1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n C o o k s to v e s 2014/7 88058 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Understanding the Differences Between Cookstoves Clean cooking promises substantial benefits for Why is this issue important? however, are most strongly influenced by changes in combustion human health, environmental efficiency. In fact, relatively small improvements in combustion protection and climate change. Clean cooking offers important health, environmental, efficiency have relatively large effects on emissions. Yet so-called The first generation of fuel- and climate-change benefits fuel-efficient stoves (commonly referred to as “improved cook- efficient cookstoves, motivated stoves”) are designed to raise overall thermal efficiency by improving by deforestation concerns, The growing interest in clean cooking, with its potential benefits for heat transfer (Venkatraman and others 2010), with comparatively focused primarily on improving human health, environmental protection, and climate change, has little focus on combustion efficiency. Advanced-combustion stoves heat transfer so as to improve prompted development specialists to reconsider the quality and (or “advanced cookstoves”), on the other hand, increase airflow to energy efficiency. More recent performance of cookstoves. Governments, donors, and development boost combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. concerns about human health organizations want to ensure that the cookstoves they promote meet and black carbon have turned standards that will yield the greatest possible benefits over time, toward advanced-combustion when adopted and used properly. Households need to understand What is the problem? cookstoves, the goal of which is differences in cookstove performance if they are to select those that Traditional cookstoves are highly polluting and to reduce harmful emissions by represent the best value for money. boosting combustion efficiency. The performance of a cookstove is characterized by three hazardous to health processes: Across much of the world, the traditional method of cooking is over • Heat-transfer efficiency, or how much of the heat is absorbed by a three-stone fire. The three-stone fire is inefficient in transforming the pot solid fuels to energy and, although its performance varies greatly • Combustion efficiency, or how much of the energy and carbon in dependent on the cook, it generally yields only 5–20 percent overall Koffi Ekouevi is a thermal efficiency. Traditional cookstoves, locally made from mud the fuel is converted to heat and carbon dioxide senior economist in the or metal, are slightly more fuel-efficient than the three-stone fire, World Bank’s Energy • Overall thermal efficiency, or how much energy in the fuel is yielding as much as 15 percent fuel savings. For example, traditional Practice. absorbed by the pot (Venkatraman and others 2010). cookstoves in Bangladesh are usually made of mud in a cylindrical Kate Kennedy form (either underground or above ground), with three raised points These aspects of efficiency are influenced by different cookstove Freeman is in the design features. Heat-transfer efficiency depends primarily on the on which cooking utensils are placed. One of the spaces between Young Professional geometry of the cookstove and the flow of hot gases around the these raised points is used as the fuel port and the other two as Program at the World Bank. bottom and sides of the pot. Combustion efficiency, by contrast, exits for flue gases. Wood, logs, dry leaves, hay, straw, jute sticks, depends primarily on the temperature in the cookstove and the rice husks, twigs, dung, and bamboo serve as fuel. Users of such Ruchi Soni is an energy specialist consultant in characteristics of the combustion chamber that affect the circulation traditional cookstoves must collect or purchase large quantities of the World Bank’s Energy of air. fuel to cook their meals. Practice. Overall thermal efficiency can be raised by improving either The reliance on solid fuels for cooking and heating has drawn combustion efficiency or heat-transfer efficiency. Polluting emissions, attention lately because of the role of black carbon in global 2 U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n C o o k s to v e s warming. Black carbon originates from incomplete combustion of in Latin America, and throughout this region are referred to as fossil fuels, particularly diesel, but also of biomass and other fuels. plancha stoves. The plancha stove is designed to enclose the fire to There is a growing body of evidence that black carbon alone may be heat the griddle surface and to expel through a chimney the particu- the second-most-important factor affecting the rise in global tem- late matter and toxic vapors resulting from incomplete combustion. peratures after carbon dioxide (CO2) (Ramanathan and Carmichael Although fuel efficiency was the main concern of designers of “Fuel-efficient cookstoves 2008; Gustafsson 2009; Bond and others 2013). fuel-efficient cookstoves, in some parts of the world—notably Latin In terms of health, exposure to household air pollution from the America and South Asia—some cookstoves were also provided can reduce fuel use by inefficient combustion of solid fuels in low-quality stoves operated with chimneys or hoods. These help reduce indoor air pollution by 20–50 percent relative to in poorly ventilated kitchens is a significant public health hazard. The diverting wood smoke out of the kitchen, though they do nothing the three-stone fire.” resulting pollution is a mixture of particulate matter, carbon mon- to curb outdoor pollution or climate change (Smith 2010). The oxide, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and benzene that significantly reduction of indoor emissions varies significantly. Some fuel-efficient exceeds safe levels to humans (Smith and others 1999 and 2000; cookstoves deliver little or no reduction, whereas others can reduce Venkataraman and others 2010). Current estimates from the World particulates and carbon monoxide by up to 90 percent in laboratory Health Organization (WHO 2014) have tied indoor air pollution to testing. Stoves with a well-fitted chimney kept in good condition and 4.3 million deaths in 2012 in households cooking over coal, wood, regularly cleaned can dramatically reduce indoor air pollution. and biomass stoves. What are the potential benefits of advanced- What are the benefits of fuel-efficient cookstoves? combustion cookstoves? Fuel-efficient cookstoves were designed to reduce Advanced-combustion cookstoves eliminate nearly deforestation all pollutants harmful to health A critical goal of promoters of the first generation of fuel-efficient In contrast to fuel-efficient cookstoves, advanced-combustion stoves cookstoves was to help slow the pace of deforestation by reduc- focus primarily on cleanliness. In other words, the task of designers ing the volume of fuelwood needed for cooking. Fuel-efficient of advanced-combustion cookstoves is to maximize combustion cookstoves were designed primarily to improve the efficiency of efficiency, defined as how much of the energy and carbon in the fuel heat transfer to the cooking pot, thereby saving fuel and reducing is converted to heat and carbon dioxide. pressure on forest resources. Fuel-efficient cookstoves can reduce Advanced-combustion cookstoves perform at varying levels of fuel use by 20–50 percent relative to the three-stone fire. combustion efficiency depending on the efficiency of the fuel used. There are various types of fuel-efficient cookstoves. Many are Emerging types are forced-air cookstoves and gasifier cookstoves. designed with the cook in mind and aim not to change cooking prac- Forced-air biomass cookstoves use a fan powered by a battery, tices but to accommodate a cook’s habits, fuel choice, and traditional electricity, or a thermoelectric couple that blows jets of air into the cuisine. So-called rocket stoves use rocket design principles. Rocket combustion chamber. With a fan, the jets of air induce superior stoves are defined by improvements to an insulated, L-shaped mixing of flame, gas, and smoke and can be extremely clean. Gasifier combustion chamber that allows for partial combustion of gases and cookstoves force the gases and smoke that result from incomplete smoke inside the cookstove. Rocket stoves follow 10 design princi- combustion back into the cookstove’s flame, where the heat of the ples to improve heat transfer using insulation and narrow channels flame continues to combust the particles until combustion is nearly that direct the flow of hot gases closer to the pot or griddle. 1 Stoves complete, resulting in few emissions. Each type of advanced-com- that incorporate a griddle for cooking flat breads are most prevalent bustion cookstove has its own fuel requirements. Some use 1 More information is available at: http://www.pciaonline.org/design-principles. 3 U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n C o o k s to v e s unprocessed fuelwood; others require processed fuels in the form of fashion ranges from $15 to $50; and an advanced stove (a Philips, pellets or small cuttings. for example), between $80 and $120. The plancha stove in Latin In laboratory tests, advanced-combustion cookstoves show fuel America, in part due to its size and the metal plancha required for savings of 45 percent or more. They also reduce carbon monoxide tortillas, generally costs more ($150 or more). Costs and cost drivers and particulate matter by 95 percent or more and nearly eliminate vary widely by stove design and local conditions, however, and addi- “The best advanced- black carbon. The best advanced-combustion cookstoves reduce tional costs are associated with providing the necessary electricity indoor air pollution to levels close to those of cookstoves using supply needed for fans or other accessories. The price paid by the combustion cookstoves liquefied propane gas or other clean fuels. This is done by raising consumer may be influenced by still other factors, such as import reduce indoor air pollution the combustion efficiency of the stove to the point where only a tariffs or the availability of effective subsidies from carbon financing. to levels close to those of negligible amount of fuel is left unburned (Mukhopadhyay 2012). cookstoves using liquefied Realizing all these benefits depends, of course, on proper, sustained use of the cookstoves. Can cookstove performance be measured? propane gas or other clean The cost of fuel-efficient and advanced-combustion cookstoves New standards allow for a precise taxonomy of fuels.” can vary drastically, but the cost depends largely on the type of fuel cookstoves used in the stove (charcoal, wood, other), the material from which the stove is made (metal, ceramic, cement, clay), and how the The 2011 Lima Consensus called for the establishment of testing stove was made (artisanal, semi-industrial, industrial). In Kenya, for standards for biomass cookstoves. In response, more than 90 example, the cost of a basic (artisanal) improved stove can range stakeholders from 23 countries met in The Hague in February 2012 from $5 to $12; a stove produced in a semi-industrial or industrial to reach consensus on an ISO International Workshop Agreement (IWA) to provide interim guidance for rating cookstoves on four Table 1. GACC tier-based performance standards for cookstoves performance indicators: (i) effi- ciency, (ii) indoor emissions of fine Tier particulate matter (PM 2.5) and Indicator Measure 0 1 2 3 4 carbon monoxide (CO), (iii) overall Efficiency HPTE (percent) a <15 >15 >25 >35 >45 emissions, and (iv) safety (table 1). LPSC (MJ/min/L) b >0.05 <0.05 <0.039 <0.028 <0.017 The tiered system specified in Indoor pollution CO (g/min) >0.97 <0.97 <0.62 <0.49 <0.42 the IWA builds in enough flexibility to reveal the strengths and weak- PM (mg/min) >40 <40 <17 <8 <2 nesses of each stove and to allow Overall pollution HPCO (g/MLd) >16 <16 <11 <9 <8 for the coordinated use of multiple LPCO (g/min/L) >0.2 <0.2 <0.13 <0.1 <0.09 tiers. The tiers range from 0—the HPPM (mg/MJd) >979 <979 <386 <168 <41 equivalent of a three-stone fire—to LPPM (mg/min/L) >8 <8 <4 <2 <1 4, which expresses aspirational Safety Iowa protocol <45 >45 >75 >88 >95 targets for future improvements, based on WHO guidelines. Source: Global Tracking Framework 2013. Note: HPTE = high power thermal efficiency; LPSC = low power specific consumption; CO = carbon monoxide; PM = particulate matter; Some additional advantages of HPCO = carbon monoxide (in grams per megajoule delivered to the pot) at high power, that is, operation of the stove at the maximum the tiered system are the ability to (or nearly maximum) rate of energy use; LPCO = carbon monoxide in grams per minute per liter at low power, that is, operation of the stove at the minimum (or nearly minimum) rate of energy use); HPPM = particulate matter in milligrams per megajoule delivered to the pot at high accommodate multiple protocols power; LPPM = particulate matter in milligrams per minute per liter at low power. regarding performance, emissions, 4 U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n C o o k s to v e s and safety and to allow for standardized reporting across those pro- 2009. “Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel tocols. The IWA specifies tiers of performance for a water boiling test Combustion?” Science 323(5913): 495–98. and for a biomass stove safety protocol. It also provides a framework Booker, K., T. W. Han, J. Granderson, J. JOnes, K. Lask, N. Yang, and A. for establishing tiers of performance for additional test protocols. Gadgil. 2011. “Performance of Charcoal Cookstoves for Haiti, Part As of mid-2013 the stove performance tiers were still in draft 1: Results from the Water Boiling Test.” Environmental Energy “The 2011 Lima Consensus form. Efforts to establish a formal ISO classification are continuing Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, (PCIA and GACC 2011). Berkeley, CA. June. called for the establishment To measure fuel efficiency, the tiers in the draft agreement GACC (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves) and ESMAP (Energy of testing standards for consider the thermal efficiency of the stove on high power and the Sector Management Assistance Program). 2013. “ESMAP biomass stoves.” specific fuel consumption (in MJ/min/L) of the stove on low power. To Upcoming Report: State of the Global Clean and Improved be rated as fuel efficient under the Clean Development Mechanism, Cooking Energy Sector 2013.” ESMAP, World Bank, Washington, a stove must reduce fuel consumption by 20 percent. This equates DC. roughly to tier 2 in the present system. In order for a stove to quality Lim, S. S., and many others. 2012. “A Comparative Risk Assessment for carbon credits under the CDM, it must be rated tier 2 or better. of Burden of Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors The IWA tiers evaluate indoor emissions relative to small particu- and Risk Factor Clusters in 21 Regions, 1990–2010: A Systematic lates (PM2.5)2 and carbon monoxide emission rates. WHO guidelines Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.” Lancet specify that over a 24-hour period, the average level of PM2.5 should 380(9859): 2224–60. not exceed 35µg/m3 and that of carbon monoxide should not exceed MacCarty, N., D. Still, and D. Ogle. 2010. “Fuel Use and Emissions 7mg/m3. A stove that met those standards would fall into tier 4 of the Performance of Fifty Cooking Stoves in the Laboratory and draft system. Related Benchmarks of Performance.” Energy for Sustainable Although significant progress has been achieved in designing Development 14(3): 161–71. cookstoves that are efficient and clean, much remains to be done Mukhopadhyay, R., S. Sambandam, A. Pillarisetti, D. Jack, K. to develop high-performing technologies that are also affordable, Mukhopadhyay, K. Balakrishnan, M. Vaswani, M. N. Bates, P. L. durable, and easy to use, while also meeting international guidelines Kinney, N. Arora, and K. R. Smith. 2012. “Cooking Practices, Air for indoor air quality. Tables 2 and 3 provide an overview of the Quality, and the Acceptability of Advanced Cookstoves in fuel efficiency, health effects, and emission-reduction levels of the Haryana, India: An Exploratory Study to Inform Large-Scale cookstoves mentioned in this note. Interventions.” Global Health Action 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ gha.v5i0.19016. PCIA (Partnership for Clean Indoor Air) and GACC (Global Alliance for References Clean Cookstoves). 2011. “Proposed Voluntary Standards for Clean Cookstoves.” PowerPoint presentation. http://www.vrac Bond, T., and 30 others. 2013. “Bounding the Role of Black Carbon .iastate.edu/ethos/files/ethos2012/SatAM/Panel/Mitchell_ in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment.” Journal of IWA:ISO.pdf. Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118(11): 5380–5552. June. Ramanathan, V., and G. Carmichael. 2008. “Global and Regional Gustafsson, O, M. Krusa, Z. Zencak, R. J. Sheesley, L. Granat, E. Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon.” Nature Geoscience 1: Engstrom, P . S. Praveen, P. S. P. Rao, C. Leck, and H. Rodhe. 221–27. March. Smith, K., J. M. Samet, I. Romieu, and N. Bruce. 2000. “Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries and Acute Lower Respiratory 2 Particulate matter, or PM, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) are Infections in Children.” Thorax 55: 518–32. referred to as “fine” particles. Because of their small size, they can lodge deeply into the lungs. 5 U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n C o o k s to v e s Smith, K., M. Jerrett, H. Anderson, R. Burnett, V. Stone, R. Derwent, R. WHO (World Health Organization). 2011. Health in the Green Atkinson, A. Cohen, S. Shonkoff, D. Kewski, C. A. Pope, M. Thun, Economy: Health Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation— and G. Thurston. 2009. “Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Housing Sector. Geneva. Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Health Implications of Short- WHO. 2014. “Burden of Disease from Household Air Pollution Lived Greenhouse Pollutants.” Lancet 374: 2091–2103. for 2012.” WHO Public Health, Social and Environmental “Much remains to be done Smith, K. R., J. P. McCracken, L. Thompson, R. Edwards, K. N. Shields, Determinants of Health Department. Geneva. http://www.who. E. Canuz, and N. Bruce. 2010. “Personal Child and Mother Carbon int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/HAP_BoD_results_ to develop high-performing Monoxide Exposures and Kitchen Levels: Methods and Results March2014.pdf?ua=1. technologies that are also from a Randomized Trial of Wood-Fired Chimney Cookstoves World Bank. 2013. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for affordable, durable, and in Guatemala (RESPIRE).” Journal of Exposure Science and All Initiative. Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/ easy-to-use, while also Environmental Epidemiology 20: 406–16. curated/en/2013/05/17765643/global-tracking-framework-vol-3-3- Venkataraman, C., A. D. Sagar, G. Habib, N. Lam, K. Smith. 2010. “The main-report. meeting international Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves: guidelines for indoor air The peer reviewers for this note were Richard Hosier and Yabei Zhang. The Benefits of Clean Combustion.” Energy for Sustainable quality.” Richard Hosier is a senior energy specialist and Yabei Zhang a senior energy Development (14)2. economist in the World Bank Energy Practice. 6  NDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES B ETWEEN COOKSTOVES U Table 2. Characteristics and impacts of fuel-efficient cookstoves MAKE FURTHER CONNECTIONS Efficiency (as determined Cookstoves Characteristics Fuel type by lab testing) Health impact Climate impact Live Wire 2014/8. “Widening Plancha (griddle) Specialized stoves Charcoal or biomass Design differences result Significant positive Combustion-chamber Access to Nonsolid Fuel for stoves designed for areas (agricultural waste in a large variation in impacts. Burn injuries designs that burn fuel Cooking,” by Sudeshna Ghosh where common cooking including corn efficiency, with claims greatly reduced. Health efficiently may reduce practices require a hot stalks and dung; ranging from 50 to issues associated with outdoor emissions by Banerjee, Elisa Portale, Heather flat surface. Designed to natural debris like 70 percent reduction in smoke (respiratory 30 percent or more Adair-Rohani, and Sophie enclose the fire and to twigs, branches, fuel use. illness, cataracts, low compared with open Bonjour. exhaust the particulate and pinecones; and birth weight) potentially fires, as long as the Variations include matter and toxic vapors firewood). reduced. When chimneys fuel is dry and dense. internal geometry of the from combustion are used, indoor Well-designed stoves stove that moves the through chimneys. emissions are almost have been shown to hot gases through the completely eliminated mitigate 1.5 to 3.6 tonnes Designs vary from built systems; the inclusion (compared with an open of carbon dioxide in to modular stoves that or lack of pot rings to fire). With reduction in equivalent, thus reducing are prefabricated and provide direct heat fuel use, other health emissions of greenhouse easy to install. transfer to pots; density problems are lessened gases. and thermal characteris- (hernias, back and neck tics of materials used for pain). combustion chambers, griddle, and insulation; and diameter and length of the chimney. The physical characteristics of the fuel will also create differences in consumption, as well as the option to remove (and reuse) fuel that has not been consumed. Rocket Defined by Raw or processed Performance varies Can achieve emissions Some of the insulated, improvements to an biomass from increasing fuel reductions of roughly mass-produced insulated, L-shaped use for poorly designed, 70 percent or more in versions reduce net combustion chamber high-mass models to fuel carbon monoxide, and warming impact by that allows for partial savings of 20–50 percent. more than 50 percent nearly 60 percent; may combustion of gases and in particulates (in a have little to no impact smoke inside the stve. laboratory setting). Wide on emissions of black variety in performance, carbon. even in laboratory settings, depending on the stove, fuel quality, and user. Source: Adapted from Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves; available at: http://www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the-solutions/cookstove-technology.html. Note: Climate change impact also depends on how the biomass fuels are collected, whether they are renewable or nonrenewable, and how a stove economizes on nonrenewable fuels. 7 U NDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES B ETWEEN COOKSTOVES  Table 3. Characteristics and impacts of advanced-combustion cookstoves Efficiency (as determined Cookstoves Characteristics Fuel type by lab testing) Health impact Climate impact Forced-air cookstove A fan powered by a Raw or processed Reductions in fuel use Indicative potential to Reduction of net battery, external source biomass ranging from 37 to reduce emissions by warming impact by of electricity, or a 63 percent (relative to a as much as 98 percent. nearly 60 percent (with thermoelectric device three-stone fire). Advanced stoves regard to CO2). If the that captures heat from optimized for and fueled biomass is harvested the stove and converts by a processed (uniform) sustainably, fan stoves it to electricity blows fuel will very likely have reduce overall warming high velocity, low volume much better results in impact by about jets of air into the field conditions. 95 percent. combustion chamber, resulting in more complete combustion of the fuel. Gasifier cookstove Gases and smoke from Raw or processed Gasifier stoves save on Indicative potential to Reduction in net incomplete combustion biomass fuel, though generally reduce emissions by warming impact by of fuels such as biomass less than fan stoves. as much as 98 percent. nearly 40 percent (with are forced back into Advanced stoves regard to CO2). If the the cookstove’s flame, optimized for and fueled biomass is harvested where heat continues to by a processed (uniform) sustainably, gasifier combust the particles in fuel will very likely have stoves reduce overall the smoke until almost much better results in warming impact by complete combustion field conditions. about 66 percent. has occurred, resulting in very low emissions. Typical gasifier stoves are called top-lit updraft stoves because some fuel is lit on top of the stove, forcing combustible products to pass through the flame front before being emitted into the air. In a gasifier stove with a fan, jets of air create superior mixing of flame, gas, and smoke and can be extremely clean. Source: GACC 2013. 8 D o y o u h av e s o m e t h i n g t o s ay ? S ay i t i n L i v e W i r e ! Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? 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A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE Energy to the Grid: Transmitting Renewable gy sector 2014/6 1 s u lt s o f W o r l d B a n k l e n d i n g i n t h e e n e r M e a s u r i n g t h e r eLINE THE BOTTOM The Case of Texas states Texas leads the United with 9,528 mw of installed face? wind power capacity—a What challenge did they level exceeded by only four G Ethis E S Einteres case ting? was contingent on A KNOW WhyL E D is NOT RIES FOR THE ENERGY PRACTICE Transmission investment countries. The state needed Texas needed to prioritiz e and accelerate yet needed to precede it more infrastructure to transmit generation commitments wind sites for trans- electricity generated from development of remote faced the challenge of meeting tremendous needs Measuring the Results of World Bank Your Name Here THE BOTTOM LINE producer Texas of generation from renewable sources, but the century, Texas was a major mission infrastructure triggered by the scale-up During much of the twentieth e take longer to regulator could not approve States. The state is now taking advantag sion infrastructure can renewable sources. Transmis Lending in the Energy Sector petroleum in the United this note is the first report of leads n projects resource: wind. It currently of energy-sector indicators transmission expansio of a major renewable energy ly power capacity Become an author in the absence of financial 9,528 MW of installed wind reflecting the World Bank’s the United States with rank fifth in wind zones committed generators. To solve were a country, would the effort ive renewable energy to measure broad lending patterns during (ERCOT 2011) and, if it What challenges were faced Figure 1. in Texas’s five competit the problem, Texas is this a Whydevised issue important? fy 2000–13. to compile it, generation worldwide. 1999, it vowed to inresults? energy projects back to fy 2000 planning The need for accountability process that quickly has made When Texas reformed it critical its energyfor the program of Live Wire and energy mix. It now uses a to be retrieved and aligned for connects energy systems results of renewab les in its Data back to FY 2000 had were manually screened Energy Practice to measure increase the role utilities to increase results data comparable with to the transmission system. renewable portfolio standard to require energy with the new CSIs the tracks the outcomes on Bank of its projects in order to le sources. To minimize the standardized indicators The system is ThebasedWorld n from eligible renewab their energy generatio poverty le energy endingrenewab program created project in the energy sector had devised its own “competitive the goals of state’s each contribute to your how well they are advancing Previously, now used in the Bank’s designation of understand costs to the taxpayer, the zones. shared prosperity. For some years now those on the private sector which made it difficult to report the Bank’s corporate scorecard. in the renewable energyand promoting competitive renewab le energy zones that rely indicators of results, Corporate Scorecard s for generatio n and trans- in terms that were both broad and precise. With the outcomes have been reported in a Bank-wide and operation achievements future, automation will make to provide infrastructure that measure and n,of n Corporate Scorecard, however, the clear advantages of regulatio based on a set of so-called core sector indicators (CSIs) provides planning, facilitatio advent the it easier to collect, aggregate, mission, while the state practice and career! impact at the project level and permit aggregation of standardized being able to demonstrate results led the Energy Practice to examine and analyze data on project (figure 1). pro- data across the Bank. Each CSI is anrenewab indicator of output or outcome d that energy projects back to FY 2000 and, to the extent electricity Bank’s outcomes. The le portfolio standard mandate the to a particular sector or theme, such as l renewab le energy possible, to by 2009. retroactively harmonize or align the indicators used in that is strategically relevant MW of additiona Madrigal viders generate 2,000 years and was followed with those devised for the Corporate Scorecard. The Marcelino the energy sector. was met in just over six those projects (mmadrigal@worldba nk This 10-year target Energy Practice, targets and mandated exercise are reported in this note. Three CSIs are particularly central to the Bank’s Bill 20, which raised the results of this “archaeological” .org) is a senior energy up in 2005 by Senate must reach 5,880 here for the fiscal years 2000–13 are the because they reflect its engagement state’s in every step of the energy generationThe results reported specialist in the World that the total renewable energy the value chain—from generation to transmission and distribution (T&D) by 2015 and 2025 respectiv ely. first Furtherm such reportore, of energy-sector indicators reflective of the broad Sudeshna Ghosh With Bank’s Energy Practice. MW and 10,000 MW are: renewable energy target the World Bank during this period. customer connections. The to “last mile”Jordan three indicators that 500 MW of the 2025 lending patterns of Banerjee is a senior Lenai legislatio n required energy specialist in the Rhonda of people provided with access to electricity le sources other than wind. through To compile the report, all World Bank projects approved in the • The number (rjordan@w orldbank.o rg) be derived from renewab World Bank’s Energy specialist in connections energy space between FY 2000 and FY 2013 (approximately 70–80 household is an energy Source: ERCOT 2008. Practice (sgbanerjee@ same practice. projects per year on average) were screened to extract those the• T&D lines constructed or rehabilitated, measured in kilometers worldbank.org) that had adopted indicators similar enough to those used in the (km) Ruchi Soni (rsoni@ Corporate Scorecard that they could be mined for comparable data. worldbank.org) is an • Generation capacity constructed, measured in megawatts (MW). Information was extracted from two types of project documents: energy analyst in the More recently, additional indicators have been developed cov- the Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) for same practice. ering measurement of energy efficiency in heat and power (lifetime closed projects and the most recent Implementation Status and Elisa Portale (eportale@ savings, captured in MWh). Results Report (ISR) for active projects. In some cases, information worldbank.org) is an was referred back to project staff for confirmation or, where energy consultant, also discrepancies had been spotted, for correction. In a few cases in the Energy Practice. where indicators were not explicitly mentioned in the ICR or ISR,