71 96 60 Cape Verde .. 154 163 175 179 174 180 211 232 230 243 .. 119 203 Central African Republic .. 100 90 76 71 74 75 78 75 73 72 .. 100 74 Chad .. 193 212 207 152 144 131 152 172 170 178 .. 152 163 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 161 108 84 73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 80 66 61 67 68 66 67 69 71 75 0 92 68 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 131 113 118 176 220 266 414 332 363 401 .. 113 286 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 74 81 90 88 103 107 108 125 152 169 175 81 95 128 Gabon .. 168 137 134 138 141 144 156 140 .. .. .. 122 142 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. 24 25 23 22 21 22 24 24 29 45 .. 51 26 Guinea .. 247 246 248 269 262 263 270 143 265 283 .. 207 250 Guinea-Bissau .. 95 85 93 110 103 112 137 192 194 179 .. 105 140 Kenya .. 75 78 102 100 95 114 110 104 102 114 80 87 105 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 86 80 75 74 93 108 119 111 133 118 122 94 104 Malawi .. 117 157 142 114 145 131 127 129 139 .. 92 103 133 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. 97 97 95 97 100 105 107 117 125 128 .. 100 109 Mauritius 110 140 167 172 170 178 184 197 197 196 198 91 128 186 Mozambique .. 187 158 154 152 282 403 560 633 752 808 .. 144 468 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 172 149 141 90 116 113 130 129 121 129 .. 129 121 Nigeria .. 295 229 183 189 196 218 506 899 814 964 .. 190 496 Rwanda .. 100 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 .. São Tomé and Principe .. 57 78 65 91 154 165 189 194 199 201 .. 76 157 Senegal .. 114 97 95 96 93 92 95 99 97 107 115 108 97 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 234 231 191 283 169 228 247 305 374 493 415 152 286 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. 74 51 37 59 68 89 108 .. .. .. .. 52 72 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 146 148 164 190 209 204 190 233 239 254 136 121 210 Togo .. 112 103 94 92 90 92 92 88 82 79 98 105 89 Uganda .. 396 486 719 828 1,051 1,184 1,485 1,583 1,801 2,286 .. 237 1,367 Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 106 108 113 126 152 147 154 169 130 .. 83 113 142 NORTH AFRICA .. 116 126 125 132 142 148 159 161 180 183 .. 111 154 Algeria 56 115 113 107 108 112 117 123 124 221 239 57 104 144 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 105 109 107 112 117 124 138 151 163 174 .. 101 136 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 36 121 134 134 141 154 161 169 165 189 187 61 117 163 Tunisia .. 130 125 130 139 158 167 188 195 206 217 96 111 175 ALL AFRICA .. 171 166 138 137 130 136 146 165 154 201 .. 151 151 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 200 Government Finance 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -6.9 25.0 23.6 24.7 25.8 17.4 17.5 20.2 18.7 18.6 -7.2 2.5 20.8 excluding South Africa .. 21.6 24.8 21.7 21.4 23.0 21.9 21.5 25.7 23.5 22.5 .. 20.3 22.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 21.6 20.1 22.5 22.6 23.0 22.1 22.1 21.1 21.6 20.7 18.2 19.8 22.0 Angola .. 43.1 41.0 55.0 9.2 27.6 41.7 33.0 44.2 35.9 40.4 .. 26.4 35.9 Benin .. 8.4 6.3 5.2 7.6 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 .. 7.5 6.5 Botswana .. .. 22.9 26.1 24.8 25.8 31.4 32.3 33.1 35.6 34.4 .. 22.9 30.4 Burkina Faso .. 10.7 12.0 10.8 9.8 8.7 9.4 8.6 9.4 8.9 13.0 .. 9.2 9.8 Burundi 28.0 20.4 21.3 24.0 20.9 33.2 27.0 30.1 31.0 25.7 28.2 22.6 17.2 27.5 Cameroon 22.9 10.7 7.5 15.8 16.0 16.1 14.5 16.3 18.9 20.7 24.4 20.3 12.7 17.8 Cape Verde .. 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.6 2.5 23.4 5.0 2.2 Central African Republic .. 11.5 13.9 10.0 12.6 15.7 10.3 11.4 10.5 11.3 12.0 .. 12.1 11.7 Chad .. 26.3 14.4 11.7 22.1 19.2 22.3 25.2 18.5 22.4 20.9 .. 22.3 20.3 Comoros .. 26.4 20.3 22.6 17.7 14.3 14.8 23.5 24.2 33.6 42.8 0.0 12.9 24.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 43.8 36.1 23.7 22.6 11.6 15.1 5.9 .. .. 22.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 9.1 8.1 7.7 6.2 30.3 29.2 19.2 19.1 15.1 21.6 24.5 9.8 18.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 22.2 21.7 22.4 23.5 23.5 21.3 26.1 22.4 26.8 25.2 .. 27.3 23.9 Djibouti .. 29.2 24.2 22.0 19.0 14.9 21.4 32.6 31.1 31.5 31.4 .. 27.5 25.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.1 20.3 25.2 23.8 30.6 16.0 23.9 43.1 22.7 22.2 .. 15.6 25.9 Eritrea .. 44.1 49.2 42.7 40.5 26.1 45.2 40.3 50.3 58.3 44.0 .. 54.8 43.4 Ethiopia 31.8 14.0 14.8 16.7 15.2 15.9 27.3 36.3 43.1 24.3 23.3 31.9 21.4 25.3 Gabon .. 19.4 19.2 17.3 21.1 24.5 36.8 21.9 20.9 21.6 22.3 13.8 20.6 23.3 Gambia, The .. 25.5 25.1 18.9 19.7 17.9 16.0 18.5 -0.1 22.8 17.9 .. 21.9 16.5 Ghana .. 12.6 10.5 8.1 7.2 6.9 7.5 9.0 9.3 5.6 11.4 34.5 13.6 8.1 Guinea .. 13.9 13.2 11.3 11.7 11.7 14.0 11.6 13.9 11.8 16.3 .. 20.8 12.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 9.4 12.6 11.9 10.0 11.8 18.4 22.4 17.0 12.0 16.1 0.0 12.9 14.9 Kenya 27.6 19.6 10.8 7.8 9.8 11.3 4.9 4.9 -0.2 4.8 3.1 30.1 24.1 5.8 Lesotho .. 24.9 22.9 23.3 15.3 13.6 19.0 28.6 31.6 26.4 28.3 19.9 22.3 23.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 16.6 15.8 6.4 30.5 23.6 18.9 16.4 15.7 21.0 22.7 -11.5 3.7 19.4 Malawi 0.0 37.3 41.4 29.1 31.6 36.6 23.7 28.0 24.4 21.1 25.7 0.0 22.4 27.5 Mali 13.0 10.2 10.6 12.2 11.7 13.0 6.5 6.2 6.9 6.8 5.9 15.8 6.5 8.6 Mauritania .. 14.4 17.6 20.1 20.0 21.8 20.8 22.5 25.9 27.5 32.4 .. 12.5 23.9 Mauritius 8.3 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.5 9.4 8.7 8.8 8.5 9.2 8.9 7.6 8.7 9.0 Mozambique 44.2 29.3 33.8 22.4 28.3 23.6 27.3 14.8 13.4 11.0 11.0 36.0 32.6 19.0 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 15.3 18.8 17.9 21.3 22.9 24.3 25.3 22.1 22.5 20.5 13.8 16.0 22.1 Nigeria .. .. 48.1 17.7 15.1 23.1 20.9 18.5 49.6 33.0 31.7 .. 48.1 26.2 Rwanda .. 24.8 26.4 25.0 26.3 20.3 26.7 27.5 26.7 29.8 28.4 .. 26.8 26.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 3.7 5.0 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.6 8.0 9.5 .. 9.6 6.2 Senegal 22.9 11.9 11.8 11.5 12.3 10.8 13.0 13.0 15.6 17.8 13.0 17.9 14.7 13.4 Seychelles .. 25.1 30.6 19.6 13.6 17.1 11.5 13.4 11.4 13.5 15.0 .. 29.7 14.4 Sierra Leone .. 31.2 35.4 51.6 28.7 44.1 19.3 23.6 25.2 31.5 36.6 .. 36.5 32.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. 25.1 25.7 28.5 28.9 12.2 12.8 13.7 13.2 14.1 .. 25.1 18.6 Sudan .. 19.6 21.2 53.7 44.8 47.8 38.4 33.1 30.6 30.2 21.1 .. 20.4 37.5 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 30.7 30.4 28.9 24.2 23.7 21.1 26.0 23.4 28.4 31.4 30.5 32.3 25.9 Togo .. 19.0 16.3 18.9 22.9 21.1 22.6 22.4 21.9 20.4 24.2 -27.1 -3.7 21.8 Uganda .. 26.6 29.7 33.9 33.1 33.8 32.2 31.0 21.3 29.4 28.5 35.0 39.0 30.4 Zambia .. 20.3 22.3 22.5 21.2 18.3 20.3 15.2 9.9 19.0 11.3 .. 20.3 17.2 Zimbabwe .. 19.4 18.1 16.9 16.5 14.1 13.2 14.6 17.9 17.1 12.4 -5.1 16.9 15.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 11.7 10.7 11.1 11.2 11.6 11.8 10.6 10.9 11.9 11.4 .. 10.7 11.3 Algeria 2.9 4.0 3.6 4.7 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.5 4.6 6.5 6.8 2.9 2.8 5.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 15.3 15.5 16.1 15.9 16.3 16.3 13.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 .. 14.5 15.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 17.6 16.9 14.3 13.7 14.5 15.7 16.0 15.2 14.6 16.7 13.1 40.9 14.7 14.9 Tunisia 13.1 10.7 6.5 6.1 6.9 5.9 5.7 5.0 6.3 6.1 6.6 11.7 11.1 6.1 ALL AFRICA .. 0.0 20.0 19.2 20.1 20.9 15.5 15.1 17.0 16.4 16.1 -1.3 5.3 17.5 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 201 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 7.3 13.6 10.0 9.6 7.9 7.7 8.3 8.0 6.8 7.3 3.6 7.0 8.2 excluding South Africa .. 15.1 25.8 19.0 17.9 14.6 14.2 15.4 14.9 12.6 13.5 .. 14.6 15.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 15.1 24.1 17.0 17.2 15.0 14.7 14.1 14.6 12.6 13.2 11.0 14.4 14.8 Angola .. 15.5 .. 16.1 18.2 8.6 16.2 11.1 9.3 10.2 6.7 .. 8.5 12.0 Benin .. 15.0 15.9 12.6 12.4 9.0 6.2 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.1 .. 15.5 7.3 Botswana .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso .. 6.9 6.9 6.6 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 .. 6.6 4.0 Burundi 2.0 5.0 6.0 6.9 6.7 8.9 10.2 11.2 12.3 10.3 12.8 5.3 7.5 9.9 Cameroon 2.0 24.1 36.5 39.5 41.8 37.2 32.0 27.6 25.1 18.9 16.3 2.9 14.0 29.8 Cape Verde .. 2.5 1.9 6.2 8.4 9.6 9.8 3.2 4.7 6.8 8.3 0.0 3.1 7.1 Central African Republic .. 9.9 10.8 11.1 17.2 9.6 7.6 7.8 10.2 7.4 7.1 .. 8.0 9.7 Chad .. 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.1 4.2 4.3 .. 3.1 5.0 Comoros .. 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.9 5.2 5.6 3.9 2.9 0.0 2.2 4.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 31.1 23.5 31.1 22.6 18.7 17.0 30.9 .. .. 25.0 Congo, Rep. of .. 20.1 33.0 43.0 33.0 35.0 32.4 35.4 27.2 23.5 23.7 0.0 19.2 31.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 29.0 29.1 25.6 23.1 20.0 17.9 19.9 22.4 19.9 16.6 .. 26.7 20.7 Djibouti .. 0.8 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 .. 0.9 1.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 13.7 26.0 24.0 15.6 8.7 5.5 8.5 3.4 4.1 3.5 .. 16.9 9.2 Eritrea .. 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.9 4.6 5.5 .. 0.1 2.5 Ethiopia 3.0 10.2 13.5 10.0 9.0 9.2 8.0 6.8 7.0 6.7 5.7 3.2 6.4 7.8 Gabon .. 24.4 26.4 30.9 25.6 20.1 15.9 26.8 25.4 21.7 20.5 6.6 19.0 23.3 Gambia, The .. 14.8 14.8 14.1 14.2 19.1 23.0 22.2 20.8 18.5 19.8 .. 13.8 19.0 Ghana .. 12.0 14.2 13.9 17.2 21.7 17.9 21.3 27.0 24.0 23.5 11.4 9.4 20.8 Guinea .. 7.2 9.0 8.1 8.1 9.4 10.0 9.6 12.8 10.0 9.2 .. 10.7 9.7 Guinea-Bissau .. 14.3 15.2 21.9 19.7 16.6 27.3 3.4 13.7 19.9 14.4 1.1 9.8 17.1 Kenya 10.1 40.6 36.2 23.3 24.9 20.7 19.6 20.3 17.4 11.6 11.8 13.9 25.1 18.7 Lesotho .. 5.4 4.2 3.6 3.3 3.7 4.9 5.4 8.1 7.5 6.3 .. 7.5 5.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 18.3 26.4 30.1 21.6 17.5 13.7 11.8 12.9 10.8 14.0 11.2 14.5 16.5 Malawi 9.1 11.9 10.3 20.5 22.9 14.1 12.9 11.7 14.1 16.3 17.2 12.9 14.9 16.2 Mali 4.1 6.9 9.0 6.1 4.8 4.1 3.1 3.7 3.9 3.1 3.3 4.8 7.2 4.0 Mauritania .. 11.1 10.4 13.0 13.4 13.0 14.0 13.9 10.2 12.1 8.9 .. 9.0 12.3 Mauritius .. 12.2 11.7 13.0 12.8 12.7 15.8 14.6 13.9 18.5 13.6 18.0 16.9 14.4 Mozambique 0.0 8.6 3.6 6.6 7.0 5.7 4.5 2.5 0.7 1.9 4.4 0.1 5.0 4.2 Namibia .. 1.7 2.8 3.2 4.2 5.4 6.8 6.6 6.3 5.9 6.8 6.8 4.7 5.6 Niger .. 10.2 12.3 16.0 12.8 9.7 8.8 8.9 10.1 10.7 8.7 11.1 12.2 10.7 Nigeria .. .. 33.9 28.9 21.8 12.8 12.0 21.7 16.9 12.2 15.2 .. 33.9 17.7 Rwanda .. 9.1 27.9 11.3 7.2 6.2 4.9 4.2 4.9 3.9 4.3 .. 11.5 5.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 16.8 14.9 15.6 14.4 16.1 20.8 16.3 10.0 10.9 11.4 .. 18.6 14.4 Senegal 7.5 10.9 16.8 14.7 11.2 12.1 6.3 7.0 7.3 4.1 5.2 9.4 14.1 8.5 Seychelles .. 12.3 16.5 22.3 16.5 17.4 15.8 18.8 15.0 15.9 15.2 .. 15.2 17.1 Sierra Leone .. 18.9 14.0 10.5 12.5 16.3 23.9 26.4 21.9 16.3 19.7 .. 23.7 18.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 9.8 10.9 .. .. .. .. 9.9 Swaziland .. 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.9 .. 2.3 2.6 Tanzania .. 12.9 14.4 18.4 18.9 17.4 15.2 10.6 10.9 9.6 7.8 8.0 12.7 13.6 Togo .. 16.2 22.0 15.6 13.8 12.6 11.6 13.0 11.7 11.8 11.4 20.9 15.0 12.7 Uganda .. 9.7 7.8 5.9 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.1 4.0 5.7 5.5 14.4 8.6 5.5 Zambia 10.9 41.8 36.5 27.7 17.4 16.4 11.8 10.1 10.1 7.9 12.8 12.2 29.7 14.3 Zimbabwe 27.7 17.9 20.4 24.2 24.5 19.1 27.8 26.0 34.4 29.1 38.9 24.8 14.9 28.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 17.1 19.1 18.2 18.5 17.6 16.5 12.0 16.1 15.2 14.5 .. 13.0 16.1 Algeria .. 6.4 8.2 9.9 11.9 12.7 12.6 .. 13.8 11.9 9.3 .. 6.6 11.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 25.5 29.3 25.4 25.1 23.1 21.1 19.1 19.4 19.4 19.5 .. 15.8 21.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 7.4 19.8 20.1 20.3 19.3 18.2 17.2 17.1 16.2 15.3 15.9 20.2 21.5 17.4 Tunisia 5.8 11.5 11.0 11.7 12.2 10.6 9.6 10.7 10.2 9.0 8.5 5.5 9.6 10.3 ALL AFRICA .. 10.9 15.5 12.9 12.7 11.2 10.7 9.6 10.8 9.6 9.7 5.3 8.8 10.9 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 202 Government Finance 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 1.0 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 excluding South Africa .. 2.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.7 3.5 2.5 .. 2.3 2.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.7 2.5 3.2 4.2 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.6 Angola .. 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 7.4 0.0 .. 5.5 1.2 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.6 2.0 .. 0.9 1.4 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 10.9 5.7 7.5 6.7 5.9 7.6 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.1 8.7 10.1 6.3 7.0 Cameroon 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.7 7.2 5.2 8.6 0.0 4.1 Cape Verde .. 9.0 9.8 11.2 9.4 3.4 4.7 20.5 22.3 2.3 4.0 1.2 3.9 9.7 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3 6.9 4.3 3.4 .. .. 2.3 Congo, Rep. of .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 3.0 3.7 3.9 2.9 3.6 3.5 4.0 6.5 5.0 4.7 .. 3.8 4.3 Djibouti .. 3.6 3.6 -9.2 -1.2 -1.7 -2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 .. 3.6 -0.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 9.0 4.7 6.7 9.4 9.3 .. 4.9 6.4 Eritrea .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia 5.8 0.1 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.3 0.6 Gabon .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The .. 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.6 0.0 Ghana .. 0.0 0.0 7.9 5.6 4.9 9.3 5.3 5.9 6.3 0.0 .. 0.0 5.7 Guinea .. 3.6 4.3 6.2 6.0 7.5 8.3 9.1 2.3 21.7 17.4 .. 5.4 9.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.0 Lesotho .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 .. 0.0 .. .. 0.0 Malawi 0.0 5.1 9.8 3.1 2.0 1.5 12.9 3.0 2.6 5.2 3.7 0.0 1.5 4.3 Mali 6.0 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 5.7 5.6 10.8 12.8 11.1 3.7 1.9 6.2 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 0.0 4.6 1.7 1.5 2.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.4 0.0 1.4 2.8 Mozambique 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 7.1 8.2 0.7 Namibia .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Niger .. 12.9 6.6 4.4 6.0 7.6 5.2 5.1 11.2 11.8 11.6 9.4 7.4 7.9 Nigeria .. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda .. 5.0 3.8 4.8 3.3 5.7 7.9 9.1 8.4 9.6 10.6 .. 8.5 7.4 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 13.9 13.9 9.2 6.6 5.7 8.6 6.4 7.8 12.3 23.5 17.2 12.1 10.1 11.0 Seychelles .. 4.6 6.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. 5.9 0.1 Sierra Leone .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.9 0.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. 4.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 4.5 1.2 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 3.3 2.5 3.4 .. .. .. 3.6 Swaziland .. 3.3 2.6 6.6 18.0 15.6 15.0 17.4 18.4 15.6 14.0 .. 2.7 15.1 Tanzania .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo .. 4.6 9.0 6.6 5.4 7.0 6.4 9.4 9.8 11.0 10.1 2.3 3.2 8.2 Uganda .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia 13.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.8 2.9 0.8 0.9 9.9 8.5 0.8 Zimbabwe 29.3 4.9 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.2 7.1 0.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 9.2 6.6 5.7 5.9 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.9 9.8 9.7 .. 7.8 6.3 Algeria .. 13.6 9.4 6.2 4.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 21.8 21.5 .. 4.9 7.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 7.7 5.8 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 .. 10.2 6.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 6.0 2.6 4.1 3.3 6.0 6.4 6.0 7.4 8.2 3.4 3.3 7.5 3.2 5.5 Tunisia 15.1 13.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.6 4.8 3.0 3.5 2.4 2.4 20.3 15.9 4.2 ALL AFRICA .. 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 4.6 4.2 2.8 3.5 3.3 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 203 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 18.3 19.5 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 18.8 15.6 16.2 16.4 22.0 18.0 18.3 excluding South Africa .. 24.8 28.4 28.7 29.5 30.4 31.7 29.8 24.2 23.6 23.2 .. 26.5 27.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 24.8 25.8 26.1 25.6 25.5 26.4 26.2 25.7 24.2 24.0 29.7 26.2 25.5 Angola .. 10.7 5.7 10.3 20.3 7.2 13.8 15.6 10.5 12.9 14.3 .. 13.8 13.1 Benin .. 26.8 32.9 36.6 32.9 36.3 36.3 37.7 38.1 38.4 31.8 .. 27.1 36.0 Botswana .. 40.9 37.4 31.6 32.8 33.6 32.7 31.1 30.3 26.6 26.8 43.3 44.7 30.7 Burkina Faso .. 34.4 40.8 45.9 51.3 56.5 56.2 58.9 54.3 52.2 47.3 .. 38.2 52.8 Burundi 113.6 43.4 32.6 30.3 35.8 18.0 25.8 25.7 22.5 29.9 17.3 119.7 51.9 25.7 Cameroon 32.6 13.8 17.3 7.1 5.9 10.8 16.8 19.5 15.4 18.0 14.6 40.3 31.1 13.5 Cape Verde .. 58.7 60.9 52.4 47.8 44.7 43.7 35.4 26.1 33.2 35.3 67.8 52.6 39.8 Central African Republic .. 41.1 46.0 50.2 21.9 37.5 54.2 50.9 52.4 55.3 56.4 .. 42.1 47.3 Chad .. 38.0 47.5 50.4 49.1 53.8 51.1 50.8 50.8 50.2 50.4 .. 50.9 50.8 Comoros .. 15.6 32.1 20.5 21.8 24.0 35.0 28.0 21.6 20.1 17.7 0.0 41.1 23.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 1.5 9.3 .. .. 5.0 Congo, Rep. of .. 4.6 7.6 9.1 33.6 9.2 11.1 18.7 27.3 31.8 24.6 61.7 16.1 20.7 Côte d'Ivoire .. 10.3 17.0 20.9 21.8 24.6 28.5 21.8 15.3 11.0 13.0 .. 11.4 19.6 Djibouti .. 16.4 12.9 9.4 11.3 12.1 20.0 9.4 9.9 11.2 12.3 .. 15.9 11.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 49.5 32.9 18.0 9.6 20.9 36.4 43.8 31.3 41.9 43.5 .. 43.7 30.7 Eritrea .. 29.2 22.4 21.4 31.6 44.3 33.3 40.0 12.0 23.4 24.1 .. 21.3 28.8 Ethiopia 20.9 34.2 38.0 37.7 45.2 42.6 34.0 28.2 21.0 32.8 34.7 24.5 31.2 34.5 Gabon .. 17.7 22.1 20.9 22.8 31.7 29.2 8.9 24.9 27.0 26.4 58.1 27.1 24.0 Gambia, The .. 29.9 27.4 35.4 36.9 29.3 22.2 20.7 17.3 22.2 29.5 36.5 31.6 26.7 Ghana 17.8 38.3 42.7 46.1 44.8 42.9 39.6 37.2 33.1 39.1 23.4 14.5 39.5 38.3 Guinea .. 49.4 46.3 48.6 45.1 47.6 39.3 44.5 55.3 37.5 38.6 .. 43.0 44.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 64.4 59.1 49.6 53.0 53.8 24.7 41.7 25.3 37.8 31.4 32.0 62.6 39.7 Kenya 29.5 10.8 10.8 21.1 18.8 15.7 17.0 18.2 10.7 14.1 10.8 23.5 16.3 15.8 Lesotho .. 33.0 31.4 32.8 40.6 38.3 24.4 29.1 20.8 20.2 20.6 37.9 30.2 28.3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 35.9 32.2 36.2 32.5 37.5 47.1 47.7 49.4 43.8 33.9 39.9 39.8 41.0 Malawi 48.8 20.3 17.2 21.4 19.9 19.3 26.9 32.9 35.8 26.4 22.4 38.0 24.1 25.6 Mali 53.0 50.4 50.4 53.5 56.2 51.4 56.4 54.2 52.0 48.7 49.2 47.9 56.9 52.7 Mauritania .. 41.3 32.9 27.6 27.8 25.8 29.2 29.3 42.1 35.1 37.9 .. 28.2 31.8 Mauritius 27.2 20.3 18.2 15.9 18.7 22.1 12.9 12.1 15.9 10.3 16.6 21.8 19.0 15.6 Mozambique 44.0 49.3 51.1 57.3 55.1 55.8 47.6 49.7 50.7 57.7 54.0 40.1 43.3 53.5 Namibia .. 15.3 12.3 13.2 13.1 14.5 12.6 13.0 14.4 15.3 17.2 21.2 16.2 14.2 Niger .. 21.5 28.6 27.1 29.6 30.6 31.9 30.6 29.5 33.9 37.7 46.9 34.6 31.4 Nigeria .. .. 41.1 41.3 49.4 55.8 59.4 48.6 16.6 20.6 18.8 .. 41.1 38.8 Rwanda .. 32.1 16.6 39.4 41.3 41.6 36.0 32.3 31.9 31.6 29.4 .. 27.9 35.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 52.3 57.9 69.1 60.7 60.3 51.8 60.9 63.4 55.4 55.0 .. 50.5 59.6 Senegal 17.6 20.3 25.0 27.8 37.2 34.4 43.7 42.4 34.0 29.5 38.1 16.4 16.4 35.9 Seychelles .. 22.8 11.0 10.7 18.9 19.5 27.9 22.3 24.6 14.1 18.5 .. 19.9 19.6 Sierra Leone .. 25.2 21.8 13.4 19.6 11.3 24.6 11.2 21.1 10.4 10.5 .. 22.8 15.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 25.8 12.3 9.6 9.2 8.4 7.8 6.9 6.0 5.6 7.6 8.5 23.6 10.3 7.5 Sudan .. 15.9 17.6 15.1 7.2 7.7 9.1 14.2 21.3 19.6 23.6 30.6 14.8 14.7 Swaziland .. 25.4 24.7 23.8 18.1 17.1 23.0 21.7 20.5 25.1 24.7 .. 26.1 21.8 Tanzania .. 21.2 20.8 17.6 20.4 17.3 25.8 27.4 30.8 21.4 18.7 26.2 19.8 22.4 Togo .. 8.8 9.1 15.5 13.9 11.2 19.2 17.7 15.0 15.6 14.7 .. 17.2 15.4 Uganda .. 55.0 52.2 45.1 44.1 40.2 41.0 40.5 53.0 36.3 40.2 39.7 42.1 42.6 Zambia 10.5 10.7 12.5 17.5 32.0 30.1 39.4 44.9 46.9 38.8 38.9 11.6 8.1 36.1 Zimbabwe 43.1 16.8 17.6 14.5 12.7 12.3 6.7 14.2 5.2 2.8 4.7 42.7 16.9 9.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 24.5 22.4 22.0 20.7 20.7 21.4 22.8 24.4 22.0 22.4 .. 29.1 22.1 Algeria 63.3 31.3 31.0 29.4 26.6 25.2 24.8 19.9 27.3 23.6 25.5 61.6 38.3 25.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 20.9 18.1 18.2 18.7 20.0 21.3 28.9 25.2 21.8 21.0 .. 32.3 21.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 33.4 20.5 18.4 18.8 16.0 14.5 16.2 15.9 18.4 18.6 19.3 65.0 19.1 17.2 Tunisia 28.9 25.6 21.1 20.9 20.7 22.4 21.9 21.4 24.5 24.4 24.4 27.7 23.2 22.6 ALL AFRICA .. 20.6 20.5 20.3 20.1 20.2 20.7 20.1 18.6 18.2 18.4 26.6 22.4 19.6 Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 204 Government Finance 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending Index 1980=100 Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 100.0 42.2 161.9 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 88.4 102.8 89.5 excluding South Africa 100.0 42.2 161.9 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 88.4 102.8 89.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 100.0 42.2 161.9 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 88.4 102.8 89.5 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 100.0 .. 293.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 192.6 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 100.0 .. 249.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 164.2 .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 100.0 40.9 37.0 37.4 41.3 45.2 99.6 204.7 319.7 168.8 131.2 97.5 101.7 131.0 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 100.0 43.5 36.2 39.9 45.0 46.8 42.6 43.9 45.3 57.7 63.7 77.5 71.1 48.1 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 100.0 .. 187.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 168.7 .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 79.7 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 100.0 .. 136.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 138.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 100.0 .. 181.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 136.0 .. Algeria 100.0 .. 267.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 175.4 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 85.1 .. Libya 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 231.8 .. Morocco 100.0 .. 95.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 88.0 .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 100.0 42.2 161.9 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 88.4 102.5 89.5 Note: Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for federal level only. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 205 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending Constant 1995 U.S. dollars Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.5 10.5 .. .. .. .. 10.96 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. 12.2 10.1 10.1 10.6 12.0 15.6 19.2 11.71 .. 12.83 Botswana .. 240.4 245.1 267.6 310.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 208.05 289.08 Burkina Faso 3.5 6.4 .. 8.8 9.7 9.7 11.0 .. .. .. .. 3.47 5.31 9.79 Burundi .. 3.5 3.1 2.4 1.8 1.1 1.4 .. .. .. .. .. 3.55 1.69 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127.6 128.8 127.2 .. .. 127.86 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.51 .. .. Chad .. 4.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.9 4.0 4.6 4.2 .. 3.97 3.73 Comoros .. .. .. .. 18.3 17.7 14.9 9.8 9.5 9.4 9.6 .. .. 12.75 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.00 0.00 .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 50.8 36.5 34.1 32.9 34.3 36.3 39.9 45.3 44.4 43.4 .. 38.78 38.84 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 3.7 3.7 5.8 4.9 8.4 8.9 8.9 11.3 15.0 17.5 .. 3.14 10.09 Ethiopia .. 2.6 3.5 3.4 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.6 4.8 5.5 2.87 2.83 4.11 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.8 12.4 10.3 10.2 11.0 15.2 13.6 .. 10.79 11.99 Ghana .. .. 14.6 14.1 15.3 13.8 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 14.56 7.28 Guinea .. .. 12.2 12.9 15.9 14.3 10.8 11.7 11.3 11.6 12.1 .. 12.25 12.58 Guinea-Bissau .. 1.8 4.7 6.8 6.8 6.7 2.4 6.4 4.1 3.7 5.5 0.00 2.81 5.31 Kenya 19.5 22.2 20.6 21.9 21.3 21.9 23.1 21.6 19.7 18.3 18.2 15.53 21.59 20.74 Lesotho .. 50.6 61.8 69.5 70.0 71.0 78.1 75.5 71.8 61.2 62.2 .. 43.87 69.91 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. 5.3 6.0 7.2 7.3 .. .. .. .. 6.45 Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. 7.9 8.0 7.8 8.8 11.4 8.9 9.3 .. 6.66 6.44 8.87 Mauritania .. .. .. .. 2.4 24.4 23.7 24.9 26.9 25.6 27.2 .. .. 22.16 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.3 4.6 6.7 10.6 14.5 .. 3.21 2.65 6.47 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 11.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.40 .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. 4.0 4.1 4.4 6.9 7.5 8.3 9.8 .. .. 6.43 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. 24.2 15.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.65 Senegal .. 23.1 19.4 20.6 22.5 21.3 23.2 24.1 23.8 27.0 40.7 .. 21.23 25.39 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 3.5 5.4 .. .. 3.74 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 1.2 4.7 5.3 .. .. .. 3.34 Swaziland 76.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.23 74.99 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 4.8 6.0 5.8 .. .. 5.13 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.20 19.61 .. Uganda .. .. 4.9 6.2 5.8 8.1 8.9 11.2 12.3 13.0 16.1 .. 4.91 10.20 Zambia .. 9.1 8.5 6.0 11.5 12.3 9.7 10.8 9.5 .. .. .. 10.54 9.96 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. 83.6 54.3 .. .. .. .. .. 68.99 NORTH AFRICA 45.3 58.4 61.2 61.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46.78 54.30 61.01 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 29.9 43.5 48.2 48.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.48 41.64 48.19 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 63.8 72.7 72.0 69.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61.86 65.76 68.97 Tunisia 88.3 112.4 113.9 120.8 128.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 92.78 101.90 124.85 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Note: 2002 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 206 Figure 7-1. Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1993-2002* (percentage ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 São Tomé and Principe Eritrea Guinea-Bissau Cape Verde Angola Mozambique Malawi Seychelles Sierra Leone Chad Comoros Rwanda Ghana Djibouti Zimbabwe Zambia Burkina Faso Mali Ethiopia Central African Republic Congo, Rep. of Uganda Madagascar Niger Gambia The Togo Burundi Guinea Mauritius Congo, Dem. Rep. of Benin South Africa Tanzania Lesotho Namibia Côte d'Ivoire Morocco Senegal Tunisia Egypt. Arab Rep. Swaziland Cameroon Gabon Mauritania Nigeria Deficit, excl. grants Equatorial Guinea Grants Kenya Algeria Botswana Sudan * Or most recent year available. Government Finance 207 Technical notes Tables fiscal stabilization efforts. This indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in national currency Table 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including (World Bank country desks). grants). Overall surplus/deficit is the difference be- tween total revenue plus grants (as defined in GFS, Table 7-4. Government expenditure and lending line A-I) and total expenditures and lending minus minus repayments. Total expenditure and lending repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I). It repre- minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I) rep- sents the net financing requirement of the consoli- resents the government's total outlays for current or dated government. This indicator is shown as a per- capital purposes. Expenditure includes all centage of current GDP in national currency (World nonrepayable payments by the government. Lending Bank country desks). minus repayments comprises government transactions in debt and equity claims upon others, acquired for Table 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding purposes of public policy rather than for managing grants). This is calculated as above, except that capi- government liquidity or earning a return. It consists tal grants are excluded from receipts (as defined in of gross lending and acquisition of financial equity GFS, line A-II less line C-I). It is a measure of the minus repayments of past government lending and ability of a government to fund its activities from its government sales of equities. (This definition differs own resources. Because some budgetary grants may from the concept of lending minus repayments adopted be tied to certain expenditures that would not other- in the SNA, which is gross government lending mi- wise be incurred, excluding grants may overstate the nus repayments of past government lending minus net deficit or understate the surplus if no account is taken government borrowing.) In determining a of the expenditures dependent on these grants. This government's deficit or surplus, lending minus repay- indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in ments is grouped with expenditures rather than with national currency (World Bank country desks). financing. This indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun- Table 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (­/ try desks). +). The primary deficit or surplus is the government deficit or surplus including grants (as presented in Table 7-5. Government interest payments. Govern- Table 7-1) excluding interest expenditures on both ment interest payments (as defined in GFS, line C2) domestic and foreign debt (Table 7-5). In countries include interest on all borrowings, both domestic and with large government interest payments, this ratio foreign, but exclude commission charges paid for as- may provide a more reliable indicator for monitoring sistance in placement of debt (which would be classi- 208 Government Finance fied as expenditure for the payment of goods and ser- Table 7-10.Taxes on international trade and trans- vices). This indicator is shown as a percentage of cur- actions. These taxes include import duties, export rent GDP in national currency (World Bank country duties, profits of export or import monopolies remit- desks). ted to government, and monopoly profits of mon- etary authorities made in foreign exchange transac- Table 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants). tions, as well as taxes levied on the sale of foreign Government revenue less grants (as defined in GFS exchange (as defined in GFS, line A6). This indicator line A-II) refers to current revenues (tax and nontax) is shown as a percentage of total revenue (as defined and capital revenues, such as proceeds from the sale in GFS, line A-II) (World Bank country desks). of real assets, including land. It does not include grant receipts from other governments or international or- Table 7-11. Indirect taxes. These are sales and ex- ganizations. This indicator is shown as a percentage cise taxes and duties (as defined in GFS line A-IV of current GDP in national currency (World Bank less A1). This indicator is shown as a percentage of country desks). total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-II) (World Bank country desks). Table 7-7. Grants to government. These are unre- quited, nonrepayable, noncompulsory government Table 7-12. Nontax revenues (excluding grants). receipts from other governments or international in- This is all nonrepayable government receipts, other stitutions (as defined in GFS, line A-II). Grants of than compulsory unrequited receipts (taxes) and rev- goods and services in kind are excluded. This indica- enue from capital sales or government grants, plus all tor is shown as a percentage of current GDP in na- fines and penalties other than for noncompliance with tional currency (World Bank country desks). taxes (as defined in GFS, line A-V). For some mineral-exporting countries in Africa, this category Table 7-8. Foreign financing. This includes all gov- is quite large, since royalties on the extraction of min- ernment financing transactions except grants (as de- erals, such as petroleum in Egypt and Nigeria and fined in GFS, line D-III) with nonresident individu- bauxite in Guinea, make up significant portions of als, enterprises, governments, international organiza- total government revenues. This indicator is shown tions, and other entities. It may be affected by trad- as a percentage of total revenue (as defined in GFS, ing in outstanding government securities between resi- line A-II) (World Bank country desks). dents and nonresidents. The data also reflect changes resulting from transactions, but not revaluations, in Table 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and government holdings of foreign exchange, deposits salaries. These expenditures are payments in cash, in nonresident financial institutions, and securities is- but not in kind, to employees in return for services, sued by nonresident entities held by government for before withholding taxes and employee contributions liquidity purposes (reserves). This indicator is shown to social security and pension funds are deducted (as as a percentage of current GDP in national currency defined in GFS line C1.1). Included are basic wages (World Bank country desks). and salaries; pay for overtime, weekends, and nights; cost of living allowances; local allowances and ex- Table 7-9. Taxes on income and profits. These taxes patriation allowances; and similar compensation. Re- (as defined in GFS, line A1) are levied on the actual imbursement to employees for expenses incurred as or presumptive net income of individuals and profits part of their employment are excluded. This indicator of enterprises. Also included are taxes levied on capi- is shown as a percentage of total expenditure and tal gains that are realized on land sales, securities, and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) other assets. This indicator is shown as a percentage (World Bank country desks). of total revenue (as defined in GFS, line A-II) (World Bank country desks). Government Finance 209 Table 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in Table 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and real wages and salaries. This includes expenditures net lending. This represents payments for acquiring on wages and salaries as discussed above (as defined land, buildings, and other nonfinancial assets to be in GFS, line C1.1), deflated by the CPI. For most used for more than one year in the process of pro- countries the trend is shown in index numbers begin- duction, including transfers for capital assets as well ning with 100 in 1987 (World Bank country desks). as net lending (as defined in GFS, line C-IV plus C-V). This indicator is presented as a percentage of total Table 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods expenditure and lending minus repayments (as de- and services. These expenditures include disburse- fined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country desks). ments for all goods and services (except fixed capital assets and wages and salaries) bought on the market, Table 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real goods and services to be used to produce fixed capi- defense spending. Real defense spending has been tal assets, strategic or emergency stocks, stocks held calculated by deflating defense spending in current by market regulatory organizations, and land and in- prices national currency (IMF, as defined in GFS, tangible assets. This category encompasses purchases line B2) by the national GDP deflator (Table 3-1).The of materials, office supplies, fuel and lighting, travel results are presented in the form of 1980 base indexes. services, and payment of rent, as well as payments in kind to certain civil servants (as defined in GFS, line Table 7-20. Government expenditure: real per C1.3). This indicator is presented as a percentage of capita education spending. This table presents edu- total expenditure and lending minus repayments (as cation spending (IMF, as defined in GFS, line B4) defined in GFS, lines C-I) (World Bank country deflated by the national GDP deflator (Table 3-1) and desks). divided by total population (Table 1-2). The result is converted into 1995 U.S. dollars by using the 1995 local Table 7-16. Government expenditure: interest pay- currency/U.S. dollar conversion factor (Table 3-6). ments. These are payments for the use of all bor- rowed money, excluding commission charges paid Figure for assistance in placing debt, which would be clas- sified as expenditures for payment of other goods The following indicators have been used to derive the and services (as defined in GFS, line C2). This indi- figure in this chapter. cator is presented as a percentage of total expendi- ture and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS, Figure 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (Tables 7-1 line C-I) (World Bank country desks). and 7-2). Table 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers. These expenditures are all unre- quited, nonrepayable government payments for cur- rent purposes (as defined in GFS, line C3). Transfers for capital purposes (that is, to permit the recipient to acquire capital assets) and transfers in kind are ex- cluded. This indicator is presented as a percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country desks). 210 Government Finance Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 7 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (6) (7) (1) 7-1 x x 7-2 x x 7-3 x x 7-4 x x 7-5 x x 7-6 x x 7-7 x x 7-8 x x 7-9 x x 7-10 x x 7-11 x x 7-12 x x 7-13 x x 7-14 x x 7-15 x x 7-16 x x 7-17 x x 7-18 x x 7-19 x x 7-20 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. For aggregation purposes, all data used in this chapter were converted to U.S. dollars, using the conversion factors shown in Table 3-6. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 8 Agriculture griculture is one of Africa's most important sec- A The data in presented are estimates based on a va- tors. African agriculture has two major com- riety of sources whose quality and reliability vary from ponents: food production and export commodi- country to country and from year to year. Further- ties. Food production, including meat, is the liveli- more, production and export data are probably un- hood for most Africans. Export crops provide many derestimated for two reasons. First, it is difficult to African countries with their main source of foreign estimate production levels of staple food crops, es- exchange and thus the capacity to import, invest, and pecially roots and tubers, when much of the output is develop. The information in this chapter provides a consumed directly by farmers, rather than marketed. basis for assessing recent trends in producer prices, Second, parallel market activity, including trade, may aggregate agricultural production and trade, cereal not be fully accounted for. imports, and food aid in Africa. 211 212 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ALGERIA Wheat (hard) F1 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.6 5.4 10.3 10.3 10.3 19.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus (oranges) F2 0.8 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.8 4.2 5.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Dates F3 4.5 11.3 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.7 4.7 6.0 14.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Potatoes NT2 1.3 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 6.5 6.5 6.5 10.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ANGOLA Coffee X1 .. 67.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 135.0 158.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 4.5 10.0 10.0 11.5 11.5 11.5 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 4.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F3 4.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 200.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.1 5.0 5.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 150.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes NT2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BENIN Cotton (seed cotton) X1 65.0 110.0 100.0 105.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X2 40.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 40.0 65.0 68.0 64.0 55.0 85.0 58.0 62.0 53.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 46.0 65.0 72.0 67.0 60.0 60.0 63.0 65.0 55.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 30.0 15.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 17.5 18.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT2 32.0 50.0 58.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 52.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BOTSWANA Groundnuts (in shell) X1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BURKINA FASO1/ Cotton (seed cotton) X1 55.0 97.2 89.7 94.4 94.6 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 110.8 110.8 110.8 Groundnuts (in shell) X2 54.0 50.0 60.0 55.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 103.2 83.2 78.2 111.5 156.4 159.7 193.0 179.0 155.0 169.0 Sesame seed X3 70.0 80.0 55.0 65.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 274.0 288.0 217.0 Sorghum F1 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 60.0 62.0 50.0 47.0 67.0 94.0 96.0 116.0 91.0 69.0 108.0 Millet F2 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 60.0 65.0 56.0 55.0 76.0 110.0 106.0 129.0 99.0 75.0 120.0 Maize F3 45.0 45.0 55.0 45.0 50.0 65.0 60.0 62.0 52.0 48.0 74.0 96.0 97.0 105.0 80.0 66.0 100.0 BURUNDI1/ Coffee (green) X1 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 437.5 450.0 450.0 600.0 725.0 825.0 1050.0 1125.0 1125.0 1125.0 Tea X2 100.0. 145.0 150.0 156.2 162.2 167.9 173.2 26.0 26.0 26.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 65.0 75.0 75.0 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 36.1. 51.9 52.6 55.3 57.8 60.2 62.4 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0 100.0 120.0 135.0 Maize F1 25.0. 37.6 39.4 42.3 45.1 47.7 50.2 50.0 60.0 50.0 52.0 80.0 150.0 160.0 135.9 182.3 182.5 Sorghum F2 20.0. 26.2 27.0 28.1 29.3 30.6 32.0 43.0 49.0 79.0 82.0 150.0 200.0 140.0 199.9 270.0 244.7 Rice F3 25.0. 32.1 33.6 35.1 36.7 38.3 40.0 44.0 50.0 60.0 68.0 78.0 100.0 135.0 135.0 200.0 200.0 Millet F4 20.0. 26.4 27.3 28.4 29.6 31.0 32.4 33.1 39.7 33.1 34.4 52.9 99.2 105.8 89.9 120.5 120.7 Bananas NT1 6.0. 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 46.0 51.0 89.4 100.8 93.7 129.5 121.1 156.0 274.3 288.0 Cassava NT1 10.9. 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.7 30.0 50.0 70.0 52.0 100.0 155.0 200.0 133.9 208.0 193.8 CAMEROON1/ Coffee (Arabica) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125.0 125.0 400.0 450.0 450.0 425.0 425.0 425.0 350.0 380.9 Cocoa (grade 1, superior) X2 300.0 420.0 420.0 42.0 250.0 220.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 225.0 480.0 320.0 350.0 650.0 575.0 450.0 489.7 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 70.0 130.0 130.0 140.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 85.0 130.0 135.0 160.0 160.0 175.0 175.0 170.0 185.0 Maize F1 60.0. 83.2 76.8 82.4 57.0 51.7 55.0 75.0 68.3 61.6 76.0 95.0 100.0 101.0 120.0 116.6 126.9 Sorghum F2 40.0. 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 80.0 73.0 66.5 60.0 80.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 230.0 223.4 243.1 Millet F3 40.0. 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 80.0 116.8 106.4 96.0 128.0 96.0 144.0 192.0 368.0 357.5 389.0 Rice F4 105.0. 91.0 64.7 77.5 82.7 53.5 60.0 54.0 54.0 57.0 68.0 95.0 98.0 98.0 106.0 103.0 112.1 Cassava NT1 19.0. 48.0 46.6 41.7 41.0 41.0 41.0 50.0 45.2 24.0 36.0 37.0 43.5 45.0 45.0 42.6 46.3 Plantains NT2 25.0. 45.3 46.7 47.3 50.0 54.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 65.3 52.0 55.0 50.0 53.0 53.0 41.5 45.1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee (Robusta, cherries) X1 120.0 135.0 135.0 190.0 110.0 80.0 40.0 40.0 120.0 120.0 240.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 68.5 60.0 60.0 87.0 117.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 30.0 103.5 128.3 107.7 92.5 95.0 97.0 .. .. 136.7 168.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 40.0 65.3 67.7 104.3 111.6 94.9 99.0 .. .. 136.0 271.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 70.0. 150.0 165.0 171.7 175.0 180.0 185.0 .. .. 217.6 526.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 30.0 76.2 89.5 57.5 103.7 105.0 107.0 .. .. 119.2 176.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT2 25.0 107.1 91.0 124.5 86.6 90.0 120.0 .. .. .. 222.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. CHAD Cotton (seed cotton) X1 80.0 99.0 99.0 97.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 77.0 89.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 31.0. 31.0 31.0 48.0 47.0 52.0 62.0 41.0 41.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts F3 64.9 57.0 46.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 70.0 67.0 77.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 213 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 COMOROS Vanilla X1 1,150.0 1,100.0 1,110.0 1,137.6 1,149.1 1,156.2 1,168.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cloves X2 1,250.0 1,505.0 1,506.0 1,582.8 1,626.7 1,645.4 1,659.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X3 30.2 34.1 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.5 35.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa beans X4 233.0 273.6 273.9 283.5 288.6 291.4 293.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bananas F1 50.0 73.8 74.0 76.9 79.1 80.5 81.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 40.0 48.5 48.7 49.7 50.5 51.1 51.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF Coffee (Arabica, green beans) X1 4.0. 42.6 69.3 107.5 166.9 440.5 13837.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm oil X2 2.1. 23.0 37.6 59.4 93.8 247.7 7778.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rubber (natural) X3 2.1 75.8 102.3 260.9 407.0 1074.4 2836.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa (beans) X4 ... 30.0 50.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.2 7.5 10.1 25.8 40.3 106.4 280.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 2.0 11.5 17.0 28.7 45.2 119.4 315.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 1.3 3.0 3.9 8.4 13.2 34.7 1090.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 2.9 8.3 11.2 28.5 44.4 117.2 309.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONGO, REPUBLIC OF1/ Coffee X1 146.0. 215.0 215.0 115.0 115.0 119.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 200.0 839.6 215.0 210.0 Cocoa X2 134.8 190.0 240.0 108.0 108.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 100.0 102.0 150.0 787.3 190.0 195.0 Maize F1 43.0 73.0 85.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 160.0 179.7 187.0 170.6 Cassava NT1 100.0 180.0 200.0 200.0 250.0 250.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 355.0 410.0 579.2 539.0 492.4 Plantains NT2 67.5 180.0 250.0 250.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 90.3 90.3 90.3 86.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 115.8 110.0 103.6 COTE D'IVOIRE1/ Coffee (Robusta, green) X1 310.6. 399.5 400.0 400.0 404.0 419.0 390.0 232.0 200.0 530.0 700.0 700.0 560.0 560.0 470.0 380.0 421.0 Cocoa (beans) X2 300.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 315.0 320.0 320.0 430.0 430.0 397.0 364.0 691.0 Palm oil X3 .. . .. .. 213.8 213.8 213.8 213.8 190.0 190.0 225.0 225.0 160.7 164.6 128.6 123.2 160.7 160.7 Rice (paddy) F1 50.0 84.0 84.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 75.0 75.0 110.0 110.0 150.0 166.7 166.7 170.8 175.0 Maize F2 68.0 76.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 62.0 62.0 75.0 68.0 68.0 80.0 88.9 88.9 91.1 93.3 Cassava NT1 49.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 53.7 81.8 86.9 92.0 102.2 102.2 104.8 107.3 Yams NT2 59.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 177.8 188.9 200.0 222.2 222.2 227.8 233.3 EGYPT1/ Cotton X1 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 Rice (96% humidity) X2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 Wheat (94% humidity) F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Sugarcane F2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Broadbeans NT1 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa (first grade dried beans) X1 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 250.0 320.0 325.0 400.0 500.0 450.0 500.0 500.0 400.0 500.0 Coffee (Robusta, cherry) X2 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 29.7 38.0 38.6 47.5 59.4 53.4 59.4 59.4 47.5 59.4 Plantains NT2 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 36.9 47.3 48.0 59.1 73.9 66.5 73.9 73.9 59.1 73.9 ETHIOPIA Coffee (Arabica, beans) X1 2.7. 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sesame seed X2 ... 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum (mixed) F1 ... 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 ... 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley (non-white mixed) NT1 ... 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GABON Cocoa (first quality) X1 320.0 430.0 430.0 370.0 210.0 224.0 224.0 260.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (merchant, processed) X2 180.0. .. 260.0 130.0 130.0 .. 150.0 147.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 54.5 77.9 77.9 67.0 67.0 71.7 71.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 139.5 171.4 171.4 147.4 147.4 157.7 157.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT3 124.5 145.6 145.6 125.3 125.3 134.0 134.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GAMBIA, THE Groundnuts (unshelled) X1 0.5 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 0.5. 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 0.3. 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 0.8 1.7 2.1 2.1 3.4 2.8 2.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F4 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) 214 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 GHANA Cocoa X1 4.0 80.3 101.3 153.8 160.0 230.0 250.0 280.0 300.0 330.0 204.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 4.1 25.0 42.0 48.0 35.8 86.9 69.5 83.5 93.7 95.0 82.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 5.3 24.2 36.0 83.3 89.7 77.9 113.5 141.4 149.9 160.0 87.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts F3 8.4 92.0 160.0 202.0 389.0 400.0 493.0 508.0 800.0 896.0 121.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 1.5 8.8 10.8 12.9 10.0 10.0 15.8 22.5 25.3 26.0 29.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 1.9 15.0 18.6 43.0 45.9 27.8 26.8 35.5 91.4 93.0 39.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA Coffee (Robusta) X1 49.0. 400.0 400.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X2 6.0. 60.0 60.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F1 9.0 85.7 100.0 130.0 150.0 168.0 166.0 170.0 230.0 230.0 230.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 7.0 74.3 74.3 83.6 83.6 130.0 144.0 147.0 198.0 198.0 198.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 11.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 213.0 217.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 5.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 77.0 81.0 83.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 4.5 80.0 80.0 110.0 170.0 200.0 200.0 210.0 240.0 240.0 240.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA-BISSAU Cashew nuts X1 8.0 38.5 125.0 230.0 350.0 450.0 550.0 1000.0 3500.0 4000.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled, grade 1) X2 7.5 32.5 40.0 80.0 140.0 225.0 275.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy, grade 1) F1 8.5 37.5 50.0 85.0 180.0 225.0 400.0 650.0 1100.0 1600.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 6.0 32.8 43.7 74.3 157.4 284.3 350.0 437.0 738.5 1070.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (grade 1) F3 4.3 32.8 43.7 74.3 157.4 284.3 350.0 437.5 740.0 1070.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KENYA Coffee (Arabica, washed bean, grade 1-6) X1 26.4. 54.8 34.1 43.0 43.1 36.4 46.5 49.4 98.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 15.9 33.8 25.0 26.8 27.2 35.2 38.5 47.5 92.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugar (cane) X3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sisal X4 4.2 7.4 7.1 7.4 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.8 9.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 4.7 8.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F2 1.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.5 5.0 5.6 5.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LESOTHO Wheat X1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 .. .. 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Beans X2 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Peas X3 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. 0.5 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LIBERIA Rubber (nonspec. coagul.) X1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 1700.0 1800.0 1900.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (Robusta) X2 2.1. 1.6 1.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa (fair average quality) X3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice F1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. LIBYA Wheat F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Olives F2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Oranges F3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MADAGASCAR1/ Coffee (Robusta) X1 215.0. 600.0 800.0 950.0 950.0 950.0 1000.0 500.0 500.0 8200.0 6000.0 4570.0 5000.0 6500.0 5500.0 2650.0 2793.1 Vanilla (green) X2 600.0 1100.0 1200.0 1700.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 5000.0 5000.0 8450.0 10000.0 5150.0 10500.0 10500.0 25000.0 66250.0 69827.5 Cloves X3 395.0 525.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 766.0 900.0 1800.0 1850.0 1900.0 1550.0 9000.0 23000.0 24875.0 26218.2 Rice (paddy) F1 42.5 100.0 127.5 180.0 250.0 250.0 274.0 350.0 470.0 648.0 725.0 728.0 858.0 1070.0 1100.0 1290.0 1359.7 Cassava NT1 7.0 55.0 55.0 70.0 80.0 100.0 124.0 210.0 200.0 410.0 594.0 586.0 537.0 995.0 525.0 536.0 565.0 Sweet potatoes NT2 30.0 50.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 116.0 267.0 347.0 463.0 547.0 751.0 875.0 1171.0 890.0 908.7 957.8 MALAWI1/ Tobacco (flue-cured) X1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 4.5 8.7 13.7 14.9 24.8 32.3 55.6 Tobacco (Northen division dark-fired, G2) X1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 4.5 8.7 13.7 14.9 24.8 32.3 55.6 Tea (dry leaves) X2 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 5.0 9.7 15.3 16.7 27.8 36.1 62.3 Groundnuts (in shell) X3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.5 4.9 7.6 8.3 13.9 18.1 31.1 Cotton (seed cotton) X4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.5 4.9 7.6 8.3 13.9 18.1 31.1 Maize F1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.4 4.0 5.2 9.0 Sorghum F2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 2.1 3.4 3.7 6.1 7.9 13.7 Rice (paddy, grade 1) F3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.8 3.5 5.5 6.0 10.0 13.0 22.4 Cassava NT1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.8 2.4 4.1 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 215 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MALI1/ Cotton (seed cotton) X1 55.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 95.0 85.0 97.5 130.0 155.0 155.0 170.0 185.0 150.0 170.0 Groundnuts (unshelled) X2 40.0 70.0 60.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 179.0 179.0 162.0 180.0 249.0 223.2 249.2 268.8 172.1 229.9 Millet F1 35.0 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 77.0 41.5 45.0 45.0 51.0 97.0 77.0 93.9 124.2 88.4 60.6 80.9 Rice (paddy) F2 37.5 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 66.0 85.0 87.0 118.0 105.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 Sorghum F3 35.0. 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 61.0 41.0 45.0 38.0 59.0 99.0 77.0 94.1 126.4 86.2 62.2 55.0 Maize F4 35.0 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 54.0 35.0 38.0 33.0 55.0 83.0 69.0 107.0 141.3 115.3 76.7 102.4 MAURITANIA Sorghum F1 11.0 15.4 15.4 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 11.0 15.4 15.4 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F3 10.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.3 16.6 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F4 15.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. MAURITIUS Sugarcane X1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 11.0 9.2 7.4 10.3 10.4 13.5 13.4 16.8 16.4 17.0 15.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (12% moisture) F1 2.0 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy, 14% moisture) F2 1.4 4.9 4.9 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 12.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Potatoes NT1 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.0 4.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Onions NT2 4.2 4.2 4.8 5.8 5.7 7.1 7.8 7.7 7.6 8.0 9.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO1/ Citrus (oranges) X1 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.9 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.4 Cotton X3 3.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.7 5.7 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Wheat (hard) F1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 Sugarbeet (16.5% sugar) F2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Barley NT1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 MOZAMBIQUE Cashew nuts X1 7.5 13.2 86.0 232.0 325.0 358.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed, prime grade) X2 11.0 16.0 65.0 175.0 246.0 270.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X3 25.6 45.0 140.0 378.0 529.0 582.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 3.2 10.0 30.0 81.0 113.4 124.7 124.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice F2 6.2 16.0 48.0 130.0 181.4 199.6 199.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.0 6.0 15.0 40.0 56.0 62.0 62.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NAMIBIA Wheat F1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (white) F2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NIGER Cowpeas X1 45.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.4 102.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (unginned, top grade) X2 62.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 130.0 110.0 70.0 70.0 77.0 77.0 137.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (in shell) X3 50.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 135.0 140.0 143.8 146.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 50.0 80.0 87.6 93.5 98.3 100.7 102.7 105.2 108.1 111.1 114.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum (red) F2 50.0 80.0 87.2 93.5 99.5 103.1 106.4 110.0 113.8 117.5 121.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. NIGERIA1/ Cocoa (bean) X1 1.3 3.5 7.5 11.0 10.1 8.5 10.2 12.7 25.3 61.2 73.4 80.2 89.7 79.6 85.8 83.8 107.3 Palm kernels X2 0.2. 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 2.5 5.7 10.6 14.4 31.7 22.2 16.6 21.0 19.1 20.0 25.6 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 0.4 1.0 4.0 4.5 2.4 2.6 4.2 3.8 5.0 45.0 45.2 37.8 35.8 33.0 40.2 35.0 44.8 Groundnuts (in shell) X4 0.4 1.0 2.3 2.3 4.8 4.3 6.3 6.8 15.2 13.5 20.1 24.1 17.8 21.5 28.1 28.0 35.8 Sorghum F1 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.0 1.7 3.6 4.7 7.0 5.3 18.6 14.8 19.2 22.6 18.4 19.4 24.8 Millet F2 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.3 2.1 1.7 3.4 5.7 6.6 6.2 9.1 15.7 19.7 25.4 17.9 18.8 24.0 Maize F3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.6 2.7 2.1 3.3 5.5 7.5 5.6 14.5 17.6 23.3 26.3 19.2 20.2 25.8 Rice (paddy) F4 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.8 6.3 6.3 7.5 12.6 18.8 12.3 14.3 25.8 25.3 32.0 27.0 28.4 36.4 Yams NT1 0.4 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 5.9 11.7 14.4 18.7 23.7 26.7 28.5 30.3 31.8 40.8 Cassava (gari) NT2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 4.6 4.5 6.6 10.6 11.9 11.5 13.6 14.3 18.3 RWANDA Coffee X1 120.0. 122.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 99.7 107.4 115.0 .. .. 427.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 80.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Beans (dry) F1 20.3 22.3 28.6 30.5 38.4 37.9 40.8 40.2 90.0 90.0 90.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 12.7 20.2 20.2 19.3 23.3 24.5 29.3 33.6 141.0 141.0 141.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 11.9 15.6 15.4 13.6 24.7 26.9 32.4 29.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Bananas NT1 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 10.7 12.7 15.9 14.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes NT2 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.5 9.4 9.8 9.9 6.8 24.0 24.0 24.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. SAO TOME & PRINCIPE Cocoa X1 16.5 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) 216 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 SENEGAL Groundnuts (in shell) X1 50.0 90.0 90.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 100.0 120.0 125.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton, first quality) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.0 150.0 170.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 41.5 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 90.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 37.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F4 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. SIERRA LEONE Cocoa X1 2.1 17.8 2.1 30.2 40.0 51.0 61.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (Robusta) X2 ... .. 2.0 25.0 40.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 ... .. 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F1 0.4 2.8 0.4 2.8 7.4 22.2 29.0 37.0 44.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.3 4.9 0.3 14.5 19.0 24.0 29.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOMALIA Bananas X1 1.1 6.9 7.7 8.5 9.1 9.5 10.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 5.5 21.4 34.5 30.0 32.1 33.4 35.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 5.8 18.9 22.7 25.0 26.7 37.0 39.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sesame (seed) NT1 25.2 61.6 76.4 84.0 89.7 93.5 99.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOUTH AFRICA Maize X1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat X2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugar cane X3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley F2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. SUDAN1/ Cotton (seed cotton, long-staple, grade 1) X1 0.4 1.8 2.5 4.3 4.8 6.7 14.1 37.2 84.9 12.6 39.2 53.0 82.9 127.0 166.3 154.7 121.7 Groundnuts (El-Obeid, in shell) X2 0.2 1.1 1.2 1.8 4.4 23.5 21.1 2.3 3.5 5.2 12.1 102.1 31.0 41.9 40.0 87.0 56.2 Sesame (El-Obeid, mixed) X3 0.3 1.3 1.6 5.0 6.5 12.7 30.9 4.2 5.5 10.5 37.3 56.7 59.9 91.9 120.3 111.9 88.0 Gum arabic (El-Obeid) X4 0.0 6.8 9.0 9.4 10.2 10.3 18.9 3.5 19.3 44.6 72.6 60.9 55.6 92.0 106.6 116.7 106.9 Sorghum F1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.9 11.4 6.6 1.2 1.1 3.7 5.4 12.0 30.7 22.8 21.4 42.6 49.7 Wheat F2 0.2 0.7 1.0 2.3 2.9 5.7 8.3 0.9 1.3 6.7 8.3 25.0 33.3 55.1 63.9 69.9 64.1 SWAZILAND Sugarcane (sucrose) X1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus X2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Pineapple X3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X4 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TANZANIA Coffee (Arabica) (parchment) X1 9.0. 50.8 66.0 90.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton, AR) X2 3.2 16.9 19.5 22.4 28.0 41.0 45.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea (green leaves) X3 1.5 7.6 9.9 13.4 17.0 20.4 24.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.0 6.3 8.2 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 1.0 4.8 6.0 6.2 7.8 9.4 11.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F3 1.8 9.6 14.4 17.3 19.0 26.0 31.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F4 1.5 4.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 8.7 10.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava (grade 1, Makopa) NT1 0.7 3.6 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO1/ Coffee (Robusta) X1 200.0. 365.0 400.0 350.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 185.0 140.0 350.0 650.0 750.0 891.6 1033.1 1067.9 1003.3 1298.2 Cocoa X2 220.0 330.0 360.0 300.0 225.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 225.0 300.0 550.0 450.0 534.9 619.9 640.7 602.0 682.6 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 52.0 105.0 105.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 110.0 145.0 180.0 214.0 247.9 256.3 240.8 267.6 Maize F1 68.4 73.0 72.0 79.0 60.0 61.0 58.0 73.0 43.0 62.0 95.0 112.0 132.0 102.0 83.0 86.0 93.7 Sorghum F2 68.0 76.0 66.0 98.0 69.0 68.0 67.0 92.0 64.0 68.0 123.0 160.0 146.0 145.0 148.0 100.0 109.4 Millet F3 66.7 59.0 61.0 87.0 72.0 58.0 75.0 87.0 61.0 52.0 119.0 153.0 147.5 142.0 122.0 87.0 94.6 Cassava NT1 20.3 30.0 32.0 26.0 30.0 23.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 36.0 37.0 53.0 64.0 49.0 47.0 50.4 Yams NT2 48.5 61.0 63.0 63.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 59.0 69.0 94.0 105.0 105.0 91.0 93.0 97.4 TUNISIA Olives X1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus (oranges) X2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 217 8-1. Nominal producer prices Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 UGANDA Coffee X1 0.1 8.5 24.0 44.5 60.0 97.5 210.0 190.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 0.2 4.0 19.0 56.0 105.0 175.0 286.7 340.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea (green leaf) X3 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 35.0 38.3 45.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 0.2 7.4 17.6 30.7 109.6 134.8 142.6 294.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 0.1 4.6 11.3 26.0 82.9 72.0 80.0 225.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F3 0.1 5.4 18.3 30.5 84.6 104.0 115.3 237.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.1 2.3 9.3 22.5 35.5 39.5 76.0 163.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 0.1 3.9 7.5 13.6 46.9 51.2 64.5 156.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAMBIA Cotton (seed cotton) X1 0.5 1.0 1.6 3.0 3.6 9.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tobacco (Virginia) X2 1.6 5.1 6.3 14.0 14.4 60.0 94.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sunflower (seeds) X3 0.3 0.8 1.4 1.8 3.2 6.4 11.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.2 3.2 5.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F2 0.2 1.0 1.2 2.1 .. 5.4 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 .. 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.4 3.2 5.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZIMBABWE Tobacco X1 0.8 3.1 2.2 3.9 4.0 6.5 11.6 8.1 6.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.4 2.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugarcane X3 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Notes: The categories of crops are defined in the technical notes. Categories are mutually exclusive, and ordering is intended to reflect relative importance of these crops as of 1986-88. In many cases official markets operate simultaneously with parallel or open market activites. Where a large majority of marketed production is believed to pass through the official channels, the official price is also reported as the farmgate price. In most cases, only very rough estimates of the share of marketed production passing through each channel are available. The CPI is based in 1987 rescaled from price index based in 1980. For each country one to four export crops (X1,...,X4) are presented in order of importance, in terms of value of total production. Similarly, up to three traded food crops (F1,...,F3) and two nontraded staples (NT1,NT2) are included. 1/ Data was updated for only 10 countries by FAO 218 Agriculture 8-2. Food price index Average annual Index (average 1995 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 15 70 76 90 100 108 121 127 127 133 134 .. 9.9 5.8 excluding South Africa 15 69 73 90 100 109 121 128 127 133 133 .. 8.6 5.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 22 70 76 90 100 108 121 127 127 132 131 .. 8.3 5.6 Angola .. 16 .. .. 100 3,954 7,968 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. 62 62 84 100 114 118 126 126 .. .. .. -0.4 8.2 Botswana .. 73 83 90 100 113 125 133 142 148 152 .. 11.4 7.9 Burkina Faso 69 80 76 89 100 115 123 132 124 117 127 .. -0.6 4.3 Burundi 30 61 71 83 100 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 .. Cameroon .. .. .. 92 100 103 110 114 115 118 126 .. .. 4.1 Cape Verde .. 85 88 90 100 105 116 121 126 .. .. .. 7.1 7.0 Central African Republic .. 68 65 81 100 106 107 104 100 104 .. .. -1.0 2.7 Chad .. 73 63 95 100 114 124 128 112 121 .. .. -2.9 3.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 42 59 63 94 100 107 119 133 140 132 130 .. 0.4 5.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 34 80 81 89 100 95 50 51 56 55 47 .. 8.0 -10.2 Gabon 48 70 71 93 100 101 107 111 110 110 116 .. 0.5 2.8 Gambia, The 14 86 93 92 100 101 103 106 110 111 110 .. 14.6 2.5 Ghana 1 39 49 62 100 136 164 199 216 242 298 .. 23.3 22.5 Guinea .. 79 88 93 100 101 .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.1 .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 12 54 78 102 100 108 125 130 132 136 .. .. 16.1 5.9 Lesotho 15 76 84 89 100 111 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.2 .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 7 44 47 66 100 119 124 131 147 168 .. .. 13.9 14.0 Malawi 5 30 37 52 100 145 157 201 287 344 412 .. 20.3 31.5 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. 82 90 93 100 107 112 122 126 131 .. .. 2.1 6.0 Mauritius 33 76 86 94 100 105 111 120 127 129 134 .. 7.1 5.3 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 74 79 90 100 107 115 118 125 133 149 .. 13.8 6.8 Niger 73 75 83 91 100 110 121 134 127 131 131 .. -2.5 5.4 Nigeria 2 25 40 58 100 130 141 151 152 156 199 .. 28.7 14.5 Rwanda .. 55 67 82 100 122 149 178 152 153 162 .. 7.3 9.6 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 43 67 66 91 100 102 104 106 106 105 110 .. 1.0 2.1 Seychelles 75 105 108 100 100 97 99 102 101 102 107 .. 1.9 0.8 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 12 76 81 92 100 106 116 123 129 139 147 .. 16.7 6.9 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 13 62 70 83 100 113 129 136 160 146 155 .. 13.6 9.1 Tanzania 2 46 57 75 100 120 141 162 176 188 200 .. 30.5 14.4 Togo 77 99 98 129 100 106 121 117 .. .. .. .. 0.2 -0.1 Uganda .. 86 83 96 100 107 115 123 132 133 129 .. .. 5.2 Zambia 0 17 50 75 100 146 176 219 272 331 .. .. 96.7 27.8 Zimbabwe 6 45 62 78 100 127 149 208 349 520 854 .. 21.1 40.1 NORTH AFRICA 34 79 85 92 100 106 110 114 119 123 125 .. 8.8 4.3 Algeria 11 44 55 78 100 122 128 136 138 135 141 .. 16.0 7.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 77 83 91 100 108 112 116 124 127 128 .. 16.8 5.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 35 81 87 93 100 101 100 103 102 103 102 .. 5.1 1.1 Tunisia 34 86 89 92 100 104 108 111 114 119 121 .. 6.7 3.7 ALL AFRICA 15 73 78 90 100 108 119 125 127 132 131 .. 9.6 5.6 Agriculture 219 8-3. Food production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 77 112 116 117 124 124 131 135 137 140 140 0.9 3.5 2.6 excluding South Africa 76 114 117 120 126 126 133 138 139 142 142 0.9 3.6 2.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 81 108 110 113 119 117 125 129 130 135 133 1.0 2.4 2.7 Angola 91 109 126 124 129 129 150 143 161 179 177 -0.7 2.3 5.2 Benin 66 113 119 128 136 148 152 162 170 170 182 3.3 3.9 5.3 Botswana 73 103 95 112 106 95 91 79 84 93 93 0.7 0.8 -2.1 Burkina Faso 59 129 120 127 140 126 149 154 132 172 170 2.4 5.0 4.1 Burundi 79 106 89 96 96 97 91 92 87 96 96 0.3 1.7 0.1 Cameroon 80 110 114 119 125 122 126 137 140 138 137 0.6 2.6 2.6 Cape Verde 63 119 94 124 111 114 129 163 144 143 145 1.5 6.0 5.2 Central African Republic 80 109 112 115 129 125 130 133 148 144 148 2.0 3.1 3.6 Chad 82 96 114 118 121 136 159 144 137 161 156 1.3 4.2 4.2 Comoros 82 110 118 115 120 119 125 129 132 135 136 0.7 3.8 2.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 73 105 107 93 92 90 92 90 88 86 85 2.3 2.7 -2.1 Congo, Rep. of 83 102 109 114 118 119 117 126 128 130 133 2.2 0.7 2.4 Côte d'Ivoire 70 106 107 123 131 131 133 140 146 137 127 4.1 2.7 2.2 Djibouti 53 77 83 85 87 88 88 90 89 89 89 11.0 0.5 0.8 Equatorial Guinea 71 102 104 108 111 111 108 117 116 113 113 0.0 4.1 1.0 Eritrea .. 85 117 108 104 104 150 135 117 124 108 .. .. 1.0 Ethiopia .. 107 106 119 139 140 128 137 146 160 152 .. .. 4.1 Gabon 80 101 103 105 108 110 113 114 117 117 117 3.0 2.2 1.7 Gambia, The 71 87 91 88 70 90 86 126 139 152 91 -1.1 -2.0 5.8 Ghana 69 125 120 138 149 144 157 167 171 175 198 -1.6 5.0 5.4 Guinea 95 119 124 130 134 141 147 153 153 162 170 0.9 3.4 3.9 Guinea-Bissau 66 106 108 112 116 125 129 136 142 144 141 3.3 2.4 3.9 Kenya 65 95 106 104 105 108 113 118 117 125 124 2.2 3.3 2.5 Lesotho 95 101 109 87 110 108 96 97 109 96 130 0.9 -0.2 1.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 85 106 104 108 110 112 111 114 113 117 117 1.1 1.4 1.4 Malawi 91 112 88 106 123 114 141 160 184 191 147 1.7 -0.4 8.7 Mali 75 105 111 110 113 111 121 128 124 126 136 3.2 3.5 2.6 Mauritania 87 95 97 102 108 106 107 107 110 108 107 2.8 1.7 1.1 Mauritius 78 104 99 106 108 116 111 86 106 118 103 -0.3 1.0 0.3 Mozambique 101 92 90 108 122 130 139 141 125 129 129 -1.4 -0.7 3.5 Namibia 109 104 111 105 116 83 95 100 105 92 93 -2.6 3.1 -1.8 Niger 100 97 119 110 123 102 153 139 128 150 142 2.7 5.0 3.5 Nigeria 58 124 128 132 139 143 149 154 156 153 159 0.6 7.4 2.7 Rwanda 84 83 58 66 76 78 85 90 111 111 131 4.1 -2.1 10.0 São Tomé and Principe 112 127 134 124 143 160 180 187 191 198 198 -2.5 1.7 6.4 Senegal 59 101 104 116 107 101 101 138 136 130 101 -3.6 2.6 1.8 Seychelles 132 93 115 143 139 143 128 135 135 131 134 -0.2 -2.8 0.4 Sierra Leone 85 92 98 92 97 102 95 85 79 86 87 0.8 0.4 -2.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 89 97 102 88 105 106 100 107 113 108 112 0.6 1.6 1.9 Sudan 103 117 139 141 155 157 163 160 162 175 166 1.3 2.9 2.5 Swaziland 82 95 98 89 100 86 89 93 101 101 98 3.3 0.4 0.8 Tanzania 73 97 96 105 106 93 107 108 113 113 112 3.5 1.0 1.9 Togo 77 116 113 112 133 136 129 140 131 131 132 1.2 3.2 1.9 Uganda 66 109 106 111 102 105 117 128 132 139 139 -1.7 3.8 4.2 Zambia 74 116 103 93 114 105 99 112 110 103 109 -1.4 2.8 0.9 Zimbabwe 78 92 101 75 103 107 94 104 118 112 96 -1.9 -0.1 2.1 NORTH AFRICA 72 115 116 118 143 131 141 146 146 148 148 1.7 4.1 3.1 Algeria 71 114 105 121 144 115 131 135 128 142 139 0.4 4.0 2.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 69 114 114 126 137 142 143 152 159 157 158 2.1 4.2 4.0 Libya 82 103 110 120 127 132 139 138 134 133 135 5.0 2.2 2.2 Morocco 58 83 108 74 114 97 113 105 97 104 111 2.0 4.3 1.5 Tunisia 73 116 84 82 143 98 125 136 133 115 97 0.5 3.8 3.0 ALL AFRICA 76 113 116 117 128 125 133 137 139 141 141 1.0 3.6 2.7 220 Agriculture 8-4. Nonfood production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 80 96 98 99 109 112 105 106 97 107 101 1.8 0.6 0.1 excluding South Africa 77 96 99 100 110 114 106 107 98 108 102 2.1 0.9 0.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 80 96 99 99 109 112 105 106 97 107 101 1.9 0.7 0.1 Angola 209 95 85 90 90 94 94 89 94 91 87 -19.4 -3.3 0.2 Benin 12 195 174 219 280 261 253 208 257 238 238 8.1 12.9 1.9 Botswana 100 100 100 100 100 81 75 77 95 95 81 0.0 0.0 -1.9 Burkina Faso 35 92 95 91 125 205 194 171 155 162 227 8.9 4.9 9.5 Burundi 59 87 114 80 76 58 60 88 64 64 59 5.3 1.5 -5.3 Cameroon 86 88 98 112 126 100 127 127 131 134 118 3.5 -0.5 2.7 Cape Verde 94 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 -3.0 -17.2 0.0 Central African Republic 89 60 94 89 132 125 105 107 83 84 97 -0.5 -4.0 -1.9 Chad 51 60 99 99 138 166 103 119 94 113 97 -4.4 4.0 -1.3 Comoros 53 106 82 88 76 76 71 68 62 58 58 -5.0 2.5 -5.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 105 92 90 87 79 77 65 59 54 49 46 0.6 -2.7 -8.7 Congo, Rep. of 156 91 92 94 90 78 61 82 84 86 89 0.0 -3.5 -0.9 Côte d'Ivoire 77 76 80 83 82 114 138 141 146 114 116 0.2 2.4 6.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 92 85 78 70 63 54 52 55 55 55 55 2.2 -3.1 -3.8 Eritrea .. 96 99 98 99 99 99 99 98 102 102 .. .. 0.3 Ethiopia .. 89 101 109 116 110 109 104 108 110 112 .. .. 0.4 Gabon 36 93 124 142 209 284 307 307 307 307 311 19.5 3.3 12.1 Gambia, The 55 157 135 84 79 51 16 14 8 7 15 22.5 8.8 -31.2 Ghana 86 243 180 188 248 254 321 261 271 285 285 -6.0 17.0 5.6 Guinea 48 120 117 112 96 105 127 146 177 179 179 0.9 14.6 8.1 Guinea-Bissau 111 83 75 109 109 100 100 126 126 126 126 25.0 -8.3 5.2 Kenya 62 99 99 115 119 103 119 111 113 97 121 6.1 2.4 0.4 Lesotho 87 176 176 180 116 123 85 85 92 92 92 2.0 5.4 -8.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 90 91 89 83 84 77 80 83 74 79 80 -1.0 -1.3 -1.2 Malawi 59 120 93 120 132 141 115 94 101 85 77 6.3 4.2 -4.4 Mali 38 92 117 154 172 197 198 179 92 209 224 5.1 7.8 3.7 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 84 105 92 73 51 38 33 34 29 32 33 5.0 -3.7 -12.3 Mozambique 251 117 124 120 124 160 192 193 177 244 249 -6.7 3.8 10.2 Namibia 276 96 123 115 109 121 119 135 135 135 135 -6.7 -2.9 2.4 Niger 84 140 178 275 204 220 181 540 478 298 50 -5.3 1.0 -3.7 Nigeria 41 85 86 101 116 122 126 129 130 131 133 -8.0 13.3 4.8 Rwanda 61 90 25 65 63 73 76 80 80 92 86 6.4 -6.3 11.7 São Tomé and Principe 321 107 118 91 113 241 193 311 96 107 107 1.1 -3.6 0.1 Senegal 47 129 78 85 105 105 31 32 58 98 93 1.0 2.2 -2.1 Seychelles 21 121 121 111 110 133 123 116 121 114 114 7.6 11.6 -0.2 Sierra Leone 44 96 106 97 97 114 98 60 60 66 66 11.2 2.2 -7.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 107 69 73 66 66 60 64 68 61 67 66 0.7 -3.2 -0.7 Sudan 90 76 85 105 115 102 95 93 94 108 100 -1.8 -6.2 0.4 Swaziland 65 41 31 19 41 66 49 60 61 61 61 -3.4 -2.5 12.3 Tanzania 100 106 92 121 129 120 106 101 100 127 127 -2.2 1.8 1.3 Togo 34 100 121 106 140 150 172 130 124 149 169 5.1 10.0 3.3 Uganda 82 107 141 131 199 160 162 195 145 172 172 -5.8 1.1 2.0 Zambia 49 118 92 50 86 126 121 284 132 137 138 5.1 2.7 11.1 Zimbabwe 77 117 106 104 129 137 153 129 154 140 107 2.1 1.9 2.0 NORTH AFRICA 84 97 92 91 95 100 94 81 80 103 103 4.1 -0.2 0.5 Algeria 84 103 98 96 91 91 94 75 80 83 86 5.1 -0.4 -2.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 171 135 86 85 114 114 80 81 79 104 104 0.6 -2.8 0.5 Libya 105 97 94 100 108 110 99 113 113 114 114 0.2 -0.1 2.2 Morocco 46 89 92 91 95 100 104 95 102 103 103 0.9 1.7 1.5 Tunisia 73 87 74 75 74 74 75 72 76 75 77 3.8 0.2 0.3 ALL AFRICA 82 96 95 98 109 110 103 101 96 104 102 2.4 0.4 0.2 Agriculture 221 8-5. Food production per capita index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 107 97 95 98 98 96 99 101 97 98 95 -1.6 -0.4 0.0 excluding South Africa 106 97 96 98 98 97 99 102 98 99 95 -1.7 -0.4 0.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 107 97 95 98 98 96 99 101 97 98 95 -1.7 -0.4 0.0 Angola 123 99 110 104 105 103 116 107 118 127 122 -3.6 -0.7 2.2 Benin 89 102 104 109 112 119 119 123 126 123 128 0.5 0.7 2.5 Botswana 100 95 85 97 91 79 75 65 68 74 74 -2.7 -2.2 -3.6 Burkina Faso 77 119 108 112 120 106 123 124 103 131 126 0.0 2.1 1.6 Burundi 107 101 83 89 89 88 83 83 77 83 81 -2.3 -0.7 -1.1 Cameroon 107 101 102 104 107 102 103 110 109 105 103 -2.3 -0.2 0.3 Cape Verde 74 112 86 111 97 97 108 133 115 111 111 0.5 3.9 2.8 Central African Republic 102 101 101 101 111 105 107 107 117 112 113 -0.5 0.8 1.5 Chad 106 88 102 102 102 110 125 110 101 115 108 -0.7 1.3 1.0 Comoros 112 101 105 99 101 97 99 99 99 98 95 -3.0 0.8 -0.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 101 93 91 77 74 71 70 67 64 61 58 -0.7 -0.9 -4.7 Congo, Rep. of 111 93 96 98 98 96 92 96 95 93 93 -0.7 -2.3 -0.6 Côte d'Ivoire 104 97 96 107 112 110 109 113 115 105 96 -0.5 -0.6 0.0 Djibouti 83 72 77 78 77 76 74 72 70 69 68 4.6 -4.4 -1.8 Equatorial Guinea 116 95 94 96 95 93 88 93 89 85 82 -2.2 1.5 -1.7 Eritrea .. 84 115 104 99 97 136 118 99 101 83 .. .. -2.0 Ethiopia .. 97 94 102 116 114 102 106 110 118 110 .. .. 1.5 Gabon 109 93 92 91 91 90 91 89 89 87 84 0.0 -0.8 -0.9 Gambia, The 103 78 78 73 56 70 65 92 99 105 61 -4.1 -5.9 2.6 Ghana 96 116 108 121 127 121 129 134 134 134 149 -4.2 2.1 3.1 Guinea 125 107 108 109 110 113 115 118 116 121 125 -1.8 0.3 1.8 Guinea-Bissau 82 98 97 98 100 105 106 110 112 111 106 0.1 0.0 1.7 Kenya 93 87 94 90 88 89 90 93 90 94 92 -1.6 -0.1 0.2 Lesotho 117 94 100 78 97 93 81 81 90 78 105 -1.3 -2.3 -0.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 113 98 93 93 92 91 88 88 85 85 83 -1.6 -1.4 -1.6 Malawi 138 107 83 99 113 103 123 136 153 155 117 -1.4 -4.1 6.2 Mali 96 98 101 97 97 93 99 102 96 95 99 1.0 0.9 -0.1 Mauritania 112 88 87 89 92 87 85 82 82 78 75 0.3 -0.8 -2.0 Mauritius 86 101 95 100 101 108 103 79 97 106 92 -1.7 0.1 -0.6 Mozambique 118 83 78 91 100 104 108 108 93 95 93 -3.9 -2.4 1.2 Namibia 151 95 98 91 98 69 77 80 82 71 70 -4.4 -0.7 -3.8 Niger 137 88 105 93 101 81 117 102 91 103 94 -0.4 1.7 -0.1 Nigeria 78 114 114 115 117 117 119 120 118 113 114 -2.4 4.3 -0.1 Rwanda 108 101 76 89 97 91 88 85 97 93 107 1.0 -1.3 2.5 São Tomé and Principe 137 120 124 113 128 141 155 159 159 162 159 -5.0 -0.3 4.5 Senegal 78 94 94 102 92 85 82 110 105 99 75 -6.3 -0.1 -0.8 Seychelles 146 88 108 133 127 129 115 119 117 113 112 -1.3 -4.1 -1.0 Sierra Leone 106 91 97 91 96 100 92 81 72 76 74 -1.2 -1.2 -4.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 111 91 94 80 93 93 87 91 95 90 92 -1.8 -0.5 0.4 Sudan 132 109 126 125 135 134 136 131 130 137 127 -1.7 0.6 0.3 Swaziland 112 90 92 81 90 76 76 79 84 83 79 0.4 -2.4 -1.0 Tanzania 101 87 83 89 87 74 84 82 84 82 80 0.4 -2.3 -0.7 Togo 106 109 104 101 116 115 105 110 100 97 96 -1.4 0.5 -1.3 Uganda 92 100 94 95 85 85 92 97 98 100 97 -4.6 0.4 1.2 Zambia 101 106 92 81 97 87 80 89 84 78 81 -4.5 -0.2 -1.5 Zimbabwe 111 85 92 66 90 91 79 86 96 89 75 -5.1 -3.1 0.2 NORTH AFRICA 93 107 100 109 122 99 112 115 110 106 105 -1.4 1.5 0.1 Algeria 94 107 96 109 127 99 112 113 105 114 110 -2.8 1.5 0.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 88 107 106 114 122 124 123 128 132 128 127 -0.3 1.8 2.1 Libya 116 97 102 109 112 115 118 115 110 106 105 0.4 -0.2 0.0 Morocco 74 78 100 67 101 84 96 88 80 84 88 -0.4 2.0 -0.4 Tunisia 93 109 78 75 129 88 110 119 115 99 82 -2.0 1.7 1.8 ALL AFRICA 106 97 96 98 100 97 102 102 99 99 95 -1.3 -0.3 0.1 222 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR ALGERIA Wheat 1,080 1,152 1,837 1,017 714 1,500 2,983 662 2,280 1,470 760 2,039 1,502 0.1 0.7 0.2 Citrus 454 268 362 361 376 323 334 351 418 454 433 470 473 -0.4 0.1 0.2 Dates 208 210 261 262 317 285 361 303 387 428 366 437 437 0.6 0.5 0.3 Barley 457 790 1,398 408 234 585 1,800 191 700 510 163 575 550 0.5 1.1 -0.2 Potatoes 501 1,001 1,158 1,065 716 1,200 1,150 948 1,100 996 1,208 967 1,000 0.2 1.3 0.0 ANGOLA Maize 300 204 320 275 201 211 398 370 505 428 395 429 430 -0.4 0.2 0.3 Millet 40 63 75 40 60 61 102 62 89 102 105 148 100 -0.4 0.4 0.3 Cassava 1,150 1,600 1,861 1,861 2,379 2,550 2,500 2,326 3,211 3,130 4,433 5,394 5,400 -0.2 0.4 0.5 Sweet potatoes 162 165 180 185 180 185 188 189 190 182 224 353 355 0.0 0.0 0.2 BENIN Palm oil 25 20 14 14 9 13 15 9 15 15 15 15 15 0.0 -0.6 -0.1 Maize 307 424 460 483 492 576 556 701 662 783 750 686 622 0.4 -0.4 0.2 Sorghum 63 106 110 106 113 117 110 120 138 126 155 165 195 -0.3 0.6 0.2 Cassava 735 977 1,041 1,147 1,146 1,238 1,457 1,918 1,989 2,113 2,350 2,703 2,452 0.1 -0.2 0.4 Yam 699 1,010 1,125 1,185 1,250 1,286 1,346 1,408 1,584 1,647 1,742 1,701 1,875 0.3 0.3 0.2 BOTSWANA Onions ,dry 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -7.8 0.0 0.0 Sorghum 4 53 16 38 37 38 78 17 9 13 11 15 15 -1.6 2.7 -0.5 Maize 2 20 3 3 11 2 25 12 1 5 9 10 10 -2.0 0.6 -0.1 Millet 1 2 1 2 4 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1.1 -1.0 -0.1 BURKINA FASO Groundnuts 78 131 143 206 203 181 221 152 215 283 169 301 324 0.2 0.6 0.3 Sorghum 653 991 1,292 1,281 973 1,266 1,254 943 1,203 1,178 1,016 1,372 1,373 0.1 0.6 0.1 Millet 378 649 784 899 831 734 811 604 973 945 726 1,009 995 0.3 1.0 0.1 Maize 99 257 343 271 350 212 294 366 378 469 423 606 653 0.7 1.2 0.3 Rice 47 42 47 54 61 84 112 90 89 94 103 110 89 0.2 -1.3 0.4 BURUNDI Maize 9 13 14 13 11 14 11 17 11 10 9 10 11 0.1 0.3 -0.1 Sorghum 55 66 67 65 45 66 66 68 67 60 61 69 73 1.1 0.4 0.0 Rice 9 40 40 40 38 27 42 65 41 59 52 61 63 0.4 1.8 0.2 Millet 9 13 14 13 11 14 11 17 11 10 9 10 11 0.1 0.3 -0.1 Bananas 1,185 1,524 1,626 1,586 1,487 1,421 1,544 1,543 1,399 1,511 1,514 1,549 1,603 -0.1 0.5 0.0 Cassava 385 569 598 584 527 501 549 603 622 617 657 713 750 0.1 0.4 0.1 CAMEROON Maize 408 387 531 507 524 618 750 760 793 785 741 739 825 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 Sorghum 310 343 380 390 350 460 439 400 500 272 420 505 525 0.3 -0.2 0.1 Millets 104 65 55 60 50 66 71 70 65 60 52 50 50 0.3 -0.8 -0.1 Rice 49 62 53 29 36 35 36 37 53 67 61 62 51 0.9 -0.3 0.1 Cassava 950 1,210 1,636 1,648 1,715 1,780 1,848 1,918 1,966 1,889 1,918 1,947 1,950 0.3 0.1 0.1 Plantains 1,017 1,136 1,038 1,120 1,211 1,250 1,290 1,326 1,359 1,157 1,164 1,187 1,200 0.3 -0.5 0.1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP Sorghum 37 37 21 20 21 22 26 28 29 45 48 107 113 0.1 -0.1 0.4 Maize 34 62 59 58 63 71 76 83 88 95 101 107 113 0.1 0.7 0.3 Groundnuts 122 103 71 72 79 86 91 88 102 110 116 122 128 0.2 -0.5 0.2 Cassava 940 516 580 575 518 492 526 579 608 559 560 562 563 0.0 -0.7 0.0 Yam 150 200 260 260 280 320 340 340 360 360 380 380 350 0.0 0.1 0.2 CHAD Sorghum 237 237 387 243 481 437 353 427 514 457 392 497 481 -0.4 0.5 0.3 Millet 231 179 293 212 320 228 258 248 357 361 259 398 357 -0.3 1.1 0.2 Groundnuts 94 152 224 190 207 293 305 352 471 372 359 448 450 0.0 0.4 0.5 COMOROS Bananas 32 50 52 52 57 56 57 53 57 58 59 60 60 0.2 0.7 0.1 Cassava 34 45 51 52 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 -0.2 0.8 0.1 CONGO Maize 17 21 5 5 5 8 8 9 10 6 6 7 7 -0.4 0.9 -0.1 Cassava 600 699 600 632 723 747 772 780 739 812 828 845 862 0.2 0.2 0.1 Plantains 40 62 73 75 78 77 76 76 71 68 70 71 71 0.5 0.3 0.0 COTE D'IVOIRE Palm oil 131 193 281 274 276 268 297 249 269 264 278 205 276 0.3 0.5 0.1 Rice 534 635 660 676 701 764 1,139 1,287 1,197 1,208 1,231 1,212 818 0.1 0.7 0.3 Maize 275 484 514 517 536 552 569 574 573 815 693 573 625 0.5 -0.1 0.1 Cassava 1,112 1,349 1,502 1,509 1,564 1,608 1,653 1,699 1,692 1,681 1,691 1,688 1,700 0.3 0.3 0.1 Yams 2,068 2,474 2,758 2,771 2,824 2,869 2,924 2,987 2,921 2,944 2,950 2,938 3,000 0.2 0.1 0.1 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 223 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR EGYPT Rice 2,511 2,679 3,910 4,161 4,583 4,788 4,895 5,480 4,474 5,817 6,000 5,227 5,600 0.1 0.0 0.3 Wheat 1,856 3,182 4,618 4,833 4,437 5,722 5,735 5,849 6,093 6,347 6,564 6,255 6,183 0.1 0.8 0.2 Sugarcane 8,791 11,213 11,708 12,412 13,822 14,105 13,958 13,726 14,353 15,254 15,706 15,572 15,000 0.1 -0.2 0.1 Dry Broadbeans 237 460 382 438 357 392 442 476 523 307 354 439 440 -0.2 0.3 0.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cassava 31 44 47 47 47 47 48 45 43 45 45 45 45 0.0 0.2 0.0 Sweet Potatoes 20 30 35 35 35 35 36 35 34 36 36 36 36 0.0 0.3 0.1 ETHIOPIA Sorghum 0 0 0 628 703 1,141 1,808 2,040 1,083 1,334 1,188 1,541 1,566 .. .. 0.3 Maize 0 0 0 1,456 1,396 1,990 3,164 2,987 2,344 2,832 2,683 3,298 2,968 .. .. 0.3 Barley 0 0 0 787 875 986 1,125 953 983 962 804 1,017 1,093 .. .. 0.1 Sugarcane 0 0 0 1,700 1,200 1,200 1,582 1,490 1,650 2,086 2,177 2,232 2,232 .. .. 0.3 GABON Oil palm 2 3 7 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 -0.1 0.8 0.1 Maize 10 20 25 27 30 29 28 28 25 25 26 33 31 0.3 1.3 0.1 Cassava 239 212 230 207 197 202 214 221 227 224 228 230 230 0.3 0.0 0.0 Yam 76 100 120 110 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 155 155 0.4 0.1 0.2 Plantains 163 235 253 238 244 237 258 263 274 265 270 270 270 0.4 0.1 0.1 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 67 130 55 77 81 75 46 78 73 123 138 151 72 -0.4 0.1 0.1 Palm oil 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Millet 9 51 46 52 53 54 61 66 65 81 95 105 85 0.3 1.0 0.3 Rice 29 21 19 12 20 19 18 13 19 32 34 33 20 0.8 -0.6 0.1 Maize 7 14 18 24 13 14 10 8 13 20 22 29 19 0.7 1.0 0.1 Sorghum 3 11 12 9 9 12 14 13 10 18 25 33 15 0.4 -0.3 0.3 GHANA Maize 380 715 731 961 940 1,034 1,008 996 1,035 1,014 1,013 938 1,400 0.1 1.3 0.2 Millet 149 180 133 198 168 201 193 144 172 160 169 134 159 -0.2 0.8 0.1 Groundnuts 107 200 100 140 176 168 162 154 212 193 209 258 520 0.1 0.9 0.3 Cassava 1,759 3,320 5,662 5,973 6,025 6,611 7,111 7,000 7,172 7,845 8,107 8,966 9,731 0.1 0.7 0.4 Plantains 784 1,040 1,082 1,322 1,475 1,638 1,823 1,818 1,913 2,046 1,933 2,074 2,279 -0.3 0.3 0.3 GUINEA Palm oil 40 40 40 48 50 50 55 55 50 50 50 50 50 0.1 0.0 0.1 Rice 348 358 512 531 544 631 673 716 764 816 739 789 843 0.0 -0.5 0.3 Maize 80 68 88 85 83 79 82 85 89 92 95 99 103 0.3 -0.4 0.1 Groundnuts 82 59 139 128 126 132 145 158 174 191 206 226 248 0.1 -0.6 0.5 Cassava 475 317 512 550 525 601 667 776 812 900 925 1,026 1,138 -0.3 -1.0 0.5 Plantains 350 370 405 410 420 425 435 430 429 429 430 430 430 0.2 0.1 0.1 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 35 16 16 18 18 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 -0.1 -0.6 0.1 Palm kernels 10 10 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.2 0.1 0.0 Rice 40 110 124 126 131 133 120 100 87 80 106 85 80 0.1 0.2 -0.1 Sorghum 15 9 11 14 14 16 22 12 11 15 21 15 14 1.3 -0.9 0.1 Maize 8 10 10 13 14 15 9 15 15 25 26 28 23 0.8 0.0 0.3 KENYA Sugarcane 3,678 4,825 4,180 4,370 3,800 4,550 4,650 4,450 4,661 4,416 3,942 3,551 4,502 0.8 0.1 0.0 Maize 1,755 2,631 2,430 2,089 3,060 2,699 2,160 2,214 2,400 2,322 2,160 2,776 2,340 -0.3 0.5 0.0 Wheat 207 244 126 150 297 313 290 227 263 212 204 252 234 0.3 0.1 0.1 LESOTHO Wheat 34 30 12 8 12 11 30 34 29 15 51 18 51 -0.9 0.6 0.3 Dry Beans 8 10 1 2 3 5 6 14 8 9 8 11 8 -0.9 1.6 0.3 Dry Peas 7 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 5 3 6 3 3 -0.3 -1.6 0.4 Maize 125 137 61 92 149 63 188 142 119 125 158 103 150 0.3 0.5 0.1 Sorghum 69 31 19 52 61 7 36 29 23 33 45 38 46 0.2 0.1 0.2 LIBERIA Rice 249 294 110 65 50 56 94 168 209 196 183 145 110 0.1 0.0 0.0 Cassava 300 446 280 245 250 175 213 282 307 361 441 480 480 0.1 0.9 0.1 LIBYA Wheat 110 185 125 126 120 117 124 156 140 130 125 130 125 1.0 -0.4 -0.1 Olives 100 65 100 120 140 168 186 190 200 275 165 150 150 0.7 -1.9 0.4 MADAGASCAR Rice Paddy 2,045 2,380 2,450 2,550 2,357 2,450 2,500 2,558 2,447 2,570 2,480 2,662 2,671 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cassava 1,570 2,277 2,280 2,350 2,360 2,400 2,353 2,418 2,412 2,461 2,463 2,510 2,511 0.3 0.1 0.0 Sweet potatoes 365 483 452 500 560 450 500 510 510 520 513 525 526 0.0 0.0 0.0 (Table continues on the following page.) 224 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR MALAWI Groundnuts 170 62 26 55 31 32 40 69 97 125 117 148 158 0.0 0.9 0.4 Maize 1,393 1,510 657 2,034 1,040 1,661 1,793 1,226 1,772 2,479 2,501 1,589 1,557 0.1 -0.3 0.1 Sorghum 20 20 4 22 17 45 55 40 41 41 37 37 39 -2.4 0.8 0.4 Cassava 288 155 129 216 250 328 535 714 830 895 2,757 3,313 1,540 0.1 -0.3 1.1 MALI Groundnuts 146 157 127 149 215 157 134 144 152 191 193 196 257 -0.5 0.7 0.1 Millet 429 842 582 708 898 707 739 641 814 819 759 793 1,034 0.2 0.5 0.0 Rice 240 338 410 428 469 476 627 576 718 727 743 933 926 -0.1 0.9 0.4 Sorghum 317 731 602 777 746 712 541 560 600 689 565 517 951 0.3 0.4 0.0 Maize 76 225 193 283 322 266 294 343 393 620 215 299 321 -0.2 0.7 0.2 MAURITANIA Sorghum 21 111 50 92 147 157 145 58 73 95 85 53 29 0.2 2.9 -0.1 Millet 2 14 2 4 7 8 8 3 3 6 4 59 77 0.2 3.2 0.7 Rice 9 55 51 65 45 53 67 81 102 86 76 59 77 1.6 2.0 0.2 Maize 5 3 3 7 6 4 14 12 11 5 14 6 5 0.5 -2.8 0.4 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 6,313 5,436 5,781 5,402 4,813 5,159 5,260 5,787 5,781 3,883 5,110 5,792 4,874 -0.1 0.4 -0.1 Potatoes 8 20 19 14 18 16 11 18 15 15 14 16 13 0.1 0.0 -0.1 Dry Onions 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 7 9 11 11 7 0.8 -0.4 0.5 MOROCCO Citrus 927 1,441 1,111 1,227 1,320 999 1,394 1,231 1,599 1,316 1,426 988 1,152 0.2 -0.1 0.0 Wheat 1,796 3,927 1,562 1,573 5,523 1,091 5,916 2,316 4,378 2,154 1,381 3,316 3,359 0.1 0.2 0.0 Sugarbeet 2,175 2,877 2,754 3,062 3,144 2,717 2,750 2,613 2,783 3,168 2,774 3,029 2,986 0.4 0.1 0.0 Barley 1,888 2,999 1,081 1,027 3,720 608 3,831 1,324 1,970 1,474 467 1,155 1,669 0.2 0.1 -0.2 MOZAMBIQUE Cashew nuts 66 50 54 24 23 33 67 43 52 59 58 58 58 -1.0 0.5 0.2 Maize 400 330 132 533 489 734 947 1,042 1,124 1,246 1,019 1,143 1,236 -0.3 -0.6 0.6 Rice 70 95 33 66 101 113 139 180 191 186 151 167 167 0.0 0.1 0.4 Cassava 3,500 3,700 3,239 3,511 3,352 4,178 4,734 5,337 5,639 5,353 5,362 5,400 5,400 0.1 0.0 0.2 NAMIBIA Wheat 1 4 3 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 6 7 0.9 0.8 0.0 Maize 30 24 11 26 41 18 19 49 18 19 32 28 29 0.2 -3.9 0.0 NIGER Cowpeas 304 319 402 168 525 184 295 199 787 436 269 350 350 0.7 -0.4 0.2 Groundnuts 88 26 57 26 67 103 196 88 112 104 113 129 100 0.2 -0.5 0.8 Sorghum 351 422 387 289 393 266 408 290 503 476 371 656 700 0.5 0.5 0.2 Millet 1,255 1,333 1,788 1,658 1,968 1,769 1,761 1,352 2,391 2,296 1,679 2,414 2,500 0.4 -0.1 0.2 NIGERIA Groundnuts 507 1,017 1,297 1,323 1,453 1,579 2,278 2,531 2,534 2,894 2,901 2,683 2,699 -0.3 0.3 0.4 Palm oil 650 700 792 825 837 860 776 810 845 896 899 903 905 0.2 0.8 0.1 Sorghum 2,797 4,831 5,909 6,051 6,197 6,997 7,084 7,297 7,516 7,520 7,711 7,081 7,704 0.0 0.6 0.2 Millet 2,366 4,770 4,501 4,602 4,757 5,563 5,681 5,902 5,956 5,960 6,105 5,530 6,100 -0.3 0.5 0.1 Maize 488 5,008 5,840 6,290 6,902 6,931 5,667 5,254 5,127 5,476 4,107 4,620 4,934 -0.2 3.0 -0.1 Rice 750 3,303 3,260 3,065 2,427 2,920 3,122 3,268 3,275 3,277 3,298 2,752 3,192 1.4 0.8 0.1 Yam 5,256 9,609 19,781 21,632 23,153 22,818 23,201 23,972 24,768 25,873 26,201 26,374 26,849 -0.3 0.0 0.3 Cassava 12,000 17,404 29,184 30,128 31,005 31,404 31,418 32,050 32,695 32,697 32,010 32,586 34,476 0.1 0.6 0.2 RWANDA Sorghum 163 147 113 128 55 77 102 122 121 108 155 175 194 0.3 0.1 0.0 Maize 83 95 98 87 67 56 67 83 59 55 63 81 92 0.3 -0.3 -0.2 Plantains 2,023 3,020 3,547 2,136 1,489 2,002 2,105 2,248 2,625 2,897 2,212 1,784 2,785 0.2 0.1 -0.1 Sweet potatoes 868 772 1,055 997 739 551 665 742 751 863 1,033 1,156 1,292 0.5 0.1 0.1 SENEGAL Groundnuts 676 844 578 628 678 791 646 545 579 1,014 1,062 944 501 0.1 1.2 0.0 Millet 424 639 446 654 548 667 601 426 428 675 600 470 415 0.3 1.8 0.0 Rice 97 168 177 193 162 155 149 174 124 240 202 244 178 0.4 0.2 0.1 Maize 46 131 115 138 108 107 89 60 44 66 79 106 98 0.4 0.9 -0.2 Sorghum 96 127 117 99 123 127 133 118 120 147 144 140 144 0.4 0.9 0.1 SIERRA LEONE Palm oil 45 49 48 47 50 45 48 51 40 36 36 36 36 0.2 0.1 -0.1 Palm kernels 33 33 31 33 32 29 31 32 26 22 22 23 23 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 Rice 500 518 479 486 405 356 392 411 328 247 199 230 250 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 Cassava 90 118 117 106 244 219 281 310 289 240 241 260 260 0.1 0.2 0.4 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 225 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR SOMALIA Bananas 72 105 70 55 43 50 55 55 48 50 55 60 60 -0.5 0.7 -0.2 Maize 108 299 101 79 150 146 142 128 150 143 155 145 201 0.3 0.2 -0.1 Sorghum 140 334 92 80 252 136 145 153 79 130 160 110 173 0.4 0.9 -0.2 Sesame 41 50 15 22 22 25 23 24 21 22 23 25 25 0.4 0.5 -0.2 SOUTH AFRICA Maize 8,475 12,481 3,277 9,997 13,275 4,866 10,171 10,136 7,693 7,946 11,431 7,748 10,049 0.4 1.1 0.0 Wheat 2,087 2,010 1,324 1,984 1,840 1,977 2,712 2,429 1,892 1,733 2,428 2,504 2,293 0.0 0.9 0.0 Sugarcane 18,412 18,587 12,955 11,244 15,683 16,714 20,951 22,155 22,930 21,223 23,876 21,157 22,928 0.0 0.5 0.1 Sorghum 377 511 118 515 520 291 536 433 358 224 473 206 257 0.4 1.7 -0.2 Barley 141 291 265 230 275 300 176 182 204 92 116 157 180 0.6 1.3 -0.2 SUDAN Groundnuts 858 218 380 428 714 738 815 1,104 776 1,047 947 990 1,267 -0.3 0.2 0.7 Sesame 222 140 266 175 170 313 416 281 262 329 282 262 269 -0.3 0.6 0.4 Sorghum 1,461 1,536 4,042 2,386 3,648 2,450 4,179 2,870 4,284 2,347 2,666 4,470 2,800 0.0 -0.3 0.1 Wheat 165 247 838 453 475 448 527 642 585 172 214 303 247 -0.3 -0.4 -0.1 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 2,196 3,797 3,885 3,647 3,786 3,440 3,846 3,694 3,887 4,323 3,885 4,000 4,000 0.6 0.1 0.0 Citrus (oranges) 43 25 35 23 48 29 33 33 31 35 36 36 36 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 Maize 65 133 54 73 99 76 151 108 125 113 85 82 85 -0.2 0.7 0.0 TANZANIA Maize 1,720 3,128 2,226 2,282 2,159 2,874 2,648 1,831 2,685 2,452 2,551 2,698 2,701 0.3 0.6 0.0 Sorghum 695 537 587 719 478 839 872 499 563 561 664 736 700 0.9 0.7 0.1 Rice 262 718 392 641 614 623 807 550 849 778 782 514 514 -0.1 1.3 0.0 Millet 460 300 263 210 218 342 585 347 236 194 219 207 300 0.9 -0.1 0.0 Cassava 5,644 6,896 7,112 6,833 7,209 5,969 5,994 5,704 7,033 7,182 7,120 6,884 6,888 0.3 -0.3 0.0 TOGO Maize 159 287 278 393 348 290 388 452 350 494 482 464 510 0.4 0.1 0.2 Sorghum 87 153 112 126 110 172 156 152 137 142 151 142 169 0.4 -0.1 0.1 Millet 49 97 75 75 58 74 55 49 41 39 37 41 52 -1.4 0.2 -0.2 Cassava 433 409 452 389 532 602 548 596 579 694 701 652 728 0.1 -0.2 0.2 Yam 483 405 368 530 484 531 605 683 696 666 563 549 575 0.3 -0.1 0.2 TUNISIA Olive oil 85 130 120 210 70 60 310 90 180 225 110 95 30 -0.5 -0.6 -0.1 Citrus 183 305 226 338 255 235 260 261 279 261 276 306 312 0.5 0.8 0.0 Wheat 680 420 1,584 1,413 503 531 2,018 885 1,354 1,390 842 1,118 422 0.2 2.0 0.1 Barley 270 200 570 478 145 80 835 160 303 420 241 233 90 0.8 1.9 0.0 UGANDA Millet 481 610 634 610 610 632 440 502 642 606 534 584 590 -0.3 0.5 0.0 Maize 453 624 657 804 850 913 759 740 924 1,053 1,096 1,174 1,200 -0.4 0.0 0.3 Sorghum 316 347 375 383 390 399 298 294 420 413 361 423 430 -0.2 0.0 0.1 Cassava 1,294 3,568 2,896 3,139 2,080 2,224 2,245 2,291 3,204 4,875 4,966 5,265 5,300 -0.3 0.0 0.2 Plantains 6,090 7,469 7,806 8,222 8,500 9,012 9,144 9,303 9,318 8,949 9,428 9,732 9,888 -0.4 0.2 0.1 ZAIRE Palm oil 170 178 181 182 171 196 186 168 169 168 168 167 170 -0.1 0.2 0.0 Maize 582 960 1,053 1,130 1,184 1,008 1,101 1,167 1,215 1,199 1,184 1,169 1,154 0.3 0.5 0.1 Rice 227 370 403 430 426 366 348 322 363 350 338 326 315 0.2 0.4 -0.1 Cassava 12,566 18,000 19,780 18,890 19,102 16,870 16,887 16,402 17,060 16,500 15,959 15,436 14,929 0.1 0.3 -0.1 Plantains 1,496 1,950 2,117 2,186 2,262 1,394 1,349 1,145 1,143 1,154 1,178 1,216 1,250 0.1 0.2 -0.3 ZAMBIA Sunflower seeds 13 15 1 15 10 14 26 7 6 6 19 602 602 0.8 -1.8 0.8 Maize 878 1,845 483 1,598 1,021 738 1,409 960 638 822 882 602 602 -0.5 0.3 -0.3 Wheat 7 47 54 69 61 38 58 71 64 69 75 75 75 2.4 1.9 0.2 Cassava 295 600 682 744 744 744 744 702 817 971 815 950 950 0.4 0.4 0.2 ZIMBABWE Sugarcane 2,555 3,671 125 538 3,420 3,773 2,826 4,651 4,811 4,657 4,228 4,700 4,700 0.3 -0.2 0.4 Maize 1,142 2,019 362 2,012 2,326 840 2,609 2,192 1,418 1,520 2,108 1,467 1,000 0.1 0.1 -0.1 Wheat 162 284 58 276 239 83 280 300 280 320 250 250 150 0.5 1.3 0.0 Notes: Crops shown represent same major food crops as in Table 8-1, Nominal producer prices, excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and tobacco. The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: Groundnuts, unshelled Citrus, total for country Rice, paddy Sesame, seeds Sunflower, seeds For South Africa, barley production is for white areas only. Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, São Tomé and Principe, and Seychelles. * The standard World Bank least square methodology was used to compute the annual percentage growth. 226 Agriculture 8-7. Value of agricultural exports Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,212 10,099 10,711 10,358 9,563 9,258 9,317 11,506 13,108 14,312 13,368 1.8 0.3 5.5 excluding South Africa 9,695 8,582 8,699 8,440 7,725 7,467 7,738 9,389 10,823 11,823 10,904 2.0 -0.6 5.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9,249 8,141 8,444 8,210 7,511 7,277 7,462 9,062 10,420 11,281 10,383 2.4 -0.5 5.0 Angola 172 22 16 6 5 5 3 1 5 6 6 -12.8 -34.7 61.6 Benin 55 44 79 84 86 93 83 115 201 188 198 3.0 3.8 16.9 Botswana 51 74 79 79 90 91 96 97 132 115 115 5.2 3.5 3.8 Burkina Faso 80 87 66 116 94 86 93 80 141 123 119 5.3 4.4 11.2 Burundi 64 127 73 69 88 67 53 113 96 32 82 8.8 -4.2 -18.8 Cameroon 699 510 661 563 341 364 245 393 565 624 504 2.6 -5.2 8.9 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.7 0.0 -3.0 Central African Republic 60 54 69 45 46 33 36 37 51 28 33 6.8 -4.8 -8.5 Chad 115 112 114 134 136 127 84 118 145 127 135 13.2 -1.3 2.8 Comoros 7 18 13 11 20 16 18 8 7 4 4 8.6 3.0 -23.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 235 165 182 141 78 83 53 93 135 102 95 -1.7 -14.7 -2.1 Congo, Rep. of 13 10 7 15 14 17 9 7 11 16 15 -1.7 -3.5 28.8 Côte d'Ivoire 2,009 1,735 1,807 1,615 1,532 1,434 1,605 1,557 2,216 2,421 2,001 7.0 -3.8 8.8 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96.6 -1.9 5.6 Equatorial Guinea 12 12 8 8 6 6 3 4 4 7 4 -4.0 -15.4 9.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 4 2 2 2 .. .. -11.0 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. 193 362 409 426 526 .. .. 12.3 Gabon 14 8 7 3 6 7 4 5 8 10 10 13.3 -6.1 27.9 Gambia, The 28 13 10 14 12 11 15 15 16 16 12 -5.0 -5.3 -7.7 Ghana 744 482 426 413 369 319 302 358 393 638 616 -5.1 -3.4 23.5 Guinea 33 32 31 27 23 31 43 45 61 43 48 5.3 7.0 -1.2 Guinea-Bissau 6 13 10 13 16 4 14 32 21 22 22 9.0 5.7 -11.0 Kenya 693 735 669 687 641 812 975 1,044 1,153 1,165 1,157 6.5 2.4 3.2 Lesotho 16 25 21 13 12 13 12 13 12 9 9 7.0 -2.4 -15.3 Liberia 151 119 135 23 27 23 32 24 13 13 20 5.7 -18.7 -6.1 Madagascar 334 180 206 176 157 143 133 237 200 138 92 2.6 -4.7 -27.6 Malawi 251 274 249 376 462 371 286 288 389 383 359 9.2 3.4 6.7 Mali 192 208 240 251 267 266 251 239 270 312 271 12.3 3.7 5.3 Mauritania 39 33 34 44 47 48 49 31 38 40 40 7.3 3.0 9.4 Mauritius 302 356 346 379 365 402 367 367 420 501 405 -1.1 5.8 4.8 Mozambique 157 47 44 41 45 53 26 64 67 50 50 -8.0 0.5 -10.0 Namibia 188 161 170 147 180 200 185 201 199 202 201 -8.0 9.5 0.0 Niger 86 50 54 62 65 55 48 48 45 45 45 8.4 -2.3 -1.8 Nigeria 446 440 255 230 214 189 275 327 403 542 522 -4.4 -3.5 18.6 Rwanda 66 99 113 95 85 60 52 14 42 39 38 5.5 -11.6 34.3 São Tomé and Principe 19 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 2 3 3 0.1 -7.0 -10.8 Senegal 115 153 204 219 135 126 91 126 115 87 58 -5.6 -0.4 -23.0 Seychelles 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 -1.8 -2.3 10.3 Sierra Leone 59 31 21 18 24 11 9 21 15 16 14 -0.3 -13.4 -10.6 Somalia 125 76 75 74 41 62 60 68 75 76 76 4.9 -3.3 3.6 South Africa 2,517 1,517 2,012 1,918 1,838 1,792 1,580 2,118 2,284 2,489 2,464 0.6 5.4 5.5 Sudan 553 507 662 550 381 367 455 471 501 565 556 1.9 -0.4 6.3 Swaziland 211 272 253 347 339 306 265 283 291 311 300 6.7 9.9 2.4 Tanzania 406 289 299 279 243 281 303 379 431 496 400 -0.2 0.8 3.1 Togo 77 100 92 120 101 125 75 76 127 133 128 5.4 0.7 17.7 Uganda 344 284 280 173 167 134 180 425 469 491 405 1.1 -6.7 -1.0 Zambia 13 13 20 24 29 36 27 16 32 46 50 -8.1 7.7 46.7 Zimbabwe 453 608 592 750 731 584 617 1,177 895 1,207 1,157 4.4 5.9 2.5 NORTH AFRICA 1,544 1,310 1,296 1,406 1,591 1,396 1,313 1,708 1,892 1,876 1,895 -2.1 2.2 3.1 Algeria 120 30 35 50 54 76 97 35 108 137 91 -12.7 4.9 36.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 677 514 532 427 391 401 360 553 536 521 442 -1.9 -6.0 -6.7 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -58.1 66.1 20.6 Morocco 606 572 520 647 670 581 509 598 780 896 832 0.4 5.8 11.9 Tunisia 140 193 208 282 477 338 347 523 468 322 530 -2.7 13.7 -3.2 ALL AFRICA 13,756 11,408 12,007 11,764 11,154 10,654 10,630 13,214 15,000 16,188 15,263 1.2 0.5 5.2 Agriculture 227 8-8. Cereal production Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 49,742 78,183 83,993 76,641 90,618 85,754 86,186 86,575 87,836 88,009 89,939 -0.6 3.9 1.1 excluding South Africa 36,369 65,391 68,026 69,150 76,970 72,524 75,995 76,541 73,338 77,331 77,089 0.0 4.4 1.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 28,581 45,300 47,653 46,638 55,305 50,671 53,955 54,136 51,968 57,217 55,000 -0.3 3.6 1.9 Angola 435 322 285 296 525 457 621 550 520 597 550 -6.0 -0.2 8.5 Benin 346 625 645 734 714 877 867 974 993 943 926 3.0 3.2 5.1 Botswana 44 43 52 42 111 31 12 20 22 27 27 -20.5 12.9 -12.2 Burkina Faso 1,048 2,527 2,232 2,308 2,482 2,014 2,657 2,700 2,286 3,109 3,119 0.3 6.3 4.0 Burundi 217 300 225 269 273 305 261 265 245 273 282 3.9 1.1 1.0 Cameroon 892 986 961 1,180 1,296 1,267 1,412 1,185 1,275 1,356 1,452 -1.6 2.8 3.3 Cape Verde 9 12 8 8 10 5 5 36 24 20 5 2.1 11.4 7.7 Central African Republic 100 94 101 113 126 138 148 173 184 195 198 1.4 -3.4 9.3 Chad 573 617 1,175 907 878 986 1,312 1,231 930 1,321 1,212 -5.2 6.8 2.7 Comoros 18 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 1.4 2.7 0.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 889 1,655 1,708 1,475 1,557 1,584 1,675 1,648 1,623 1,600 1,574 3.9 4.8 0.1 Congo, Rep. of 12 7 7 9 10 10 11 7 8 8 8 -6.2 -12.3 -0.8 Côte d'Ivoire 860 1,286 1,331 1,409 1,793 1,961 1,873 2,121 2,039 1,901 1,554 2.6 2.3 3.1 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 6.1 0.0 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 87 259 123 83 95 458 319 121 208 60 .. .. -3.8 Ethiopia .. 5,295 5,245 6,740 9,379 9,473 7,197 8,379 8,005 9,578 9,112 .. .. 4.8 Gabon 11 27 31 29 29 28 26 26 27 34 32 5.7 7.0 0.6 Gambia, The 70 97 95 98 103 100 106 151 176 200 139 7.0 -0.1 8.9 Ghana 674 1,645 1,594 1,797 1,770 1,669 1,788 1,686 1,711 1,627 2,155 -0.6 5.3 1.4 Guinea 725 711 718 825 876 927 982 1,042 973 1,031 1,094 1.2 0.8 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 93 181 190 201 175 140 139 145 178 160 145 8.3 1.8 -2.8 Kenya 2,233 2,530 3,663 3,275 2,714 2,711 2,962 2,802 2,591 3,285 2,790 -2.3 2.3 -1.9 Lesotho 194 153 223 81 256 206 171 174 255 160 248 -4.8 -0.2 3.8 Liberia 243 65 50 56 94 168 209 196 183 145 110 2.2 -17.0 13.3 Madagascar 2,238 2,724 2,517 2,642 2,685 2,742 2,610 2,756 2,660 2,853 2,862 0.5 1.5 1.2 Malawi 1,252 2,137 1,109 1,778 1,943 1,349 1,904 2,636 2,631 1,742 1,711 0.6 -1.1 5.0 Mali 968 2,228 2,457 2,189 2,219 2,138 2,548 2,894 2,310 2,572 3,257 0.5 5.3 3.4 Mauritania 47 169 207 222 234 154 189 194 180 124 113 1.8 6.5 -7.2 Mauritius 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -0.9 -14.3 -4.7 Mozambique 663 765 791 1,127 1,379 1,531 1,688 1,822 1,473 1,687 1,768 -1.0 -2.3 8.2 Namibia 74 75 116 66 89 185 70 74 121 107 95 3.7 0.4 0.5 Niger 1,775 2,024 2,430 2,096 2,232 1,719 2,973 2,853 2,127 3,161 3,289 3.2 5.6 4.9 Nigeria 7,788 20,091 20,373 22,513 21,665 21,853 22,040 22,405 21,370 20,114 22,089 1.3 6.2 0.0 Rwanda 273 234 131 143 183 223 194 179 240 284 318 4.4 -5.3 10.4 São Tomé and Principe 0 4 4 4 5 4 1 1 2 3 3 1.5 23.4 -9.5 Senegal 676 1,086 943 1,059 976 781 717 1,131 1,026 962 835 -1.6 0.6 -0.5 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 551 542 466 408 444 467 373 280 222 257 280 -1.0 -0.5 -8.5 Somalia 267 165 405 285 290 284 232 276 318 260 379 8.2 -8.9 -0.6 South Africa 13,373 12,792 15,967 7,491 13,648 13,230 10,191 10,035 14,498 10,679 12,850 -3.3 1.3 0.1 Sudan 2,701 3,102 5,146 3,305 5,202 4,209 5,583 3,066 3,436 5,415 3,741 -3.5 6.7 -1.6 Swaziland 105 75 101 79 152 110 126 114 86 83 86 -4.2 -7.2 -2.6 Tanzania 2,961 3,917 3,534 4,759 5,001 3,309 4,450 4,073 4,312 4,247 4,296 5.8 0.6 0.6 Togo 296 633 572 591 687 748 624 759 737 715 804 4.1 4.5 3.5 Uganda 1,078 1,880 1,936 2,030 1,588 1,625 2,085 2,178 2,112 2,309 2,344 -4.5 7.2 3.4 Zambia 984 1,756 1,188 870 1,573 1,137 798 1,003 1,050 745 745 -6.3 0.1 -5.3 Zimbabwe 1,989 2,498 2,780 987 3,146 2,784 1,878 1,996 2,537 1,896 1,262 -4.1 -2.7 -3.2 NORTH AFRICA 16,445 21,339 26,450 20,798 34,592 24,311 29,512 27,308 24,351 28,154 27,267 -0.3 4.5 0.7 Algeria 2,419 1,454 965 2,140 4,902 870 3,026 2,021 935 2,659 2,089 -2.5 -2.0 2.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,100 14,961 15,012 16,097 16,542 18,071 17,964 19,401 20,106 19,310 19,164 1.0 7.2 3.4 Libya 215 180 165 146 160 207 213 214 218 220 215 4.2 -4.1 5.0 Morocco 4,515 2,818 9,639 1,783 10,104 4,098 6,632 3,846 2,002 4,607 5,283 -2.2 0.4 -4.7 Tunisia 1,197 1,927 670 631 2,884 1,065 1,676 1,826 1,091 1,359 516 0.5 3.2 -0.2 ALL AFRICA 66,187 99,523 110,443 97,439 125,210 110,065 115,698 113,883 112,187 116,164 117,205 -0.5 4.1 1.0 228 Agriculture 8-9. Crop production index Average annual Index (average 1989-91 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 76 111 117 117 128 127 134 137 137 141 140 -0.4 3.6 2.5 excluding South Africa 76 113 118 121 131 129 137 140 139 144 144 -0.4 3.7 2.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 82 106 111 113 123 120 129 130 129 137 134 -0.3 2.2 2.6 Angola 107 108 137 132 134 128 158 145 176 207 204 -6.5 2.3 6.2 Benin 52 127 129 146 163 172 174 178 194 191 202 3.2 6.7 5.1 Botswana 91 87 97 81 134 84 72 81 84 93 92 -6.4 3.7 -1.2 Burkina Faso 55 131 117 122 139 133 163 163 129 182 190 2.2 5.1 5.5 Burundi 77 105 90 96 96 96 90 93 87 96 95 0.8 1.6 0.0 Cameroon 87 108 114 123 132 123 132 142 145 141 138 0.3 1.7 2.6 Cape Verde 94 77 70 70 91 80 85 129 114 114 117 2.2 -0.2 7.7 Central African Republic 103 97 107 112 125 127 131 134 133 134 142 0.0 0.5 3.2 Chad 70 86 120 123 133 151 173 153 139 177 166 -1.2 4.6 4.2 Comoros 78 111 118 115 120 120 126 129 133 136 137 0.8 4.3 2.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 74 105 107 92 91 88 89 87 85 83 81 2.4 2.6 -2.5 Congo, Rep. of 86 100 108 114 119 119 115 124 126 128 129 1.8 0.3 2.1 Côte d'Ivoire 71 99 101 115 123 128 135 141 147 132 123 3.3 2.5 2.8 Djibouti 66 105 108 110 112 116 117 121 122 123 123 29.6 2.8 1.8 Equatorial Guinea 77 97 97 98 98 96 93 101 99 97 97 0.6 2.1 0.1 Eritrea .. 93 158 133 110 109 210 169 126 141 99 .. .. -1.6 Ethiopia .. 109 110 128 153 154 135 145 153 170 159 .. .. 3.8 Gabon 79 100 103 106 109 113 117 117 121 122 122 4.6 2.6 2.2 Gambia, The 66 86 89 84 63 87 83 130 147 163 89 -1.0 -2.6 7.0 Ghana 68 130 123 144 156 152 167 177 179 183 208 -2.5 5.7 5.5 Guinea 92 119 123 126 129 136 143 150 151 159 166 0.9 3.8 4.0 Guinea-Bissau 63 104 107 112 116 126 130 140 147 149 146 3.7 2.1 4.6 Kenya 68 99 113 116 116 111 124 124 116 124 130 1.6 3.4 1.4 Lesotho 94 88 120 70 136 131 111 113 144 111 189 -4.2 1.3 5.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 85 106 100 102 104 106 104 108 106 110 110 0.3 1.2 1.0 Malawi 84 115 88 112 127 124 138 148 169 170 129 2.0 0.7 6.1 Mali 51 100 115 118 124 129 141 146 109 149 173 0.1 6.2 3.8 Mauritania 61 117 142 153 156 144 140 123 136 129 114 2.4 5.0 -3.0 Mauritius 80 101 92 100 98 106 104 75 96 108 91 0.1 -0.4 -0.4 Mozambique 111 93 91 113 130 141 155 156 136 143 144 -2.3 -0.6 4.6 Namibia 80 88 104 93 104 135 105 111 126 127 127 1.9 0.8 3.3 Niger 92 90 127 104 128 93 174 151 131 164 148 2.1 6.0 4.3 Nigeria 51 125 129 135 142 146 151 157 156 153 159 -0.9 9.2 2.5 Rwanda 82 82 51 64 73 76 82 87 108 109 129 4.3 -2.9 11.0 São Tomé and Principe 117 127 134 123 144 162 183 191 193 201 201 -2.7 1.4 6.6 Senegal 57 95 94 109 97 87 83 133 130 122 82 -5.1 1.3 1.3 Seychelles 190 87 103 118 124 116 107 100 82 80 86 -2.8 -6.7 -4.7 Sierra Leone 81 91 98 90 95 102 92 78 70 77 79 1.0 0.3 -3.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 92 93 106 81 109 108 99 107 116 105 109 -0.5 1.2 1.7 Sudan 122 110 150 144 177 169 169 156 157 183 158 -2.4 0.4 1.0 Swaziland 74 77 84 71 87 88 87 95 84 86 86 3.6 -1.0 1.1 Tanzania 78 92 90 100 108 90 104 103 107 108 108 2.9 0.0 1.9 Togo 71 115 118 116 142 146 143 142 132 138 144 1.8 4.1 1.9 Uganda 65 108 108 112 109 108 120 133 133 141 143 -3.2 3.4 4.1 Zambia 65 115 94 79 109 97 87 114 100 89 100 -2.5 1.9 0.9 Zimbabwe 76 100 106 78 120 126 118 113 134 121 87 -0.6 0.1 1.1 NORTH AFRICA 78 113 110 110 146 124 136 141 137 141 140 1.0 3.4 2.8 Algeria 81 110 93 114 154 104 129 135 114 138 132 -1.6 2.5 2.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 77 116 112 123 135 138 136 148 156 154 155 2.1 3.7 4.0 Libya 79 104 108 116 121 127 128 130 132 128 128 4.1 1.8 2.0 Morocco 59 74 110 62 122 91 112 95 83 93 100 0.6 3.2 0.1 Tunisia 75 114 73 68 144 87 114 128 121 99 74 0.6 3.5 2.1 ALL AFRICA 77 111 115 116 132 126 134 138 137 141 140 -0.1 3.5 2.6 Agriculture 229 8-10. Fertilizer use Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,973 1,927 1,917 2,169 1,957 1,834 2,100 2,006 2,009 2,074 1,983 4.4 0.9 0.9 excluding South Africa 909 1,186 1,184 1,326 1,204 1,067 1,296 1,245 1,226 1,297 1,225 5.3 2.7 1.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 735 757 744 865 908 884 1,122 1,107 1,062 1,114 1,039 2.4 1.4 2.9 Angola 17 7 9 8 10 8 6 2 3 3 1 -0.5 -3.7 -25.3 Benin 1 12 15 17 17 36 31 39 38 57 35 7.5 7.3 12.5 Botswana 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 -5.7 2.9 24.9 Burkina Faso 4 21 21 21 23 24 24 43 50 43 34 23.4 6.6 11.7 Burundi 1 2 5 4 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 11.4 5.2 4.3 Cameroon 32 18 21 22 30 30 34 39 40 48 48 12.9 -8.6 9.3 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 .. .. Central African Republic 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 -11.1 -7.3 16.0 Chad 1 9 10 5 7 9 12 8 17 18 18 -4.9 2.3 17.5 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 8 2 4 10 9 6 0 3 1 1 0.1 -1.2 -38.0 Congo, Rep. of 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 4.0 -5.1 19.4 Côte d'Ivoire 53 39 37 54 65 66 71 110 90 71 73 1.4 5.0 2.6 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. 1 1 2 5 6 7 11 11 .. .. 45.3 Ethiopia .. .. .. 76 116 134 178 132 164 168 157 .. .. 4.7 Gabon 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.9 -19.7 -2.4 Gambia, The 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 7.9 -15.4 5.9 Ghana 12 8 10 8 8 10 17 21 15 15 12 -0.9 -2.0 7.8 Guinea 0 2 1 2 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 -15.8 22.5 -6.4 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 9.8 -9.7 34.6 Kenya 62 113 102 100 130 78 161 134 127 150 141 6.1 1.5 4.8 Lesotho 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 18.1 4.5 -0.8 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 -6.7 .. Madagascar 9 9 8 11 11 13 17 10 9 8 9 3.1 2.8 -7.6 Malawi 33 70 74 74 21 44 58 57 50 50 33 12.4 2.5 5.2 Mali 14 15 27 25 25 27 27 48 46 50 52 14.3 -0.6 15.1 Mauritania 1 5 7 5 4 4 5 2 2 2 0 -9.6 22.8 -15.8 Mauritius 27 28 27 26 29 32 38 33 33 35 36 0.7 -0.1 2.4 Mozambique 28 5 5 3 6 8 8 7 8 8 14 6.5 1.1 9.3 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 3 1 1 2 6 10 9 1 1 4 5 23.0 -2.5 -17.9 Nigeria 174 429 440 461 296 183 174 138 164 183 187 23.8 5.9 -5.0 Rwanda 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 -1.7 -2.8 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 19 17 17 24 26 16 22 23 27 41 45 -8.9 1.3 14.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 -3.5 1.4 -48.0 Somalia 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 7.3 8.1 0.0 South Africa 1,064 740 733 843 752 767 804 761 783 777 758 3.6 -1.6 0.1 Sudan 81 56 60 53 58 52 95 77 38 39 38 -1.5 -0.2 -9.6 Swaziland 20 12 12 12 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 4.0 -1.7 3.5 Tanzania 36 50 48 36 36 27 31 40 30 21 22 -1.0 0.2 -6.8 Togo 3 12 12 10 11 16 18 17 17 17 20 8.6 2.6 6.5 Uganda 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 5 -16.2 18.7 28.5 Zambia 79 62 85 85 59 55 51 57 37 34 30 2.2 -0.4 -11.1 Zimbabwe 173 164 114 159 171 145 168 175 175 185 165 2.0 0.0 1.6 NORTH AFRICA 1,221 1,527 1,456 1,660 1,421 1,621 1,645 1,661 1,768 1,847 1,892 6.5 -1.0 4.4 Algeria 236 92 97 131 119 46 38 97 108 93 92 1.6 -9.4 6.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 664 963 877 988 843 1,126 1,158 1,079 1,171 1,197 1,270 7.5 -0.1 5.0 Libya 53 85 86 111 75 89 62 62 51 87 57 14.2 0.2 -3.8 Morocco 207 289 291 334 295 282 290 327 325 359 362 5.4 0.7 4.4 Tunisia 62 99 105 95 89 77 97 97 114 112 111 6.3 -0.2 5.8 ALL AFRICA 3,194 3,454 3,373 3,829 3,378 3,455 3,744 3,667 3,777 3,921 3,876 5.3 0.0 2.4 230 Agriculture 8-11. Fertilizer imports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 971 1,154 1,273 1,218 1,005 1,429 1,424 1,407 1,448 1,691 1,708 6.1 1.8 6.1 excluding South Africa 742 950 1,074 1,019 820 1,207 1,155 1,123 1,139 1,178 1,265 7.1 1.7 3.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 565 710 793 729 797 1,130 1,064 995 1,041 991 1,044 4.2 1.4 4.0 Angola 17 9 8 10 8 6 2 5 2 1 0 -0.2 -4.3 -26.7 Benin 1 16 18 17 36 30 39 38 57 35 31 6.7 7.2 7.4 Botswana 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 -5.7 2.9 19.0 Burkina Faso 5 21 21 23 24 31 44 50 43 34 33 23.7 6.2 6.2 Burundi 1 6 5 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 11.9 6.4 5.2 Cameroon 32 21 22 47 32 34 39 40 50 46 53 13.1 -8.1 4.5 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 .. .. Central African Republic 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 -11.1 -7.3 14.1 Chad 1 10 5 8 8 24 8 17 18 18 18 -4.9 2.9 11.6 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 2 4 10 9 6 0 3 1 1 2 0.1 -1.2 -31.8 Congo, Rep. of 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 34.9 -0.7 9.0 Côte d'Ivoire 45 68 52 79 87 75 181 135 107 103 90 6.9 1.9 3.0 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 .. .. Eritrea .. .. 1 2 2 6 6 7 11 11 10 .. .. 32.7 Ethiopia .. .. 115 35 149 251 93 166 168 157 207 .. .. 15.4 Gabon 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.6 -19.7 -1.7 Gambia, The 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 7.9 -15.8 1.4 Ghana 12 11 7 8 10 17 22 15 15 12 10 -0.3 -2.7 2.7 Guinea 0 1 2 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 -16.0 22.5 -4.8 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 9.8 -9.7 39.1 Kenya 62 102 100 131 78 161 134 127 149 153 145 4.9 2.1 4.6 Lesotho 5 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 8 11 18.1 4.6 7.5 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 -6.7 .. Madagascar 9 8 11 11 13 17 10 9 8 9 7 3.1 2.8 -8.5 Malawi 33 68 74 21 44 58 57 50 50 50 23 13.9 1.2 0.7 Mali 14 27 25 25 27 27 48 46 50 44 42 14.3 -0.7 9.7 Mauritania 1 9 7 4 4 5 2 2 2 0 2 -9.6 26.6 -12.0 Mauritius 17 28 22 24 24 38 36 24 23 27 27 -0.3 0.1 -0.4 Mozambique 20 5 3 6 9 8 7 8 8 16 27 23.8 -2.3 16.9 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 3 1 2 5 8 9 1 1 4 5 5 23.0 -3.6 -4.8 Nigeria 177 240 281 290 24 77 92 128 98 188 221 22.7 2.5 11.9 Rwanda 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 -4.8 -2.4 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 16 27 35 14 18 16 34 26 36 31 35 -8.2 6.3 14.4 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 -4.1 2.1 -40.7 Somalia 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.9 16.9 0.0 South Africa 229 204 198 199 185 222 269 284 310 513 444 2.6 2.4 15.0 Sudan 81 60 53 60 50 95 77 38 57 52 81 2.4 -3.2 0.0 Swaziland 18 12 12 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 7 1.2 -1.9 5.2 Tanzania 20 40 42 31 27 35 39 31 21 22 23 3.7 2.2 -5.6 Togo 3 12 13 13 14 22 17 17 17 20 19 7.6 3.0 4.6 Uganda 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 7 7 -13.1 18.7 34.4 Zambia 69 86 68 53 52 47 53 34 31 31 40 1.6 1.4 -7.1 Zimbabwe 56 44 49 63 34 81 87 70 77 71 70 5.4 2.6 4.9 NORTH AFRICA 588 344 332 312 381 287 434 473 466 453 429 -2.7 -4.3 5.7 Algeria 189 19 26 52 19 51 90 90 93 102 105 -1.8 -14.9 20.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 182 107 59 13 76 33 87 131 101 70 84 -11.8 -13.3 21.5 Libya 53 87 107 73 102 62 62 42 60 32 33 11.7 2.0 -13.3 Morocco 133 126 136 167 177 137 189 195 207 242 200 2.9 0.2 5.0 Tunisia 30 6 4 7 7 4 7 15 5 8 7 -8.3 4.2 2.2 ALL AFRICA 1,559 1,498 1,605 1,530 1,386 1,716 1,858 1,880 1,914 2,144 2,137 3.0 0.1 6.0 Agriculture 231 8-12. Area under permanent crops Average annual Thousands of hectares percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 123,663 134,344 135,566 149,757 150,549 152,912 153,462 154,296 155,075 155,330 155,692 0.7 1.5 0.5 excluding South Africa 111,223 120,614 121,546 135,447 135,949 137,997 138,587 139,486 140,284 140,577 140,939 0.9 1.5 0.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 83,373 90,814 91,624 105,403 105,784 107,626 109,887 111,286 112,084 112,377 112,739 1.0 1.8 1.1 Angola 2,900 2,950 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 0.0 0.4 0.0 Benin 1,500 1,620 1,630 1,650 1,680 1,710 1,750 1,800 1,850 1,900 1,950 1.7 0.6 2.6 Botswana 402 417 415 407 397 343 343 343 343 343 370 0.1 0.1 -0.8 Burkina Faso 2,745 3,495 3,470 3,450 3,381 3,400 3,500 3,600 3,700 3,750 3,800 1.8 1.9 2.2 Burundi 930 930 930 930 920 920 920 910 900 900 900 0.0 0.0 -0.5 Cameroon 5,910 5,950 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 0.8 0.1 0.0 Cape Verde 38 41 41 41 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 0.0 0.9 -0.3 Central African Republic 1,870 1,920 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 0.5 0.1 0.0 Chad 3,137 3,322 3,342 3,370 3,390 3,420 3,470 3,500 3,520 3,520 3,520 0.5 0.9 0.7 Comoros 75 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 0.0 0.3 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6,620 6,680 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 0.2 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of 138 156 155 160 163 165 167 170 173 175 175 1.5 1.1 1.3 Côte d'Ivoire 1,955 2,450 2,600 2,902 2,905 2,920 2,930 2,950 2,950 2,950 2,950 1.9 2.1 0.3 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea .. .. .. 498 437 438 369 391 498 498 498 .. .. 3.4 Ethiopia .. .. .. 10,000 9,822 9,850 9,850 9,900 9,950 10,000 10,000 .. .. 0.3 Gabon 290 295 295 295 295 325 325 325 325 325 325 2.5 0.2 1.0 Gambia, The 155 191 157 156 175 180 185 195 205 220 230 1.0 -0.1 4.8 Ghana 1,900 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,609 2.5 2.1 5.6 Guinea 702 735 755 785 820 883 885 885 885 885 885 0.4 1.0 0.8 Guinea-Bissau 255 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 1.0 0.4 0.0 Kenya 3,800 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 0.4 0.2 0.0 Lesotho 292 319 332 330 325 320 322 325 325 325 325 -2.3 1.0 0.1 Liberia 371 390 390 370 370 370 370 370 380 380 380 0.4 -0.2 0.6 Madagascar 2,540 2,750 2,780 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,820 2,850 2,900 2,900 1.8 0.7 0.7 Malawi 1,518 1,823 1,830 1,837 1,845 1,875 1,900 1,950 2,000 2,050 2,100 3.0 0.5 2.2 Mali 2,010 2,063 2,163 3,060 3,160 3,379 4,606 4,606 4,606 4,606 4,630 1.0 3.8 6.5 Mauritania 210 410 420 431 470 498 488 488 488 488 488 4.0 5.0 0.3 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mozambique 2,870 3,500 3,520 3,520 3,570 3,650 3,750 3,900 4,000 3,950 3,900 0.7 1.4 1.8 Namibia 655 660 660 698 747 816 816 816 816 816 816 0.1 0.8 1.0 Niger 3,544 3,595 3,990 4,090 4,090 4,190 4,190 4,190 4,490 4,490 4,490 4.3 1.6 1.8 Nigeria 27,850 29,800 29,922 30,044 30,165 30,371 28,700 28,200 28,200 28,200 28,200 0.3 0.6 -1.3 Rwanda 760 880 880 850 700 700 750 800 820 866 900 2.0 -0.4 4.6 São Tomé and Principe 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 0.0 5.1 5.3 Senegal 2,341 2,323 2,320 2,318 2,331 2,230 2,250 2,254 2,263 2,313 2,362 0.0 -0.1 0.4 Seychelles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone 450 486 486 486 485 485 485 484 484 484 490 1.1 0.3 0.1 Somalia 984 1,022 1,023 1,024 1,030 1,035 1,039 1,043 1,043 1,043 1,043 0.5 0.2 0.2 South Africa 12,440 13,730 14,020 14,310 14,600 14,915 14,875 14,810 14,791 14,753 14,753 -0.2 1.8 0.0 Sudan 12,360 13,000 12,900 14,618 15,000 16,157 16,672 16,600 16,500 16,380 16,233 0.4 1.5 0.9 Swaziland 185 183 179 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 -0.9 1.4 0.0 Tanzania 3,100 3,550 3,600 3,650 3,700 3,748 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 4,000 4.8 1.1 0.8 Togo 1,950 2,100 2,100 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,300 2,330 2,410 2,510 2,510 1.2 1.0 2.6 Uganda 4,080 5,020 5,040 5,040 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 1.5 0.4 0.0 Zambia 5,094 5,249 5,254 5,254 5,254 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 0.4 0.2 0.0 Zimbabwe 2,505 2,928 2,966 3,004 3,042 3,080 3,165 3,251 3,220 3,220 3,220 0.8 1.4 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 21,635 22,962 23,668 23,951 23,996 23,969 24,310 24,337 24,222 24,049 23,991 -0.1 1.0 0.0 Algeria 6,875 7,260 7,562 7,533 7,477 7,519 7,521 7,650 7,661 7,673 7,675 0.0 0.9 0.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,286 2,267 2,449 2,617 2,740 2,817 2,820 2,834 2,834 2,834 2,825 -1.8 1.4 0.4 Libya 1,753 1,810 1,815 1,815 1,825 1,870 2,028 2,028 1,815 1,815 1,815 0.2 0.2 -0.7 Morocco 7,530 8,717 8,934 8,999 9,124 8,921 9,096 8,980 9,033 8,818 8,767 0.8 1.7 -0.5 Tunisia 3,191 2,908 2,908 2,987 2,830 2,842 2,845 2,845 2,879 2,909 2,909 -1.1 -0.7 0.5 ALL AFRICA 145,298 157,306 159,234 173,708 174,545 176,881 177,772 178,633 179,297 179,379 179,683 0.6 1.5 0.4 232 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop Average annual* Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR ALGERIA Wheat 7.3 10.8 9.9 8.1 8.0 8.9 13.1 8.0 8.8 10.7 9.2 11.1 10.7 19.2 3.7 2.0 2.8 Citrus 262.9 87.2 92.5 87.1 91.4 80.2 86.1 87.2 101.8 111.3 104.6 112.8 114.6 114.6 -2.2 2.1 2.0 Dates 30.0 25.5 31.2 31.0 37.2 32.8 37.3 31.4 39.5 42.7 36.5 43.7 43.7 43.7 3.7 3.6 3.0 Barley 8.4 11.6 9.0 6.3 6.5 7.1 14.0 7.2 7.5 10.9 7.6 11.1 13.7 15.0 7.1 0.9 2.7 Potatoes 77.7 90.7 107.9 111.2 95.1 136.8 134.6 141.0 160.3 153.5 166.1 147.0 151.5 151.5 1.3 -2.0 2.9 ANGOLA Coffee (green) 2.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 -12.2 -5.5 -2.1 Maize 6.0 4.0 3.8 2.6 2.5 3.5 7.0 6.0 7.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.1 -3.5 4.8 4.4 Millet 7.1 4.8 4.8 2.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 3.8 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.0 5.0 -3.5 0.8 0.4 Wheat 5.8 8.0 8.0 8.6 10.0 16.7 16.7 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.4 16.7 16.7 16.7 -6.3 -1.3 4.4 Cassava 33.8 40.3 42.3 42.3 58.6 51.0 48.1 44.2 55.7 59.8 83.0 94.1 93.9 93.9 -0.9 -1.5 4.5 Sweet potatoes 91.7 89.5 90.0 88.1 85.7 88.1 85.5 85.9 86.4 82.9 34.9 44.5 44.4 44.4 0.2 0.1 -3.0 BENIN Seed cotton 6.6 11.7 12.0 17.9 13.9 13.3 12.0 10.1 9.7 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.7 11.8 0.2 -2.2 -0.5 Maize 7.4 9.3 9.8 9.8 10.2 11.7 10.8 12.0 11.1 12.5 11.5 11.0 8.8 12.5 0.1 -4.1 1.1 Sorghum 6.3 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.8 8.2 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.8 9.1 10.1 9.4 -0.8 0.0 1.1 Cassava 65.9 83.0 83.8 84.9 81.5 78.4 87.2 103.3 105.0 104.5 107.1 112.6 92.7 92.0 -1.3 -2.5 1.3 Yams 97.2 114.0 106.0 107.7 108.4 109.7 103.0 107.9 109.5 113.3 111.8 109.2 107.1 102.9 -0.9 -1.5 -0.1 BOTSWANA Sorghum 2.2 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 -11.8 -12.7 -3.1 Maize 2.5 4.0 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.2 2.5 3.9 1.4 2.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 -11.7 10.2 -4.3 Millet 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.4 3.6 1.0 3.7 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 -5.7 -22.3 0.1 BURKINA FASO Seed cotton 8.3 10.0 10.0 9.6 8.9 10.3 10.1 12.4 9.7 12.1 10.2 11.4 10.7 14.3 10.1 -2.6 0.9 Groundnuts 5.1 5.6 6.2 9.5 8.4 6.6 10.4 6.5 10.0 10.4 7.1 9.1 9.4 9.4 4.5 -3.5 2.3 Sorghum 5.7 9.1 9.4 11.0 7.8 8.8 9.1 6.8 8.5 8.9 8.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 2.5 -1.8 1.0 Millet 4.9 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.3 7.2 7.5 5.2 7.8 7.4 6.4 7.6 7.2 8.1 4.0 -2.2 1.7 Maize 9.0 16.9 15.2 13.7 16.0 11.4 15.5 15.2 13.9 16.2 17.5 18.1 17.4 17.0 1.7 -4.9 1.8 BURUNDI Coffee 6.3 9.0 9.3 8.2 9.4 7.3 7.9 7.0 6.1 9.7 7.4 8.8 20.0 20.0 0.5 2.2 2.2 Tea 4.0 8.8 10.7 9.0 10.4 9.8 7.5 5.6 8.9 9.2 8.4 9.9 7.4 7.4 -4.5 2.9 0.2 Maize 10.8 13.9 14.2 14.3 12.3 12.8 13.1 12.6 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.9 0.3 -0.9 -1.3 Sorghum 10.0 11.2 11.5 11.3 9.9 13.2 13.2 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.2 12.6 12.9 12.9 0.1 1.5 1.0 Rice, paddy 23.5 30.9 31.1 30.9 29.4 26.8 27.9 32.6 29.9 32.6 30.4 32.1 32.6 32.6 3.2 -6.3 -0.2 Millet 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.3 11.1 14.4 11.3 16.7 11.1 11.2 10.5 10.0 11.6 11.6 0.5 -0.4 -0.1 Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava 90.9 89.8 92.0 89.9 87.9 83.5 85.8 86.2 88.8 88.2 90.0 89.1 91.5 91.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 CAMEROON Coffee 3.0 4.0 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.9 1.8 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.6 3.6 -7.8 -1.1 Cocoa 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 0.3 -0.5 0.5 Seed cotton 12.9 12.7 12.7 12.3 10.8 10.3 11.7 10.9 11.3 10.9 10.3 9.9 10.0 9.5 11.4 -3.4 -1.4 Maize 8.3 19.8 14.0 11.3 11.6 15.5 18.8 20.3 18.9 25.9 24.6 24.4 23.6 23.6 0.4 -0.7 1.6 Sorghum 8.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.3 8.7 8.3 8.9 11.1 11.2 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1.4 -5.5 2.4 Millet 7.6 10.5 10.0 10.3 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.0 1.3 -6.2 -0.2 Rice 23.4 36.4 35.0 29.0 36.2 35.3 31.4 33.6 35.5 33.1 30.1 30.2 25.5 27.5 10.2 -2.7 -2.3 Cassava 59.0 162.2 136.3 131.8 127.0 118.7 115.5 106.6 90.0 136.6 133.0 134.3 134.5 134.5 0.2 0.9 -0.8 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee 3.6 6.9 5.0 4.1 8.2 4.7 7.2 6.0 4.8 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.2 1.0 -2.5 -1.2 Seed cotton 3.4 5.1 6.0 6.6 6.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.0 3.9 5.3 6.4 5.7 5.7 3.8 3.5 -0.2 Sorghum 6.5 10.1 12.6 11.6 8.0 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.8 9.6 9.9 10.1 9.6 9.6 -1.5 -8.5 -0.7 Maize 3.8 8.1 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.6 10.6 10.7 9.8 9.8 -1.1 -3.1 0.9 Groundnuts 10.1 8.6 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.3 8.8 10.2 11.0 10.9 11.1 11.0 11.0 3.0 -2.3 0.7 Cassava 30.7 33.6 34.5 34.5 31.0 28.9 29.2 30.5 30.4 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.6 0.4 -0.3 -0.4 Yams 60.0 65.7 68.4 65.0 66.7 66.7 68.0 68.0 67.9 67.9 67.9 67.9 60.3 60.3 0.2 -0.6 -0.1 CHAD Seed cotton 5.1 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.7 7.6 7.9 6.8 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.3 3.3 -0.8 Sorghum 5.1 5.7 7.4 4.9 7.8 6.5 6.0 5.8 7.2 7.1 6.0 6.3 6.9 8.0 1.2 -1.4 0.9 Millet 4.7 4.0 5.2 4.2 4.9 3.6 4.1 3.8 4.5 4.6 3.3 4.7 5.1 6.1 2.1 -2.5 1.1 Groundnuts 5.7 10.2 8.1 7.1 7.5 9.2 9.6 8.8 11.2 9.7 8.2 9.4 9.4 9.4 1.0 -5.5 0.9 COMOROS Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava 48.5 53.0 56.6 57.9 53.6 53.3 54.0 53.9 54.1 54.8 59.3 54.1 55.0 55.0 -1.7 1.0 0.5 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 233 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR CONGO Coffee 8.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.2 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.3 -6.4 -2.2 Cocoa beans 5.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.6 1.5 -1.1 Maize 8.1 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.9 9.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.8 -0.4 -2.2 0.8 Cassava 68.8 73.7 73.9 65.6 76.1 78.6 81.3 82.1 77.7 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 91.8 2.2 0.5 1.6 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. COTE D'IVOIRE Coffee 2.4 2.0 3.2 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.1 3.4 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.1 1.7 1.7 -6.7 1.6 1.1 Cocoa 5.0 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.5 4.5 4.5 0.7 0.1 -0.4 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice 11.7 10.5 10.2 13.4 11.2 11.8 23.6 26.7 24.8 23.7 24.1 23.8 16.0 16.0 1.1 0.1 3.4 Maize 8.1 7.3 7.8 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 11.6 9.9 8.2 9.1 9.1 2.2 0.5 1.5 Cassava 52.3 52.7 50.1 49.5 50.5 51.9 55.6 53.1 56.4 56.0 52.8 52.8 53.1 53.1 3.1 -0.3 0.0 Yams 90.7 96.3 89.0 88.0 89.6 89.7 88.6 87.9 85.9 84.1 84.3 83.9 85.7 85.7 1.5 0.1 -0.7 EGYPT Seed cotton 26.9 22.8 27.6 29.2 22.4 21.4 24.8 25.5 18.9 22.8 25.4 27.1 27.6 27.6 4.2 2.4 0.9 Rice, paddy 58.3 74.6 76.5 77.2 79.1 81.4 82.9 84.2 86.4 88.8 91.0 92.8 91.4 94.3 1.4 -1.0 1.6 Wheat 31.2 48.2 52.5 53.0 50.0 54.2 56.4 56.0 59.9 63.5 63.4 63.6 60.1 61.5 -0.8 0.4 1.3 Sugarcane 812.5 1,036.4 1,029.1 1,061.7 1,093.4 1,095.3 1,107.4 1,122.5 1,172.0 1,181.7 1,172.2 1,188.1 1,136.4 909.1 .. -5.0 0.6 Dry Broadbeans 20.7 34.0 21.4 35.1 22.7 31.7 32.0 31.9 32.3 22.9 31.1 31.4 31.4 31.4 -0.5 -0.9 0.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 -1.6 2.5 -1.7 Coffee (green) 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 -0.4 0.0 -0.1 Cassava 24.6 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 25.3 25.0 25.3 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 -0.4 0.0 -0.4 ETHIOPIA Coffee (green) 2.4 4.1 3.9 4.3 4.3 2.7 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.6 3.6 .. 0.4 -2.1 Sorghum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize 16.6 16.9 17.6 17.9 18.6 19.1 19.0 17.8 16.1 16.4 16.2 16.7 16.3 16.3 .. 0.9 0.0 Barley .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GABON Coffee (green) 2.4 4.1 3.9 4.3 4.3 2.7 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.6 3.6 7.5 0.4 -2.1 Sugarcane 497.5 517.0 488.9 542.0 568.6 569.5 528.6 519.9 546.8 506.8 591.2 587.5 587.5 587.5 15.6 0.3 0.5 Maize 16.6 16.9 17.6 17.9 18.6 19.1 19.0 17.8 16.1 16.4 16.2 16.7 16.3 16.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 Cassava 50.0 51.6 51.1 49.3 45.8 47.0 49.8 49.1 50.4 49.8 50.7 51.1 51.1 51.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 Taro (cocoyam) 58.8 57.8 57.6 60.4 61.7 59.6 60.0 60.5 61.1 61.6 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 0.0 1.4 0.4 Yams 56.4 64.7 66.7 64.7 69.4 68.4 67.5 70.0 72.5 75.0 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.5 1.1 0.3 0.7 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 8.7 10.5 8.5 12.1 10.8 9.6 7.1 11.1 10.4 12.4 11.7 12.6 7.9 7.9 -0.7 0.5 -0.5 Seed cotton 6.9 6.3 7.5 9.4 5.9 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.0 7.3 5.1 4.0 3.6 3.6 4.1 -0.2 -2.7 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet 8.7 10.3 11.2 10.3 10.6 9.8 11.0 9.0 9.6 11.2 11.0 11.3 9.2 10.9 -0.4 0.8 0.3 Rice, paddy 19.7 15.3 17.3 14.6 15.4 12.3 10.7 10.2 13.4 21.7 22.1 23.3 20.5 20.5 8.8 -1.8 1.9 Maize 10.7 11.8 15.1 16.3 12.6 12.9 12.2 11.7 14.3 15.9 16.1 18.2 10.9 14.7 3.2 -2.3 0.8 Sorghum 8.0 9.6 9.5 11.0 10.6 8.5 10.8 9.6 8.1 11.1 12.7 16.6 9.5 15.6 1.1 -5.1 2.0 GHANA Cocoa 2.3 3.4 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.5 3.0 3.0 -0.4 -6.2 -1.4 Maize 8.7 15.3 12.0 15.1 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.3 14.9 14.6 14.6 13.2 14.9 10.1 -0.9 -4.6 -0.1 Millet 5.9 5.4 6.4 9.7 8.8 9.8 10.2 8.4 9.5 8.6 8.1 7.0 8.0 7.6 0.9 1.5 1.4 Groundnuts 17.0 6.7 7.7 8.8 9.4 9.3 9.0 8.7 10.9 10.4 9.6 10.2 13.5 13.5 -0.7 -3.5 0.8 Cassava 80.8 106.6 102.6 112.3 115.8 119.9 120.4 118.8 113.9 122.5 122.8 123.4 122.5 122.5 1.2 -0.5 2.0 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA Coffee (green) 3.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 -0.2 -4.0 -0.3 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice, paddy 9.0 13.8 13.3 13.8 13.8 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.1 0.2 -2.9 2.0 Maize 10.0 10.4 10.7 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 10.0 -1.8 0.1 0.4 Groundnuts 6.6 8.8 10.1 8.8 9.2 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.3 10.7 11.2 11.7 12.2 12.0 0.1 -0.7 2.7 Cassava 70.0 74.9 71.7 75.5 71.9 63.0 61.2 63.3 58.0 56.3 53.8 52.2 50.7 51.1 0.0 -0.5 -2.1 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 3.5 7.8 10.1 10.0 11.7 11.0 11.0 11.6 11.3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 -1.8 -6.5 1.4 Rice, paddy 7.0 20.1 19.0 19.7 20.1 19.1 18.4 16.7 14.5 11.8 14.2 12.3 11.8 11.8 -2.4 -1.4 -2.9 Sorghum 6.4 10.3 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 8.3 7.5 9.7 7.8 8.0 7.1 7.5 -1.9 -4.7 -1.5 Millet 7.2 12.2 8.6 8.6 7.7 9.1 8.6 3.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 8.3 8.2 6.9 0.8 -4.3 -1.5 Maize 10.0 11.4 9.5 9.3 9.3 10.0 9.4 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.3 9.7 9.1 8.0 0.6 -4.4 -1.0 (Table continues on the following page.) 234 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR KENYA Coffee (green) 8.9 5.6 5.5 4.7 5.0 5.9 5.5 3.9 3.0 4.0 5.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 -1.7 -3.1 -4.2 Tea 11.7 20.2 18.5 20.1 19.0 21.7 22.6 19.4 24.8 20.0 18.2 21.9 20.5 20.7 2.0 -1.2 0.4 Sugarcane 1,211.8 960.7 877.7 841.3 662.1 810.4 815.8 794.6 930.2 771.4 688.6 742.9 834.9 818.2 4.8 -2.7 -1.6 Sisal 9.9 11.4 11.4 11.7 11.3 13.2 13.4 13.4 9.0 7.0 7.5 7.5 10.3 10.0 -0.2 0.5 -1.7 Maize 12.0 15.9 17.3 16.0 20.4 19.6 14.5 14.7 16.0 14.8 14.4 16.9 15.6 15.3 -0.9 -3.5 -0.5 Wheat 21.6 18.6 12.6 9.7 19.2 19.6 18.5 14.5 17.7 16.5 15.5 19.4 17.7 16.8 3.2 -4.6 0.7 LESOTHO Wheat 9.7 2.0 8.6 7.3 4.2 6.2 13.3 11.8 11.6 12.3 17.2 10.5 16.7 16.7 1.9 0.7 5.6 Dry Peas 7.8 0.7 5.6 5.4 3.1 2.9 9.2 3.5 5.8 7.8 5.9 7.7 7.7 7.7 4.9 -6.5 5.6 Dry Beans 5.2 3.4 2.9 10.7 3.2 12.4 6.3 10.4 8.4 8.0 6.4 10.5 6.7 6.7 4.0 -4.9 1.3 Maize 9.6 5.4 5.8 8.9 8.6 8.1 12.5 9.9 9.5 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 8.3 2.8 -5.7 0.3 Sorghum 9.7 5.4 6.1 13.0 8.8 8.0 8.6 8.1 7.6 11.1 8.6 13.8 8.7 8.7 2.7 -8.6 1.7 LIBERIA Rubber 7.6 9.5 10.7 10.0 6.7 9.3 10.0 9.9 9.4 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.4 -1.1 -0.2 -0.5 Coffee (green) 4.6 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -1.1 -1.6 1.4 Cocoa 2.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 -1.2 -3.3 0.3 Rice, paddy 12.3 9.1 9.2 10.8 11.1 11.2 12.5 12.5 12.9 12.8 12.8 11.2 9.2 9.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 Cassava 66.7 64.3 66.7 61.3 62.5 60.3 65.0 65.2 65.3 65.1 65.7 66.2 66.2 66.2 1.5 -0.5 -0.6 LIBYA Wheat 5.2 12.4 11.9 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.3 10.1 8.8 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.6 2.3 0.3 -1.7 MADAGASCAR Coffee 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 -1.3 -0.8 -0.6 Vanilla 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -6.6 7.6 -0.7 Cloves 1.7 1.8 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 -7.7 -1.6 2.1 Rice 17.6 20.5 20.9 20.8 20.7 21.3 21.9 21.7 20.3 21.3 20.5 22.0 22.0 21.2 -1.1 0.2 0.3 Cassava 60.8 66.5 67.1 67.7 67.4 68.9 67.4 67.5 67.0 70.0 70.0 71.3 71.3 71.4 -1.2 0.6 0.4 Sweet potatoes 48.6 50.3 53.1 51.1 53.8 59.1 58.1 56.0 54.3 56.5 56.3 57.6 55.6 55.8 -2.9 -0.6 0.4 MALAWI Tobacco leaves 8.6 9.7 9.7 10.0 12.5 12.2 12.4 13.8 10.9 7.3 8.3 7.2 5.7 5.7 2.7 -1.0 -1.9 Tea 17.1 21.9 15.4 21.3 18.7 18.2 19.8 23.4 21.5 22.3 24.6 24.5 25.3 25.0 2.0 -4.2 0.8 Groundnuts 7.1 8.2 4.0 9.0 3.2 3.6 5.6 6.9 6.9 7.3 6.9 8.1 7.7 7.7 -0.8 0.4 0.5 Seed cotton 6.9 6.3 7.5 9.4 5.9 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.0 7.3 5.1 4.0 3.6 3.6 4.1 -0.2 -2.7 Maize 12.2 11.4 4.8 15.3 9.2 13.5 14.4 9.9 13.7 18.1 17.4 11.0 10.5 12.8 0.0 -2.1 1.2 Sorghum 6.7 6.0 1.4 4.9 3.1 7.3 7.2 4.7 6.1 7.0 6.7 6.8 7.2 7.5 -4.0 -7.1 1.5 Cassava 58.4 23.4 20.1 28.8 34.7 34.7 45.9 56.7 54.6 53.9 152.5 166.9 149.6 149.6 -0.6 2.4 10.0 MALI Seed cotton 10.6 13.3 13.6 12.8 11.5 12.1 10.7 10.5 10.3 9.5 10.7 10.7 11.5 11.5 3.8 0.0 -1.4 Groundnuts 8.9 10.9 7.5 7.8 8.4 9.4 9.8 9.5 8.8 7.7 9.7 7.3 8.2 8.2 0.5 -7.4 -0.9 Millet 6.2 8.3 5.9 5.4 6.4 5.5 7.9 7.3 8.9 8.8 7.0 5.5 8.3 6.5 6.1 -0.7 0.2 Rice, paddy 9.7 17.3 17.6 17.4 16.5 15.5 19.1 17.6 22.0 22.4 21.1 20.0 20.5 20.5 1.0 0.7 2.1 Sorghum 8.0 10.9 6.4 7.5 7.6 8.3 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.4 8.4 7.4 9.3 6.4 6.7 0.4 -0.4 Maize 11.1 13.8 10.1 11.0 11.3 13.0 15.8 17.0 16.4 14.5 13.3 11.5 8.7 10.1 9.2 -1.3 -0.7 MAURITANIA Sorghum 3.2 4.5 5.0 5.9 5.8 6.4 6.9 4.1 4.7 5.4 5.2 3.3 3.6 5.0 -2.9 1.4 -1.5 Rice 32.0 28.1 39.9 32.9 27.4 39.4 38.3 37.2 40.6 39.7 42.4 45.3 45.6 45.6 1.7 1.4 1.2 Millet 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 1.4 1.6 3.5 3.0 3.2 1.1 0.8 4.3 -6.7 -3.7 Maize 6.5 6.0 7.7 12.3 5.0 8.0 5.9 8.6 8.4 7.6 9.1 10.0 5.6 9.7 4.9 -8.6 0.6 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 576.8 740.0 770.0 729.7 659.2 716.6 732.6 794.9 781.2 535.5 699.4 791.3 674.5 674.5 -1.7 1.3 -0.5 Potatoes 165.6 197.4 192.1 200.9 175.7 198.5 195.9 215.8 176.0 239.8 222.6 209.9 220.1 220.1 1.8 0.7 0.5 Onions 107.6 137.7 151.4 164.6 176.0 184.4 177.9 171.3 220.6 287.8 359.2 328.8 299.0 299.0 2.0 -2.8 4.9 MOROCCO Wheat 10.6 18.7 7.0 6.8 18.1 5.5 18.4 9.3 14.2 8.0 4.8 12.3 12.8 17.2 5.9 -10.5 -0.2 Sugarbeet 353.5 438.7 528.6 490.6 499.8 467.7 487.1 415.4 569.2 521.9 512.7 573.6 502.7 572.7 2.7 -1.5 1.0 Barley 10.3 13.8 4.8 4.8 14.4 3.9 15.8 6.6 8.1 7.1 2.1 5.4 8.3 11.4 4.9 -15.6 -1.2 MOZAMBIQUE Seed cotton 4.9 5.3 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.0 6.8 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 3.1 4.1 2.3 Tea 10.3 7.7 5.1 8.4 10.0 4.9 8.4 7.5 7.5 8.0 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 0.7 9.3 6.2 Maize 5.4 3.2 1.6 6.3 5.2 6.8 9.4 9.0 9.0 10.8 9.4 9.0 9.5 9.6 -6.2 -4.9 6.2 Rice, paddy 8.3 5.3 3.0 6.2 8.3 8.7 9.7 10.9 10.6 10.0 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 -2.0 -1.2 2.0 Cassava 41.4 38.0 33.3 41.7 36.9 42.4 47.7 53.8 55.6 55.9 57.9 58.1 58.1 58.1 0.0 0.5 2.0 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 235 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR NAMIBIA Wheat 25.0 59.0 51.9 43.8 52.5 55.2 43.8 46.4 49.3 55.5 56.4 80.0 85.0 88.9 4.5 -2.5 3.1 Maize 12.3 12.0 2.4 7.8 11.5 8.8 6.8 15.7 6.6 5.3 7.2 13.3 13.9 14.3 0.4 -10.7 -0.3 NIGER Cowpeas 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 5.0 -9.4 1.0 Groundnuts 6.7 3.4 3.3 2.3 4.5 3.8 4.7 3.8 4.9 4.1 3.1 8.2 4.3 4.3 2.5 -2.5 3.6 Millet 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.3 3.3 4.6 4.8 4.8 1.7 -7.4 0.8 Sorghum 4.8 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.7 2.5 2.7 3.1 0.6 -5.7 1.4 NIGERIA Cocoa 2.2 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.3 2.6 4.4 4.3 5.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 -3.5 -7.6 -0.2 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seed cotton 1.8 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.8 6.7 8.1 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.6 6.6 -9.7 -6.0 1.9 Groundnuts 8.4 12.1 12.4 11.8 9.2 8.9 10.1 11.2 9.7 10.9 10.9 9.8 9.7 9.7 4.6 -3.7 -1.9 Sorghum 11.2 9.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.4 11.1 11.3 11.3 11.2 10.2 10.9 11.5 8.3 0.0 0.5 Millet 8.3 9.0 10.3 9.5 9.5 10.9 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.5 9.4 9.9 12.9 5.8 0.4 0.1 Maize 13.2 11.3 11.2 11.8 12.7 12.7 13.3 12.5 13.2 13.8 10.3 11.4 11.0 14.0 6.3 -2.6 -0.1 Rice, paddy 19.8 19.5 19.6 19.6 14.2 16.3 17.5 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 10.2 10.2 6.2 3.6 -2.9 Yams 105.4 103.5 113.5 113.5 114.0 107.7 106.8 110.5 94.4 95.5 95.6 90.5 89.0 89.0 1.1 -6.1 -0.8 Cassava 95.8 101.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 106.7 106.6 118.8 107.5 106.4 105.6 95.0 99.8 99.8 0.1 -1.4 -0.5 RWANDA Coffee (green) 6.9 5.2 6.8 5.2 2.8 11.0 7.6 7.4 5.7 7.0 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.5 2.5 3.0 0.1 Tea 7.4 11.3 10.9 11.2 4.6 6.0 8.2 12.7 13.5 12.9 11.8 13.9 11.9 11.9 -4.9 -1.4 0.6 Sorghum 12.4 12.8 7.5 12.8 6.9 11.5 13.6 11.2 10.5 8.3 8.9 9.4 11.3 11.3 0.9 2.4 -0.5 Maize 11.8 11.6 12.3 17.4 16.8 11.2 11.1 10.9 8.2 7.6 7.0 7.7 8.8 8.8 1.1 0.1 -2.7 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes 76.3 50.0 50.2 49.9 50.0 50.0 51.1 49.7 50.5 47.9 59.1 60.0 66.1 66.1 2.7 2.6 0.8 SENEGAL Groundnuts 4.9 8.3 6.0 8.5 7.6 9.4 7.0 6.9 10.4 11.1 9.7 9.6 6.0 10.0 3.0 2.8 0.5 Seed cotton 6.9 11.5 10.6 8.9 8.4 9.0 7.6 7.5 2.4 6.8 9.2 10.9 9.6 9.7 -3.3 3.8 -1.8 Millet 4.7 6.7 5.8 6.7 5.9 7.5 6.2 5.2 5.6 6.7 7.1 5.9 5.1 5.5 3.5 4.0 -0.4 Rice, paddy 9.6 23.5 24.1 24.8 20.9 22.5 20.2 23.3 27.2 25.0 23.5 27.7 23.6 23.6 3.4 -1.2 0.6 Maize 7.3 11.3 10.9 12.7 10.1 10.9 10.4 9.7 8.3 9.4 11.1 12.0 9.2 9.6 -3.5 0.1 -1.1 Sorghum 7.7 7.8 8.9 7.8 8.7 8.6 8.9 7.7 5.9 6.4 8.7 8.0 7.2 7.7 3.3 -0.7 -1.0 SIERRA LEONE Cocoa 4.0 3.8 2.7 2.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 -0.2 -0.8 -0.4 Coffee (green) 12.7 22.6 23.0 23.0 18.5 17.9 17.9 21.9 18.6 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.6 0.3 -1.6 -4.4 Palm oil .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice, paddy 12.5 13.5 13.5 12.7 12.3 13.0 13.5 13.0 11.5 11.6 10.9 12.4 12.5 12.5 -1.1 -0.7 -0.4 Cassava 38.0 54.0 53.3 45.8 58.7 58.5 58.6 49.9 51.6 51.8 51.8 55.3 55.3 55.3 -3.5 -3.7 0.3 SOMALIA Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize 10.1 10.0 10.1 9.9 4.1 7.3 7.1 6.4 7.5 7.2 8.4 7.8 9.6 8.2 -1.4 -3.0 -2.0 Sorghum 3.1 4.1 3.1 2.9 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.1 4.7 3.5 1.7 -2.2 -1.4 Sesame 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 -3.0 -1.6 -1.4 SOUTH AFRICA Maize 24.2 22.6 7.9 22.8 28.5 13.8 27.0 25.2 21.6 22.3 30.0 24.0 30.0 29.0 6.3 -5.1 1.8 Wheat 9.0 14.9 17.7 18.5 17.6 14.5 21.0 17.6 25.3 24.1 28.4 26.1 24.4 17.8 -0.3 3.0 3.2 Sugarcane 661.4 727.4 471.6 422.9 582.4 612.0 699.2 747.0 724.8 672.1 741.7 657.0 705.5 633.9 -2.1 2.4 0.1 Sorghum 26.9 18.2 6.2 21.6 22.9 16.1 30.8 26.9 27.3 22.6 33.2 22.8 34.1 30.0 6.3 -0.7 2.8 Barley 8.8 12.6 19.2 19.8 22.9 24.0 13.9 13.8 18.2 9.1 16.1 19.8 25.0 18.8 8.3 7.6 -0.5 SUDAN Seed cotton 8.2 12.6 14.6 11.4 12.1 14.1 12.4 10.2 13.4 12.3 8.6 13.7 12.0 15.0 1.5 3.9 -0.2 Groundnuts 8.0 7.8 7.0 5.5 8.0 6.8 8.6 7.2 5.6 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.3 -1.6 -2.9 0.3 Sesame 2.6 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.2 5.3 -0.4 Sorghum 7.1 7.0 6.5 5.1 5.7 4.9 6.4 4.4 6.8 5.2 6.4 7.8 5.8 7.9 -3.1 -11.2 1.2 Wheat 12.1 14.8 22.1 13.8 13.3 16.1 17.7 19.5 22.9 12.1 23.3 25.2 21.4 24.2 -2.0 0.1 1.9 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 1,077.2 985.3 971.2 911.8 946.5 908.4 986.0 953.9 1,009.7 1,080.8 1,064.3 1,081.1 1,081.1 1,081.1 0.3 0.0 0.4 Seed cotton 10.2 14.8 4.5 9.5 8.8 8.8 13.3 7.9 7.3 6.6 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.9 -1.3 3.1 -1.9 Maize 13.6 17.3 9.4 12.2 17.6 12.7 24.5 17.8 19.2 17.4 15.4 14.9 15.5 15.5 -1.1 -0.6 1.5 (Table continues on the following page.) 236 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-89 90-MR TANZANIA Coffee 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.4 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 -0.3 4.0 0.2 Seed cotton 4.5 5.3 7.1 3.1 3.8 6.8 5.8 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.2 4.8 -3.0 1.8 1.1 Tea 10.9 10.4 11.8 12.0 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.4 11.8 13.2 12.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 2.8 3.4 0.1 Maize 12.3 12.6 11.7 12.5 13.4 16.3 16.2 11.7 12.9 13.9 14.6 17.1 17.1 15.4 3.0 1.7 0.9 Rice 11.9 16.9 12.8 18.1 17.4 15.8 15.7 12.5 13.0 16.4 15.1 12.8 12.8 12.8 -4.8 -1.5 -1.4 Sorghum 6.9 10.2 8.6 11.2 7.2 12.2 13.1 8.0 9.5 8.5 10.4 11.9 11.5 10.3 10.6 1.3 0.1 Millet 7.6 7.8 8.5 6.5 6.4 11.3 12.4 9.8 8.8 9.9 8.7 10.3 12.0 10.8 6.5 4.6 0.9 Cassava 107.3 123.5 104.0 104.0 104.0 102.1 101.9 86.0 94.4 109.5 87.9 104.2 104.2 104.2 5.9 -0.1 -0.3 TOGO Coffee (green) 4.9 6.6 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.5 4.6 2.2 4.1 3.5 3.2 1.5 3.7 3.5 2.5 -1.2 -3.1 Cocoa 4.5 1.5 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.8 6.6 2.7 5.7 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 -3.6 4.1 3.4 Seed cotton 7.7 11.9 12.5 12.4 13.9 10.6 13.6 9.7 8.9 8.7 8.3 8.3 9.1 9.9 11.9 5.6 -1.2 Maize 9.2 9.1 10.1 11.6 9.3 8.6 9.4 10.7 8.7 12.0 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 1.8 -3.3 0.5 Sorghum 7.5 7.4 7.8 6.4 5.4 8.7 6.3 7.3 6.7 8.0 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.3 -2.9 0.4 Millet 2.6 3.7 5.6 5.0 3.7 6.7 4.7 5.2 4.5 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 -7.1 2.4 0.0 Cassava 103.3 77.9 68.9 68.6 58.8 59.2 56.9 62.3 62.2 60.6 56.5 59.8 60.6 60.3 -10.9 1.6 -1.2 Yams 86.6 90.3 83.3 103.4 98.2 85.8 87.2 109.9 99.1 109.2 110.0 101.8 104.5 103.4 -0.7 -2.8 0.4 TUNISIA Wheat 10.2 17.0 17.0 13.7 10.7 12.8 16.2 11.1 14.2 14.2 11.7 20.0 14.1 38.5 3.8 12.9 3.2 Barley 7.7 13.1 12.0 9.3 5.9 6.6 11.9 5.2 11.6 9.0 6.5 11.7 9.2 35.2 3.3 20.8 3.6 UGANDA Coffee (green) 6.0 5.5 4.2 5.5 7.5 6.9 10.3 8.1 7.7 9.2 4.8 7.5 7.5 7.5 -1.9 1.0 1.9 Seed cotton 0.4 2.0 1.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 -13.0 -1.1 2.2 Millet 16.5 15.0 16.0 15.1 14.8 16.0 11.0 12.7 16.0 16.1 13.9 15.0 15.1 15.0 4.2 1.1 -0.1 Maize 11.1 13.5 15.0 16.0 15.1 16.0 13.0 12.4 15.0 17.3 17.4 18.0 18.2 18.2 0.4 -1.1 1.3 Sorghum 17.9 14.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 11.0 10.7 15.0 15.0 12.9 15.0 15.4 15.2 3.3 1.3 0.1 Cassava 68.6 83.0 80.0 85.1 65.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 90.0 130.0 123.8 135.0 135.9 135.9 1.2 0.3 2.4 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAIRE Coffee (green) 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 -0.9 0.9 0.5 Palm oil .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.6 1.4 1.2 -0.1 Rice 8.0 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 0.4 0.3 -0.3 Cassava 70.0 80.0 80.0 78.1 77.2 81.4 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 0.2 -0.3 0.1 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAMBIA Seed cotton 5.0 6.6 4.3 6.3 6.5 4.7 5.6 14.3 13.2 13.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 -5.0 -4.3 3.9 Tobacco leaves 10.4 17.8 4.4 5.1 9.6 12.4 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.7 10.0 10.7 10.7 10.7 1.2 11.3 1.0 Sunflower 9.2 2.9 0.5 3.9 6.3 4.2 5.5 3.6 3.6 4.6 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.6 0.6 6.9 3.4 Maize 16.9 17.1 7.3 25.2 15.0 14.2 20.9 14.8 12.5 13.8 15.0 14.6 14.0 15.5 4.3 -6.4 -1.2 Wheat 40.7 43.8 41.0 50.7 52.7 48.7 55.8 66.2 56.7 69.8 62.1 62.0 62.0 64.5 5.6 -5.1 2.1 Cassava 61.8 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 57.1 49.4 57.6 57.6 57.6 0.0 0.0 -0.4 ZIMBABWE Tobacco leaves 19.5 24.9 24.3 21.9 24.6 24.2 24.2 22.0 26.3 21.2 25.1 24.6 21.6 21.6 2.0 1.2 0.1 Seed cotton 17.5 7.8 2.7 8.6 7.8 4.6 9.2 10.2 9.2 9.2 8.8 8.5 4.9 4.9 1.3 -3.4 -1.1 Sugarcane 1,031.2 1,027.2 89.3 597.8 1,072.5 1,109.7 905.1 1,081.6 962.2 1,083.0 983.1 1,119.0 1,119.0 1,119.0 3.0 -0.8 1.9 Maize 13.4 14.4 4.1 16.3 16.6 6.0 17.0 13.4 11.6 10.5 14.9 12.0 7.2 6.2 -1.7 -14.4 -2.5 Wheat 49.7 56.4 48.3 70.3 56.1 20.8 54.9 51.7 53.8 56.1 53.9 56.2 40.0 29.4 2.5 0.0 -1.1 Notes: The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: Cotton, Seed cotton Groundnuts, unshelled Coffee, green or roasted Rice, paddy Cloves, whole Cocoa, beans Tobacco, leaves Sunflower, seeds 1 hectogram = 100 grams = 3.527 oz. Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles. For livestock "yield", see Table 8.6 (Food output by major crops). * The standard World Bank least square methodology was used to compute the annual percentage growth. Agriculture 237 8-14. Incidence of drought D=Significant shortage of rain 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. D .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. D D .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. D D .. .. D D D D D D D Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. D .. D D D .. D D .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Republic of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. D D .. D D D D D Ethiopia D D .. D .. .. D .. D D D D D Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. D .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. D D .. .. .. D D D D D D D Lesotho .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D D D Malawi .. D .. D D .. D D .. .. .. D .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. D .. .. D .. .. D .. .. D D D Namibia .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. D D D .. .. D .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. D D .. D D D .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. D D D South Africa .. D .. .. D .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. D .. D .. .. D D D D Swaziland .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. D D D Tanzania .. D .. .. .. .. D D D D .. D D Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. D D D D D Zambia .. D .. D D .. D D .. .. D D D Zimbabwe .. D .. D D .. .. .. .. .. D D D NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. D D D .. D .. D D .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. D .. D .. D D .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 238 Figure 8-1. Food price index, 2001* (Index, average 1995 = 100) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Angola (7,968) Zimbabwe Malawi Zambia Ghana Tanzania Nigeria Madagascar Rwanda Swaziland Botswana Namibia South Africa Algeria Kenya Mauritius Niger Mauritania Congo Uganda Egypt. Arab Rep. Burkina Faso Benin Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Tunisia Togo Gabon Lesotho Senegal Gambia The Seychelles Central African Republic Morocco Guinea Ethiopia * Or most recent year available. 239 Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index, 2002* (Index, average 1989-91 = 100) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Sao Tome and Principe Ghana Benin Egypt. Arab Rep. Sudan Burkina Faso Guinea Angola Malawi Nigeria Central African Republic Seychelles Cape Verde Algeria Ethiopia Chad Rwanda Guinea-Bissau Libya Lesotho Cameroon Mali Uganda Togo Cote d Ivoire Comoros Niger Mozambique Congo Mauritius South Africa Kenya Morocco Gabon Eritrea Madagascar Equatorial Guinea Tunisia Burundi Zambia Tanzania Swaziland Mauritania Senegal Zimbabwe Botswana Sierra Leone Namibia Djibouti Gambia The Congo. Democratic Republic * Or most recent year available. 240 Figure 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2002* Food** Nonfood (index, average 1989-91 = 100) (index, average 1989-91 = 100) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 Sao Tome and Principe Ghana Benin Angola Burkina Faso Guinea Sudan Nigeria Egypt. Arab Rep. Chad Ethiopia Central African Republic Malawi Cape Verde Niger Guinea-Bissau Uganda Algeria Cameroon Mali Comoros Libya Seychelles Congo Togo Rwanda Lesotho Mozambique Cote d Ivoire Kenya Madagascar Gabon Equatorial Guinea Tanzania South Africa Morocco Zambia Eritrea Mauritania Mauritius Senegal Swaziland Tunisia Burundi Zimbabwe Botswana Namibia Gambia The Djibouti Sierra Leone Congo. Democratic Republic * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by food production. 241 Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports, 1997* Millions of U.S. dollars 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 South Africa Cote d Ivoire Zimbabwe Kenya Morocco Ghana Sudan Tunisia Ethiopia Nigeria Cameroon Egypt. Arab Rep. Uganda Mauritius Tanzania Malawi Swaziland Mali Namibia Benin Chad Togo Burkina Faso Botswana Congo. Democratic Republic Madagascar Algeria Burundi Somalia Senegal Zambia Mozambique Guinea Niger Mauritania Rwanda Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Liberia Congo Sierra Leone Gambia The Gabon Lesotho Angola Equatorial Guinea Comoros Sao Tome and Principe Eritrea Seychelles * Or most recent year available. 242 Figure 8-5. Drought, 1980-2003 (number of years in period) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ethiopia Cape Verde Zambia Sudan Kenya Tanzania Zimbabwe Niger Chad Botswana Algeria Malawi Mozambique Swaziland Eritrea Rwanda Burundi Uganda Ghana Somalia Mauritania Madagascar Morocco Lesotho Tunisia Burkina Faso Senegal South Africa Mali Cameroon Central African Republic Namibia São Tomé and Principe Djibouti Togo Côte d'Ivoire Mauritius Agriculture 243 Technical notes Tables food crops. The categorization is consistent across countries, but the numbering of crops within catego- Table 8-1. Nominal producer prices. Data on nomi- ries in each country depends on which crops are most nal producer prices are compiled from FAO. In gen- important. eral, the figures reflect the average annual price re- Where commodities may be marketed in several dif- ceived by farmers in the most important producing ferent forms, the form is generally specified (for in- regions. But given the wide regional and seasonal stance, shelled or unshelled groundnuts). When not variation and the lack of precision in recording spe- specified, the form of the commodity is the most com- cifics about prices quoted, the data should be inter- mon (for instance, shelled and dried maize). Where preted only as a rough indication of price levels for commodities are graded, an average grade has been an entire country during an entire year. used unless otherwise specified. The data do not differentiate between official pro- ducer prices and farmgate prices. In most cases they Table 8-2. Food price index. This is a subindex of are the same. the consumer price index. It reflects the cost to the Crop years for most countries span parts of two cal- average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of food endar years; planting takes place in the first calendar (IMF, IFS). year, while harvest and marketing take place at the end of the first year and beginning of the second year. Table 8-3.Food production index.This index is based For consistency, producer prices are listed corre- on 169 commodities that provide calories when con- sponding to the calendar year during which planting sumed (FAO data). Some of these (such as cotton- decisions are made. For example, producer prices for seed, cocoa, and vanilla) are not, however, a signifi- the crop year 1987/88 are listed as 1987. cant part of African diets, but are produced primarily For each country, up to four export crops and five for export. food crops are included, which represent the most important commodities for that country in terms of Table 8-4. Nonfood production index. Data in this value of total production during the early 1980s. The table are derived from 29 products that are not con- food crops include up to three cereals of "traded" sidered nutritious, including coffee, rubber, cotton lint, grains (those commonly imported or exported) and and tobacco leaves (FAO data). up to two "nontraded" staples--generally roots and tubers-- which are not normally imported or exported Table 8-5. Food production per capita index. These by African countries. In the table, these categories of data are derived as the ratio of the food production crops are designated by the following symbols: X1 index (Table 8-3) to estimated total midyear popula- through X4 for export crops; Fl through F3 for traded tion figures (Table 1-2). food crops; and NT1 and NT2 for nontraded staple 244 Agriculture Table 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food Table 8-14. Incidence of drought. This is the only crop. The table covers, with only a few differences, indicator in this chapter based on subjective consid- the same major food crops as presented in Table 8-1, erations. Data on rainfall levels from other sources excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and are usually presented to suit different purposes, with- tobacco.Also included are figures for livestock, which out considering seasonal and regional characteristics represent the combined total number of cattle, sheep, of the producing regions. A low rainfall level might goats, pigs, horses, asses, mules, and rabbits (FAO not harm agricultural production if it did not adversely data). affect the regions where the main crops are produced, whereas an average rainfall level might be associated Table 8-7. Value of agricultural exports. The value with difficulties in the producing regions--due to de- of agricultural exports is expressed in current U.S. lay, for example. Therefore, simply presenting the dollars at f.o.b. prices (FAO data). annual rainfall levels would not necessarily enrich the agricultural data. Table 8-8. Cereal production. This refers to crops For each country, a binary classification was thus harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested created. A "D" was assigned to a country if a signifi- for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage cant shortage of rain unfavorably affected its agricul- and those used for grazing are excluded (FAO data). tural production. For normal or average rainfall, the standard sign was given, as in the cases of insuffi- Table 8-9. Crop production index. This table shows cient information or "not applicable." (Specialists who agricultural production for each year relative to the work on the relevant countries were surveyed, as well base period 1989­91. It includes all crops except fod- as World Bank agricultural and environmental experts. der crops (FAO data). In addition, the Famine Early Warning System Project of the U.S.Agency for International Development pro- Tables 8-10 and 8-11. Fertilizer use and imports. vided information for 1993­94 for about half of the Figures are in metric tons and represent the aggregate countries listed.) FAO's Global Information and Early of nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash fertilizers (FAO Waning System on Food and Agriculture provided database for the Fertilizer Yearbook). information for 1999­2003. Table 8-12. Area under permanent crops. Data in Figures this table reflect land under permanent crops as de- fined and reported by FAO. The following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter. Table 8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop. This table closely follows the selection of commodities in Figure 8-1. Food price index (Table 8-2). Table 8-1. Units are in thousands of hectograms (which are equivalent to hundreds of kilograms) per Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index (Table hectare. Most of the data come from the database for 8-5). the FAO's Production Yearbook, with additional in- formation fromWorld Bank agricultural sector reports. Figure 8-3. Food production index (Table 8-3); non- food production index (Table 8-4). Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports (Table 8-7). Figure 8-5. Drought (Table 8-14). Agriculture 245 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 8 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (2) 8-1 x 8-2 x x 8-3 x x 8-4 x 8-5 x x 8-6 x x 8-7 x x 8-8 x x 8-9 x x 8-10 x x 8-11 x x 8-12 x x 8-13 x x 8-14 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 9 Power, Communications and Transportation n adequate and reliable supply of power is a A ternationalTelecommunications Union's (ITU'S) World vital ingredient for the economic development Telecommunication Development Report (2003), ofAfrican countries.This chapter provides data Challenges to the Network: Internet for Development on the power, communications, and transportation (1999), and the World Telecommunication Develop- sectors of the economy. Data are from the Interna- ment Report (2003b). The data on Internet hosts are tional Energy Agency's (IEA's) Energy Statistics and from the Internet Software Consortium Balances of Non-OECD Countries, and from the (www.isc.com). United Nations Statistics Division's Energy Statistics In addition to power and communications, coun- Yearbook. tries must have a solid transportation sector to un- Telecommunications, computers, and the Internet derpin expansion of their economies and ensure sup- are also essential ingredients of a modern economy. port to the activities of households, producers, and In this chapter, telephone main lines represent the sup- government. This chapter presents data on vehicle ply side of the system, which in Africa is well short use, roads, and railway traffic. Data are from World of demand. In fact, waiting time for telephone lines is Bank databases, the International World Road longer in Africa than in any other region. Because of Federation's World Road Statistics, and Eurostat the growing importance of computers on develop- (europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat). The air transport data ment, a new table on computers and the Internet was are from the International CivilAviation Organization's added. Data on telecommunications are from the In- (ICAD's) Civil Aviation Statistics of the World and ICAO staff estimates. 246 Power, Communications, and Transportation 247 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita kWh Annual average 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 425.4 432.6 416.0 430.8 419.8 430.6 436.9 439.5 444.6 443.0 441.6 405.3 437.0 439.4 excluding South Africa 132.9 118.8 119.8 122.9 118.0 119.7 122.2 118.6 109.8 113.0 113.2 127.8 125.5 116.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 156.9 132.6 132.6 133.3 129.0 132.9 136.1 131.1 .. .. .. 151.3 140.6 133.4 Angola 66.8 63.0 61.9 60.1 58.4 56.9 59.0 80.3 85.2 83.8 88.2 72.7 62.4 75.6 Benin 29.8 38.9 41.2 41.7 42.1 45.0 42.7 51.8 48.7 56.8 63.6 29.5 37.6 51.4 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 154.3 195.3 192.0 194.6 170.9 164.0 170.3 180.8 178.3 184.2 182.8 178.4 202.4 176.7 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 147.8 58.7 60.5 66.4 47.2 47.1 44.9 43.5 42.3 43.2 40.2 139.5 97.6 43.5 Congo, Rep. of 83.3 168.8 160.3 136.6 129.2 129.1 129.6 104.8 81.1 50.8 86.1 81.4 149.4 96.9 Côte d'Ivoire 191.6 149.6 81.4 139.6 140.3 170.5 174.3 181.3 .. .. .. 166.4 149.3 175.4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 16.2 17.7 17.9 20.1 20.8 21.7 22.3 22.2 22.2 21.4 22.1 16.3 18.4 22.0 Gabon 617.1 806.4 783.1 765.0 769.9 750.5 754.2 762.6 757.3 701.0 696.7 604.8 876.3 737.0 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 423.6 303.2 316.2 322.9 299.6 334.8 362.8 281.2 199.4 246.7 288.3 335.9 283.3 285.5 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 92.5 117.5 118.1 121.3 123.2 125.1 128.1 126.2 127.4 118.0 105.9 90.1 112.9 121.8 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 34.0 48.3 46.2 46.2 41.3 44.1 40.7 46.8 54.1 53.0 52.6 42.4 38.1 48.6 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 68.2 81.6 85.5 95.3 88.8 84.8 85.3 85.4 81.9 79.8 80.9 64.6 85.3 83.0 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 96.4 98.5 105.7 101.0 107.1 106.5 108.1 114.6 119.0 114.5 120.6 92.7 99.8 113.9 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,212.9 3,618.2 3,447.4 3,581.3 3,530.7 3,659.8 3,723.2 3,800.2 3,831.9 3,775.5 3,745.2 3,037.2 3,563.1 3,756.0 Sudan 34.2 49.1 49.2 47.2 48.8 48.0 48.7 45.8 44.6 66.6 66.2 36.0 48.3 53.3 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 36.8 54.4 53.2 51.4 50.7 54.7 58.8 54.3 53.5 54.1 55.6 35.4 46.9 55.2 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 1,015.7 730.0 726.0 723.4 712.4 691.0 668.6 620.9 568.0 574.2 556.3 1,058.2 810.5 613.2 Zimbabwe 973.2 789.8 858.1 751.9 788.8 814.7 858.9 872.3 850.8 883.3 845.2 939.3 853.3 854.2 NORTH AFRICA 362.8 696.7 710.8 713.4 732.6 744.5 756.9 782.3 815.2 845.9 894.9 352.0 657.1 806.6 Algeria 265.3 492.5 521.9 507.9 509.0 516.9 526.3 523.2 550.0 584.6 611.9 259.8 452.3 552.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 379.9 707.1 710.3 726.3 742.7 762.0 781.2 819.9 860.3 899.7 976.0 377.8 660.6 849.8 Libya 1,588.2 3,814.6 3,773.6 3,714.0 3,816.5 3,785.5 3,772.4 3,831.3 3,853.7 3,875.8 3,921.4 1,503.4 3,727.2 3,840.0 Morocco 222.8 355.4 380.9 377.1 398.1 403.7 408.4 422.7 443.0 430.3 447.2 212.1 334.7 425.9 Tunisia 379.2 617.3 651.4 674.1 718.3 734.4 744.8 783.0 824.0 910.9 938.9 323.7 590.9 822.7 ALL AFRICA 410.8 492.1 482.0 494.2 489.4 500.0 507.1 514.3 527.1 532.3 541.7 392.7 486.8 520.4 248 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-2. Energy production and use Energy production Commercial energy use Electric power transmission (KT oil equivalent) (KT oil equivalent) and distribution losses (% of output) 1980 2001 1980 2000 1980 2001 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 320,598 556,627 208,143 341,194 .. .. excluding South Africa 247,429 411,340 142,726 233,599 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 98,950 204,316 89,880 143,431 .. .. Angola 11,301 43,559 4,437 7,667 25 15 Benin 1,212 1,483 1,363 2,362 220 70 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 6,707 12,485 3,676 6,355 7 26 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8,697 15,707 8,706 14,888 8 4 Congo, Rep. of 4,024 13,668 862 895 9 65 Côte d'Ivoire 2,419 6,177 3,662 6,928 7 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 10,575 18,000 11,145 18,732 8 10 Gabon 9,441 14,788 1,493 1,563 1 18 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 3,305 5,995 4,063 7,720 5 15 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 7,891 12,644 9,791 15,482 16 21 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 7,413 7,560 8,074 7,126 39 3 Namibia .. 294 .. 1,031 .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 148,479 207,024 52,846 90,169 36 38 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,046 1,765 1,919 3,086 10 19 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 73,169 145,287 65,417 107,595 8 8 Sudan 7,089 21,551 8,406 16,216 14 15 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 7,296 13,001 10,280 15,386 14 25 Togo 562 1,056 715 1,530 .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 4,179 6,052 4,719 6,244 7 3 Zimbabwe 5,793 8,531 6,570 10,219 9 21 NORTH AFRICA 205,685 285,463 44,033 110,101 .. .. Algeria 67,103 144,330 12,185 29,060 11 16 Egypt, Arab Rep. 34,168 59,301 15,970 46,423 13 12 Libya 96,550 74,363 7,193 16,438 .. .. Morocco 877 583 4,778 10,293 10 7 Tunisia 6,987 6,886 3,907 7,888 12 11 ALL AFRICA 526,283 842,090 252,176 451,296 .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 249 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1996-02 Telephones Radios Television Mainlines Waiting list Average cost of call Mobile phones sets (per 1,000 people) (thousands) US$ per three minutes (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 15 192 .. 37 198 69 excluding South Africa 8 190 .. 18 188 62 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 9 200 .. 20 185 51 Angola 6 17 0.09 9 74 52 Benin 9 4 0.28 32 441 12 Botswana 87 13 0.02 241 150 44 Burkina Faso 5 1 0.10 8 433 79 Burundi 3 1 0.02 7 220 31 Cameroon 7 3 0.06 43 163 75 Cape Verde 160 4 0.04 98 181 101 Central African Republic 2 0 0.43 3 80 6 Chad 2 0 0.11 4 236 2 Comoros 13 4 0.14 0 174 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 .. .. 11 386 2 Congo, Rep. of 7 .. .. 67 123 13 Côte d'Ivoire 20 1 0.22 62 183 61 Djibouti 15 0 0.20 23 87 78 Equatorial Guinea 17 4 0.05 63 427 116 Eritrea 9 10 0.03 0 464 50 Ethiopia 5 2 0.02 1 189 6 Gabon 25 9 0.22 215 501 308 Gambia, The 28 8 0.03 73 396 15 Ghana 13 7 0.03 21 710 53 Guinea 3 0 0.08 12 52 47 Guinea-Bissau 9 4 0.15 0 204 36 Kenya 10 4 0.07 42 221 26 Lesotho 13 10 0.11 42 53 35 Liberia 2 1 .. 1 274 25 Madagascar 4 0 0.07 10 216 25 Malawi 7 2 0.06 8 499 4 Mali 5 .. 0.07 5 180 33 Mauritania 12 19 0.13 92 149 99 Mauritius 270 11 0.04 289 379 299 Mozambique 5 1 0.08 14 44 14 Namibia 65 1 0.03 80 141 269 Niger 2 .. 0.10 1 121 10 Nigeria 6 0 .. 13 200 103 Rwanda 3 1 0.09 14 85 0 São Tomé and Principe 41 4 0.17 13 318 93 Senegal 22 1 0.10 55 126 78 Seychelles 269 22 0.14 553 543 202 Sierra Leone 5 5 0.03 13 259 13 Somalia 10 .. .. 3 60 14 South Africa 107 1 0.09 304 338 177 Sudan 21 14 0.03 6 466 386 Swaziland 34 15 0.04 61 162 34 Tanzania 5 0 0.12 19 406 45 Togo 10 6 0.10 35 265 123 Uganda 2 0 0.21 16 127 18 Zambia 8 1 0.09 13 175 51 Zimbabwe 25 14 0.04 30 362 56 NORTH AFRICA 84 44 .. 81 282 188 Algeria 61 24 0.02 13 244 114 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8 1 0.09 13 175 229 Libya 25 14 0.04 30 362 137 Morocco 61 24 0.02 13 244 167 Tunisia 110 3 0.02 67 339 207 ALL AFRICA 26 268 .. 45 213 89 250 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use Personal computers Internet hosts Internet users (per 1,000 people) (per 10,000 people) (thousands) 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 10.2 11.9 2.36 3.18 4,542 6,223 excluding South Africa 5.4 7.0 0.15 0.32 1,652 3,123 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 5.0 7.0 0.19 0.41 1,537 2,703 Angola 1.3 1.9 0.00 0.01 20 41 Benin 1.7 2.2 0.04 0.04 25 50 Botswana 38.7 40.7 5.79 13.99 50 .. Burkina Faso 1.5 1.6 0.19 0.19 19 25 Burundi 0.7 0.7 0.00 0.00 6 8 Cameroon 3.9 5.7 0.00 0.01 45 60 Cape Verde 68.6 79.7 0.02 0.05 12 16 Central African Republic 1.9 2.0 0.00 0.02 3 5 Chad 1.6 1.7 0.00 0.01 4 15 Comoros 5.5 5.5 0.57 0.72 3 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 0.00 0.00 6 50 Congo, Rep. of 3.9 3.9 0.00 0.01 1 5 Côte d'Ivoire 7.2 9.3 0.24 0.37 70 90 Djibouti 10.9 15.2 0.00 0.65 3 5 Equatorial Guinea 5.3 6.9 0.00 0.00 1 2 Eritrea 1.8 2.5 0.01 0.02 6 9 Ethiopia 1.1 1.5 0.01 0.01 25 50 Gabon 15.8 19.2 0.02 0.21 17 25 Gambia, The 12.7 13.8 0.02 0.12 18 25 Ghana 3.3 3.8 0.06 0.06 40 170 Guinea 4.2 5.5 0.00 0.00 15 35 Guinea-Bissau .. .. 0.13 0.11 4 5 Kenya 5.6 6.4 0.19 0.32 200 400 Lesotho .. .. 0.08 0.42 5 21 Liberia .. .. 0.00 0.00 1 .. Madagascar 2.6 4.4 0.12 0.36 35 55 Malawi 1.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 20 27 Mali 1.3 1.4 0.01 0.05 20 25 Mauritania 10.3 10.8 0.00 0.20 7 10 Mauritius 108.3 116.5 4.55 27.68 158 120 Mozambique 4.0 4.5 0.09 0.10 30 .. Namibia 54.7 70.9 11.61 19.57 45 50 Niger 0.5 0.6 0.03 0.12 12 15 Nigeria 6.8 7.1 0.00 0.01 115 420 Rwanda .. .. 0.00 0.47 20 25 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 17.32 45.00 9 11 Senegal 18.4 19.8 0.28 0.51 100 105 Seychelles 146.5 160.8 0.12 0.49 9 12 Sierra Leone .. .. 0.14 0.16 7 8 Somalia .. .. 0.00 0.00 1 89 South Africa 69.6 72.6 33.36 43.12 2,890 3,100 Sudan 3.6 6.1 0.00 0.00 56 84 Swaziland 15.7 24.2 6.28 7.07 14 20 Tanzania 3.6 4.2 0.05 0.16 60 80 Togo 25.3 30.8 0.18 0.35 150 200 Uganda 2.9 3.3 0.06 0.07 60 100 Zambia 7.1 7.5 0.48 0.86 25 52 Zimbabwe 17.4 51.6 1.14 2.50 100 500 NORTH AFRICA 14.0 17.4 0.19 0.47 1,620 3,731 Algeria 7.1 7.7 0.01 0.01 200 500 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.5 16.6 0.28 0.85 600 1,900 Libya .. 23.4 0.00 0.02 20 125 Morocco 13.7 23.6 0.28 0.33 400 700 Tunisia 26.4 30.7 0.06 0.10 400 506 ALL AFRICA 10.9 12.9 1.99 2.71 6,162 9,954 Power, Communications, and Transportation 251 9-5. Vehicle ownership Units per 1000 people Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 21 23 23 24 22 23 23 .. .. .. .. .. 23 excluding South Africa .. 9 14 14 15 14 15 15 .. .. .. .. .. 15 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 .. .. .. .. .. 12 Angola .. 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 .. .. .. .. .. 20 Benin .. 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 .. .. .. .. .. 7 Botswana 27 18 23 28 32 35 62 48 51 59 68 27 .. 58 Burkina Faso .. 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Burundi .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 8 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 .. .. .. 8 .. 12 Cape Verde .. 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 .. .. .. .. .. 10 Central African Republic 8 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 .. .. 8 .. 0 Chad .. 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Comoros .. 13 15 17 18 23 24 28 .. .. .. .. .. 26 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 22 25 28 28 29 30 31 .. .. .. .. .. 30 Congo, Rep. of .. 18 19 19 20 19 20 20 .. .. .. .. .. 20 Côte d'Ivoire 24 24 24 25 27 29 30 32 .. .. .. 24 .. 31 Djibouti .. 15 16 16 16 17 18 19 .. .. .. .. .. 18 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Eritrea .. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2 Ethiopia 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. 2 1 1 Gabon .. 32 33 35 36 35 37 37 .. .. .. .. .. 37 Gambia, The .. 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 .. .. .. .. .. 15 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. 8 8 8 .. .. .. .. .. 8 Guinea .. 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Guinea-Bissau .. 7 7 7 8 10 10 12 .. .. .. .. .. 11 Kenya 8 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 .. .. .. 8 12 13 Lesotho 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 20 .. .. .. 10 .. 19 Liberia 1 14 14 14 14 15 14 15 .. .. .. 1 .. 14 Madagascar .. 6 5 5 5 7 7 8 .. .. .. .. .. 8 Malawi 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 .. .. .. 5 .. 6 Mali .. 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Mauritania .. 10 10 10 10 12 12 13 .. .. .. .. .. 12 Mauritius 44 59 63 68 71 75 79 83 88 93 98 44 54 88 Mozambique .. 4 5 5 5 3 2 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Namibia .. 71 83 73 78 81 81 84 .. .. .. .. .. 83 Niger 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 .. .. .. 6 5 6 Nigeria 4 .. 30 29 29 22 25 24 .. .. .. 4 .. 24 Rwanda 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 .. .. .. 2 1 5 São Tomé and Principe .. 36 37 37 38 40 40 41 .. .. .. .. .. 41 Senegal 19 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 .. .. .. 19 .. 14 Seychelles .. 104 104 105 107 116 114 119 118 .. .. .. .. 117 Sierra Leone .. 10 10 11 10 11 9 6 .. .. .. .. 10 7 Somalia .. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 South Africa 133 139 140 139 136 141 139 142 .. .. 143 133 160 142 Sudan .. 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 .. .. .. .. .. 11 Swaziland 52 66 71 68 65 62 66 68 67 70 .. 52 63 68 Tanzania 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 .. .. .. 3 .. 5 Togo .. 24 25 26 26 26 28 28 .. .. .. .. 1 28 Uganda 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 .. 5 Zambia .. 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 .. .. .. .. .. 25 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. 32 32 31 30 .. .. .. .. .. 31 NORTH AFRICA .. 33 34 34 35 46 49 49 .. .. .. .. 38 49 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. 55 54 53 .. .. .. .. 54 53 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 29 29 29 28 29 29 30 .. .. .. .. 26 30 Libya .. .. .. .. .. 165 240 241 .. .. .. .. .. 240 Morocco .. 37 38 41 43 47 48 48 49 51 52 .. .. 50 Tunisia 38 48 49 51 52 59 59 64 .. .. .. 38 62 62 ALL AFRICA .. 23 25 25 25 27 28 28 .. .. .. .. .. 28 252 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-6. Road-to-population ratio Road 1000 km/1 million people Annual average 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.3 3.0 .. 2.5 .. .. 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.4 .. 3.3 2.6 2.6 excluding South Africa 3.1 2.8 .. 2.2 .. .. 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 .. 3.1 2.5 2.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3.5 3.2 .. 2.5 .. .. 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 .. 3.5 2.8 2.6 Angola 10.3 8.7 .. 7.8 .. 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.3 11.0 7.5 6.5 Benin 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 .. 2.1 1.4 1.2 Botswana 9.1 7.6 .. 7.0 .. .. 13.1 12.6 12.2 12.0 .. 11.7 10.5 12.1 Burkina Faso 1.1 1.1 .. .. .. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 .. 1.7 1.2 1.2 Burundi 1.2 0.6 .. 1.2 .. 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 1.8 1.8 2.3 Cameroon 7.1 6.4 .. 6.0 .. .. 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. .. 6.5 4.6 2.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 .. .. 3.0 2.8 Central African Republic 9.8 7.6 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.0 .. 9.7 7.7 7.0 Chad 6.0 5.3 .. 4.6 .. .. 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 .. 6.6 4.9 4.8 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 .. 2.3 1.8 1.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5.2 4.5 .. .. 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 .. 5.3 3.8 3.5 Congo, Rep. of 4.7 4.1 .. .. 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 .. 5.1 4.6 4.3 Côte d'Ivoire 5.0 4.8 .. 4.2 .. .. 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 .. 5.6 4.1 3.6 Djibouti .. 8.2 6.5 5.9 5.7 .. 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 .. 8.2 6.4 4.9 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 .. 5.2 7.1 7.0 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. .. 1.1 1.1 Ethiopia 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 .. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 .. 0.9 0.6 0.5 Gabon 10.2 9.4 .. .. 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.7 .. 10.9 7.7 6.8 Gambia, The 3.4 4.1 .. 2.6 .. .. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 3.0 2.9 2.4 Ghana 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 .. .. 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 .. 2.8 2.4 2.1 Guinea 5.4 5.8 .. .. .. 2.6 0.0 4.7 4.6 4.5 .. 4.2 3.3 4.6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 .. 4.7 3.8 3.6 Kenya 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 3.2 2.7 2.4 Lesotho 3.1 2.8 .. .. .. 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 .. 2.8 3.2 3.0 Liberia 2.9 2.4 .. 2.4 .. .. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 .. 3.9 3.3 3.8 Madagascar 5.7 4.9 1.3 .. 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 .. 4.8 3.7 3.7 Malawi 1.7 1.6 1.4 3.2 .. .. 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 Mali 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 .. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 .. 2.1 1.7 1.5 Mauritania 4.5 4.0 .. 3.6 .. .. 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 .. 4.5 3.6 3.3 Mauritius 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 .. 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.7 Mozambique 2.9 2.6 1.9 2.5 .. .. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 .. 3.3 2.0 1.9 Namibia .. .. .. 27.5 .. .. 39.9 39.4 38.4 37.5 36.5 .. 35.6 37.5 Niger 2.8 2.8 .. 1.5 .. .. 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. 2.4 2.1 1.1 Nigeria 1.5 1.3 .. 1.2 .. .. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 .. 1.5 1.4 1.7 Rwanda 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 .. .. 1.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. 1.7 2.0 2.6 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 .. .. 2.4 2.4 Senegal 2.5 2.2 .. 2.0 .. .. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 .. 2.4 2.0 1.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 .. .. 3.5 3.6 Sierra Leone 2.4 2.3 .. .. .. 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.4 Somalia 2.6 3.2 .. 3.0 .. .. 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 .. 3.3 3.0 3.0 South Africa 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.1 .. .. .. 8.5 .. .. 7.1 5.4 8.5 Sudan 0.5 0.4 .. 0.4 .. .. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. 0.7 0.4 0.4 Swaziland 5.8 5.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.1 4.1 .. 5.1 3.8 4.1 Tanzania 2.5 3.8 .. .. 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 .. 2.5 2.8 2.9 Togo 2.8 2.4 .. 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 .. 2.8 2.2 1.9 Uganda 2.1 1.9 .. 1.7 .. 1.6 .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 1.7 .. Zambia 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.4 4.9 7.4 Zimbabwe 11.8 9.0 .. .. .. 8.4 8.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 .. 11.8 6.9 1.6 NORTH AFRICA 2.1 2.0 1.6 .. 1.9 1.6 2.5 .. .. .. .. 2.1 1.8 .. Algeria 3.9 3.6 .. .. 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 .. 4.1 3.6 3.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.2 17.2 17.2 5.1 .. .. 17.2 11.1 Morocco 3.0 2.7 2.5 .. 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.3 2.2 Tunisia 3.7 3.6 3.7 .. .. .. 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 .. 3.4 3.3 2.5 ALL AFRICA 3.1 2.9 .. 2.3 .. .. 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.5 .. 3.1 2.6 2.7 Power, Communications, and Transportation 253 9-7. Paved primary roads Percentage in Percentage of roads good condition 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1989 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17.0 17.0 18.0 16.2 16.0 16.6 15.0 13.5 16.2 39 excluding South Africa 17.0 17.0 18.0 16.0 15.7 16.5 14.0 13.3 12.1 39 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 16.5 16.4 17.1 15.8 15.3 16.3 13.8 13.0 12.1 41 Angola 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 .. .. Benin 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 .. 13 Botswana 19.9 21.1 22.2 48.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 55.0 .. 94 Burkina Faso 17.6 18.2 18.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 .. 70 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 7.1 .. 75 Cameroon 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .. 25 Cape Verde 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 .. 14 Central African Republic .. .. 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.7 .. .. 30 Chad 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 .. .. Comoros 72.1 73.5 75.0 76.5 .. .. 76.5 76.5 .. 43 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Congo, Rep. of 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 .. 50 Côte d'Ivoire 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 .. 75 Djibouti 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 .. 51 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Eritrea 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 .. .. Ethiopia 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.5 15.3 .. 14.0 13.3 12.0 47 Gabon 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 9.9 .. 9.9 9.9 9.9 30 Gambia, The 33.3 34.0 34.6 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 .. 22 Ghana 23.5 23.9 24.4 24.9 24.1 .. .. 29.6 .. 28 Guinea 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 .. 50 Guinea-Bissau 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 .. 39 Kenya 13.8 14.3 13.6 13.8 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 32 Lesotho 16.0 15.0 15.0 17.9 17.9 16.8 17.3 18.3 .. 53 Liberia 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 .. 85 Madagascar 15.4 11.5 18.7 11.5 11.6 .. .. 11.6 .. 56 Malawi 17.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 .. 18.5 .. 56 Mali 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 .. 70 Mauritania 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 .. 58 Mauritius 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 95.0 95.0 96.0 96.0 97.0 95 Mozambique 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 .. 19 Namibia 10.9 7.3 7.9 7.9 11.4 13.2 13.5 13.6 .. .. Niger .. .. 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 .. 67 Nigeria 30.0 30.0 21.3 18.8 18.8 30.9 30.9 30.9 .. 34 Rwanda 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.1 .. .. 8.3 .. 41 São Tomé and Principe 64.1 65.4 66.7 68.0 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 .. .. Senegal 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.5 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 28 Seychelles 59.1 60.3 61.5 62.8 80.3 84.5 .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 11.0 11.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 .. 62 Somalia 11.5 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 .. 52 South Africa .. .. .. 41.5 19.7 19.7 19.7 20.3 20.3 .. Sudan 33.7 34.5 35.4 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 .. 27 Swaziland 58.6 59.8 28.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 Tanzania 37.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 .. 39 Togo 31.0 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 .. 75 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 .. 10 Zambia 17.3 17.6 18.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 Zimbabwe 16.0 17.0 54.9 48.0 47.4 47.4 47.4 47.4 .. 70 NORTH AFRICA 66.0 66.7 68.0 68.9 73.5 73.5 66.3 63.8 60.6 .. Algeria 66.0 66.7 68.0 68.9 68.9 68.9 68.9 68.9 .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 73.0 72.0 75.0 78.0 78.1 78.1 78.1 78.1 .. .. Libya 53.8 54.9 56.0 57.1 .. .. .. 57.2 .. .. Morocco 49.5 49.6 50.2 50.2 50.2 52.3 52.3 56.3 56.4 .. Tunisia 74.6 76.0 77.4 78.8 78.9 78.9 63.7 63.8 64.8 .. ALL AFRICA 17.6 17.9 18.5 18.6 17.9 18.9 16.9 16.5 24.8 39 254 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio Ton-km per million of $PPP GDP Annual average 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 58,578 37,115 39,867 34,509 44,068 44,481 31,391 42,797 .. 27,499 .. 62,253 42,342 36,542 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 58,007 .. .. .. 4,555 .. .. .. 11,696 11,087 .. 53,668 32,326 11,391 Congo, Rep. of .. 296,135 179,667 134,689 119,302 .. .. .. .. .. .. 384,767 275,945 .. Côte d'Ivoire 59,026 15,407 14,624 8,985 9,330 15,102 .. 22,200 .. .. .. 50,304 21,536 18,651 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 2,084 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,140 3,736 .. Gabon 9,357 .. 55,788 63,218 60,605 77,236 .. 69,175 .. 232,714 .. 19,905 51,726 126,375 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 10,688 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,437 6,647 .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 228,599 77,679 61,485 51,628 50,979 .. .. 46,661 .. 38,184 .. 194,251 86,917 42,422 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 108,535 18,755 14,461 11,958 12,000 12,658 11,604 9,342 12,657 13,104 14,226 83,708 21,869 12,265 Mali 42,443 55,264 50,002 .. .. .. .. 36,727 .. 30,270 .. 45,133 56,937 33,499 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 198,455 175,589 143,372 130,936 125,908 .. .. .. .. .. .. 185,067 125,908 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 19,776 .. 624 .. .. .. .. 5,108 .. 535 .. 28,554 6,491 2,821 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 71,312 56,054 52,463 43,094 40,223 .. .. 38,879 .. 33,909 .. 64,133 60,403 36,394 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 559,834 321,801 303,062 301,898 294,706 282,739 .. .. .. .. .. 480,692 337,064 282,739 Sudan 164,304 25,012 .. .. .. 42,322 .. 39,371 .. 35,022 .. 103,972 39,539 38,905 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 83,057 77,370 101,516 86,523 99,952 85,595 75,831 63,373 74,763 .. .. 82,982 79,903 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. 10,407 8,257 8,634 12,278 12,164 .. 4,692 4,854 7,837 .. 11,415 9,258 7,387 Zambia 358,572 163,175 152,984 151,817 99,966 67,482 76,551 66,328 66,946 76,543 .. 328,423 191,871 70,770 Zimbabwe 678,501 216,350 237,952 224,907 159,252 168,771 161,390 150,952 .. .. .. 535,919 275,939 160,371 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 41,816 23,407 20,756 19,171 18,748 .. .. .. .. 13,277 .. 38,741 25,198 13,277 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40,900 24,845 21,276 24,659 26,836 .. 22,731 21,715 21,195 16,787 .. 37,472 26,080 20,607 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 121,509 58,740 66,923 58,167 55,187 57,128 .. 54,247 51,289 49,884 .. 115,525 73,422 53,137 Tunisia 113,751 55,235 54,069 51,171 54,070 53,765 .. 47,862 46,606 43,327 .. 98,578 66,966 47,890 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 255 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio Million rail ton-km/locomotive Annual average 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 20.5 18.5 16.8 .. 19.1 .. .. .. 14.9 17.2 .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.9 .. .. 19.9 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.0 24.9 .. .. 21.4 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 10.9 6.5 9.0 10.1 8.9 9.6 8.6 12.4 13.3 10.0 14.2 9.8 9.2 12.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 11.7 10.9 .. 11.2 .. .. .. 1.0 .. .. 1.7 12.0 9.7 1.7 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. 14.8 9.4 .. 5.8 .. .. 3.0 11.3 9.7 3.0 Côte d'Ivoire 12.8 .. .. 8.0 6.7 6.8 4.5 4.5 5.7 .. 17.4 12.3 8.4 11.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. 6.1 .. 2.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.2 .. Gabon 2.1 7.4 6.1 .. .. 4.8 5.2 5.3 7.6 .. 30.8 4.2 6.0 19.2 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 6.9 .. 9.2 8.8 9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 8.7 .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 .. .. 3.5 1.5 1.1 Mali .. 6.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 .. .. .. .. 11.2 6.6 8.6 11.2 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 .. .. 5.9 Namibia .. .. .. 27.7 21.4 22.3 19.9 20.3 21.6 .. .. .. 22.3 21.6 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 3.8 .. .. .. .. 0.3 .. 0.0 .. .. .. 5.0 1.6 .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 13.3 18.4 16.7 20.9 18.0 16.4 14.6 16.1 .. .. .. 14.3 17.6 .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.8 15.4 .. .. 13.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 19.9 23.2 25.4 23.6 22.6 25.8 26.4 26.9 .. .. 18.2 22.6 26.9 Sudan 8.0 .. .. .. 4.5 .. .. .. 11.1 14.2 12.3 7.0 4.7 12.5 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. 8.4 .. 11.7 11.4 13.9 12.2 14.9 .. 17.4 7.7 10.9 16.1 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.3 3.5 4.1 .. 8.3 .. 2.1 6.2 Zambia 16.1 23.0 22.7 7.5 15.4 14.6 15.1 9.9 6.8 .. 7.2 17.2 16.8 7.0 Zimbabwe 21.7 19.3 .. 13.6 14.0 16.0 17.5 27.9 27.5 .. .. 20.7 18.8 27.5 NORTH AFRICA 9.9 .. .. 10.2 10.6 9.7 10.3 10.4 .. .. 10.3 9.9 10.3 10.3 Algeria 9.8 15.6 13.3 12.2 12.5 10.7 11.1 10.8 .. .. 7.7 10.9 12.5 7.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.9 .. .. 3.7 6.1 3.6 4.9 4.9 .. .. 5.1 3.7 4.4 5.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 19.5 24.2 18.7 20.4 17.3 19.6 17.4 19.2 19.8 .. 22.3 19.1 19.5 21.0 Tunisia 13.9 10.8 10.5 9.3 9.3 10.3 14.0 12.7 13.4 .. 13.5 12.7 10.7 13.4 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 16.0 15.2 13.9 16.4 15.5 .. .. .. 12.9 14.8 .. 256 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-10. Air transport Aircraft departures Passengers carried Air freight (thousands) (thousands) (million tons per km) 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 355 342 17,909 17,069 .. .. excluding South Africa 244 220 9,908 9,120 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 231 211 9,401 8,591 .. .. Angola 4 4 235 193 61 51 Benin 2 1 77 46 12 7 Botswana 7 7 164 168 0 0 Burkina Faso 3 2 144 100 12 7 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 6 5 312 247 51 42 Cape Verde 13 9 264 243 1 0 Central African Republic 2 1 77 46 12 7 Chad 2 1 77 46 12 7 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 6 5 128 95 12 7 Côte d'Ivoire 2 1 108 46 12 7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 27 28 945 1,028 78 79 Gabon 7 8 447 374 58 49 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 5 6 314 301 40 33 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 29 25 1,555 1,418 77 93 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 22 21 667 624 33 34 Malawi 5 5 116 113 1 1 Mali 2 1 77 46 12 7 Mauritania 4 2 185 156 13 7 Mauritius 12 13 949 997 183 175 Mozambique 7 7 260 264 7 7 Namibia 5 6 247 212 76 73 Niger 2 1 77 46 12 7 Nigeria 13 8 507 529 9 3 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 1 1 35 35 0 0 Senegal 1 0 20 6 .. .. Seychelles 19 20 394 420 20 22 Sierra Leone 0 0 19 14 9 6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 110 122 8,001 7,948 688 747 Sudan 8 8 414 415 37 33 Swaziland 3 2 90 90 0 0 Tanzania 6 5 193 171 3 3 Togo 2 1 77 46 12 7 Uganda 0 0 39 41 21 21 Zambia 6 5 90 49 1 .. Zimbabwe 14 13 606 495 159 158 NORTH AFRICA 158 155 13,699 13,818 .. .. Algeria 40 44 2,998 3,240 13 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 47 41 4,522 4,389 278 239 Libya 6 6 601 583 0 0 Morocco 45 44 3,671 3,681 63 63 Tunisia 20 19 1,908 1,926 21 20 ALL AFRICA 513 497 31,608 30,887 .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 257 Technical notes Tables where main line is normally identified by a unique number. Mainlines are presented for every 1,000 Table 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita. people (Table 1.2). Waiting list shows the number of This table refers to per capita electricity consumption, applications (in thousands) for a connection to a main which means the production of power plants and com- line that have been held up by a lack of technical ca- bined heat and power plants, less distribution losses, pacity (ITU). Cost of local call is the cost of a and own use by heat and power plants (IEA and UN three-minute call within the same exchange area us- Energy Statistics Yearbook). ing the subscriber's equipment (that is, not from a public phone) (ITU). Mobile phones refer to users of Table 9-2. Energy production and use, 1980 and portable telephones who subscribe to an automatic 2000.This table presents three indicators. Energy pro- public mobile telephone service using cellular tech- duction refers to commercial forms of primary en- nology that provides access to the public ergy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and switched-telephone network, per 1,000 people (Table oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid 1.2)(ITU). Radios are the estimated number of radio fuels, and primary electricity--all converted into oil receivers in use for broadcast to the general public, equivalent (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook). per 1,000 people (Table 1.2) (UNESCO Statistical Commercial energy use is indigenous production plus Yearbook). Television sets are the estimated number imports and stock changes, minus exports and inter- of television sets in use, per 1,000 people (Table 1.2) national marine bunkers (IEA and UN Energy Statis- (ITU). tics Yearbook). Electric power transmission and dis- tribution losses include losses in transmission between Table 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use. sources of supply and points of distribution and in Personal computers are self-contained computers the distribution to consumers, including pilferage. designed to be be used by a single individual. Internet Production less transmission and distribution losses, hosts are computers with active Internet Protocol (IP) own use, and transformation losses is equal to end-use addresses connected to the Internet. All hosts with- electricity consumption (IEA and UN Energy Statis- out a country code identification are assumed to be tics Yearbook). located in the United States. Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. The data on Table 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television avail- personal computers and Internet users are from the ability, 1995­2002. This table presents data for six ITU. They are reported in the ITU's World Telecom- communication indicators.Telephone main lines (ITU) munication Development Report (2003), and the refer to telephone lines connecting a customer's equip- World Telecommunication Indicators Database ment to the public-switched telephone network, (2003b). The data on Internet hosts are from the Internet Software Consortium (www.isc.org). 258 Power, Communications, and Transportation Table 9-5.Vehicle ownership.Vehicles (International Table 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio. This is Road Federation) include all forms of road transpor- the volume of rail-transported goods (measured in tation, except buses. They are expressed as the num- millions of metric tons per kilometers traveled) per ber of vehicles per 1,000 people (Table 1.2). single locomotive (World Bank data). Table 9-6. Road-to-population ratio. This table pre- Table 9-10. Air transport. Aircraft departures are sents the ratio of 1,000 kilometers of paved or un- the number of domestic and international takeoffs of paved road (International Road Federation) per 1 mil- air carriers registered in the country. Passengers car- lion people (Table 1.2). ried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country. Table 9-7. Paved primary roads. This table presents Air freight is the sum of the metric tons of freight, paved primary roads, that is, those that have been express, and diplomatic bags carried on each flight sealed with asphalt or similar road-bonding material stage (the operation of an aircraft from takeoff to its (International Road Federation) as a ratio to total roads next landing) multiplied by the stage distance for air and then shows the percentage that is in good condi- carriers registered in the country. The air transport tion (World Bank data). data are from the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO's) Civil Aviation Statistics of Table 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio. the World and ICAO staff estimates. This measures the tonnage of goods per million dol- lars of GDP measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms (World Bank data). Power, Communications and Transportation 259 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 9 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (1) 9-1 x x 9-2 Columns 1-4 x Columns 5-6 x 9-3 Columns 1-2, 4-6 x Column 3 x 9-4 Columns 1-2 x Column 3 x 9-5 x x x 9-6 x x x 9-7 Columns 1-8 x Column 9 x 9-8 x x 9-9 x x x 9-10 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 10 Privatization of Public Enterprises I n the past, the dominance of the public enterprise sec- enterprises." These include, for example, business cen- tor in most African economies warranted the collec- ters, media, and some training institutes. So, the public tionandpublicationofthesector'sperformance.With enterprise sector, as defined several years ago, has its diminishing size and importance due to privatization, changed. Nevertheless, the well over 3,500 privatization it is no longer informative to produce such data. Instead, transactions that were reported across Africa up to the as privatization programs advance to maturity, it will end of 2002 have brought about fundamental changes: become important to track the performance of private · The fiscal burden of public enterprises has been sector businesses. In the meantime, measurement of the reduced or eliminated. level of privatization activity is a useful gauge of the · Privatization receipts have contributed to a reduc- decreasing role of governments in commercial business; tion in fiscal deficits. conversely, it indicates how much of state-owned · Privatization has attracted foreign direct investment commercial activity has been transferred to the pri- both to acquire enterprises and for post-privatization vate sector. To the extent that data are available, it is investment in those businesses. also possible to measure how privatization has, over · The process has stimulated private sector de- time, contributed to government revenues and mobilized velopment by making investment opportunities savings and investment. However, this measurement is available, spurring capital market development, by no means precise or easy to obtain, partly because and contributing to a more competitive business of incomplete and inconsistent data but also because environment. of redefinitions of the public enterprise sector. For ex- · Because it is a politically sensitive subject, the pro- ample, some enterprises, notably those formerly in a cess has highlighted the need for transparency and monopolistic position, are being split in order to separate public accountability. their commercial, social, developmental, and regulatory activities. In some cases, separate operating divisions or The tables presented in this chapter summarize data geographically distinct assets are sold separately.And in contained in theWorld Bank'sAfrica Privatization Da- yet other cases, commercial and semi-commercial ac- tabase, which is accessible through the Internet: tivitiesarebeingseparatedoutfromgovernmentministries and other agencies to become redefined as "commercial www4.worldbank.org/afr/database/ afrpriv/p1query.cfm 260 Privatization of Public Enterprises 261 10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises Total Total Transactions completed Transactions by sector number of sales Agriculture trans- value Before production & Manu- actions (US$m) 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 process Financial facturing Services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,486 6,686 2,777 141 76 72 7 7 826 180 1,603 877 excluding South Africa 3,475 4,477 2,771 140 76 70 7 7 826 180 1,598 871 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 3,394 4,270 2,690 141 76 72 7 7 826 180 1,575 860 Angola 57 .. 56 .. .. 1 .. .. 20 1 35 1 Benin 57 63 43 .. 3 1 .. .. 8 1 27 21 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 31 9 15 .. 5 1 .. .. 7 3 9 12 Burundi 46 12 44 .. .. .. .. .. 24 4 8 10 Cameroon 58 72 44 3 .. .. .. .. 26 4 9 19 Cape Verde 70 172 43 3 5 9 2 2 8 4 27 31 Central African Republic 52 .. 34 1 1 .. .. .. 13 8 13 18 Chad 44 6 30 .. 2 2 .. .. 12 7 9 16 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 21 .. 21 .. .. .. .. .. 3 1 7 10 Congo, Rep. of 105 50 61 .. .. 3 .. .. 28 9 32 36 Côte d'Ivoire 134 810 83 11 6 3 .. .. 46 5 41 42 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 164 .. 125 18 10 11 .. .. 23 .. 118 23 Gabon 29 .. 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 1 8 12 Gambia, The 39 10 30 1 .. 1 .. .. 8 6 14 11 Ghana 233 667 216 4 8 4 .. .. 44 8 146 35 Guinea 122 9 115 .. .. .. .. .. 11 7 91 13 Guinea-Bissau 58 1 30 1 .. .. 1 1 14 1 21 22 Kenya 188 248 184 4 .. .. .. .. 72 12 66 38 Lesotho 24 128 9 4 5 1 2 2 3 4 8 9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 138 43 83 .. 1 1 .. .. 51 4 49 34 Malawi 91 57 44 1 .. 1 .. .. 34 13 25 19 Mali 87 32 59 1 1 8 .. .. 13 5 36 33 Mauritania 56 10 35 .. 2 6 .. .. 21 6 14 15 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 579 217 579 .. .. .. .. .. 75 2 389 113 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 41 3 34 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 29 7 Nigeria 81 207 81 .. .. .. .. .. 23 24 23 11 Rwanda 21 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 9 1 6 5 São Tomé and Principe 9 .. 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 2 Senegal 71 326 51 4 1 1 .. .. 7 11 18 35 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 9 .. 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 11 2,209 6 1 .. 2 .. .. .. .. 5 6 Sudan 32 .. 32 .. .. .. .. .. 11 1 9 11 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 283 246 194 64 23 1 .. .. 98 3 149 33 Togo 78 39 53 3 1 3 .. .. 11 9 26 32 Uganda 108 198 82 .. .. 10 .. .. 20 5 44 39 Zambia 253 686 236 16 1 .. .. .. 69 6 81 97 Zimbabwe 6 156 6 .. .. .. .. .. 4 1 1 .. NORTH AFRICA 186 595 27 30 40 1 .. .. 13 .. 58 53 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 59 307 10 8 31 .. .. .. 5 .. 34 8 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 64 259 17 16 6 1 .. .. 4 .. 10 28 Tunisia 63 29 .. 6 3 .. .. .. 4 .. 14 17 ALL AFRICA 3,672 7,280 2,804 171 116 73 .. .. 839 .. 1,661 930 262 Privatization of Public Enterprises 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 2002) Sales of shares Sale of assets Other methods Com- Pre- Compet- Debt/ Mgmt./ Mgmt. petitive Direct emption Public Liqui- itive Direct Equity Joint employee con- Restit- sale Sale rights flotation dation sale sale swaps Leases ventures buyouts tracts Trustees ution Other SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 931 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 excluding South Africa 925 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 920 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 Angola .. .. .. .. .. 56 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 1 2 .. .. 22 12 3 .. 2 .. .. 2 .. 1 4 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 8 3 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. 4 Burundi 12 3 .. .. 13 7 .. .. .. .. 1 10 .. .. .. Cameroon 20 .. .. .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Cape Verde 20 2 5 .. 11 1 1 .. .. 7 6 1 1 .. 6 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. 26 .. .. .. 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 7 Chad 13 2 .. .. 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. 4 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1 .. .. .. 15 .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 1 .. .. .. 53 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 8 Côte d'Ivoire 15 2 23 22 2 23 8 .. 3 1 .. .. .. .. 4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. 118 .. .. .. .. 45 .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 6 Gambia, The 13 7 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 5 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 Ghana 8 11 19 13 56 76 12 2 5 13 .. 1 .. 12 5 Guinea 41 1 .. .. 67 1 .. .. 3 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 Guinea-Bissau 8 2 .. .. 9 2 .. .. 2 1 .. 7 .. .. .. Kenya 13 .. 96 16 36 17 4 1 .. .. 1 1 .. .. 3 Lesotho 6 2 .. .. 7 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 6 14 .. .. 29 16 6 .. 1 1 .. 3 .. 7 3 Malawi 22 5 .. 2 .. 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 1 Mali 14 1 .. .. 31 10 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 3 .. 13 Mauritania 25 .. .. .. 17 3 .. .. .. .. .. 1 3 .. 7 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 509 .. .. .. .. 22 .. .. 37 10 .. 1 .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 13 .. .. .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 3 Nigeria 5 5 .. 37 2 29 .. .. .. .. 1 .. 2 .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 São Tomé and Principe .. 1 .. .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. Senegal 25 1 1 1 23 1 .. 1 3 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6 .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan 7 .. .. .. .. 15 .. 5 1 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 61 4 13 1 84 70 3 1 25 3 6 3 2 2 5 Togo 8 7 .. .. 20 13 1 .. 6 .. .. 3 .. .. 2 Uganda 13 .. 5 1 21 23 .. 1 1 3 2 .. 5 10 12 Zambia 35 6 14 4 22 103 1 .. 33 1 17 .. .. 16 1 Zimbabwe 2 1 .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 931 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 Privatization of Public Enterprises 263 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes* Transfer of Government Government Sales Total majority owner- retention of retention of of minority Total asset Total ship to private majority minority government share sales and Other trans- shareholders ownership interest interest transactions liquidation transactions actions SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,300 211 381 387 1,289 1,301 510 3,486 excluding South Africa 2,297 209 381 387 1,283 1,300 510 3,475 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 2,242 208 381 387 1,236 1,269 510 3,394 Angola 57 .. 1 .. .. 56 .. 57 Benin 42 3 2 1 3 37 9 57 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 11 .. 11 2 11 2 6 31 Burundi 33 .. 1 11 15 20 11 46 Cameroon 45 1 1 .. 20 17 9 58 Cape Verde 33 2 20 14 27 13 21 70 Central African Republic 28 2 2 1 .. 26 10 52 Chad 18 5 6 4 15 11 10 44 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 16 5 .. .. 1 15 5 21 Congo, Rep. of 60 1 1 .. 1 53 10 105 Côte d'Ivoire 51 9 29 29 62 33 8 134 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 10 .. .. 154 .. 118 45 164 Gabon 1 1 .. .. .. 3 7 29 Gambia, The 16 5 .. 6 20 4 7 39 Ghana 183 12 27 24 51 144 38 233 Guinea 107 9 18 .. 42 68 6 122 Guinea-Bissau 22 8 1 .. 10 11 10 58 Kenya 77 3 53 61 125 57 6 188 Lesotho 13 3 2 1 8 8 5 24 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 81 4 17 .. 20 51 15 138 Malawi 39 .. 7 5 29 13 4 91 Mali 55 1 9 3 15 41 18 87 Mauritania 29 3 7 18 25 20 11 56 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 536 42 75 .. 509 22 48 579 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 29 2 3 2 13 17 5 41 Nigeria 55 1 8 23 47 31 3 81 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 21 São Tomé and Principe 8 1 .. .. 1 6 2 9 Senegal 39 8 11 5 28 24 8 71 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 9 .. .. .. 1 .. 9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3 2 .. .. 6 1 .. 11 Sudan 31 1 3 .. 7 15 10 32 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 235 29 35 3 79 157 47 283 Togo 39 8 1 9 15 34 11 78 Uganda 78 1 5 7 19 44 34 108 Zambia 215 30 21 4 59 126 68 253 Zimbabwe 5 .. 4 .. 6 .. .. 6 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * Data reflected to end-2002. 264 Privatization of Public Enterprises Technical notes Tables so that new investors may acquire assets or shares on deferred terms. Also, it should be noted that (a) in Table 10-1. Summary of privatization of public the cases of some subsidiary companies, the cash enterprises. For purposes of monitoring and report- proceeds are not paid to government but instead go ing on privatization activity, all reported transactions to the parent company; and (b) for official liquida- involving a sale of assets or shares (however small) tions, the proceeds are paid to the liquidator who first or the formal yielding of management control (as applies them toward settling enterprise debts. through a management contract) are included in the During the revision of the Africa Privatization Da- World Bank's Africa Privatization Database. Hence, tabase, the data in the category "Other" from previ- in the table, privatization is used generically to in- ous ADI versions were reallocated across the Finan- clude (a) the sale or disposal of some or all of the cial, Manufacturing, and Services sectors. Simulta- assets of public enterprises, (b) the sale of neously, data in "Trade" were incorporated into "In- government-owned shares in enterprises, (c) the re- dustry." The improvement resulted in a lower total duction in equity percentage held by a government number of transactions, but the data quality is im- through share dilutions or through transfer of enter- proved. prise assets to a new joint venture, (d) liquidations, (e) leases, and (f) management contracts. Sometimes, Table 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end the process of privatizing an enterprise involves sev- 2002). The table shows the various privatization meth- eral consecutive transactions (for example, a sale of ods employed in each country. The methods employed a block of shares to a core investor and a subsequent could not be confirmed for all transactions. Direct initial public offering). The table summarizes the data sales refers to a transaction which was negotiated contained in the Africa Privatization Database, which directly with one party and which was not the out- originate from national privatization agencies and other come of a competitive bidding process. However, in sources. The data are frequently updated, and changes some cases a direct sale was concluded (on a to previous entries occur as more information be- non-competitive basis) as a result of a failure of an comes available. There are a few instances where earlier competitive bidding process. Preemptive right previously reported privatizations are removed from refers to transactions whereby a government has sold the database because a transaction has been nullified shares to an existing private shareholder (or share- on account of non-fulfillment of contractual condi- holders) who exercised preemptive rights to acquire tions on the part of one of the parties. For financial those shares in accordance with specific provisions data, the term sale value is preferred since the use of of the company's charter (Articles of Association). the term proceeds might imply the value of amounts In some cases, the charter specified the amount to be actually paid. In practice, some deals are structured paid per share or the formula for calculating that Privatization of Public Enterprises 265 amount; in other cases it has been the subject of ne- Ownership changes are important in indicating the gotiation. Joint ventures refer to the type of transac- effect that privatization transactions may or may not tion whereby a government concluded a deal (usually have on the enterprises and in indicating the extent of with a foreign investor) involving the formation of a a government's willingness and/or ability to exit from new company in which the government's equity con- equity participation in commercial activity. Although tribution was in the form of the major assets or all a government's influence is not necessarily restricted assets of a public enterprise. The remaining shell com- by its equity participation, it is generally assumed that pany would then be maintained only as a book com- once a government owns less than 50 percent of the pany or would be liquidated; if it were liquidated it voting shares of a company, that company is "pri- would not be included as a liquidation since this would vate" and the private shareholders (except in the in- be double counting. Transactions labled Trustees re- stance of exercise of golden share rights) have man- fer to privatizations achieved by transference of shares agement control of the company. Ownership control of a public enterprise to a trustee for onward sale--at is usually unaffected when government continues to a later date or over a period--to the public or to se- be a majority shareholder or sells a minority interest. lected segments of the public. Restitutions are those Concessions, leases, and management contracts are transactions whereby a company has been handed assumed not to have affected ownership rights but to back to a previous owner from whom the company have transferred management control to the private had been expropriated. Other sales includes sundry sector for a defined period. The table shows the num- methods, such as enterprises donated by governments ber of reported transactions where governments have to local communities, but principally comprises trans- (a) fully sold wholly- or majority-owned enterprises, actions where the method of privatization was not (b) sold shares and transferred ownership control but reported. retained a minority equity interest, (c) sold shares but retained ownership control, (d) sold a proportion of a Table 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership minority stake, and (e) conducted other transactions and control changes (2002). This table presents the where management control has been ceded. inferred outcome of privatization transactions on the ownership and control of enterprises or their assets. 266 Privatization of Public Enterprises Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 10 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) 10-1 x 10-2 x 10-3 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 11 Labor Force and Employment T his chapter presents data on the level and struc- The definition of labor force or economically ac- ture of the labor force. The distribution of the tive population is that used by the International Labor labor force into various industrial activities is Organization (ILO), which follows the UN System also given, as well as the participation rates of the of National Accounts (SNA). The labor force is mea- population in economic activities. Information is also sured by dividing economically active persons into presented on average wages in different sectors. two categories: employed and unemployed. Caution The treatment of statistics on public sector em- in the use of the data is necessary because, as pointed ployment is not consistent among countries. The out in the ILO's World Labour Report 1 (1987), many scope covered often varies. While some countries in- persons do not clearly come within one of these cat- clude the education and health sectors, others leave egories or the other. Many are visibly underemployed them out. Staff of local, regional, and state or provin- in that they work less than full time. Others work full cial governments are likewise treated differently. time but earn less than a subsistence income. Some The stipulations on wages take different forms of the unemployed may even be voluntarily idle. among African countries. While some countries have The comparability of the data is further hampered a minimum wage per hour worked, others stipulate a by the fact that practices vary among countries as re- minimum monthly wage for a worker.To permit some gards the treatment of such groups as armed forces, measure of comparability, we have computed and re- inmates of institutions, persons living on reservations, ported the monthly average earnings per wage earner. persons seeking their first job, seasonal workers, and These earnings are further converted to U.S. dollars persons engaged in part-time economic activities. In at the Atlas exchange rate. These data should be used some countries, all or part of these groups are included with caution because some countries have more than among the economically active, while in others they one minimum wage rate based on the industry and are treated as inactive. In addition, the extent to which the occupation within the industry as well as on the family workers, particularly females, who assist in region of the country concerned. family enterprises are included among the enumer- 267 268 Labor Force and Employment ated economically active population varies consider- tries, such classification refers to the actual position ably from country to country. Further, in some coun- of each individual on the day of the census or survey tries the statistics of the economically active relate date, while in others the data recorded refer to the only to employed and unemployed persons above a usual position of each person, generally without ref- specified age, while in others there is no such age erence to any given period of time. provision. The sources for the tables in this chapter are vari- The reference period is also an important factor of ous issues of the ILO's Yearbook of Labour Statis- difference, especially in regard to the classification tics, and electronic ILO files kept inWorld Bank SIMA. of the labor force according to industry. In some coun- Labor Force and Employment 269 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force Total labor force (thousands) Percentage of total labor force that is female 1980 1990 2002 1980 1990 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 171,980 224,619 305,169 42.0 41.7 42.0 excluding South Africa 161,634 211,021 287,763 42.4 42.0 42.3 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 132,114 172,559 234,835 43.8 43.5 43.5 Angola 3,491 4,484 6,409 47.0 46.5 46.2 Benin 1,657 2,114 2,995 47.0 48.3 48.3 Botswana 395 556 766 50.1 46.8 45.1 Burkina Faso 3,802 4,590 5,801 47.6 46.8 46.5 Burundi 2,269 2,934 3,886 50.2 49.1 48.6 Cameroon 3,649 4,671 6,353 36.8 37.0 38.2 Cape Verde 94 127 192 34.0 38.9 38.8 Central African Republic 1,215 1,447 1,848 .. .. .. Chad 2,233 2,783 3,953 43.4 44.0 44.8 Comoros 152 193 270 43.1 42.9 42.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 11,961 15,717 22,299 44.5 43.9 43.3 Congo, Rep. of 703 933 1,323 42.4 43.2 43.5 Côte d'Ivoire 3,280 4,465 6,777 32.2 32.4 33.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 96 150 202 35.1 35.6 35.7 Eritrea 1,218 1,584 2,172 47.4 47.5 47.4 Ethiopia 16,924 22,806 28,947 42.3 40.9 41.0 Gabon 363 455 585 45.0 44.2 44.8 Gambia, The 330 470 697 44.8 44.6 45.2 Ghana 5,088 7,063 9,606 51.0 50.9 50.4 Guinea 2,293 2,821 3,671 47.1 47.5 47.2 Guinea-Bissau 382 453 588 39.9 40.1 40.5 Kenya 7,829 11,184 16,296 46.0 45.9 46.1 Lesotho 571 676 865 37.9 36.5 37.0 Liberia 790 989 1,319 38.4 39.1 39.6 Madagascar 4,323 5,453 7,796 45.2 45.0 44.7 Malawi 3,112 4,189 5,166 50.6 49.5 48.4 Mali 3,393 4,254 5,545 46.7 46.6 46.1 Mauritania 746 904 1,309 45.0 44.3 43.5 Mauritius 343 432 525 25.7 30.3 33.0 Mozambique 6,686 7,492 9,588 49.0 48.4 48.4 Namibia 429 571 753 40.1 40.4 41.0 Niger 2,803 3,746 5,440 44.6 44.1 44.3 Nigeria 29,519 38,462 52,928 36.2 35.4 36.7 Rwanda 2,639 3,628 4,827 49.1 49.0 48.7 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 2,542 3,269 4,489 42.2 42.4 42.6 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 1,248 1,490 1,961 35.5 35.5 37.1 Somalia 2,968 3,170 4,023 43.4 43.3 43.4 South Africa 10,347 13,598 17,406 35.1 36.9 37.9 Sudan 7,070 9,207 13,053 26.9 27.1 30.0 Swaziland 202 262 404 33.5 37.0 37.8 Tanzania 9,508 13,122 18,136 49.8 49.6 49.0 Togo 1,099 1,447 1,982 39.3 39.8 40.0 Uganda 6,617 8,319 11,485 47.9 47.8 47.6 Zambia 2,398 3,184 4,488 45.4 45.7 44.6 Zimbabwe 3,204 4,755 6,045 44.4 44.2 44.5 NORTH AFRICA 29,265 38,446 54,504 27.2 27.6 31.3 Algeria 4,848 7,046 10,953 21.4 21.1 29.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 14,319 18,313 25,905 26.5 27.0 31.0 Libya 943 1,235 1,592 18.6 18.2 24.0 Morocco 6,968 8,987 12,093 33.5 34.6 34.9 Tunisia 2,187 2,865 3,961 28.9 29.1 32.1 ALL AFRICA 201,245 263,065 359,673 39.8 39.6 40.4 270 Labor Force and Employment 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force As percentage of population age 10 to 14 1970 1980 1990 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 36.2 34.5 32.2 29.9 excluding South Africa 39.0 37.0 34.5 31.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 40.9 39.2 36.2 33.5 Angola 31.4 29.7 28.1 25.7 Benin 34.4 30.3 28.6 26.1 Botswana 32.3 25.9 19.4 13.5 Burkina Faso 75.1 70.9 58.7 40.4 Burundi 50.8 50.0 49.4 48.3 Cameroon 38.9 33.9 27.5 22.0 Cape Verde 17.3 16.0 14.7 13.3 Central African Republic 45.0 39.4 33.8 28.6 Chad 41.9 41.6 40.0 36.0 Comoros 45.8 44.7 40.9 36.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 36.5 33.2 30.5 28.3 Congo, Rep. of 28.3 27.5 26.6 25.2 Côte d'Ivoire 34.6 28.4 22.3 18.0 Djibouti .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 42.7 40.4 35.8 31.3 Eritrea 46.1 43.8 40.8 37.9 Ethiopia 48.5 46.3 43.5 40.6 Gabon 35.6 29.1 22.7 12.4 Gambia, The 45.9 44.4 40.2 32.7 Ghana 16.3 16.2 14.6 11.5 Guinea 43.3 41.2 37.0 29.9 Guinea-Bissau 45.2 43.4 40.4 36.0 Kenya 45.0 45.0 43.4 38.3 Lesotho 30.9 27.7 23.5 20.2 Liberia 31.1 25.7 21.8 14.1 Madagascar 41.7 40.2 37.6 33.5 Malawi 50.7 45.2 38.9 30.0 Mali 62.5 61.2 57.9 49.8 Mauritania 33.3 29.6 25.8 21.4 Mauritius 5.8 4.8 4.0 1.4 Mozambique 40.7 39.5 35.2 31.9 Namibia 40.2 33.6 26.0 15.6 Niger 48.8 47.8 46.8 42.9 Nigeria 30.8 29.2 27.6 23.2 Rwanda 43.3 42.5 42.1 41.2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. Senegal 46.9 42.9 35.4 25.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 21.7 19.4 17.1 13.4 Somalia 39.9 37.7 34.5 30.7 South Africa 2.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 Sudan 34.1 33.3 31.4 26.6 Swaziland 19.1 17.2 15.3 11.6 Tanzania 45.6 42.8 42.1 35.9 Togo 40.4 36.1 30.4 26.2 Uganda 50.4 48.8 46.8 43.2 Zambia 21.1 19.0 16.9 15.4 Zimbabwe 41.1 36.7 31.8 26.1 NORTH AFRICA 12.7 15.1 8.8 5.8 Algeria 11.4 7.1 3.3 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 23.6 18.3 13.2 8.3 Libya 12.8 8.7 0.5 0.0 Morocco 21.5 20.9 10.6 0.5 Tunisia 12.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 ALL AFRICA 31.3 30.9 28.0 25.8 Labor Force and Employment 271 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers Percentage of unpaid family workers in economically active workers (most recent year available between 1980-2001) Female Male Total SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. Botswana 41.8 36.0 77.7 Burkina Faso .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. Cameroon 32.7 9.2 41.9 Cape Verde .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. Kenya .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. Nigeria 14.9 8.6 23.5 Rwanda .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. Seychelles 0.4 0.2 0.6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. 6.9 13.4 Algeria .. 5.6 6.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.9 15.0 16.9 Libya .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. Tunisia 18.5 5.1 23.6 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 272 Labor Force and Employment 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force Percentage of labor force working in Agriculture Industry Services 1980 1990 1995-2000 1980 1990 1995-2000 1980 1990 1995-2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 68 64 .. 12 12 .. 20 24 .. Angola 76 75 .. 8 8 .. 16 17 .. Benin 67 64 .. 7 8 .. 26 28 .. Botswana 5 3 .. 33 31 .. 62 66 .. Burkina Faso 92 92 .. 3 2 .. 5 6 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 73 70 .. 8 9 .. 19 22 .. Cape Verde 36 31 .. 31 29 .. 33 40 .. Central African Republic 85 80 .. 3 4 .. 12 16 .. Chad 88 83 .. 3 4 .. 9 13 .. Comoros 81 77 .. 8 9 .. 12 13 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 72 68 .. 12 13 .. 16 19 .. Congo, Rep. of 58 49 .. 13 15 .. 29 37 .. Côte d'Ivoire 65 60 .. 8 10 .. 27 31 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 78 75 .. 5 5 .. 17 20 .. Eritrea 83 81 .. 5 5 .. 12 15 .. Ethiopia .. .. 89 .. .. 2 .. .. 10 Gabon 66 52 .. 12 16 .. 22 33 .. Gambia, The 84 82 .. 7 8 .. 9 11 .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea 91 87 .. 1 2 .. 8 11 .. Guinea-Bissau 87 85 .. 2 2 .. 11 13 .. Kenya 23 19 19 22 20 20 55 61 62 Lesotho 40 40 .. 34 28 .. 26 32 .. Liberia 77 72 .. 6 6 .. 18 22 .. Madagascar 82 78 .. 6 7 .. 13 15 .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali 89 86 .. 2 2 .. 9 12 .. Mauritania 71 55 55 7 10 8 22 34 37 Mauritius 29 16 15 25 44 40 43 38 46 Mozambique 84 83 .. 8 8 .. 8 9 .. Namibia 47 53 38 16 18 14 37 29 47 Niger 6 8 .. 67 49 .. 26 44 .. Nigeria .. .. 3 .. .. 22 .. .. 75 Rwanda 93 92 .. 3 3 .. 4 5 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 81 77 .. 6 8 .. 13 16 .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 70 67 .. 14 15 .. 16 17 .. Somalia 78 75 .. 7 8 .. 15 16 .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan 72 70 .. 8 9 .. 20 22 .. Swaziland 40 24 .. 26 26 .. 35 50 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 69 66 .. 10 10 .. 22 24 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 76 75 .. 8 8 .. 16 17 .. Zimbabwe 32 24 .. 27 28 .. 40 48 .. NORTH AFRICA 40 27 22 23 27 26 36 46 52 Algeria 36 26 .. 27 31 .. 37 43 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 42 39 30 20 21 22 36 40 48 Libya 25 11 .. 24 23 .. 51 66 .. Morocco .. 4 6 .. 36 33 .. 60 61 Tunisia 39 .. .. 30 .. .. 31 .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. ` .. .. .. .. Note: Figures may not add up to 100% because of rounding. Labor Force and Employment 273 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population Percentage of population economically active Agriculture Industry Services Male Female Male Female Male Female 1980 2001* 1980 2001* 1980 2001* 1980 2001* 1980 2001* 1980 2001* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 62 58 78 73 15 15 4 5 23 26 18 22 Angola 67 65 87 86 13 14 1 2 20 21 11 13 Benin 66 62 69 65 10 12 4 4 24 27 27 30 Botswana 6 3 3 2 41 38 8 18 53 60 89 80 Burkina Faso 92 91 93 94 3 2 2 2 5 7 5 5 Burundi 88 86 98 98 4 4 1 1 9 10 1 1 Cameroon 65 62 87 83 11 12 2 3 24 26 11 14 Cape Verde 34 30 39 33 38 38 18 16 28 33 42 51 Central African Republic 79 74 90 87 5 6 1 0 15 20 9 13 Chad 82 77 95 91 6 7 0 1 12 16 4 8 Comoros 70 68 93 90 12 13 3 5 17 20 4 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 62 58 84 81 18 20 4 5 20 23 12 14 Congo, Rep. of 42 33 81 69 20 23 2 4 38 44 17 27 Côte d'Ivoire 60 54 75 72 10 12 5 6 30 34 20 22 Djibouti .. 3 .. 0 .. 11 .. 1 .. 78 .. 88 Equatorial Guinea 71 66 91 91 7 7 3 2 23 27 6 8 Eritrea 79 77 88 85 7 8 2 2 14 16 11 13 Ethiopia .. 89 .. 88 .. 2 .. 2 .. 9 .. 11 Gabon 59 46 74 59 18 21 6 10 24 33 21 32 Gambia, The 78 74 93 92 10 12 3 2 13 14 5 6 Ghana .. 66 .. 59 .. 10 .. 10 .. 23 .. 32 Guinea 86 83 97 92 2 3 1 1 12 15 3 7 Guinea-Bissau 81 78 98 96 3 3 0 1 17 19 3 3 Kenya 23 20 25 16 24 23 9 10 53 57 65 75 Lesotho 26 29 64 59 52 41 5 5 22 30 31 36 Liberia 69 65 89 84 9 9 1 1 22 26 10 16 Madagascar 73 70 93 88 9 10 2 3 19 20 5 9 Malawi .. 50 .. 73 .. 25 .. 7 .. 25 .. 20 Mali 86 83 92 89 2 2 1 2 12 15 7 9 Mauritania 65 49 79 63 11 16 2 4 25 35 19 34 Mauritius 29 15 30 13 19 39 40 43 47 46 31 45 Mozambique 72 70 97 96 14 15 1 1 14 15 2 3 Namibia 52 38 42 39 22 19 10 8 27 43 47 52 Niger 7 8 6 5 69 51 29 24 25 41 66 71 Nigeria .. 4 .. 2 .. 30 .. 11 .. 67 .. 87 Rwanda 88 86 98 98 5 6 1 1 7 8 1 2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 74 70 90 86 9 10 2 4 17 20 8 11 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 63 60 82 81 20 22 4 4 17 18 14 16 Somalia 69 66 90 87 12 13 2 2 19 21 8 11 South Africa 18 16 16 10 45 42 16 15 37 42 68 76 Sudan 66 64 88 84 9 10 4 5 24 26 8 11 Swaziland 40 .. 38 .. 29 .. 14 .. 30 .. 48 .. Tanzania .. 78 .. 90 .. 7 .. 1 .. 15 .. 8 Togo 70 66 67 65 12 12 7 7 19 22 26 29 Uganda .. 91 .. 91 .. 4 .. 6 .. 5 .. 3 Zambia 69 68 85 83 13 13 3 3 19 19 13 14 Zimbabwe 29 23 50 38 31 32 8 10 40 46 42 52 NORTH AFRICA 38 21 27 24 25 27 13 21 36 51 54 54 Algeria 27 18 69 57 33 38 6 7 40 45 25 36 Egypt, Arab Rep. 45 29 10 35 21 25 13 9 33 46 69 56 Libya 16 7 63 28 29 27 3 5 55 66 34 68 Morocco .. 6 .. 6 .. 32 .. 40 .. 63 .. 54 Tunisia 33 22 53 20 30 32 32 40 37 44 16 38 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * Or most recent available data. 274 Labor Force and Employment 11-6. Wages in agriculture Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 83 92 73 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 59 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 235 252 260 .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles 139 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 512 550 482 496 700 .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 112 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 38 35 34 40 44 30 27 33 60 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 85 84 104 113 110 79 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 275 11-7. Wages in manufacturing Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 164 170 153 153 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 110 109 .. .. .. 91 .. .. .. .. Ghana 57 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 115 133 131 152 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 169 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 204 211 201 205 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles 212 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 475 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 571 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 185 171 196 206 216 138 123 165 233 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 343 255 220 225 .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 118 131 136 153 155 147 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 276 Labor Force and Employment 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 528 486 540 547 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. 63 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 64 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 157 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 36 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 144 148 160 172 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles 212 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 330 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 822 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 358 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 154 144 165 180 207 147 128 160 221 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 498 312 253 261 .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 229 266 324 332 521 382 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 277 11-9. Wages in construction Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 178 168 175 166 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 123 98 .. .. .. 162 .. .. .. .. Ghana 37 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 135 132 177 174 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 133 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 311 333 308 310 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 371 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 525 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 172 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 88 82 106 115 140 93 74 134 159 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 315 270 235 242 .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 127 118 96 144 238 170 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 278 Labor Force and Employment 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communication Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 503 501 524 475 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 154 116 .. .. .. 194 .. .. .. .. Ghana 55 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. 119 121 124 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 237 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 99 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 398 438 411 426 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles 299 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,042 872 812 714 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 520 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 153 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 244 223 243 249 273 192 185 280 323 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 338 260 232 231 .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 142 128 185 167 171 206 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 279 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. 192 175 238 233 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. 90 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 104 128 .. .. .. 125 .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. .. 78 99 108 75 .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. 43 23 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 312 303 281 266 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 554 575 612 620 637 637 622 599 584 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. 915 922 875 776 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 238 455 352 352 388 .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 128 119 130 178 233 150 135 237 267 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 281 203 202 187 .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. 186 72 .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 280 Labor Force and Employment Technical notes Tables economy. This table (ILO data) shows the distribu- tion of the labor force among the various sectors of Table 11-1. Number and gender structure of the economic activities. The agriculture sector includes labor force. The date presented here (ILO data) pro- farming, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry, and fish- vide the total number of persons in the labor force ing. The industry sector includes mining and and the percentage that is female. Labor force refers quarrying, manufacturing, construction and public to "economically active" persons, including the armed works, electricity, water, and gas. All other branches forces and the unemployed but excluding housewives of activity are included in services. and students. The economically active population comprises all persons who furnish the labor to pro- Table 11-5. Industrial structure of economically duce economic goods and services, as defined by active population. This is the percentage of the eco- the SNA, during a specified period. The production nomically active population working in agriculture, of economic goods and services should include all industry, or services. Data are shown for males and production and processing of primary products, females (ILO data). whether for the market, for barter, or for own con- sumption; the production of all other goods and Table 11-6. Wages in agriculture. Data are from services for the market; and, for households that the ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, produce such goods and services for the markets, 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2003) and show the monthly the corresponding production for own consumption. earnings at the average wage converted to U.S. dol- lars at the official exchange rates in the countries Table 11-2. Children under 14 working in the la- concerned. Earnings here are limited to wages and bor force. This table (ILO data) shows the percent- salaries of employees, unless otherwise specified. age of children between the ages of 10 to 14 who They include remuneration for time not worked, participate in the labor force. such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holidays, bonuses and gratuities, and housing and Table 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of ac- family allowances paid by the employer. They ex- tive workers. This table (ILO data) shows the per- clude employers' contributions to social security centage of family members--male and female--who and pension schemes and the benefits received by are active workers but receive no compensation for employees under these schemes, as well as sever- their services. ance and termination pay. These earnings do not reflect workers' disposable or Table 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force. net earnings since they include gross wages before de- The industrial structure of the labor force can often ductions, such as taxes or social security contributions. indicate the relative level of development of the Labor Force and Employment 281 International comparisons of wages in agriculture struction. Data for Swaziland are for skilled male work- should be interpreted with caution because of` the ers. Data for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. wide variety of coverage variations, mainly as a re- Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to sult of the form of remuneration, the nature of the monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. work, and the length of the working day. Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for Table 11-9. Wages in construction. Data are from Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- ILO Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, sons employed. Data for Kenya include the value of 1995, 1998, and 2003). Refer to the definitions in payments in kind. Data for Malawi include forestry Table 11-6. and fishing. Data for the Seychelles exclude hunting. Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for Data for Swaziland are for skilled male workers. Data Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. sons employed. Data for The Gambia were collected The following countries' data are based upon ISIC in enterprises with five or more employees, and the Revision 2: Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, survey results are influenced by a low response rate. South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. Data for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. The following countries' data are based upon ISIC Data for Swaziland are for skilled male workers. Data Revision 3: Algeria, Botswana, Egypt, Eritrea, The for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. Gambia, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. Figures for Tunisia were converted from daily to Table 11-10.Wages in transport, storage, and com- monthly using a rate of 22 days per month. munications. Data are from the ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and Table 11-7.Wages in manufacturing. Data are from 2003). Refer to the definitions in Table 11-6. ILO Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for 1995, 1998, and 2003). Refer to the definitions in Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- Table 11-6. sons employed. Data for the Gambia were collected Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for in enterprises with five or more employees, and the Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- survey results are influenced by a low response rate. sons employed. Data for The Gambia were collected Data for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. in enterprises with five or more employees, and the Data for Swaziland are for skilled male workers. Data survey results are influenced by a low response rate. for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. Data for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to Data for Swaziland are for skilled male workers. Data monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to Table 11-11. Wages in community, social, and per- monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. sonal services. Data are from the ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and Table 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying. Data 2003). Refer to the definitions in Table 11-6. This are from the ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, sector comprises public administration and defense; 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2003). Refer to the defi- sanitary and similar services; educational services; nitions in Table 11-6. research and scientific institutes; medical, dental, and Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for other health services; welfare institutions; business, Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- professional, and labor associations; and other social sons employed. Data for Kenya include the value of and community services. payments in kind. Data for the Seychelles include con- 282 Labor Force and Employment Data for Botswana are for nationals only. Data for Data for Kenya include the value of payments in kind. Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per- Data for Swaziland are for skilled male workers. Data sons employed. Data for The Gambia were collected for Zimbabwe refer to all persons engaged. in enterprises with five or more employees, and the Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to survey results are influenced by a low response rate. monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3 weeks per month. Labor Force and Employment 283 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 11 Aggregations a Table (1) (6) (8) 11-1 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x 11-2 x 11-3 x 11-4 x 11-5 x 11-6 x 11-7 x 11-8 x 11-9 x 11-10 x 11-11 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap- filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. 12 Aid Flows O fficial development assistance (ODA) consists tal expenditures and disbursements of concessional of concessional financial flows that aim to pro- loans. However, because of different sources and defi- mote economic development and welfare. ODA nitions of data, ODA flows shown in this chapter will disbursements from bilateral and multilateral sources not necessarily equal those that could be calculated became increasingly important to Africa in the sec- by adding net disbursements of official concessional ond half of the 1980s. For many countries, the for- long-term loans (Table 6-1 less Table 6-4) and net eign savings made available through ODA flows are official transfers (Tables 5-6 and 5-9). For example, equivalent to a sizable share of GDP and to the bulk one of the reasons for differences is that the flows of their domestic investment. Thus, monitoring aid shown here include "off-shore" disbursements of flows is of special importance because of their sig- grants, primarily for technical cooperation, which are nificance to the economic performance of the region. generally excluded from transfers as recorded in the The tables in this chapter show data on net ODA balance of payments (Tables 5-6 and 5-9). Other rea- flows and their relative importance to key economic sons include possible differences in the timing of the and demographic indicators in recipient countries, real recording of disbursements and in the recording of growth in net ODA flows to Sub-SaharanAfrica from multilateral ODA. major donors or donor groups, and the share of each The data on net ODA disbursements are taken from donor's worldwide aid portfolio allocated to the most recent electronic version of the OECD's Sub-Saharan Africa. Geographic Distribution of Aid Flows to Developing These flows are concessional in character and con- Countries. The tables include only those flows for tain a grant element of at least 25 percent (based on a which the recipient is specified in creditor reports. standard 10 percent discount rate). Net ODA disburse- To determine growth rates (based on constant price ments equal gross ODA disbursements less principal series), import price deflators (from the World Bank) repayments (amortization) of previous ODA loans. have been used to deflate the current price series, ODA includes both grants (inflows of unrequited regardless of the type of donor, to indicate the vol- transfers from official sources) for current and capi- ume of imports that aid can finance over time. 284 Aid Flows 285 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,760 17,594 19,437 18,877 16,519 14,958 14,752 13,240 13,446 14,012 19,359 6,230 15,707 15,645 excluding South Africa 7,760 17,319 19,142 18,488 16,155 14,461 14,238 12,699 12,959 13,583 18,702 6,230 15,650 15,161 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,724 17,029 18,952 18,276 15,965 14,261 14,035 12,547 12,774 13,398 18,388 6,186 15,461 14,956 Angola 53 290 449 418 473 355 335 388 307 289 421 51 232 373 Benin 90 288 256 280 288 221 205 211 239 274 220 72 214 242 Botswana 106 130 86 90 75 122 106 61 31 29 38 83 127 69 Burkina Faso 212 467 434 491 420 368 400 398 336 392 473 165 340 410 Burundi 117 217 312 288 111 56 67 74 93 137 172 96 230 125 Cameroon 265 545 731 444 412 499 499 435 380 404 632 187 426 463 Cape Verde 64 117 122 117 117 111 130 137 94 77 92 42 102 109 Central African Republic 111 173 168 169 170 91 120 118 75 67 60 80 176 109 Chad 35 225 213 236 296 228 168 188 131 187 233 79 232 208 Comoros 43 49 39 42 39 27 35 21 19 27 32 30 49 30 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 428 179 246 196 166 158 125 132 184 263 807 317 475 254 Congo, Rep. of 92 123 362 125 429 270 66 142 33 75 420 82 145 195 Côte d'Ivoire 210 764 1,594 1,213 965 446 967 448 352 170 1,069 136 579 704 Djibouti 73 134 129 105 97 85 81 75 71 58 78 60 115 81 Equatorial Guinea 9 53 30 34 31 24 22 20 21 13 20 7 46 23 Eritrea .. 67 157 149 159 123 167 149 176 281 230 .. 112 179 Ethiopia 212 1,090 1,071 883 818 579 660 643 693 1,116 1,307 208 914 837 Gabon 56 101 181 144 127 39 45 48 12 9 72 50 109 62 Gambia, The 55 85 70 47 37 39 39 34 49 54 61 38 91 45 Ghana 192 624 548 651 651 494 702 609 600 653 653 136 549 627 Guinea 90 408 359 417 299 381 359 238 153 280 250 68 302 297 Guinea-Bissau 59 94 175 119 181 124 96 52 80 59 59 49 108 96 Kenya 397 910 678 734 597 448 415 310 512 463 393 319 791 484 Lesotho 94 144 116 114 104 92 61 31 37 56 76 72 121 71 Liberia 98 123 64 124 173 76 72 94 68 39 52 77 97 87 Madagascar 230 363 289 301 357 834 481 359 322 366 373 148 334 424 Malawi 143 498 471 435 492 344 435 447 446 404 377 115 400 422 Mali 267 363 441 541 491 429 347 355 360 354 472 194 416 419 Mauritania 176 325 267 230 272 238 165 219 212 268 355 177 232 245 Mauritius 33 26 14 23 20 43 42 42 20 22 24 36 50 29 Mozambique 169 1,179 1,200 1,064 888 948 1,040 805 877 933 2,058 141 904 1,077 Namibia .. 154 138 192 188 166 181 179 153 110 135 0 86 163 Niger 170 344 377 274 255 333 292 187 211 257 298 165 352 263 Nigeria 36 290 190 212 190 200 204 152 185 185 314 44 189 205 Rwanda 155 356 716 702 467 230 350 373 322 299 356 131 319 387 São Tomé and Principe 4 47 50 84 47 33 28 28 35 38 26 7 37 40 Senegal 263 500 640 666 580 423 501 535 423 413 449 254 611 499 Seychelles 22 20 13 13 19 17 24 13 18 14 8 16 23 16 Sierra Leone 91 208 276 206 184 119 106 74 182 345 353 51 121 196 Somalia 433 893 537 189 88 81 80 115 104 150 194 283 507 125 South Africa .. 275 295 389 364 496 514 541 488 428 657 .. 285 485 Sudan 623 454 412 242 220 139 209 243 225 185 351 540 779 227 Swaziland 50 55 58 58 33 28 35 29 13 29 25 33 45 31 Tanzania 679 950 966 877 877 945 1,000 990 1,022 1,271 1,233 513 949 1,027 Togo 91 97 125 192 157 125 128 71 70 44 51 81 172 105 Uganda 114 610 752 835 676 813 647 590 819 793 638 85 494 727 Zambia 318 872 718 2,034 610 610 349 624 795 349 641 204 604 751 Zimbabwe 164 498 560 492 371 336 261 245 178 164 201 114 388 281 NORTH AFRICA 2,719 3,596 3,765 2,961 3,347 2,922 3,084 2,723 2,222 2,367 2,798 2,694 3,940 2,803 Algeria 183 225 294 298 308 250 421 138 201 185 361 140 202 270 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,385 2,387 2,682 2,016 2,200 1,985 1,955 1,582 1,328 1,257 1,286 1,774 2,731 1,701 Libya 17 4 4 6 8 7 7 7 15 10 10 9 10 9 Morocco 899 712 631 495 650 464 530 679 419 519 636 537 704 549 Tunisia 232 226 105 75 127 194 150 253 223 378 475 223 273 234 ALL AFRICA 10,479 21,190 23,202 21,838 19,867 17,879 17,836 15,963 15,669 16,378 22,157 8,924 19,647 18,448 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 286 Aid Flows 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,642 10,816 11,338 10,707 10,054 9,277 9,133 8,380 8,606 8,260 11,587 3,695 9,778 9,500 excluding South Africa 4,642 10,633 11,124 10,389 9,742 8,862 8,712 7,994 8,252 7,947 11,211 3,695 9,738 9,139 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,625 10,562 11,077 10,316 9,695 8,810 8,678 7,941 8,168 7,840 10,996 3,668 9,627 9,055 Angola 36 150 223 242 294 227 214 252 189 179 286 30 136 236 Benin 36 148 142 177 165 148 144 119 191 144 140 36 119 154 Botswana 83 80 57 54 68 56 73 41 24 24 37 63 97 47 Burkina Faso 151 255 265 252 269 218 227 232 228 221 230 112 221 235 Burundi 60 126 108 108 68 38 44 52 41 55 85 50 109 61 Cameroon 171 528 397 346 280 330 303 254 213 275 436 130 324 305 Cape Verde 39 81 82 77 77 68 85 89 70 49 43 28 70 70 Central African Republic 75 117 94 122 121 61 57 59 53 48 40 52 98 70 Chad 20 146 104 127 122 96 75 64 53 73 67 44 131 85 Comoros 13 29 18 22 22 15 19 13 11 10 11 11 27 15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 317 99 97 118 106 105 80 87 103 143 351 221 302 137 Congo, Rep. of 55 116 253 105 395 260 60 121 23 30 41 49 123 129 Côte d'Ivoire 152 708 820 727 449 233 490 366 250 159 831 105 398 438 Djibouti 32 94 94 80 71 62 62 55 42 28 37 35 76 55 Equatorial Guinea 1 28 17 22 23 18 18 15 18 13 14 4 27 18 Eritrea .. 48 96 95 128 81 98 80 112 151 121 .. 72 108 Ethiopia 91 417 567 526 448 374 365 325 379 367 489 86 448 409 Gabon 49 97 161 136 113 30 37 34 12 8 49 42 99 53 Gambia, The 17 50 38 25 17 17 13 13 15 13 18 16 50 16 Ghana 107 312 332 359 349 292 375 356 376 396 406 75 263 363 Guinea 33 185 186 220 135 126 148 111 93 120 126 20 154 135 Guinea-Bissau 34 56 124 77 125 59 65 32 42 30 26 29 60 57 Kenya 277 426 401 459 346 301 276 254 293 270 288 244 508 311 Lesotho 64 74 45 62 49 45 33 26 22 29 30 44 66 37 Liberia 60 25 35 31 112 31 31 45 24 16 27 53 46 40 Madagascar 91 228 190 195 230 549 334 192 139 138 126 77 202 238 Malawi 76 159 251 221 264 174 204 228 269 196 225 63 171 223 Mali 131 221 243 285 298 257 236 237 300 209 257 104 253 260 Mauritania 54 196 128 126 99 97 64 89 82 81 147 45 124 98 Mauritius 25 27 8 11 1 3 20 5 12 8 4 23 42 8 Mozambique 115 813 733 698 552 622 713 593 624 720 1,661 104 645 773 Namibia .. 123 113 148 136 123 129 117 97 77 85 0 55 114 Niger 105 254 261 194 163 181 145 120 106 114 114 97 234 142 Nigeria 17 71 47 73 47 52 34 53 84 108 215 27 111 83 Rwanda 97 201 487 339 252 179 209 181 175 149 199 83 193 210 São Tomé and Principe 1 28 26 62 29 21 18 19 18 22 19 2 18 26 Senegal 182 364 475 399 392 292 289 416 288 224 243 157 408 318 Seychelles 18 7 7 11 8 6 17 5 3 8 4 14 16 8 Sierra Leone 57 106 54 60 67 41 53 60 116 167 225 28 59 99 Somalia 139 688 438 119 40 46 42 76 56 88 102 93 350 71 South Africa .. 183 214 319 312 415 421 386 354 313 375 .. 199 362 Sudan 272 164 174 131 118 86 150 159 90 108 232 211 381 134 Swaziland 33 33 27 38 21 16 17 15 3 4 7 22 26 15 Tanzania 524 650 570 587 605 569 769 613 779 944 903 383 673 721 Togo 52 77 63 118 97 76 66 47 52 28 39 46 102 65 Uganda 42 348 344 423 370 439 384 357 578 386 466 31 203 425 Zambia 234 511 434 439 354 367 257 340 486 274 360 156 427 360 Zimbabwe 112 310 280 348 281 222 216 219 193 149 178 86 291 226 NORTH AFRICA 1,663 2,510 2,949 2,397 2,650 1,990 1,994 1,837 1,680 1,663 1,643 1,437 3,005 1,982 Algeria 118 142 248 275 267 193 148 86 66 25 123 116 153 148 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,187 1,816 2,302 1,691 1,934 1,497 1,472 1,298 1,139 1,090 1,124 959 2,209 1,406 Libya 10 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 12 4 4 4 4 4 Morocco 188 422 318 347 391 215 251 333 293 342 219 189 445 299 Tunisia 158 125 71 56 44 70 102 102 150 184 145 160 186 107 ALL AFRICA 6,305 13,327 14,287 13,104 12,704 11,267 11,127 10,217 10,286 9,924 13,230 5,132 12,783 11,483 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 287 12-3. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 688 127 122 138 148 185 134 144 210 169 376 628 299 188 excluding South Africa 688 127 121 135 142 185 133 142 208 168 375 628 299 186 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 688 116 121 135 141 184 133 140 208 166 373 628 296 185 Angola 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 2 1 Benin 2 0 4 7 6 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 Botswana .. 7 1 0 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 8 2 2 Burkina Faso 0 1 1 8 6 3 6 9 4 14 45 2 5 12 Burundi 4 2 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 Cameroon 23 1 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 9 2 2 Cape Verde 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Central African Republic 2 3 2 3 5 0 0 .. 0 0 0 1 3 1 Chad .. 3 1 1 3 5 5 7 1 0 2 4 1 3 Comoros 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 2 5 7 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5 0 0 0 3 9 2 0 0 0 0 5 16 2 Congo, Rep. of 15 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 Djibouti 33 11 12 3 5 5 2 1 10 0 2 24 18 3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 1 1 0 Eritrea .. 1 12 5 3 17 32 19 9 3 13 .. 6 12 Ethiopia .. 1 0 1 1 7 13 15 15 28 34 14 10 14 Gabon .. 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 Gambia, The 7 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 5 1 2 Ghana 25 2 4 6 1 13 3 4 2 3 5 11 5 5 Guinea 0 4 2 6 20 34 24 18 3 1 6 11 6 14 Guinea-Bissau 1 4 3 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 3 4 1 Kenya .. 3 3 5 3 2 1 3 5 5 10 7 5 4 Lesotho 0 3 1 0 4 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Liberia 9 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 .. 0 0 5 1 1 Madagascar 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 18 1 1 Malawi .. 3 4 3 0 1 1 5 6 11 10 0 4 5 Mali 33 4 11 14 8 6 5 0 1 13 54 17 12 13 Mauritania 86 6 10 16 11 13 7 5 0 1 2 83 19 7 Mauritius .. 0 1 1 1 10 1 0 1 7 1 2 2 3 Mozambique 20 4 3 2 3 1 2 2 0 4 2 5 3 2 Namibia .. 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 .. 1 1 Niger 2 2 5 1 1 10 1 1 0 1 3 17 4 2 Nigeria .. 11 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 3 1 Rwanda 1 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 .. 0 0 Senegal 2 14 2 13 11 9 1 4 5 1 11 21 19 7 Seychelles .. 1 0 0 3 5 1 2 7 0 0 1 1 2 Sierra Leone 4 0 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 2 3 3 2 2 Somalia 128 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 44 81 16 8 South Africa .. .. 1 3 6 0 1 2 2 1 1 .. 1 2 Sudan 158 3 3 4 1 0 1 26 99 10 51 183 79 24 Swaziland .. 3 2 3 3 2 4 0 0 3 4 .. 2 2 Tanzania 27 0 6 5 2 3 3 1 3 5 4 12 3 3 Togo 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 1 4 3 2 3 2 Uganda 1 1 13 12 9 3 0 1 6 2 5 7 16 5 Zambia 23 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 22 0 1 Zimbabwe 5 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 4 0 10 3 2 NORTH AFRICA 745 407 141 171 125 164 294 144 132 151 353 818 566 192 Algeria 49 1 2 12 7 12 19 31 71 54 143 12 16 44 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 380 95 117 54 100 214 73 54 61 31 471 376 88 Libya .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. 0 0 Morocco 645 18 29 20 26 32 30 29 4 34 135 300 149 39 Tunisia 49 9 15 22 38 20 31 11 1 1 43 35 25 21 ALL AFRICA 1,433 534 263 309 273 349 428 289 342 320 729 1,446 865 380 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 288 Aid Flows 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,430 6,697 8,052 8,125 6,394 5,564 5,539 4,734 4,715 5,640 7,424 1,916 5,668 6,017 excluding South Africa 2,430 6,605 7,972 8,058 6,347 5,483 5,446 4,580 4,583 5,526 7,143 1,916 5,651 5,896 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,412 6,397 7,829 7,918 6,204 5,335 5,277 4,484 4,483 5,447 7,043 1,899 5,576 5,774 Angola 16 137 226 176 179 128 121 136 112 110 136 20 95 137 Benin 53 140 111 96 118 73 63 93 49 128 78 34 94 87 Botswana 23 43 28 35 8 69 36 21 8 4 3 17 30 23 Burkina Faso 61 212 168 231 144 147 167 157 104 158 198 52 115 163 Burundi 54 94 207 182 44 18 24 22 52 83 87 42 118 64 Cameroon 71 16 334 97 134 171 198 184 169 132 195 51 102 160 Cape Verde 23 36 40 40 36 43 45 48 25 29 50 13 31 40 Central African Republic 34 54 72 43 45 30 63 59 22 19 20 27 76 38 Chad 15 76 109 109 171 126 88 116 77 114 164 33 100 121 Comoros 13 20 21 20 17 12 16 8 8 16 17 12 21 14 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 106 79 148 78 57 44 43 45 81 119 455 93 166 115 Congo, Rep. of 22 7 109 20 35 10 6 20 10 46 378 23 23 66 Côte d'Ivoire 58 55 773 486 515 213 477 81 101 11 237 31 181 265 Djibouti 9 29 23 22 21 19 17 19 20 30 39 9 21 23 Equatorial Guinea 8 25 13 12 8 6 4 6 3 1 7 4 19 6 Eritrea .. 18 49 49 29 26 38 50 55 127 97 .. 34 59 Ethiopia 120 671 504 357 369 198 282 303 298 721 784 111 457 414 Gabon 7 4 20 9 15 11 9 13 23 17 22 5 8 15 Gambia, The 31 37 34 23 22 23 25 19 32 38 40 17 41 28 Ghana 59 309 220 298 303 189 325 250 222 254 241 55 285 260 Guinea 57 228 174 191 143 222 187 109 58 160 118 36 143 148 Guinea-Bissau 24 34 48 39 52 66 31 20 39 29 34 18 44 39 Kenya 120 487 280 270 248 145 138 53 214 188 95 71 281 169 Lesotho 31 68 70 52 51 40 30 7 16 28 48 27 54 34 Liberia 29 97 28 91 58 44 41 49 44 24 26 21 51 47 Madagascar 91 135 99 106 127 284 148 166 185 229 248 59 134 187 Malawi 68 336 216 211 228 171 230 214 171 198 142 52 224 196 Mali 103 146 209 270 201 178 117 117 61 132 162 73 154 155 Mauritania 36 135 150 120 185 154 108 125 129 188 210 49 95 152 Mauritius 8 1 7 14 22 30 23 37 7 6 20 12 8 20 Mozambique 34 363 464 364 333 328 330 213 253 208 394 34 256 303 Namibia .. 31 25 44 51 42 51 60 55 31 48 .. 31 48 Niger 64 88 111 80 91 141 146 66 105 142 181 50 114 119 Nigeria 18 208 143 140 143 149 170 96 100 79 101 17 75 122 Rwanda 57 152 226 363 213 50 141 193 146 150 157 46 121 177 São Tomé and Principe 3 18 24 23 19 12 10 8 17 16 7 5 19 14 Senegal 79 122 164 254 177 122 211 115 140 189 195 78 184 175 Seychelles 3 12 6 2 8 6 6 6 8 5 4 2 6 6 Sierra Leone 30 102 222 146 113 76 51 13 67 176 125 21 59 96 Somalia 166 191 99 70 49 34 38 39 47 47 47 109 143 46 South Africa .. 92 80 67 46 81 92 153 132 114 281 .. 86 121 Sudan 192 287 235 108 101 52 59 58 36 68 68 147 318 69 Swaziland 17 19 28 18 10 10 14 14 10 22 14 12 17 14 Tanzania 128 300 389 286 274 373 228 376 246 333 333 118 274 306 Togo 39 19 62 74 62 51 61 21 16 12 9 34 68 38 Uganda 70 261 394 400 297 371 263 232 236 405 167 49 275 296 Zambia 62 361 284 1,594 255 243 93 283 309 74 279 37 178 391 Zimbabwe 47 189 283 147 93 116 46 25 14 19 22 28 97 60 NORTH AFRICA 311 696 705 462 648 808 857 762 419 552 802 459 387 664 Algeria 17 82 44 34 35 45 253 21 64 107 95 15 33 82 Egypt, Arab Rep. 196 192 285 208 212 389 268 211 136 105 131 363 158 207 Libya 7 2 2 3 6 5 3 4 3 5 5 6 6 4 Morocco 66 273 285 128 233 217 249 316 130 142 283 48 111 212 Tunisia 25 109 49 41 121 144 78 161 72 193 288 28 69 137 ALL AFRICA 2,741 7,393 8,757 8,587 7,042 6,372 6,396 5,496 5,133 6,192 8,226 2,374 6,056 6,680 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 289 12-5. Net aid from all donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2001 prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11,858 16,434 17,571 15,293 13,599 13,427 13,455 12,107 13,126 14,012 18,401 7.3 1.4 -0.4 excluding South Africa 11,858 16,161 17,286 14,948 13,284 12,973 12,984 11,612 12,645 13,583 17,785 7.3 1.2 -0.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 11,805 15,889 17,111 14,776 13,122 12,789 12,795 11,472 12,464 13,398 17,482 7.6 1.1 -0.7 Angola 75 273 415 348 387 317 306 357 300 289 402 40.6 9.2 -1.8 Benin 137 261 225 217 234 197 185 191 235 274 209 2.7 6.1 0.6 Botswana 160 124 80 76 62 107 98 55 30 29 36 5.5 -6.2 -12.8 Burkina Faso 316 424 378 383 331 323 354 358 329 392 448 4.2 1.9 1.4 Burundi 174 200 277 234 90 50 61 70 91 137 163 10.3 0.0 -5.5 Cameroon 384 474 629 334 319 430 445 389 371 404 600 2.1 9.2 1.0 Cape Verde 97 108 108 92 94 99 116 123 92 77 88 14.4 -1.6 -1.9 Central African Republic 153 153 146 128 134 79 105 104 72 67 58 6.9 -3.5 -10.5 Chad 55 205 185 184 235 199 147 169 128 187 221 -4.1 -1.9 -1.0 Comoros 65 44 34 32 31 23 31 19 18 27 31 4.0 -7.0 -3.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 626 163 216 149 130 138 112 120 180 263 766 2.8 -11.1 12.9 Congo, Rep. of 129 106 309 94 333 224 56 126 33 75 403 3.3 1.2 -7.7 Côte d'Ivoire 288 661 1,379 933 778 392 877 399 343 170 1,012 0.0 18.7 -12.4 Djibouti 109 121 110 80 76 74 72 66 68 58 75 6.6 -3.8 -4.7 Equatorial Guinea 15 48 26 26 24 22 20 18 21 13 19 18.3 3.3 -6.4 Eritrea .. 65 144 121 132 112 156 137 174 281 220 .. .. 8.6 Ethiopia 326 1,040 980 738 684 524 600 595 680 1,116 1,252 5.5 2.5 4.0 Gabon 74 87 150 109 95 33 38 42 12 9 68 3.0 -1.0 -21.7 Gambia, The 88 81 63 39 32 36 35 31 48 54 59 14.2 -3.4 2.1 Ghana 305 588 494 531 548 452 665 561 578 653 621 6.7 4.5 3.2 Guinea 142 374 320 329 247 342 329 215 149 280 240 16.7 6.5 -5.1 Guinea-Bissau 85 88 160 94 148 112 88 47 80 59 56 17.5 1.5 -12.0 Kenya 619 851 605 587 496 403 382 285 494 463 376 10.0 1.2 -4.8 Lesotho 148 136 106 95 87 82 56 28 36 56 73 11.5 -2.5 -9.3 Liberia 173 118 61 104 140 70 66 91 67 39 50 18.0 -5.6 -7.9 Madagascar 362 330 253 239 293 726 431 325 313 366 356 8.5 -0.7 3.4 Malawi 232 471 430 373 432 314 403 409 434 404 360 5.7 7.4 -0.3 Mali 413 338 392 430 395 383 315 324 354 354 450 4.8 -4.6 -0.7 Mauritania 277 289 229 176 216 209 146 194 205 268 334 0.4 -3.6 4.4 Mauritius 48 22 12 19 16 38 36 37 20 22 22 0.8 -11.1 5.6 Mozambique 249 1,114 1,096 877 740 859 947 735 864 933 1,937 42.0 9.9 4.5 Namibia .. 143 123 148 151 147 160 160 149 110 127 .. 35.9 -1.1 Niger 253 311 325 220 201 293 260 167 205 257 285 -0.8 -2.3 -0.9 Nigeria 53 273 175 172 162 184 189 141 180 185 303 -11.6 17.6 4.0 Rwanda 231 328 690 602 385 203 319 344 315 299 338 5.9 4.8 -7.7 São Tomé and Principe 6 43 44 68 39 29 25 25 35 38 24 15.7 11.7 -7.3 Senegal 392 456 550 517 473 372 443 476 412 413 430 7.2 -2.0 -2.8 Seychelles 32 18 12 10 15 15 22 12 18 14 7 -0.8 -8.6 -1.4 Sierra Leone 154 195 249 170 158 109 99 70 178 345 336 15.4 5.6 5.3 Somalia 709 948 568 169 72 72 73 106 103 150 183 10.4 -1.5 -6.1 South Africa .. 273 285 345 315 454 471 495 481 428 616 .. .. 8.1 Sudan 993 430 380 197 184 126 193 232 220 185 336 10.7 -12.7 0.5 Swaziland 82 56 53 50 28 26 34 26 12 29 24 1.1 2.0 -10.3 Tanzania 1,016 888 868 701 729 842 910 902 978 1,271 1,164 8.6 0.4 6.2 Togo 135 87 110 149 126 111 115 64 68 44 48 4.6 -5.3 -13.5 Uganda 182 586 691 691 570 734 597 543 802 793 603 20.2 10.5 0.4 Zambia 492 812 653 1,663 514 563 321 569 776 349 612 10.4 5.4 -6.6 Zimbabwe 259 466 513 404 306 302 241 224 168 164 193 63.1 3.1 -12.7 NORTH AFRICA 4,542 3,480 3,436 2,453 2,809 2,607 2,828 2,497 2,184 2,367 2,678 -5.2 1.5 -2.7 Algeria 260 202 251 221 231 211 356 122 197 185 341 -5.8 -1.9 -0.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,511 2,399 2,506 1,749 1,944 1,822 1,866 1,505 1,322 1,257 1,251 -8.0 2.8 -7.6 Libya 26 3 4 5 7 6 6 7 15 10 10 -9.0 -7.5 13.8 Morocco 1,408 640 548 374 498 391 456 591 403 519 600 7.6 0.4 2.2 Tunisia 332 198 85 50 88 160 124 217 210 378 449 -3.9 -7.0 28.0 ALL AFRICA 16,400 19,914 21,007 17,746 16,408 16,034 16,282 14,604 15,309 16,378 21,078 3.1 1.5 -0.8 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 290 Aid Flows 12-6. Net aid from DAC donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2001 prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,776 10,097 10,318 8,723 8,260 8,371 8,346 7,702 8,427 8,260 10,987 7.9 1.3 0.1 excluding South Africa 6,776 9,908 10,104 8,432 7,987 7,986 7,955 7,344 8,079 7,947 10,632 7.9 1.2 -0.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,752 9,836 10,057 8,373 7,947 7,938 7,926 7,295 7,995 7,840 10,424 8.3 1.1 -0.2 Angola 48 143 212 208 242 205 199 234 186 179 274 42.9 6.0 0.3 Benin 48 130 122 134 132 132 130 108 189 144 133 2.8 6.7 1.8 Botswana 123 78 54 49 57 52 70 38 22 24 35 3.8 -5.7 -9.5 Burkina Faso 216 227 227 192 207 190 197 207 224 221 217 7.2 0.9 0.8 Burundi 81 114 94 89 54 34 39 50 40 55 80 11.6 -1.0 -3.8 Cameroon 232 459 331 256 210 277 264 224 209 275 414 5.1 7.1 1.5 Cape Verde 55 74 72 60 62 61 75 79 69 49 41 28.1 -0.5 -3.9 Central African Republic 95 100 80 90 93 53 50 52 50 48 38 10.0 -3.3 -9.7 Chad 30 130 87 96 90 81 63 56 53 73 63 -2.9 -1.6 -5.8 Comoros 17 25 15 16 16 13 16 11 11 10 10 1.0 -5.7 -6.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 446 88 82 86 81 90 70 78 101 143 330 2.0 -14.0 13.1 Congo, Rep. of 70 99 210 79 304 215 50 107 23 30 39 4.0 2.4 -22.8 Côte d'Ivoire 193 610 683 539 348 200 434 323 245 159 784 3.6 14.9 -5.4 Djibouti 42 84 79 59 54 53 55 48 40 28 35 0.6 -0.2 -9.7 Equatorial Guinea 2 24 14 17 18 16 16 13 18 13 13 124.0 4.6 -2.3 Eritrea .. 47 89 78 106 74 92 74 112 151 115 .. .. 5.4 Ethiopia 130 409 529 450 374 340 334 306 376 367 469 -0.3 -0.1 -2.0 Gabon 63 83 133 102 84 26 32 30 11 8 47 4.7 0.4 -23.0 Gambia, The 26 49 35 22 15 16 12 12 14 13 17 14.1 -4.5 -7.6 Ghana 167 297 299 296 297 270 361 328 361 396 385 2.7 8.9 4.2 Guinea 49 164 166 172 112 112 137 101 90 120 122 17.7 7.1 -4.6 Guinea-Bissau 44 52 114 60 101 54 60 29 42 30 24 41.3 4.7 -16.3 Kenya 424 396 356 366 287 272 256 234 282 270 276 8.9 -3.0 -3.4 Lesotho 98 70 43 54 42 40 30 23 22 29 28 12.4 -5.5 -8.5 Liberia 112 26 36 29 89 30 30 46 24 16 26 23.4 -14.8 -8.6 Madagascar 135 204 163 154 188 472 298 174 135 138 120 13.2 0.2 -5.2 Malawi 122 152 232 202 242 161 194 212 262 196 215 -1.7 7.1 0.0 Mali 191 206 215 225 235 230 214 217 296 209 244 7.1 -5.7 1.1 Mauritania 79 169 105 93 77 85 58 79 78 81 138 12.2 -1.8 1.1 Mauritius 35 23 6 9 0 3 18 5 12 8 3 3.8 -11.7 8.9 Mozambique 161 771 677 583 459 566 648 544 618 720 1,560 44.9 8.4 7.8 Namibia .. 114 100 113 110 110 114 105 94 77 80 .. 40.7 -3.9 Niger 147 228 222 156 126 157 126 107 103 114 110 0.4 -0.6 -7.3 Nigeria 24 72 47 59 41 49 29 49 84 108 208 -16.8 11.1 16.6 Rwanda 135 184 485 307 207 160 189 168 173 149 188 6.3 5.7 -9.9 São Tomé and Principe 2 26 23 50 23 19 16 17 18 22 18 37.6 19.5 -6.6 Senegal 259 329 403 304 317 255 253 369 280 224 233 10.0 -0.2 -4.8 Seychelles 27 6 7 9 6 5 15 4 3 8 4 -2.6 -11.4 -6.9 Sierra Leone 98 100 49 52 60 40 50 58 113 167 213 17.0 3.0 20.1 Somalia 230 756 479 113 32 42 38 72 56 88 96 29.8 2.3 -8.8 South Africa .. 189 214 290 273 384 391 358 348 313 354 .. .. 4.5 Sudan 422 157 167 107 100 79 139 155 89 108 222 23.8 -15.6 2.7 Swaziland 54 36 26 34 18 16 18 14 2 4 7 -0.1 -0.1 -23.8 Tanzania 764 607 513 468 501 505 697 558 742 944 848 7.3 -2.0 8.7 Togo 72 68 54 89 75 66 58 42 50 28 37 4.5 -3.2 -9.8 Uganda 65 340 324 361 315 396 355 332 569 386 439 27.2 16.7 4.1 Zambia 355 476 398 369 300 344 237 311 477 274 345 7.8 3.2 -1.1 Zimbabwe 174 290 263 290 234 200 201 201 182 149 171 57.3 -0.9 -6.8 NORTH AFRICA 2,825 2,470 2,713 2,008 2,256 1,795 1,876 1,713 1,652 1,663 1,592 8.9 0.0 -5.5 Algeria 154 125 211 204 198 161 124 74 65 25 114 -3.6 -2.2 -17.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,189 1,861 2,167 1,489 1,726 1,390 1,432 1,250 1,137 1,090 1,098 17.8 0.9 -7.4 Libya 15 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 12 4 4 -11.3 -13.4 19.7 Morocco 252 374 272 259 295 176 216 287 278 342 208 2.8 -1.5 0.2 Tunisia 211 106 55 36 26 55 86 86 139 184 141 -2.4 -8.9 22.9 ALL AFRICA 9,601 12,567 13,031 10,731 10,516 10,166 10,222 9,415 10,079 9,924 12,579 8.1 1.1 -0.9 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 291 12-7. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2001 prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,117 115 110 110 124 167 126 133 202 169 361 6.2 -23.4 11.9 excluding South Africa 1,117 115 110 108 119 166 125 131 200 168 361 6.2 -23.4 12.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,117 106 110 108 119 166 124 129 200 166 359 6.2 -23.7 12.1 Angola 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 .. -13.5 50.1 Benin 3 0 3 6 5 0 1 1 1 1 2 -13.7 -12.5 -6.0 Botswana .. 7 1 0 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 .. -8.7 7.9 Burkina Faso 0 1 1 6 5 3 6 9 4 14 43 0.3 -22.4 32.6 Burundi 6 2 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 28.4 -23.8 -42.4 Cameroon 37 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 0 -9.0 -25.1 12.8 Cape Verde 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 -2.7 -21.1 11.6 Central African Republic 3 2 2 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 -16.7 7.7 -44.6 Chad .. 3 1 1 3 4 5 6 1 0 2 -27.6 27.1 -1.3 Comoros 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 2 5 7.7 -35.2 66.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 0 0 0 2 8 2 0 0 0 0 -64.4 18.4 -12.5 Congo, Rep. of 24 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 -39.9 13.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 .. 20.0 3.1 Djibouti 53 10 11 3 4 4 2 1 9 0 2 -12.3 -19.8 -22.5 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 .. 68.2 48.6 Eritrea .. 1 11 4 3 15 30 17 9 3 12 .. .. 2.8 Ethiopia .. 1 0 0 0 6 12 14 15 28 33 6.8 -17.2 89.9 Gabon .. 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 -21.5 -27.7 -30.8 Gambia, The 12 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 3 -2.7 11.4 7.0 Ghana 41 1 4 5 1 11 2 4 2 3 5 50.0 -14.6 1.4 Guinea 0 4 2 5 17 31 22 16 2 1 6 0.3 -22.2 -7.2 Guinea-Bissau 2 4 3 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 -6.4 -11.8 -50.1 Kenya .. 3 3 4 2 1 1 3 5 5 10 174.2 -21.8 15.7 Lesotho 0 2 1 0 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 83.9 -8.6 17.4 Liberia 15 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 .. 0 0 -69.5 28.9 -52.5 Madagascar 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 20.2 -40.3 43.0 Malawi .. 3 4 2 0 1 1 4 6 11 9 .. 70.5 33.7 Mali 53 4 10 11 7 5 5 0 1 13 52 3.7 -17.5 0.7 Mauritania 140 5 9 13 10 12 6 5 0 1 2 -5.8 -27.2 -32.4 Mauritius .. 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 1 7 1 .. -23.4 -3.0 Mozambique 33 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 4 2 52.2 -17.5 -5.2 Namibia .. 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 .. .. 30.1 Niger 3 2 5 1 1 9 1 1 0 1 3 16.4 -19.2 -13.4 Nigeria .. 9 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 2 .. 25.3 35.4 Rwanda 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -12.6 -20.7 -27.4 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 .. .. -6.3 Senegal 3 14 1 10 9 9 1 4 5 1 10 18.2 -26.9 -5.3 Seychelles .. 1 0 0 3 4 1 2 6 0 0 .. -22.8 -15.6 Sierra Leone 7 0 0 1 4 1 2 0 0 2 3 3.7 -40.1 10.2 Somalia 208 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 43 -12.2 -25.2 90.0 South Africa .. .. 1 2 5 0 1 2 2 1 1 .. .. -2.4 Sudan 257 2 2 3 0 0 1 24 96 10 49 0.8 -41.6 69.4 Swaziland .. 3 2 2 2 1 4 0 0 3 4 .. 15.6 -7.1 Tanzania 45 0 6 4 2 2 3 1 3 5 3 46.0 -19.6 -2.5 Togo 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 1 4 3 -7.3 -31.6 39.6 Uganda 2 1 11 9 7 3 0 1 5 2 5 -14.5 24.3 -15.2 Zambia 37 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 19.2 .. 39.9 Zimbabwe 8 1 2 3 2 2 0 0 1 4 0 15.7 -3.2 -20.5 NORTH AFRICA 1,210 385 127 139 106 149 275 133 126 151 340 -24.8 3.0 7.6 Algeria 79 1 2 10 6 11 18 29 69 54 138 -28.0 -3.0 58.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3 359 86 95 46 91 201 68 52 61 29 -45.8 25.5 -9.0 Libya .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. 35.9 Morocco 1,048 17 26 16 22 29 28 27 4 34 130 16.4 -15.4 9.1 Tunisia 80 8 13 18 32 18 28 10 0 1 41 -9.1 -6.8 -24.0 ALL AFRICA 2,327 500 237 250 230 316 401 266 329 320 701 -10.3 -12.1 9.8 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 292 Aid Flows 12-8. Net aid from multilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2001 prices) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,966 6,265 7,213 6,536 5,278 4,952 5,033 4,288 4,578 5,640 7,079 6.8 3.8 -1.6 excluding South Africa 3,966 6,181 7,143 6,483 5,241 4,882 4,954 4,153 4,447 5,526 6,818 6.8 3.7 -1.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3,936 5,990 7,015 6,370 5,119 4,747 4,794 4,064 4,351 5,447 6,721 6.9 3.5 -1.9 Angola 26 127 202 140 145 112 107 123 109 110 129 42.8 14.2 -4.9 Benin 86 131 100 78 98 64 56 85 47 128 74 2.3 5.5 -1.4 Botswana 37 40 25 28 7 59 31 18 8 4 3 6.6 -6.5 -23.8 Burkina Faso 100 197 150 185 119 130 151 142 102 158 188 -0.2 4.8 0.4 Burundi 88 88 186 147 37 17 22 20 50 83 83 8.1 2.7 -6.7 Cameroon 116 15 298 76 110 154 183 168 164 132 186 -4.6 11.6 1.1 Cape Verde 38 33 35 32 30 38 41 44 24 29 48 3.3 -2.9 0.9 Central African Republic 55 50 64 34 37 26 55 53 22 19 19 2.9 -4.0 -11.0 Chad 25 72 97 87 142 113 80 107 74 114 156 -3.0 -2.7 2.3 Comoros 22 18 19 16 14 11 14 7 8 16 16 22.5 -6.4 -3.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 172 75 134 62 46 40 39 41 79 119 436 4.8 -7.5 13.8 Congo, Rep. of 36 6 99 16 29 9 6 19 10 46 364 -3.0 -2.4 12.4 Côte d'Ivoire 95 51 695 393 430 191 443 74 98 11 228 -11.6 32.0 -27.3 Djibouti 14 28 21 18 18 17 15 17 19 30 37 35.1 -5.4 7.0 Equatorial Guinea 13 24 12 10 6 6 3 5 3 1 6 29.1 1.6 -18.4 Eritrea .. 17 45 39 24 23 35 46 53 127 93 .. .. 15.7 Ethiopia 197 630 450 287 310 177 254 275 290 721 751 9.0 5.0 8.9 Gabon 11 3 17 7 12 10 7 12 23 17 21 4.0 -8.6 8.4 Gambia, The 51 35 30 19 18 21 22 17 31 38 39 14.1 -1.3 7.0 Ghana 97 290 198 240 251 170 302 229 215 254 231 13.1 0.4 1.3 Guinea 93 214 156 152 117 199 171 98 56 160 112 29.9 9.5 -5.4 Guinea-Bissau 39 32 43 31 43 58 28 18 38 29 32 19.5 -2.0 -4.6 Kenya 195 458 252 217 207 130 126 48 207 188 90 11.8 13.6 -8.8 Lesotho 50 63 62 41 42 35 27 6 16 28 46 9.5 1.4 -9.7 Liberia 47 91 24 74 49 39 36 45 43 24 24 8.0 5.7 -5.8 Madagascar 149 126 89 85 105 254 132 151 179 229 237 3.0 -2.7 13.2 Malawi 111 316 194 169 190 154 209 193 166 198 135 16.8 7.4 -1.7 Mali 169 136 187 216 167 159 106 107 59 132 154 1.5 -0.4 -7.6 Mauritania 59 125 134 96 149 135 94 111 127 188 198 1.1 2.9 5.2 Mauritius 13 1 6 11 17 26 19 32 7 6 18 -6.6 -8.8 1.9 Mozambique 56 340 417 292 279 294 301 192 247 208 375 38.4 14.1 -3.5 Namibia .. 29 22 35 41 36 44 53 54 31 45 .. 31.3 6.1 Niger 104 81 99 63 74 126 132 60 102 142 173 -6.2 -5.1 7.9 Nigeria 30 192 128 114 122 136 160 89 96 79 97 -0.7 22.7 -5.1 Rwanda 94 142 203 295 177 43 130 176 143 150 150 6.0 3.8 -3.7 São Tomé and Principe 4 17 21 18 16 11 9 8 17 16 6 12.9 6.8 -8.5 Senegal 129 114 146 203 147 108 189 103 136 189 186 1.3 -0.8 1.0 Seychelles 6 11 5 2 6 5 5 5 8 5 4 25.7 -1.1 4.2 Sierra Leone 49 95 199 117 94 68 46 12 65 176 120 10.8 9.6 -5.3 Somalia 271 179 89 56 40 29 34 35 46 47 45 11.4 -9.6 -4.6 South Africa .. 84 70 52 36 69 79 135 131 114 261 .. .. 19.8 Sudan 314 270 212 87 84 46 53 53 35 68 64 8.8 -4.0 -11.2 Swaziland 29 17 25 14 8 9 12 13 10 22 14 4.4 4.2 -0.6 Tanzania 208 281 349 230 230 335 210 343 238 333 319 11.9 6.5 1.4 Togo 63 18 55 60 52 46 57 19 16 12 9 5.0 -7.4 -22.9 Uganda 114 245 355 321 248 334 242 211 228 405 159 24.6 6.1 -5.1 Zambia 101 336 255 1,294 214 219 85 257 298 74 265 19.5 10.5 -11.9 Zimbabwe 77 177 252 117 75 104 41 23 13 19 21 128.5 14.0 -28.7 NORTH AFRICA 506 642 622 362 512 700 734 670 414 552 746 -4.1 9.3 2.6 Algeria 28 76 38 27 28 39 215 19 63 107 89 -11.2 5.5 15.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 319 179 253 165 172 341 234 187 133 105 123 -2.9 4.1 -8.5 Libya 11 2 2 2 5 5 3 4 3 5 4 -3.9 -3.0 6.7 Morocco 108 250 251 99 181 185 211 277 129 142 262 7.3 26.6 1.7 Tunisia 41 101 43 32 94 123 67 141 71 193 267 -4.0 2.8 22.8 ALL AFRICA 4,472 6,907 7,835 6,898 5,790 5,652 5,767 4,958 4,992 6,192 7,824 4.6 4.1 -1.3 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 293 12-9. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.1 5.8 6.8 5.8 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.4 6.0 4.3 8.3 4.8 excluding South Africa 4.1 10.5 13.1 10.9 8.5 7.4 7.5 6.6 6.5 6.6 8.7 4.3 9.4 7.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6.7 11.9 15.5 12.9 10.3 8.9 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.7 6.3 11.0 9.6 Angola .. 5.5 11.1 8.3 6.3 4.6 5.2 6.4 3.5 3.0 3.7 .. 3.6 5.1 Benin 6.4 13.7 17.1 14.0 13.1 10.2 8.8 8.8 10.6 11.5 8.2 7.0 13.2 10.6 Botswana 10.0 3.1 2.0 1.9 1.6 2.3 2.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 10.7 5.0 1.4 Burkina Faso 11.0 19.9 22.0 19.9 15.1 14.1 14.3 14.2 12.9 14.1 15.1 11.0 14.3 15.0 Burundi 12.8 23.1 33.7 28.8 12.3 5.9 7.7 10.4 13.7 19.9 23.9 11.9 21.4 15.3 Cameroon 3.9 4.6 9.3 5.6 4.5 5.5 5.7 4.7 4.3 4.8 6.7 3.6 4.0 5.2 Cape Verde 60.3 32.3 29.6 23.9 23.2 22.0 24.1 23.4 17.7 13.5 14.3 47.2 36.5 20.3 Central African Republic 13.9 13.3 19.7 15.0 15.9 9.1 11.5 11.2 7.9 6.9 5.7 12.8 14.5 10.4 Chad 3.4 15.4 18.1 16.4 18.4 15.1 9.6 12.2 9.4 11.2 11.6 8.6 16.4 13.0 Comoros 35.1 17.6 20.9 18.0 17.1 12.9 16.3 9.6 9.2 12.5 13.1 36.9 24.3 13.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3.0 1.7 4.2 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.1 14.1 2.6 5.7 4.6 Congo, Rep. of 5.4 6.4 20.5 5.9 16.9 11.6 3.4 6.0 1.0 2.7 13.9 6.4 6.7 7.7 Côte d'Ivoire 2.1 6.9 19.2 11.0 7.9 3.8 7.6 3.6 3.3 1.6 9.1 2.0 5.7 6.0 Djibouti .. 28.5 26.4 21.1 19.6 17.0 15.7 14.0 12.9 .. .. .. 27.0 16.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 34.8 23.7 20.5 11.9 4.9 4.8 2.3 1.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 36.8 6.0 Eritrea .. 14.3 29.6 25.4 23.0 18.0 22.5 20.4 27.5 39.7 35.9 .. 21.9 26.5 Ethiopia .. 17.4 19.3 15.3 13.6 9.1 10.1 9.9 10.6 17.1 21.6 5.1 12.2 13.4 Gabon 1.3 2.3 4.3 2.9 2.2 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.6 2.5 1.2 Gambia, The 22.6 23.2 19.2 12.2 9.5 9.5 9.3 7.8 11.7 13.7 17.0 19.6 32.9 11.3 Ghana 4.3 10.5 10.1 10.1 9.4 7.2 9.4 7.9 12.1 12.3 10.6 3.6 9.7 9.9 Guinea .. 12.5 10.5 11.3 7.7 10.1 10.0 6.9 4.9 9.2 7.8 .. 11.6 8.5 Guinea-Bissau 53.7 39.9 74.2 46.7 66.8 46.3 46.6 23.4 37.3 29.7 29.2 37.3 53.6 40.7 Kenya 5.5 18.3 9.5 8.1 6.4 4.2 3.7 2.9 4.9 4.1 3.2 5.5 10.7 4.7 Lesotho 21.9 17.7 13.9 12.2 11.0 9.0 6.9 3.4 4.3 7.3 10.7 22.5 22.3 8.1 Liberia 8.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.4 6.9 .. Madagascar 5.7 10.8 9.7 9.5 8.9 23.5 12.9 9.6 8.3 8.1 8.5 4.6 11.8 11.2 Malawi 11.6 24.0 39.8 30.4 20.2 13.6 25.0 24.7 26.2 23.9 19.8 11.1 25.2 23.0 Mali 15.0 13.6 25.0 22.0 18.8 17.3 13.4 13.8 14.7 13.4 15.3 15.0 20.6 16.1 Mauritania 24.8 34.4 26.0 21.6 24.4 21.7 16.4 22.8 22.6 26.6 36.1 27.8 24.5 24.0 Mauritius 2.9 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.7 2.5 0.7 Mozambique 4.8 59.5 55.1 46.1 31.3 27.9 26.9 20.2 23.8 27.1 57.2 5.8 40.0 32.6 Namibia .. 5.4 4.2 5.5 5.4 4.6 5.3 5.3 4.4 3.5 4.7 0.0 3.3 4.8 Niger 6.8 21.4 24.1 14.6 12.8 18.0 14.0 9.3 11.7 13.2 13.7 9.9 17.7 13.4 Nigeria 0.1 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.6 Rwanda 13.4 18.1 95.0 54.3 33.8 12.4 17.6 19.3 17.8 17.5 20.6 12.5 21.3 24.2 São Tomé and Principe 8.4 98.0 101.0 185.2 105.7 76.0 68.8 58.7 75.2 81.6 51.8 15.9 73.1 87.9 Senegal 8.8 9.2 17.6 14.9 12.5 9.7 10.8 11.3 9.7 8.9 8.9 10.5 13.2 10.8 Seychelles 14.7 4.1 2.6 2.6 3.8 3.0 4.0 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.1 14.5 7.7 2.7 Sierra Leone 8.3 27.0 27.7 22.2 19.6 14.0 15.8 11.0 28.7 46.1 45.1 5.0 15.4 25.3 Somalia 71.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42.1 48.0 .. South Africa .. 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 .. 0.2 0.4 Sudan 9.2 7.6 6.3 2.5 2.6 1.3 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.5 2.6 7.5 8.5 2.1 Swaziland 9.2 5.1 5.1 4.3 2.5 2.0 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.3 2.1 7.9 5.9 2.3 Tanzania .. 22.3 21.4 16.7 13.5 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.3 13.6 13.1 11.4 21.6 13.0 Togo 8.0 7.8 12.8 14.7 10.7 8.3 9.1 5.0 5.7 3.5 3.7 10.0 13.2 7.6 Uganda 9.1 18.9 18.8 14.5 11.2 13.0 9.9 9.9 13.9 14.1 11.0 4.3 12.8 12.2 Zambia 8.2 26.6 21.5 58.5 18.6 15.6 10.8 19.9 24.6 9.6 17.3 6.3 20.4 21.9 Zimbabwe 2.5 7.6 8.1 6.9 4.3 4.0 4.6 4.5 2.5 1.8 2.4 1.6 5.5 3.9 NORTH AFRICA 2.1 2.6 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 3.1 2.8 1.5 Algeria 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6.0 5.1 5.2 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 10.3 6.7 2.2 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 4.8 2.7 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 3.8 3.1 1.6 Tunisia 2.7 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.2 3.5 2.4 1.2 ALL AFRICA 3.2 4.8 5.4 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.1 4.2 3.7 5.9 3.6 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 294 Aid Flows 12-10. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.4 3.5 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.6 2.5 5.2 2.9 excluding South Africa 2.4 6.4 7.5 6.1 5.1 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.2 3.9 5.2 2.5 5.8 4.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4.0 7.3 9.0 7.3 6.3 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.3 4.9 6.4 3.7 6.8 5.8 Angola .. 2.8 5.5 4.8 3.9 3.0 3.3 4.1 2.1 1.9 2.5 .. 2.1 3.2 Benin 2.5 7.0 9.5 8.8 7.5 6.9 6.2 5.0 8.4 6.1 5.2 3.6 7.3 6.8 Botswana 7.9 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 8.2 3.7 0.9 Burkina Faso 7.8 10.9 13.4 10.2 9.7 8.4 8.1 8.3 8.8 7.9 7.4 7.4 9.2 8.6 Burundi 6.5 13.4 11.7 10.8 7.5 4.0 5.1 7.3 6.0 7.9 11.8 6.3 10.1 7.6 Cameroon 2.5 4.4 5.1 4.3 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.4 3.2 4.7 2.5 3.0 3.4 Cape Verde 36.5 22.4 19.8 15.7 15.4 13.4 15.8 15.2 13.1 8.6 6.7 30.6 24.7 13.0 Central African Republic 9.4 9.0 11.0 10.9 11.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.0 3.8 8.2 8.1 6.7 Chad 2.0 10.0 8.8 8.8 7.6 6.4 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.3 4.7 9.3 5.4 Comoros 10.9 10.4 9.6 9.4 9.5 7.2 8.6 5.9 5.3 4.4 4.5 14.0 13.0 6.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2.2 0.9 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.8 6.2 1.8 3.5 2.5 Congo, Rep. of 3.2 6.1 14.3 5.0 15.5 11.2 3.1 5.2 0.7 1.1 1.4 3.8 5.6 5.4 Côte d'Ivoire 1.5 6.4 9.9 6.6 3.7 2.0 3.8 2.9 2.4 1.5 7.1 1.5 3.8 3.7 Djibouti .. 19.9 19.3 16.0 14.3 12.4 12.1 10.3 7.6 .. .. .. 17.9 12.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 18.2 13.1 13.2 9.0 3.6 4.0 1.7 1.4 0.7 0.6 .. 21.3 4.3 Eritrea .. 10.3 18.0 16.1 18.4 11.8 13.1 11.1 17.5 21.4 18.8 .. 14.1 16.0 Ethiopia .. 6.7 10.2 9.1 7.5 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.8 5.6 8.1 1.9 6.0 6.6 Gabon 1.1 2.2 3.8 2.7 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.0 Gambia, The 6.8 13.6 10.5 6.6 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.4 4.9 8.7 18.3 4.2 Ghana 2.4 5.2 6.1 5.6 5.0 4.2 5.0 4.6 7.6 7.5 6.6 2.0 4.6 5.8 Guinea .. 5.6 5.4 6.0 3.5 3.3 4.1 3.2 3.0 4.0 3.9 .. 6.0 3.9 Guinea-Bissau 31.1 23.8 52.4 30.3 46.1 21.8 31.5 14.3 19.3 15.2 12.7 21.9 29.4 23.9 Kenya 3.8 8.6 5.6 5.1 3.7 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.3 4.3 6.8 3.0 Lesotho 14.8 9.1 5.4 6.6 5.2 4.4 3.7 2.8 2.5 3.8 4.2 13.7 12.5 4.1 Liberia 5.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 4.8 .. Madagascar 2.2 6.8 6.4 6.2 5.8 15.5 8.9 5.2 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.4 7.1 6.4 Malawi 6.1 7.7 21.2 15.5 10.9 6.9 11.7 12.6 15.8 11.6 11.8 6.3 11.2 12.1 Mali 7.3 8.3 13.8 11.6 11.4 10.4 9.1 9.2 12.3 7.9 8.3 8.0 12.6 10.0 Mauritania 7.6 20.8 12.5 11.8 8.9 8.8 6.3 9.3 8.8 8.1 14.9 6.7 13.0 9.6 Mauritius 2.2 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.4 2.1 0.2 Mozambique 3.3 41.0 33.7 30.2 19.4 18.3 18.4 14.9 16.9 21.0 46.2 4.3 28.5 23.2 Namibia .. 4.3 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.9 0.0 2.1 3.4 Niger 4.2 15.8 16.7 10.3 8.2 9.8 7.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.9 11.9 7.3 Nigeria 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 Rwanda 8.3 10.2 64.7 26.2 18.2 9.6 10.5 9.3 9.7 8.7 11.5 7.9 13.3 13.0 São Tomé and Principe 2.6 59.5 53.2 135.2 64.3 48.2 44.4 40.7 38.1 46.7 38.3 4.6 35.7 57.0 Senegal 6.1 6.7 13.0 8.9 8.5 6.7 6.2 8.8 6.6 4.9 4.8 6.5 8.8 6.9 Seychelles 12.4 1.4 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.1 2.8 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.5 13.0 5.6 1.4 Sierra Leone 5.2 13.7 5.4 6.4 7.1 4.9 7.9 8.9 18.2 22.3 28.8 2.7 7.8 13.1 Somalia 23.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.4 30.0 .. South Africa .. 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 .. 0.1 0.3 Sudan 4.0 2.8 2.7 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.9 1.7 2.8 3.9 1.2 Swaziland 6.0 3.1 2.4 2.8 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 5.2 3.6 1.1 Tanzania .. 15.3 12.6 11.2 9.3 7.4 9.2 7.1 8.6 10.1 9.6 8.1 15.4 9.1 Togo 4.6 6.3 6.5 9.0 6.6 5.0 4.7 3.3 4.3 2.3 2.8 5.7 7.8 4.8 Uganda 3.4 10.8 8.6 7.4 6.1 7.0 5.9 6.0 9.8 6.8 8.0 1.7 5.3 7.1 Zambia 6.0 15.6 13.0 12.6 10.8 9.4 7.9 10.9 15.0 7.5 9.7 4.8 14.5 10.5 Zimbabwe 1.7 4.7 4.1 4.9 3.3 2.6 3.8 4.0 2.7 1.6 2.1 1.2 4.1 3.1 NORTH AFRICA 1.3 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.4 2.2 1.1 Algeria 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5.2 3.8 4.4 2.8 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 4.6 5.5 1.8 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 1.0 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 1.4 1.9 0.9 Tunisia 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 2.5 1.6 0.5 ALL AFRICA 1.9 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.0 3.8 2.2 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 295 12-11. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.3 2.2 2.9 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.3 1.3 3.0 1.8 excluding South Africa 1.3 4.1 5.5 4.7 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.7 3.3 1.3 3.4 3.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2.1 4.6 6.5 5.6 4.0 3.3 3.4 2.9 2.9 3.4 4.1 2.0 4.0 3.7 Angola .. 2.6 5.6 3.5 2.4 1.7 1.9 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 .. 1.6 1.9 Benin 3.8 6.6 7.4 4.8 5.3 3.4 2.7 3.9 2.2 5.4 2.9 3.3 5.8 3.8 Botswana 2.1 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.2 1.2 0.5 Burkina Faso 3.2 9.0 8.5 9.4 5.2 5.6 6.0 5.6 4.0 5.7 6.3 3.5 4.9 6.0 Burundi 5.9 10.0 22.3 18.2 4.9 1.9 2.7 3.1 7.6 12.0 12.2 5.2 11.1 7.8 Cameroon 1.1 0.1 4.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.8 Cape Verde 22.0 9.8 9.6 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.3 8.3 4.7 5.0 7.8 15.6 11.3 7.3 Central African Republic 4.2 4.1 8.4 3.8 4.2 3.0 6.1 5.6 2.4 1.9 1.9 4.4 6.2 3.6 Chad 1.5 5.2 9.2 7.6 10.7 8.4 5.1 7.6 5.5 6.8 8.2 3.6 7.1 7.5 Comoros 10.8 7.2 11.3 8.6 7.5 5.6 7.6 3.7 3.8 7.4 6.7 14.1 10.7 6.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.7 0.7 2.5 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.7 2.3 8.0 0.8 2.0 2.1 Congo, Rep. of 1.3 0.4 6.2 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.6 12.5 1.9 1.1 2.3 Côte d'Ivoire 0.6 0.5 9.3 4.4 4.2 1.8 3.7 0.6 1.0 0.1 2.0 0.5 1.8 2.2 Djibouti .. 6.2 4.7 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 .. .. .. 4.9 3.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 16.5 10.6 7.3 2.9 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.7 14.9 1.7 Eritrea .. 3.8 9.3 8.4 4.1 3.7 5.1 6.8 8.6 17.9 15.1 .. 6.6 8.7 Ethiopia .. 10.7 9.1 6.2 6.1 3.1 4.3 4.7 4.6 11.1 12.9 2.8 6.0 6.6 Gabon 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 Gambia, The 12.8 10.1 9.2 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.9 4.4 7.6 9.7 11.3 8.5 14.9 7.0 Ghana 1.3 5.2 4.0 4.6 4.4 2.7 4.3 3.2 4.5 4.8 3.9 1.4 5.0 4.1 Guinea .. 6.9 5.1 5.2 3.7 5.9 5.2 3.1 1.9 5.3 3.7 .. 5.4 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 21.4 14.3 20.5 15.2 19.1 24.4 15.1 9.1 18.0 14.5 16.5 13.1 22.0 16.5 Kenya 1.6 9.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 1.4 1.2 0.5 2.1 1.7 0.8 1.2 3.9 1.7 Lesotho 7.1 8.3 8.4 5.6 5.4 3.9 3.4 0.7 1.9 3.6 6.7 8.7 9.6 3.9 Liberia 2.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 2.1 .. Madagascar 2.3 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.2 8.0 3.9 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.6 1.9 4.7 4.8 Malawi 5.5 16.2 18.2 14.8 9.4 6.7 13.3 11.8 10.0 11.7 7.5 4.8 13.8 10.7 Mali 5.8 5.5 11.8 10.9 7.7 7.2 4.5 4.6 2.5 5.0 5.2 5.6 7.5 6.0 Mauritania 5.1 14.3 14.6 11.3 16.6 14.1 10.8 13.0 13.8 18.6 21.4 7.6 9.7 14.9 Mauritius 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.5 Mozambique 1.0 18.3 21.3 15.7 11.7 9.6 8.5 5.4 6.9 6.1 11.0 1.3 11.5 9.4 Namibia .. 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.7 .. 1.3 1.4 Niger 2.5 5.5 7.1 4.2 4.6 7.7 7.0 3.3 5.8 7.3 8.3 3.1 5.7 6.0 Nigeria 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 Rwanda 4.9 7.7 29.9 28.1 15.4 2.7 7.1 10.0 8.1 8.8 9.1 4.3 7.7 11.2 São Tomé and Principe 5.8 38.5 47.8 49.9 41.4 27.7 24.3 18.0 37.2 34.8 13.5 11.3 37.5 30.8 Senegal 2.6 2.2 4.5 5.7 3.8 2.8 4.5 2.4 3.2 4.1 3.9 3.2 3.9 3.8 Seychelles 2.3 2.6 1.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.0 Sierra Leone 2.7 13.3 22.3 15.7 12.0 9.0 7.5 2.0 10.5 23.5 16.0 2.1 7.3 12.0 Somalia 27.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.9 15.9 .. South Africa .. 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 .. 0.1 0.1 Sudan 2.8 4.8 3.6 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 2.0 3.9 0.7 Swaziland 3.2 1.8 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.2 2.7 2.2 1.1 Tanzania .. 7.0 8.6 5.4 4.2 4.9 2.7 4.4 2.7 3.6 3.6 2.9 6.2 3.9 Togo 3.4 1.6 6.3 5.7 4.2 3.4 4.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 4.2 5.3 2.7 Uganda 5.6 8.1 9.9 7.0 4.9 5.9 4.0 3.9 4.0 7.2 2.9 2.4 7.1 5.0 Zambia 1.6 11.0 8.5 45.8 7.8 6.2 2.9 9.1 9.5 2.0 7.5 1.1 5.9 11.4 Zimbabwe 0.7 2.9 4.1 2.1 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.8 NORTH AFRICA 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 Algeria 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.4 0.3 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 Tunisia 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 ALL AFRICA 0.8 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.8 1.3 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 296 Aid Flows 12-12. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.9 35.1 37.7 32.2 26.9 24.6 23.8 22.3 23.4 24.1 31.8 22.2 50.7 26.1 excluding South Africa 20.9 60.0 68.7 59.5 44.9 40.5 35.8 33.2 34.8 33.4 42.4 22.2 56.3 40.6 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 36.4 72.2 82.3 69.2 51.7 48.7 44.0 41.8 43.1 41.9 54.4 33.7 67.3 49.3 Angola .. 49.1 66.6 29.5 18.1 18.2 14.6 32.1 9.8 8.8 11.6 .. 38.4 17.8 Benin 42.4 88.9 108.6 71.2 76.3 55.7 51.7 50.5 55.9 60.2 45.9 40.9 97.5 58.4 Botswana 25.0 10.8 7.5 7.7 6.2 8.3 6.4 4.4 3.0 2.6 2.9 29.6 20.9 5.2 Burkina Faso 72.9 110.2 113.6 87.3 61.8 56.5 52.7 59.6 57.0 73.7 82.8 64.1 75.8 66.4 Burundi 91.9 141.8 319.4 300.1 102.3 72.9 87.5 114.1 150.2 288.1 303.8 89.3 150.6 177.4 Cameroon 18.7 27.7 60.6 38.4 29.4 33.9 32.7 25.3 26.1 26.8 36.8 15.0 23.6 31.2 Cape Verde 116.9 81.4 68.3 56.3 96.4 99.9 121.7 112.1 89.9 73.8 68.5 95.0 114.8 89.8 Central African Republic 198.7 131.0 168.5 111.3 369.9 92.6 84.6 78.0 72.9 49.0 38.6 129.1 121.5 112.1 Chad .. 157.4 108.5 159.4 123.7 102.0 47.7 121.6 42.0 27.1 19.8 159.7 185.9 80.4 Comoros 105.7 96.1 101.1 92.6 88.1 81.1 90.7 64.4 70.2 95.1 101.9 114.1 117.3 85.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 29.8 94.6 53.5 37.0 10.3 102.8 112.2 91.0 123.5 99.5 199.5 23.1 63.1 97.0 Congo, Rep. of 15.1 21.8 65.5 16.2 62.7 52.0 12.6 21.7 4.9 10.2 59.7 19.5 28.9 30.0 Côte d'Ivoire 7.8 70.7 139.8 70.7 65.6 26.4 56.7 27.2 31.3 14.4 87.6 9.3 62.4 47.5 Djibouti .. .. .. 250.3 216.2 180.3 103.1 157.4 100.3 .. .. .. .. 167.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 158.2 32.0 26.8 10.5 7.4 5.3 4.2 3.9 1.3 3.3 7.8 142.9 7.8 Eritrea .. 84.1 117.7 112.6 83.2 57.5 84.1 60.3 149.5 141.2 135.6 .. 100.9 103.0 Ethiopia .. 122.6 127.6 93.0 80.6 53.3 59.1 58.4 67.0 96.3 105.2 37.2 94.1 76.6 Gabon 4.7 10.3 19.8 12.3 9.4 2.4 2.6 3.9 0.9 0.7 5.1 4.1 9.4 4.7 Gambia, The 84.7 110.5 106.0 60.5 44.1 55.1 50.4 43.6 68.6 77.5 79.0 100.5 177.0 59.9 Ghana 76.7 47.1 42.1 50.3 44.3 28.9 40.7 36.8 50.3 46.2 47.5 60.7 70.6 43.1 Guinea .. 69.8 67.9 68.2 33.4 42.7 47.7 31.1 22.4 41.9 46.4 .. 69.0 41.7 Guinea-Bissau 190.7 129.2 340.7 209.2 290.0 212.4 409.5 139.1 233.3 150.5 198.7 158.2 169.6 230.3 Kenya 22.3 103.2 57.7 46.3 38.4 27.1 21.3 18.2 31.9 28.1 23.5 26.8 58.0 29.3 Lesotho 59.0 31.6 24.4 20.3 19.1 17.1 13.9 7.3 9.9 16.3 26.7 72.7 47.2 16.3 Liberia 32.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44.5 94.0 .. Madagascar 38.1 94.0 89.1 87.1 76.7 183.5 87.1 64.7 55.2 43.7 59.4 47.1 108.1 82.2 Malawi 46.8 158.4 136.9 179.0 174.9 111.3 186.0 166.5 273.5 2,300.0 160.0 49.5 125.6 443.9 Mali 96.7 62.2 91.5 95.9 81.9 84.1 64.0 65.1 71.5 64.0 80.8 103.7 97.7 75.9 Mauritania 94.3 166.8 125.6 111.9 131.3 123.5 86.7 128.4 74.7 99.4 146.2 106.9 109.0 112.8 Mauritius 11.3 2.6 1.4 2.1 1.9 3.6 3.6 3.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 15.5 9.4 2.7 Mozambique 80.8 467.3 278.1 201.6 143.2 135.6 110.9 55.1 65.1 65.5 127.9 99.7 286.2 113.1 Namibia .. 32.9 19.8 25.2 23.3 22.6 20.7 22.7 22.9 14.7 19.3 0.0 17.4 21.4 Niger 24.1 334.4 232.2 199.4 132.7 166.1 124.7 90.7 108.8 114.9 107.7 84.2 183.9 130.6 Nigeria 0.3 5.8 4.1 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.2 3.1 0.6 4.0 3.0 Rwanda 82.8 107.8 952.2 404.8 234.9 89.8 118.8 112.2 101.4 95.2 109.2 85.9 172.5 158.3 São Tomé and Principe 49.8 277.4 242.9 271.9 188.3 154.7 192.1 150.4 173.0 272.8 194.7 115.6 313.1 199.7 Senegal 75.1 67.4 95.2 89.0 67.5 54.2 54.5 54.6 52.3 49.4 45.3 81.6 101.9 58.3 Seychelles 38.5 14.5 9.8 8.4 9.6 9.5 11.5 4.9 10.9 5.3 3.7 43.6 33.2 8.0 Sierra Leone 51.0 351.1 355.5 423.2 218.2 278.9 282.7 252.7 359.9 760.5 514.7 43.0 181.7 386.4 Somalia 169.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 156.0 196.4 .. South Africa .. 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 4.0 .. 1.3 2.3 Sudan 96.5 38.5 28.0 15.9 11.1 9.0 7.3 10.9 11.3 8.2 13.3 61.4 76.5 10.9 Swaziland 24.6 22.3 23.5 21.3 7.8 9.6 11.4 11.2 5.1 13.4 11.6 25.1 28.5 11.4 Tanzania .. 88.8 86.8 84.4 81.2 82.5 86.2 73.8 63.9 80.0 78.7 .. 102.1 78.8 Togo 28.1 105.0 84.8 91.1 57.1 51.3 43.7 26.6 27.3 16.8 17.0 39.6 81.8 41.4 Uganda 148.3 124.2 128.4 88.3 69.6 77.2 61.0 50.9 70.2 69.9 50.7 63.5 96.6 67.2 Zambia 35.2 177.0 260.3 367.3 145.1 107.0 65.7 113.4 131.5 47.9 99.4 34.1 159.4 134.7 Zimbabwe 14.5 33.3 34.3 35.2 23.4 22.0 26.6 27.6 19.6 23.2 29.2 9.3 28.4 25.8 NORTH AFRICA 7.2 11.1 11.7 8.5 9.5 7.3 6.4 5.4 4.4 4.6 5.3 9.4 11.2 6.4 Algeria 1.1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.2 3.1 1.0 1.6 1.3 2.2 1.2 1.3 2.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 22.0 31.2 31.2 19.5 19.6 12.1 9.2 7.0 5.6 5.7 6.2 33.9 29.7 10.6 Libya 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. Morocco 19.7 11.8 9.7 7.2 9.1 6.7 6.7 8.2 5.2 6.2 6.8 14.5 13.2 7.0 Tunisia 9.1 5.3 2.7 1.7 2.6 3.9 2.8 4.5 4.2 6.7 7.5 11.3 8.8 4.2 ALL AFRICA 13.4 25.2 27.5 23.2 20.5 17.8 16.1 14.5 14.6 14.9 19.3 14.4 28.8 17.6 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 297 12-13. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.3 21.3 21.7 18.3 16.4 15.3 14.7 14.1 15.1 14.2 19.1 13.0 31.5 15.9 excluding South Africa 12.3 36.5 39.4 33.5 27.1 24.9 22.0 20.9 22.3 19.5 25.5 13.0 34.8 24.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 21.6 44.4 47.5 39.2 31.4 30.1 27.3 26.5 27.6 24.5 32.6 19.7 41.6 29.9 Angola .. 25.4 33.1 17.1 11.3 11.6 9.4 20.9 6.0 5.5 7.9 .. 21.8 11.2 Benin 16.8 45.6 60.2 45.0 43.6 37.3 36.3 28.5 44.6 31.7 29.1 21.0 53.9 37.0 Botswana 19.6 6.7 4.9 4.6 5.7 3.8 4.4 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.8 22.8 15.7 3.6 Burkina Faso 51.9 60.1 69.4 44.9 39.6 33.5 29.8 34.7 38.6 41.5 40.3 43.3 48.8 37.9 Burundi 46.8 82.1 111.0 113.1 62.5 49.5 57.7 79.9 66.3 114.7 149.4 48.1 70.0 86.6 Cameroon 12.1 26.9 33.0 29.9 20.0 22.4 19.9 14.8 14.7 18.2 25.4 10.1 17.4 20.7 Cape Verde 70.7 56.4 45.8 36.9 64.0 61.0 79.7 72.8 66.6 46.8 32.1 58.6 79.1 57.5 Central African Republic 134.5 88.4 94.4 80.8 262.7 62.4 39.9 39.1 51.3 35.3 25.5 84.4 68.1 74.6 Chad .. 102.0 52.7 85.7 50.9 43.2 21.2 41.8 17.1 10.6 5.7 86.5 104.9 34.5 Comoros 32.8 56.6 46.2 48.1 49.1 45.4 48.1 39.6 40.4 33.2 34.6 43.0 63.8 42.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 22.1 52.5 21.2 22.2 6.6 68.2 71.3 59.8 69.1 54.3 86.8 16.1 39.2 54.8 Congo, Rep. of 9.1 20.5 45.8 13.6 57.6 50.1 11.5 18.6 3.4 4.0 5.9 11.8 24.6 20.6 Côte d'Ivoire 5.6 65.5 71.9 42.3 30.6 13.8 28.7 22.2 22.3 13.5 68.1 7.3 43.3 30.2 Djibouti .. .. .. 189.5 157.9 131.2 79.4 116.1 59.2 .. .. .. .. 122.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 83.0 17.7 17.3 7.9 5.5 4.4 3.1 3.3 1.3 2.2 .. 88.0 5.6 Eritrea .. 60.5 71.6 71.5 66.7 37.7 49.1 32.6 95.1 76.1 71.0 .. 66.1 62.5 Ethiopia .. 46.9 67.5 55.3 44.2 34.5 32.7 29.5 36.7 31.7 39.4 13.6 45.8 38.0 Gabon 4.2 9.9 17.6 11.6 8.5 1.9 2.2 2.8 0.9 0.6 3.5 3.4 8.6 4.0 Gambia, The 25.6 64.9 58.1 32.6 20.3 24.7 17.6 17.2 20.4 19.3 22.9 46.6 98.8 21.9 Ghana 42.8 23.6 25.5 27.7 23.8 17.1 21.7 21.5 31.5 28.0 29.6 32.8 32.4 25.1 Guinea .. 31.6 35.2 36.0 15.1 14.0 19.7 14.5 13.6 18.0 23.3 .. 35.8 19.3 Guinea-Bissau 110.3 77.3 240.8 135.7 200.1 100.0 276.7 85.1 120.6 76.9 86.3 92.8 95.8 135.2 Kenya 15.6 48.4 34.1 28.9 22.3 18.2 14.2 14.9 18.2 16.4 17.2 20.7 36.3 18.8 Lesotho 39.9 16.2 9.5 11.0 9.0 8.3 7.4 6.0 5.9 8.6 10.4 43.4 26.8 8.3 Liberia 19.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.5 66.7 .. Madagascar 15.0 59.0 58.5 56.4 49.4 120.8 60.4 34.7 23.8 16.5 20.1 25.0 64.6 47.8 Malawi 24.7 50.5 73.0 90.9 93.9 56.4 87.1 84.9 165.0 1,114.7 95.4 26.2 55.2 223.5 Mali 47.5 37.8 50.4 50.5 49.6 50.3 43.5 43.5 59.6 37.8 44.0 55.7 60.1 47.3 Mauritania 28.7 100.6 60.1 61.2 47.6 50.1 33.4 52.0 29.1 30.2 60.3 25.5 58.3 45.5 Mauritius 8.6 2.7 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.7 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 10.3 7.9 0.7 Mozambique 54.8 322.1 169.9 132.3 89.0 88.9 76.0 40.6 46.3 50.6 103.3 74.1 205.2 78.4 Namibia .. 26.2 16.1 19.4 16.9 16.7 14.7 14.9 14.5 10.3 12.1 0.0 11.1 15.0 Niger 14.9 247.0 160.9 140.9 85.0 90.4 61.8 58.3 54.6 50.7 41.3 51.1 124.9 72.9 Nigeria 0.1 1.4 1.0 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.3 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 Rwanda 51.5 61.0 647.8 195.6 126.9 69.9 70.9 54.3 55.3 47.5 61.1 54.3 109.9 85.2 São Tomé and Principe 15.4 168.3 127.9 198.6 114.5 98.1 124.1 104.2 87.6 156.3 143.9 30.6 145.6 128.4 Senegal 51.9 49.0 70.7 53.4 45.6 37.4 31.4 42.4 35.6 26.8 24.5 50.5 67.3 37.1 Seychelles 32.4 5.1 5.5 7.1 4.0 3.5 8.2 1.8 1.9 3.2 1.7 38.5 24.0 3.9 Sierra Leone 31.8 178.5 69.4 122.2 79.4 97.4 141.4 205.6 228.1 367.8 328.1 24.2 90.7 196.3 Somalia 54.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.5 121.3 .. South Africa .. 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.3 .. 0.9 1.7 Sudan 42.2 13.9 11.8 8.6 6.0 5.6 5.3 7.1 4.5 4.8 8.8 24.4 38.0 6.3 Swaziland 16.1 13.6 11.1 13.8 4.9 5.5 5.5 5.8 1.1 1.9 3.1 16.1 17.5 5.2 Tanzania .. 60.8 51.3 56.4 56.0 49.7 66.3 45.7 48.7 59.4 57.6 .. 71.2 55.0 Togo 16.1 83.7 42.9 55.8 35.4 31.0 22.5 17.5 20.4 10.9 13.1 21.5 49.2 25.8 Uganda 55.2 70.8 58.8 44.8 38.1 41.7 36.2 30.8 49.6 34.0 37.1 25.5 39.3 39.0 Zambia 25.9 103.7 157.3 79.4 84.3 64.4 48.3 61.8 80.4 37.6 55.8 26.1 111.8 64.0 Zimbabwe 9.9 20.7 17.1 24.9 17.7 14.6 22.0 24.8 21.2 21.0 25.9 7.2 21.7 21.5 NORTH AFRICA 4.4 7.7 9.2 6.9 7.5 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1 4.5 8.6 4.6 Algeria 0.7 1.0 1.9 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 18.8 23.7 26.8 16.3 17.2 9.1 7.0 5.7 4.8 4.9 5.4 15.3 24.3 8.8 Libya 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 .. .. Morocco 4.1 7.0 4.9 5.1 5.5 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.6 4.1 2.3 5.5 8.3 3.9 Tunisia 6.1 2.9 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.9 1.8 2.8 3.3 2.3 8.0 6.1 2.0 ALL AFRICA 8.0 15.8 16.8 14.0 13.1 11.2 10.1 9.3 9.6 9.1 11.6 8.0 18.7 11.0 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 298 Aid Flows 12-14. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.6 13.6 15.9 13.8 10.4 9.1 8.9 7.9 8.2 9.7 12.2 6.9 18.2 10.0 excluding South Africa 6.6 23.3 29.2 25.8 17.6 15.3 13.7 11.9 12.2 13.6 16.2 6.9 20.5 15.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 11.4 27.7 34.7 29.9 20.1 18.1 16.5 14.9 15.0 17.0 20.9 10.5 24.5 19.0 Angola .. 23.1 33.5 12.4 6.8 6.5 5.3 11.2 3.6 3.4 3.8 .. 16.5 6.6 Benin 24.8 43.2 46.8 24.5 31.1 18.4 15.8 22.3 11.5 28.1 16.2 19.5 42.7 21.0 Botswana 5.3 3.6 2.4 3.0 0.7 4.7 2.2 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.7 Burkina Faso 21.0 50.0 43.9 41.1 21.2 22.5 22.0 23.5 17.7 29.6 34.7 20.0 26.0 26.5 Burundi 42.2 61.2 211.4 189.9 41.0 23.8 30.6 34.1 83.8 173.3 154.3 39.0 79.3 91.3 Cameroon 5.0 0.8 27.7 8.4 9.6 11.6 13.0 10.7 11.6 8.8 11.4 4.3 6.2 10.6 Cape Verde 42.5 24.6 22.2 19.3 30.1 38.8 41.9 39.6 23.6 27.3 37.5 34.3 34.7 32.3 Central African Republic 60.5 40.7 72.1 28.2 96.7 30.2 44.7 39.0 21.7 13.7 13.0 42.9 51.6 35.9 Chad .. 53.4 55.3 73.4 71.5 56.6 25.1 75.4 24.6 16.5 13.9 69.7 80.5 44.6 Comoros 32.7 39.1 54.7 44.3 38.8 35.6 42.3 24.8 29.1 56.5 52.1 43.1 51.5 40.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7.4 41.9 32.2 14.7 3.5 29.0 38.7 31.1 54.3 45.1 112.6 6.8 22.9 41.1 Congo, Rep. of 3.6 1.2 19.8 2.6 5.1 1.9 1.1 3.1 1.5 6.2 53.8 5.7 4.3 9.4 Côte d'Ivoire 2.2 5.1 67.8 28.3 35.0 12.6 28.0 4.9 9.0 0.9 19.4 2.0 19.1 17.3 Djibouti .. .. .. 53.1 47.3 39.4 21.5 39.3 27.7 .. .. .. .. 38.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 75.2 14.3 9.5 2.6 2.0 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.1 1.1 5.3 53.0 2.2 Eritrea .. 22.5 36.9 37.1 15.0 12.0 19.1 20.1 46.6 63.8 57.0 .. 29.7 33.8 Ethiopia .. 75.5 60.0 37.6 36.4 18.2 25.3 27.5 28.8 62.2 63.1 20.4 47.4 37.4 Gabon 0.6 0.4 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.6 0.5 0.7 1.1 Gambia, The 48.0 48.3 50.9 29.9 25.8 32.6 32.2 24.8 44.7 54.7 52.7 43.2 79.4 37.2 Ghana 23.7 23.3 16.9 23.1 20.6 11.1 18.8 15.1 18.6 18.0 17.6 24.9 38.1 17.8 Guinea .. 38.9 33.0 31.2 16.0 24.8 24.9 14.2 8.4 24.0 21.9 .. 31.8 20.7 Guinea-Bissau 75.9 46.4 94.0 68.1 83.0 111.9 132.6 53.9 112.6 73.5 112.3 54.6 67.7 93.5 Kenya 6.7 55.2 23.8 17.0 15.9 8.8 7.1 3.1 13.3 11.4 5.7 5.7 21.4 10.3 Lesotho 19.1 14.8 14.7 9.3 9.4 7.4 6.8 1.6 4.3 8.1 16.7 28.8 20.1 8.0 Liberia 9.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.9 27.3 .. Madagascar 15.1 35.0 30.6 30.7 27.3 62.6 26.7 30.0 31.6 27.4 39.5 19.9 43.9 34.5 Malawi 22.1 107.0 62.7 87.0 81.1 55.3 98.5 79.9 104.7 1,125.2 60.4 23.3 69.3 211.5 Mali 37.4 25.0 43.3 47.8 33.6 34.9 21.5 21.6 12.2 23.9 27.6 38.7 34.7 27.9 Mauritania 19.3 69.1 70.2 58.4 89.1 80.1 56.9 73.3 45.6 69.8 86.6 30.4 44.6 70.0 Mauritius 2.7 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.5 2.0 3.4 0.6 0.6 2.0 4.7 1.3 1.8 Mozambique 16.3 143.7 107.6 68.9 53.8 46.9 35.1 14.6 18.8 14.6 24.5 22.5 79.8 34.7 Namibia .. 6.7 3.5 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.9 7.7 8.2 4.2 6.9 .. 6.3 6.3 Niger 9.0 85.4 68.1 57.8 47.3 70.5 62.4 32.1 54.2 63.6 65.3 26.4 57.2 56.6 Nigeria 0.1 4.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.2 1.5 1.9 Rwanda 30.6 46.1 300.0 209.4 107.4 19.7 47.9 57.9 46.1 47.7 48.1 29.7 60.9 73.0 São Tomé and Principe 34.4 109.0 114.9 73.3 73.7 56.4 67.9 46.2 85.5 116.4 50.7 85.0 167.5 71.3 Senegal 22.6 16.5 24.3 33.9 20.6 15.6 22.9 11.7 17.3 22.7 19.7 25.0 30.5 20.6 Seychelles 6.1 9.0 4.4 1.6 4.1 3.4 2.9 2.3 5.0 2.0 2.0 4.4 8.4 2.9 Sierra Leone 16.7 172.3 285.9 299.7 133.7 179.1 134.3 45.9 131.8 388.0 182.8 16.3 87.5 186.9 Somalia 65.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.5 63.5 .. South Africa .. 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.7 .. 0.4 0.6 Sudan 29.8 24.3 16.0 7.1 5.1 3.4 2.1 2.6 1.8 3.0 2.6 17.6 30.6 3.5 Swaziland 8.6 7.6 11.5 6.5 2.3 3.5 4.5 5.5 4.0 10.1 6.7 9.0 10.4 5.4 Tanzania .. 28.1 35.0 27.5 25.4 32.6 19.7 28.0 15.4 21.0 21.3 .. 30.9 23.8 Togo 12.0 21.0 41.7 35.1 22.5 20.7 20.8 7.9 6.4 4.5 3.0 17.2 31.5 15.1 Uganda 91.3 53.1 67.3 42.3 30.6 35.3 24.8 20.0 20.2 35.7 13.3 34.7 54.2 27.8 Zambia 6.8 73.3 102.9 287.9 60.8 42.6 17.6 51.5 51.0 10.2 43.3 6.2 47.6 70.6 Zimbabwe 4.2 12.6 17.3 10.5 5.9 7.6 4.7 2.9 1.5 2.7 3.3 2.1 6.8 4.9 NORTH AFRICA 0.8 2.1 2.2 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.5 Algeria 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.1 2.5 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.4 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 7.2 1.8 1.3 Libya 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 .. .. Morocco 1.4 4.5 4.4 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.8 1.6 1.7 3.0 1.3 1.9 2.7 Tunisia 1.0 2.6 1.3 0.9 2.5 2.9 1.5 2.9 1.3 3.4 4.6 1.4 2.1 2.5 ALL AFRICA 3.4 8.9 10.5 9.1 7.3 6.3 5.8 5.0 4.7 5.6 7.2 3.7 8.8 6.4 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 299 12-15. Net aid per capita from all donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 22 32 34 32 28 24 23 21 20 21 28 18 33 25 excluding South Africa 22 34 36 34 29 25 24 21 21 22 29 18 33 26 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 27 42 45 42 36 31 30 26 26 27 36 22 41 32 Angola 7 28 42 38 42 31 29 32 25 23 32 7 24 32 Benin 26 56 48 51 51 38 35 35 38 43 34 21 45 41 Botswana 117 92 59 60 48 77 66 37 18 17 22 91 102 43 Burkina Faso 30 49 44 49 41 35 37 36 30 34 40 24 38 38 Burundi 28 37 52 47 18 9 10 11 14 20 24 23 42 19 Cameroon 30 43 56 33 30 35 35 29 25 26 40 22 36 32 Cape Verde 223 323 326 307 298 277 316 323 216 173 201 144 298 264 Central African Republic 48 55 52 50 49 26 33 32 20 18 16 34 60 31 Chad 8 36 33 35 43 32 23 25 17 23 28 18 40 28 Comoros 129 105 81 85 78 53 66 39 34 48 55 119 115 57 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 15 4 6 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 16 11 13 5 Congo, Rep. of 51 45 127 43 142 86 20 42 10 21 115 46 58 60 Côte d'Ivoire 26 59 118 87 67 30 64 29 22 10 65 17 47 47 Djibouti 244 247 229 181 162 139 128 115 107 85 112 206 251 129 Equatorial Guinea 42 139 76 84 75 57 51 45 47 27 42 26 131 53 Eritrea .. 20 45 42 43 33 43 37 43 67 54 .. 32 45 Ethiopia 6 20 20 16 14 10 11 10 11 17 19 5 18 13 Gabon 80 97 168 130 111 33 37 39 9 7 55 73 114 53 Gambia, The 85 81 65 42 32 33 32 26 37 40 44 58 101 36 Ghana 17 38 32 37 36 27 37 32 31 33 32 12 36 33 Guinea 20 65 56 63 44 55 51 33 21 37 32 15 52 42 Guinea-Bissau 75 84 151 100 148 99 74 39 59 42 41 63 105 75 Kenya 24 36 26 28 22 16 14 11 17 15 13 19 34 17 Lesotho 74 89 71 69 62 54 36 18 21 32 43 55 77 42 Liberia 52 47 24 45 62 26 24 31 22 12 16 40 40 30 Madagascar 26 29 22 23 26 59 33 24 21 23 23 16 29 29 Malawi 23 56 52 47 52 36 44 44 43 38 35 19 47 42 Mali 41 40 47 56 50 43 34 33 33 32 42 29 50 40 Mauritania 109 149 119 100 115 98 66 85 80 98 128 111 115 96 Mauritius 34 24 13 21 17 38 36 36 17 18 20 37 48 25 Mozambique 14 79 78 67 55 57 61 47 50 52 112 11 63 62 Namibia .. 98 86 117 111 96 102 98 81 57 68 0 58 91 Niger 30 41 43 30 27 34 29 18 20 23 26 30 47 26 Nigeria 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 Rwanda 30 47 136 123 82 32 48 50 42 38 44 26 49 57 São Tomé and Principe 44 373 388 638 352 240 198 190 236 254 169 72 317 285 Senegal 47 63 79 80 68 48 56 58 45 43 46 45 84 56 Seychelles 340 268 174 173 249 222 307 163 226 165 93 242 324 200 Sierra Leone 28 48 63 46 40 25 22 15 36 67 68 16 30 40 Somalia 67 115 70 26 12 10 10 14 12 17 21 46 72 15 South Africa .. 7 8 10 9 12 12 13 11 10 14 .. 8 11 Sudan 32 17 15 9 8 5 7 8 7 6 11 28 32 7 Swaziland 89 65 66 65 36 29 35 28 13 27 23 60 58 32 Tanzania 37 34 34 30 29 30 31 30 30 37 35 28 37 32 Togo 36 26 33 50 40 31 30 16 15 9 11 32 51 25 Uganda 9 32 38 41 33 38 29 26 35 33 26 6 28 33 Zambia 55 103 83 229 67 66 37 64 80 35 63 35 77 80 Zimbabwe 23 45 50 43 32 28 21 20 14 13 15 15 38 23 NORTH AFRICA 31 30 30 23 26 22 23 20 16 17 20 31 35 21 Algeria 10 8 11 11 11 9 14 5 7 6 12 8 8 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 34 43 47 35 37 33 32 25 21 19 19 44 52 28 Libya 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 Morocco 46 28 24 19 24 17 19 24 15 18 21 28 29 20 Tunisia 36 26 12 8 14 21 16 27 23 39 49 36 34 25 ALL AFRICA 24 31 34 31 27 24 23 20 20 20 27 20 33 24 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 300 Aid Flows 12-16. Net aid per capita from DAC donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 13 20 20 18 17 15 15 13 13 12 17 10 20 15 excluding South Africa 13 21 21 19 17 15 15 13 13 13 17 10 21 15 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16 26 26 24 22 19 19 17 17 16 22 13 26 19 Angola 5 15 21 22 26 20 18 21 15 14 22 4 14 20 Benin 10 29 27 32 29 26 24 20 31 23 21 11 25 26 Botswana 92 57 39 36 44 35 45 25 14 14 21 69 78 29 Burkina Faso 22 27 27 25 26 21 21 21 20 19 19 16 25 22 Burundi 14 21 18 18 11 6 7 8 6 8 12 12 20 9 Cameroon 20 42 30 26 20 23 21 17 14 18 28 15 27 21 Cape Verde 135 224 219 201 198 169 207 210 160 110 94 95 206 169 Central African Republic 32 37 29 36 35 17 16 16 14 13 10 22 33 20 Chad 5 23 16 19 18 13 10 8 7 9 8 10 23 12 Comoros 40 62 37 44 44 29 35 24 19 17 19 45 63 29 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 11 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 7 8 8 3 Congo, Rep. of 31 42 89 36 130 83 18 36 7 8 11 27 49 41 Côte d'Ivoire 19 54 61 52 31 16 32 24 16 10 50 13 33 29 Djibouti 107 173 167 137 118 101 98 85 63 41 53 122 164 87 Equatorial Guinea 5 73 42 54 56 42 42 33 40 28 28 14 76 40 Eritrea .. 14 27 26 35 21 25 20 27 36 28 .. 21 27 Ethiopia 2 8 10 9 8 6 6 5 6 6 7 2 9 7 Gabon 71 93 150 122 99 26 31 28 9 6 38 61 104 45 Gambia, The 26 48 35 23 15 15 11 10 11 10 13 25 56 13 Ghana 10 19 20 20 19 16 20 18 19 20 20 7 17 19 Guinea 7 29 29 33 20 18 21 15 13 16 16 4 27 19 Guinea-Bissau 43 50 107 65 102 46 50 24 30 22 18 37 58 45 Kenya 17 17 15 17 13 11 10 9 10 9 9 15 22 11 Lesotho 50 45 28 37 29 26 19 15 12 17 17 34 43 22 Liberia 32 9 13 11 40 11 11 15 8 5 8 27 19 14 Madagascar 10 18 15 15 17 39 23 13 9 9 8 8 18 16 Malawi 12 18 28 24 28 18 21 23 26 19 21 10 20 22 Mali 20 24 26 30 30 25 23 22 28 19 23 16 30 25 Mauritania 33 90 57 55 42 40 25 35 31 30 53 28 61 39 Mauritius 26 24 7 10 1 2 17 4 10 7 3 24 40 7 Mozambique 9 54 48 44 34 37 42 34 35 40 90 8 45 45 Namibia .. 78 70 90 81 71 72 64 51 40 43 0 37 64 Niger 19 30 30 21 17 19 14 12 10 10 10 18 31 14 Nigeria 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 Rwanda 19 26 92 60 44 25 29 24 23 19 24 16 30 31 São Tomé and Principe 14 226 204 466 214 152 128 132 120 145 125 22 153 185 Senegal 33 46 58 48 46 33 32 45 31 23 25 28 56 35 Seychelles 286 93 98 146 103 82 218 60 40 100 44 212 235 99 Sierra Leone 18 25 12 13 14 9 11 12 23 33 43 8 15 20 Somalia 21 89 57 16 5 6 5 9 6 10 11 15 49 9 South Africa .. 5 6 8 8 10 10 9 8 7 8 .. 5 9 Sudan 14 6 6 5 4 3 5 5 3 3 7 11 16 4 Swaziland 58 39 31 42 22 17 17 15 3 4 6 39 34 16 Tanzania 28 23 20 20 20 18 24 19 23 27 26 21 27 22 Togo 21 21 17 30 24 19 16 11 11 6 8 18 30 16 Uganda 3 18 17 21 18 21 17 16 25 16 19 2 11 19 Zambia 41 60 50 49 39 40 27 35 49 27 35 27 55 38 Zimbabwe 16 28 25 30 24 19 18 18 15 12 14 11 29 19 NORTH AFRICA 19 21 24 19 21 15 15 14 12 12 12 16 26 15 Algeria 6 5 9 10 9 7 5 3 2 1 4 6 6 5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 29 32 40 29 33 25 24 21 18 17 17 23 42 23 Libya 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Morocco 10 17 12 13 15 8 9 12 10 12 7 10 19 11 Tunisia 25 14 8 6 5 8 11 11 16 19 15 25 23 11 ALL AFRICA 14 20 21 19 18 15 15 13 13 12 16 12 22 15 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 301 12-17. Net aid per capita from multilateral donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7 12 14 14 11 9 9 7 7 8 11 5 12 10 excluding South Africa 7 13 15 15 11 10 9 8 7 9 11 5 12 10 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9 16 19 18 14 12 11 9 9 11 14 7 15 12 Angola 2 13 21 16 16 11 10 11 9 9 10 3 10 12 Benin 15 27 21 18 21 13 11 15 8 20 12 10 20 15 Botswana 25 30 19 24 5 44 22 13 5 2 1 19 24 15 Burkina Faso 9 22 17 23 14 14 16 14 9 14 17 7 13 15 Burundi 13 16 34 30 7 3 4 3 8 12 12 10 22 10 Cameroon 8 1 26 7 10 12 14 12 11 9 12 6 8 11 Cape Verde 81 98 106 105 93 108 109 114 57 64 110 46 90 95 Central African Republic 15 17 22 13 13 8 18 16 6 5 5 12 26 10 Chad 3 12 17 16 25 18 12 15 10 14 20 7 17 16 Comoros 40 43 44 41 34 23 31 15 14 29 28 45 50 27 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 3 5 2 Congo, Rep. of 12 2 38 7 11 3 2 6 3 13 103 13 9 19 Côte d'Ivoire 7 4 57 35 36 14 32 5 6 1 14 4 15 18 Djibouti 29 54 41 38 35 30 27 29 30 44 56 30 46 36 Equatorial Guinea 37 66 34 30 18 15 8 12 7 1 14 17 53 13 Eritrea .. 5 14 14 8 7 10 12 13 30 23 .. 10 15 Ethiopia 3 13 9 6 6 3 5 5 5 11 12 3 9 7 Gabon 10 3 18 8 13 10 7 11 19 13 17 8 8 12 Gambia, The 48 36 31 21 19 19 20 15 24 28 29 26 45 22 Ghana 5 19 13 17 17 10 17 13 11 13 12 5 19 14 Guinea 13 36 27 29 21 32 26 15 8 21 15 8 24 21 Guinea-Bissau 30 30 42 32 42 52 24 15 28 21 23 22 43 30 Kenya 7 19 11 10 9 5 5 2 7 6 3 4 12 6 Lesotho 24 42 43 31 31 24 18 4 9 16 27 21 34 20 Liberia 15 37 10 33 21 15 14 16 14 7 8 11 21 16 Madagascar 10 11 8 8 9 20 10 11 12 14 15 7 12 12 Malawi 11 38 24 23 24 18 23 21 17 19 13 8 26 20 Mali 16 16 22 28 20 18 11 11 6 12 14 11 18 15 Mauritania 22 62 67 52 78 64 43 49 49 69 76 30 46 60 Mauritius 8 1 7 12 20 26 20 31 6 5 16 12 7 17 Mozambique 3 24 30 23 21 20 19 12 14 12 21 3 18 18 Namibia .. 20 15 27 30 24 29 33 29 16 24 .. 21 27 Niger 11 10 13 9 10 15 15 6 10 13 16 9 15 12 Nigeria 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rwanda 11 20 43 64 37 7 19 26 19 19 19 9 19 26 São Tomé and Principe 30 147 184 172 138 88 70 58 117 108 44 50 164 99 Senegal 14 15 20 30 21 14 24 13 15 20 20 14 26 19 Seychelles 54 166 78 33 107 79 77 77 104 64 50 25 83 74 Sierra Leone 9 24 50 32 24 16 10 3 13 34 24 7 14 20 Somalia 26 25 13 9 6 4 5 5 5 5 5 18 21 6 South Africa .. 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 3 6 .. 2 3 Sudan 10 11 9 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 8 13 2 Swaziland 31 22 33 20 11 11 14 14 10 21 13 21 22 14 Tanzania 7 11 14 10 9 12 7 11 7 10 9 6 11 9 Togo 15 5 16 19 16 12 14 5 4 3 2 13 20 9 Uganda 5 14 20 20 14 17 12 10 10 17 7 4 16 13 Zambia 11 43 33 180 28 26 10 29 31 7 27 6 22 42 Zimbabwe 7 17 25 13 8 10 4 2 1 1 2 4 9 5 NORTH AFRICA 4 6 6 4 5 6 6 6 3 4 6 5 3 5 Algeria 1 3 2 1 1 2 9 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5 3 5 4 4 6 4 3 2 2 2 9 3 3 Libya 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 Morocco 3 11 11 5 9 8 9 11 5 5 10 2 4 8 Tunisia 4 13 6 5 13 16 8 17 8 20 29 4 8 14 ALL AFRICA 6 11 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 8 10 5 10 9 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 302 Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 2002* Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Mozambique São Tomé and Principe Sierra Leone Mauritania Eritrea Guinea-Bissau Burundi Ethiopia Rwanda Malawi Zambia Gambia, The Mali Burkina Faso Cape Verde Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Rep. of Niger Tanzania Comoros Chad Uganda Lesotho Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Senegal Madagascar Benin Guinea Cameroon Central African Republic Angola Togo Kenya Sudan Zimbabwe Tunisia Swaziland Morocco Gabon Egypt, Arab Rep. Seychelles Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Botswana South Africa Algeria Mauritius * Or most recent year available. 303 Figure 12-2. Total net aid per capita, 2002* U.S. dollars 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Cape Verde São Tomé and Principe Congo, Rep. of Mauritania Djibouti Mozambique Seychelles Namibia Sierra Leone Côte d'Ivoire Zambia Gabon Comoros Eritrea Tunisia Guinea-Bissau Senegal Gambia The Rwanda Equatorial Guinea Mali Cameroon Burkina Faso Lesotho Malawi Tanzania Benin Ghana Guinea Angola Chad Uganda Niger Burundi Swaziland Madagascar Botswana Morocco Somalia Mauritius Ethiopia Egypt. Arab Rep. Liberia Central African Republic Zimbabwe South Africa Congo, Dem. Rep. of Kenya Algeria Sudan Togo Nigeria Libya * Or most recent year available. 304 Aid Flows Technical notes Tables ciation (IDA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development,Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agen- Table 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal. This cies, and UN programs and agencies (OECD data). table represents the total of Tables 12-2 through 12-4. The UN programs and agencies include mainly the UN Technical Assistance Programme, the UN Devel- Table 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal. opment Programme (UNDP), the UN High Commis- This table shows net aid from OECD's Development sioner for Refugees, the UN Children's Fund Assistance Committee (DAC) donors, which include (UNICEF), and the World Food Programme. Arab/ Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Fin- OPEC-financed multilateral agencies include theArab land, France, the Federal Republic of Germany be- Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Arab fore reunification, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Nor- Fund for Economic and Social Development way, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and (AFESD), the Islamic Development Bank, the OPEC the United States (OECD data). (Ireland and New Fund for International Development, theArabAuthor- Zealand have been excluded in this compilation be- ity for Agricultural Investment and Development, the cause their aid to Africa is negligible.) Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Solidarity Fund. Aid Table 12-3.Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, flows from the IMF Trust Fund and Structural Ad- nominal. This is net aid from Organization of Petro- justment Facility (SAF) are also included. leum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the former Coun- cil for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) coun- Tables 12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-8. Net aid from all tries, and China (OECD data). OPEC countries are donors, from DAC donors, from non-DAC bilat- Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi eral donors, and from multilateral donors (OECD Arabia, the UnitedArab Emirates, andVenezuela.The data). former CMEA countries are Bulgaria, Czechoslova- kia, the former German Democratic Republic, Hun- Tables 12-9, 12-10, and 12-11. Net aid from all gary, Poland, Romania, and the former Soviet Union. donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral donors as a share of recipient GDP. These tables Table 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, show the relative importance of these aid flows to re- nominal. This includes net aid, most notably from cipients' economies. They are obtained by dividing the African Development Fund, the European Devel- figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by GDP data opment Fund for the Commission of the European from Table 2-5, which reflect current prices and ex- Communities, the International Development Asso- change rates. For a given level of aid flows, devalua- Aid Flows 305 tion of a recipient's currency may inflate the ratios Tables 12-15, 12-16, and 12-17. Net aid per capita shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country from all donors, from DAC donors, and from mul- and comparisons across countries that have imple- tilateral donors. These data are calculated by divid- mented different exchange rate policies should be in- ing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by midyear terpreted carefully. population (Table 1-2). These ratios offer some indi- cation of the importance of aid flows in sustaining Tables 12-12, 12-13, and 12-14. Net aid from all per capita income and consumption levels (shown in donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral Tables 2-19 and 2-20, respectively), although bear- donors as a share of recipient GDI. These tables are ing in mind that exchange rate fluctuations, the actual obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and rise of aid flows, and other factors vary across coun- 12-4 by GDI (World Bank country desks). These data tries and over time. highlight the relative importance of the indicated aid flows in maintaining and increasing investment in these Figures economies. The same caveats mentioned above ap- ply to their interpretation. Furthermore, aid flows do The following indicators have been used to derive the not exclusively finance investment (for example, food figures in this chapter. aid finances consumption), and the share of aid go- ing to investment varies across countries. Figure 12-1. Total net aid as a share of recipient GDP (Table 12-9). Figure 12-2. Total net aid per capita (Table 12-15). 306 Aid Flows Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 12 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) (2) 12-1 x x 12-2 x x 12-3 x x 12-4 x x 12-5 x x 12-6 x x 12-7 x x 12-8 x x 12-9 x x 12-10 x x 12-11 x x 12-12 x x 12-13 x x 12-14 x x 12-15 x x 12-16 x x 12-17 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 13 Social Indicators T his chapter provides indicators in the areas of Even when data are available, comparison among demography, health, education, and gender is- countries is limited because of varied practices in data sues in development. These indicators can be gathering and reporting. Often the countries report useful in evaluating and monitoring the social impact survey data that cover different portions of the na- of development progress, aid flows, and structural tion. Sometimes surveys are limited to only the urban adjustment policies. areas--the largest cities--or the capital city alone. The chapter presents such indicators as dependency This is especially true of the health indicators. Such ratio, urbanization, crude death rate, life expectancy indicators as immunization rates for children under at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, one year of age, percentage of births attended by health immunization rates for children, maternal death rate, personnel, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and number of people per physician. These indica- and maternal death rate are often based on surveys of tors are an indirect measure of the physical well-be- a handful of hospitals in the urban areas. ing of the population. In the same vein, such indica- Another source of limitation is the definition of tors as literacy rate among adults, school enrollment terms, which may differ from country to country. ratios by gender, and pupil-teacher ratio give some Some countries, for example, consider an institution picture of the progress being made in education and as a "private school" only if it receives no form of training. Social indicators refer to phenomena that are financial support from the government, while others inherently more qualitative than macroeconomic vari- classify as "private" all schools not run by the gov- ables and thus need to be interpreted cautiously. ernment, whether or not they receive financial sup- Further caution is called for because of the particular port from the government. In like manner, limitations of the data. One of these limitations is the some countries include personnel other than doctors paucity--or even nonexistence--of data on certain and trained nurses under "medical personnel." indicators in many of the countries covered. This is Cultural norms may also affect the reported data. especially true of indicators dealing with gender is- This is especially true for gender issues. In some coun- sues. Many countries have no data showing the gen- tries, it is assumed that no woman can be the head of der breakdown of several social indicators. any household that also contains an adult male. In 307 308 Social Indicators population censuses, therefore, enumerators and re- economic field, such as the United Nations, UNICEF, spondents simply take such assumptions for granted, UNESCO, World Health Organization (WHO), the reporting a male rather than a female as head of the UNDP, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ household or family (see United Nations, TheWorld's AIDS (UNAIDS), and the Economic Commission for Women: Trends and Statistics (1970­90). This dis- Africa (ECA). Other sources of data also include re- torts the true picture of the percentage of households ports and publications on children, health, human de- headed by women. velopment, education, and population from various The main source for this chapter is the World De- agencies, including the World Bank. velopment Indicators in the World Bank Statistical In this chapter, columns headed by a period (for Information Management Analysis Database (SIMA), example, 1995­99) show data for the latest available which contains electronic information as reported by year within the period. a number of institutions and agencies in the socio- Social Indicators 309 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population Females as percentage Age groups as percentage of total population Age dependency of total population 1980 2002 ratio 1980 2002 0-14 15-64 65+ 0-14 15-64 65+ 1980 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50.2 50.2 45.3 51.4 2.9 43.7 53.1 2.9 0.9 0.9 excluding South Africa 50.2 50.3 45.6 51.1 2.8 44.6 52.6 2.8 1.0 0.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 50.3 50.3 45.7 50.9 2.8 44.8 52.4 2.9 1.0 0.9 Angola 50.8 50.5 44.7 52.5 2.9 50.0 52.7 3.1 0.9 1.0 Benin 50.7 50.7 45.1 50.8 4.1 45.7 52.2 2.7 1.0 0.9 Botswana 52.2 50.2 48.7 49.3 2.0 41.3 55.3 2.3 1.0 0.8 Burkina Faso 51.7 50.4 48.6 48.3 3.1 46.9 50.2 2.7 1.0 1.0 Burundi 51.9 51.0 44.7 51.8 3.5 45.6 51.7 2.6 0.9 0.9 Cameroon 50.6 50.0 44.1 52.0 3.6 40.8 54.3 3.6 0.9 0.8 Cape Verde 54.1 51.4 46.0 47.9 6.1 42.4 53.7 3.7 1.1 0.9 Central African Republic 51.9 51.2 41.7 54.4 4.0 42.2 54.7 3.5 0.8 0.8 Chad 50.9 50.5 44.3 52.2 3.4 47.6 47.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 Comoros 50.3 50.2 48.2 49.3 2.6 42.5 54.7 2.6 1.0 0.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 51.1 50.4 44.3 49.4 2.7 49.5 52.0 2.7 1.0 1.0 Congo, Rep. of 51.2 51.0 41.7 47.6 3.2 40.3 44.0 2.7 0.9 1.0 Côte d'Ivoire 48.5 49.2 45.8 51.8 2.4 42.2 56.1 2.6 1.0 0.8 Djibouti 53.3 52.6 41.9 56.2 1.9 40.7 50.9 2.9 0.9 0.9 Equatorial Guinea 51.0 50.6 40.7 54.3 4.1 43.4 52.6 3.7 0.8 0.9 Eritrea 50.4 50.4 44.2 53.1 2.6 45.0 52.4 2.6 .. 0.9 Ethiopia 50.5 49.8 44.5 52.8 2.7 45.9 51.3 2.8 0.9 0.9 Gabon 50.8 50.4 34.1 59.1 6.3 39.4 52.8 5.5 0.7 0.9 Gambia, The 50.7 50.5 42.6 54.5 2.8 39.7 55.3 3.2 0.8 0.8 Ghana 50.4 50.2 44.6 50.0 2.7 41.6 52.1 4.4 0.9 0.9 Guinea 50.1 49.7 45.3 52.0 2.6 43.9 53.4 2.6 0.9 0.9 Guinea-Bissau 50.8 50.6 39.5 53.2 3.5 37.7 46.0 3.1 0.8 0.9 Kenya 50.3 49.8 50.1 47.0 2.9 42.4 54.5 2.7 1.1 0.8 Lesotho 51.3 50.3 44.2 58.5 3.9 46.2 65.7 5.0 0.9 0.8 Liberia 49.5 49.7 44.3 52.0 3.7 44.1 52.7 2.7 0.9 0.9 Madagascar 50.3 50.1 44.7 52.2 3.0 44.2 52.4 3.0 0.9 0.9 Malawi 51.6 50.8 47.5 50.2 2.3 44.6 51.8 3.5 1.0 0.9 Mali 51.2 50.9 46.8 50.7 2.6 46.7 49.8 2.9 1.0 1.0 Mauritania 50.7 50.4 42.1 51.3 2.9 44.0 53.5 3.2 0.9 0.9 Mauritius 50.7 50.5 35.6 60.8 3.6 25.2 68.4 6.3 0.6 0.5 Mozambique 50.8 51.4 44.1 52.7 3.2 42.4 53.6 3.6 0.9 0.9 Namibia 51.4 50.5 44.3 49.4 3.5 38.1 49.6 3.4 0.9 0.8 Niger 50.1 50.6 49.4 48.9 2.2 49.3 49.0 2.3 1.0 1.1 Nigeria 50.0 50.6 45.2 51.9 2.9 43.6 53.5 2.6 1.0 0.9 Rwanda 50.6 50.4 48.8 48.8 2.4 50.1 54.1 3.3 1.0 1.0 São Tomé and Principe .. 50.2 .. .. .. 39.2 54.7 6.5 .. 0.8 Senegal 50.0 50.2 45.3 51.8 2.8 44.6 54.0 2.7 0.9 0.9 Seychelles .. 49.4 .. .. .. 27.8 64.2 7.1 .. 0.5 Sierra Leone 51.0 50.9 43.0 53.9 3.1 44.0 53.2 2.6 0.9 0.9 Somalia 50.6 50.4 46.7 50.4 2.9 48.1 49.9 2.4 1.0 1.0 South Africa 50.3 51.7 41.8 55.1 3.1 30.7 60.4 4.3 0.7 0.6 Sudan 49.9 49.7 44.2 52.7 2.9 39.4 56.3 3.5 0.9 0.8 Swaziland 50.9 51.7 45.9 51.1 2.9 41.8 54.5 2.8 1.0 0.8 Tanzania 50.8 50.4 47.6 50.1 2.3 44.8 52.4 2.4 1.0 0.9 Togo 50.6 50.3 45.7 51.2 3.0 43.1 52.8 3.2 0.9 0.9 Uganda 50.3 50.0 47.9 49.6 2.5 46.6 46.7 1.8 1.0 1.0 Zambia 50.4 50.2 47.5 49.8 2.6 45.6 53.7 2.3 1.1 0.9 Zimbabwe 50.3 49.9 48.4 48.6 3.0 43.4 52.1 3.1 1.0 0.9 NORTH AFRICA 49.5 49.4 42.2 53.9 3.9 33.7 62.0 4.3 0.9 0.6 Algeria 50.4 49.4 46.5 49.6 3.9 34.7 61.5 4.0 1.0 0.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 49.2 49.1 39.5 56.5 4.0 34.0 61.5 4.2 0.8 0.6 Libya 47.1 48.3 46.7 51.1 2.2 33.8 64.1 3.6 1.0 0.6 Morocco 49.9 50.0 43.2 52.7 4.1 33.5 62.2 4.3 0.9 0.6 Tunisia 49.3 49.5 41.6 54.6 3.8 28.2 65.9 6.0 0.8 0.5 ALL AFRICA 50.1 50.1 44.7 51.9 3.1 41.9 54.6 3.2 0.9 0.8 Note: Some age groups may not add up to 100% on account of rounding up error. 310 Social Indicators 13-2. Poverty Percentage of National poverty % of the population below Percentage GDP per capita, population living headcount as % 2/3 of national mean per Gini coefficients, of household based on PPP, under US$ 1 a day, of population, capita income, 1991-1999 1991-1997 income spent on 2002 1993-2000 1984-2000 Urban Rural Urban Rural food, 1991-1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 excluding South Africa .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 Angola 2,053 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 1,032 .. 33 .. .. .. .. .. Botswana 8,244 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 1,012 61 45 13 65 38 46 57 Burundi 613 58 36 .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 1,712 33 40 .. .. .. .. 55 Cape Verde 4,787 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 1,198 67 .. 33 77 51 63 60 Chad 1,008 .. 64 .. .. .. .. .. Comoros 1,640 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 606 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 967 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 1,500 12 37 29 51 39 33 48 Djibouti 2,028 .. 45 38 84 38 39 43 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 958 69 53 .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 724 82 44 21 50 56 40 72 Gabon 6,349 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 1,723 59 64 21 73 43 35 60 Ghana 2,050 45 31 22 37 34 36 39 Guinea 2,026 .. 40 18 57 .. .. 56 Guinea-Bissau 779 .. 49 30 65 55 56 .. Kenya 992 23 42 14 53 51 52 71 Lesotho 2,272 43 49 .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 735 49 71 21 57 .. .. 70 Malawi 586 42 65 .. .. .. 57 .. Mali 878 73 64 8 64 53 55 75 Mauritania 1,511 29 46 18 56 34 33 70 Mauritius 10,530 .. 11 .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. 38 69 .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 6,410 35 .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 774 61 63 14 55 39 31 60 Nigeria 851 70 34 32 52 44 46 67 Rwanda 1,221 .. 51 .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,535 26 33 14 66 .. .. 61 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 509 .. 68 .. .. .. 50 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 10,132 7 .. 40 86 .. .. 56 Sudan 1,967 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 4,503 .. 40 36 70 .. .. 65 Tanzania 557 20 42 20 51 .. .. 70 Togo 1,459 .. 32 .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 1,354 82 55 16 46 35 44 63 Zambia 806 64 73 28 70 40 46 64 Zimbabwe .. .. 35 .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 5,536 2 23 .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,701 3 17 .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 3,767 2 19 .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia 6,579 2 8 .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 Social Indicators 311 13-3. Income distribution Share of income held by population groups Richest 10% Richest 20% Poorest 10% Poorest 20% 1989-00 1989-00 1989-00 1989-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. Botswana 56.6 70.3 0.7 2.2 Burkina Faso 46.3 60.7 1.8 4.5 Burundi 32.8 48.0 1.7 5.1 Cameroon 36.5 53.0 1.8 4.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 47.7 65.0 0.7 2.0 Chad .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 28.8 44.3 3.1 7.1 Djibouti 29.9 45.4 2.3 6.3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 43.8 60.8 0.7 2.4 Gabon .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 38.0 55.2 1.5 4.0 Ghana 30.0 46.6 2.1 5.6 Guinea 32.0 47.2 2.6 6.4 Guinea-Bissau 39.3 53.4 2.1 5.2 Kenya 36.1 51.2 2.3 5.6 Lesotho 53.6 70.7 0.5 1.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. Madagascar 28.6 44.8 2.5 6.4 Malawi 42.2 56.1 1.9 4.9 Mali 40.4 56.2 1.8 4.6 Mauritania 28.4 44.1 2.5 6.4 Mauritius .. .. .. .. Mozambique 31.7 46.5 2.5 6.5 Namibia 64.5 78.7 0.5 1.4 Niger 35.4 53.3 0.8 2.6 Nigeria 40.8 55.7 1.6 4.4 Rwanda .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. Senegal 33.5 48.2 2.6 6.4 Seychelles .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 43.6 63.4 0.5 1.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. South Africa 46.9 66.5 0.7 2.0 Sudan .. .. .. .. Swaziland 50.2 64.4 1.0 2.7 Tanzania 30.0 45.5 2.8 6.8 Togo .. .. .. .. Uganda 29.8 44.9 3.0 7.1 Zambia 41.0 56.6 1.1 3.3 Zimbabwe 40.3 55.7 1.8 4.6 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. Algeria 26.8 42.6 2.8 7.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 29.5 43.6 3.7 8.6 Libya .. .. .. .. Morocco 30.9 46.6 2.6 6.5 Tunisia 31.8 47.9 2.3 5.7 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. 312 Social Indicators 13-4. Urbanization Total population Average annual percentage Urban population as per- Average annual percentage (millions) growth of total population centage of total population growth of urban population 1980 1990 2002 1975-1979 1980-1990 1990-2002 1980 1990 2002 1975-1979 1980-1990 1990-2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 383.5 510.9 689.3 2.9 2.9 2.6 23.1 27.9 35.5 5.0 4.9 4.7 excluding South Africa 356.0 475.7 643.9 3.0 2.9 2.6 21.1 26.3 33.9 5.5 5.3 4.8 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 284.8 379.5 511.1 3.0 2.9 2.5 19.7 24.1 30.8 5.4 5.1 4.7 Angola 7.0 9.3 13.1 2.5 3.0 2.8 20.9 27.6 35.5 5.9 6.1 5.3 Benin 3.5 4.7 6.6 2.5 3.1 2.8 27.3 34.5 43.7 7.3 5.6 5.0 Botswana 0.9 1.3 1.7 3.6 3.5 2.6 18.5 42.3 49.9 11.7 12.5 4.2 Burkina Faso 7.0 8.9 11.8 2.3 2.5 2.4 8.5 13.6 17.2 7.8 7.6 4.5 Burundi 4.1 5.5 7.1 2.1 2.8 2.2 4.3 6.3 9.6 8.4 6.8 5.9 Cameroon 8.8 11.7 15.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 31.4 40.3 50.4 6.6 5.5 4.4 Cape Verde 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.6 2.5 23.5 44.2 64.4 2.6 8.1 5.9 Central African Republic 2.3 2.9 3.8 2.3 2.5 2.3 35.1 37.5 42.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 Chad 4.5 5.8 8.3 2.0 2.7 3.1 18.8 21.0 24.5 6.2 3.8 4.3 Comoros 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.6 2.6 23.2 27.9 34.4 0.0 0.6 4.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 27.9 37.4 51.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 28.7 27.9 31.3 2.4 3.0 4.1 Congo, Rep. of 1.8 2.5 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 42.0 55.7 66.6 6.3 6.0 4.7 Côte d'Ivoire 8.2 11.8 16.5 4.0 3.7 2.9 34.7 39.8 44.5 5.9 5.2 4.0 Djibouti 0.3 0.5 0.7 7.9 4.5 3.2 74.2 81.0 84.4 9.6 5.1 3.2 Equatorial Guinea 0.2 0.4 0.5 -2.8 5.2 2.6 27.4 35.7 50.3 -2.5 8.0 5.7 Eritrea 2.4 3.1 4.3 2.7 2.8 2.7 13.8 15.8 19.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 Ethiopia 37.7 51.2 67.2 2.7 3.0 2.3 10.5 12.7 16.2 4.8 5.0 4.4 Gabon 0.7 1.0 1.3 3.3 3.2 2.8 49.6 68.1 82.9 7.9 6.5 4.5 Gambia, The 0.6 0.9 1.4 3.2 3.7 3.5 19.6 24.9 31.9 6.2 6.2 5.6 Ghana 11.0 15.3 20.3 2.1 3.4 2.5 31.2 33.5 36.7 2.5 4.2 3.2 Guinea 4.5 5.8 7.7 1.3 2.5 2.5 19.1 23.4 28.4 4.6 4.7 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 0.8 1.0 1.4 4.1 2.7 2.9 17.3 23.8 33.1 5.3 5.5 5.2 Kenya 16.6 23.4 31.3 3.8 3.5 2.5 16.1 24.0 35.2 8.4 7.8 5.9 Lesotho 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.2 1.0 13.4 20.1 29.5 6.7 6.4 5.3 Liberia 1.9 2.4 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.6 35.0 42.0 46.1 6.1 4.7 3.4 Madagascar 8.9 11.6 16.4 2.6 2.7 3.0 18.5 23.6 30.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 Malawi 6.2 8.5 10.7 3.3 3.3 2.0 9.1 11.6 15.5 7.1 5.8 4.5 Mali 6.6 8.5 11.4 2.2 2.5 2.5 18.5 23.8 31.5 4.8 5.1 4.9 Mauritania 1.6 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.7 27.7 44.0 60.3 9.3 7.5 5.8 Mauritius 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.1 42.4 40.5 41.9 1.3 0.5 1.4 Mozambique 12.1 14.2 18.4 2.8 1.7 2.2 13.1 21.1 34.3 11.6 6.8 6.6 Namibia 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.1 3.2 2.9 22.8 26.6 31.9 4.0 4.9 3.9 Niger 5.6 7.7 11.4 3.1 3.2 3.5 12.6 16.1 21.6 6.8 5.8 6.0 Nigeria 71.1 96.2 132.8 3.0 3.1 2.8 26.9 35.0 45.7 5.9 5.9 5.1 Rwanda 5.2 6.9 8.2 3.3 3.1 1.2 4.7 5.3 6.4 6.9 4.5 3.6 São Tomé and Principe 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.2 2.6 2.5 30.8 39.1 48.3 4.0 5.0 4.4 Senegal 5.5 7.3 9.8 2.9 2.9 2.5 35.7 40.0 48.8 3.7 4.0 4.4 Seychelles 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.8 1.5 40.8 53.5 65.3 6.0 3.7 3.3 Sierra Leone 3.2 4.0 5.2 2.0 2.1 2.3 24.1 30.0 38.0 4.7 4.4 4.4 Somalia 6.5 7.2 9.3 10.1 0.4 2.0 22.2 24.2 28.4 11.1 1.3 3.4 South Africa 27.6 35.2 45.3 2.2 2.5 2.2 48.1 48.8 58.4 2.2 2.6 3.4 Sudan 19.4 24.9 32.8 2.9 2.6 2.3 20.0 26.6 37.9 4.3 5.5 5.4 Swaziland 0.6 0.8 1.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 17.8 23.8 27.0 8.7 6.3 4.2 Tanzania 18.6 25.5 35.2 3.1 3.2 2.8 14.8 21.7 34.2 11.4 7.4 6.8 Togo 2.5 3.5 4.8 1.8 3.3 2.7 22.9 28.5 34.5 8.6 5.8 4.4 Uganda 12.8 17.4 24.6 2.7 3.0 2.9 8.8 11.2 14.9 3.8 4.8 5.6 Zambia 5.7 7.8 10.2 3.4 3.1 2.4 39.8 39.4 40.1 6.3 3.1 2.7 Zimbabwe 7.1 10.2 13.0 3.1 3.7 2.1 22.3 28.4 36.7 5.9 6.3 4.3 NORTH AFRICA 88.4 114.0 142.6 2.6 2.6 1.9 44.6 48.8 52.5 3.6 3.5 2.5 Algeria 18.7 25.0 31.3 3.1 3.0 1.9 43.5 51.4 58.3 4.5 4.8 3.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40.9 52.4 66.4 2.3 2.5 2.0 43.8 43.6 42.8 2.6 2.5 1.8 Libya 3.0 4.3 5.4 4.4 3.8 2.0 69.3 81.8 88.2 7.7 5.6 2.7 Morocco 19.4 24.0 29.6 2.3 2.2 1.8 41.3 48.4 56.7 4.1 3.8 3.2 Tunisia 6.4 8.2 9.8 2.5 2.5 1.6 51.5 57.9 66.8 3.4 3.7 2.8 ALL AFRICA 471.9 624.9 831.8 2.9 2.9 2.4 27.1 31.7 38.4 4.5 4.5 4.1 Social Indicators 313 13-5. Components of population change Total fertility rate Crude birth rate Crude death rate 1985 1995 2002 1985 1995 2002 1985 1995 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.4 5.6 5.0 45.6 41.7 38.6 16.1 15.4 17.6 excluding South Africa 6.7 5.8 5.2 46.5 42.7 39.5 16.6 15.8 17.5 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 6.7 5.9 5.2 46.5 43.0 39.6 16.7 16.2 17.5 Angola 7.1 7.0 6.5 51.1 49.4 46.9 21.9 19.0 18.8 Benin 6.9 6.2 5.3 48.4 42.2 38.3 16.7 14.0 12.9 Botswana 5.6 4.6 3.8 41.8 35.1 29.7 8.4 12.4 22.8 Burkina Faso 7.3 6.8 6.3 47.3 45.8 43.2 19.1 18.8 19.3 Burundi 6.8 6.5 5.8 46.5 44.2 38.5 18.0 20.8 19.6 Cameroon 6.4 5.2 4.6 42.7 39.8 35.5 14.6 12.3 15.7 Cape Verde 6.0 4.1 3.5 37.6 35.6 30.8 10.5 6.9 5.4 Central African Republic 5.7 5.1 4.6 42.2 38.0 35.5 18.2 18.4 19.8 Chad 7.2 6.8 6.2 45.3 45.9 44.8 20.3 17.2 16.3 Comoros 6.9 4.8 4.1 45.3 35.7 32.0 16.1 9.5 7.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.7 6.5 5.9 48.1 47.0 45.1 15.0 14.9 17.7 Congo, Rep. of 6.3 6.3 5.8 44.1 44.5 41.2 15.2 14.8 14.2 Côte d'Ivoire 7.1 5.4 4.6 47.4 38.0 36.6 15.3 15.8 17.1 Djibouti 6.4 5.6 5.2 43.1 38.3 35.9 18.1 15.5 19.6 Equatorial Guinea 5.8 5.9 5.5 43.6 42.0 40.6 20.2 17.1 14.9 Eritrea 7.3 6.0 5.3 .. 38.5 37.5 .. 14.7 13.3 Ethiopia 7.1 6.2 5.5 50.9 47.1 42.4 20.1 20.1 20.1 Gabon 4.8 4.6 4.1 34.7 36.5 34.9 17.4 16.0 15.2 Gambia, The 6.3 5.5 4.8 47.2 43.2 36.8 21.7 15.7 13.8 Ghana 6.3 4.6 4.0 43.9 33.2 28.7 12.4 9.4 12.6 Guinea 6.2 5.6 5.0 47.8 42.5 37.7 22.4 18.0 16.7 Guinea-Bissau 6.0 6.0 5.6 45.2 44.9 39.3 23.7 20.9 19.8 Kenya 6.9 4.9 4.2 45.1 35.2 34.5 11.5 10.4 16.4 Lesotho 5.3 4.8 4.2 38.1 35.7 30.9 13.0 12.0 20.0 Liberia 6.8 6.5 5.8 46.8 46.7 43.1 16.2 20.4 19.6 Madagascar 6.6 5.9 5.2 46.3 43.6 38.6 15.1 12.4 11.9 Malawi 7.5 6.6 6.1 52.5 48.3 44.9 21.1 22.8 24.8 Mali 7.1 6.7 6.1 49.7 48.8 45.5 20.3 18.3 21.4 Mauritania 6.2 5.3 4.4 43.5 43.7 40.3 17.5 15.7 14.9 Mauritius 2.3 2.1 2.0 19.0 18.3 16.6 6.8 6.7 6.7 Mozambique 6.4 5.6 5.0 45.6 42.3 40.1 19.4 19.1 21.1 Namibia 5.7 5.3 4.8 39.5 36.9 35.4 12.6 11.9 20.5 Niger 8.0 7.5 7.1 56.1 53.6 49.4 23.8 21.2 19.7 Nigeria 6.5 5.7 5.1 46.6 41.6 39.1 16.0 14.5 17.4 Rwanda 7.7 6.5 5.7 47.2 43.5 43.5 17.4 23.5 21.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 4.8 4.3 37.4 36.7 30.7 9.7 9.3 9.0 Senegal 6.6 5.7 4.9 46.2 40.3 34.8 18.4 13.7 12.8 Seychelles 3.2 2.3 2.1 26.5 21.0 19.2 7.2 7.0 6.6 Sierra Leone 6.5 6.2 5.6 49.0 47.1 43.9 27.7 27.2 24.9 Somalia 7.3 7.3 6.9 51.7 52.2 49.9 21.0 21.1 16.8 South Africa 3.8 3.1 2.8 33.9 28.7 25.0 10.3 9.8 19.6 Sudan 5.8 5.1 4.4 39.9 36.8 33.0 15.1 12.7 10.3 Swaziland 5.8 4.9 4.2 42.6 38.5 34.8 13.0 10.5 18.3 Tanzania 6.5 5.8 5.0 45.7 41.8 38.2 14.2 14.8 18.2 Togo 6.9 5.4 4.9 44.6 41.2 33.9 15.3 15.6 14.5 Uganda 7.2 6.7 6.0 49.9 48.8 43.8 17.6 19.2 17.7 Zambia 6.7 5.9 5.1 48.0 43.2 38.5 14.4 17.4 23.1 Zimbabwe 5.8 4.1 3.7 41.4 33.0 28.8 11.2 11.8 21.3 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 3.5 2.9 36.4 26.6 22.7 10.4 7.0 5.7 Algeria 5.7 3.7 2.8 37.5 27.2 21.8 9.3 6.4 5.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4.6 3.6 3.1 36.7 27.2 24.2 11.6 7.6 6.1 Libya 6.3 3.9 3.3 37.4 27.4 26.8 7.5 4.7 4.4 Morocco 4.7 3.4 2.8 36.3 26.7 21.3 10.4 7.1 5.8 Tunisia 4.3 2.7 2.1 31.0 20.8 17.6 7.7 5.8 5.6 ALL AFRICA 6.1 5.2 4.6 43.9 39.0 35.8 15.1 13.9 15.6 314 Social Indicators 13-6. Survival prospects Life expectancy Infant mortality Mortality of children under Maternal mortality at birth (years) (per thousand) five years (per thousand) (per 100,000 live births) 1990 2002 1990 2001 2001 1999 or MR available SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50 46 110 103 169 1093 excluding South Africa 49 46 114 105 174 1155 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 49 46 113 104 171 1170 Angola 45 47 166 154 260 1300 Benin 52 53 111 94 158 880 Botswana 57 38 45 80 110 480 Burkina Faso 45 43 118 104 197 1400 Burundi 44 42 114 114 190 1900 Cameroon 54 48 85 96 155 720 Cape Verde 65 69 45 29 38 190 Central African Republic 48 42 115 115 180 1200 Chad 46 48 118 117 200 1500 Comoros 56 61 88 59 79 570 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 52 45 128 129 205 940 Congo, Rep. of 51 52 83 81 108 1100 Côte d'Ivoire 50 48 100 102 175 1200 Djibouti 48 44 119 100 143 520 Equatorial Guinea 47 52 122 101 153 1400 Eritrea 49 51 92 67 111 1100 Ethiopia 45 42 128 97 166 871 Gabon 52 53 60 60 90 620 Gambia, The 49 53 103 91 126 1100 Ghana 57 55 74 57 100 590 Guinea 44 46 145 109 169 1200 Guinea-Bissau 42 45 153 130 211 910 Kenya 57 46 63 78 122 1300 Lesotho 58 43 102 91 132 530 Liberia 45 47 157 157 235 1000 Madagascar 53 55 103 84 136 580 Malawi 45 38 146 114 183 580 Mali 45 41 152 141 231 630 Mauritania 49 51 120 120 183 870 Mauritius 70 73 21 17 19 45 Mozambique 43 41 143 125 197 980 Namibia 58 42 65 55 67 370 Niger 45 46 191 156 265 920 Nigeria 49 45 114 110 183 1100 Rwanda 40 40 107 96 183 2300 São Tomé and Principe 62 66 69 57 74 .. Senegal 50 52 90 79 138 1200 Seychelles 70 73 17 13 17 .. Sierra Leone 35 37 185 182 316 2100 Somalia 42 47 133 133 225 1600 South Africa 62 46 45 56 71 340 Sudan 52 53 75 65 107 1500 Swaziland 57 44 77 106 149 370 Tanzania 50 43 102 104 165 1100 Togo 50 50 88 79 141 980 Uganda 47 43 100 79 124 1100 Zambia 49 37 108 112 202 870 Zimbabwe 56 39 53 76 123 610 NORTH AFRICA 65 70 62 35 42 205 Algeria 67 71 42 39 49 150 Egypt, Arab Rep. 63 69 76 35 41 170 Libya 68 72 34 16 19 120 Morocco 63 68 66 39 44 390 Tunisia 70 73 37 21 27 70 ALL AFRICA 53 50 104 96 155 924 Social Indicators 315 13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2001 Estimated Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS AIDS Orphans AIDS deaths Adults and Adults Adult rate Women Children Orphans (0-14), Adults and children (15-49) (%) (15-49) (0-14) currently living children SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28,459,000 25,626,100 8.4 14,784,050 2,613,280 10,909,900 2,189,920 excluding South Africa 23,459,000 20,926,100 7.4 12,084,050 2,363,280 10,249,900 1,829,920 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 19,959,000 17,726,100 7.7 10,384,050 2,093,280 9,249,900 1,659,920 Angola 350,000 320,000 5.5 190,000 37,000 100,000 24,000 Benin 120,000 110,000 3.6 67,000 12,000 34,000 8,100 Botswana 330,000 300,000 38.8 170,000 28,000 69,000 26,000 Burkina Faso 440,000 380,000 6.5 220,000 61,000 270,000 44,000 Burundi 390,000 330,000 8.3 190,000 55,000 240,000 40,000 Cameroon 920,000 860,000 11.8 500,000 69,000 210,000 53,000 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 250,000 220,000 12.9 130,000 25,000 110,000 22,000 Chad 150,000 130,000 3.6 76,000 18,000 72,000 14,000 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,300,000 1,100,000 4.9 670,000 170,000 930,000 120,000 Congo, Rep. of 110,000 99,000 7.2 59,000 15,000 78,000 11,000 Côte d'Ivoire 770,000 690,000 9.7 400,000 84,000 420,000 75,000 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 5,900 5,500 3.4 3,000 420 .. 370 Eritrea 55,000 49,000 2.8 30,000 4,000 24,000 350 Ethiopia 2,100,000 1,900,000 6.4 1,100,000 230,000 990,000 160,000 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 8,400 7,900 1.6 4,400 460 5,300 400 Ghana 360,000 330,000 3.0 170,000 34,000 200,000 28,000 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 17,000 16,000 2.8 9,300 1,500 4,300 1,200 Kenya 2,500,000 2,300,000 15.0 1,400,000 220,000 890,000 190,000 Lesotho 360,000 330,000 31.0 180,000 27,000 73,000 25,000 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 22,000 21,000 0.3 12,000 1,000 6,300 .. Malawi 850,000 780,000 15.0 440,000 65,000 470,000 80,000 Mali 110,000 100,000 1.7 54,000 13,000 70,000 11,000 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 700 700 0.1 350 .. .. .. Mozambique 1,100,000 1,000,000 13.0 630,000 80,000 420,000 60,000 Namibia 230,000 200,000 22.5 110,000 30,000 47,000 13,000 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 3,500,000 3,200,000 5.8 1,700,000 270,000 1,000,000 170,000 Rwanda 500,000 430,000 8.9 250,000 65,000 260,000 49,000 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 27,000 24,000 0.5 14,000 2,900 15,000 2,500 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 170,000 150,000 7.0 90,000 16,000 42,000 11,000 Somalia 43,000 43,000 1.0 .. .. .. .. South Africa 5,000,000 4,700,000 20.1 2,700,000 250,000 660,000 360,000 Sudan 450,000 410,000 2.6 230,000 30,000 62,000 23,000 Swaziland 170,000 150,000 33.4 89,000 14,000 35,000 12,000 Tanzania 1,500,000 1,300,000 7.8 750,000 170,000 810,000 140,000 Togo 150,000 130,000 6.0 76,000 15,000 63,000 12,000 Uganda 600,000 510,000 5.0 280,000 110,000 880,000 84,000 Zambia 1,200,000 1,000,000 21.5 590,000 150,000 570,000 120,000 Zimbabwe 2,300,000 2,000,000 33.7 1,200,000 240,000 780,000 200,000 NORTH AFRICA .. 41,000 0.05 .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 13,000 .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,000 8,000 <0.1 780 .. .. .. Libya 7,000 7,000 0.2 1,100 .. .. .. Morocco 13,000 13,000 0.1 2,000 .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 28,487,000 25,667,100 6.7 14,787,930 2,613,280 10,909,900 2,189,920 316 Social Indicators 13-8. Immunization and ORT use Percentage of children (0-1 year) immunized against ORT use among children DPT Measles under five (percentage) 1991 1996 2001* 1991 1996 2001* 1992-93 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50 52 49 54 54 54 .. excluding South Africa 48 50 47 52 53 53 50 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 51 58 54 51 57 56 .. Angola 26 28 41 39 62 72 48 Benin 69 66 76 60 60 65 28 Botswana 88 83 87 88 89 83 64 Burkina Faso 53 37 41 69 40 46 15 Burundi 82 73 74 78 79 75 49 Cameroon 42 46 43 48 49 62 84 Cape Verde .. .. 78 76 66 72 5 Central African Republic 66 53 23 62 46 29 24 Chad 18 20 27 28 22 36 15 Comoros .. .. 70 40 43 70 70 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 40 17 21 46 46 Congo, Rep. of 74 37 31 64 42 35 67 Côte d'Ivoire 39 55 57 57 65 61 16 Djibouti 53 41 49 53 41 49 56 Equatorial Guinea 77 80 32 85 81 19 40 Eritrea .. 67 93 .. 66 88 .. Ethiopia 21 55 56 17 54 52 68 Gabon 72 62 38 71 57 55 25 Gambia, The .. .. 96 87 94 90 51 Ghana 60 71 80 63 71 81 44 Guinea 36 48 43 42 61 52 82 Guinea-Bissau 63 53 47 52 49 48 26 Kenya 86 87 76 81 81 76 69 Lesotho 78 88 85 80 82 77 78 Liberia .. .. 62 .. .. 78 15 Madagascar 53 49 55 54 46 55 26 Malawi 87 90 90 85 90 82 50 Mali 36 52 51 42 55 37 41 Mauritania 29 50 61 32 66 58 54 Mauritius 91 90 92 88 61 90 .. Mozambique 46 60 80 55 67 92 60 Namibia 69 70 63 76 61 58 75 Niger 19 23 31 28 38 51 17 Nigeria 39 26 26 57 38 40 80 Rwanda 91 89 86 89 76 78 36 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 82 77 57 69 50 Senegal 51 70 52 54 70 48 27 Seychelles 98 99 96 89 98 95 .. Sierra Leone .. .. 44 .. .. 37 60 Somalia 20 21 33 30 33 38 78 South Africa 81 73 81 85 76 72 .. Sudan 63 56 46 57 59 67 47 Swaziland 79 82 77 80 82 72 85 Tanzania .. .. 85 79 78 83 83 Togo 73 50 64 69 48 58 33 Uganda 49 57 60 54 55 61 45 Zambia 79 87 78 80 86 85 90 Zimbabwe 87 90 75 87 88 68 .. NORTH AFRICA 80 88 89 87 92 95 24 Algeria 82 77 89 85 90 83 27 Egypt, Arab Rep. 76 90 99 89 92 97 34 Libya .. .. 94 87 93 93 80 Morocco 81 95 96 80 93 96 14 Tunisia 93 95 96 94 92 92 22 ALL AFRICA 55 57 54 59 59 59 48 Notes: ORT = Oral rehydration therapy; DPT = diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus; * Or most recent available data. Social Indicators 317 13-9. Child malnutrition Percentage of children (1990-00) Exclusively Breastfed, plus Still Percentage of infants Percentage of under-five (1990-00) breastfed, other food, breastfeeding, with low birth weight suffering from moderate to severe (0-3 months) (6-9 months) (20-23 months) 1988 1993-00 Underweight Wasting Stunting SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 29 63 47 .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa 29 63 47 .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 37 67 49 .. .. .. .. .. Angola 12 70 49 .. .. 41 6 53 Benin 15 97 65 8 9 29 14 25 Botswana 39 82 23 8 .. 13 11 29 Burkina Faso 12 44 81 .. .. 34 13 29 Burundi 89 66 73 .. 16 45 9 43 Cameroon 7 77 35 .. .. 22 6 29 Cape Verde 18 .. .. .. .. 14 6 16 Central African Republic 23 93 52 15 .. 23 7 34 Chad 2 81 62 .. .. 28 .. 40 Comoros 5 87 45 .. .. 25 8 34 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 32 40 64 .. 20 34 10 45 Congo, Rep. of 43 95 27 .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 3 65 45 .. .. 21 8 24 Djibouti .. .. .. 11 .. 18 13 26 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 66 45 60 .. .. 44 16 38 Ethiopia 63 77 75 .. 9 47 10 51 Gabon 57 .. .. .. .. 12 .. .. Gambia, The .. 8 58 .. .. 17 6 14 Ghana 19 63 48 17 8 25 11 26 Guinea 52 .. 15 25 13 33 12 29 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. 25 5 .. Kenya 17 90 54 .. .. 22 6 34 Lesotho 54 47 52 .. .. 18 5 44 Liberia 15 17 25 .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 61 93 49 10 15 40 7 48 Malawi 11 78 68 20 .. 25 7 48 Mali 13 33 60 17 .. 27 23 30 Mauritania 90 64 59 .. 9 32 7 44 Mauritius 16 29 .. 9 .. 15 14 10 Mozambique 37 .. .. 20 .. 26 8 36 Namibia 22 65 23 .. .. 26 9 29 Niger 1 67 52 .. .. 40 21 41 Nigeria 2 52 43 20 .. 31 9 43 Rwanda 90 68 85 .. .. 24 4 42 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Senegal 16 69 50 .. .. 18 7 23 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 94 41 17 .. 27 9 35 Somalia .. .. .. .. 16 26 .. 30 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 9 3 23 Sudan 14 45 44 15 15 35 17 36 Swaziland 37 51 20 .. .. 10 .. .. Tanzania 41 93 53 13 .. 29 7 43 Togo 15 25 99 20 .. 25 .. 34 Uganda 70 64 40 .. .. 23 5 38 Zambia 27 88 43 .. 10 24 4 42 Zimbabwe 16 93 26 .. 11 13 6 21 NORTH AFRICA 45 34 .. .. .. 14 .. .. Algeria 48 29 21 9 .. 6 9 18 Egypt, Arab Rep. 53 37 .. .. .. 4 5 30 Libya .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 15 Morocco 31 33 20 .. 4 10 2 24 Tunisia 12 53 16 8 16 4 4 23 ALL AFRICA 32 59 45 .. .. .. .. .. 318 Social Indicators 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities Percentage of population with access to sanitation facilities 1990 2000 Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 54 75 45 54 74 43 excluding South Africa 51 72 43 51 72 41 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 50 73 43 50 74 40 Angola .. .. .. 44 70 30 Benin 20 46 6 23 46 6 Botswana 60 87 41 66 88 43 Burkina Faso .. .. .. 29 39 27 Burundi 87 65 89 88 68 90 Cameroon 77 97 64 79 92 66 Cape Verde .. .. .. 71 95 32 Central African Republic 24 38 16 25 38 16 Chad 18 70 4 29 81 13 Comoros 98 98 98 98 98 98 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 21 54 6 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. 14 14 .. Côte d'Ivoire 46 70 29 52 71 35 Djibouti .. .. .. 91 99 50 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 53 60 46 Eritrea .. .. .. 13 66 1 Ethiopia 8 24 6 12 33 7 Gabon .. .. .. 53 55 43 Gambia, The .. .. .. 37 41 35 Ghana 61 56 64 72 74 70 Guinea 55 94 41 58 94 41 Guinea-Bissau 44 87 33 56 95 44 Kenya 80 91 77 87 96 82 Lesotho .. .. .. 49 72 40 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 36 70 25 42 70 30 Malawi 73 96 70 76 96 70 Mali 70 95 62 69 93 58 Mauritania 30 44 19 33 44 19 Mauritius 100 100 100 99 100 99 Mozambique .. .. .. 43 68 26 Namibia 33 84 14 41 96 17 Niger 15 71 4 20 79 5 Nigeria 53 69 44 54 66 45 Rwanda .. .. .. 8 12 8 São Tomé and Principe .. 39 7 .. .. .. Senegal 57 86 38 70 94 48 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. 66 88 53 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 86 93 80 87 93 80 Sudan 58 87 48 62 87 48 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 84 84 84 90 99 86 Togo 37 71 24 34 69 17 Uganda 84 96 82 79 93 77 Zambia 63 86 48 78 99 64 Zimbabwe 56 70 50 62 71 57 NORTH AFRICA 79 94 64 89 96 81 Algeria .. .. .. 92 99 81 Egypt, Arab Rep. 87 96 79 98 100 96 Libya 97 97 96 97 97 96 Morocco 58 88 31 68 86 44 Tunisia 76 96 48 84 96 62 ALL AFRICA 59 80 48 60 79 48 Social Indicators 319 13-11. Access to safe water Percentage of population with access to safe water 1990 2000* Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 53 86 40 58 83 45 excluding South Africa 50 84 38 56 81 44 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 49 84 38 54 82 42 Angola .. .. .. 38 34 40 Benin .. .. .. 63 74 55 Botswana 93 100 88 95 100 90 Burkina Faso 53 74 50 42 66 37 Burundi 69 96 67 78 91 77 Cameroon 51 78 32 58 78 39 Cape Verde .. .. .. 74 64 89 Central African Republic 48 71 35 70 89 57 Chad .. .. .. 27 31 26 Comoros 88 97 84 96 98 95 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 45 89 26 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. 51 71 17 Côte d'Ivoire 80 97 69 81 92 72 Djibouti .. .. .. 100 100 100 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 44 45 42 Eritrea .. .. .. 46 63 42 Ethiopia 25 80 17 24 81 12 Gabon .. .. .. 86 95 47 Gambia, The .. .. .. 62 80 53 Ghana 53 85 36 73 91 62 Guinea 45 72 36 48 72 36 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 56 79 49 Kenya 45 91 31 57 88 42 Lesotho .. .. .. 78 88 74 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 44 85 31 47 85 31 Malawi 49 90 43 57 95 44 Mali 55 65 52 65 74 61 Mauritania 37 34 40 37 34 40 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 Mozambique .. .. .. 57 81 41 Namibia 72 98 63 77 100 67 Niger 53 65 51 59 70 56 Nigeria 53 83 37 62 78 49 Rwanda .. .. .. 41 60 40 São Tomé and Principe .. 100 61 .. .. .. Senegal 72 90 60 78 92 65 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. 57 75 46 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 86 99 73 86 99 73 Sudan 67 86 60 70 86 69 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 38 76 28 68 90 57 Togo 51 82 38 54 85 38 Uganda 45 81 40 52 80 47 Zambia 52 88 28 64 88 48 Zimbabwe 78 99 69 83 100 73 NORTH AFRICA 86 93 80 90 95 83 Algeria .. .. .. 89 94 82 Egypt, Arab Rep. 94 97 92 97 99 96 Libya 71 72 68 72 72 68 Morocco 75 94 58 80 98 56 Tunisia 75 91 54 80 92 58 ALL AFRICA 59 88 46 64 86 50 * Or most recent year available. 320 Social Indicators 13-12. Health expenditure Public expenditure Private expenditure Total expenditure as % of GDP, as % of GDP, as % of GDP, per capita, US$, per capita PPP, international $, 1995-00 1995-00 1995-00 1995-00 1995-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 3.4 6.0 30 90 excluding South Africa 1.8 2.3 4.1 13 40 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2.1 2.5 4.6 15 46 Angola 2.0 1.6 3.6 24 .. Benin 1.6 1.6 3.2 11 29 Botswana 3.8 2.2 6.0 191 267 Burkina Faso 3.0 1.2 4.2 8 36 Burundi 1.6 1.5 3.1 3 21 Cameroon 1.1 3.2 4.3 24 77 Cape Verde 1.8 0.8 2.6 30 119 Central African Republic 1.4 1.5 2.9 8 33 Chad 2.5 0.6 3.1 6 25 Comoros 3.2 1.2 4.4 13 69 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1.1 0.4 1.5 9 .. Congo, Rep. of 1.5 0.7 2.2 22 46 Côte d'Ivoire 1.0 1.7 2.7 16 62 Djibouti 4.2 2.8 7.0 56 .. Equatorial Guinea 2.3 1.1 3.4 54 163 Eritrea 2.8 1.5 4.3 9 .. Ethiopia 1.8 2.8 4.6 5 25 Gabon 2.1 0.9 3.0 120 198 Gambia, The 3.4 0.7 4.1 10 56 Ghana 2.2 2.0 4.2 11 85 Guinea 1.9 1.5 3.4 13 68 Guinea-Bissau 2.6 1.3 3.9 9 .. Kenya 1.8 6.5 8.3 28 79 Lesotho 5.2 1.1 6.3 28 .. Liberia 3.0 1.0 4.0 2 .. Madagascar 2.5 1.0 3.5 9 16 Malawi 3.6 4.0 7.6 11 36 Mali 2.2 2.7 4.9 10 30 Mauritania 3.4 0.9 4.3 14 74 Mauritius 1.9 1.5 3.4 134 302 Mozambique 2.7 1.6 4.3 9 28 Namibia 4.2 2.9 7.1 136 417 Niger 1.8 2.1 3.9 5 20 Nigeria 0.5 1.7 2.2 8 23 Rwanda 2.7 2.5 5.2 12 34 São Tomé and Principe 1.6 0.7 2.3 8 .. Senegal 2.6 2.0 4.6 22 61 Seychelles 4.1 2.1 6.2 440 .. Sierra Leone 2.6 1.7 4.3 6 27 Somalia 0.9 0.4 1.3 19 .. South Africa 3.7 5.1 8.8 255 623 Sudan 1.0 3.7 4.7 13 48 Swaziland 3.0 1.2 4.2 56 148 Tanzania 2.8 3.1 5.9 12 15 Togo 1.5 1.3 2.8 8 36 Uganda 1.5 2.4 3.9 10 65 Zambia 3.5 2.1 5.6 18 52 Zimbabwe 3.1 4.2 7.3 43 186 NORTH AFRICA 2.0 1.8 3.9 62 140 Algeria 3.0 0.6 3.6 64 216 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.8 2.0 3.8 51 119 Libya 1.6 1.7 3.3 246 .. Morocco 1.3 3.2 4.5 50 134 Tunisia 2.9 2.6 5.5 110 287 ALL AFRICA 2.3 2.8 5.2 35 95 Social Indicators 321 13-13. Health care Population Population Percentage of births attended Percentage of population per physician per hospital bed by trained health personnel with access to health services 1981 1990-2000 1981 1990-2000 1990-2000 1990-2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 1,304 .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. 1,304 .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. 1,522 .. .. Angola .. 12,337 .. 756 23 24 Benin 16,943 17,476 884 4,272 60 42 Botswana 7,452 4,274 .. 635 99 .. Burkina Faso 55,742 26,317 .. 706 31 .. Burundi .. 17,685 .. 1,508 .. 80 Cameroon .. 13,679 .. 393 56 .. Cape Verde .. 5,851 .. 635 89 .. Central African Republic 22,827 28,667 .. 1,144 44 .. Chad .. 30,624 .. 1,409 16 26 Comoros .. 13,632 .. 362 62 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 14,631 .. 708 70 59 Congo, Rep. of .. 4,496 .. 334 50 .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 11,106 .. 1,232 47 .. Djibouti 4,471 7,293 277 410 .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 4,079 .. .. 5 .. Eritrea .. 33,364 .. .. 21 .. Ethiopia 88,118 35,096 .. 4,141 10 51 Gabon 2,199 4,436 .. 319 86 .. Gambia, The .. 28,286 .. 1,637 44 .. Ghana .. 16,440 .. 691 44 25 Guinea 45,460 7,691 .. 1,816 35 45 Guinea-Bissau .. 6,694 527 727 25 .. Kenya 10,098 7,576 .. 607 44 .. Lesotho .. 16,436 .. .. 60 .. Liberia 9,454 43,667 .. .. .. .. Madagascar 10,061 9,345 .. 1,068 46 .. Malawi 54,000 35,976 .. 746 55 .. Mali 25,988 15,994 .. 4,167 24 .. Mauritania .. 7,325 .. 1,532 40 .. Mauritius 1,813 1,176 .. 325 99 99 Mozambique 36,970 .. .. 1,153 44 .. Namibia .. 3,562 .. .. 76 .. Niger .. 30,350 .. 8,506 16 30 Nigeria .. 5,208 .. 599 42 67 Rwanda 32,315 25,192 676 604 31 .. São Tomé and Principe 2,395 2,143 .. 210 .. .. Senegal 12,686 10,449 .. 2,471 51 40 Seychelles .. 752 .. .. .. 99 Sierra Leone 18,971 13,706 .. .. 42 .. Somalia 24,382 24,918 .. 1,327 34 .. South Africa .. 1,780 .. .. 84 .. Sudan 9,944 11,167 1,152 923 86 70 Swaziland .. 6,636 .. .. 56 55 Tanzania .. 24,400 .. 1,123 36 93 Togo 20,587 13,027 .. 662 51 .. Uganda 21,481 26,651 663 1,164 38 .. Zambia 7,913 14,323 287 .. 47 .. Zimbabwe 7,222 7,194 .. 1,959 73 .. NORTH AFRICA 5,936 1,120 570 620 .. 88 Algeria .. 1,000 .. 476 77 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 733 625 483 476 61 99 Libya 612 779 207 232 94 100 Morocco 18,558 2,174 814 1,020 40 62 Tunisia 3,642 1,428 .. 588 90 90 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 1,133 .. .. 322 Social Indicators 13-14. Illiteracy rate Percentage of population 15 years of age and above that is illiterate 1990 1997 2002 Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50 40 60 42 33 51 37 29 45 excluding South Africa 53 42 64 45 35 54 39 30 47 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 54 42 64 46 36 55 40 31 49 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 74 62 85 66 52 79 60 45 74 Botswana 32 34 30 26 28 23 21 24 18 Burkina Faso 84 75 92 79 69 88 74 64 84 Burundi 63 52 73 55 46 64 50 42 56 Cameroon 42 31 52 33 24 41 26 19 33 Cape Verde 36 24 46 29 18 37 24 15 32 Central African Republic 67 53 79 57 44 70 50 38 62 Chad 72 63 81 62 53 71 54 45 62 Comoros 46 39 54 45 37 52 44 37 51 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 53 39 66 43 30 55 36 25 47 Congo, Rep. of 33 23 42 23 15 30 17 11 23 Côte d'Ivoire 61 49 74 54 43 66 49 39 60 Djibouti 47 33 60 39 27 50 33 23 43 Equatorial Guinea 27 14 39 20 9 30 15 7 23 Eritrea 54 42 65 47 35 58 42 31 53 Ethiopia 71 63 80 64 56 73 58 51 66 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 74 68 80 67 60 73 61 54 68 Ghana 42 30 53 32 23 42 26 18 34 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 73 58 87 65 49 80 59 44 74 Kenya 29 19 39 21 13 28 16 10 21 Lesotho 22 35 11 18 29 7 16 26 6 Liberia 61 45 77 51 34 68 44 28 61 Madagascar 42 34 50 36 28 43 32 25 38 Malawi 48 31 64 42 27 57 38 24 51 Mali 81 72 90 77 67 86 73 62 83 Mauritania 65 54 76 61 51 72 59 49 69 Mauritius 20 15 25 17 13 20 15 12 18 Mozambique 67 51 82 59 43 75 54 38 69 Namibia 25 23 28 20 19 21 17 16 17 Niger 89 82 95 86 78 93 83 75 91 Nigeria 51 41 62 41 31 49 33 26 41 Rwanda 47 37 56 37 29 44 31 25 37 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 72 62 81 65 55 75 61 51 70 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 19 18 20 16 15 17 14 13 15 Sudan 54 40 68 46 34 58 40 29 51 Swaziland 28 26 30 23 21 24 19 18 20 Tanzania 37 24 49 29 19 38 23 15 31 Togo 56 40 71 47 31 62 40 26 55 Uganda 44 31 57 36 25 47 31 21 41 Zambia 32 21 41 25 17 32 20 14 26 Zimbabwe 19 13 25 14 9 18 10 6 14 NORTH AFRICA 52 39 65 44 33 56 40 29 51 Algeria 47 36 59 37 27 47 31 22 40 Egypt, Arab Rep. 53 40 66 47 35 59 43 32 54 Libya 32 17 49 23 11 37 18 8 29 Morocco 61 47 75 54 41 67 49 37 62 Tunisia 41 28 53 33 22 44 27 17 37 ALL AFRICA 51 40 61 43 33 52 37 29 46 Social Indicators 323 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1985 1995 1998-00 1985 1995 1998-00 1985 1995 1998-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 76 76 87 86 83 94 67 69 81 excluding South Africa 76 71 72 86 79 79 67 64 65 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 69 66 85 77 72 91 59 59 78 Angola 107 72 74 117 77 78 96 67 69 Benin 68 73 95 90 93 113 45 53 78 Botswana 105 108 108 100 107 108 111 109 108 Burkina Faso 27 40 44 34 48 52 20 31 37 Burundi 53 51 65 61 55 73 44 46 58 Cameroon 102 87 108 111 91 115 93 82 100 Cape Verde 116 140 139 119 140 140 112 140 137 Central African Republic 75 57 75 93 69 89 57 45 61 Chad 44 51 73 63 69 90 25 34 57 Comoros 82 75 86 93 81 92 70 68 80 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 87 67 47 105 78 49 68 56 44 Congo, Rep. of 147 114 97 154 120 101 141 109 93 Côte d'Ivoire 72 69 81 84 79 92 59 58 70 Djibouti 40 38 40 47 44 46 33 33 35 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 120 .. .. 126 .. .. 115 Eritrea .. 56 57 .. 62 65 .. 50 54 Ethiopia 38 37 64 45 48 76 30 27 52 Gabon .. .. 144 .. .. 144 .. .. 143 Gambia, The 68 77 82 84 87 86 52 67 78 Ghana 75 72 80 .. 73 84 .. 72 76 Guinea 34 48 67 47 62 78 22 33 56 Guinea-Bissau 64 66 83 85 83 99 43 48 66 Kenya 99 85 94 102 85 95 96 85 93 Lesotho 112 111 115 98 104 112 125 117 118 Liberia .. 25 118 .. 30 140 .. 20 96 Madagascar .. 92 103 .. 92 105 .. 91 101 Malawi 60 134 137 69 140 139 52 127 135 Mali 25 41 61 31 49 71 18 32 51 Mauritania 48 75 83 58 81 86 39 69 80 Mauritius 109 107 109 110 107 109 109 106 108 Mozambique 87 60 92 99 70 104 76 50 79 Namibia .. 133 112 .. 132 112 .. 134 113 Niger 26 29 35 33 36 42 18 22 29 Nigeria 104 93 .. 115 103 .. 92 83 .. Rwanda 63 94 119 65 95 119 61 93 118 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 56 64 75 67 72 79 46 57 70 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 63 53 93 .. 63 106 .. 43 80 Somalia 14 10 .. 18 13 .. 9 7 .. South Africa .. 133 111 .. 135 115 .. 131 108 Sudan 52 50 55 61 54 59 42 46 51 Swaziland 102 121 125 104 124 128 100 118 121 Tanzania 75 67 77 76 68 78 74 66 76 Togo 93 119 124 115 140 138 71 97 110 Uganda 73 74 136 .. 81 143 .. 68 129 Zambia 105 89 78 111 91 80 98 86 76 Zimbabwe 136 114 95 141 116 96 131 113 93 NORTH AFRICA 88 100 103 99 107 107 77 93 99 Algeria 94 107 112 103 113 116 83 100 107 Egypt, Arab Rep. 85 100 100 94 106 103 76 93 96 Libya 109 118 116 113 118 115 104 118 117 Morocco 77 84 94 93 95 101 60 72 88 Tunisia 115 117 117 124 121 120 105 113 115 ALL AFRICA 79 80 91 89 87 97 69 73 85 324 Social Indicators 13-16. Pupil progression Percentage of cohort reaching Progression to secondary school grade 5 (1998-99) 1993 Total Male Female Total Male Female SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 52 .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. 46 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 4 3 4 .. .. .. Benin 84 89 78 .. .. .. Botswana 87 84 89 84 84 85 Burkina Faso 69 68 71 27 27 27 Burundi 58 59 58 11 12 11 Cameroon 81 72 93 .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 54 58 48 47 .. .. Comoros 77 68 90 39 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 27 25 30 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 91 91 90 33 .. .. Djibouti 77 71 85 38 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 16 14 19 .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. 80 85 74 Ethiopia 64 64 64 80 82 77 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 69 75 63 .. .. .. Ghana 66 67 65 .. .. .. Guinea 84 90 77 50 51 47 Guinea-Bissau 38 41 34 .. .. .. Kenya 71 70 73 41 .. .. Lesotho 75 68 80 71 .. .. Liberia 33 49 17 .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. 35 35 35 Malawi 49 55 43 15 .. .. Mali 95 100 86 63 64 60 Mauritania 61 68 55 32 34 28 Mauritius .. .. .. 51 49 54 Mozambique .. .. .. 39 39 39 Namibia 92 92 93 74 76 72 Niger 74 76 71 .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. 52 .. .. Rwanda 39 38 40 15 .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 72 75 69 .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. 100 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 65 66 63 90 87 91 Sudan 87 86 88 61 .. .. Swaziland 84 83 85 79 79 79 Tanzania 82 80 83 12 .. .. Togo 74 78 69 38 40 35 Uganda .. 44 46 32 .. .. Zambia 81 83 78 .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. 66 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. 79 77 81 Algeria 97 97 98 80 77 82 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 83 82 85 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 80 79 81 81 79 84 Tunisia 93 92 94 62 62 63 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 56 .. .. Notes: In the Seychelles a policy of automatic promotion is practiced at the primary level of education. Tanzanian figures refer to the mainland only. Social Indicators 325 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1985 1995 1999-00 1985 1995 1999-00 1985 1995 1999-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. 68 .. .. 71 .. .. 66 Angola .. .. 37 .. .. 39 .. .. 35 Benin 53 60 70 71 75 83 36 44 57 Botswana 89 81 84 84 79 82 94 83 86 Burkina Faso 23 .. 36 29 .. 42 17 .. 29 Burundi 41 .. 54 47 .. 59 36 .. 49 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde 95 .. 92 97 .. .. 93 .. .. Central African Republic 61 .. 55 75 .. 64 47 .. 45 Chad .. 40 58 .. .. 70 .. .. 47 Comoros 61 .. 56 .. .. 60 .. .. 52 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 33 .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 96 .. .. 99 .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 53 64 .. 61 73 .. 45 55 Djibouti 31 32 33 37 37 37 26 28 28 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 72 .. .. 76 .. .. 68 Eritrea .. 31 38 .. 32 44 .. 29 38 Ethiopia .. 28 47 .. 35 53 .. 21 41 Gabon .. .. 88 .. .. 89 .. .. 87 Gambia, The 62 65 69 77 72 71 48 57 66 Ghana .. .. 58 .. .. 60 .. .. 57 Guinea 27 .. 47 36 .. 52 18 .. 41 Guinea-Bissau 47 .. 54 63 .. 63 .. .. 45 Kenya 91 .. 69 92 .. 68 .. .. 69 Lesotho 72 71 78 62 65 75 82 76 82 Liberia .. .. 83 .. .. 96 .. .. 71 Madagascar .. 61 68 .. 59 67 .. 62 68 Malawi 43 .. 101 46 .. 97 41 .. 104 Mali 20 31 .. .. 38 .. .. 25 .. Mauritania .. 57 64 .. 61 66 .. 53 62 Mauritius 100 96 95 100 96 95 101 96 95 Mozambique 51 40 54 56 45 59 47 34 50 Namibia .. 92 82 .. .. 79 .. .. 84 Niger 25 .. 30 32 .. 36 17 .. 24 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda 60 .. 97 61 .. 97 59 .. 97 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 48 54 63 57 60 66 39 48 60 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. 65 .. .. 68 .. .. 63 Somalia 10 .. .. 13 .. .. 7 .. .. South Africa .. .. 89 .. .. 90 .. .. 88 Sudan .. .. 46 .. .. 50 .. .. 42 Swaziland 79 94 93 78 93 92 80 94 94 Tanzania 56 48 58 55 47 57 56 48 58 Togo 61 85 92 72 98 101 49 72 83 Uganda .. .. 84 .. .. 85 .. .. 84 Zambia 77 75 66 81 76 66 .. 74 65 Zimbabwe .. .. 80 .. .. 80 .. .. 80 NORTH AFRICA .. .. 91 .. .. 93 .. .. 89 Algeria 86 95 98 94 99 100 78 91 97 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. 93 .. .. 95 .. .. 90 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 61 72 78 73 81 82 48 63 74 Tunisia 93 98 99 99 100 100 87 95 99 ALL AFRICA .. .. 67 .. .. 70 .. .. 64 Note: Net enrollment ratios exceeding 100 percent indicate discrepancies between estimates of the school-age population and reported enrollment data. 326 Social Indicators 13-18. Number of school teachers Primary Secondary Total teaching staff Percentage females Total teaching staff Percentage females 1985 1995 2000 1985 1995 2000 1985 1995 2000 1985 1995 2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 34 42 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. 34 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. 32 36 35 .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 31,161 .. 33,478 .. .. 41 .. .. 19,798 .. .. 29 Benin 13,452 13,889 19,710 24 24 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana 6,980 12,306 12,135 78 78 81 1,675 6,670 9,407 40 43 46 Burkina Faso 6,091 14,037 19,007 25 24 23 .. .. 6,432 .. .. 20 Burundi 6,866 10,316 14,955 47 50 54 1,849 .. 5,459 21 .. 22 Cameroon 33,598 .. 42,873 27 .. 36 11,096 .. .. 22 .. .. Cape Verde 1,493 .. 3,193 .. .. 63 .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 4,718 .. 6,223 25 .. 18 922 .. .. .. .. .. Chad 4,779 9,395 13,819 4 8 10 .. 2,693 .. .. 5 .. Comoros 1,901 1,508 2,723 21 .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 7,745 7,060 9,880 30 36 41 6,322 7,173 7,668 .. 16 9 Côte d'Ivoire 33,500 40,529 44,424 19 21 20 .. .. 23,184 .. .. .. Djibouti 585 1,005 1,199 .. 33 28 306 628 .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. 1,754 .. .. 26 .. .. 1,374 .. .. 3 Eritrea .. 5,828 6,668 .. 35 41 .. 2,193 2,710 .. 12 10 Ethiopia 50,922 89,189 121,077 26 28 30 15,861 25,984 .. .. 10 .. Gabon 4,008 4,943 5,399 35 39 48 2,074 3,094 .. 22 18 .. Gambia, The 2,979 4,118 4,186 36 29 29 695 1,547 2,207 .. 17 17 Ghana 64,795 67,021 75,087 40 37 35 37,290 .. 55,549 26 .. 23 Guinea 7,605 11,875 19,244 19 25 25 4,642 .. .. 7 .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 138,374 181,975 191,068 34 40 42 23,055 .. 48,019 36 .. 35 Lesotho 5,663 7,923 8,578 77 79 80 1,897 .. 3,250 .. .. 51 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 44,145 46,482 .. 51 54 .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 15,440 49,138 47,840 33 39 38 1,272 3,172 12,782 .. .. 20 Mali 8,593 8,718 17,788 22 23 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 2,785 .. 8,636 15 .. 24 .. 2,067 2,749 .. .. 10 Mauritius 6,450 5,137 5,178 43 50 55 .. .. 5,436 .. .. 48 Mozambique 20,286 24,575 36,187 22 23 26 4,688 5,615 .. 21 17 .. Namibia .. .. 12,327 .. .. 67 .. .. 5,164 .. .. 46 Niger 7,383 11,285 15,668 33 33 33 .. 3,548 4,127 .. 21 18 Nigeria 308,072 423,059 .. 41 47 .. 105,003 .. .. 28 .. .. Rwanda 14,896 .. 28,698 44 .. 51 3,120 .. .. 9 .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. 649 .. .. 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 12,559 15,045 22,813 27 26 22 .. .. 11,182 .. .. 12 Seychelles 652 584 684 85 88 86 364 711 535 29 48 53 Sierra Leone 10,837 .. 14,875 .. .. 38 3,006 .. 5,840 .. .. 27 Somalia 10,338 .. .. 45 .. .. 2,786 .. .. 11 .. .. South Africa .. 224,896 222,487 .. 74 75 .. .. 140,856 .. .. 50 Sudan 50,089 95,184 .. 44 60 .. 23,035 .. .. 33 .. .. Swaziland 4,107 5,917 6,544 80 76 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 92,586 105,280 107,111 .. 43 45 5,267 12,198 .. .. 25 .. Togo 10,049 16,217 27,523 20 14 12 4,351 5,389 9,339 13 .. 10 Uganda 61,424 82,745 110,366 .. .. 33 .. .. 36,092 .. .. 21 Zambia 27,302 38,528 35,348 43 43 50 .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 56,067 63,475 66,440 43 44 48 .. 27,458 34,162 .. 36 48 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. 43 47 76 .. .. .. 33 39 43 Algeria 125,034 169,010 169,559 40 44 47 82,218 150,397 157,725 36 44 48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 194,929 302,916 352,911 48 53 109 187,580 369,107 490,648 35 40 40 Libya 63,122 .. .. 56 .. .. 10,765 .. .. 19 .. .. Morocco 81,867 109,817 136,558 33 38 41 67,733 85,865 .. 26 31 .. Tunisia 40,887 59,887 60,541 38 49 50 25,245 .. 61,931 31 .. 40 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 36 43 48 .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers. Social Indicators 327 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio Number of pupils per teacher Primary Secondary 1985 1995 1999-00 1985 1995 1999-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 40 38 .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa 40 38 .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 39 39 45 .. .. .. Angola 31 .. 35 .. .. 20 Benin 33 52 54 .. .. 23 Botswana 32 25 27 22 17 20 Burkina Faso 58 50 47 .. .. 31 Burundi 56 50 50 14 .. 21 Cameroon 51 .. 63 31 .. .. Cape Verde 39 .. 28 .. .. .. Central African Republic 66 .. 74 64 .. .. Chad 71 63 71 .. 35 32 Comoros 35 52 36 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 61 70 51 35 30 26 Côte d'Ivoire 36 41 48 .. .. 29 Djibouti 43 36 36 23 19 21 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 42 .. .. 25 Eritrea .. 41 45 .. 37 52 Ethiopia 48 38 55 42 32 27 Gabon 46 51 49 21 26 .. Gambia, The 23 30 37 23 21 25 Ghana 23 33 33 20 .. 19 Guinea 36 49 44 20 .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. 44 .. .. 21 Kenya 34 32 33 20 .. 17 Lesotho 55 48 48 20 .. 23 Liberia .. .. 36 .. .. 26 Madagascar .. 37 50 .. .. .. Malawi 61 59 56 30 45 38 Mali 34 78 63 .. .. .. Mauritania 51 .. 42 .. 25 28 Mauritius 22 24 26 .. .. 19 Mozambique 62 58 64 32 33 33 Namibia .. .. 32 .. .. 24 Niger 37 39 42 .. 26 25 Nigeria 42 37 .. 28 .. .. Rwanda 56 .. 51 15 .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. 34 .. .. .. Senegal 46 58 51 .. .. 23 Seychelles 22 17 15 11 13 14 Sierra Leone 39 .. 44 32 .. 27 Somalia 19 .. .. 16 .. .. South Africa .. 36 33 .. .. 29 Sudan 35 31 27 24 .. 23 Swaziland 34 34 33 .. .. .. Tanzania 34 37 40 18 17 .. Togo 46 51 34 22 31 31 Uganda 34 35 59 .. .. 17 Zambia 49 39 45 .. .. 29 Zimbabwe 40 39 37 .. 26 25 NORTH AFRICA 28 27 25 20 17 18 Algeria 28 27 28 22 17 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 32 27 22 20 17 17 Libya 16 .. .. 13 .. .. Morocco 28 28 28 18 16 17 Tunisia 32 25 23 18 .. 18 ALL AFRICA 36 35 37 23 .. .. Note: Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers. 328 Social Indicators 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1985 1995 1999-00 1985 1995 1999-00 1985 1995 1999-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20 26 .. 25 28 .. 15 23 .. excluding South Africa 20 21 .. 25 24 .. 15 18 .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 16 18 .. 21 21 23 12 15 19 Angola 14 12 15 .. 15 18 .. 10 13 Benin 18 16 22 26 22 30 10 9 14 Botswana 29 63 82 27 60 90 31 66 96 Burkina Faso 4 9 10 6 12 12 3 6 8 Burundi 4 7 .. 5 8 12 2 5 9 Cameroon 23 26 .. 28 30 .. 18 21 .. Cape Verde 13 43 .. 15 45 .. 12 42 .. Central African Republic 16 10 .. 24 14 .. 8 6 .. Chad 6 9 11 10 15 18 2 4 5 Comoros 28 21 21 34 24 23 22 19 18 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 23 24 .. 32 30 .. 13 18 .. Congo, Rep. of 75 53 .. 87 62 46 64 45 38 Côte d'Ivoire 20 23 .. 28 31 30 12 15 17 Djibouti 12 13 15 14 15 13 9 11 17 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 31 .. .. 43 .. .. 19 Eritrea .. 19 28 .. 22 34 .. 16 23 Ethiopia 13 12 5 15 13 22 10 10 14 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. 61 .. .. 58 Gambia, The 16 25 27 23 30 43 10 19 30 Ghana 40 34 .. 49 39 40 30 28 32 Guinea 13 12 .. 18 18 .. 7 6 .. Guinea-Bissau 9 11 20 14 15 26 4 7 14 Kenya 21 24 .. 26 26 32 16 22 29 Lesotho 23 31 28 19 25 30 28 37 36 Liberia .. 13 23 .. 18 45 .. 7 32 Madagascar .. 16 .. .. 16 .. .. 16 .. Malawi 6 17 .. 8 21 40 4 12 31 Mali 6 11 .. 9 14 .. 4 7 .. Mauritania 15 16 18 22 21 22 8 11 20 Mauritius 49 62 107 51 60 79 46 64 75 Mozambique 7 7 14 10 9 14 5 5 9 Namibia .. 62 60 .. 57 58 .. 68 65 Niger 5 7 7 8 9 8 3 5 5 Nigeria 34 32 .. 40 35 .. 28 29 .. Rwanda 6 14 12 7 16 12 5 12 12 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 14 16 .. 18 20 21 9 12 14 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 18 17 24 24 21 29 12 12 24 Somalia 8 6 .. 10 8 .. 6 4 .. South Africa .. 95 90 .. 88 83 .. 103 91 Sudan 21 21 29 24 22 22 18 19 36 Swaziland 39 53 .. 40 53 60 38 53 60 Tanzania 3 5 5 4 6 6 2 5 5 Togo 21 27 36 32 40 54 10 14 24 Uganda 10 12 .. 13 15 21 7 9 16 Zambia 19 27 .. 25 33 26 14 20 21 Zimbabwe 42 47 45 50 52 47 33 43 42 NORTH AFRICA 52 65 69 60 70 82 43 60 81 Algeria 51 62 67 59 66 68 44 59 73 Egypt, Arab Rep. 61 77 84 72 82 88 50 70 83 Libya 59 102 .. 61 105 88 57 98 91 Morocco 35 39 39 42 44 44 28 33 35 Tunisia 39 60 75 46 62 76 32 58 80 ALL AFRICA 27 33 .. 32 36 40 21 30 38 Note: Secondary refers to secondary general education. Social Indicators 329 13-21. Public expenditure on education As percentage of total public expenditure As percentage of GDP 1980 1990 1998-00 1980 1990 1998-00 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. 3 2.7 Benin .. .. .. .. .. 3.2 Botswana .. 19 .. 5.7 6 8.6 Burkina Faso 15.5 18 .. 2.2 3 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. 3 3.4 Cameroon .. .. .. 3.2 3 3.2 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. 4.4 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. 2 1.9 Chad .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. 6.4 5 4.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. 30 .. 6.9 .. 4.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. 4 3.5 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. 0.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 7.4 Ethiopia 10.2 10 13.8 .. 3 4.8 Gabon .. .. .. 2.5 .. 3.9 Gambia, The .. .. .. 3.1 4 2.7 Ghana .. .. .. 3.1 3 4.1 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Kenya 22.9 23 .. 6.5 7 6.4 Lesotho .. 17 .. 7.5 6 10.1 Liberia 11.9 .. .. 6.5 .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. 4.3 2 3.2 Malawi .. .. .. 3.1 3 4.1 Mali .. .. .. 3.4 .. 2.8 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 Mauritius .. .. .. 5.5 4 3.5 Mozambique .. .. .. 2.5 3 2.4 Namibia .. .. .. .. 7 8.1 Niger 18.0 .. .. 3.1 3 2.7 Nigeria .. .. .. .. 1 .. Rwanda .. .. .. 2.7 .. 2.8 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. 4 3.2 Seychelles .. .. .. 5.6 8 7.6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. 3.7 .. 1.0 Somalia .. .. .. 1.0 .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. 6 5.5 Sudan .. .. .. 41.8 6 .. Swaziland 24.6 .. .. 5.7 6 1.5 Tanzania 13.3 .. .. .. 3 2.5 Togo .. .. .. 5.4 6 4.8 Uganda .. .. 27.0 1.2 1 4.0 Zambia .. 8 .. 4.1 2 2.3 Zimbabwe .. .. .. 5.2 8 10.4 NORTH AFRICA 15.0 17 .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. 7.6 5 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 8.1 14 .. .. 4 .. Libya .. .. .. 3.4 .. .. Morocco 17.3 18 .. 5.9 5 5.5 Tunisia 17.0 17.0 .. 5.2 6.0 6.8 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. 330 Social Indicators 13-22. Economic opportunities of women Female / male ratio Female as percentage of male in occupational group, 1996* of participation Administrative Professional Clerical in economic activity and and and 1995 managerial technical sales Services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73 10 28 .. .. excluding South Africa 74 10 26 .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 78 .. .. .. .. Angola 87 .. .. .. .. Benin 93 .. .. .. .. Botswana 85 36 61 60 70 Burkina Faso 87 14 26 63 22 Burundi 97 13 30 .. .. Cameroon 60 10 24 37 31 Cape Verde 64 23 48 63 57 Central African Republic 88 9 19 59 12 Chad 80 .. .. .. .. Comoros 74 .. 29 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 77 9 17 .. .. Congo, Rep. of 77 6 40 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 49 29 .. .. .. Djibouti .. 2 20 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 55 2 27 .. .. Eritrea 90 17 30 48 43 Ethiopia 69 11 24 .. .. Gabon 80 .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 81 16 24 28 14 Ghana 103 9 36 59 68 Guinea 90 .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 67 .. .. .. .. Kenya 85 .. .. .. .. Lesotho 58 33 57 144 209 Liberia 66 .. .. .. .. Madagascar 81 .. .. .. .. Malawi 96 5 35 33 28 Mali 87 20 19 57 41 Mauritania 77 8 21 25 45 Mauritius 46 23 38 49 28 Mozambique 94 11 20 .. .. Namibia 68 21 41 54 72 Niger 79 9 8 30 0 Nigeria 56 6 26 58 11 Rwanda 93 9 47 48 35 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 74 .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 29 58 59 59 Sierra Leone 57 8 32 66 15 Somalia 75 .. .. .. .. South Africa 60 17 47 .. 196 Sudan 40 2 29 .. .. Swaziland 60 26 60 42 82 Tanzania 98 .. .. .. .. Togo 67 8 21 .. .. Uganda 91 .. .. .. .. Zambia 83 6 32 58 22 Zimbabwe 80 15 40 34 30 NORTH AFRICA 41 14 30 28 14 Algeria 32 6 28 11 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40 12 30 35 10 Libya 26 .. .. .. .. Morocco 53 26 31 28 17 Tunisia 44 13 36 33 17 ALL AFRICA 67 11 28 .. .. * Or most recent year available Social Indicators 331 13-23. Household and economic participation of women Percentage of Percentage of women in occupational group 1991-99 households headed Construction, Community, by women Utilities & transport, storage Service social & personal (latest available between 1991-99) Agriculture Mining manufacturing & communications industries services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 2 1 12 9 35 41 Burkina Faso 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 16 .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 14 0 14 14 14 43 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 18 10 0 24 6 10 50 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 15 20 0 8 5 11 57 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. 73 0 7 2 4 14 Mali 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 24 .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. 11 0 61 2 9 17 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 6 5 5 20 25 25 25 Nigeria 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 27 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 26 23 1 16 4 20 36 Tanzania 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 19 .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 38 1 7 4 9 .. NORTH AFRICA .. 36 0 21 2 8 32 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 47 0 7 2 8 36 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. 3 0 45 2 11 39 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 332 Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 2001 Years 30 40 50 60 70 80 Seychelles Tunisia Mauritius Libya Algeria Cape Verde Egypt. Arab Rep. Morocco São Tomé and Principe Comoros Sudan Ghana Madagascar Gambia The Benin Gabon Senegal Congo, Rep. of Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Mauritania Togo Cameroon Chad Somalia South Africa Liberia Angola Kenya Guinea Nigeria Niger Côte d'Ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. of Guinea-Bissau Djibouti Swaziland Namibia Tanzania Burkina Faso Lesotho Uganda Central African Republic Ethiopia Burundi Mozambique Mali Rwanda Zimbabwe Botswana Malawi Zambia Sierra Leone 333 Figure 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 2002 U.S. dollars 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Mauritius South Africa Botswana Tunisia Namibia Gabon Algeria Cape Verde Swaziland Morocco Egypt. Arab Rep. Lesotho Angola Ghana Djibouti Guinea Sudan Gambia The Cameroon Comoros Senegal Mauritania Cote d Ivoire Togo Uganda Rwanda Central African Republic Benin Burkina Faso Chad Kenya Congo Eritrea Mali Nigeria Zambia Guinea-Bissau Niger Madagascar Ethiopia Burundi Congo. Democratic Republic Malawi Tanzania Sierra Leone 334 Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2002* Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 Libya Djibouti Gabon Tunisia Congo, Rep. of Seychelles Cape Verde Mauritania South Africa Algeria Morocco Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Botswana Senegal São Tomé and Principe Liberia Nigeria Côte d'Ivoire Benin Egypt. Arab Rep. Central African Republic Mauritius Zambia Sierra Leone Sudan Ghana Zimbabwe Angola Kenya Togo Comoros Mozambique Tanzania Guinea-Bissau Gambia The Namibia Mali Congo, Dem. Rep. of Madagascar Lesotho Guinea Somalia Swaziland Chad Niger Eritrea Burkina Faso Ethiopia Malawi Uganda Burundi Rwanda * Or most recent year available. 335 Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollement ratio, 2000* Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gabon Cape Verde Malawi Uganda Swaziland Togo Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Liberia Tunisia Libya Lesotho Namibia Algeria South Africa Mauritius Botswana Cameroon Madagascar Egypt. Arab Rep. Congo, Rep. of Benin Zimbabwe Morocco Kenya Sierra Leone Mozambique Comoros Mauritania Guinea-Bissau Gambia The Nigeria Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Zambia Central African Republic Senegal Angola Chad Guinea Burundi Ethiopia Tanzania Mali Eritrea Sudan Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burkina Faso Djibouti Niger Somalia * Or most recent year available. 336 Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999* Per 1,000,000 live births 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 Mauritius Tunisia Libya Algeria Egypt. Arab Rep. Cape Verde South Africa Namibia Swaziland Morocco Botswana Djibouti Lesotho Comoros Madagascar Malawi Ghana Zimbabwe Gabon Mali Cameroon Mauritania Zambia Benin Guinea-Bissau Niger Congo, Dem. Rep. of Mozambique Togo Liberia Congo, Rep. of Eritrea Gambia The Nigeria Tanzania Uganda Central African Republic Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Senegal Angola Kenya Burkina Faso Equatorial Guinea Chad Sudan Somalia Ethiopia Burundi Sierra Leone Rwanda * Or most recent year available. Social Indicators 337 Technical notes Tables Gini coefficients, which describe the level of inequal- ity in urban and rural income distributions. The last Table 13-1. Age and gender structure of the popu- indicator shows the percentage of household income lation. Age and gender structure of the population spent on food (UNDP, World Bank, Penn World (UN and World Bank data) is the distribution of the Tables, and National Household Surveys). total population according to age and gender. Only the female composition of the population is presented, Table 13-3. Income distribution. These data present as the male composition can easily be figured as the the share of income held by the richest and poorest residual. Figures relate to midyear populations as es- population groups in a country (World Bank data and timated from the latest censuses. Age dependency ra- national household surveys). tio is calculated as the ratio of dependents--popula- tion under age 15 and above age 65--to the working Table 13-4. Urbanization. This table presents the age population--those aged 15 to 64. number of persons living in urban areas as a percent- age of the total population. Average annual percent- Table 13-2. Poverty. This table presents selected in- age growth rates are shown separately for the urban dicators for comparing the incidence and extent of population and the total population. The urban popu- urban and rural poverty. The first indicator uses pur- lation percentages are based on the number of per- chasing power parities rather than official exchange sons living in areas defined as "urban" according to rates to calculate GDP per capita: a measure of the national definitions of this concept. Since national overall mean level of poverty at the national level. definitions differ, cross-country comparisons should The next indicator is the national poverty head count, be made with caution (World Bank data). which shows the percentage of the population living below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the Table 13-5. Components of population change. country by its authorities. The poverty line is defined Three determinants of population change are presented as the level below which adequate standards of nutri- here: total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and crude tion, shelter, and personal amenities cannot be assured. death rate. Crude birth rate is the number of births Since these levels are country specific, cross-country per 1,000 population in a given year. Crude death rate comparisons cannot be made. The next indicator, how- is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a ever, uses a relative concept of poverty, which does given year. Total fertility rate is the average number allow such comparisons. It shows the percentage of of children that would be born alive to a woman dur- the urban and rural populations living on less than ing her lifetime, if she were to bear children at each two-thirds of the mean national per capita income. age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertil- Associated with these indicators are the urban and rural ity rates (World Bank data). 338 Social Indicators Table 13-6. Survival prospects. This table shows below the median weight for age of the reference four health-related indicators: life expectancy at birth, population. Wasting refers to children of ages 12 infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and mater- through 23 months weighing two standard deviations nal mortality rate. below the median weight for height of the reference Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a population. Stunting refers to children of ages 24 newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of through 59 months standing two standard deviations mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same below the median height-for-age of the reference throughout its life. Infant mortality rate is the number population (UNDP various years, WHO and World of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 Bank data). live births in a given year. Child mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under five years of age Table 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities. Table per 1,000 live births in a given year. Maternal mortal- 13-10 shows the percentage of the population with ity rate is the annual number of deaths of women from access to sanitation facilities (WHO data). Urban ar- pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. eas with access to sanitation facilities are defined as urban populations served by connections to public Table 13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end sewers or household systems, such as pit privies, 2001. Data reported on this table give the estimated pour-flush latrines, septic tanks, communal toilets, number of people living with HIV/AIDS. The data and other such facilities. Rural populations with ac- are broken down into adults aged 15 and above, and cess were defined as those with adequate disposal, children below the age of 15. Adult rate is the total such as pit privies and pour-flush latrines. Applica- number of adults (men and women) living with HIV/ tion of these definitions may vary, and comparisons AIDS divided by the corresponding midyear popula- can therefore be misleading. tion. Orphans are defined as children who lost their mother or both parents to AIDS when they were un- Table 13-11. Access to safe water. This table refers der the age of 15 (UNAIDS data). to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to safe water supply, which includes treated Table 13-8. Immunization and ORT use. This is surface waters or untreated but uncontaminated wa- the percentage of children under one year of age im- ter, such as that from springs, sanitary wells, and pro- munized against tuberculosis, DPT, polio, and measles. tected boreholes. In an urban area, this may be a pub- It also gives the use rate of oral rehydration therapy lic fountain or standpost located not more than 200 (ORT) among children under five years of age. DPT meters away. In rural areas, it implies that members refers to diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and of the household do not have to spend a dispropor- tetanus. ORT use is the percentage of all cases of di- tionate part of the day fetching water. Data are pre- arrhea in children under five years of age treated with sented separately for total, urban, and rural popula- oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household tion (WHO data). solution (WHO data). Table 13-12. Health expenditure. This table shows Table 13-9. Child malnutrition. Data reported in total health expenditure as percentage of GDP and on this table give the percentage of children and babies a per capita basis--both in U.S. dollars and PPP terms. suffering from the nutrition-related problems of hav- The ratio to GDP is also shown for public and private ing low birthweight and being underweight, or suf- expenditure. Total expenditure is the sum of public fering from wasting and stunting. Figuresarealsogiven and private health expenditures. It covers the provi- on the extent of breastfeeding among nursing mothers. sion of health services (preventive and curative), fam- Low birthweight refers to babies born weighing less ily planning activities, nutrition activities, and emer- than 2,500 grams. Underweight refers to children un- gency aid designated for health, but does not include der the age of five weighing two standard deviations provision of water and sanitation. Public expenditure Social Indicators 339 consists of recurrent and capital spending from govern- pressed as a percentage of the population correspond- ment (central and local) budgets, external borrowings ing to the official school age of primary education in andgrants(includingdonationsfrominternationalagen- a given country. Data are given separately for males, cies and nongovernmental organizations, and social (or females, and both genders combined. Figures shown compulsory) health insurance funds. Private expen- may be more than 100 percent since total enrollment diture includes direct household (out-of-pocket) includes pupils above and pupils below the primary spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and school age, as well as repeaters (UNESCO data). direct service payments by private corporations (WHO, IMF, and World Bank data). Tables 13-16. Pupil progression. This table provides two education indicators. Percentage of cohort reach- Table 13-13. Health care. Indicators presented here ing grade 5 shows the percentage of children start- are population per physician, population per hospital ing primary school who eventually attain grade 4. The bed, the percentage of births attended by trained health estimate is based on the Reconstructed Cohort personnel, and access to health services. The figure Method, which uses data on enrollment and repeat- for physicians includes, in addition to the total num- ers for two consecutive years. Progression to sec- ber of registered practitioners in the country, medical ondary school (general) is the number of new chil- assistants whose medical training is less than that of dren in the first grade of secondary school (general) qualified physicians, but who nevertheless dispense divided by the number of children enrolled in the final similar medical services, including simple surgical grade of primary school in the previous year (accord- operations. The definition of recognized medical prac- ing to the country's duration of primary education titioners differs among countries. Hospital beds in- (UNESCO and World Bank data). clude inpatient beds available in public, private, gen- eral, and specialized hospitals and in rehabilitation Table 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio. This is centers. In most cases acute and chronic care are in- the ratio of the number of children of official school cluded. Births attended refers to births attended by age enrolled in school to the number of children of physicians, nurses, midwives, trained primary official school age in the population (UNESCO data). healthcare workers, or trained traditional birth atten- dants. Access to health services refers to the percent- Table 13-18. Number of school teachers. Teachers age of the population that can reach appropriate local in both public and private schools are covered in this health services by the local transport in no more than table. Data refer to both full-time and part-time teach- one hour (WHO and World Bank data). ers, excluding other instructional personnel without teaching functions. Figures are shown here separately Table 13-14. Illiteracy rate. This table shows the for primary and secondary schools. Percentage fe- share of illiterate adults in the total adult population males means the number of female teachers expressed aged 15 years and over. Literacy is defined as the as a percentage of total teaching staff (UNESCO data). ability to read and write. A person who can, with un- derstanding, both read and write a short, simple state- Table 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio. This ratio gives ment about his everyday life is literate. Persons who the average number of pupils per teacher. Figures are can read, but cannot write, are included with illiter- given separately for primary and secondary schools. ates. Figures are shown separately for males, females, As teaching staff includes both full-time and part-time and both genders combined (UNESCO data). teachers, comparability of this ratio between coun- tries may be affected as the proportion of part-time Tables 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment teachers varies greatly from one country to another ratio. This is the total number of pupils enrolled at (UNESCO data). the primary level of education, regardless of age, ex- 340 Social Indicators Table 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment of participation in economic activity shows the num- ratio. This is the secondary school equivalent of the ber of female workers in relation to the number of data presented in Table 13-15. It gives the total num- male workers. Female/male ratio in occupational ber of students enrolled at the secondary level of edu- group shows the breakdown of the first indicator for cation, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage occupational categories (UNDP data). of the population corresponding to the official school age of secondary education. Data are presented sepa- Table 13-23. Household and economic participa- rately for males, females, and both genders combined. tion of women. This table presents indicators on gen- Secondary general education refers to education in der issues in development. Households headed by secondary schools that provides general or special- women (World Bank data) refers to families in which ized instruction based upon at least four years of pre- a woman is acknowledged as the head by the other vious instruction at the first or primary level, but that members. The occupational statistics are based on does not specifically aim at preparing the pupils di- the UN's, Statistical Yearbook. rectly for a given trade or occupation. Such schools may be called high schools, middle schools, or lyce- Figures ums and offer courses of study whose completion is a minimum condition for admission into universities. The following indicators have been used to derive the In some countries, some of these schools provide figures in this chapter. both academic and vocational training. These com- posite secondary schools are considered as equivalent Figure 13-1. Life expectancy (Table 13-6). to the academic type of secondary school and are thus classified as secondary general (UNESCO data). Figure 13-2. GDP per capita, based on PPP, 2002 (Table 13-2). Table 13-21. Public expenditure on education.This table presents public expenditure on education Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of (UNESCO) first as a percentage of total public ex- total population (Table 13-4). penditure (IMF/GFS) and then as a percentage of cur- rent GDP (Table 2-5). Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio (Table 13-15). Table 13-22. Economic opportunities of women. This table shows two indicators. Female/male ratio Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality (Table 13-6). Social Indicators 341 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 13 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) 13-1 Columns 1-8 x Columns 9-10 x 13-2 Columns 1, 3 x Columns 4, 5, 8 x Columns 2, 6-7 x 13-3 x 13-4 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x Columns 10-12 x 13-5 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x 13-6 x 13-7 x 13-8 x 13-9 x 13-10 x 13-11 x 13-12 Columns 1-4 x Column 5 x 13-13 x 13-14 x 13-15 x 13-16 x 13-17 x 13-18 Columns 1-3, 7-9 x Columns 4-6, 10-12 x 13-19 x 13-20 x 13-21 x 13-22 x 13-23 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 14 Environmental Indicators D ata for this chapter were drawn entirely from generated in one country cross frontiers and cause the World Resources Institute and reflects tables environmental damage to other nations is, however, published in their World Resources 2002­2004: widely acknowledged. Common interests, therefore, Decisions for Earth: Balance, Voice and Power. It compel the international community to jointly work includes data on natural resources, their use by sector toward a common goal of preserving the environment. and the trends in their use, protected resources and those Increasing emphasis on the links between the envi- in danger of extinction, commercial energy production ronment and development, both at the national and anditscomponents,globallythreatenedspeciesandpro- international levels, is reflected in the growing num- tection, and management programs. ber of scientific and analytical studies. Challenging Until the early 1970s, environmental issues were the hegemony of the SNA national income account- mainly focused on problems of industrial countries ing convention, numerous scholarly endeavors are and on such issues as water and air pollution, acid under way to integrate environmental consequences rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the publi- into national income calculations. The argument is cation of the Club of Rome's The Limit to Growth in made that the SNA methodology overstates national 1972, however, issues of natural resource depletion income levels for two reasons. First, it does not ac- and degradation have received considerable attention count for both the direct and indirect costs of draw- in assessing environmental factors and their impacts ing down natural resources. Second, it counts ex- on the development prospects of developing nations. penditure on resources for environmental protection At the national level, environmental concerns revolve activities as income. The changes both in methodol- around population expansion, desertification, defor- ogy and emphasis have created an urgent demand for estation, and the by-products of energy consumption. physical data. The information in this chapter aims to Environmental destruction is not, however, confined meet this growing demand, notwithstanding the limi- by geographic borders. For instance, global warming, tations in data coverage and reliability. said to be caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has The rate of deforestation is of particular concern become a major global environmental concern. The because the cost of deforestation goes far beyond issue of the greenhouse effect may be subject to con- the losses of forest products, such as timber and troversy at the theoretical level and difficult to prove fuelwood. There are equally significant indirect costs, at the practical level. The fact that industrial wastes including soil erosion; the substitution of animal and 342 Environmental Indicators 343 agricultural residues for cooking, which would oth- performance, its potential hydroelectric power, and erwise be used for fertilizer; and climate changes. its population's health conditions. Almost all Deforestation is caused by many factors, including Sub-Saharan African countries use a very small frac- increased demand for settlement area, cultivation, tion of their internal renewable water resources. For fuelwood, or a combination thereof. The information example, Ethiopia, a nation that has suffered from in this chapter provides an empirical framework for repeated droughts, uses only 2 percent of its water assessing policy alternatives in reversing the continu- resources. The major problem rests in the uneven ing depletion of natural resources. geographic distribution of water resources with re- Data on roundwood production and consumption spect to population density and the state of freshwa- are important in monitoring the causes of deforesta- ter drawing technology. The quality of water is as tion. In addition, since roundwood is a primary source important as the quantity of water available. of energy in developing nations, data on roundwood Water-related disease accounts for 80 percent of all consumption is essential in analyzing air pollution. sicknesses and for 90 percent of the 15 million deaths For instance, for 1985­87, Africa used close to 88 in developing countries each year. percent of its roundwood production for fuel and char- Data on energy production are shown because of coal production, while approximately 12 percent of related environmental consequences. Biomass fuel, the roundwood production went to industrial uses. To comprising wood fuel and animal and agricultural resi- put these figures in perspective, the corresponding fig- dues, accounts for 40 to 90 percent of total energy ures for Europe are 16 and 84 percent. used in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information on freshwater resources available and Data on protected areas and endangered species in- on the extent and the methods of their uses can pro- dicate the intentions of countries to safeguard the en- vide a partial basis for analyzing Africa's agricultural vironment and protect the use of natural resources for future generations. 344 Environmental Indicators 14-1. Forest resources, 1990-2000 Forest area Total forest Natural forest Plantation Annual % Annual % Annual % Extent (000 ha) change Extent (000 ha) change Extent (000 ha) change 1990 2000 1990-2000 1990 2000 1990-2000 1990 2000 1990-2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 70,998 69,756 -0.2 70,858 69,615 -0.2 140 141 0.1 Benin 3,349 2,650 -2.3 3,248 2,538 -2.5 101 112 1.0 Botswana 13,611 12,427 -0.9 13,610 12,426 -0.9 1 1 4.1 Burkina Faso 7,241 7,089 -0.2 7,220 7,023 -0.3 22 67 11.3 Burundi 241 94 -9.0 189 21 -21.9 52 73 3.4 Cameroon 26,076 23,858 -0.9 25,998 23,778 -0.9 78 80 0.3 Cape Verde 35 85 9.3 0 0 .. 35 85 8.9 Central African Republic 23,207 22,907 -0.1 .. 22,903 .. .. .. .. Chad 13,509 12,692 -0.6 13,498 12,678 -0.6 11 14 2.5 Comoros 12 8 -4.3 11 7 -5.3 1 2 3.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 22,235 22,060 -0.4 140,435 135,110 -0.4 96 97 0.1 Congo, Rep. of 140,531 135,207 -0.1 22,209 21,977 -0.1 26 83 11.5 Côte d'Ivoire 9,766 7,117 -3.1 9,629 6,933 -3.3 137 184 2.9 Djibouti 6 6 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 1,858 1,752 -0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 1,639 1,585 -0.3 1,639 1,563 -0.5 0 22 .. Ethiopia 4,996 4,593 -0.8 4,800 4,377 -0.9 196 216 1.0 Gabon 21,927 21,826 0.0 .. 21,790 .. .. 36 .. Gambia, The 436 481 1.0 479 .. .. .. .. Ghana 7,535 6,335 -1.7 7,476 6,259 -1.8 59 76 2.5 Guinea 7,276 6,929 -0.5 7,264 6,904 -0.5 12 25 7.4 Guinea-Bissau 2,403 2,187 -0.9 .. 2,186 .. .. 2 .. Kenya 18,027 17,096 -0.5 17,816 16,865 -0.5 212 232 0.9 Lesotho 14 14 0.0 14 0 .. 0 14 .. Liberia 4,241 3,481 -2.0 4,124 3,363 -2.0 118 119 0.1 Madagascar 12,901 11,727 -0.9 12,608 11,378 -1.0 294 350 1.7 Malawi 3,269 2,562 -2.4 3,173 2,450 -2.6 96 112 1.5 Mali 14,179 13,186 -0.7 13,172 14,172 -0.7 8 15 6.6 Mauritania 415 317 -2.7 415 293 -3.5 0 25 .. Mauritius 17 16 -0.6 4 3 -3.4 13 13 0.2 Mozambique 31,238 30,601 -0.2 31,195 30,551 -0.2 43 50 1.5 Namibia 8,774 8,040 -0.9 .. 8,040 .. .. 0 .. Niger 1,945 1,328 -3.7 1,898 1,256 -4.1 48 73 4.2 Nigeria 17,501 13,517 -2.6 17,038 12,824 -2.8 463 693 4.0 Rwanda 457 307 -3.9 211 46 -15.2 246 261 0.6 São Tomé and Principe 27 27 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 6,655 6,205 -0.7 6,501 5,942 -0.9 154 263 5.3 Seychelles 30 30 0.0 .. 25 .. .. 5 .. Sierra Leone 1,416 1,055 -2.9 .. 1,049 .. .. 6 .. Somalia 8,284 7,515 -1.0 .. 7,512 .. .. 3 .. South Africa 8,997 8,917 -0.1 7,563 7,363 -0.3 1,434 1,554 0.8 Sudan 71,216 61,627 -1.4 70,876 60,987 -1.5 341 641 .. Swaziland 464 522 1.2 .. 362 .. .. 161 .. Tanzania 39,724 38,811 -0.2 .. 38,676 .. .. 135 .. Togo 719 510 -3.4 687 472 -3.8 32 38 1.7 Uganda 5,103 4,190 -2.0 5,073 4,147 -2.0 30 43 3.6 Zambia 39,755 31,246 -2.4 39,699 31,171 -2.4 56 75 2.9 Zimbabwe 22,239 19,040 -1.5 22,120 18,899 -1.6 119 141 1.7 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 1,879 2,145 1.3 1,456 1,427 -0.2 424 718 5.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 52 72 3.3 0 0 0.0 52 72 3.3 Libya 311 358 1.4 190 190 0.0 .. .. .. Morocco 3,037 3,025 0.0 2,599 2,491 -0.4 438 534 2.0 Tunisia 499 510 0.2 436 308 -3.5 63 202 11.7 ALL AFRICA 702,272 649,641 -0.7 586,950 640,826 0.9 5,644 7,856 3.9 Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure; negative numbers indicate reduction in forest area; .. = not available Environmental Indicators 345 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990-99 Closed forests Forests as a precentage Percentage Forest ecosystems (1990-99) Land Original of original forest frontier Sparse trees and area forest as a Current Frontier forests c/ Mangroves Tropical forests Nontropical forests parkland (000 ha) percentage forests b forests c threatened Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage 1998 of land area a 1996 1996 1996 (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 124,670 20 15 0 111 0 0 37,564 3 0 0 0 0 Benin 11,262 16 4 0 0 0 0 1,516 18 0 0 585 2 Botswana 58,173 2 100 0 0 0 0 12,123 2 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 27,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,667 16 Burundi 2,783 46 3 0 0 0 0 219 18 0 0 139 3 Cameroon 47,544 80 42 8 97 227 2 20,009 6 0 0 2,416 22 Cape Verde 403 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 62,298 52 16 4 100 0 0 17,101 20 0 0 1,451 48 Chad 128,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,516 4 0 0 2,857 1 Comoros 223 50 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 234,486 83 60 16 70 22 0 135,071 7 0 0 172 40 Congo, Rep. of 34,200 100 68 29 65 19 76 24,321 4 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire 32,246 75 10 2 100 0 0 2,702 23 0 0 625 18 Djibouti 2,320 2 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 2,805 96 38 0 0 25 0 1,749 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 11,760 .. .. .. .. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 110,430 25 17 0 0 0 0 11,937 19 0 0 4,804 21 Gabon 26,767 100 90 32 100 147 3 21,481 4 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The 1,130 39 62 0 0 51 5 188 5 0 0 244 2 Ghana 23,854 66 9 0 0 0 0 1,694 7 0 0 336 17 Guinea 24,586 76 5 0 0 316 0 3,073 1 0 0 2,723 1 Guinea-Bissau 3,612 100 34 0 0 317 0 1,141 0 0 0 550 0 Kenya 58,037 17 19 0 0 0 0 3,423 8 0 0 2,754 3 Lesotho 3,035 2 0 0 0 0 0 89 9 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11,137 100 44 0 0 0 0 3,149 3 0 0 1 0 Madagascar 58,704 93 13 0 0 310 0 6,940 6 0 0 0 0 Malawi 11,848 12 0 0 0 0 0 3,830 9 0 0 0 0 Mali 124,019 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,132 2 0 0 336 0 Mauritania 102,552 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 204 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 80,159 33 14 0 0 565 4 20,863 7 0 0 14,414 7 Namibia 82,429 0 95 0 0 0 0 3,436 11 0 0 0 0 Niger 126,700 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 16 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 92,377 45 11 1 100 1,145 0 11,634 7 0 0 10,588 4 Rwanda 2,634 36 16 0 0 0 0 291 77 0 0 162 2 São Tomé and Principe 96 33 71 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 19,672 14 16 0 0 158 3 2,076 7 0 0 8,816 13 Seychelles 45 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 7,174 100 10 0 0 176 1 260 20 0 0 104 0 Somalia 63,766 4 0 0 0 0 0 11,800 1 0 0 1,530 1 South Africa 122,104 13 0 0 0 0 0 10,333 5 52 26 0 0 Sudan 250,581 1 0 0 0 0 0 12,288 12 0 0 5,870 9 Swaziland 1,736 22 0 0 0 0 0 286 3 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 94,509 22 9 0 0 323 0 14,356 16 0 0 583 3 Togo 5,679 33 7 0 0 0 0 224 3 0 0 91 9 Uganda 24,104 70 4 0 0 0 0 3,772 17 0 0 1,850 65 Zambia 75,261 7 70 0 0 0 0 21,989 32 0 0 39 14 Zimbabwe 39,076 7 67 0 0 0 0 15,397 12 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 238,174 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,694 4 1 83 Egypt, Arab Rep. 100,145 1 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 4 0 0 0 Libya 175,954 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 Morocco 44,655 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,862 3 0 0 Tunisia 16,361 18 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 2 0 0 ALL AFRICA 3,004,279 23 34 8 77 3,801 1 448,197 9 8,249 2 69,710 11 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Original forest is that estimated to have covered the planet 8,000 years ago given current climate conditions. b. Includes frontier and nonfrontier forests. c. Frontier forests are large, relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available 346 Environmental Indicators 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1999-2001 Average annual roundwood production Average annual forest products production Trade in forest products Total roundwood Wood fuel Industrial roundwood Wood-based panels Paper and paperboard Import Export Cubic Percentage Cubic Percentage Cubic Percentage Cubic Percentage Metric Percentage Value Value Percentage meters change meters change meters change meters change tons change (million (million of total (000) since (000) since (000) since (000) since (000) since US$) US$) exportsa 1999-01 1989-91 1999-01 1989-91 1999-01 1989-91 1999-01 1989-91 1999-01 1989-91 1999-01 1989-91 2001 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 4,274 34 3,158 30 1,116 28 16 0 0 .. 0 3 0 Benin 6,246 7 5,914 6 332 18 .. .. .. .. 0 12 6 Botswana 740 8 635 5 105 22 .. .. .. .. 0 15 1 Burkina Faso 9,217 -4 8,624 -6 593 40 .. .. .. .. 0 8 3 Burundi 6,539 11 6,208 6 331 189 .. .. .. .. 0 2 5 Cameroon 10,954 3 9,109 18 1,845 -50 1,006 60 0 -100 0 21 1 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Central African Republic 2,977 -14 2,000 -42 977 .. 113 82 .. .. 0 0 0 Chad 6,635 28 5,874 24 761 29 .. .. .. .. 0 2 1 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 68,527 45 64,874 38 3,653 19 73 -52 3 200 0 4 0 Congo, Rep. of 2,405 0 1,154 17 1,251 -14 102 2 .. .. 0 2 0 Côte d'Ivoire 11,912 11 8,550 11 3,362 8 975 3 .. .. 6 57 2 Djibouti .. .. .. 0 .. 0 .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Equatorial Guinea 811 31 447 0 364 74 19 -13 .. .. 0 0 0 Eritrea 2,230 .. 2,228 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 0 7 34 Ethiopia 89,817 23 87,360 20 2,457 35 86 150 11 39 3 0 0 Gabon 3,017 58 515 13 2,502 54 329 74 .. .. 0 4 0 Gambia, The 686 32 573 .. 113 .. .. .. .. .. 0 2 1 Ghana 21,871 62 20,678 52 1,193 -4 789 48 .. .. 0 20 1 Guinea 12,154 16 11,503 15 651 18 26 -63 .. .. 0 5 1 Guinea-Bissau 592 4 422 0 170 15 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Kenya 21,646 17 19,669 16 1,977 13 237 0 129 32 38 33 2 Lesotho 2,018 36 2,018 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Liberia 4,954 12 4,617 30 337 -110 89 -17 .. .. 0 0 .. Madagascar 9,738 23 9,638 30 100 -208 334 40 3 -45 2 9 1 Malawi 5,480 -1 4,960 -4 520 24 63 12 .. .. 0 5 1 Mali 5,143 19 4,730 18 413 16 .. .. .. .. 0 9 1 Mauritania 1,434 24 1,428 22 6 18 .. .. .. .. 0 3 1 Mauritius .. .. .. -14 .. -31 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Mozambique 18,043 14 16,724 12 1,319 35 31 13 0 -100 5 5 1 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 36 3 Niger 6,502 8 6,091 7 411 30 .. .. .. .. 0 5 2 Nigeria 68,725 16 59,307 15 9,418 15 2,095 -28 19 -51 8 137 1 Rwanda 7,836 86 7,500 60 336 128 79 181 .. .. 0 2 2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Senegal 5,908 11 5,114 9 794 22 .. .. .. .. 0 44 4 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 5,436 13 5,312 13 124 -7 .. .. .. .. 0 4 5 Somalia 9,318 46 9,208 38 110 11 14 0 .. .. 0 1 .. South Africa 30,616 25 12,000 .. 18,616 .. 1,974 -11 2,116 11 590 439 1 Sudan 18,873 5 16,700 3 2,173 20 52 843 3 -47 6 18 1 Swaziland .. .. .. 0 .. -108 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Tanzania 23,139 12 20,825 11 2,314 17 28 -84 25 -4 0 14 2 Togo 5,778 21 5,493 18 285 45 .. .. .. .. 0 5 1 Uganda 37,318 20 34,143 15 3,175 60 269 717 3 13 0 18 4 Zambia 8,053 14 7,219 12 834 23 175 31 4 58 0 6 1 Zimbabwe 9,151 32 8,115 26 1,036 44 480 89 80 -6 69 33 2 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 7,344 24 7,070 23 274 -3 62 0 36 -64 292 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16,447 17 16,179 15 268 87 135 114 414 92 765 13 0 Libya 652 2 536 .. 116 .. .. .. 6 0 31 0 .. Morocco 1,050 -86 479 -262 571 -36 118 -27 116 3 337 85 1 Tunisia 2,307 11 2,093 10 214 21 124 9 94 22 187 14 0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Export values are from Table 5-1. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 347 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-2002 Annual internal renewable water resources Annual river flows Annual withdrawals Per capita From other To other Total Percentage Per capita Total 2002 countries countries Year of (cubic of water (cubic Sectoral withdrawals (percentage) (cubic km) (cubic meters) (cubic km) (cubic km) data km) resources meters) Domestic Industrial Agricultural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 184 13,203 .. .. 1987 0.48 0.3 57 14 10 76 Benin 25 3,741 15.5 .. 1994 0.15 1.4 28 23 10 67 Botswana 14 9,209 11.8 .. 1992 0.11 3.8 81 32 20 48 Burkina Faso 13 1,024 .. .. 1992 0.38 2.1 39 19 0 81 Burundi 4 538 .. .. 1987 0.10 2.8 20 36 0 64 Cameroon 286 18,378 0.0 0.0 1987 0.40 0.1 38 46 19 35 Cape Verde 0 672 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. 1987 0.07 0.0 26 21 6 73 Chad 43 5,125 28.0 .. 1990 0.19 1.3 33 16 2 82 Comoros 1 1,603 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,283 23,639 84.0 .. 1994 0.36 0.0 8 61 16 23 Congo, Rep. of 832 259,547 610.0 .. 1987 0.04 0.0 20 62 27 11 Côte d'Ivoire 81 4,853 1.0 .. 1987 0.70 0.9 66 22 11 67 Djibouti 0 460 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 26 53,841 0.0 .. 1987 0.01 0.0 30 81 13 6 Eritrea 6 1,578 6.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 110 1,666 0.0 .. 1987 2.20 2.0 50 11 3 86 Gabon 164 126,789 0.0 .. 1987 0.06 0.0 70 72 22 6 Gambia, The .. 5,836 5.0 .. 1990 0.03 1.0 33 7 2 91 Ghana 53 2,637 22.9 .. 1970 0.30 1.0 35 35 13 52 Guinea 226 26,964 0.0 .. 1987 0.74 0.3 141 10 3 87 Guinea-Bissau 31 24,670 11.0 .. 1991 0.02 0.1 17 60 4 36 Kenya 30 947 10.0 .. 1990 2.05 10.1 87 20 4 76 Lesotho 3 1,456 0.0 .. 1987 0.05 1.0 31 22 22 56 Liberia 232 70,348 32.0 .. 1987 0.13 0.1 54 27 13 60 Madagascar 337 19,925 0.0 .. 1990 19.70 5.8 1694 1 0 99 Malawi 17 1,461 1.1 .. 1994 0.94 5.4 98 10 3 86 Mali 100 8,320 40.0 .. 1987 1.36 2.3 164 2 1 97 Mauritania 11 4,029 11.0 .. 1990 16.30 4,075.0 8046 6 2 92 Mauritius 2 1,873 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 216 11,382 116.0 .. 1992 0.61 0.6 40 9 2 89 Namibia 18 9,865 39.3 .. 1990 0.25 4.0 185 29 3 68 Niger 34 2,891 29.0 .. 1990 0.50 14.3 65 16 2 82 Nigeria 286 2,384 59.0 .. 1990 4.00 1.8 46 31 15 54 Rwanda 5 638 .. .. 1993 0.77 12.2 134 5 1 94 São Tomé and Principe 2 15,279 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 39 3,977 13.0 .. 1990 1.50 5.7 205 5 3 92 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 160 33,237 0.0 .. 1987 0.37 0.2 98 7 4 89 Somalia 14 1,413 9.7 .. 1987 0.81 13.5 115 3 0 97 South Africa 50 1,131 5.2 .. 1990 13.30 29.7 391 17 11 72 Sudan 65 1,981 119.0 .. 1995 17.80 50.9 669 5 1 94 Swaziland 3 2,785 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 91 2,472 9.0 .. 1994 1.17 1.5 40 9 2 89 Togo 15 3,076 0.5 .. 1987 0.09 0.8 28 62 13 25 Uganda 66 2,663 27.0 .. 1970 0.20 0.5 20 32 8 60 Zambia 105 9,676 35.8 .. 1994 1.71 2.1 214 16 7 77 Zimbabwe 20 1,530 5.9 .. 1987 1.22 8.7 136 14 7 79 NORTH AFRICA Algeria 15 461 0.4 0.4 1990 4.50 32.4 180 25 15 60 Egypt, Arab Rep. 58 830 56.0 0.0 1993 55.10 2,395.7 920 6 8 86 Libya 1 109 0.0 0.0 1995 3.89 486.3 783 9 4 87 Morocco 29 936 0.0 0.2 1991 11.05 36.8 454 5 3 92 Tunisia 5 577 0.6 0.0 1996 2.83 80.4 312 13 2 86 ALL AFRICA Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. 348 Environmental Indicators 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Average annual Average annual Average annual Per capita annual marine catch a freshwater catch b aquaculture production Average annual food supply from (000 % (000 % 1999-01 (metric tons) balance of trade c fish and seafood metric change metric change Dia- Fresh- Mollusks 1995-97 (million US$) Total tons) since tons) since Marine dromous water & Crus- Mollusks and Fish 2000 1998-00 1988-90 1998-00 1988-90 fish fish fish taceans Fish crustaceans meal (kg) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 186 50 6 -25 .. .. .. .. -8 3 .. 13 Benin 14 6 25 -6 .. .. .. .. -5 2 .. 7 Botswana .. .. 0 -89 .. .. .. .. -5 0 0 6 Burkina Faso .. .. 8 7 .. .. 12 .. -3 0 .. 2 Burundi .. .. 11 -18 .. .. 85 .. 0 0 .. 2 Cameroon 60 21 50 138 .. .. 56 .. -22 2 0 12 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 Central African Republic .. .. 15 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Chad .. .. 84 31 .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. 7 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 97 194 21 .. .. 409 .. -27 7 .. 6 Congo, Rep. of 21 -6 26 10 .. .. 197 .. -50 .. .. 20 Côte d'Ivoire 66 -2 12 -59 .. .. 1,074 .. 35 4 0 15 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Equatorial Guinea 5 34 1 162 .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Eritrea 7 .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. 2 Ethiopia .. .. 15 365 .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. 0 Gabon 40 114 10 421 .. .. 406 .. -9 7 .. 50 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 3 .. 22 Ghana 385 24 78 24 .. .. 4,633 .. 64 2 .. 31 Guinea 79 108 4 33 .. .. .. .. 8 5 0 13 Guinea-Bissau 5 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 3 .. 3 Kenya 6 -29 192 25 .. 124 483 0 33 5 0 6 Lesotho .. .. 0 494 .. .. 7 .. .. .. .. 0 Liberia 9 3 4 -1 .. .. 18 .. -2 0 .. 7 Madagascar 99 47 30 -10 .. .. 2,385 4,562 13 77 0 8 Malawi .. .. 44 -41 .. 6 557 .. 0 0 0 4 Mali .. .. 102 55 .. .. 48 .. -1 .. .. 8 Mauritania 33 -51 5 -17 .. .. .. .. 22 105 .. 9 Mauritius .. .. .. .. 1 .. 39 33 .. .. .. 24 Mozambique 26 -16 11 215 .. .. .. .. -5 74 .. 3 Namibia 305 191 2 49 .. .. 8 .. .. .. .. 12 Niger .. .. 11 226 .. .. 17 .. -1 0 .. 1 Nigeria 316 66 137 46 .. .. 23,951 .. -208 20 .. 9 Rwanda .. .. 7 287 .. .. 335 .. .. .. .. 1 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Senegal 379 42 27 47 .. .. 104 50 206 73 3 28 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 311 .. .. .. 58 Sierra Leone 50 32 16 0 .. .. 30 .. 13 10 .. 12 Somalia 21 -2 0 -50 .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. 3 South Africa 596 -34 1 10 16 1,313 .. .. 102 43 -37 6 Sudan 6 336 44 52 .. .. 1,000 .. 0 0 .. 2 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 6 .. .. .. 9 Tanzania 50 -4 280 -18 .. .. 237 .. 52 9 0 8 Togo 15 34 5 20 .. .. 124 .. -23 5 .. 12 Uganda .. .. 268 19 .. .. 1,218 .. 38 .. .. 9 Zambia .. .. 68 6 .. .. 4,207 .. 0 0 0 7 Zimbabwe .. .. 14 -41 .. 113 77 0 -15 -1 -1 2 NORTH AFRICA Algeria 98 -1 0 .. 39 18 196 .. -7 2 .. 4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 156 81 220 44 82,253 0 220,822 3 -108 0 .. 13 Libya 33 45 0 .. .. .. .. .. 21 0 .. 6 Morocco 782 43 2 16 694 148 982 0 270 437 2 8 Tunisia 91 -4 1 291 900 16 536 0 8 77 0 10 ALL AFRICA Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Includes marine fish and diadromous fish caught in marine areas, as well as mollusks and crustacean b. Includes freshwater fish and diadromous fish caught in inland waters or low-salinity marine areas, as well as mollusks and crustacean c. Exports minus imports. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 349 14-6. Energy production by source Energy production From all sources From non-renewable energy sources Total electricity generated Percentage Per capita Solid fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels Nuclear fuels Other sources (000 metric change (kg oil (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric % change toe) a since equivalent) toe) a toe)a toe)a toe)a toe)a toe)a since 1999 1989 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1997 1997 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 43,644 61 3,421 0 37,627 457 0 0 95 37 Benin 1,781 4 292 0 45 0 0 0 4 92 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 12,109 -4 832 0 6,945 0 0 0 269 25 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 14,860 25 300 58 1,075 0 0 0 517 11 Congo, Rep. of 14,079 58 4,805 0 13,500 0 0 0 37 53 Côte d'Ivoire 6,023 82 384 0 493 1,267 0 0 276 55 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 467 .. 132 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 17,176 26 280 0 0 0 0 0 115 50 Gabon 17,842 60 14,881 0 16,813 68 0 0 87 13 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 5,640 32 299 0 0 0 0 0 529 26 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 12,051 19 401 0 0 0 0 0 364 60 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 7,067 2 394 11 0 0 0 0 86 199 Namibia 270 .. 156 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 183,796 25 1,658 36 106,759 5,888 0 0 1,305 35 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,684 27 183 0 1 5 0 0 108 52 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 143,993 26 3,368 126,253 348 1,518 3,345 0 17,866 38 Sudan 16,631 93 547 0 3,512 0 0 0 169 43 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 14,267 24 416 3 0 0 0 0 166 52 Togo 1,022 35 233 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 5,770 22 566 112 0 0 0 0 689 -8 Zimbabwe 8,723 11 703 2,983 0 0 0 0 628 15 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 144,363 46 4,852 0 66,870 77,400 0 0 1,865 70 Egypt, Arab Rep 58,460 10 877 0 42,029 13,816 0 0 4,958 52 Libya 70,462 15 13,616 0 . 66,079 4,246 0 0 1,563 17 Morocco 615 -19 21 72 10 33 0 231 1,129 64 Tunisia 7,120 10 761 0 4,161 1,727 0 0 686 75 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) Notes: a. Tons of oil equivalent. See technical notes for more information on toe. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available or indeterminate 350 Environmental Indicators 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector Energy consumption by economic sector (% of total consumption) Industry Transportation Commercial and All industries Iron and steel Total Air Road Agriculture public services Residential 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 41.2 11.9 0.0 0.0 41.2 12.0 20.6 5.3 20.6 6.8 0.5 0.0 7.4 4.9 7.2 70.5 Benin 16.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 66.7 19.0 15.9 2.1 50.8 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 8.4 17.3 62.8 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 14.5 17.0 0.0 0.0 54.5 11.0 4.5 1.1 50.0 9.5 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 22.3 70.8 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 24.2 21.3 2.8 0.3 25.8 2.0 9.3 0.9 16.6 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 74.8 Congo, Rep. of 11.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 69.7 20.0 12.9 4.5 56.8 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 78.5 Côte d'Ivoire 21.4 8.0 0.0 0.0 49.4 15.0 9.2 2.4 35.1 11.2 5.7 2.0 9.4 12.8 7.6 63.0 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 3.6 .. 0.0 .. 14.0 .. 1.6 .. 12.6 .. 0.1 .. 11.8 .. 69.3 Ethiopia 23.9 1.6 0.0 0.0 53.6 3.0 19.8 0.4 33.8 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 6.7 2.0 Gabon 22.3 22.4 0.0 0.0 50.8 18.0 17.8 6.2 28.8 10.3 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.9 16.4 54.2 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 15.7 11.9 0.0 0.0 13.3 13.0 1.3 1.1 11.5 10.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 67.9 66.5 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 25.8 11.4 0.0 0.0 53.2 12.0 13.1 4.6 38.5 6.8 2.7 6.7 1.0 0.7 11.7 68.6 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 12.7 23.4 0.0 0.0 27.5 4.0 10.8 0.4 16.7 3.6 8.9 0.1 34.5 0.4 11.5 71.6 Namibia .. 6.2 .. 0.0 .. 47.0 .. 5.2 .. 38.3 .. 14.8 .. 0.3 .. 17.4 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 19.3 11.3 0.6 0.1 52.5 7.0 3.9 0.6 47.7 6.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.3 21.1 81.0 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 17.6 17.5 0.0 0.0 61.2 24.0 23.8 8.0 34.1 14.1 8.7 2.8 1.3 0.6 9.1 54.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 50.7 46.2 16.0 10.3 21.0 24.0 1.5 2.8 18.8 20.5 2.5 3.1 4.7 3.7 20.4 20.9 Sudan 13.8 4.7 0.0 0.0 73.3 12.0 1.8 0.4 71.5 11.9 1.1 0.0 0.6 1.8 6.2 64.3 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 21.1 11.6 0.1 0.0 47.0 2.0 11.4 0.3 35.6 1.8 0.9 3.2 4.4 0.3 23.4 78.7 Togo 7.7 5.9 0.0 0.0 12.7 12.0 1.6 1.9 11.1 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.9 26.0 23.3 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 40.8 22.8 0.9 0.2 17.4 5.0 3.2 0.9 13.6 4.0 2.2 0.7 5.7 1.9 6.1 65.0 Zimbabwe 48.1 12.1 11.6 3.2 22.2 9.0 2.5 1.4 13.4 7.4 11.8 8.9 8.1 2.8 6.0 57.8 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 25.2 24.6 3.5 3.0 38.3 21.0 2.8 2.2 32.9 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.6 31.6 Egypt, Arab Rep 47.6 44.3 1.7 2.0 21.2 22.0 2.4 1.7 18.8 20.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 2.8 23.5 24.1 Libya 36.6 33.6 0.0 0.0 32.4 39.0 3.1 3.5 29.3 35.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 10.0 Morocco 28.2 27.1 0.2 0.0 13.1 12.0 5.0 3.8 7.8 5.4 0.7 0.7 2.3 1.8 20.4 24.1 Tunisia 39.1 24.5 1.5 1.0 30.3 27.0 5.7 5.6 23.2 21.5 6.7 5.9 6.8 7.3 17.0 31.8 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA). Notes: 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available or indeterminate Environmental Indicators 351 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1999 CO 2 emissions (000 metric tons) Per capita Cement carbon Solid Liquid Gaseous Gas manufact- Total emissions fuels fuels fuels flaring uring Total Total contribution (kilograms) 1999 1999 1999 1998 1998 1990 1998 since 1950 a 1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 0 3,740 1,070 1,738 174 4,650 5,925 145,552 370 Benin 0 1,180 0 0 259 564 732 14,762 190 Botswana .. .. .. 9 0 2,415 3,778 51,505 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. 0 20 1,008 1,009 14,682 .. Burundi .. .. .. 0 0 194 231 3,975 .. Cameroon 0 2,580 0 0 224 1,488 1,763 86,507 170 Cape Verde .. .. .. 0 0 84 121 .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. 0 0 198 249 5,866 .. Chad .. .. .. 0 0 143 110 5,027 .. Comoros .. .. .. 0 0 66 70 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 880 1,570 0 0 60 4,096 2,434 142,475 40 Congo, Rep. of 0 370 0 167 0 2,037 1,820 40,161 120 Côte d'Ivoire 0 1,730 2,960 0 324 9,907 13,199 185,109 290 Djibouti .. .. .. 0 0 352 366 .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 0 0 117 253 2,862 .. Eritrea 0 620 0 .. .. .. 1,990 .. 170 Ethiopia 0 2,930 0 0 411 2,964 2,820 66,509 40 Gabon 0 1,330 160 0 98 6,112 227 135,432 1,240 Gambia, The .. .. .. 0 0 191 4,357 4,481 .. Ghana 0 4,390 0 0 997 3,539 1,225 109,271 230 Guinea .. .. .. 0 130 1,011 231 32,445 .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 0 0 209 9,131 4,477 .. Kenya 170 7,480 0 0 598 5,822 353 180,020 250 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,251 .. .. Liberia .. .. .. 0 5 465 747 33,189 .. Madagascar .. .. .. 0 60 945 485 37,860 .. Malawi .. .. .. 0 87 601 2,916 18,184 .. Mali .. .. .. 0 5 421 1,726 12,025 .. Mauritania .. .. .. 0 25 2,634 1,332 40,648 .. Mauritius .. .. .. 0 0 1,151 10 .. .. Mozambique 0 1,070 0 0 144 997 1,110 89,149 50 Namibia 10 2,200 0 0 10 .. 78,455 .. 1,280 Niger .. .. .. 0 18 1,048 2,231 20,863 .. Nigeria 140 25,950 12,300 40,203 1,345 88,665 511 1,944,327 340 Rwanda .. .. .. 2 7 528 7 9,167 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 0 0 66 77 .. .. Senegal 0 3,270 10 0 498 2,895 3,298 76,142 .. Seychelles .. .. .. 0 0 114 198 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. 0 50 333 523 19,844 .. Somalia .. .. .. 0 0 18 0 13,747 .. South Africa 316,120 26,640 3,550 0 4,734 291,108 343,716 8,541,575 .. Sudan 0 5,390 0 0 150 3,459 3,597 137,001 .. Swaziland .. .. .. 0 0 425 399 .. .. Tanzania 8 0 7 0 150 2,272 2,227 61,694 .. Togo 0 880 0 0 281 689 882 17,023 .. Uganda .. .. .. 0 105 846 1,281 32,837 .. Zambia 400 1,490 0 0 199 2,444 1,559 111,151 .. Zimbabwe 9,520 4,130 0 0 548 16,646 14,072 369,232 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 2,040 20,890 45,260 13,332 3,887 80,443 106,613 1,725,913 2,290 Egypt, Arab Rep 3,140 76,200 30,920 0 9,569 75,434 105,753 1,856,890 1,650 Libya 0 32,930 8,460 3,520 1,495 37,772 36,448 855,830 .. Morocco 8,590 19,350 80 0 3,588 23,486 32,035 558,859 950 Tunisia 360 10,210 6,150 259 2,287 13,260 22,364 318,035 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sources: International Energy Agency (IEA), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) Notes: Estimates are of the carbon dioxide emitted, 3.664 times the carbon it contains. a. Data are for 1998. 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. = not available 352 Environmental Indicators 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1992-2002 Mammals Birds Higher plants Total number of Number of Total number of Number of Total number of Number of known species species known species species known species species All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 Breeding Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 species species species km 2a species species species km 2a speciesb species species km 2a SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 276 7 19 56 265 12 15 13 5,185 1,260 19 1,055 Benin 188 0 8 85 112 0 2 1 2,500 .. 11 990 Botswana 164 0 6 43 184 1 7 7 2,151 17 .. 563 Burkina Faso 147 0 7 49 138 0 2 1 1,100 .. 2 369 Burundi 107 0 6 76 145 0 7 6 2,500 .. 2 1,783 Cameroon 409 14 40 114 165 8 15 14 8,260 156 155 2,310 Cape Verde 5 .. 3 7 42 4 2 3 774 86 2 .. Central African Republic .. 2 .. 53 .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 921 Chad 134 1 17 27 141 0 5 3 1,600 .. 2 322 Comoros 12 .. 2 20 43 14 9 6 721 136 5 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 450 28 40 74 345 24 28 26 11,007 1,100 55 1,818 Congo, Rep. of 200 2 15 62 130 0 3 3 6,000 1,200 33 1,870 Côte d'Ivoire 230 0 19 73 252 2 12 12 3,660 62 101 1,163 Djibouti 61 .. 4 46 58 1 5 3 826 6 2 .. Equatorial Guinea 184 1 16 131 .. 3 5 4 3,250 66 23 2,312 Eritrea 112 0 12 50 138 0 7 3 .. .. 3 .. Ethiopia 277 31 35 54 262 .. 16 20 6,603 .. 22 1,398 Gabon 190 3 15 64 156 1 5 4 6,651 .. 71 2,248 Gambia, The 117 0 .. 112 .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. 935 Ghana 222 1 14 78 206 0 8 10 3,725 43 115 1,308 Guinea 190 1 12 66 109 0 10 12 3,000 88 21 1,043 Guinea-Bissau 108 0 3 71 235 0 .. 1 1,000 12 4 655 Kenya 359 23 51 94 344 9 24 24 6,506 265 98 1,703 Lesotho 33 0 3 23 123 0 7 5 1,591 2 1 1,103 Liberia 193 0 17 87 146 1 11 13 2,200 103 46 993 Madagascar 141 93 50 37 172 105 27 28 9,505 6,500 162 2,479 Malawi 195 0 8 86 219 0 11 9 3,765 49 13 1,665 Mali 137 0 13 28 191 0 4 6 1,741 11 6 355 Mauritania 61 1 10 13 172 0 2 3 1,100 .. .. 239 Mauritius 4 .. 3 7 39 8 9 10 750 325 87 .. Mozambique 179 2 14 42 144 0 16 14 5,692 219 36 1,340 Namibia 250 3 15 58 201 3 11 8 3,174 687 5 942 Niger 131 0 11 27 125 0 3 2 1,460 .. 2 238 Nigeria 274 4 27 62 286 2 9 9 4,715 205 119 1,059 Rwanda 151 0 9 110 200 0 9 6 2,288 26 3 1,664 São Tomé and Principe 8 .. 3 17 50 25 9 9 895 134 27 .. Senegal 192 0 12 72 175 0 4 6 2,086 26 7 780 Seychelles 6 .. 4 17 52 11 10 9 250 182 43 .. Sierra Leone 147 0 12 77 172 1 10 12 2,090 74 43 1,091 Somalia 171 12 19 43 179 11 10 8 3,028 500 17 768 South Africa 247 35 42 52 304 8 28 16 23,420 .. 45 4,797 Sudan 267 11 23 43 280 1 6 9 3,137 50 17 507 Swaziland 47 .. 4 39 378 0 5 6 2,715 4 3 .. Tanzania 316 15 42 70 229 24 33 30 10,008 1,122 235 2,231 Togo 196 0 9 110 117 0 .. 1 3,085 .. 9 1,739 Uganda 345 6 20 118 243 3 13 10 4,900 .. 33 1,891 Zambia 233 3 11 56 252 2 11 10 4,747 211 8 1,141 Zimbabwe 270 0 11 81 229 0 10 9 4,440 95 14 1,325 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 92 2 13 15 183 1 6 8 3,164 250 2 520 Egypt, Arab Rep 98 7 13 21 123 0 7 11 2,076 70 2 454 Libya .. 5 .. 14 .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 331 Morocco 105 4 16 30 .. 0 9 11 3,675 625 2 1,049 Tunisia 78 1 11 31 165 0 5 6 2,196 .. .. 873 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Notes: a. Values are standardized using a species-area curve. b. Flowering plants only. .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 353 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 1992-2003 Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Total number of No. of Total number of No. of Total number of known species species known species species known species All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Threatened species species species km 2a species species species km 2a species speciesb SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 227 19 4 .. 78 22 .. .. 108 .. Benin 97 1 1 .. 2 0 .. .. 84 .. Botswana 133 2 .. 41 20 0 .. 10 1 .. Burkina Faso 44 3 1 .. 1 0 .. .. .. .. Burundi 79 0 .. .. 18 2 .. .. 5 .. Cameroon 210 21 1 51 171 66 1 53 138 27 Cape Verde 19 9 .. 16 .. 0 .. 0 132 1 Central African Republic .. .. .. 33 .. .. .. 12 .. .. Chad 52 1 1 1 3 0 .. .. 1 .. Comoros 28 7 2 36 .. 0 .. 3 164 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 304 .. 2 62 208 53 .. 13 101 1 Congo, Rep. of 149 .. 1 .. 51 1 .. .. 79 1 Côte d'Ivoire 125 3 2 .. 38 3 1 .. 111 .. Djibouti 85 0 .. 27 6 0 .. 2 166 1 Equatorial Guinea 91 4 2 .. 29 2 1 .. 83 .. Eritrea 87 1 6 38 5 2 .. 8 102 .. Ethiopia 208 9 1 40 71 24 .. 13 13 .. Gabon 130 3 1 .. 35 4 .. .. 104 1 Gambia, The .. .. .. 45 .. .. .. 29 .. .. Ghana 131 1 2 .. 33 4 .. .. 90 .. Guinea 94 3 1 .. 33 3 1 .. 121 .. Guinea-Bissau 46 2 1 .. 6 1 .. .. 110 1 Kenya 261 18 5 50 63 10 .. 23 314 18 Lesotho 41 2 .. .. 6 0 .. .. 2 1 Liberia 79 2 2 28 32 4 .. 17 86 .. Madagascar 381 259 18 95 217 155 2 47 390 14 Malawi 108 7 .. 55 46 3 .. 31 163 .. Mali 106 4 1 3 30 1 .. .. 2 1 Mauritania 72 1 2 .. 3 0 .. .. 117 .. Mauritius 35 11 4 19 2 0 .. 0 430 1 Mozambique 195 5 5 39 52 1 .. 15 524 4 Namibia 215 25 3 58 31 2 1 12 107 3 Niger 58 0 .. .. 7 0 .. .. 2 .. Nigeria 154 7 2 30 53 1 .. 24 95 2 Rwanda 97 1 .. .. 25 1 .. .. 19 .. São Tomé and Principe 15 .. 1 35 9 8 .. 20 221 .. Senegal 91 1 6 37 22 1 .. 1 150 1 Seychelles 38 14 4 103 12 11 4 33 480 .. Sierra Leone 67 1 3 .. 35 2 .. .. 99 .. Somalia 223 49 2 49 30 3 .. 7 331 3 South Africa 364 97 19 65 117 49 9 22 629 29 Sudan 161 8 2 .. 9 1 .. .. 130 .. Swaziland 111 0 .. 85 41 0 .. 33 1 .. Tanzania 335 61 5 64 116 49 .. 30 331 17 Togo 107 1 2 .. 10 3 .. .. 82 .. Uganda 165 2 .. 52 43 1 .. 17 49 27 Zambia 143 3 .. 35 57 1 .. 16 8 .. Zimbabwe 180 2 .. 46 31 3 .. 36 4 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 97 4 2 13 11 0 .. 2 100 1 Egypt, Arab Rep 108 0 6 18 11 0 .. 1 284 .. Libya .. .. .. 10 .. .. .. 1 .. .. Morocco 103 11 2 26 13 1 .. 3 136 1 Tunisia 70 1 3 25 8 0 .. 3 99 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Notes: a. Values are standardized using a species-area curve. b. Threatened species include a few marine species. ..= not available. 354 Environmental Indicators 14-11. National protection of natural areas, 2003 All protected areas (IUCN categories I-V) Number of a Percent Number of areas at least: marine protected areas Area of land 100,000 1 million (IUCN categories I-VI) Number (000 ha) area ha in size ha in Size Total Littoral Marine SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 13 5,271 4.2 8 2 4 4 3 Benin 2 778 6.7 10 .. .. .. .. Botswana 12 10,499 18.1 31 3 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 12 3,135 11.5 8 1 .. .. .. Burundi 13 146 5.4 .. .. .. 1 1 Cameroon 18 3,456 7 12 .. 2 1 2 Cape Verde .. 0 0.0 .. .. 3 2 .. Central African Republic 13 7,321 11.8 17 4 .. .. .. Chad 9 11,494 9.0 11 2 .. .. .. Comoros .. 40 24.3 .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 15 .. .. 23 7 1 1 0 Congo, Rep. of 9 4,860 14.1 8 2 .. 1 1 Côte d'Ivoire 11 .. .. 12 1 3 3 1 Djibouti .. 10 0.5 .. .. 2 2 .. Equatorial Guinea 0 455 16.8 1 .. 3 4 0 Eritrea 3 501 4 2 .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 21 5,518 4.9 28 3 .. .. .. Gabon 5 80 0.3 3 .. 3 4 1 Gambia, The 6 .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 Ghana 10 1,104 4.6 4 .. .. .. .. Guinea 3 164 1 1 .. 1 0 1 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0.0 .. .. 2 2 1 Kenya 50 3,485 6.0 14 1 13 13 10 Lesotho 1 7 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. Liberia 1 129 1.3 5 .. 1 .. .. Madagascar 40 1,404 2 3 .. 7 3 1 Malawi 9 1,059 8.9 4 .. .. .. .. Mali 13 4,532 3.6 8 2 .. .. .. Mauritania 9 250 0.2 1 .. 5 5 2 Mauritius .. 7 3.4 .. .. 17 14 .. Mozambique 11 3,285 4 6 2 7 7 6 Namibia 20 3,214 3.9 5 1 4 4 0 Niger 6 9,694 8.2 4 2 .. .. .. Nigeria 27 3,254 3.6 19 .. .. .. .. Rwanda 6 194 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 12 2,096 11 3 .. 7 6 6 Seychelles .. 4 7.3 .. .. 11 15 .. Sierra Leone 2 145 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. Somalia 2 180 0.3 1 .. 2 2 2 South Africa 390 .. .. .. .. .. 17 8 Sudan 11 8,616 3.5 13 4 2 0 2 Swaziland .. 35 2 .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 39 13,787 14.6 69 6 26 8 8 Togo 9 429 7.5 2 .. 1 0 1 Uganda 37 1,763 7.3 12 1 .. .. .. Zambia 35 6,366 8.4 58 4 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 48 3,103 7.9 14 1 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 18 11,864 5.1 2 2 5 6 3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16 4,536 4.6 9 1 25 16 6 Libya 8 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 Morocco 12 326 0.8 2 .. 10 9 3 Tunisia 7 28 0.2 .. .. 4 5 4 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Notes: a. Includes areas with substantial terrestrial components that reach the shore. An area can be both marine and littoral (see technical notes). 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure. .. = not available or indeterminate. Environmental Indicators 355 14-12. International protected areas, 2002 International protection systems Biosphere World Wetlands of reserves Heritage sites international importance Area Area Area Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. 0 0 .. .. Benin 1 623 0 0 2 139 Botswana .. .. 0 0 1 6,864 Burkina Faso 1 186 0 0 3 299 Burundi .. .. 0 0 1 1 Cameroon 3 876 1 526 .. .. Cape Verde .. .. 0 0 .. .. Central African Republic 2 1,640 .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. 0 0 2 1,843 Comoros .. .. .. .. 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3 283 5 6,855 2 866 Congo, Rep. of 2 246 .. 0 1 439 Côte d'Ivoire 2 1,770 3 1,504 1 19 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. 1 22 .. .. Gabon 1 15 0 0 3 1,080 Gambia, The .. .. 0 0 1 20 Ghana 1 8 0 0 6 178 Guinea 2 261 .. 13 12 4,779 Guinea-Bissau 1 110 .. .. 1 39 Kenya 5 1,335 2 300 4 91 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 2 293 1 152 2 53 Malawi 1 45 1 9 1 225 Mali 1 2,500 1 400 3 162 Mauritania .. .. 1 1,200 2 1,231 Mauritius 1 4 0 0 1 0 Mozambique .. .. 0 0 .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. 4 630 Niger 2 25,128 2 7,957 4 715 Nigeria 1 131 0 0 1 58 Rwanda 1 13 .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 3 1,094 2 929 4 100 Seychelles .. .. 2 35 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 1 295 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 3,371 .. .. .. .. Sudan 2 1,251 0 0 .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 3 5,228 4 6,860 3 4,272 Togo .. .. 0 0 2 194 Uganda 1 247 2 132 1 15 Zambia .. .. 1 7 2 333 Zimbabwe .. .. 2 733 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3 7,312 1 8,000 13 1,866 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 2,456 0 0 2 106 Libya .. .. 0 0 .. .. Morocco 2 9,754 0 0 4 14 Tunisia 4 74 1 13 1 13 ALL AFRICA Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and Ramsar Convention Bureau, Switzerland. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure. .. = not available or indeterminate. 356 Environmental Indicators Technical notes Tables Annual percentage change is shown as a percent- age of the exponential growth rate. If negative, these These notes are based on technical notes for each table figures reflect net deforestation, which is defined as as presented in World Resources 2002­2004. They the clearing of forest lands for all forms of agricul- have been edited and shortened for this volume. Read- tural uses (shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ers are urged to consult the original source for de- and ranching) and for other land uses such as settle- tails. ments, other infrastructure, and mining. In tropical countries, this includes clearing that reduces tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. Deforestation, Table 14-1. Forest resources, 1990­2000. Total for- as defined here, does not reflect changes within the est comprises all forest area for temperate countries and forest stand or site, such as selective logging (unless the sum of natural forest and plantation area categories. the forest cover is permanently reduced to less than FAO defines a natural forest as a forest composed 10 percent). primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. Natural forests include closed forest, where trees cover a high Table 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990­99. Closed for- proportion of the ground and where grass does not ests exclude some woodlands and wooded savanna. form a continuous layer on the forest floor (e.g., broad- Original forest as a percentage of land area refers leaved forests, coniferous forests, and bamboo for- to the estimate of the percentage of land that would ests), and open forest, which FAO defines as mixed have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years forest/grasslands with at least 10 percent tree cover ago, assuming current climatic conditions, before and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Natu- large-scale disturbance by human society began. ral forests encompass all stands except plantations and Current forests refer to estimated closed forest cover include stands that have been degraded to some de- within roughly the past 10 years (this varies by coun- gree by agriculture, fire, logging, and other factors. try). Only closed moist forests are given for Africa. Plantation refers to a forest stand established arti- Frontier forests are large, relatively intact forest eco- ficially by afforestation and reforestation for indus- systems. They represent undisturbed forest areas that trial and nonindustrial usage. Reforestation does not are large enough to maintain all of their biodiversity, include regeneration of old tree crops (through either including viable populations of wide-ranging species natural regeneration or forest management), although associated with each forest type. some countries may report regeneration as reforesta- Percentage of frontier forests threatened refers to tion. Many trees are also planted for nonindustrial frontier forests where ongoing or planned human ac- uses, such as village wood lots. Reforestation data tivities such as logging, mining, and other large-scale often exclude this component. The data presented here disturbances will eventually degrade the ecosystem reflect plantation survival rates as estimated by FAO. through species decline or extinction, drastic changes Environmental Indicators 357 in the forest's age structure, and so forth., and would Sectoral withdrawals are classified as domestic result, if continued, in the violation of one of the (drinking water, homes, commercial establishments, above-mentioned criteria. public services [for example, hospitals], and munici- Tropical forests include all forests located between pal use or provision); industry (including water with- the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. All other for- drawn to cool thermoelectric plants); and agriculture ests are put into the nontropical category. (irrigation and livestock). Percentage protected includes forest areas that fall within the protected areas in the world that are listed Table 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aqua- as the International Union for Conservation of Nature culture, balance of trade, and fish consumption. and Natural Resources' (IUCN'S) management cat- Marine and freshwater catches data refer to marine egories I-V. and freshwater fish, killed, caught, trapped, collected, bred, or cultivated for commercial, industrial, and sub- Table 14-3.Wood production and trade,1999­2001. sistence use (catches from recreational activities are Total roundwood production refers to all wood in the included where available). Crustaceans and mollusks rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood uses. are included. Statistics for mariculture, aquaculture, Industrial roundwood comprises all roundwood and other kinds of fish farming are included in the products other than fuelwood and charcoal. country totals. Figures are the national totals aver- Processed wood production includes sawn wood and aged over a three-year period; they include fish caught panels. by a country's fleet anywhere in the world. Catches Paper and paperboard includes newsprint, print- of freshwater species caught in low-salinity seas are ing and writing paper, and other paper and paperboard. included in the statistics of the appropriate marine Trade in forest products is the balance of imports area. Marine catch includes catches of diadromous (mi- minus exports. gratory between saltwater and freshwater) species. Data are represented as nominal catches, which are Table 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdraw- the landings converted to a live-weight basis, that is, als, 1970­2002. Annual internal renewable water re- the weight when caught. sources refer to the average annual flow of rivers and Landings for some countries are identical to catches. groundwater generated from endogenous precipita- Aquaculture is defined by FAO as "the farming of tion. Caution should be used when comparing differ- aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crusta- ent countries because these estimates are based on dif- ceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form fering sources and dates. These annual averages also of intervention in the rearing process to enhance pro- disguise large seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term duction, such as regular stocking, feeding, and pro- variations. When data for annual river flows from and tection from predators, etc. [It] also implies owner- to other countries are not shown, the internal renew- ship of the stock being cultivated. . . ." Aquatic or- able water resources figure may include these flows. ganisms that are exploitable by the public as a com- Per capita annual internal renewable water resource mon property resource are included in the harvest of data were calculated using 2001 population estimates. fisheries. Annual withdrawals as a percentage of water re- Marine fish include a variety of species groups such sources refer to total water withdrawals, not counting as mullets, sea basses, groupers, snappers, tunas, and evaporative losses from storage basins, as a percent- mackerels. Diadromous fish include sturgeons, river age of internal renewable water resources and river eels, salmons, and trouts. Freshwater fish include flows from other countries. Water withdrawals also carps, perches, catfish, and tilapias, among others. includewaterfromdesalinationplantsincountrieswhere Mollusks include freshwater mollusks, oysters, mus- that source is a significant part of all water withdrawals. sels, scallops, clams, abalones, and cephalopods. Per capita annual withdrawals were calculated us- Crustaceans include, among others, freshwater crus- ing national population data for the year of data shown taceans, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and prawns. Data for withdrawals. on whales and other marine mammals are excluded from this table. 358 Environmental Indicators Balance of trade is defined as exports minus im- Energy production from nuclear fuels shows the ports. Figures are the national totals averaged over a primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced three-year period in millions of U.S. dollars. Imports by nuclear power plants. Heat-to-electricity conver- are usually on a cost, insurance, and freight basis sion efficiency is assumed to be 33 percent. (c.i.f.) (i.e., insurance and freight costs added in). Total electricity generated is the toe equivalent of Exports are generally on a free-on-board basis (f.o.b.) the electrical energy produced by thermal, nuclear, --i.e., not including insurance or freight costs. A sur- geothermal, hydropower (excluding pumped storage plus of imports over exports is shown in parenthe- production), and other power plants. Electricity gen- ses. Trade in fish includes fish that is fresh, frozen, erated is not a primary energy source and should not chilled, salted, or smoked, as well as fish products be mistakenly added to the energy production from and preparations. Trade in mollusks and crustaceans primary sources presented in this table. These data includes mollusks and crustaceans that are fresh, were converted from gigawatt-hours to toe using a chilled, smoked, or derived products. Trade in fish conversion rate of 1Gwh = 86 toe. meal includes meals, solubles, and so on. Per capita annual food supply from fish and sea- Table 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sec- food is the quantity of both freshwater and marine tor. The industry sector includes energy consump- fish, seafood, and derived products available for hu- tion by the iron and steel industry, chemical industry, man consumption. Data on aquatic plants and whale nonferrous metals basic industries, nonmetallic min- meat are excluded from the totals. The amount of fish eral products (glass, ceramic, cement, etc.), trans- and seafood actually consumed may be lower than port equipment, machinery, mining and quarrying, the figures provided, depending on how much is lost food and tobacco, paper, pulp and print, wood and during storage, preparation, and cooking, and on how wood products, construction, textile and leather, and much is discarded. Data are presented in kilograms any nonspecified industry. per capita. Years shown are three-year averages. Iron and steel consumption is the energy consumed by the iron and steel industry as a percentage of the Table 14-6. Energy production by source. All en- total energy consumed by the country. ergy data are shown in a common unit of 1,000 met- The transportation sector includes all fuel for air, ric tons of oil equivalent (toe) to facilitate compari- road, and water transport except fuel used for inter- sons of energy sourcing, consumption, substitution, national marine bunkers and for ocean, coastal, and and conservation.A toe is defined as 41.868 gigajoules. inland fishing. Air transportation includes both inter- Energy production from all sources is the amount national and domestic civil aviation. Road transporta- of energy from all sources produced by each country tion includes all human and cargo transport along in the year specified. In addition to solid, liquid, and national road networks. gaseous fuels and nuclear electricity, the total also Agriculture refers to all agricultural and forestry ac- includes hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, tidal, tivity, including ocean, coastal, and inland fishing. wave, combustible renewables and waste, and indig- Commercial and public services refer to service sec- enous heat production from heat pumps. Per capita tors such as stores, repair shops, and restaurants. shows the amount produced per person for that country. The residential sector includes household energy Energy production from solid fuels is the energy use. produced from all types of primary coal (i.e., hard The IEA reports that it can be difficult to distin- coal or lignite). Peat is also included in the category. guish accurately between the agriculture, commercial, Energy production from liquid fuels is energy pro- and public services sectors and that a figure for "total duced from liquid fuels such as crude oil or natural energy use" is more accurate than totals for the indi- gas liquids. vidual sectors. Energy production from gaseous fuels is the amount of energy produced from natural gas. Environmental Indicators 359 Table 14-8. CO emissions from industrial pro- The reference approach captures refining, flaring, 2 cesses, 1999. This table includes data on industrial and other "fugitive emissions" that do not result di- additions to the carbon dioxide flux from solid fuels, rectly from end-use fossil fuel combustion. Apparent liquid fuels, gas fuels, gas flaring, and cement manu- consumption of fuel is calculated as production mi- facturing. The International Energy Agency (IEA) an- nus exports plus imports. Net stock changes are ei- nuallycalculatesemissionsofcarbondioxide(CO )from ther added or subtracted. International marine and 2 the burning of fossil fuels for most of the countries of aviation bunkers (fuel used for international transport) the world. The IEA presents data in four categories. are subtracted from national totals as well, as these Total carbon dioxide emissions. Include emissions figures are accounted for separately. The production from combustion of all fossil fuels (whether solid, of secondary fuels is not accounted for because the liquid, or gaseous) used by a country. Values are re- carbon contained in those fuels is already included in ported in thousand metric tons of CO . the primary fuel. However, imports and exports of 2 Emissions from solid fuels. This shows the mass secondary fuels are included in calculations. Stored of CO released in the combustion of all coal and coal- carbon from fuels used for non-energy purposes is 2 based products. Both primary (hard coal and lignite) subtracted from the total carbon emissions. Emissions and derived fuels (patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas from biomass fuels are not included in these because coke, BKB, coke oven gas, gas works gas, and blast the IPCC assumes that such emissions are equal se- furnace gas) are included. Peat is also included in this questration during regrowth. category. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Liquid fuels. This represents emissions from com- (CDIAC) calculates emissions of CO from the burn- 2 bustion of crude oil, natural gas liquids, motor gaso- ing of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement in line, gas/diesel oil, aviation gasoline, jet fuels, kero- most of the countries of the world. During cement sene, refinery feedstocks, additives, refinery gas, manufacture, cement in calcined to produce calcium ethane, LPG, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lu- oxide. In the process, 0.498 metric tons of CO are 2 bricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke released for each metric ton of cement produced. and other petroleum products. Combustion of different fossil fuels releases CO 2 Gaseous fuels. This shows emissions from com- at different rates for the same levels of energy pro- bustion of natural gases (excluding natural gas liq- duction. Burning oil released 1.5 times the amount of uids), occurring in underground deposits, consisting CO released from burning natural gas; burning coal 2 mainly of methane. released about twice as much CO as from burning 2 Per capita CO emissions. These are the amount natural gas. 2 of CO emitted, on average, from all sources for each 2 person living in the specified country.These estimates Table 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, do not include bunker fuels used for international birds, and higher plants, 1992­2002. The total num- transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning ber of known species may include introductions in these fuels among the countries benefiting from that some instances. Data on mammals exclude cetaceans transport. Emissions are calculated by WRI using data (whales and porpoises), except where otherwise in- from the IEA and population data from the Popula- dicated. Threatened bird species are listed for coun- tion Division of the Department of Economic and tries included within their breeding or wintering Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. ranges. Higher plants refer to numbers of native vas- Values for CO emissions by source are calculated cular plant species, as totals are of full species only, 2 by the IEA using the methods and emission factors in rather than of species and subspecies. The number the Revised 1996 IPC Guidelines for National Green- of endemic species refers to those species known to house Gas Inventories (available at http://www.ipc- be found only within the countries listed. Figures are nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm).The figures pro- not necessarily comparable among countries because vided here are based on the reference approach, which taxonomic concepts and the extent of knowledge vary calculates emissions from the carbon content of fu- (for the latter reason, country totals of species and els supplied to a country's economy. 360 Environmental Indicators endemics may be underestimates). In general, num- The number of species per 10,000 square kilome- bers of mammals and birds are fairly well known, ters provides a relative estimate for comparing num- while plants have not been as well inventoried. bers of species among countries of differing size. TheWorld Conservation Union classifies threatened and endangered species in six categories. Table 14-11. National protection of natural areas, Endangered. "Taxa in danger of extinction and 2003.All protected areas combine natural areas in five whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors con- World Conservation Union (formerly the International tinue operating." Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re- Vulnerable. "Taxa believed likely to move into the sources, [IUCN]), management categories (areas at endangered category in the near future if the causal least 1,000 hectares). factors continue operating." Totally protected areas are maintained in a natural Rare. "Taxa with world populations that are not at state and are closed to extractive uses. They encom- present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk." pass the following three management categories: cat- Indeterminate. "Taxa known to be endangered, vul- egory I, scientific reserves and strict nature reserves; nerable, or rare but where there is not enough informa- category II, national parks and provincial parks; and tion to say which of the three categories is appropriate." category III, natural monuments and natural land- Out of danger. "Taxa formerly included in one of marks. the above categories, but which are now considered Partially protected areas are areas that may be man- relatively secure because effective conservation mea- aged for specific uses, such as recreation or tourism, sures have been taken or the previous threat to their or areas that provide optimum conditions for certain survival has been removed." species or communities of wildlife. Some extractive Insufficiently known. "Taxa that are suspected but use within these areas is allowed. They encompass not definitely known to belong to any of the above two management categories: category IV, managed categories." nature reserves wildlife sanctuaries; and category V, The number of threatened species listed for all coun- protected landscapes and seascapes. tries includes full species that are endangered, vul- Protected areas between at least 100,000 hectares nerable, rare, indeterminate, and insufficiently known, and 1 million hectares in size refer to all IUCN cat- but excludes introduced species or those known to be egory I­V protected areas that fall within these two extinct. classifications. Number of species per 10,000 square kilometers IUCN has an additional management category, cat- provides a relative estimate for comparing numbers egory VI, which includes areas "managed mainly for of species among countries of differing size. Because the sustainable use of natural ecosystems." These ar- the relationship between area and species number is eas contain predominantly unmodified natural sys- nonlinear (that is, as the area sampled increases, the tems, managed to ensure long-term protection and number of new species located decreases), a maintenance of biological diversity, while also pro- species-area curve has been used to standardize these viding a sustainable flow of natural products and ser- species numbers. vices to meet community needs. Marine protected areas include protected areas in Table 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, any of the IUCN categories (I­VI) that are marine or amphibians, and fish, late 1990s. Threatened ma- have a marine component. IUCN defines a "marine rine turtles and marine fish are excluded from coun- protected area" as "any area of intertidal or subtidal try totals. Endangered fish species numbers do not terrain, together with its overlying water and associ- include approximately 250 haplochromine and 2 ated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features, tilapiine species of Lake Victoria cichlids, since the which has been reserved by law or other effective ranges of these species are undetermined. means to protect part or all of the enclosed environ- Environmental Indicators 361 ment." Marine protected areas (MPAs) include areas Table 14-12. International protected areas, 2002. that are fully marine as well as areas that have only a Internationally protected areas usually include sites small area of intertidal land. Many of these MPAs have that are listed under national protection systems. large terrestrial areas. The extent of the marine por- Biosphere reserves are representative of terrestrial tion of most protected areas is rarely documented. and coastal environments that have been internation- The degree of protection varies from one country to ally recognized under the Man and the Biosphere another, and it may bear little relationship to the legal Programme of UNESCO. status of any site. The categories of marine and lit- World heritage sites represent areas of "outstand- toral are not exclusive. One protected area can be ing universal value" for their natural features, their littoral and marine, therefore adding numbers under cultural value, or for both natural and cultural values. these two different categories may produce a higher The table includes only natural and mixed natural and number than the total for MPAs. Littoral is defined as cultural sites. any site that is known to incorporate at least some Any party to the Convention on Wetlands of Inter- intertidal area. Such sites can also include marine and/ national Importance, especially as it pertains to wa- or terrestrial elements. All sites with mangrove and terfowl habitat, agrees to respect the site's integrity saltmarsh communities are recorded as littoral. Ma- and to establish wetland reserves can designate wet- rine is defined as any site that is known to incorporate lands of international importance. at least some subtidal area permanently submerged Marine and coastal protected areas refer to all pro- under the ocean. Such sites can also include littoral tected areas greater than 1,000 hectares with littoral, and terrestrial elements. All sites with coral reefs and coral, island, marine, or estuarine components. The seagrasses are recorded as marine. area given is the whole protected area. The values in this table do not include locally or provincially protected sites, or privately owned areas. 15 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative T he Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt · Those that also face an unsustainable debt situation initiative was proposed by the World Bank and even after the full application of traditional IMF, and agreed to by governments around the debt relief mechanisms (such as application of world in the fall of 1996. It was the first compre- Naples terms under the Paris Club Agreement). hensive approach to reduce the external debt of the world's poorest, most heavily indebted countries, and How the HIPC Initiative works represented an important step forward in placing debt Under the enhanced framework, countries for which relief within an overall framework of poverty reduc- existing mechanisms would not achieve debt tion. While the initiative yielded significant early sustainability at the decision point will now receive progress, multilateral organizations, bilateral creditors, assistance under the HIPC Initiative starting at HIPC governments, and civil society have been en- the decision point. gaged in an intensive dialogue about the strengths and In contrast to the original framework, where debt weaknesses of the program. A major review in 1999 reduction was calculated on projections of debt has resulted in a significant enhancement of the origi- stock at the completion point, relief under the new nal framework, and has produced a HIPC Initiative framework will be committed based on actual which is "deeper, broader, and faster." data at the decision point. This modification not only adds greater certainty to the calculations, but Which countries qualify? will in most cases increase the amount of relief actually · The poorest countries, those that are only eligible provided, since most countries will reduce their net for highly concessional assistance from the present value ( NPV) debt-to-export and debt-to-rev- International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA)--the enue ratios between the decision and completion points. part of the World Bank that lends on highly concessional terms--and from the IMF's Poverty In short, under the enhanced framework, the ben- Reduction and Growth Facility (previously the En- efits of export and central government revenue will hanced Structural Adjustment Facility). accrue fully to the country, allowing for greater in- vestment in poverty reduction strategies. 362 The HIPC Initiative 363 Creditor participation Liberia All creditors participate in providing exceptional as- Madagascar sistance beyond current mechanisms as required to Malawi reach debt sustainability. Creditors share the costs of Mali HIPC assistance based on broad and equitable bur- Mauritania den sharing, and provide relief that is proportional to Mozambique their share of the debt after the full application of Niger traditional forms of debt relief; these forms include Rwanda Naples terms from Paris Club creditors, which pro- São Tomé and Príncipe vide a 67 percent NPV reduction on eligible debt. Senegal Sierra Leone HIPC Eligible Countries (42 countries) Somalia Sudan Africa (34 countries) Tanzania Angola Togo Benin Uganda Burkina Faso Zambia Burundi Cameroon Latin America CentralAfrican Republic Bolivia Chad Guyana Comoros Honduras Congo, Republic of Nicaragua Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d'Ivoire Asia (3 countries) Ethiopia Lao, People's Dem. Rep. The Gambia Myanmar Ghana Vietnam Guinea Guinea-Bissau Middle East Kenya Yemen, Republic of 364 The HIPC Initiative 15-1. HIPC Initiative: flow chart F i r s t S t a g e Eligibility Requirements · Paris Club provides flow rescheduling as per current Naples terms, i.e. rescheduling of debt service on eligible debt falling due during the three-year consolidation period (up to 67 percent reduction on eligible maturities on a net present value basis). · Other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment. · Multilateral institutions continue to provide concessional financing in the framework of World Bank and IDMF-supported adjustment program. · Country establishes three-year track record of good performance and develops together with civil society a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP); in early cases, an interim PRSP may be sufficient to reach the decision point. Decision Point EITHER EXIT OR QUALIFICATION FOR ASSISTANCE Paris Club stock-of-debt operation under Naples terms (67% Hypothetical Paris Club stock-of-debt operation under net present value reduction of eligible debt) and comparable Naples terms and comparable treatment by other bilateral and treatment by other bilateral and commercial creditors commercial creditors is adequate is not sufficient for the country to reach sustainability by the decision point. for the country to reach sustainability by the decision point. Countries request additional support under the HIPC Initiative. Sustainability targets: 150 percent of NPV of debt-to IMF and World Bank determine eligibility. exports ratio; or 250 percent NPV of debt-to revenue ratio for country reaching qualifying threshold for the fiscal openness window (30 percent exports-to-GDP ratio and 15 percent ====> Decision Point revenue-to-GDP ratio). ====> Exit (Country is not eligible for HIPC assistance.) The International community commits sufficient assistance to reach sustainability targets. This relief can be delivered at the decision point and the remainder at the completion point when the country has implemented pre-agreed key structural and social reforms (triggers) provided the macroeconomic program remains on track. S e c o n d S t a g e The Interim Period · Paris Club creditors provide interim relief (Cologne terms flows, i.e., 90% NPV of debt reduction on eligible debt) and other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment. · Some multilateral institutions, including World Bank and IMF, provide interim assistance (e.g., debt service reduction). · Donors support interim assistance. · Country establishes a second track record by implementing the Bank/IMF-supported programs, including the one-year implementation of a full PRSP (triggers). Length of this stage is determined by the speed by which country implements the triggers. · Country also take steps to strengthen debt management. "Floating" Completion Point · Timing of completion point is tied to the implementation of policies determined at the decision point. · All creditors provide the assistance determined at the decision point; interim debt relief provided between decision and completion points counts toward this assistance. Assistance is provided without further policy conditionality. The HIPC Initiative 365 15-2. Grouping of African HIPC countries: status as of July 2003 African Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (32) 1 Benin Congo, Rep. of * Madagascar Senegal Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire* Malawi Sierra Leone* Burundi* Ethiopia Mali Somalia* Cameroon The Gambia Mauritania Sudan* Central African Republic* Ghana Mozambique Tanzania Chad Guinea Niger Togo Comoros* Guinea-Bissau* Rwanda* Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of* Liberia* Sao Tome and Principe Zambia COUNTRIES THAT HAVE HIPC RELIEF APPROVED AT REACHED COMPLETION POINT COUNTRIES TO BE CONSIDERED (9) DECISION POINT (16) (7) Benin Cameroon Madagascar Burundi Togo Burkina Faso Chad Malawi Central African Republic Mali Congo, Dem. Rep. of Niger Comoros Mauritania Ethiopia Rwanda Congo, Rep. of Mozambique The Gambia Sao Tome and Principe Cote d'Ivoire Tanzania Ghana Senegal Liberia Uganda Guinea Sierra Leone Somalia Guinea-Bissau Zambia Sudan Sources: HIPC documents; and IMF and World Bank staff estimates. *Conflict-affected countries 1. Comoros has been added to the group as a preliminary assessment of its debt situation showed a potential need for HIPC debt. 366 The HIPC Initiative 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998-2005 (In millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Benin Debt service paid 64 66 55 36 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 32 30 30 34 Debt service/exports (in percent) 16 17 16 10 9 7 7 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 17 17 15 9 7 6 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 Burkina Faso Debt service paid 57 61 48 33 42 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 26 27 27 Debt service/exports (in percent) 18 24 23 15 18 9 8 8 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 16 16 16 11 11 5 5 4 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Cameroon 2, 3 Debt service paid 401 401 437 261 233 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1, 5 289 295 289 Debt service/exports (in percent) 18 15 16 10 9 10 10 10 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 28 24 26 15 12 12 12 11 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 5 3 2 2 2 2 Chad3 Debt service paid 26 30 32 18 29 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 40 44 47 Debt service/exports (in percent) 8 12 14 8 13 10 3 2 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 20 24 29 14 18 18 11 10 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 Debt service paid 1 3 - - 34 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 150 220 256 Debt service/exports (in percent) 0 0 - - 3 16 23 22 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 0 1 - - 7 25 29 25 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 0 0 - - 1 3 4 4 Ethiopia 3, 5 Debt service paid 101 127 112 197 149 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 88 89 88 Debt service/exports (in percent) 10 14 11 21 15 9 9 8 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 9 11 10 16 12 6 6 5 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 Gambia, The 3 Debt service paid 26 20 13 16 16 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 15 10 11 Debt service/exports (in percent) 12 15 12 14 12 11 7 8 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 12 25 16 26 27 26 20 21 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 6 5 3 4 4 5 4 4 Ghana 3, 6 Debt service paid 560 521 533 243 267 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 163 104 112 Debt service/exports (in percent) 22 21 22 10 10 6 3 3 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 41 53 78 26 39 17 10 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 7 7 11 5 4 2 1 1 Guinea 3 Debt service paid 128 132 144 75 85 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 89 79 68 Debt service/exports (in percent) 15 18 20 9 11 10 9 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 34 35 46 22 22 23 20 15 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 5 2 3 3 2 2 Guinea-Bissau 3 Debt service paid 7 6 13 0 5 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 5 6 4 Debt service/exports (in percent) 23 11 19 1 8 8 8 4 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 63 15 32 1 12 12 14 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 3 6 0 2 2 2 1 Madagascar 3 , 6 Debt service paid 166 106 65 45 50 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 54 73 73 Debt service/exports (in percent) 21 12 5 3 7 5 6 6 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 42 25 14 10 15 10 13 11 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 Malawi 3, 7 Debt service paid 90 65 103 74 47 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 67 39 51 Debt service/exports (in percent) 16 13 23 15 10 14 8 9 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 22 21 35 24 14 19 10 12 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 5 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 Sources : HIPC country document; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. Note : The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. (Table continues on the following page.) The HIPC Initiative 367 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998-2005 (continued) (In millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Mali Debt service paid 74 84 79 55 67 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 59 63 66 Debt service/exports (in percent) 11 12 12 6 6 5 5 5 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 17 20 21 13 12 8 8 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 Mauritania 7 Debt service paid 88 81 87 74 74 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 54 60 61 Debt service/exports (in percent) 22 22 23 19 19 14 14 13 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 35 30 36 37 20 17 18 17 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 10 8 9 8 7 5 5 5 Mozambique Debt service paid 104 60 18 27 42 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 47 51 57 Debt service/exports (in percent) 41 9 2 3 4 4 3 3 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 23 12 4 7 8 8 8 7 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Niger 3 Debt service paid 17 19 22 34 53 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 26 29 29 Debt service/exports (in percent) 5 6 8 12 17 7 8 8 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 9 11 14 19 21 9 10 9 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 Rwanda 3, 5 Debt service paid 18 37 37 12 13 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 13 16 15 Debt service/exports (in percent) 30 39 25 7 10 9 10 9 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 16 23 23 6 6 6 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 São Tomé and Príncipe 3 Debt service paid 7 2 4 2 2 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 - - 3 2 1 Debt service/exports (in percent) 55 12 26 11 10 14 8 4 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 84 21 42 18 16 23 11 5 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 16 4 8 4 4 5 3 1 Senegal Debt service paid 207 178 165 138 165 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 146 141 139 Debt service/exports (in percent) 15 12 13 10 11 9 8 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 26 22 21 17 16 13 12 11 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 Sierra Leone 3 Debt service paid 9 37 32 95 21 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 16 29 24 Debt service/exports (in percent) 9 40 29 74 15 10 15 10 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 18 77 44 89 18 13 28 14 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 1 5 5 12 3 3 4 2 Tanzania 5, 8 Debt service paid 224 193 154 92 109 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 100 129 148 Debt service/exports (in percent) 21 16 12 6 7 6 7 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 29 20 16 9 10 8 9 10 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Uganda 5 Debt service paid 110 98 91 72 60 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 100 129 148 Debt service/exports (in percent) 15 12 14 11 9 12 15 16 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 16 13 14 12 8 13 16 17 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 Zambia 3, 9 Debt service paid 147 126 139 142 123 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 187 223 210 Debt service/exports (in percent) 16 15 16 13 11 14 16 13 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 24 23 30 22 20 27 31 28 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 5 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 Sources : HIPC country document; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. Note : The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. 368 The HIPC Initiative 15-4. Committed debt relief and outlook for African HIPCs, status as of July 2003 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1 Reduction in NPV terms Nominal debt service relief Original Enhanced Original Enhanced Date of HIPC HIPC Total HIPC HIPC Total approval Initiative Initiative Initiative Initiative AFRICAN COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR COMPLETION POINTS (7) TOTAL 2,413 4,616 7,030 4,970 7,665 12,635 Benin 0 265 265 0 460 460 Mar-03 Burkina Faso 2 229 324 553 400 530 930 Apr-02 Mali 121 417 539 220 675 895 Mar-03 Mauritania 0 622 622 0 1,100 1,100 Jun-02 Mozambique 1,716 306 2,022 3,700 600 4,300 Sep-01 Tanzania 0 2,026 2,026 0 3,000 3,000 Nov-01 Uganda 347 656 1,003 650 1,300 1,950 May-00 AFRICAN COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR DECISION POINTS (16) TOTAL - 18,344 18,344 - 30,009 30,009 Cameroon .. 1,260 1,260 .. 2,000 2,000 Oct-00 Chad .. 170 170 .. 260 260 May-01 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 6,311 6,311 .. 10,389 10,389 Jul-03 Ethiopia .. 1,275 1,275 .. 1,930 1,930 Nov-01 Gambia, The .. 67 67 .. 90 90 Dec-00 Ghana 0 2,186 2,186 0 3,700 3,700 Feb-02 Guinea .. 545 545 .. 800 800 Dec-00 Guinea-Bissau .. 416 416 .. 790 790 Dec-00 Madagascar .. 814 814 .. 1,500 1,500 Dec-00 Malawi .. 643 643 .. 1,000 1,000 Dec-00 Niger .. 521 521 .. 900 900 Dec-00 Rwanda .. 452 452 .. 800 800 Dec-00 São Tomé and Principe .. 97 97 .. 200 200 Dec-00 Senegal .. 488 488 .. 850 850 Jun-00 Sierra Leone 0 600 600 0 950 950 Mar-02 Zambia .. 2,499 2,499 .. 3,850 3,850 Dec-00 AFRICAN COUNTRIES STILL TO BE CONSIDERED (9) Côte d'Ivoire 3 345 .. 345 800 .. 800 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. Memorandum item: Debt relief committed 2,758 22,960 25,718 5,770 37,674 43,444 Sources: HIPC documents; and IMF and World Bank staff estimates. 1. Commited debt relief under the assumption of full participation of the creditors. 2. The assistance under the enhanced HIPC Initiative includes the topping up with the NPV calculated in the year of the completion point. 3. Preliminary document issued. The HIPC Initiative 369 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points1 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Actual Estimate Projections Benin Poverty-reducing expenditure 115 110 161 162 180 197 214 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 29 42 35 34 34 34 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 Burkina Faso Poverty-reducing expenditure 2 114 99 110 157 258 273 273 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 32 36 42 53 49 43 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 5 7 6 6 3 Cameroon Poverty-reducing expenditure 264 287 336 374 595 673 741 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 16 17 19 19 25 27 29 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 3 Chad Poverty-reducing expenditure 4 190 149 192 236 320 367 404 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 150 165 153 149 146 94 86 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 12 13 12 12 12 9 8 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of Poverty-reducing expenditure 5 .. 0 0 26 38 101 171 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. 0 0 6 6 13 16 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 Ethiopia Poverty-reducing expenditure 6 710 534 765 884 1,158 1,288 1,389 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 61 44 64 73 82 87 84 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 11 8 12 15 18 18 18 3 Gambia, The Poverty-reducing expenditure 7 24 21 22 21 18 17 18 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 27 36 35 32 34 34 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 3 Ghana Poverty-reducing expenditure 8 345 189 280 313 356 414 425 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 35 52 30 30 25 24 25 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 3 Guinea Poverty-reducing expenditure 9 85 73 83 102 107 112 118 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 23 22 24 26 28 28 26 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Guinea-Bissau Poverty-reducing expenditure 10 .. .. .. 6 9 8 10 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. .. .. 20 20 20 20 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. .. .. 3 3 3 3 Madagascar 3 Poverty-reducing expenditure 11 156 188 230 298 376 416 457 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 37 41 50 91 73 72 70 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 5 5 7 8 8 8 3 Malawi Poverty-reducing expenditure 12 208 167 205 226 255 287 316 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 66 56 66 68 72 71 73 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 12 10 12 12 14 15 15 (Table continues on the following page.) Sources: HIPC country documents; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. Note: The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. 370 The HIPC Initiative 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points1 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Actual Estimate Projections Mali Poverty-reducing expenditure 13 103 150 135 184 271 272 293 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 24 39 31 33 38 35 34 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 6 5 6 7 7 7 Mauritania Poverty-reducing expenditure 14 85 70 79 105 126 140 154 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 35 29 39 28 39 41 43 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 9 7 8 11 11 12 12 Mozambique Poverty-Reducing Expenditure 15 543 688 676 675 792 851 893 Poverty-Reducing Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent) 53 157 167 133 135 126 117 Poverty-Reducing Expenditure/GDP (in percent) 6 19 20 19 19 17 16 Niger 3 Poverty-reducing expenditure 16 104 84 95 119 180 197 211 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 58 54 53 48 65 67 66 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 3 Rwanda Poverty-reducing expenditure 17 75 73 91 106 107 120 136 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 40 46 48 54 48 49 52 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 3 São Tomé and Príncipe Poverty-reducing expenditure 8 3 11 12 16 20 22 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 88 37 100 96 116 104 94 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 17 7 22 22 27 29 28 Senegal Poverty-reducing expenditure 254 226 293 310 370 400 434 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 31 28 36 31 34 33 33 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 3 Sierre Leone Poverty-reducing expenditure 18 .. 23 37 57 65 .. .. Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. 32 36 51 51 .. .. Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. 4 5 7 7 .. .. Tanzania Poverty-reducing expenditure 19 412 525 581 805 971 1,250 1,314 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 43 54 54 73 81 92 89 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 6 6 9 10 13 12 Uganda Poverty-reducing expenditure 20 306 401 438 569 593 598 639 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 40 60 71 80 79 76 75 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 7 8 10 10 10 10 3 Zambia Poverty-reducing expenditure 21 166 149 392 444 465 500 538 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 32 60 72 67 70 70 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 11 12 12 12 12 Sources: HIPC country documents; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. Note: The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. 371 Figure 15-1. Nominal Debt Service Relief for African Decision Point Countries* ($ million) 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Congo, Dem. Rep. of (10,389) Zambia Ghana Cameroon Ethiopia Madagascar Malawi Sierra Leone Niger Senegal Rwanda Guinea Guinea-Bissau Chad São Tomé and Principe Gambia, The Source: HIPC decision point documents. * Status as of July 2003. 372 The HIPC Initiative Technical notes Tables 7. Debt service figures differ from those in the de- cision point document because of exchange rate Table 15.3 Debt service for individual African changes. HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 8. Debt service reflects some payments to com- 1998­2005 mercial creditors and payments on moratorium inter- est not reflected in the completion point document. 1. Debt service due after the full use of traditional debt relief mechanism and assistance under the en- Note: Debt service figures for 1998 and 1999 re- hanced HIPC Initiative. For Mozambique, these fig- flect debt relief already provided to Mozambique, and ures are also after additional bilateral assistance be- Uganda under the original framework. yond HIPC. The sources for this table are HIPC country docu- 2. On fiscal year basis (i.e., 2000 column shows ments and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. FY 1999/2000). 3. The debt service figures for 2000 largely reflect pre-HIPC relief debt service because these countries Table 15.5 Poverty-reducing expenditure for did not reach their decision point until late in 2000 or African HIPCs that reached decision points later. Thus, the full impact of relief did not take effect until 2001 and thereafter. In 11 countries, poverty-reducing spending refers ex- 4. Debt service is higher than anticipated at the de- clusively to public expenditure on health and edu- cision point due to higher new borrowing than previ- cation. In addition, poverty-reducing spending in- ously projected. cludes new programs to be financed partly with HIPC 5. Debt service is lower than anticipated at the de- assistance in Benin, basic sanitary infrastructure in cision point due to lower financing needs than previ- Bolivia, rural development and water supply in Burkina ously projected. Faso, poverty-reducing affairs in Chad, poverty-re- 6. The relief for Madagascar is indicative and sub- lated activities such as de-mining and rural develop- ject to change. The Madagasy authorities and Paris ment in Guinea-Bissau, funding for the Poverty-Re- Club creditors would have to revisit the outstanding ducing ImpactAmelioration Program and Basic Needs bilateral debt numbers.Also, minor adjustments must Trust Fund in Guyana, Poverty-reducing safety net be incorporated in the case of three multilateral credi- and rural development programs in Honduras, pov- tors. Consequently, the IMF Board approved US$790 erty reduction programs in Mauritania, other spend- million in HIPC relief with the understanding that ing, including promotion of women in Senegal, water Madagascar's exact level of HIPC assistance will be supply in both Tanzania and Uganda, and poverty- determined once such revisions are made. reducing safety nets, water and sanitation and disas- ter relief in Zambia. The HIPC Initiative 373 1. The coverage of poverty-reducing expenditure 12. Data refer to spending on education, health, varies across countries. If not indicated otherwise, social security and welfare services, and community poverty-reducing expenditure data refer to central and poverty-reducing development. government spending on health and education. 13. Data refer to central government spending on 2. Data refer to central government spending on education and health, and funding for social safety health care, primary education, promotion of women, nets. "Solidarity" (employment program), social security, 14. Data refer to spending by central and local gov- rural security, and other programs. ernment on health, education, and poverty-reduction 3. The figures for 2000 largely reflect social ex- programs. penditure before HIPC relief, because these countries 15. From 2000 onwards, data refer to general gov- reached their decision points in late 2000 or in 2001. ernment spending on education, health, infrastruc- Thus, the full impact of HIPC relief for them will not ture, governance, agriculture, and macroeconomic be felt until 2001 and thereafter. Sierra Leone and the management. Democratic Republic of Congo reached their deci- 16. Data coverage has been revised to include only sion points in 2002 and 2003, respectively. central government spending on health and education. 4. Data refer to domestically financed central gov- 17. Data refer to recurrent priority expenditures by ernment spending on health, education, rural devel- the central government, which include specified pro- opment, infrastructure, and good governance. grams in the domains of internal affairs, agriculture, 5. Data refer to central government spending on commerce, education, youth and sports, health, trans- health, education, and social protection. port and communication, energy and water resources, 6. Data refer to general government spending on gender, public service, lands and settlement, and sup- education, health, and agriculture, and to poverty-re- port to local government. lated road spending. 18. From 2000 onwards, data refer to general gov- 7. Data refer to central government spending on ernment spending on health, education, social wel- education, health, and agriculture. fare, some economic services, and security-related 8. Data refer to central government expenditures spending. on health and education. However, data may be in- 19. Data refer to central government spending on complete because of missing data on donor support education, health, water, agricultural research and and internally generated funds. extension, lands, roads, and judiciary. 9. Data refer to central government spending on 20. Data refer to general government spending on justice, agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture, public education, health, Poverty Action Fund, and some works, urbanization, health and social affairs, primary donor-funded projects. education, and professional and technical education. 21. From 2001 onwards, the definition of poverty- 10. Previous estimates for Guinea-Bissau were reducing spending has been broadened to include based on budget data. Because of a very low execu- housing, resettlement, and urban development; health; tion rate those numbers tend to overstate the actual information services; employment and welfare; edu- level of social spending and have been omitted here. cation and training; and general social expenditures. The new estimate for 2002 is based on poverty-re- ducing expenditure outlays. These expenditures in- Sources: HIPC country documents; and IMF staff clude outlays by the central government on educa- estimates. tion and health sectors. Note: The coverage of poverty-reducing expenditure 11. Data refer to central government spending on varies across countries. All Poverty-Reducing data health, education, and water. includes spending on health and education. 16 Household Welfare W hile macroeconomic data about many Afri- harmonizing the data, using a common dictionary.This can countries are published often, more dis- process may include the computation of expenditure aggregated data are not frequently reported aggregates when they are not available to the unit. in statistical abstracts such as the African Develop- For more information on this project, please see the ment Indicators. This chapter addresses that issue by technical notes at the end of the chapter. presenting statistics on poverty and some of its cor- The definitions presented herein may diverge from relates at a sub-national level. These statistics are based those used in other publications, whether by the World upon household surveys rather than ministry-level Bank or a country's national statistical organization. data. The presentation of indicators is linked to the This means that certain statistics may differ from those Millennium Development Goals to help in understand- previously published.An example of this is enrollment ing the statistics. The tables that follow contain data rates; if the country bases them upon one definition for fourteen countries of Sub-SaharanAfrica: Burundi, of the age at which children should attend primary Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Ethiopia, The school while this report uses another, it is unlikely Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, that the two statistics will be identical. Neither statis- Malawi, São Tomé and Principe, Uganda, and Zambia. tic is wrong; they are just different metrics and can- This chapter is similar to one published in the 2000 not be necessarily compared. Africa Development Indicators, but the underlying set of definitions and variables has changed. In addi- Selected definitions tion, the presentation of this new set of indicators National definitions of households are used, although has been organized along the Millennium Develop- most definitions do not differ markedly from those ment Goals. The definitions used in this presentation set forth by the United Nations. Additional informa- (see below) reflect the work of an ongoing project in tion is available in the technical notes. the Africa Region's Operational Quality and Knowl- Expenditure quintiles are derived by ranking edge Services Unit: the Standardized Files and Stan- weighted sample individuals according to annual de- dardized Indicators. The project, which builds upon flated per capita expenditure. When regional defla- earlier work, takes national statistical agencies' raw tors are available, they are used, otherwise nominal data files, as stored in the Africa Household Survey expenditure is used. Individuals are used as the basis Databank, and performs consistency checks prior to for estimating quintiles. Quintiles are constructed such 374 Household Welfare 375 that the first quintile represents the poorest 20 per- De facto female-headed is defined as either (a) a cent of the population, the second quintile the next household without a resident male head or where the poorest 20 percent (less poor), and so on; the fifth husband is not present and the wife is the head by quintile represents the richest 20 percent of the popu- default and the main decision-maker in his absence; lation. The definition of expenditure varies from sur- or (b) a household where the resident male head has vey to survey. Please consult the technical notes for lost most of his functions as the economic provider each survey for more details. The following surveys' due to infirmity, inability to work, and so forth. data are presented with deflated expenditure quintiles: De jure female-headed refers to a single female- Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagas- headed household where the household head has never car, Mozambique, and Malawi. been married, or is divorced or separated or widowed. Demographic indicators Household expenditure indicators Number of households in each quintile varies because These indicators provide information on per capita of differences in household size, although the total expenditure in local currency (including the value of number of individuals in each quintile is the same. own-produced food consumed in the household and Total population is a sampled population weighted the imputed rent of homeowners when possible) and by the cluster weights to give an estimate of the ac- the share of food in household expenditures. These tual population size. are computed as weighted averages of each household's per-capita expenditure, or as weighted Education and literacy indicators (drawn from ratios in the case of the shares. UNESCO definitions) Net primary enrollment rate is the total number of Employment indicators children of primary school age enrolled in primary The employment ratio includes only persons who are school as a proportion of the total number of children employed and the unemployed aged 15­64 (inclusive), of primary school age. The age range varies by coun- excluding the following categories: homemakers, re- try. Please consult the technical notes for details. tired, dependent, student, and other. Net secondary enrollment rate is the total number Formal employment is defined as wage employees of children of secondary school age enrolled in sec- in the government or formal private sector. ondary school as a proportion of the total number of Informal employment is defined as those whose em- children of secondary school age. The age range var- ployment status is "informal" or "self-employed." ies by country. Please consult the technical notes for details. Anthropometric indicators Literacy (adult) means the percentage of people All three indicators are calculated for children who aged 15 and above who can read and write a short, are less than 60 months old. Z-scores two standard simple statement on their everyday life. The survey deviations below the mean of reference population may have tested individuals to verify this, or may have indicate that a child is stunted (height-for-age), wasted used other methods. Please consult the technical notes (weight-for-height), or underweight (weight-for-age). for details. The reference is defined jointly by the National Cen- ter for Health Statistics and the Centers for Disease Head of household indicators Control (both United States). Polygamous male-headed refers to male-headed household with more than one spouse. However, dif- ferences exist in the way in polygamous households are defined. Please consult the technical notes for details on each country's definition of a household. 376 Household Welfare 16-1. Burkina Faso Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 8,478 5,885 913 993 1,048 1,280 1,651 2,593 354 450 511 540 738 Total population 000s 10,597 8,830 1,766 1,765 1,767 1,766 1,766 1,767 353 354 353 353 354 Age dependency ratio Number 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 7.6 8.2 10.3 10.1 9.1 7.6 5.7 5.6 8.0 6.5 5.7 5.4 4.0 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 53 51 44 44 50 55 57 60 53 59 62 66 57 Polygamous male Percent 31 37 46 49 42 33 23 12 27 18 11 6 5 Single male Percent 7 5 4 2 3 5 9 14 8 8 11 14 24 De facto female Percent 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 De jure female Percent 6 5 4 3 4 5 8 11 9 12 12 10 11 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 12,318 8,419 2,523 3,918 5,097 6,914 17,434 25,685 4,362 7,578 11,746 18,675 62,085 Mean monthly share on food Percent 58 63 64 68 66 65 56 39 48 48 43 38 27 Mean monthly share on health Percent 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 4 6 5 Mean monthly share on education Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 59 52 47 48 50 49 59 84 75 84 85 84 89 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 26 20 14 18 17 19 32 67 52 64 70 76 75 Male Percent 30 23 18 24 20 22 37 69 53 70 70 77 81 Female Percent 22 15 10 12 13 16 28 64 52 59 69 75 68 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 12 5 2 5 3 6 11 38 13 29 38 50 58 Male Percent 13 7 4 5 4 7 15 41 13 33 39 58 68 Female Percent 10 4 1 4 2 4 7 34 13 25 37 42 51 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 18 10 5 8 9 10 18 51 23 34 48 62 78 Male Percent 25 15 8 12 14 14 25 59 30 44 56 69 84 Female Percent 13 6 3 5 5 6 12 42 15 25 40 54 71 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 26 15 9 12 11 16 24 65 40 50 68 77 81 Male Percent 32 20 13 17 15 21 32 72 49 62 76 81 89 Female Percent 20 10 5 7 8 12 18 57 31 40 60 72 74 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 78 72 73 72 71 69 75 97 93 97 97 98 99 Morbidity Percent 7 6 4 5 6 7 10 11 7 9 11 12 15 Action taken when sick Percent 41 39 29 29 34 37 51 49 35 45 45 52 57 Health provider ownership Public Percent 83 85 84 85 85 82 86 79 75 87 81 78 75 Private - modern medicine Percent 3 1 1 0 .. 1 1 10 6 5 11 7 18 Private - traditional healers Percent 11 12 12 10 14 16 10 4 16 3 4 4 2 Other Percent 3 2 3 4 1 1 2 6 2 5 5 11 5 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 43 46 46 44 46 50 43 28 32 37 27 22 17 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 24 24 24 22 25 24 25 23 19 15 21 35 26 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 50 52 53 49 54 56 50 34 38 37 30 38 26 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 32 16 7 11 13 14 26 89 71 82 89 95 97 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 78 73 67 72 74 72 77 96 88 94 97 98 99 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 78 72 73 72 71 69 75 97 93 97 97 98 99 Access to improved water source Total Percent 63 57 54 56 58 55 59 86 76 79 82 88 95 Pipe (own tap) Percent 5 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 24 3 6 14 27 50 Pipe borne Percent 16 5 4 3 4 4 8 53 56 61 58 56 41 Well (Protected) Percent 42 52 50 53 55 52 51 9 17 12 11 5 4 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 92 96 98 97 97 97 92 80 90 94 89 84 57 Firewood Percent 87 91 95 94 93 92 85 74 88 92 87 78 46 Charcoal Percent 5 5 3 4 4 4 7 6 1 2 3 7 11 Enquête Prioritaire Aupres des Menages II 1998. Household Welfare 377 16-2. Burundi Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 6,668 3,908 740 649 723 817 979 2,760 473 494 562 541 690 Total population 000s 6,026 5,717 1,143 1,153 1,135 1,143 1,144 309 62 62 62 62 62 Age dependency ratio Number 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 Average household size Number 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.0 4.8 6.4 6.1 5.0 4.7 3.3 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 68 57 67 71 71 74 66 62 72 68 68 61 Polygamous male Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Single male Percent 5 5 4 4 4 6 6 14 5 5 10 14 25 De facto female Percent 3 3 2 1 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 De jure female Percent 23 23 37 27 20 20 17 17 29 19 18 13 11 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Burundi francs 6,574 5,438 1,438 2,925 4,221 5,910 10,765 27,314 4,454 9,137 15,444 26,007 58,137 Mean monthly share on food Percent 74 75 69 77 77 77 75 48 59 58 52 44 37 Mean monthly share on health Percent 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 72 70 63 73 70 73 73 97 94 96 98 99 98 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 56 55 40 50 59 63 66 83 67 84 90 93 94 Male Percent 60 59 44 56 62 69 67 83 67 84 89 93 94 Female Percent 51 50 36 44 55 57 65 83 66 83 91 93 94 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 9 7 2 4 7 13 11 48 14 34 56 74 74 Male Percent 10 8 3 6 6 15 11 48 16 33 56 71 73 Female Percent 9 7 1 3 8 12 11 48 13 35 56 76 74 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 49 47 33 45 47 52 54 84 58 76 87 95 97 Male Percent 58 56 43 55 55 61 62 90 70 85 90 97 98 Female Percent 42 39 26 37 40 44 47 79 50 68 83 93 97 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 71 70 55 71 66 77 77 90 72 88 91 98 99 Male Percent 72 71 56 72 66 78 79 92 75 91 93 99 98 Female Percent 71 70 55 70 66 77 76 89 69 86 90 97 100 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 77 76 76 80 72 77 76 100 100 100 100 100 100 Morbidity Percent 21 21 22 18 19 21 25 15 18 17 17 13 11 Action taken when sick Percent 60 59 51 54 59 62 69 72 52 69 77 86 87 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 56 59 62 64 56 59 52 30 47 31 23 22 23 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 7 5 6 6 5 11 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 44 47 48 50 54 44 38 15 25 19 12 9 9 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 88 87 84 88 87 87 89 97 98 96 98 97 96 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 77 76 76 80 72 77 76 100 100 100 100 100 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 85 84 80 83 85 84 87 98 94 96 98 99 100 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 1 1 0 1 2 57 11 28 50 76 88 Pipe borne Percent 16 14 14 17 14 12 14 40 80 66 48 23 11 Well (Protected) Percent 66 69 65 66 71 71 71 1 3 2 1 0 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 99 99 100 100 98 100 98 97 99 100 99 98 93 Firewood Percent 94 98 99 100 98 100 95 15 54 23 11 4 2 Charcoal Percent 5 1 0 .. 0 0 4 82 46 77 88 94 91 Étude Nationale sur les Conditions de Vie au Burundi, 1998. 378 Household Welfare 16-3. Cameroon Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 10,992 6,017 646 764 1,026 1,217 2,364 4,975 759 786 886 1,061 1,483 Total population 000s 15,473 10,089 2,019 2,016 2,019 2,018 2,018 5,383 1,077 1,076 1,076 1,076 1,078 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 Average household size Number 5.0 5.0 7.2 6.8 5.5 5.0 3.0 4.9 7.3 6.3 5.7 4.5 3.1 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 44 46 50 50 50 48 40 40 47 49 46 38 32 Polygamous male Percent 14 16 22 22 16 17 11 9 16 11 10 9 6 Single male Percent 18 15 5 6 11 11 26 25 15 15 17 26 38 De facto female Percent 4 4 5 5 5 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 De jure female Percent 19 19 18 17 18 20 20 21 17 20 22 23 21 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 30,619 22,063 6,609 10,217 13,705 18,951 40,025 46,540 11,847 18,846 25,889 37,099 93,334 Mean monthly share on food Percent 59 69 68 71 70 69 68 42 48 45 44 42 36 Mean monthly share on health Percent 7 7 7 6 7 7 8 7 6 6 7 7 8 Mean monthly share on education Percent 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 7 7 6 5 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 85 79 75 77 79 77 83 96 96 96 96 95 96 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 93 92 92 91 93 93 92 94 94 95 95 93 89 Male Percent 93 93 93 92 94 93 90 94 94 95 95 94 91 Female Percent 92 92 90 90 93 93 93 93 94 96 95 92 87 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 40 29 14 22 28 33 48 57 38 53 59 64 72 Male Percent 39 29 15 22 28 33 49 55 35 49 59 64 73 Female Percent 41 28 12 21 27 33 47 58 40 57 59 64 71 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 89 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 68 56 50 50 55 58 62 88 76 85 89 92 94 Male Percent 77 67 61 60 66 69 72 92 83 91 94 96 96 Female Percent 60 47 42 42 46 49 51 83 70 80 84 88 92 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 82 73 69 69 76 74 78 94 89 93 95 96 97 Male Percent 88 82 76 78 85 84 85 96 90 95 97 97 98 Female Percent 77 66 62 61 69 67 71 93 87 91 93 95 95 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 90 85 82 85 84 86 88 99 99 99 99 100 99 Morbidity Percent 31 31 28 29 31 33 35 31 30 31 31 30 33 Action taken when sick Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Health provider ownership Public Percent 53 55 53 53 53 59 58 48 44 49 51 49 48 Private - modern medicine Percent 13 7 6 5 7 8 9 23 19 20 20 24 31 Private - traditional healers Percent 15 18 18 21 21 15 14 11 18 12 9 7 6 Other Percent 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 56 51 48 45 49 53 62 67 56 71 72 73 64 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 62 57 55 54 55 56 67 73 59 74 78 82 73 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 53 59 69 56 61 53 50 39 48 42 40 29 29 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 8 8 7 12 9 7 5 8 9 10 7 9 5 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 25 30 32 30 30 30 26 13 17 18 9 12 8 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 43 26 13 15 21 29 36 75 58 68 75 79 84 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 68 75 71 80 73 74 76 56 56 59 61 57 50 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 90 85 82 85 84 86 88 99 99 99 99 100 99 Access to improved water source Total Percent 66 50 47 44 47 48 58 96 88 94 97 97 98 Pipe (own tap) Percent 15 6 3 4 4 5 10 32 11 17 24 35 49 Pipe borne Percent 27 14 12 11 11 13 17 52 58 62 59 51 41 Well (Protected) Percent 24 31 32 30 32 30 31 12 19 15 14 10 8 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 75 94 99 99 97 96 86 41 75 58 51 34 17 Firewood Percent 75 93 99 99 96 96 85 40 75 58 49 33 16 Charcoal Percent 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages 2001. Household Welfare 379 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 4,200 2,280 445 403 459 475 498 1,920 154 270 307 427 762 Total population 000s 16,816 9,225 2,724 2,173 1,880 1,470 978 7,590 578 1,143 1,471 1,889 2,509 Age dependency ratio Number 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 5.7 5.9 8.3 6.9 6.1 5.0 3.6 5.6 8.5 7.7 6.7 5.7 3.9 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 58 58 49 63 62 57 59 58 51 52 65 66 55 Polygamous male Percent 13 18 30 18 18 19 7 7 22 14 9 5 2 Single male Percent 14 12 7 8 9 12 20 16 6 10 9 11 25 De facto female Percent 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 5 7 5 5 4 4 De jure female Percent 12 10 12 8 7 10 12 14 14 19 12 13 14 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 35,406 28,573 7,452 12,962 18,475 27,084 69,649 43,455 8,148 13,222 18,741 27,490 78,858 Mean monthly share on food Percent 57 65 68 65 66 65 63 47 56 54 51 49 41 Mean monthly share on health Percent 6 6 4 6 5 6 7 7 5 6 6 7 7 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 52 43 32 43 45 50 59 64 55 56 61 65 79 Male Percent 55 47 37 45 51 52 65 67 58 59 66 68 84 Female Percent 49 40 27 42 40 48 54 61 52 52 54 64 75 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 21 10 5 8 13 16 13 31 15 20 34 36 39 Male Percent 26 14 7 10 18 21 20 40 20 23 45 48 51 Female Percent 16 6 2 7 7 10 7 24 10 18 23 25 31 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 48 33 24 31 34 38 43 64 44 56 61 64 76 Male Percent 61 46 36 45 48 52 54 77 57 69 76 79 86 Female Percent 35 21 14 18 21 24 31 51 32 44 45 52 65 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 61 47 38 46 50 51 55 73 60 70 75 71 79 Male Percent 72 59 48 59 61 64 65 86 71 79 88 89 91 Female Percent 50 36 29 32 38 39 46 61 50 62 61 58 68 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 15 14 11 11 14 17 17 16 13 14 14 17 20 Action taken when sick Percent 54 48 35 51 48 51 58 60 43 55 58 65 65 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 67 42 33 41 41 41 51 96 94 92 95 96 97 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 78 82 84 83 82 77 84 72 79 72 72 69 74 Pipe (own tap) Percent 19 6 4 4 4 8 11 35 18 24 30 34 44 Pipe borne Percent 7 2 1 2 3 2 3 13 3 11 9 14 16 Well (Protected) Percent 51 73 79 77 76 68 69 25 58 37 33 22 14 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 89 93 96 98 96 93 86 83 94 92 94 90 69 Firewood Percent 64 90 96 97 95 88 79 32 75 57 44 29 13 Charcoal Percent 25 3 0 1 2 4 7 51 19 35 50 60 56 Enquête Niveau de Vie des Ménages en Côte d'Ivoire 1998. 380 Household Welfare 16-5. Ethiopia Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 16,672 8,459 1,469 1,382 1,519 1,678 2,411 8,213 1,118 1,358 1,506 1,883 2,348 Total population 000s 54,756 47,531 9,502 9,513 9,504 9,507 9,505 7,225 1,446 1,443 1,446 1,445 1,445 Age dependency ratio Number 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 4.9 4.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 3.8 4.5 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 3.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 71 75 72 74 74 64 48 53 50 50 49 41 Polygamous male Percent 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Single male Percent 6 5 3 4 3 4 8 11 6 4 7 10 23 De facto female Percent 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 4 4 3 2 De jure female Percent 25 23 20 22 21 22 27 38 39 42 39 38 34 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Ethiopian birr 103 93 42 60 75 95 161 162 49 76 103 147 346 Mean monthly share on food Percent 66 68 72 71 69 68 62 55 66 62 59 53 43 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean monthly share on education Percent 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 30 25 19 23 29 25 32 75 66 70 76 84 85 Male Percent 32 27 20 25 30 27 35 75 68 68 75 85 86 Female Percent 29 22 18 20 28 21 29 75 64 71 77 82 84 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 9 3 2 3 3 3 5 40 30 36 41 50 47 Male Percent 10 4 4 3 3 5 7 43 29 38 47 54 54 Female Percent 8 2 1 2 2 2 3 38 30 35 36 46 42 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 28 21 15 19 20 23 25 67 54 59 66 71 79 Male Percent 41 34 26 32 33 39 39 81 70 75 80 86 91 Female Percent 17 9 6 8 8 9 11 56 43 47 56 61 69 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 39 29 24 32 29 30 31 84 80 81 86 87 86 Male Percent 50 43 35 47 43 45 42 90 84 86 91 95 95 Female Percent 28 17 12 17 16 16 20 80 76 78 82 81 81 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 26 27 27 27 27 26 31 20 20 20 20 19 20 Action taken when sick Percent 41 39 30 36 40 41 46 67 60 65 68 70 71 Health provider ownership Public Percent 45 44 44 49 45 42 41 52 56 59 52 49 43 Private - modern medicine Percent 45 45 46 40 46 46 48 42 36 36 41 43 51 Private - traditional healers Percent 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 Other Percent 6 7 6 7 5 9 7 4 4 3 4 3 4 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 45 41 35 48 42 38 45 85 81 81 84 96 88 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 51 47 44 50 47 49 46 90 84 88 90 98 94 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 59 61 64 60 61 61 55 47 56 51 49 43 29 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 11 11 12 11 11 9 11 7 8 9 6 4 7 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 45 46 53 46 48 41 43 27 36 30 27 22 14 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 18 9 8 8 8 10 11 73 49 64 74 80 87 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 29 19 15 18 18 19 21 92 83 91 93 92 96 Pipe (own tap) Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 Pipe borne Percent 17 7 7 7 6 6 8 82 74 79 84 83 88 Well (Protected) Percent 11 12 8 11 12 13 13 8 9 11 8 7 6 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 77 78 82 78 77 78 77 66 80 74 70 65 51 Firewood Percent 75 78 82 78 77 78 77 58 75 67 61 57 40 Charcoal Percent 1 0 0 .. .. .. 0 8 5 7 9 8 11 Welfare Monitoring Survey, 2000. Household Welfare 381 16-6. Gambia, The Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 1,958 933 138 158 166 191 280 1,025 119 148 177 230 351 Total population 000s 1,699 942 190 189 188 187 188 757 151 152 151 151 153 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 Average household size Number 7.8 9.2 13.6 11.2 10.2 8.6 6.1 6.5 11.3 8.8 7.4 5.8 3.9 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 50 49 36 39 46 57 58 51 43 48 57 55 48 Polygamous male Percent 27 38 55 48 42 31 28 17 38 27 17 14 8 Single male Percent 7 4 4 4 2 2 6 10 6 3 6 8 18 De facto female Percent 9 5 5 5 6 6 4 12 9 12 13 12 11 De jure female Percent 7 3 1 3 4 4 4 10 4 9 7 10 14 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Gambian dalasis 393 203 51 85 119 166 415 560 121 196 284 423 1,111 Mean monthly share on food Percent 66 73 70 71 73 75 74 60 68 65 65 61 52 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 49 44 30 49 44 50 48 57 44 49 56 64 75 Male Percent 51 47 37 50 45 50 53 59 46 58 57 62 75 Female Percent 46 41 23 47 42 50 44 54 42 42 54 67 75 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 18 8 1 8 10 10 14 30 16 20 31 35 54 Male Percent 22 11 1 11 15 12 18 36 21 28 34 40 57 Female Percent 14 5 .. 4 3 7 9 24 12 12 27 30 50 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Youth literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 6 4 5 6 7 5 Action taken when sick Percent 75 72 72 69 79 75 65 81 78 85 86 81 78 Health provider ownership Public Percent 82 82 84 80 82 80 87 82 77 88 90 78 75 Private - modern medicine Percent 14 13 10 18 18 15 6 16 17 9 9 21 24 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 4 6 2 1 6 7 2 6 3 1 1 1 Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 24 28 34 21 27 29 31 17 27 21 15 10 12 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 7 8 8 6 9 7 8 7 3 7 5 10 13 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 21 26 33 22 23 26 27 13 14 14 17 11 9 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 96 93 96 93 92 94 91 99 99 99 97 99 99 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 79 66 74 74 73 56 63 90 78 85 89 92 96 Pipe (own tap) Percent 21 2 1 .. 1 2 3 39 15 16 26 39 64 Pipe borne Percent 38 25 19 23 32 24 25 50 60 65 63 52 31 Well (Protected) Percent 20 40 54 51 40 31 34 2 4 4 1 1 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Firewood Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Charcoal Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The Gambia 1998 Household Poverty Survey. 382 Household Welfare 16-7. Ghana Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 5,998 3,799 568 625 665 776 1,165 2,199 310 343 403 435 708 Total population 000s 18,239 11,493 2,295 2,191 2,267 2,241 2,500 6,746 1,150 1,265 1,331 1,440 1,559 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 Average household size Number 4.4 4.7 6.3 5.7 5.3 4.7 3.1 4.0 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.3 2.6 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 53 56 63 57 63 57 48 48 49 54 54 57 37 Polygamous male Percent 3 4 7 5 3 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 Single male Percent 12 10 5 6 4 8 17 15 6 7 7 11 28 De facto female Percent 12 10 8 10 13 9 10 14 20 12 15 14 12 De jure female Percent 21 20 16 21 16 22 23 22 21 25 23 17 24 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Ghanaian cedis 119,877 91,524 23,107 39,132 55,065 77,592 176,149 161,067 38,436 66,819 96,992 136,526 286,033 Mean monthly share on food Percent 59 62 63 64 63 62 61 55 59 56 55 53 53 Mean monthly share on health Percent 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 Mean monthly share on education Percent 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 5 6 5 5 7 4 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 61 54 39 48 53 68 68 74 67 70 73 81 79 Male Percent 61 53 38 50 50 70 64 77 68 76 73 87 79 Female Percent 61 56 40 46 58 67 71 71 65 65 74 75 80 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 7 3 6 6 8 12 16 7 12 19 21 19 Male Percent 11 8 3 6 10 10 12 16 5 10 22 21 23 Female Percent 10 6 3 6 3 7 12 15 9 13 17 21 16 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 53 43 24 35 44 50 55 67 45 59 64 75 82 Male Percent 67 59 36 50 63 66 72 79 60 75 76 84 91 Female Percent 40 29 13 23 28 36 39 57 34 47 54 67 73 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 66 57 42 48 56 66 68 78 67 74 79 80 86 Male Percent 73 65 47 56 69 77 77 85 74 80 86 87 91 Female Percent 59 47 34 39 42 55 58 72 59 67 70 75 81 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Morbidity Percent 26 28 24 26 27 28 34 23 23 22 21 22 27 Action taken when sick Percent 44 40 33 37 39 39 47 53 42 49 53 56 62 Health provider ownership Public Percent 47 47 47 39 59 47 45 46 50 49 38 52 45 Private - modern medicine Percent 44 42 43 52 33 42 44 45 35 37 51 42 52 Private - traditional healers Percent 5 6 8 6 4 7 5 5 9 6 7 3 2 Other Percent 4 4 2 3 4 4 6 4 6 7 4 3 2 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 79 70 37 63 74 81 81 91 78 87 91 94 95 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 61 48 44 43 47 48 54 79 62 74 77 81 86 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 .. .. 0 1 2 8 0 2 4 8 14 Pipe borne Percent 40 19 7 15 15 19 29 70 60 70 71 72 72 Well (Protected) Percent 17 28 38 28 32 29 22 1 2 3 2 2 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 92 97 95 98 99 99 96 85 99 98 89 83 74 Firewood Percent 57 81 93 91 89 83 65 23 64 37 24 17 6 Charcoal Percent 35 16 2 7 10 16 31 62 35 61 65 66 68 Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 1998/1999. Household Welfare 383 16-8. Kenya Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit National of total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 10,874 8,963 1,339 1,521 1,646 1,813 2,644 1,911 273 262 327 514 535 Total population 000s 25,468 21,490 4,298 4,299 4,293 4,303 4,298 3,978 797 793 798 795 795 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 Average household size Number 4.6 4.9 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.8 3.3 3.5 5.3 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 58 56 57 55 57 59 53 66 76 63 58 64 68 Polygamous male Percent 7 8 11 12 7 8 5 4 6 6 4 2 2 Single male Percent 7 6 2 3 4 4 11 10 2 2 12 12 16 De facto female Percent 12 14 16 14 14 15 11 4 6 3 5 4 2 De jure female Percent 17 17 14 15 17 15 19 17 10 27 20 17 12 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Kshs. 2,244 1,716 455 711 998 1,431 3,569 4,299 1,048 1,637 2,255 3,541 9,396 Mean monthly share on food Percent 70 74 77 76 77 75 69 57 65 64 58 57 48 Mean monthly share on health Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 69 63 57 63 62 64 66 91 88 89 93 90 95 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 73 73 65 73 72 77 82 78 69 81 83 82 80 Male Percent 72 71 64 71 69 77 82 77 66 87 81 78 74 Female Percent 75 74 66 74 74 78 81 78 72 74 85 85 86 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 12 10 4 6 9 13 18 29 10 14 22 38 62 Male Percent 12 9 3 5 8 13 19 36 18 13 34 42 73 Female Percent 11 10 4 7 10 13 17 22 3 14 14 33 49 Tertiary enrollment rate r 10,000 28 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 78 75 67 72 74 78 79 92 87 91 94 93 95 Male Percent 86 83 77 80 82 86 88 96 92 93 98 96 98 Female Percent 71 67 59 64 67 71 71 89 83 89 89 90 91 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 94 93 91 91 94 94 95 95 92 98 95 95 96 Male Percent 95 94 92 93 96 95 96 98 95 99 99 98 98 Female Percent 92 92 90 90 92 93 94 93 90 98 90 93 93 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 82 78 77 79 78 77 79 99 99 98 99 99 100 Morbidity Percent 16 15 12 15 14 17 18 17 14 13 22 17 21 Action taken when sick Percent 90 90 86 89 87 93 92 92 88 93 96 96 88 Health provider ownership Public Percent 32 31 34 30 38 28 27 36 54 35 31 39 28 Private - modern medicine Percent 51 49 48 46 41 53 55 59 41 56 65 54 69 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 Other Percent 7 8 7 12 11 7 6 1 0 1 2 2 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent 47 42 30 37 40 50 61 75 62 71 76 88 94 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 72 68 52 74 69 72 80 86 73 96 83 97 92 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 83 80 69 80 83 83 91 92 87 96 91 100 92 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 38 40 50 40 34 35 35 32 44 31 26 28 21 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 6 6 7 5 8 6 6 5 5 7 8 2 2 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 22 24 32 26 21 19 19 13 20 12 14 7 8 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 86 83 73 80 82 86 89 95 88 89 95 99 97 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 68 62 53 59 61 61 68 92 89 96 90 92 94 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 82 78 77 79 78 77 79 99 99 98 99 99 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 49 39 29 39 34 41 46 86 81 82 83 91 90 Pipe (own tap) Percent 17 10 3 6 8 9 17 44 32 33 38 45 59 Pipe borne Percent 19 14 10 15 10 14 17 40 42 46 44 45 30 Well (Protected) Percent 13 16 16 18 17 18 12 2 6 3 1 1 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 82 96 100 99 99 97 89 26 48 26 28 26 13 Firewood Percent 73 91 99 97 97 93 78 5 16 5 2 4 2 Charcoal Percent 8 5 1 2 2 4 11 21 32 21 26 22 12 Kenya Welfare Monitoring Survey III 1997. 384 Household Welfare 16-9. Madagascar Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 5,120 2,880 452 495 554 622 757 2,240 298 367 415 487 673 Total population 000s 14,631 11,377 2,277 2,275 2,277 2,272 2,275 3,254 652 649 651 650 651 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 5.1 5.2 6.7 6.1 5.4 4.9 3.8 4.9 6.8 5.5 5.1 4.5 3.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 76 77 77 81 81 80 69 72 74 73 73 73 67 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 7 7 5 4 4 6 12 6 3 5 3 7 12 De facto female Percent 8 8 10 7 8 7 8 8 10 11 7 8 5 De jure female Percent 10 9 8 8 7 8 11 14 13 11 17 12 16 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Malagasy francs 67,747 54,210 15,780 26,142 36,507 51,866 108,173 112,001 26,008 47,759 72,121 107,535 226,090 Mean monthly share on food Percent 72 75 75 77 76 77 73 63 68 65 63 62 60 Mean monthly share on health Percent 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 67 64 52 66 64 64 77 82 67 78 84 94 97 Male Percent 67 63 55 63 65 63 74 82 66 74 91 97 95 Female Percent 68 64 50 68 64 65 81 82 68 81 79 92 98 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 6 2 4 4 6 16 24 6 18 24 34 46 Male Percent 9 6 1 3 3 8 14 23 5 20 18 30 53 Female Percent 11 6 2 4 5 4 19 25 8 16 28 37 40 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 67 61 44 58 58 66 74 84 66 81 85 90 94 Male Percent 71 66 49 64 62 71 77 87 68 86 87 93 95 Female Percent 63 57 40 52 54 61 70 82 63 76 83 87 93 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 70 64 47 60 63 72 78 87 69 89 91 91 95 Male Percent 70 65 47 62 64 74 76 87 66 92 89 92 96 Female Percent 70 64 48 58 63 71 79 88 72 86 93 91 94 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 11 10 10 11 12 13 9 9 11 8 9 9 Action taken when sick Percent 46 42 29 39 41 48 52 61 56 58 61 64 68 Health provider ownership Public Percent 59 61 76 69 68 59 47 53 62 70 56 39 39 Private - modern medicine Percent 32 30 20 22 23 32 42 36 23 21 36 48 53 Private - traditional healers Percent 4 4 3 6 6 2 5 4 4 5 4 5 2 Other Percent 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 61 57 45 57 51 63 76 76 70 78 63 84 91 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 49 50 50 48 50 52 49 44 48 51 44 42 32 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 14 15 16 15 16 13 10 14 17 17 11 15 11 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 35 35 40 33 40 33 29 31 36 36 27 34 18 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 52 43 32 36 39 46 54 80 60 70 81 84 93 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 24 10 3 6 6 10 19 70 43 57 71 76 85 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 .. .. .. 1 2 15 1 3 7 16 32 Pipe borne Percent 19 8 3 5 6 8 15 52 40 51 60 54 51 Well (Protected) Percent 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 4 6 2 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 98 99 99 99 99 98 98 95 98 98 97 96 89 Firewood Percent 80 92 99 98 96 92 80 40 84 63 39 28 14 Charcoal Percent 18 7 0 1 3 6 18 55 14 35 59 69 75 Enquête Prioritaire 1999. Household Welfare 385 16-10. Malawi Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 6,586 5,657 902 1,024 1,106 1,198 1,427 929 200 184 174 194 177 Total population 000s 9,795 8,795 1,760 1,759 1,758 1,759 1,759 1,000 200 200 200 200 200 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Average household size Number 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.6 4.1 5.4 4.5 4.2 3.5 3.6 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 68 65 68 71 70 66 70 78 80 75 65 56 Polygamous male Percent 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 6 5 2 3 3 6 11 14 4 4 9 21 24 De facto female Percent 7 8 10 8 8 6 7 3 5 3 2 2 4 De jure female Percent 18 18 23 20 18 18 15 13 13 13 13 11 17 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Malawi kwacha 431 308 91 155 218 310 637 1,456 298 510 759 1,212 3,820 Mean monthly share on food Percent 71 74 78 77 77 75 67 42 56 52 46 40 26 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 4 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 62 61 60 58 59 61 68 70 70 63 76 75 68 Male Percent 61 60 58 59 55 59 70 70 62 66 80 76 71 Female Percent 63 62 63 57 62 63 66 70 80 60 72 73 65 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 5 3 1 3 2 3 6 20 11 13 21 20 34 Male Percent 5 3 1 4 2 3 7 21 12 11 25 20 36 Female Percent 5 3 .. 3 2 3 5 19 9 15 16 19 33 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 51 47 35 44 44 50 58 85 74 80 93 91 86 Male Percent 62 58 47 55 55 61 68 89 83 88 96 90 86 Female Percent 41 37 26 33 35 40 48 82 65 73 90 92 87 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 63 59 50 57 57 63 66 88 79 84 96 94 87 Male Percent 69 66 58 62 64 68 73 90 85 88 98 93 87 Female Percent 58 54 42 53 51 58 61 87 75 81 95 95 87 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 68 64 63 63 63 65 66 98 96 98 99 98 99 Morbidity Percent 28 29 24 27 30 31 34 15 16 18 15 15 13 Action taken when sick Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 87 86 89 85 83 90 84 97 91 100 100 100 100 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 89 89 91 89 87 91 85 99 96 100 100 100 100 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 56 56 58 56 57 58 51 57 54 47 67 68 55 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 11 11 11 12 11 9 11 10 14 17 7 4 .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 25 26 33 22 27 23 25 17 27 18 11 3 5 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 68 64 63 63 63 65 66 98 96 98 99 98 99 Access to improved water source Total Percent 50 45 47 46 43 43 46 89 79 83 92 96 93 Pipe (own tap) Percent 6 1 0 0 1 1 3 43 13 22 44 49 72 Pipe borne Percent 21 19 20 21 18 18 20 39 52 51 45 35 19 Well (Protected) Percent 23 25 27 24 25 25 24 8 14 11 3 11 2 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 94 98 99 99 97 97 96 67 94 88 78 59 29 Firewood Percent 92 97 99 99 97 97 96 49 76 68 56 40 18 Charcoal Percent 2 0 0 0 .. 1 1 18 18 20 22 18 12 Malawi Integrated Household Survey 1997/1998. 386 Household Welfare 16-11. Mozambique Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 8,250 5,811 987 948 1,059 1,215 1,602 2,439 337 383 463 519 737 Total population 000s 15,867 12,634 2,527 2,518 2,536 2,527 2,527 3,233 646 647 647 647 646 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 Average household size Number 4.8 4.7 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.2 5.5 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 65 65 66 68 67 66 60 66 63 71 67 65 65 Polygamous male Percent 8 9 15 10 10 8 7 3 2 5 5 4 2 Single male Percent 5 5 2 2 4 4 9 8 2 6 6 10 14 De facto female Percent 6 6 5 9 6 6 7 5 7 4 5 5 6 De jure female Percent 15 15 13 12 14 16 17 17 25 15 18 16 13 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Mozambican meticais 192,481 182,572 53,118 86,604 119,027 164,442 350,674 237,861 52,180 93,179 132,226 203,191 592,973 Mean monthly share on food Percent 68 70 68 71 72 71 69 59 63 65 61 60 51 Mean monthly share on health Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Mean monthly share on education Percent 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 36 32 25 30 33 36 39 54 34 48 60 68 71 Male Percent 38 35 27 32 36 39 42 54 34 53 63 70 66 Female Percent 33 29 22 27 31 33 35 53 34 43 57 67 76 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 5 3 3 6 7 7 26 11 15 23 34 44 Male Percent 10 6 4 3 7 8 9 26 14 19 22 37 40 Female Percent 9 4 2 3 4 5 5 25 8 11 24 31 47 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 41 33 28 33 35 33 35 72 52 62 73 79 86 Male Percent 58 51 44 51 53 52 53 84 70 80 84 88 94 Female Percent 25 17 14 16 19 16 20 60 36 45 63 70 78 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 51 42 35 42 47 39 45 82 71 75 83 86 90 Male Percent 64 56 42 56 61 57 63 88 79 87 89 91 93 Female Percent 40 29 28 28 34 25 32 76 61 65 78 82 88 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 12 9 10 11 13 15 11 11 10 10 12 11 Action taken when sick Percent 60 57 54 58 55 59 59 74 64 71 73 83 76 Health provider ownership Public Percent 78 74 68 76 73 82 72 88 90 83 94 85 89 Private - modern medicine Percent 6 5 3 6 6 4 6 9 10 13 4 13 7 Private - traditional healers Percent 14 18 23 16 18 13 21 2 0 4 2 2 4 Other Percent 2 2 6 2 2 1 1 0 .. 0 0 0 0 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 43 35 30 32 36 38 41 76 82 53 86 85 80 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 57 50 42 56 46 48 56 88 84 84 93 92 91 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 55 61 61 62 62 59 58 34 49 36 30 27 24 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 9 9 11 7 7 11 8 9 13 11 6 6 7 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 37 40 49 38 39 36 37 25 38 27 20 18 19 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 35 29 26 29 28 29 29 67 44 55 70 76 81 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 18 11 9 8 10 10 14 51 42 40 48 53 65 Pipe (own tap) Percent 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 2 5 9 25 Pipe borne Percent 16 11 9 8 10 10 14 41 41 38 43 44 40 Well (Protected) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 97 99 99 99 99 98 99 87 97 96 94 86 70 Firewood Percent 90 99 99 99 99 98 98 50 70 66 51 41 31 Charcoal Percent 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 37 27 30 44 45 38 Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares Sobre as Condições de Vida 1996. Household Welfare 387 16-12. Sao Tome and Principe Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 2,416 1,173 179 197 215 244 338 1,243 187 202 242 264 348 Total population 000s 128 57 11 11 11 11 11 71 14 14 14 14 14 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 Average household size Number 4.6 4.5 6.3 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.0 4.6 6.2 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.3 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 51 53 62 66 66 48 37 50 51 50 46 56 46 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 16 18 9 5 10 16 36 15 4 9 12 14 26 De facto female Percent 7 6 5 5 5 8 7 8 7 11 12 5 8 De jure female Percent 25 23 25 24 19 27 20 27 37 29 30 25 20 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Sao Tome and Principe 451,490 318,313 80,362 128,371 175,196 243,054 679,373 560,829 108,471 179,366 252,850 359,041 1,403,366 Mean monthly share on food Percent 72 75 78 77 78 76 71 69 76 74 69 68 62 Mean monthly share on health Percent 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 34 33 46 44 37 35 16 35 51 39 35 38 23 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 70 67 68 68 63 68 67 73 71 73 78 73 74 Male Percent 71 70 67 75 62 71 70 73 72 71 75 80 66 Female Percent 69 64 68 60 63 64 63 73 69 75 81 65 79 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 43 29 13 26 23 34 50 52 32 39 64 62 64 Male Percent 43 29 15 24 24 42 47 52 30 41 65 66 66 Female Percent 42 28 11 28 22 25 51 52 35 37 62 59 63 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 83 80 76 82 79 77 85 86 78 83 85 89 91 Male Percent 92 89 87 89 89 87 92 94 90 92 92 95 97 Female Percent 76 72 67 76 70 69 77 79 68 75 80 84 84 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 94 92 90 92 91 91 95 96 91 94 98 98 96 Male Percent 95 93 95 91 90 94 96 96 94 96 97 98 98 Female Percent 93 91 86 92 92 88 95 95 88 92 98 98 95 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 87 81 74 73 80 86 86 92 90 88 91 93 94 Morbidity Percent 18 15 12 14 14 17 20 19 12 19 19 22 24 Action taken when sick Percent 48 45 41 45 40 50 47 50 38 44 50 56 57 Health provider ownership Public Percent 70 81 94 88 78 83 68 64 80 78 68 62 53 Private - modern medicine Percent 25 14 4 9 16 10 27 31 15 18 29 32 43 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 2 .. 3 .. 3 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 Other Percent 1 2 2 .. 6 3 1 1 .. 3 .. .. 2 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 31 23 21 16 23 21 30 37 15 30 38 42 49 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 88 93 93 94 93 95 92 84 82 80 87 86 85 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 87 81 74 73 80 86 86 92 90 88 91 93 94 Access to improved water source Total Percent 77 67 74 70 64 70 63 84 82 79 81 89 88 Pipe (own tap) Percent 20 10 7 9 7 13 12 27 12 20 26 29 40 Pipe borne Percent 8 13 19 15 15 11 10 4 4 3 5 5 4 Well (Protected) Percent 49 44 48 46 42 46 41 53 65 56 49 56 43 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 84 95 100 98 99 94 88 75 96 83 81 72 57 Firewood Percent 73 91 98 96 97 90 82 59 88 74 63 50 36 Charcoal Percent 11 4 1 2 2 4 6 16 8 9 18 22 20 Enquête Nationale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, 2000. 388 Household Welfare 16-13. Uganda Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 10,696 8,344 1,233 1,456 1,621 1,833 2,201 2,352 562 470 444 498 378 Total population 000s 22,035 19,067 3,810 3,813 3,816 3,813 3,815 2,968 593 594 594 592 595 Age dependency ratio Number 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 Average household size Number 5.4 5.5 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.2 4.3 4.6 5.7 5.1 4.6 3.9 4.1 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 62 63 60 69 67 66 55 57 60 59 57 53 57 Polygamous male Percent 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 .. 0 Single male Percent 9 8 3 4 4 7 18 11 4 10 11 16 14 De facto female Percent 9 9 18 7 8 6 7 8 8 9 10 6 7 De jure female Percent 18 17 17 17 17 18 18 23 27 22 21 25 22 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Uganda shillings 28,291 21,491 6,692 11,069 15,155 20,997 43,759 64,718 15,999 28,028 40,751 62,152 153,618 Mean monthly share on food Percent 57 59 63 61 60 60 55 43 52 48 45 41 32 Mean monthly share on health Percent 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 63 61 50 61 62 67 70 74 64 73 77 79 80 Male Percent 63 61 53 61 62 65 69 76 63 75 82 81 83 Female Percent 62 61 46 61 63 69 71 72 65 71 72 77 77 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 13 10 3 6 8 11 23 29 17 20 30 40 36 Male Percent 12 10 3 7 8 9 21 31 16 10 29 48 49 Female Percent 14 11 3 5 8 13 24 28 18 29 30 34 29 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 67 63 44 58 65 69 76 88 73 83 91 92 96 Male Percent 79 76 63 74 79 79 83 93 84 88 96 94 99 Female Percent 56 51 29 42 52 60 69 83 64 78 86 89 93 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 79 76 56 72 79 82 87 92 86 85 93 96 95 Male Percent 85 83 67 82 85 85 89 96 92 89 98 98 99 Female Percent 74 70 44 60 73 78 86 89 83 82 89 93 93 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 28 28 26 27 28 29 30 26 26 27 24 27 25 Action taken when sick Percent 92 92 83 92 93 94 95 96 90 97 98 97 99 Health provider ownership Public Percent 14 15 13 13 15 16 16 14 19 13 17 11 11 Private - modern medicine Percent 17 17 14 17 17 16 20 16 17 10 17 27 10 Private - traditional healers Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Other Percent 68 67 71 69 67 68 63 69 63 76 66 62 79 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 86 84 58 82 88 91 93 99 94 99 100 100 100 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 58 52 49 51 50 53 55 93 84 90 94 97 98 Pipe (own tap) Percent 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 7 2 2 3 6 19 Pipe borne Percent 11 3 1 2 2 3 6 55 31 49 59 63 67 Well (Protected) Percent 45 48 48 48 47 49 48 31 51 39 32 29 12 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 98 99 100 99 99 99 98 90 96 96 94 88 78 Firewood Percent 83 95 99 98 97 96 88 20 50 24 19 12 3 Charcoal Percent 14 4 1 1 2 3 10 70 47 72 75 76 75 Uganda National Household Survey 1999/2000. Household Welfare 389 16-14. Zambia Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 16,422 8,317 1,414 1,461 1,561 1,655 2,226 8,105 1,298 1,384 1,518 1,752 2,153 Total population 000s 9,989 6,276 1,239 1,252 1,265 1,260 1,260 3,712 712 743 752 752 753 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 Average household size Number 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.3 5.5 6.9 6.3 6.0 5.2 4.2 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 70 70 66 69 75 73 67 70 68 74 76 72 62 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 7 6 3 5 4 7 11 10 6 6 7 9 17 De facto female Percent 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 De jure female Percent 19 19 26 21 17 17 18 18 23 18 16 16 19 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Zambian kwacha 46,798 32,948 5,268 11,113 17,218 27,740 85,708 71,512 13,061 25,361 37,361 56,295 174,264 Mean monthly share on food Percent 68 74 76 77 75 72 70 57 67 63 59 56 45 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 66 59 46 55 60 67 70 77 65 75 78 84 86 Male Percent 65 59 49 56 59 66 70 77 64 77 77 82 87 Female Percent 66 59 44 55 60 68 69 77 65 73 79 84 86 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 23 14 8 10 14 18 21 38 21 31 36 45 55 Male Percent 25 16 10 11 16 20 24 40 21 33 38 52 58 Female Percent 22 12 5 8 12 17 18 36 21 28 34 40 53 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Youth literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 12 9 12 12 14 15 10 10 9 8 10 11 Action taken when sick Percent 37 33 30 31 31 34 38 46 38 43 43 45 56 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 59 56 46 54 56 57 67 64 64 68 58 61 70 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 89 87 79 88 88 90 92 94 95 92 93 92 95 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 62 66 70 65 65 62 65 57 64 64 55 54 45 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 6 6 8 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 27 30 37 30 32 26 24 23 31 27 20 20 14 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 81 71 61 68 72 73 77 99 98 99 100 99 100 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 56 37 33 35 38 36 42 89 79 87 91 91 93 Pipe (own tap) Percent 16 1 0 0 1 1 4 41 27 35 39 42 55 Pipe borne Percent 17 4 3 3 3 4 5 40 41 42 43 43 32 Well (Protected) Percent 23 32 29 31 34 31 33 8 11 9 8 7 6 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 85 99 100 100 99 99 97 60 85 74 65 54 37 Firewood Percent 62 90 95 93 91 89 84 12 29 11 9 6 8 Charcoal Percent 23 9 5 7 9 9 13 48 57 63 56 47 29 Zambia Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II, 1998. 390 Household Welfare Technical notes Burkina Faso Cameroon Data source. Burkina Faso's Institut National de la Data source. Cameroon's Bureau Central des Statistique et de la Démographie carried out the Recensements et des Enquêtes of the Direction de la "Enquête Prioritaire II sur les Conditions de Vie des Statistique et de la Comptabilité carried out the Ménages au Burkina." Data were collected between "Enquête Camerounaise auprès des Ménages." May 1998 and August 1998. The project was funded Household. Defined by the survey to be those people by the Government of Burkina Faso, the World Bank, who live under the same roof, take their meals to- theAfrican Development Bank (ADB), and the United gether or in little groups, put some or all of their in- Nations through the UNDP. comes together for the group's spending purposes, Household was defined as the basic socio-eco- at the head of household's discretion. nomic unit in which the different members--related Literacy. Household members aged five and up who or living in the same house or property--put together could both read and write were considered literate. their resources and jointly meet their basic needs, in- The survey had no information on the following cluding food, under the authority of one person who topics: access to primary services. is recognized as the head. Literacy. Household members aged five and up who Côte d'Ivoire could both read and write a simple sentence in any Data source. The Institut National de la Statistique language were considered literate. carried out the "Enquête Niveau de Vie," a priority The survey had no information on the following survey, in 1998. topics: birth assistance and immunization. Household. This was defined as a person or a group of people who live under the same roof, share the Burundi same meals, and recognize one person as the head. Data source. The Institut de Statistiques et d'Études Literacy. Household members aged five and up who économiques of Burundi, in conjunction with the could both read and write a simple sentence in any UNDP, carried out the "Enquête Prioritaire--Étude language were considered literate. nationale sur les conditions de vie des populations." The survey had no information on the following Household was defined as those people who ha- topics: access to primary services, child survival and bitually live and eat their meals in the same compound. malnutrition, employment categories and job types, One member is recognized as the head. and health provider ownership. Literacy. Household members aged five and up who could both read and write were considered literate. Ethiopia The survey had no information on the following Data source. "The 1999/2000 Household Income, topics: birth assistance, health provider ownership, Consumption, and Expenditure Survey (HICES)" was and immunizations. Household Welfare 391 carried out by the Central Statistical Office. The data Kenya collection process was carried out between June 1999 Data source. The Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics to February 2000. carried out data collection for the 1997Welfare Moni- Household. This was defined as a person or a group toring Survey III, a priority survey, in March and of people who live under the same roof, share the same April 1997. meals, and recognize one person as the head. Sample. Due to logistical and financial constraints, Literacy. Persons were considered as literate if they the survey did not adequately cover the North East- could read and write a sentence in the national language. ern and parts of the Eastern provinces. The survey had no information on the following Household. This was defined as the set of people topics: access to primary school, and birth assisted who normally ate and lived together for six out of the by trained staff. twelve months prior to the survey. Literacy. Literacy was defined as the ability to read The Gambia and write. Data source. The Central Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Madagascar Development of Ghana carried out the "1998 National Data source. The Institut National de la Statistiques Household Poverty Survey," an integrated survey. Data carried out the "Enquête Prioritaire auprès des was collected between April 1998 and May 1998. ménages" in 1999. The project was funded by the Household. This was defined as the set of people government of Madagascar and theWorld Bank (IDA). who normally ate and lived together for six out of the Household. This was defined as the set of people twelve months prior to the survey. who have or do not have family links between them, Literacy. Such information is not reliably available who live and sleep in the same housing, and take their for this survey; less than one in 1,100 who could meals together regularly. The housing may be an in- have answered this question did so. dividual house, an apartment, or one or more rooms The survey had no information on the following in a larger building. The household is headed by one topics: access to primary services, birth assisted by individual whose authority is recognized by all in the trained staff, cooking fuel, and immunization. household. Literacy. Household members aged five and up who Ghana had completed at least four years of primary school or Data source. The Ghana Statistical Service carried could read and write were considered to be literate. out the "Ghana Living Standards Survey IV," an inte- The survey had no information on the following grated survey. Data collection was done betweenApril topics: access to primary services, birth assisted by 1988 and March 1989. trained staff, immunization against measles, and owner Household. In this survey, a household was de- occupancy rates. fined as a group of people who have usually slept in the same dwelling and have taken their meals together Malawi for at least nine of the twelve months preceding the Data source. The Malawi National Statistics Office interview. carried out the Integrated Household Survey from Literacy. Household members aged five and up who November 1997 to October 1998. could both read and write a simple sentence in En- Household. This survey defined household as ei- glish or any local language were considered literate. ther a person living alone or a group of people, either The survey had no information on the following related or unrelated, who lived together as a single topics: access to health center and primary school, unit in the sense that they have common housekeep- and child survival and malnutrition. ing arrangements (that is, shared or were supported by a common budget). Someone who did not live with the household during the survey period was not counted as a current member of the household. 392 Household Welfare Literacy was defined as the ability to read and write Literacy. Defined as the ability to read and write a a simple sentence for those who had not attended simple sentence. school in the past two months, and defined based The survey had no information on the following top- upon educational attainment for those who had at- ics:childsurvivalandmalnutrition,andself-employment. tended school in the past two months. The survey had no information on the following Uganda topics: access to primary school, access to a water Data source. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics carried source, access to sanitation facilities, birth assisted out the National Household Survey. Data collection by trained staff, and health provider ownership. occurred between August 1999 and July 2000. The project was funded by the Government of Uganda Mozambique and theWorld Bank. Statistics Denmark and theWorld Data source. The Instituto Nacional de Estatistiqua Bank provided consultants for technical support. carried out the Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Sample. The survey did not collect data in the Familiares sobre as Condições de Vida, an integrated Kitgum, Gulu, Kasese, and Bundibugio districts. survey. Household. Defined by the survey as those indi- Household was defined as the set of people who viduals who normally eat and live together. partly or totally shared their expenditures, had not Literacy. If individuals had answered questions about been absent for more than six months out of the pre- the ability to read and write, they were considered to be vious year, and were not domestic help. In the case literate if they could do both. Otherwise, the level of of polygamous households, each wife and her chil- education was used to make this determination. dren were considered to be a separate household. The survey had no information on the following top- Literacy. Literacy was defined as their ability to read ics: access to primary school, access to a health center, and write in Portuguese. access to market, and birth assisted by trained staff. The survey had no information on the following topics: access to a health center, access to market, Zambia access to primary school, birth assisted by trained Data source. The Zambian Central Statistical Office staff, immunization coverage, and expenditure on carried out the "Living Conditions Monitoring Sur- health or education. vey II." Data collection was done between Novem- ber 1998 and December 1998. São Tomé and Principe Household. A household was defined as a group of Data source. The Instituto Nacional de Estatistica of persons who normally cooked, ate, and lived together. the Ministério de Planomento, Finanças e Cooperaçao These people may or may not be related by blood, carried out the Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des but make common provision for food or other essen- Ménages in 2000. The project was financed by the tials for living, and they have one person whom they Government of São Tomé and Principe with assis- all regarded as the head of the household. tance from the African Development Bank and the Literacy. No information on literacy is available in United Nations Development Program. Technical as- the survey. sistance was provided by the International Labor Or- The survey had no information on the following ganization. topics: access to primary school, health provider Household. Defined by the survey as the set of ownership, and birth assisted by trained staff. people, related or not, who live together under the same roof, put their resources together, and address as a unit their primary needs, under the authority of one person whom they recognize as the head of the household. Household Welfare 393 UNESCO class cohorts for the net enrollment statistics in Chapter 16 Primary school Secondary school Country Entrance age Duration Entrance age Duration Burkina Faso 7 6 12 7 Burundi 7 6 13 7 Cameroon 6 6 12 7 Côte d'Ivoire 6 6 12 7 Ethiopia 7 4 11 8 Gambia, The 6 6 12 6 Ghana 6 6 12 6 Kenya 6 7 13 5 Madagascar 6 5 11 7 Malawi 6 4 10 8 Mozambique 6 5 11 7 São Tomé and Principe 7 6 13 6 Uganda 6 7 13 6 Zambia 7 7 14 5 Source: "Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional Report," UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2001. Sample size and expenditure details for surveys covered in Chapter 16 Number of Households Expenditure Details Country Survey Year Rural Urban Items Visits Deflated Aggregation** Burkina Faso 1998 5,885 2,593 65 1 no WB Burundi 1998 3,908 2,760 41 1 no NSO Cameroon 2001 6,017 4,975 655 2 yes NSO Côte d'Ivoire 1998 2,280 1,920 73 1 yes WB Ethiopia 1999/2000 8,459 8,213 852 16 no WB Gambia, The 1998 933 1,025 165 2 no NSO Ghana 1998 3,799 2,199 127 6 yes NSO Kenya 1997 8,963 1,911 168 1 yes WB Madagascar 1999 2,880 2,240 111 1 yes WB Malawi 1997 5,657 929 131 1 yes NSO Mozambique 1996 5,811 2,439 125 2 yes WB São Tomé and Principe 2000 1,173 1,243 161 1 no WB Uganda 1999 8,344 2,352 131 1 no WB Zambia 1998 8,317 8,105 155 1 no NSO Notes: (*) These are the sample sizes for the Standardized Files; the original sample size may be different. 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It contains more than 500 macroeconomic, sectoral, social, and environmental indicators, covering 53 African countries. The companion CD-ROM, World Bank Africa Database 2004, provides additional data on about 1,200 indicators from 1965 to 2002, Country At-A-Glance tables, and Executive Summary Briefings. ISBN 0-8213-5720-4