EVIDENCE REVIEW MARCH 2023 TYPOLOGY OF ECONOMIC WOMEN’S GROUPS PROGRAMS IN SOUTH ASIA Thomas de Hoop | Chinmaya Holla | Aikantika Das | Sapna Desai INTRODUCTION KEY TAKEAWAYS Across South Asia, women have organized in many ways to jointly improve their economic, political, and social sta- • Women’s groups models vary widely across contexts but tus. These women’s groups commonly refer to different context-specific documentation is limited. This wide varia- models of economic, health, and community groups with tion coupled with inconsistent terms used to describe these groups creates challenges in using the evidence collected on a primarily female membership (Anderson et al., 2020). group-based interventions to inform policy. Examples include self-help groups, mothers’ groups, trade • The typology presented in this brief focuses on economic unions and livelihoods cooperatives across India, Bangla- women’s group models implemented in South Asia. Using desh, and Pakistan. program documents and evidence from evaluations, it iden- tifies implementation models, key characteristics, and the Evidence on the effect of group-based interventions sug- implications of investing in women’s groups to improve eco- gests that some models have improved financial inclusion nomic outcomes in South Asia. and other economic outcomes, women’s decision-mak- • An analysis of 51 unique women’s groups programs, with an ing power and certain indicators of women’s social and emphasis on women’s economic empowerment, in South economic empowerment. However, applying the lessons Asia showed that wide variation exists regarding the mem- bership composition, activities, and operations of women’s learned from this evidence requires caution. This is be- groups, with most groups focusing on finance or livelihoods cause of the wide variation in membership composition, as their primary objective. Savings and credit groups were approach, activities, and operations of women’s groups. often exclusively comprised of women, while livelihoods pro- grams commonly included both women and men, especially Further, researchers, policy makers, and funders commonly livelihoods groups outside of India. use inconsistent terms to describe women’s groups which, • Programs varied considerably in how they used the group in turn, limits the transferability of evidence across differ- structure, with some groups merely using the groups as ent implementation models. Because groups differ widely logistical convenience (i.e., for trainings), and others using across contexts, the use of inconsistent terms creates chal- groups to deliver microfinance in a group setting but without lenges to informing policy, especially because implementa- investments in building group strength or identity. tion characteristics drive differences in the effectiveness of • Moving forward, stakeholders should consider variation in group women’s group programming (Desai et al., 2020a; Gram et implementation models as key to collecting and interpreting ev- idence, as well as to guiding investments, across contexts. al., 2020; de Hoop et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2018). PRESENTING A NEW TYPOLOGY The South Asia Gender Innovation Lab (SAR GIL) part- specific characteristics. The typology builds on previous nered with the Evidence Consortium on Women’s Groups work by the ECWG, in which groups were categorized by (ECWG) to develop a typology that can guide researchers the most common outcome domains found across regions, and practitioners in describing women’s groups by using primarily based on evaluation literature, but did not draw from program documents or capture the nuances specific Figure 1: Geographic Distribution of Selected Programs to a region or outcome area (Desai et al., 2020b). The spe- cific typology presented in this brief focuses on economic women’s groups models implemented in South Asia. Using Afghanistan program documentation and evaluation research, it iden- 7 tifies implementation models, key characteristics, and the Nepal 6 Bhutan implications of investing in women’s groups to improve Pakistan 3 5 economic outcomes in South Asia. METHODOLOGY India 17 Documentation of women’s groups implementation models Bangladesh 9 A coding structure was developed based on a typology and reporting checklist on women’s groups (Desai et al., 2020b). Specifically, the information coded related to pro- gram characteristics, organizing purpose, key activities, governance, group membership, eligibility criteria, meet- ing norms, the distribution of cash or asset transfers, fa- cilitators, costs, scale, and the availability of evaluations. Sri Lanka 3 Drawing from previous reviews (Brody et al., 2017; Kumar et al 2018; Desai et al., 2020a) and the previous typology Maldives 1 (Desai et al., 2020b), a theory of change was developed. Data sources: Three sources helped to identify program documents that describe program implementation: (i) IBRD 46744 | SEPTEMBER 2022 World Bank program documents1; (ii) a systematic search Source: Authors’ calculations Note: This figure considers the NRLM as one program, which results in the smaller number of evaluation literature using population, indicator, com- of unique programs. Some programs linked to multiple documents with different documents parison, and outcome (PICO) criteria2; and (iii) outreach to describing different program phases. For this reason, there is no 1:1 correspondence between documents and programs. program implementers and donors engaged with women’s groups in South Asia, as well as consultations with other researchers and content experts. to about 51 unique programs were included (Figure 2). In this definition, self-help group (SHG) programs support- Selection criteria: In total, 91 documents were reviewed: ed by the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) were 45 documents about economic women’s group program- considered as one program while recognizing important ming in India and 46 documents about economic women’s implementation differences across states in India.4 group programming in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Figure 1). Two Typology and synthesis filters were applied to screen documents for eligibility: 1) the programs described should have a women’s group The descriptive characteristics of women’s groups across component with women’s economic empowerment as a different categories were examined and qualitatively defined objective, and 2) the documents should describe synthesized to develop a typology of women’s economic a distinct program, unless the document describes an evo- groups in South Asia. The initial focus was on established lution of an already included program.3 Documents related factors previously identified across all outcome areas, 1 The team analyzed operational manuals, project appraisal documents, community manuals, implementation completion and results reports, and implementation completion reports. 2 PICO stands for the populations, indicators, comparisons, and outcomes that guide the formulation of questions and search strategies for systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses. PICO criteria help determine which studies or program documents are eligible and which studies or program documents to exclude based on eligibility criteria that link to relevant populations, indicators, comparisons, and outcomes. 3 Programs that targeted adolescent girls were not included. 4 Launched in 2011, the NRLM operates in 28 states through State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs), which create and work with women’s SHGs to facilitate institutional and capacity building, financial inclusion, livelihoods promotion, social inclusion, and development (Ministry of Rural Development, 2011). 2  |  EVIDENCE REVIEW Figure 2: Flow chart – screening and inclusion of program documents 12 no women’s groups 91 documents 16 duplicate programs 3 no economic outcomes Women’s Groups Implementation Models 60 documents 8 NRLM documents from the 11 states below are categorized together as 1. 59 programs • Madhya Pradesh • Kerala • Rajasthan • Mizoram • Bihar • Tripura • Odisha • Nagaland • Jharkhand • Sikkim 51 unique programs • Tamil Nadu This figure considers the NRLM as one program, which results in the smaller number of unique programs. Some programs linked to multiple documents with different documents describing different program phases. For this reason, there is no 1:1 correspondence between documents and programs. such as the membership criteria and primary objective of DESCRIPTIVE FINDINGS groups (Desai et al., 2020b). Next, axes of variation spe- This section presents descriptive characteristics of wom- cific to women’s economic groups in South Asia, such as en’s groups programs that aim to improve women’s eco- the extent to which group structures drove the program or nomic empowerment in South Asia. the level of federation, were identified. Federations were particularly relevant in India where the NRLM created a Geography: The largest number of programs were in India federation of community institutions, under which SHGs (n=17), followed by Bangladesh (n=9) and Afghanistan (n=7). were linked to Village Organizations, which, in turn, were Thirty-six of 51 programs were implemented only in rural linked to Cluster-Level Federations. areas, and three programs were implemented only in urban areas. The remaining seven programs included both rural, ur- A review of impact evaluations helped with understanding ban and/or peri-urban settings. Five programs did not specify whether and how interventions led to intended outcomes the geographic location in the program documentation. and also informed the development of a theory of change. A search was conducted for impact evaluations and sys- Funders: Government-implemented programs were primar- tematic reviews that could be linked to women’s group ily funded by governments, the World Bank, and the Asian programs included in this review and that could provide Development Bank. Private donors (such as the Ford Foun- information on the influence of different characteristics dation and the Aga Khan Foundation) primarily supported of groups on various outcome measures. This evidence non-governmental organization (NGO) and international was combined with additional impact evaluations found NGO (INGO) programs, along with bilateral donors and the using references from various systematic reviews and me- United Nations Development Program. ta-analyses. Next, findings from the impact evaluations Implementing Organization: Over 50 percent of the pro- were used to test and refine the typology and identify grams included were implemented by governments, while areas that should be examined further, such as facilitator the remainder were implemented by domestic organiza- characteristics. The conceptual framework was developed tions (e.g., Self Employed Women’s Association [SEWA]) or by synthesizing the impact evaluation findings with pre- INGOs (e.g., BRAC, Cooperative for Assistance and Relief vious theories of change and the updated typology. The Everywhere [CARE], and Save the Children). results were linked to assess whether all program compo- nents were included in theories of change and to identi- Group purpose: Almost all groups working toward women’s fy gaps as well as implementation characteristics that re- economic empowerment in South Asia were formed with the quired further analysis. primary objective5 to improve women’s livelihoods (n=36) or 5 The primary organizing purpose of a group defines why a group was initially formed. Groups typically engage in several activities, but this study distinguishes between activities and how/why members were organized into a group. March 2023  |  3 Table 1: Primary and Secondary Objectives of Groups TYPOLOGY OF ECONOMIC WOMEN’S GROUPS IN Group description Primary objective Secondary SOUTH ASIA – objective objectives Financial (savings/credit) 14 12 Programs varied along three axes: Livelihoods 36 5 • Membership Cash/asset transfer 1 1 Social Action 0 4 • Primary Organizing Purpose Biodiversity conservation 0 1 • Group Approach Women’s empowerment 0 3 Not reported/unclear 0 23 Box 1 summarizes these axes, while Figure 3 presents the typology of women’s groups that was developed based on Source: Authors’ calculations the three axes. improve access to savings and credit (n=14). This study did BOX 1: THREE AXES ALONG WHICH not find any groups formed primarily for social action with PROGRAMS VARIED additional (secondary) economic objectives (see Table 1). Membership: Twenty-three groups reported “closed” group Membership Criteria: a) Open participation in activities independent of membership or closed membership—meetings and key activities were restricted participation in activities for members only to group members.6 These groups were almost all govern- b) Women/Mixed gender/Special population ment-led programs. Sixteen programs were “open”, primarily groups. those implemented by NGO/INGOs, and focused on liveli- Primary Organizing purpose: Groups typically hoods training or secondary objectives linked to the environ- engage in several activities, but are defined based on how and why members were orga- ment or social action. Notably, 24 programs included groups nized into a group: a) Livelihoods b) Savings with only women, 24 programs were mixed gender, and and Credit c) Poverty Alleviation d) Social three programs did not specify whether they only had wom- Action. en members or a majority of women members. Group Approach: Programs vary considerably in how they “use” the group structure, which Governance: Twenty-two of the included programs report- is consistent with existing typologies (Gram et ed electing the group leader and/or group executive com- al., 2020): a) Group as logistical convenience, mittee. The remainder did not report on who led the group b) Group as agent/conduit, and c) Group as a collective.7 Few programs invested in building and how she was appointed. Most groups operated with group capacity beyond the primary organizing formal norms, such as a charter or set operating structures purpose. Variations exist in the extent that live- (n=34), but 17 programs did not clearly describe norms. lihoods groups leverage group structure; the level of formality and federation of savings and Costs: Thirty-nine groups reported information about credit groups; and whether poverty alleviation costs, but this information was generally reported incon- strategies were directed at the individual or group. sistently with some documents reporting estimates of the return on investment of programs. Other documents re- ported the costs of specific program components, reasons Groups focused on trainings with more informal struc- for higher expenditures, or estimates of the unit costs of tures tended to be open to anyone to attend or partic- interventions. While a considerable number of documents ipate in, whereas more formalized groups with an em- reported a return on investment, the methodology for phasis on financial services (savings and credit) operated most of these estimates remained unclear and most es- with closed membership once women joined. Savings timates did not specifically focus on the women’s group and credit groups were usually exclusively comprised of component of the project. 6 Often, program documents did not list eligibility criteria for becoming members of groups. In most cases, documents that did mention eligibility criteria, reported the use of poverty indicators. In the case of BRAC’s PROPEL, for instance, eligible members were identified through Participatory Wealth Ranking (PWR). 7 As Gram et al. (2020) frame it, interventions using groups can vary on two dimensions: style and scope. A “classroom” style setting that aims to build individual capacity uses the group as a logistic platform to bring together individuals. Interventions that facilitate access to services at the group level or provide access to market linkages as a group–working with groups and their structure, but do not actively or primarily build collective strength, are categorized as a “conduit” that focuses on group members. Groups as “collectives” require intentional investment in building group dynamics and engaging in collective action beyond the benefit of group members alone, working towards community development more broadly. 4  |  EVIDENCE REVIEW Figure 3: Typology of groups working toward economic empowerment in South Asia Membership Mixed groups Adult women Special population groups Primary Social organizing Livelihoods Savings + Credit Poverty alleviation action and purpose development Market Group-based Collective Group-based Self-help Crash Assets Women’s Main activity linkages VSLA training enterprises microfinance group transfers transfers empowerment and loans Linkages Group approach Leveraging group structure Level of formality and federation Individual or to group to health, (spectrum) education Group-based micro-finance Cash or asset transfers Women’s advocacy and livelihoods training for graduation with poorest group with livelihoods vulnerable groups SHG members training Integrated approaches in practice SHG with markets Group-MFI engaged with Environmental conservation linkages for violence prevention livelihoods training handicrafts programs *Groups may be open or closed with respect to membership. ** Special population groups may include vulnerable farmers, refugees, or the poorest women, while livelihoods programs, especially those THEORY OF CHANGE FOR ECONOMIC WOMEN’S outside of India, commonly included both women and GROUPS IN SOUTH ASIA men. Most groups focused on livelihoods, savings and The impact evaluations that could be linked to the pro- credit, or poverty alleviation as their primary organizing gram documents provided mixed but promising evidence purpose. Livelihoods groups included training on specific that suggested that women’s groups with economic ob- livelihoods for members in a group setting; investments or jectives could improve economic outcomes and women’s linkages to markets for individual members; and the de- empowerment. This is broadly consistent with various velopment of collective, group-based enterprises. Groups systematic reviews which provide similarly mixed evi- focused on savings and credit included Village Savings and dence (e.g., Brody et al., 2017; Javed et al., 2022). Evi- Loans associations models of internal lending developed dence for positive effects on savings and credit is stron- by CARE and implemented in Afghanistan; group-based ger than evidence for positive effects on consumption, credit activities promoted by a microfinance institution income, and asset ownership. The current evidence or NGO such as the Grameen Foundation; and formalized base, however, has limited documentation or analysis of SHGs that followed a pre-defined structure and meeting how the membership characteristics of groups and the norms, as supported by NRLM in India and NGOs across approach to groups drive the impacts of women’s group South Asia. Other groups included cash or asset transfers programs. (for example through graduation programs) to individual members, such as the PROPEL8 graduation approach ad- Even evaluations that examined specific features of imple- opted by BRAC. mentation models only focused on two features specific to self-help groups in India: federations and scaling. Evi- dence indicated that federated structures may influence 8 PROPEL’s components, from which the acronym is derived, are 1) Program planning 2) Ramping up program design 3) On the ground implementation 4) Planning for graduation 5) Evaluation of outcomes 6) Learning and innovating for scale March 2023  |  5 Figure 4: Updated theory of change of economic women’s groups Activities Immediate outcomes Intermediate outcomes Impacts • Increased • Access to credit • Increased savings consumption Microfinance and loans and credit • Increases in income pathway • Access to bank • Increased access and asset accounts to financial capital ownership Empowerment • Increase bargaining at the economic, power in the social, political, household and psychological • More involvement levels Access to group Generation of in community support social capital, activities including networks Social capital • Increase in number and trust pathway and intensity of networks Generation of • Increased collective federations bargaining • Wider and deeper networks Women’s Changes in • Increased access to groups community health and Access to social norms Increased awareness education services capital of harmful and • Adoption of new discriminatory technologies Asset transfer practices against • Social behaviors pathway women and girls change due to Regular meetings awareness and collective • Increased decision making self-confidence • Increased involvement in community Access to activities Livelihood skills livelihood • Increased development training participation in Resilience to income-generating Livelihoods shocks activities pathway • Increase in Access to Gain in collective enterprise profits supply bargaining power chains on market Assumptions • Community mobilizers are • Members have the • Women have the skills and • Changes in individual able to mobilize a time to meet regularly resources to use savings attitudes and behavior do sufficient number of • Members haver the and credit efficiently and not result in backlash women resources to save effectively • Social norms are conducive • Facilitators are available regularly • Prevailing conducive to change with support of and have the knowledge • Group composition environment for individual legal and customary rules and education to guide allows for social growth and rights • No or limited capture of group members cohesion protection groups by elites or men • Social norms have only • Sufficient population • Information, skills and small effects on women’s coverage of SHGs and experiences are shared ability to join group regular participation in among peer groups and groups within households 6  |  EVIDENCE REVIEW Figure 5: ECWG checklist to improve reporting on women’s groups Purpose Governance/functioning Group membership Meeting norms Facilitators • Primary objetive • Group registration • Number of members • Frequency • Who • Secondary activities • Formal leadership • Open/closed group • Length • Gender • Primary target population • Federated • Eligibility criteria • Place of meeting • Educational criteria • Group initiators • Age • Primary meeting activity • Paid • Formation process • Gender • Must be from local • Years of operation • Specific population group community • Requirements for retention • Trained by • Other eligibility • Facilitator to group ratio the impact and costs of SHG programs (Kochar et al., 2020; This brief highlights two key implications to support the Siwach et al., 2022). However, the implementation of SHG use of evidence in programming and to strengthen practi- programs at scale generally leads to smaller benefits in cal knowledge about groups: comparison to pilots (Hoffmann et al., 2021). The scale-up 1. Consider variation in group type. This is key to any of SHG programs may nonetheless generate economies of analysis of evidence or investment in women’s groups. scale because of reductions in average costs of program Stakeholders interested in improving economic out- implementation (Siwach et al., 2022). comes with women’s groups in South Asia should care- A theory of change was developed based on the types fully consider who is in the group (membership criteria); of groups implemented in South Asia and pathways to- what they do and how they work with group structures. ward nutrition outcomes (Kumar et al., 2018). The theo- Policy makers and practitioners have not widely consid- ry of change encompasses four program approaches: 1) ered the importance of how women’s groups work with microfinance 2) livelihoods 3) graduation programs with group structures in particular; for example, groups do not asset or cash transfers that include savings groups (sum- automatically have social capital—it requires investment marized as asset transfer in the theory of change) and in group structures or engagement with the community. 4) building social capital. The theory is organized around Considering this mechanism and how it interacts with three different organizing purposes identified in the typol- collective action and the strength of the group is critical ogy; the social capital pathway applies to all the women’s when examining which women’s group implementation group types, regardless of the organizing purpose. Figure models may have the largest effects on women’s eco- 4 depicts the theory of change. nomic empowerment. Key features of groups should align with intended objectives of women’s group programming IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY, PRACTICE AND and guide prioritization of activities and expectations. RESEARCH 2. Prioritize describing groups in intervention descrip- Women’s groups programs in South Asia vary widely, tions. Moving forward, implementers, researchers and even when addressing similar economic objectives. In- donors should ensure that a description of the group terventions vary by: (1) membership, (2) primary orga- is included in the intervention and unpack the effect nizing purpose, and (3) group approach. Unfortunately, of specific design choices on economic outcomes and key program characteristics remain under-document- women’s agency. The ECWG developed a checklist (Fig- ed, with sparse information on characteristics related ure 5) specific to groups to support documentation to group functioning and activities. Moreover, few im- (Desai et al., 2020b). Such descriptions will go a long pact evaluations document models in detail or examine way toward strengthening our understanding of what whether and how implementation characteristics influ- works and, to some extent, how women’s groups can ence impact. improve economic outcomes in South Asia. March 2023  |  7 GLOSSARY Term Definition Collective enterprises Worker owned enterprises, such as co-operatives Self-help group Group of women that start with an initial period of collective savings in the name of the group to facilitate intragroup lending (Brody et al., 2017) VSLA Village Savings and Loan Associations or a group of 15–25 people (most often women) who save together and take small, low-interest loans from those savings (CARE, n.d.) Asset transfer Provision of capital in the form of in-kind assets (e.g., cows) or cash Vulnerable groups Groups that are at higher risk for a negative outcome Special population Sub-groups that are intentionally targeted such as refugees, landless farmers, or young women Group MFI Group-based microfinance institutions REFERENCES Gram, L., Desai, S. and Prost, A., 2020. Classroom, club or collective? Three types of community-based group intervention and why they Anderson, C.L., de Hoop, T., Desai, S., Siwach, G., Meysonnat, A., Gup- matter for health. BMJ Global Health, 5(12), p.e003302. http://dx.doi. ta, R., Haroon, N., Howlett, M., Kolla, N., Sidhu, A. and Paul, S., 2020. org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003302 Investing in women’s groups: A portfolio evaluation of the Bill & Me- linda Gates Foundation’s investments in South Asia and Africa. https:// Javed, A., Zahra, N., and Munoz Baudet, A.M., 2022. What do we knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-pgy/1265/ know about interventions to increase economic participation and empowerment in South Asia? Self-help group programs. http:// Brody, C., Hoop, T.D., Vojtkova, M., Warnock, R., Dunbar, M., Murthy, P. documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099644104122213427/IDU- and Dworkin, S.L., 2017. Can self-help group programs improve wom- 029a57a1a035e60460e09a6c0450aca0bbdc9 en’s empowerment? A systematic review. Journal of Development Ef- fectiveness, 9(1), pp.15-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2016.1 Kochar, A., Barooah, B., Jain, C., Singh, G., Closepet, N., Narayanan, R., 206607 Sarkar, R. and Shah, R., 2020. Impact Evaluation of the National Rural Livelihoods Project. https://doi.org/10.23846/NRLMIE128 Desai, S., Misra, M., Das, A., Singh, R.J., Sehgal, M., Gram, L., Kumar, N. and Prost, A., 2020. Community interventions with women’s groups Kumar, N., Scott, S., Menon, P., Kannan, S., Cunningham, K., Tyagi, P., to improve women’s and children’s health in India: a mixed-methods Wable, G., Raghunathan, K. and Quisumbing, A., 2018. Pathways from systematic review of effects, enablers and barriers. BMJ global health, women’s group-based programs to nutrition change in South Asia: a 5(12), p.e003304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003304 conceptual framework and literature review. Global food security, 17, pp.172-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.11.002 CARE., n.d. VSLA 101 (English). https://www.care.org/our-work/educa- tion-and-work/microsavings/vsla-101/.Accessed March 02, 2023. Ministry of Rural Development. (2011). Natural Rural Livelihoods Mis- sion programme implementation plan. https://msrls.nic.in/sites/de- Desai, S., de Hoop, T., Anderson, L., Barooah, B., Mulyampiti, T., Obuku, fault/files/6-pip-nrlm.pdf E., Prost, A. and White, H., 2020. Improving Evidence on Women’s Groups: A proposed typology and reporting checklist. https://knowl- Siwach, G., Paul, S. and de Hoop, T., 2022. Economies of scale of large- edgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-pgy/1171/ scale international development interventions: Evidence from self- help groups in India. World Development, 153, p.105839. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839 This brief is the product of a collaboration between the Evidence Consortium on Women’s Groups (ECWG) and the World Bank South Asia Gender Innovation (SAR GIL). ECWG is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and aims to address evidence gaps on how groups and collectives can contribute to achieving women’s empower- ment and well-being as well as understand their implementation models and cost-effectiveness. The consortium is co-led by the American Institutes for Research and Popu- lation Council, with partners from the University of Washington, Stanford University, the Campbell Collaboration and Makerere University. To learn more, please visit http:// www.womensgroupevidence.org or email info@www.womensgroupevidence.org. SAR GIL promotes evidence-based research and solutions to improve gender equality across South Asia by generating new evidence on what works to empower women through impact evaluations and inferential research. This SAR GIL activity has been made possible with funding from the South Asia Trade Facilitation Program (SARTFP), trust fund administered by the World Bank with financial contribution from the Government of Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. To learn more, please visit http://worldbankbank.org/sargenderlab or email sargenderlab@worldbank.org STAY CONNECTED We gratefully acknowledge funding from the South Asia Trade Facilitation Program (SARTFP), a trust fund administered by the World Bank with financial contribution from the Government of Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. SARGENDERLAB@WORLDBANK.ORG WORLDBANK.ORG/SARGENDERLAB