95594 TÔI ´ KÊ . BAN NGHE I ’d Like You To Know I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW i ii I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW ...What changed my life I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW iii iv I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW ...What I hope for the future I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW v vi I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW ...What I dream for my children I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW vii © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work was originally published by The World Bank in English as I’d Like You to Know in 2015. In case of any discrepancies, the original language will govern. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All dollars are in US$ unless otherwise indicated. 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles viii I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CONTENTS FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT, EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION ................................................1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER ONE: THE BASICS OF DAILY LIFE..................................................................................5 Lao PDR: Power empowers.......................................................................................................6 Solomon Islands: Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink.......................................14 Mongolia: Solar power lights up a nomadic life......................................................................18 CHAPTER TWO: THE FIRST WEALTH IS HEALTH..........................................................................25 Cambodia: The long journey back..........................................................................................26 CHAPTER THREE: A SOLID EDUCATION AND A GOOD VOCATION.........................................37 Vietnam: What does $90 buy?................................................................................................38 Spotlight: China—Taking vocational training to the next level...............................................45 CHAPTER FOUR: GETTING DOWN TO BUSINESS.......................................................................47 Vietnam: Creating a competitive edge...................................................................................48 CHAPTER FIVE: EMPOWERING WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE..................................................59 Papua New Guinea: Breaking the silence................................................................................60 Spotlight: The PNG Business Coalition for Women................................................................65 CHAPTER SIX: EMPOWERED COMMUNITIES..............................................................................67 Indonesia: A little can go a long way.......................................................................................70 Myanmar: New beginnings......................................................................................................76 The Philippines: Rising from the ruins of Yolanda....................................................................80 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONNECTING TO A WIDER WORLD.............................................................87 Vanuatu: A little mobile phone makes a big difference...........................................................88 Spotlight: Alert! Alert! A volcano is erupting!..........................................................................93 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONSERVING THE BOUNTY OF LAND AND SEA..........................................95 Papua New Guinea: Descendants of Earth’s earliest farmers count on cocoa........................96 Solomon Islands: A ton of potential in a small can of tuna...................................................102 Indonesia: Healthy reefs = healthy lives................................................................................110 Spotlight: A better life through COREMAP...........................................................................115 CHAPTER NINE: CHARTING A LIVABLE FUTURE.......................................................................117 China: A vital partner in combating climate change.............................................................118 Reducing emissions with biogas.....................................................................................120 Solar schools help build green cities..............................................................................124 The new motto: waste not! The new direction: energy efficiency..................................128 Spotlight: Winds of change...................................................................................................131 Postscript......................................................................................................................................133 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................134 Sources .........................................................................................................................................136 Photo credits................................................................................................................................137 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW ix x I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Axel van Trotsenburg Vice President, East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Just as a picture is worth a thousand words, a “voice” can be worth a hundred statistics. In the pages that follow you will see the pictures and hear the voices of our partners in development: a mother cradling her little boy who is alive because of a new health facility in Cambodia; a school principal in Beijing who talks with passion about how her school is part of the solar energy wave; a cocoa farmer in Papua New Guinea who happily works with youth to help them build a sustainable crop and a sustainable future; a village chief in Lao PDR who lovingly holds his grandson and talks about the better life he now knows the boy can have; and a student in Vietnam whose life changed when she received a scholarship. Together they present powerful stories of how projects can affect and transform lives, and offer us a memorable glimpse behind the numbers. Stories like these motivate me both personally and professionally. At the end of the day the work we do in development is not about numbers; it’s about supporting people to change their own lives for the better, to build a future for their children and, with a little help, to pull themselves out of poverty. Of course, numbers and statistics are important. They help us understand the bigger picture— the pivotal role governments play in ensuring economic growth and a livable future for their people, and the catalytic role the private sector and development institutions like the World Bank Group can play in helping to achieve the results we see. As a global growth driver, the East Asia and Pacific region accounts for over 25 percent of world gross domestic product. Extreme poverty has fallen faster than in any other region. Over the last 10 years more than 400 million people were lifted out of poverty—people that were living on less than $2 a day. This is good progress, but much work remains: 142 million people do not have access to power and 600 million people lack access to adequate sanitation. You may not remember the numbers, but I hope you remember the people you will meet in the pages of this book. They put a human face on development statistics. They are testimony to the power of seemingly small things that gave them an opportunity to build a better life for themselves, their families, their communities. As Glenda, Siv Mao and others tell their stories, they give us a sense of how they are succeeding, with courage and determination, to change their own lives and the world around them. They represent millions of other men and women who are transforming their communities and countries into more prosperous societies. We are privileged to support their efforts in creating a better world for themselves and their children. FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT, EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION 1 KELSON SIV MAO Introduction In Indonesia it was $50, in Vanuatu a cell phone, in Cambodia a night in the hospital, in Vietnam just $90—small by any measure but immeasurable in the outcome—that saved a life, created a future, allowed people to dream and empowered women. Meet Siti Robe’ah in Indonesia who has built her snack food business with a $50 grant; Kelson in Vanuatu who can grow a tourism business because he now has a cell phone; Siv Mao in Cambodia who can hug her baby because a new provincial hospital saved his life; Pham Quoc Bao in Vietnam who has turned his idea to build a rice paper factory into a thriving business because he was able to purchase land quickly. They are some of the faces of development in the East Asia and Pacific region, which is home to more than two billion people. They live in more than 20 different countries; they speak more than 3,000 languages; they are farmers and fishermen, business men and women, students, workers, nomadic herders—all showing that a little can go a long way. 2 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW SITI ROBE’AH PHAM QUOC BAO They are improving their own lives with a little help from the World Bank Group, their own country and other development partners in the form of investments in the basics of daily life like water, electricity and health care; a small grant, a community-driven development program; business initiatives that cut bureaucratic red tape; scholarships that enable disadvantaged students to skill up for the future; and initiatives to protect the environment and tackle climate change. This dynamic region has experienced remarkable growth and prosperity, with extreme poverty falling faster than in any other region. The rate of extreme poverty—people living on $1.25 a day—fell from 26.5 percent in 2002 to about 5.1 percent in 2014. As encouraging as that is, much more remains to be done to end extreme poverty and build shared prosperity. And this has to happen as the world is confronting the very real threat that a changing climate could unravel decades of development progress. Today, there are still more than 340 million people across the region living on just $2 a day. Siti, Kelson, Siv Mao, Pham Quoc Bao and the others you will get to know in the pages of this book are helping to change that statistic. They are the real partners of the World Bank Group. They are persevering, making a better life for themselves, their families and their communities. They will tell you, in their own words, about their failures and successes, what changed their lives, how they are overcoming challenges, their hopes for the future, and what they dream for their children. YOU TO KNOW I’D LIKEINTRODUCTION 3 IN MYANMAR, WHERE OVER 70% OF THE PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO POWER, THE WORLD BANK GROUP WILL BE INVESTING $1 BILLION TO EXPAND ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY. 3.3 MILLION RESIDENTS OF METRO MANILA HAVE BENEFITED FROM IMPROVED SEWERAGE AND SANITATION SERVICES. 90% 90% OF RESIDENTS OF PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA HAVE ACCESS TO A RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY. INDONESIA'S PAMSIMAS PROJECT, SUPPORTED BY THE WORLD BANK, HAS IMPROVED ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY FOR 4.8 MILLION PEOPLE AND ACCESS TO SANITATION FOR 5.5 MILLION PEOPLE. 4 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER ONE The Basics of Daily Life It’s hard to imagine. Over 1.3 billion people, Electricity is just one of the missing basics. almost 20 percent of the world’s population, About 768 million people worldwide lack access still have no access to electricity. Most of them to clean water and 2.5 billion do not have are concentrated in about a dozen countries in adequate sanitation. In East Asia and the Pacific Africa and Asia. Not only does this hurt people alone about 600 million people lack sanitation. at a personal level, it impedes the development This takes a heavy toll on human health, the potential of entire countries. environment and economies. In Vietnam and Lao PDR, the World Bank Group The World Bank Group is an active partner in has been working with the government and helping people meet their basic needs—people communities to expand electricity distribution like 27-year-old Glenda Vaha who will tell you networks, enabling millions to gain access to how clean water has changed her life and the power from the grid. life of her village in Solomon Islands. That was the case for Phim Siphavong in Lao On top of these challenges, climate change PDR who had no electricity until early in 2014. is altering the development equation and Today Phim is expanding her small business posing a critical question: how can we achieve with the help of a new refrigerator and electric universal access to energy in a sustainable way? blender. In Mongolia, nomadic herders Batzaya and Sarangerel have an answer. They are using the power of the sun to light up their lives. I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 5 Lao PDR: Power empowers 16% THEN: In 1995, only 16% of rural households, which made up 68% of the total population in Lao PDR, had access to electricity. It’s something most of us take for granted—with the flick of a switch we light up the room, cook our dinner, turn on the heat. But that’s not the case for the nearly one in five people in the world who live without electricity. 6 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW NOW: Today, more than 87% of Lao households have access to electricity. 87% The 110 families that live in the village of Hard Yeun are among the 200,000 households that now have electricity through a World Bank Group-supported program. Established in 1918, the village of Hard Yeun spent 95 of its 96 years without electricity. It was in early 2014 that the people of Hard Yeun finally saw what power could do for their lives. I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 7 I learned weaving from my mother, but I only started to weave here in my village since we got electricity, because the silk spinning machine is powered. 8 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW he Story of Hard Yeun Village T Like many of the villages of Lao PDR, most of the residents of Hard Yeun are engaged in slash-and- burn cultivation, growing vegetables and rice. Their houses are simple straw and wood, built on stilts, like any other Lao village, except for the power lines running from house to house—and that has made all the difference. um Kedleusy T A weaving machine sat unused in 27-year-old Tum Kedleusy’s house until the village got electricity. Married with a two and a half year old son, Tum now earns money selling her weaving in the capital, Vientiane. “With the arrival of electricity we now have the “I am weaving tinh sinh (the bottom of the Lao skirt). I refrigerator, fan, television and also a silk spinning can make two pieces of tinh sinh per day which I sell in machine. It has made a big difference in our lives. Vientiane.” I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 9 Phim Siphavong Other women in the village are also seeing the improvements that electricity can bring to their businesses. Phim Siphavong, 49, lives with her husband and two children in Hard Yeun village. For the last 20 years she has sold snacks and daily-use items from her house. But now there is a difference. Every day, from early morning, I cook food in the house, feed the pigs and chickens and then sell the goods at our home. Before, it was not possible to turn on and use the electrical appliances because there was no electricity. 10 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Now, we have a refrigerator and lights. Now we can sell cold drinking water, soft drinks. I have even begun to sell fruit shakes to my customers. My daughter helps me make the shakes. I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 11 Electricity has brought more than electric lights and appliances and convenience to the villagers of Hard Yeun. It has helped them imagine a different kind of future for their children and grandchildren. Phouvieng Phiakeo, 53, has been the village chief of Hard Yeun for more than 10 years. He lives with his wife, three sons, a daughter-in-law and two grandchildren, ages four and five. His story is the village’s story. He sees the world of the village as “before” and “after.” Phouvieng Phiakeo “When there was no electricity, there were a lot of “With the electricity, there is no need for women to go difficulties. When the evening came and the sun was to fetch and carry water because we have the well and going to set, we had to quickly take out the lamps for can pump out water. We just turn on the switch and the lighting. Looking for food was also difficult; we get food water is flowing out, so it is very convenient. We even in nature; we eat what we can collect. When we got food, get to watch television. We even got to watch the World there was no place to keep it—some days, we caught Cup football games! many fishes but we could only keep them for a day or so. Travel was also difficult because there was no light. “Without electricity, we would not have a future. Sometimes, the husband and wife were arguing because Earning a livelihood would be as difficult as it was in they could not light the lamp because it had no fuel. the past. Now, because of the electricity, just in the last several months we have all sorts of possibilities. A rice “Now, the living condition of the people in the village mill is being established. Some villagers have bought a has changed significantly. Before, we used fire wood for milling head to combine with the dynamo for milling cooking, but now we can use an electric pot to cook rice. rice; it is more convenient and labor-saving, because there is no need to go to collect firewood. “In the future, I think there will also be profit from building furniture; villagers have started a workshop because now they can use power tools to make the furniture.” 12 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW What I Dream for My Children “I want a different life than I’ve had for my children and “I do not want him to have to work like that. I want grandchildren, like my grandson. He is five years old. I him to use ideas, to pursue high study in order to use want him to have a job, a future. I don’t want him to do knowledge in the future, to become an official. I look at physical labor like we have done. In the past, we worked him and see another kind of future for him.” in slash-and-burn cultivation. I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 13 Solomon Islands: Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink Almost 85 percent of Solomon Islanders live in rural areas cut off from basic services like health and schools. The huge distances make service delivery very costly for the government. The Solomon Islands Rural Development Program (RDP) funded by the World Bank, Australia, the European Union (EU) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), is helping to address service delivery gaps in rural areas. RDP has helped transform the lives of people in rural areas with water supply systems, health clinics, classrooms and other essentials. In 2012, Glenda Vaha’s life was changed when 25 water pipes were installed in her village of Nagholau. 20% THEN: Solomon Islands sits in the middle of the vast Pacific Ocean, but fresh water is an issue. In the early 1980s, less than 20% of people in rural areas had access to a fresh water supply. 14 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 77% NOW: 77% of Solomon Islanders have improved access to rural water supply. I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 15 Glenda Vaha ’s Story “My name is Glenda Vaha. I am 27 years old. I have “We had to paddle every day to find water, or walk to three children, two boys of eight and seven months and find water. Sometimes we paddled through rough seas; a girl of two. My husband left me for another woman. we even faced the risk of sinking with the canoe, but I met another man but it didn’t work out. I am back in when we really needed the water, we had no choice but my parents’ village with my children. to go. Sometimes the canoe would sink and we’d lose everything at sea. Luckily no one died. “When I came back to the village we didn’t have fresh water; we did not have water piped to the village—life “Now, since they installed the water pipes in the village, was very hard. The women do most of the work in life is easier. You can do everything that involves water— carrying water to the family. They carry everything else, it’s always there. So we are very happy we have water pots, plates, clothes for washing; these are the things come to us; it’s really great. It has lifted a huge burden they normally have to do, so most times women have off our shoulders.” this huge responsibility of carrying water. Oh, life now is very easy. When we need water it’s easy for us to get it. 16 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My Hopes for the Future “When I was little, my dream was to get an education to “I still have hope and I still aim to have something enable me to get a job. But then my dream did not work good happen in the future. I want to have a job, and I out. want to go back to college. I’m still young; I’m just 27. “They told me to put my education first but I wanted to “I want my children to get a good education to be able get married instead. If I had continued my schooling, I to have decent jobs in the future. That’s my hope. I will would have caught up with my dream by now. make sure they go to school to be able to avoid the hard life that I am experiencing.” I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 17 Mongolia: Solar power lights up a nomadic life 0 THEN: One quarter of Mongolia’s population are nomadic herders who live in gers—traditional tent homes. As late as 2000, herders had limited or no access to modern electricity services. Sometimes, they would simply put sheep dung in a bowl, drop in some fat and light it. 18 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 70% NOW: Today, more than 500,000 people, over half the rural population of Mongolia— including 60-70% of nomadic herders—have electricity through portable and affordable solar home systems. The National 100,000 Solar Ger Electrification program was launched by the Mongolian government with support from the World Bank Group’s International Development Association (IDA), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the government of the Netherlands. With electricity, herders are now able to listen to the radio, watch television using satellite dishes and recharge their cell phones—all of which keep them informed about the market prices of their products and connected to a wider world. Children are also able to read and study under electric lights after the sun goes down. I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 19 It was beyond imagination for us to think of turning on a light in the evening. 20 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Batzaya and Sarangerel ‘s Story Sarangerel, 38, and her husband Batzaya, 40, are herders from Lun Soum, Tuv Aimag in Mongolia. Together with their three children, they live a nomadic life on the Mongolian steppes in a ger (a portable dwelling). During the transition from a centralized economy to an open market society, many of their friends and neighbors moved to cities because they no longer wanted to herd cattle. But Batzaya and Sarangerel stayed. Batzaya says it was a good decision. They have a comfortable life with about 2,000 head of livestock. Their children study in the city. Batzaya: “Before, there was no light after sunset. It “Almost every herder household today has solar panels, was even difficult during the winter season. We held but I remember how amazing the idea of solar power was candles. With a candle you can only see as far as the face the first time I heard about it. Beginning in 2000, people of the person that is sitting in front of you. Since we began talking about these black panels which are fixed on couldn’t watch TV or read books we went to bed early top of gers and can produce electricity—and we were in after fencing our cattle. Before solar panels, sometimes awe.” we used a small generator to produce electricity. We couldn’t use it for a long period because it was very Sarangerel: “Mongolia has lots of sunlight all year noisy. Also, since we were far away from any settlements round. So, as long as there is a sun we will have we couldn’t use the generator because the fuel would run electricity. People in urban areas pay a large amount of out. That is how our childhoods were spent. money for electricity consumption every month. Here, we are using the sun.” Before, we used to carry our scriptures and Buddhas on top of our loads, but now it’s the solar panels on top. I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 21 “We started using solar panels when our two eldest Sarangerel: “It is very useful that we can get information children were little. They were so happy to be able to on weather. If there is a possibility of snowstorm we can watch TV and they kept turning the light on and off. graze our cattle close to us. We are no longer in danger We were the first household to install solar panels and to of losing livestock and people in storms. have TV in our community. At the time our neighbors who lived one or two kilometers away rode their horses “Before we thought that having electricity for lighting over just to watch a movie.” and watching TV was sufficient, but now I am thinking about putting solar paneled lights outside. We have even Batzaya: “Our first panel was enough for lighting, started thinking about purchasing more appliances. But TV and recharging our mobile phones. Recently, we there is one obstacle. Mongolians are nomads. We live purchased a freezer along with its solar panel. We no by following our cattle. We move about five or six times longer have to worry about our meat going bad. Some a year. Because we move so often it is difficult to carry households have purchased washing machines. Now, we more loads. We have to make sure that when we move can make calls to people up on the mountain and ask we carry our solar panels without breaking them.” them where our cattle are grazing. We are able to know the price of raw materials right away. Because of that we can now sell at competitive prices.” Our daughter Ariungerel is five years old. She doesn’t know what it was like not to have electricity. Now, she just fights over the remote with us. 22 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Life is Good Batzaya: “Our eldest son is a college student and our “When we first became a family we had around 300 daughter goes to high school. We bought an apartment livestock. Now, excluding camels, our livestock number in the city. Our children live there. If our children do almost 2,000 including horses, goats, sheep and cows. not want to herd cattle then we won’t pressure them. We have a truck and a SUV for moving. There is no Here, we are living comfortably with income by selling shortage in the countryside, as long as there is electricity our livestock and having electricity. If dzud (a severe for people to live comfortably.” winter) does not happen often and the weather doesn’t change drastically, our livestock increases. I’D THE BASICS LIKE YOU OF TO DAILY LIFE KNOW 23 IN RURAL AREAS, HOME TO OVER 70% OF THE POPULATION OF TIMOR-LESTE, THE WORLD BANK IS SUPPORTING A NEW MEDICAL SYSTEM THAT WILL ENSURE AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES. IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE RATE OF CHILDBIRTH IN HEALTH FACILITIES JUMPED FROM 23% TO 58% OVER A SIX-YEAR PERIOD WITH HELP FROM A WORLD BANK- SUPPORTED WOMEN'S HEALTH AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROJECT. TO DATE, IFC HAS PROVIDED MORE THAN $2.2 BILLION TO 164 PRIVATE HEALTH CARE AND LIFE SCIENCES PROJECTS IN 53 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING CHINA, MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE AND VIETNAM IN EAST ASIA. 68% IN VIETNAM, AS OF 2013, 68% OF THE POPULATION WAS COVERED BY FULLY SUBSIDIZED HEALTH INSURANCE. 24 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER TWO The First Wealth Is Health It’s no secret that without good health, life can Every country in the region has its reasons for be miserable or tragically cut short. The East the paucity of healthcare. The Cambodian story Asia and Pacific region has a high prevalence of is particularly poignant. communicable diseases and emerging diseases (recall the global SARS outbreak in 2003). The Cambodian genocide dominates the Non-communicable diseases have become nation’s recent history. Carried out by the increasingly prevalent in recent decades. communist Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot Cardiovascular disease, for instance, accounts for between 1975 and 1979, the genocide killed 25 about one third of all deaths in the region. percent of the Cambodian population. Health indicators such as life expectancy are The horrific events of those years have left on the rise across the region as a result of lasting scars on the Cambodian psyche and on better living standards, nutrition, water and all areas of development—education, infant and sanitation. Japan, Singapore and Korea have life maternal mortality and health care in general. expectancies over 80, while China and Vietnam Many health facilities around the country were stand in the mid-70s. In contrast, Papua New destroyed during the conflict. The government Guinea and Myanmar have life expectancies has since taken steps to reconstruct and lower than 65. Maternal mortality and revitalize the public health system with the malnutrition are just some of the major health assistance of donors and non-governmental problems that persist across the region. organizations (NGOs). Donors include the World Bank, Australia, UK Department for There are also large inequalities in access International Development, UNICEF and the UN to care between the poor and those who Population Fund (UNFPA). are better off. While many countries have introduced wide-ranging reforms in their health The hospital 16 Makara is testament to the financing systems, implementation has not been resilience of the Cambodian people. In a tiny very strong, and health-related expenditures northern village, 26-year-old Siv Mao will tell you continue to be a cause of impoverishment for what the new hospital has meant to her and her millions of families every year. family. THE FIRST WEALTH IS HEALTH 25 Cambodia: The long journey back THEN: In 1990, life expectancy in Cambodia was 54 years. 54 From 1975-1979, the period in which the Khmer Rouge aimed to turn Cambodia into a model agrarian society, the entire health care system was destroyed—hospital buildings, equipment, supplies and personnel. With the medical system in tatters, many people, especially in remote areas, turned to traditional healers that were all they knew. In the 1980s, Vietnamese soldiers in Cambodia built a makeshift hospital (see above) in the province of Preah Vihear. Even though the roof leaked and the earthen floors became mud when it rained, people still flocked to the old wooden building for medical treatment until it closed in 2007. 26 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 71 NOW: In 2014, life expectancy in Cambodia rose to 71 years. A new hospital facility in Preah Vihear is a symbol of the incredible change over the last 20 years in Cambodia’s health care system. The once ill-equipped hospital had a major upgrade and officially opened in 2013. Patients living in rural areas can now get the modern medicine they need without traveling far or trying to come up with money they don’t have. Today, 16 Makara is the largest hospital in Preah Vihear. It has modern equipment and is staffed with doctors and medical specialists including hospital director Dr. Koung Lo. Two of the patients were Chet Doc and Siv Mao. I’D LIKE THE FIRST YOU TO WEALTH KNOW IS HEALTH 27 Siv Mao ’s Story In a tiny village in northern Cambodia, a young woman can thank her quick-thinking mother-in-law and the new provincial hospital for her and her baby’s survival. Thanks to improvements in health care, maternal mortality in Cambodia has fallen approximately two-thirds since 1990. Siv Mao puts a human face on that statistic. A year ago, 26-year-old Siv Mao had a cesarean section at 16 Makara Hospital after a traditional midwife could not help deliver her baby at home. Mao and her husband Ra Reth, 27, and their son live with her mother-in-law in Char Village, Preah Vihear province, about 400 kilometers from Phnom Penh. 28 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “My job is farming. I live with my mother-in- law. My health is normal, but last year towards the end of my pregnancy I saw that I was bleeding. I was very afraid. I worried about my life and my baby. I was at home alone—my mom and my husband had gone to farm. Then I called them to come back. “Some patients use Khmer traditional healers, but some go to a health center. If we don’t have money, we borrow from relatives. I was sent to the health center. When we arrived at the health center, they started an intravenous drip, but the bleeding didn’t stop. They told me they could not treat me and sent me to the provincial hospital. It was there that the doctors operated on me to deliver my son. He is now one year old. His name is Rith Samnang ‘Lucky’. We are all very lucky. He is in good health.” I’D LIKE THE FIRST YOU TO WEALTH KNOW IS HEALTH 29 30 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Siv Mao’s mother-in-law, Sin Savy, 58, picks up the story… “When we arrived at the hospital, doctors told me that if “I thanked the doctors and the organization1 for helping she had been sent to the hospital even two days later, she us. Today, my grandson is in good health. I am also a would have died. The doctor told me that they would trained midwife, but when I saw my daughter-in-law’s operate on her the next day. I was so happy to hear that condition, I was very worried because I had never seen my daughter-in-law would survive. My son was worried, such a case. She was lucky to have the organization and but I told him that there are good doctors here and they hospital to help her and that we had a good road that can rescue your wife. could take her quickly to the hospital.” If there were no support from the organization and no new hospital with skilled doctors, I would have spent everything I have to save her—even if I had to sell my house or my land—because I love her very much. 1 People call the Health Equity Fund the organization. The Health Equity Fund is implemented by several non-governmental organizations based inside the hospital. Health Equity Fund schemes are supported by the government of Cambodia and various development partners including the World Bank. The fund pays for each patient’s treatment fee, meals, transport and other costs. I’D LIKE THE FIRST YOU TO WEALTH KNOW IS HEALTH 31 16 Makara Hospital Director Dr. Koung Lo “This new hospital has been able to cater to many people, “We have some modern equipment that our hospital especially the poor. It is a source of pride for me, for didn’t have before such as a ventilator that is used to my colleagues, and for our people here in Preah Vihear save patients that have breathing problems; we have province. I think that the new building and modern ECG machines for heart check-ups; and we have some equipment is truly contributing to reduce poverty for equipment for delivering babies by cesarean section. our people here. Now they don’t have to spend so much We also have an incubator for saving a child born earlier money to look for health services in other areas which are than expected.” very far from their homes. 32 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW When I was young, I didn’t think broadly enough. But after I graduated, I realized that being here in Preah Vihear province where we meet with poor people and they come to us for service, is like going to the pagoda to earn our good karma. Doing good deeds with them here is the most important thing. I’D LIKE THE FIRST YOU TO WEALTH KNOW IS HEALTH 33 Chet Doc ’s Story The Health Equity Fund was introduced at 16 Makara Hospital to subsidize treatment costs, food for the patients and their care givers, and transportation for the impoverished. This encourages the poor in remote areas to seek professional health services. In 2014, 1.5 million treatment services were provided free for people in Cambodia through the Health Equity Fund—supported by the World Bank and other donors—covering 78 percent of the nation’s poor. Chet Doc’s treatment was one of those 1.5 million cases. Chet Doc, 66, who lives in North Kulen Village, Preah Vihear, was treated at the hospital. Doc‘s husband, 65-year-old En Tel, was blinded in a land mine explosion during the civil war in 1989. 34 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “My name is Chet Doc. I have six children—four “My children hired a transport with 100,000 riel sons and two daughters. They all are married and live ($25) that they had and borrowed 1 million ($250) with their own families. I live with my husband. My more to send me to the hospital. In the hospital I was children support us. We used to farm but I cannot do unconscious for three days. When I finally woke up, the any farming now. We didn’t have buffalo or cows for first thing I did was to ask my children how will we pay plowing so we did it ourselves. My health is poor. the hospital bill? They told me that the Health Equity Before the hospital or health center was built, Khmer Fund paid all the treatment fees and they also paid for traditional healers treated our illnesses. transportation. “Before I was sent to hospital, my children spent a lot “My children also told me that the doctors took very of money to buy traditional medicine for me. They good care of me. I told my children that because of the borrowed money to buy the medicine, but I didn’t get care I received, my life was saved. Then I prayed for the better. Then my husband asked my children not to treat doctors and I wished them good health so they could me with the Khmer traditional medicine. He asked treat me again.” them to take me to the provincial hospital. I was very lucky that he made that request. Before I was treated my body was shaking all the time. My body was so painful, I could not sleep. Now I am better. I can walk and carry some water. Before I could not carry anything—not even a plate. I’D LIKE THE FIRST YOU TO WEALTH KNOW IS HEALTH 35 VIETNAM HAS A LITERACY RATE OF 97% AND AN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE OF 2%. 3,560 CLASSROOM LIBRARIES WERE BUILT IN 383 RURAL PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MONGOLIA THROUGH THE RURAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. TIMOR-LESTE'S MINISTRY OF EDUCATION HAS REBUILT OR REHABILITATED ALMOST 2,200 CLASSROOMS WITH HELP FROM THE WORLD BANK. 56,000 SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CAMBODIA RECEIVED SCHOLARSHIPS THROUGH AN EDUCATION PROJECT SUPPORTED BY THE WORLD BANK. 36 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER THREE A Solid Education and a Good Vocation Long ago in Vietnamese society, education In most countries, higher education systems are was so valued that a teacher’s position was the primary producers of cutting-edge skills, considered higher than the parents and only knowledge and technologies. A robust higher lower than the king. Today, countries in the East education system can be a valuable engine for Asia and Pacific region continue to recognize economic growth and advancement. just how important education is to their growing economies and their future prosperity. Although access has increased dramatically in low- and middle-income East Asia and Pacific, From early childhood development and higher education is not yet fulfilling its potential. education, to higher learning, to vocational In Vietnam, 18-year-old Cao Thi Phuong Huyen training, the World Bank Group is working is one of 8,000 students from poor rural areas with countries and partners to help fulfill the who are helping to turn that situation around. potential of the region’s greatest assets for the As you will read, fulfilling her potential is what future—children and youth. Huyen is all about. In many cases the solutions fit the lifestyle. On the steppes of Mongolia where nomadic herders pack up and move their gers (portable homes) every five or six months, 171 mobile kindergartens were provided in various districts. I’D LIKE A SOLID EDUCATION AND YOU VOCATION A GOOD TO KNOW 37 Vietnam: What does $90 buy? 133,000 THEN: In 1987, there were just 133,000 students in higher education in Vietnam. Education has played an important role in making Vietnam a development success story over the last 20 years. Vietnam’s rapid economic growth in the 1990s was driven by increases in productivity that came in the wake of a rapid shift of employment out of low-productivity agriculture into higher- productivity non-farm jobs. As Vietnam’s economy began to industrialize and modernize, poverty fell dramatically. Advancements in education followed. Between 1999 and 2013, the total number of higher education enrollments increased by 143 percent (from 893,000 to almost 2.2 million). 38 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 2.2 million NOW: By 2013, almost 2.2 million students were enrolled in higher education facilities in Vietnam. Not all students can be accommodated in public high schools in Vietnam. Some are able to turn to private schools, but because of high tuition fees, that’s not an option for the poor. A World Bank-supported project is providing grants to students in 12 of the poorest provinces of Vietnam so they can continue their studies at private high schools and vocational schools. From 2010 to 2013, with a total budget of $3 million, the project has enabled 8,000 students to change the course of their lives. Cao Thi Phuong Huyen—Huyen to her friends—is one of those students. Like the others, $90 a year is buying her a better future. I’D LIKE A SOLID EDUCATION AND YOU VOCATION A GOOD TO KNOW 39 After finishing secondary school, I didn’t pass the exam to enter public high school. I thought about getting a job, because I thought I couldn’t go to private school. It was partly because I felt discouraged, but primarily because we could not afford it. 40 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Huyen ’s Story For Huyen, getting accepted to college has taken her one step closer to her dream of becoming a teacher. Now in her freshman year at Hung Vuong University in Phu Tho Province (about 80 kilometers from Hanoi), Huyen is majoring in teaching English as a second language. But her dream would not have come true if she had dropped out of school three years earlier, when school became unaffordable for her and her family. Her parents divorced when she was six and she has lived with her mother since. Her mother, Nguyen Thi Trang, 52, is a worker in the Thuy Van Industrial Zone located seven kilometers away from their house. She earns VND 2 million ($100) per month. For Huyen, the grant of $90 dollars a year was more than just a much-needed financial lifeline. “I am the only child in the family. Since I was younger I “The scholarship was very important to me. It was both have always dreamed of becoming a teacher. I want to be a spiritual and material gift that gave me more energy a teacher of English. and provided necessary conditions so that I could continue studying. It was not just important to me, but “There are many things that helped my dream come to all other poor students.” true. My parents have encouraged me a lot and the scholarship I received helped me continue my education. Without the scholarship, my family would never have been able to afford the school fee. I’D LIKE A SOLID EDUCATION AND YOU VOCATION A GOOD TO KNOW 41 “My biggest challenge right now is the difficult situation “My hope over the next few years is to do a very good of my family, because there are many things that we thesis so that I can get a job as an English teacher when have to pay for when I study at the university. Another I graduate. I think that today English is a very popular challenge is my capability—but I will make my best language.”2 effort. To overcome these challenges I study hard and help my parents at home. We have a piece of land and I help my mother by working in the fields. If I didn’t have this opportunity, I know I would have gone a different path. I cannot imagine how my life would have turned out. 2 Since Huyen was first interviewed, she has received a scholarship from Hung Vong University to cover her tuition fee to continue pursuing her studies. 42 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My advice to my friends would be that they should never give up. T ­ owever hey should keep trying to achieve their dreams, h difficult it seems. Study hard and work hard. I’D LIKE A SOLID EDUCATION AND YOU VOCATION A GOOD TO KNOW 43 From memorizers to problem-solvers Giving students access to a good education is just one step in the skilling-up process that Vietnam is taking to keep its workforce competitive in the global arena. It’s not just what you learn, but how you learn that’s important. As part of Vietnam’s efforts to strengthen education, the government is promoting a different approach to learning instead of the traditional approaches that lean heavily on memorization and copying. Building a skilled workforce entails revising school curriculum and teaching Vietnamese students to become more effective problem-solvers, critical thinkers, better communicators and team players. Work on a new curriculum is already underway, and Vietnam has adapted a promising model from Colombia called Escuela Nueva. This approach features more group-learning and problem-solving than the memorization and copying often seen in Vietnamese school classrooms today. A pilot underway in 1,500 primary schools across Vietnam is already showing success and holds lessons for broader reforms. 44 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Spotlight: China—Taking vocational training to the next level For the past 30 years, China’s abundant of education in 21 vocational and technical supply of labor has been driving the schools in Guangdong, Liaoning, Shandong country’s economic boom. But only half and Yunnan provinces. These provinces are of China’s 140 million employees of urban part of China’s growth story. Guangdong is enterprises can be classified as ‘skilled’, the engine behind the country’s export-led according to the Ministry of Human growth; Shandong’s economy is the second Resources and Social Security of China. As biggest, just after Guangdong; Liaoning is the country’s industries are shifting from one of the most important industrial bases; low-skilled and labor-intensive to more skill- and Yunnan is a strategic border province intensive, the need for skilled workers is and the “bridge” between China and rising. The World Bank has been working for Southeast Asia. over two decades with China to try and fill the technical and vocational education and The aim is to modernize curriculums through training (TVET) gap. the introduction of a modular, competency- based curriculum and student-centered TVET has gone big in China. According teaching methods. Wei Bincheng, a student to the Ministry of Education, there are majoring in construction management, says now more than 1,100 college-level TVET the changes are quite apparent: institutes and almost 15,000 secondary TVET schools—enrolling a whopping 11 million “It used to be that the teacher was the students per year. leader in class, and we would be just listening to them. Now a new way has been In collaboration with the Chinese adopted—teachers work together with government, four World Bank-supported us on the subject, and together we make projects have helped improve the quality progress.” I’D LIKE A SOLID EDUCATION AND YOU VOCATION A GOOD TO KNOW 45 ECONOMIES IN THE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION IMPLEMENTED 24 REGULATORY REFORMS IN THE PAST YEAR ALONE, TO MAKE IT EASIER TO DO BUSINESS. IN KIRIBATI, THE COST OF BUSINESS START-UP PROCEDURES DROPPED BY ABOUT 40% BETWEEN 2003 AND 2014. IN INDONESIA, THE TIME REQUIRED TO START A BUSINESS DROPPED BY ALMOST 70%, FROM ABOUT 168 DAYS IN 2003 TO 53 DAYS IN 2014. IN THE LAST 10 YEARS VIETNAM HAS IMPLEMENTED 23 BUSINESS REGULATORY REFORMS—THE LARGEST NUMBER OF REFORMS IN THE REGION FOR EASE OF DOING BUSINESS. 46 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER FOUR Getting Down to Business Growing economies in the developing world In Vietnam, the World Bank Group’s have brought hundreds of millions of people International Finance Corporation (IFC), which out of poverty in the last two decades. In most focuses on the private sector, is helping to developing countries, 90 percent of job creation increase access to finance for small and medium comes from the private sector. It is also the enterprises, which contribute 40 percent to the engine of trade, the integrating force with the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). global economy that is often one of the most important factors in supporting long-term IFC also supports the government’s efforts poverty reduction. to simplify administrative procedures and streamline processes for business start-ups, tax But the fact is that in many developing administration and business land acquisition. countries, doing business is cumbersome This doesn’t only improve the bottom line; it and frustrating, and private entrepreneurs improves people’s lives. hit roadblocks at every turn. Even getting simple permits can take weeks or months or In this chapter you will meet Pham Quoc sometimes years. Bao, who has been able to turn two start-up companies into thriving businesses that are Countries across East Asia and the Pacific are creating good jobs for people in his hometown. taking on the challenge of making it easier You will also meet Nguyen Thi Dieu, whose to do business. With some help from the whole life changed when Bao reached out to World Bank Group, countries are streamlining her to work in his factory. regulations to help unlock private sector opportunities. I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 47 Vietnam: Creating a competitive edge 0 THEN: Before 1988, there The late 1970s and 1980s were were no private enterprises a rough patch for the economy operating in Vietnam, apart of Vietnam. When the Vietnam from family firms that did War ended in 1975, the whole not employ wage labor. country adopted a centrally planned economy in the Soviet style from the North. The economy stagnated. People faced severe shortages of food and goods, soaring inflation and deteriorating living standards. Vietnam in those years was an agricultural society—80 percent of the population and 70 percent of the labor force were dependent on agriculture or related sectors. However, annual agricultural production was not enough to feed the people. The country suffered from constant famine and the government was forced to import thousands of tons of food annually. By the early 1980s, Vietnam’s debt equaled its annual national income. 48 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 480,000 NOW: In 2000, the Company Law was enacted to create a more business-friendly environment. The law was revised in 2014. As of the start of 2015, there were more than 480,000 active private businesses in Vietnam. In 1986, Vietnam began its gradual transition from a command to a market economy. In the 1990s, the economy began to bustle with small entrepreneurs, creating an important foundation of capital and skills. Since 2006, the IFC has been supporting the government of Vietnam in its efforts to reform key business licensing procedures. Simplifications have been made in business registration in transportation, mining, banking, customs and advertising. Entrepreneurs like Pham Quoc Bao have felt the difference. Thanks to streamlined administrative procedures, Bao was able to start building his rice paper3 factory much earlier than anticipated. And thanks to the opening of the rice paper factory, Nguyen Thi Dieu has been able to find a good job close to home. 3 Rice paper is a thin translucent edible paper made from rice flour and used in Vietnamese spring rolls. I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 49 50 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Pham Quoc Bao ’s Story “My name is Pham Quoc Bao. I am 44 years old. I got “I was working in building construction in Saigon for married in 1991 and had a son before moving to Saigon about 15 years before I came back here. During that (Ho Chi Minh City) in 1993. This is my company, the time, there were a lot of women from my town who Nhan Hoa Company Ltd. It was always my idea to go went to Saigon to work and support their families. So out to open my eyes and come back after some years to when I came back in 2008, I thought it would be great start my own business, since I was the only son and I to continue my family’s work in rice paper production have my duties to my parents and my hometown. When on a more industrial level and at the same time help the I went to Saigon, I worked in several different lines women have a job close to home.” of work and also went back to school to learn about business management. My mother used to make and sell rice papers for a living and everyone I knew in Saigon who had tasted her rice papers always asked me to bring back some more. I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 51 “I had difficulties in the beginning. To start up a factory, “On the good side, I was very happy with how you first need to have the space for it so I had to go streamlined the procedures and regulations were that I through the paperwork to acquire a piece of land. dealt with to get the land to build the factory. Since I However, the machines cannot wait for the space so we had worked in building construction back in Saigon, I had to rent the space somewhere else. We only built this was used to all the procedures. When I saw the way the factory a year ago. officials worked here in my hometown, I knew it was going to work out well. They were all supportive of the “The time before we moved here was also a time of project and quite helpful in giving instructions. I was trials. We almost went bankrupt during the first two pleasantly surprised at how fast all the procedures were years in business. The company was new and the name being dealt with.” of our rice paper was unfamiliar in the market, so there were not enough customers. At first I planned to start building the factory in 2013, thinking it would take three years to go through all the paperwork to obtain the land, but to my pleasant surprise all the paperwork was done and approved by 2010. 52 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My Hopes for the Future “Now I can look down the road 20 years and see an “I have three children—two are in college and one just expanding business in the future. In the first two years started first grade. I am hopeful that my first born will of business, we only had 16 workers and we had days off continue my work after he finishes studying business because there was no work. Now we have 50 workers, management and that my second child will help with mostly in their mid-20s and 30s, working every day and the rattan craft factory after finishing studying industrial sometimes working overtime. In the future, I would like design. I am very sure that the future is bright. I might to use more technology in the production line—like even venture into a different industry in 20 years’ time.” dryers and more escalators—so that the female workers won’t have to work so hard outside under the hot sun. I have also started a rattan handcraft factory, which has been open for a year and a half. My ambition is to create 1,000 jobs in my hometown. I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 53 54 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Nguyen Thi Dieu ’s Story “My name is Nguyen Thi Dieu and I am 37 years old. I “I was working in construction there. We stayed there am from Hoai Xuan commune, Binh Dinh province. I for two years but weren’t able to improve our life much. was 22 years old when I got married and now I have two So we returned here to do some farming work and odd children, one in grade nine and one in grade three. It jobs—whatever type of job that we could get paid for.” was too hard to stay in our hometown because we didn’t have a stable job, so my husband and I decided to go to Saigon. It was a very hard time for us. We had no idea how to provide for the children and send them to school. I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 55 “When Bao opened the factory, I was so happy. “I never would have thought that this factory would However, in the first two years, when the factory was be this successful and I am confident that I will have a not built yet and our rice paper was not welcome by stable job now. Also, I can stay at home to take care of the consumers, we did not have enough work to do and my children after working hours. I very much appreciate I was very pessimistic. At that time I couldn’t imagine that.” that this would be my permanent job. When the factory first opened, it was a difficult time, but it was still much better than working on the farm or raising pigs at home. We now have full work throughout the month with a salary of about 2 million VND ($100). It helps take some of the financial burden off my husband since I contribute something to the family income. I can now cover the monthly expenses, paying for our kids’ tuition. 56 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW What I Dream for My Children “I really want my children to pursue their education. My husband and I only finished grade nine, so I want my children to go much further than we did. We are determined to provide for them, even if they have to go to Saigon to go to college. If they do not want to pursue higher education, I hope they will be able to get a job in one of the factories close to home that have sprung up here in the last few years.” I’D DOWN GETTING TO LIKE YOU BUSINESS TO KNOW 57 IN SOLOMON ISLANDS, THE ANNUAL TURNOVER AT THE HONIARA CENTRAL MARKET IS BETWEEN $10-16 MILLION, WITH WOMEN RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT 90% OF THIS ACTIVITY—BOTH AS BULK BUYERS AND RETAILERS. 650,000 650,000 PEOPLE IN LAO PDR GAINED ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES THROUGH A WORLD BANK-SUPPORTED PROJECT THAT FOCUSED ON PRIORITIES CHOSEN BY WOMEN. WOMEN HEAD ABOUT 40% OF MICRO BUSINESSES THAT ACCOUNT FOR 80% OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN SAMOA. 6.6% DOMESTIC VIOLENCE WIPES OUT 6.6% OF FIJI’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT EVERY YEAR. FOUNDED BY TWO WOMEN, CHINDEX IS A LEADING HEALTHCARE NETWORK IN CHINA THAT IS DEDICATED TO EMPOWERING ITS FEMALE STAFF THROUGH LEADERSHIP AND TRAINING. THE IFC HAS PROVIDED $45 MILLION IN FINANCING TO SUPPORT ITS GROWTH. 58 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER FIVE Empowering Women in the Workplace Whether you’re a human rights activist or The World Bank Group recognizes both the an economist, the evidence is plain to see— moral and economic imperative to achieve gender inequality not only makes life difficult gender equality. It works to help empower for women, it’s also detrimental to economies. women through its investments, knowing that There is substantial evidence to show that when this will also impact children’s education, health the inequality gap between men and women and nutrition. narrows, economic growth accelerates, people rise out of poverty, and there’s greater well- We’ve tallied up our spreadsheets—in 2015, being for all. 100 percent of the East Asia and Pacific lending operations took into account gender across It has been estimated that if societies in the all development areas. And microfinance is East Asia and Pacific region allocated resources breaking ground in the region, with hundreds on the basis of people’s skills and abilities as of thousands of women reached through World opposed to gender, the productivity of each Bank Group-supported microfinance activities in worker could shoot up by as much as Vietnam, Mongolia, Indonesia, the Philippines, 18 percent. Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. This is helping to make an impact on gender Across the region, women earn on average empowerment in countries where glass ceilings between 70-80 percent of what men earn are practically concrete. for similar work. They also own less land, and in some countries are at very high risk of Nowhere has that ‘concrete’ ceiling been more experiencing violence, both inside the home impenetrable than in Papua New Guinea. and out. That is not unique to the region. A But even that is beginning to crack with the recent UN analysis found that one in three persistence of people like Lady Winifred women worldwide have experienced physical Kamit and the 60 companies that make up the violence in their lifetime. Business Coalition for Women. I’D LIKE EMPOWERING WOMEN YOU IN THE TO KNOW WORKPLACE 59 Papua New Guinea: Breaking the silence 1% With a population of seven million THEN: In the 1980s, less than 1% speaking over 800 indigenous languages, of business boards Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the largest in Papua New country in the Pacific and one that Guinea had female has come a long way. Over the past representation. decade, PNG’s economy has seen steady improvement, largely due to a boom in extractive minerals and the oil and gas sector. One of the single largest investments—valued at 140 percent of the country’s GDP—was the construction of a major liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline to increase LNG exports. Completed in 2014, the project is expected to triple the country’s export revenue by 2020. 60 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 1% NOW: The numbers have still not changed. In the 2010s, less than 1% of business boards in Papua New Guinea have female representation. To ensure that increased revenues benefit all Papua New Guineans equitably, the government of PNG has taken on much-needed public sector reforms and capacity building of the civil service through a national education plan to introduce free primary education, as well as a health plan aimed at tackling the country’s high infant and maternal mortality rates. Despite the glowing economic report, PNG is facing some difficult social challenges. Poverty and social inequality are persistent, the rates of malnutrition and sexually transmitted infections are high, gender equality is low, and most shocking, gender-based violence afflicts about two-thirds of women—twice the worldwide percentage cited in a recent UN study. I’D LIKE EMPOWERING WOMEN YOU IN THE TO KNOW WORKPLACE 61 Lady Winifred Kamit ’s Story Violence against women and its impacts are stalling women’s progress on the business and economic front in PNG, and are a barrier to integrating and promoting women in the workplace. According to statistics from the PNG National Department of Health, almost 70 percent of women in the country have been victims of physical or sexual violence. Sixty companies, through the Business Coalition for Women, are working to change that paradigm for PNG women. The Coalition, supported by the Australian government and the World Bank Group’s IFC, is focusing on four key areas: addressing violence against women; promoting women into leadership roles; developing gender-smart workplace policies and best practices; and expanding opportunities in the supply chain for women-owned businesses. One powerful voice for the Coalition is its patron, Lady Winifred Kamit. You can’t sit there and tolerate one person subjecting another one to the awful physical and mental torture that women in Papua New Guinea experience. For us to even start talking about development and start talking about women’s issues, this particular issue has got to be dealt with. “I live in Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New “I was also lucky that I had an elder brother and a Guinea. I’m a lawyer by profession—I’ve always been a father who encouraged me and my sisters to go to lawyer. I have two children, a girl and boy. They are now school. If I’ve advanced to the stage where I am, it is 37 and 32. I also have a granddaughter. I started in my partly because there was support in the family to send law firm in 1988, was made partner in 1993, and I ran girls to school. And in my adult life I had mentors and the office as a managing partner in 1997. you know there were no women out there—they were men—and so I give credit to the mentors that I had as I “I was lucky that I grew up in a part of PNG that was started my career. matrilineal, which means that the inheritance and also leadership went through the women line. Women did “Making sure that men and women and boys and girls play some leadership role, more specifically in terms of are given equal opportunity has always been my dream decisions that were of enormous consequences to the and I am optimistic that one day, someday, we will community. achieve that.” 62 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Violence Against Women “Violence against women in Papua New Guinea is quite “The Business Coalition for Women was set up to entrenched. The survey that was done in the 1980s, help the private sector and the men who really support which is contained in a report by the PNG Law Reform women to do something in their workplaces to help Commission of 1992, is quite astounding. It is a report women progress through their careers—recognizing that tells us and the world that it is a shameful issue some of the challenges that these women have, raising that domestic violence and violence against women is their families, maternity leave issues, the violence and tolerated in this country. how employers can work on educating their workforce about managing not only their anger, but also managing “I think if we were to ignore the 50 percent of our acceptance of women in the workplace. population that are women and for them not to have a say or to contribute to the development of whichever “So I know for the businessmen out there it’s good issues we’re talking about, it would be a sad state of business sense for them to encourage women and I am affairs for Papua New Guinea. very optimistic and welcome the establishment of the Business Coalition for Women.” “Development in the whole sense should include men and women because any subject of importance to a country needs both the inputs of men and women. T he Business Coalition for Women is an initiative in the right direction. It will pave the way for bringing up the level of women’s participation in all developmental issues including decision-making at political and business levels. I’D LIKE EMPOWERING WOMEN YOU IN THE TO KNOW WORKPLACE 63 My Dream for all the Daughters of Papua New Guinea “Papua New Guinea is a beautiful country. I dream “And most of all that they can walk around the major of a country that will make it possible for all girls and towns in Port Moresby or wherever without fear for their women to be able to express themselves fully. If they safety. I’d like to have an education system that will help choose to stay at home and raise their children, that’s them to become achievers. I’d like to see better health fine too, but they should have a choice to do something services so that they can live healthy lives. I’d also like an else—to be a doctor, to be a pilot, to be anything they environment that will encourage investors, businessmen want to be. and businesswomen so that they can also have the financial power to maintain and sustain their lives.” It makes business sense to include women; we bring a different perspective to the table; we are made differently and so we bring a balance to the boardroom about what should be done and could be done and how it could be done better. 64 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Spotlight: The PNG Business Coalition for Women The National Catering Service (NCS), one of “The Coalition is a long-term initiative that the largest PNG-owned businesses today, involves mentoring and helping women is a founding member of the PNG Business establish themselves in business and in Coalition for Women. senior business roles. NCS has about 1,500 local staff providing “I think we all need to deal with this issue catering services across PNG. Half of its of violence against women because I have employees are women and it is the aim of witnessed it every couple of days at work. its managing director, John Gethin-Jones, I think it’s an issue that everyone needs to to make sure that those women thrive and push to be eliminated—both at home and prosper in the company. at work. “The Business Coalition for Women is a “I’d like to see opportunities opened up for group of like-minded individuals—mostly women in PNG. I envision an environment from corporate, government and chamber where very successful PNG women and of commerce groups—who have a charter PNG men stand equally at a board room which is set up to advance women in PNG. table or at an executive group meeting or It’s important to have women involved in the workplace and they are considered to in business and government because the be equal.” perspective they bring is very different. I’D LIKE EMPOWERING WOMEN YOU IN THE TO KNOW WORKPLACE 65 8,462 IN VIETNAM, A COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT (CDD) PROJECT GENERATED 8,462 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES, 1.8 MILLION DAYS OF LABOR AND $4.5 MILLION IN INCOME. 3,000 AN $80 MILLION CDD PROJECT IS SUPPORTING INVESTMENTS IN OVER 3,000 RURAL VILLAGES IN 15 TOWNSHIPS THROUGHOUT MYANMAR. 21% IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE AVERAGE REAL NET HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF FARMERS PARTICIPATING IN THE COMMUNITY AGRARIAN REFORM PROJECT (CARP) INCREASED BY 21% AFTER THREE YEARS. 300,000 OVER 300,000 PEOPLE IN 155 WAR-TORN COMMUNITIES IN MINDANAO IN THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES HAVE RECEIVED TRAINING TO PLAN, CONSTRUCT, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THEIR PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, INCLUDING CLASSROOMS, HEALTH STATIONS, ACCESS ROADS, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY CENTERS. 66 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER SIX Empowered Communities In 1932 during the Great Depression, a man Since the mid-1990s, organizations including named Herman Lay borrowed $100 and the World Bank Group, other multilateral founded the H.W. Lay Distributing Company development banks and NGOs have invested based in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. heavily in community-driven development The company, famous for its potato chips, —an approach that empowers local (CDD)­­ eventually merged with the Frito Company and decision-making and gives communities control PepsiCo and today is worth over $12 billion. over resources to develop solutions tailored to So how does this relate to community-driven their needs. development in East Asia and the Pacific you might ask? Keep reading. Here are some of those stories—U Aye Than of Pan Zin Village in Myanmar tells what CDD Today, most entrepreneurs in developed has meant to his village; Viscuso de Lira of countries would not even imagine starting any Balangiga in the Philippines tells how CDD profitable business with $100. But throughout helped recovery after a deadly typhoon; and Siti the developing world, industrious people are Robe’ah talks about how CDD has helped parlay doing just that—thanks in part to community- her $50 grant into quite the chip business. driven development programs. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 67 Through community- driven development $9.3billion THEN: Between 2000 and 2005, the World Bank loaned $9.3 billion towards community-driven development initiatives worldwide. 68 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW $30billion NOW: The World Bank- supported CDD programs are currently valued at $30 billion, with the highest commitment amounts in East Asia and the Pacific, Africa and South Asia. Over the past 10 years, CDD investments have represented between five and 10 percent of the World Bank’s overall lending portfolio. In the East Asia and Pacific region, one of the most notable projects continues to be Indonesia’s National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM Mandiri), which has its origins in the 1990s. An estimated 45 million poor people have benefited from the investments. Infrastructure built by the community has been 30-50 percent cheaper than building through government systems. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 69 Indonesia: A little can go a long way It helps to come from a community called Sukadami, which means ‘happy to discuss.’ It helps too that $50 can go a long way in the rural areas of Indonesia. It also helped that budding entrepreneur Siti Robe’ah was able to take advantage of a program that the Indonesian government had started with support from the World Bank. PNPM Mandiri, Indonesia’s largest community-driven poverty-reduction program, works nationwide to provide funds for poor urban and rural communities so they can invest in their own development priorities. 70 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Siti Robe ’ah ’s Story Before, I was an ordinary housewife, but since I got married in 19 92, I liked making snacks like cheese sticks and onion chips. I didn’t have much money, so I could produce only two kilograms per day, or 50 packs. We sold the packs to small shops for Rp 500 (5 cents) each. We had to wait until our snacks sold before we could buy food for the family. Sometimes, our products didn’t sell. But I never gave up. I never stopped trying until I could make better snacks. I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 71 he Little Business that Grew T “I am 40 years old. I live in Sukadami Village, West “In 2006, I became head of the group. Its name is Java Province. I am the ninth child of 10 siblings. I have Sistik. I had training from PNPM, such as bookkeeping, five children. My oldest child is 22 years old and the financial management, packaging and marketing. I youngest one is two and a half. implemented in my daily work what I learned from the training. “My husband’s name is Abdurrohim. In the beginning, he sold snacks outside the high school. But then the “I used some of the money from PNPM to renovate school didn’t permit any street vendors to be in front of our work space. This space was very small and in my the school. So now my husband helps me deliver snacks kitchen, at the back of my house. It was only 1x1 to the small shops around the school. meter. Now we have a bigger and better place. We call it a production house. We also produce more kinds of “There was a person who knew that I made snacks. She snacks. said my cheese sticks and onion chips were delicious. She told me if I needed more capital, I could get it from “Now I have 10 employees. I asked my relatives and UPK (Activity Management Unit) from PNPM. Then neighbors to join my business. They work half the day, I came to UPK with a friend and we were advised to set every day—except me. In the afternoon, I go shopping up a group. again if I think I need more raw materials. And if there are snacks that need to be packaged or boxed again, I’ll “In 2004, I got the loan—it was Rp 500,000 ($50). I do it. bought a frying pan and cooking materials. In 2005, the loan amount became Rp 1 million ($100). Thankfully “Our snacks are sold in Purwakarta, Karawang, Subang they increased my loan so that I could replace some old (towns outside her village). Some people buy them as production equipment. By 2011, my loan totaled Rp 10 gifts and send them to the Netherlands and to Saudi million ($1,000). Arabia. As our income has increased, now I can also have my own shop attached to my house. Because of PNPM, I can have this kind of life, a better life. The loan from PNPM has changed my life.” 72 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW When I first got the loan, we produced five kilograms of snacks a day. Now, our production reaches on average 50 kilograms a day. If we work longer, we could produce around 70 kilograms a day. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 73 Hopes for the Future “I already have some partners. They told me they want “I want people to know me as a beneficiary of PNPM to do business with me. So we agreed. My profit at the and that I have a successful small business. My family moment is on average Rp 200,000 ($20) per day. Later, and I now live happier. I never thought it would be like I hope I can set aside some funds to help other people, this.” especially the elderly and orphans. Sometimes people call me directly from the Netherlands and ask me to deliver some snacks to their relatives to be brought to the Netherlands. 74 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW What I Dream for my Children “Hopefully my children can take over the business “Hopefully she can open franchises in surrounding someday. Right now I am preparing my eldest child areas. My second child sometimes comes with me to to take over my business. The District Health Office shop for the materials. If I am too busy, he is the one sometimes asks me to train other women on how to who does the shopping. He is interested in marketing produce snacks. When I do that, my daughter Siti and distributing the products. But right now he is Rokayah takes over my role. I have taught her what finishing his studies. So I will wait. materials to buy and how to buy them. So if I have to go somewhere, I don’t worry anymore. My daughter is “At the moment, I still have no capacity to send my ready to replace me. products to big cities such as Jakarta. Many people have asked, but I replied to them that I have to think it over. I hope my son can help me someday to realize this plan.” I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 75 Myanmar: New beginnings Myanmar is currently in a triple transition—from an authoritarian military system to democratic governance, from a centrally directed economy to a market-oriented one, and from 60 years of conflict to peace in its border areas. Since 2011, the government has embarked on an ambitious agenda of reforms to promote economic development, reduce poverty and improve the lives of its people. It is also seeing the initial results of the community-driven development project, the first World Bank-supported project in Myanmar in 25 years. The CDD project takes a people-centered approach and enables poor rural communities to benefit from improved access to basic infrastructure and services. Almost 200 rural communities in 15 townships are identifying and implementing the investments they need most—from roads and bridges to irrigations systems, schools, health clinics and rural markets. The project encourages participation of women, vulnerable groups and ethnic minorities. Over the next few years the project will address community needs and reduce poverty in more than 3,000 villages, home to more than two million people. One of those villages is Pan Zin Village. 76 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW han ’s Story U Aye T U Aye Than, a 46-year-old fisherman, lives in Pan Zin village. It is located in the southernmost part of Myanmar and is home to 2,800 people. Most villages in this area are located on small islands, surrounded by blue sea and covered with lush green mangrove trees. Depending on the season, U Aye Than goes to sea almost every day to fish. He is married to Daw Khine Win, 42, and they have six children. His story is the story of CDD in Myanmar and how it is making a difference nationwide. It is our culture that the villagers work together for the benefit and development of the village. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 77 “Every morning at 4 am, I get up to prepare to go to the “Two elder children are in Myeik city. Four children sea with my small boat. This is crab season so I need to are with us in the village and they all go to school. I prepare the traps for catching crabs. At home, my wife encourage all my children to finish their schooling. I runs a noodle shop to earn extra money to support the want my daughter to become a teacher. She is now in family. In the evening, I come back home from the sea the 10th grade. My eldest son is studying at university to have dinner with my family. and also working as a motorbike taxi driver in Myeik. I don’t want them to work as a fisherman like me. It is a very tiring job. I want them to get educated and get a better job.” 78 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “It’s very common for us to work together in the village, “With the CDD, we identified our priorities for our for example renovating the road or repairing the bridge. village. We decided that our priority is to renovate the We help each other; we value teamwork and we work school, then the road and bridges, and then upgrade the together. water and electricity supply for the third year.” “An important part of the CDD project is to encourage men and women to participate equally in the project. Everybody has his or her own right and responsibility to contribute and is responsible for the success of the project. We needed to fix up the school for our children because it kept getting flooded when it rained or the tide was high. Now our children can go to school throughout the rainy season without worrying about getting wet. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 79 The Philippines: Rising from the ruins of Yolanda The Philippines is among the most vulnerable countries in the world to weather-related extreme events, earthquakes and sea-level rise, and is already feeling the consequences of climate change. On November 8, 2013, one of the most intense storms in recorded history made landfall in the country. Packing winds of up to 312 kilometers per hour and storm surges as high as seven meters (21 feet), Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yolanda, was the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record, killing at least 6,300 people. Economic losses reached $12.9 billion. No one knows that better than the 13,000 residents of the coastal town of Balangiga, one of the poorest of Eastern Samar located in central Philippines. For decades, life in the municipality came to a standstill when vicious storms and monsoon rains brought floods and sickness. 80 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW But in the early 2000s, residents made floodwater control and the construction of a seawall a priority through a CDD program called KALAHI-CIDSS, which in English means ‘linking arms against poverty.’ With support from the World Bank, KALAHI-CIDSS has financed 6,000 projects worth $265 million, benefiting over 1.6 million families in the poorest areas of the Philippines. In Balangiga, KALAHI-CIDSS trained residents in project planning, technical design, financial management and procurement. It also provided townspeople with opportunities to access information, express their opinion and influence local governance. It set up a community organization with volunteers operating at every level. For almost a decade the town withstood the impact of the most intense typhoons—until Yolanda. But on the heels of Yolanda, the spirit of the CDD program came to the rescue. The mayor of Balangiga, Viscuso de Lira, describes what happened and James Padil, a fisherman, also talks about the aftermath of Yolanda. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 81 Viscuso de Lira, Mayor of Balangiga “Yolanda made landfall on Friday, November 8. But as “Community-driven development is really about early as Wednesday afternoon, November 6, we were empowering the community. We were able to apply able to notify people that there’s going to be a very what we had learned from CDD. The CDD setup made strong typhoon, a super typhoon. We told them that it easier to get reliable information on the ground that we had designated areas for evacuation. Despite our was important for making decisions. population of around 13,000, we had a small number of casualties because of our preparation—13 people. “Even the relief distribution was systematic because of the CDD volunteers. They were the ones identifying “But the damage of Yolanda was so great. Damage to who are the most vulnerable families, the ones who agriculture was more than four hundred million pesos should be given priority, given assistance. They have data ($8.8 million). The damage to infrastructure, including on how many fisher folks, how many farmers are in the private buildings, reached almost 1.8 billion pesos area. We were able to unload or distribute relief goods ($40.5 million). immediately in the barangays (villages) because based on the data we received from the network of volunteers, we knew exactly how many families and households there were in a barangay and who were most affected.” We had no one to turn to. But because Balangiga is one of the pioneers of the CDD process in the Philippines, I believe it greatly helped us recover after Yolanda. 82 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “There was one national government agency that “No matter what preparations were done, we can never witnessed the distribution and told us that in all the totally anticipate the impact of a disaster. Here in disaster areas that they’ve been to, ours was the only Balangiga, our experience is different because the people place that they saw that the distribution was orderly and are empowered. The community is empowered. People smooth. And it’s because of the volunteers (from the here are involved—something that we learned from KALAHI-CIDSS). KALAHI.” After the storm, I saw that people in the community all had the spirit of compassion. Everybody wanted to get involved. Because of the CDD process that they went through, the people here are not the type who would just wait for what was coming; they were on the ground working, helping each other. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 83 James Padil ‘s Story One of the village’s fishermen is James Padil, who lives with his parents and his seven younger brothers and sisters at the seashore. “When I don’t have classes, I fish while my father repairs “I remember the day Yolanda hit. There was an advisory pump boats. When classes start, my father takes over telling us to prepare because the storm would be strong. fishing so I can go to school. When I was younger I was We evacuated. We prepared all our things. We pulled very unruly. I didn’t realize one shouldn’t waste one’s my father’s boat out of the sea and kept it in a corner. life. I had many vices then—smoking, gambling, and It was not carried away, but it was destroyed because a drinking—but I am very thankful that I’ve changed mango tree fell on it. through the word of God. Before, my parents used to be scared of me because sometimes I would come home “After Yolanda, the whole community worked together drunk and penniless because I spent all my money on right after the storm so we could rebuild our houses. We my vices. Now they are happy for me because when I helped one another clean the surroundings because there am able to work and when I have money I give it to was lots of debris. We saved all the wood that was lying them. around, so we could use it to build our shelter.” We tied our house down, but it was useless because the waves were huge and they washed away all the houses along the seashore. 84 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My Hopes for the Future “I want my community to develop so that the people “The land we live on is government property, so if we won’t suffer, just like before Typhoon Yolanda. After have our own land where we can build our own house, Yolanda, people here find it hard to look even for food. it would be better. “We are only informal settlers. We don’t have our own “My dream is to go to college and get an education and land. We are staying on the seashore. I want to have a good job so I could support my brothers and sisters so our own land that is stable where we will not fear the they can also study.” coming of monsoons and our home won’t be destroyed. I’D LIKE YOU EMPOWERED TO KNOW COMMUNITIES 85 BETWEEN 2006 AND 2013, MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS IN FIJI MORE THAN TRIPLED. TODAY, BASIC MOBILE COVERAGE IS NOW NEARLY UNIVERSAL AT 89.5%. IN SAMOA, MORE THAN 165,000 PEOPLE—ABOUT 85% OF THE POPULATION—GAINED ACCESS TO A MOBILE PHONE OVER THE PAST DECADE. IN TONGA, AN 830-KILOMETER UNDERWATER FIBER-OPTIC CABLE CONNECTING TO FIJI AND THE WIDER WORLD WAS INSTALLED IN AUGUST 2013, BRINGING HIGH-SPEED INTERNET FOR THE FIRST TIME TO THE CAPITAL CITY OF NUKU’ALOFA. IN VIETNAM, MORE THAN 159,000 PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO USE E-BANKING SERVICES THROUGH AN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY-BASED WORLD BANK OPERATION. THE PROJECT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE SPEED AND RELIABILITY OF INTERBANK PAYMENTS FROM TWO WEEKS IN 2005 TO LESS THAN ONE DAY TODAY. 86 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER SEVEN Connecting to a Wider World Information and communications technology The World Bank Group places ICT high on its (ICT) has seen incredible growth rates in the agenda in the Pacific to help support the area’s East Asia and Pacific region, particularly with development. mobile phone usage. China now has the largest smartphone user base in the world, and Korea Despite the challenges of distance, the spread and Singapore are among the top 10 countries in of ICT is now happening fast. Villagers, who the world in smartphone penetration. for years had made treacherous hours-long boat trips to make a simple phone call, are now Thousands of kilometers away in Kiribati in calling and texting family in other provinces the Pacific, where the cost of ICT services is and other countries. This ‘telecommunications high, less than one percent of the population revolution’ is also creating jobs, such as has access to broadband Internet and only 14 livelihoods for at least 30,000 people in Papua percent use a mobile phone. New Guinea. The Pacific is one of the most dispersed and From Papua New Guinea to Samoa to Solomon remote regions on Earth. Comprised of some Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu, cell phones are 9,000 islands spread across a vast ocean, its changing lives and livelihoods. It is happening governments and the private sector deal with in Tanna, one of the 82 islands that make up the some of the highest costs of doing business in Pacific Island country of Vanuatu. Tanna is just a the world. The lack of communications systems tiny dot on the map, but if you look closely you has been a barrier to development. can see a big dream emerging from that dot—all because of a cell phone. It is Kelson’s dream. In many parts of the world, cell phones are a convenience that we take for granted, but in the Pacific access to cell phones is essential for development and the key to thriving, and in some cases, surviving. I’D LIKE CONNECTING TO A WIDER YOU KNOW TO WORLD 87 Vanuatu: A little mobile phone makes a big difference THEN: In 1994, only 4% of Vanuatu’s population used a mobile phone. 4% Back in the 1980s, Vanuatu was an island nation as unconnected as you can get. By 1994, only four percent of Vanuatu’s population used a mobile phone. Most people in those years made a living from coconuts or subsistence farming. But in the mid-1980s Kelson Hosea and his father had another idea. They wanted to invite the world to their island home. They were pioneers of eco-tourism on the remote volcanic island of Tanna, Vanuatu. In those early days the lack of communications was a tremendous challenge for these new entrepreneurs. 88 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 90 % NOW: In Vanuatu, 90% of the people now have a mobile phone connection. How times have changed! Today Kelson can count himself as one of the 4.1 billion mobile phone users in the world. He now books tourists from home. Over the last six years, more than two million people in PNG and the Pacific Islands gained access to mobile phones thanks to an increase in provider options facilitated by the World Bank Group. In Vanuatu, 90 percent of the people now have a mobile phone connection. I’D LIKE CONNECTING TO A WIDER YOU KNOW TO WORLD 89 90 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Kelson ’s Story More than 30 years ago, in a country that only knew coconuts and copra (the dried meat of coconuts), a young man dreamed of bringing tourists to his island home. It seemed like a far-fetched idea. How would he get the word out to the world that he was open for business? Even if you wanted to get news to someone on another island, you had to jump in a boat and travel there. If you wanted to make a phone call, you had to walk kilometers to the nearest town to one of the few public phones at the time. But even that didn’t deter Kelson Hosea. In the beginning, I faced a lot of difficulties with my tourism business. I used to walk four kilometers to town and back in order to make phone calls for bookings. With no phones I faced hard times in my business. “My name is Kelson and I was born on Tanna. I am “Now, we just stay in our rooms, or outside, or even in 48 years old. My wife’s name is Joyce and we have two the shower…and the mobile phone rings…I grab it… daughters, Lusianne, 18, and Ajay, 12. I started the answer the call. business nearly 30 years ago when I left school. “For my children, the technology and the knowledge “Before, there was no tourism here and no are increasing. In my youth, I didn’t even know what a accommodation here in my area, the White Sands area. mobile phone was—and now, I have the mobile phone, I was the first to start a tourist business; I started with but I don’t know some of the things inside. But my one hut. Since 2008, we have mobile phones here. And children know how to do everything—like how to go we were lucky. Now everywhere I go—in the jungle, into the Internet. They know everything you can do wherever I go in the car—I have the phone with me. with mobile phones. But I just know how to answer the call and call out.” Once we had this technology, I felt like I had a new baby, born to my family. I was happy. T he phone is like my friend. It changes a lot. I can take bookings right from my phone—from Germany, from France, from Australia. I’D LIKE CONNECTING TO A WIDER YOU KNOW TO WORLD 91 “My hope for the future is to upgrade my business. I am “So I will have my own office in the future and maybe thinking to have Internet here if it’s possible. We still I will build some bungalows with the private facilities don’t have access to the Internet; we have to go to town inside. And I have a big plan for the treehouses—to to check our bookings. It would be easier just to stay in build toilets and showers inside the treehouses. That’s our rooms or bungalows and get the bookings directly. the future. And I hope to get a car, a good car, a comfortable car for this business and expand it more as my family is also expanding.” I want to be an example to other people so everyone can build a better life. Even with the phones we now have an easier life. Now everyone here, people who haven’t got a job, someone who is a gardener in the bush, everyone has phones! 92 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Spotlight: Alert! Alert! A volcano is erupting! Kelson is getting an added advantage from “We get the SMS (instant messaging) on his cell phone—you might call it a survival our phones from the National Disaster advantage. The new cell phone networks Management Office. I helped them to have been a huge asset for disaster risk install the machines around the volcano. management in Vanuatu. There are several The machines collect information on activity active volcanoes in Vanuatu, including from the volcano and send the information Lopevi and several underwater volcanoes. to Port Vila. If the volcanic activity is Volcanic activity is common, with an ever- increasing they send the SMS. present danger of a major eruption. There was one such eruption in 2008, with luckily “Before we had cell phones, we just no casualties. Now with the cell phone heard the explosions and we didn’t know network, if a volcano blows, people like how dangerous it was. We just thought Kelson can get a warning through instant it was normal. Now we can find out how messaging on their phones. dangerous the eruption is right away on our mobile phones.” I’D LIKE CONNECTING TO A WIDER YOU KNOW TO WORLD 93 CORAL REEF-RELATED FISHERIES IN INDONESIA AND THE PHILIPPINES ALONE ARE VALUED AT AROUND $2.2 BILLION A YEAR WITH REEF-BASED TOURISM VALUED AT ANOTHER $258 MILLION A YEAR. IN CHINA'S JIANGXI PROVINCE, ABOUT 1.3 MILLION PEOPLE BENEFITED FROM BETTER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND HIGHER INCOMES THROUGH A WORLD BANK- SUPPORTED INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION PROJECT. THE AVERAGE PER CAPITA INCOME FOR FARMERS DOUBLED WITHIN SIX YEARS TO $520. OVER $508 MILLION IS BEING INVESTED TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TWO MILLION SMALL FARMERS AND FISHERS AND EXPAND THEIR ACCESS TO MARKETS THROUGH THE PHILIPPINE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (PRDP). 37% CHINA IS PROJECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR 37% OF GLOBAL FISH PRODUCTION BY 2030. 94 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER EIGHT Conserving the Bounty of Land and Sea The world today continues to suffer from lives. It is an intricate dance with nature that is a dramatic loss of biodiversity, with major being played out all over the world—with reefs, consequences for the provision of food, clean with forests, with biodiversity. This complex water and other necessities critical for human web of challenges facing the world requires well-being and green growth. practical solutions and investments. More than 2.5 billion people in developing In Papua New Guinea, the World Bank is countries worldwide depend on agriculture working with descendants of the Earth’s earliest for their livelihoods. The loss of agricultural farmers, like David Vaorete, to bring the biodiversity is weakening the ability of societies valuable cocoa crop back from the brink. to respond to demands for higher crop productivity and adapt to the effects of climate In Indonesia, in the village of Waha in Wakatobi change. in South Sulawesi, marine tourism operator Sudirman and food vendor Ibu Jaurana are In the Pacific, small and remote island nations seeing just how interconnected their lives are are custodians of the last great ocean fishery, with the coral reefs and how the Coral Reef but face huge challenges as a multitude of Rehabilitation and Management Program, countries compete for this important resource. COREMAP, is promising them a sustainable future. Running like a beautiful multi-colored mosaic along much of Indonesia’s coast, coral reefs In Solomon Islands, with help from the World are perfect examples of the interdependence Bank Group’s IFC, a tuna cannery is giving of people and nature. As goes the health of new meaning to the lives of people like Adrian the reefs, so will go the coastal communities— Wickham and Nellie Kagovai—making real the people who depend on the reefs to sustain their expression ‘small is beautiful.’ I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 95 Papua New Guinea: Descendants of Earth’s earliest farmers count on cocoa 22,000 THEN: Cocoa production in Bougainville totaled 22,000 tons in 2008. This declined sharply after the pest cocoa pod borer (CPB) caused farmers in the province to lose up to 90% of their crops. In the rich soil of the island nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies evidence of the earliest agriculture on the planet—dating back almost 10,000 years—some 3,000 years earlier than anywhere else. At Kuk Swamp in PNG’s Wahgi Valley, scientists have discovered ancient irrigation systems and evidence of cultivation of taro (a root vegetable), finding plant residues in the soil and on ancient stone tools. Fast forward some 10,000 years and you find the same rich agricultural traditions supporting rural livelihoods and providing a big chunk of PNG’s export market. Over 85 percent of PNG’s 7.3 million people live in rural areas and most depend on small- scale agriculture for their food and livelihoods. After coffee, cocoa is PNG’s second most important agricultural export crop. Together the two crops provide critical income for more than half a million households. 96 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 310,000 NOW: The government of Papua New Guinea has set an ambitious annual cocoa production target of 310,000 tons to be reached by 2030. As of May 2014, nearly a million cocoa trees have been rehabilitated or planted. The decimation of the cocoa crop in the late 2000s by the cocoa borer disease left many farmers without income. Since 2011, the Productive Partnerships in Agriculture Project (PPAP) has been financing community-led projects in East New Britain and Bougainville to help thousands of small farmers control the outbreak and restore their livelihoods. The $51 million project is supported by the government of Papua New Guinea, with help from multiple donors including the World Bank, the European Union, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the private sector. The aim of PPAP is to double coffee and cocoa yields and increase farmers’ incomes by 50 percent. Five cocoa partnerships have been established under the first round of the project, helping to provide seedlings of more CPB-tolerant cocoa varieties and insect-resistant clones. One area of focus is the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which became part of independent PNG in 1975. Over the next five years, the project will help 60,000 coffee and cocoa farmers, 40 percent of them women, regain their livelihoods. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 97 98 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW David Vaorete 's Story David Vaorete, 61, is chairman of the Namatoa Village Nursery, in the Tinputz region in Bougainville. He is passionate about helping the community recover from the devastating impact of cocoa pod borer. Cocoa and copra have been the main cash crops of his community for generations. With the onset of cocoa pod borer, cocoa volumes are at their lowest in many years, leaving many households without their main source of income. Cocoa is important to us because it is a sustainable cash crop and we see that we can survive on it and it can build the community. “My name is David Vaorete. I was born in 1953 in the “In 1979, I went back to the village and started growing village of Namatoa, not far from Bougainville. I have cocoa and planting hybrids. seven children, a perfect number, one girl and six boys. The eldest boy is 27, Leon. Raymond is 20-something “Now, my role is to make sure the clones, the seedlings, or 18; another one tends to my cabbage patch—he’s are grown properly. We don’t get paid for doing these just finished school. My daughter also finished year 10 jobs, we just do the work. When we first started, we at school; she helps me tend to the cocoa—Rosetty. didn’t have proper tools. I didn’t even have a Another is in year three and the last two are in wheelbarrow or a hose to water the crops. elementary school. “I document everything about the clones. I have a little “I received a bit of education, I went to high school but notebook that I record the details in. Suppose they are didn’t finish. The PNG Defense Force came along at budding and not growing well—I record how many that time and ran a few recruitment exercises and tests. have died and how many have grown.” I was happy that I was tested to be physically fit and able to join the army. So I was 15 years old when I was sent off to Goldie River for training. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 99 It is now my job to get young people involved in growing cocoa. I will take them through the steps, teaching them how to plant the cocoa, showing them by example. “I’ve seen from past experience, people have gotten “You need to plant first and worry about the prices later, money from planting and selling cocoa. A bag now you will get the money. So that’s an incentive for them brings in about 500 Kina ($200), so I tell them, if you to start growing. I estimate there has been about 40,000 want this type of money you have to plant cocoa first. Kina ($16,000) in income to the village by cocoa sales and it’s helping to sustain the community.” 100 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My Hopes for the Future “In 10 years’ time, I’d like the community’s economic “We would use two-way radio signals especially when development to be restored to what it used to be years trying to transport our crops to town and find out ago. We used to have permanent buildings, generators what the prices were like, without having to go the full and big trucks and buses for transport. distance on a day that didn’t have a good price. So we had efficient communications means as well. We had everything, even ice cream! But now it’s not the same.” We don’t have much money so I would really like to see the economy restored. T hat’s why I say cocoa is like gold. I would like cocoa farming to thrive and I would like to see it having a positive impact in our area. I don’t want to see poverty among my people. The cocoa is our livelihood. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 101 Solomon Islands: A ton of potential in a small can of tuna $27.4 million THEN: Marine fishery production in Solomon Islands contributed $27.4 million to the country’s GDP in 2007. The Pacific fisheries have been feeding the world’s tuna appetite for decades. This includes one of the planet’s last healthy tuna stocks—supplying over a third of the world’s tuna, worth over $4 billion per year at first sale, with prices steadily rising. If managed well, the tuna could be a natural living resource that just keeps on giving. To mix a metaphor, the tuna is the goose that is laying the golden egg. But that golden egg is threatened. Many of these stocks have reached their limits as catch volumes have steadily climbed over the past decades. Future returns will have to come by earning more on a fixed volume of fish, rather than increasing it. For example, the skipjack tuna is a migratory species that swims through the waters of a number of Pacific countries, each one taking a piece of the fishery action. It is a classic example of the ‘tragedy of the commons’—everyone exploiting the bounty, but few wanting to protect the resource or make it sustainable. 102 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW $180 million NOW: The value of Solomon Islands tuna today is estimated at $180 million. Out of necessity and with a lot of forward thinking, the story is changing. Nowhere is that more evident than in Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands tuna accounts for around seven percent of the total Western and Central Pacific Ocean catch—more than 150,000 tons—with an estimated value of $180 million. However, the bulk of the catch is taken by foreign fishing vessels under licensing agreements and processed elsewhere. Access fees paid to Solomon Islands represent only about five percent of the landed (not retail) value of the catch. The SolTuna canning facility is looking to change those numbers. The idea is to get the full value out of the tuna by processing the fish rather than selling the whole fish offshore. The company, based in Noro, Western Province, is the only tuna loining and canning processor in Solomon Islands. SolTuna is the largest employer in Noro, with about 1,800 staff—65 percent of them women. SolTuna is the first of the IFC’s investments in Pacific fisheries and its first wild catch investment in more than 15 years. The IFC’s $10 million loan is part of a $27 million upgrade and expansion project, which is expected to increase the company’s processing capacity from 90 tons a day to 150 tons a day. Perhaps no one sees the future potential of the tuna stock better than Adrian Wickham, SolTuna’s managing director. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 103 Adrian Wickham ’s Story “My name is Adrian Wickham, managing director of and live with relatives in Honiara to go to school. And SolTuna. I was born on an island just off Munda, Hobu then from there I went to Australia to continue school Peka, in Solomon Islands. There was no primary school and then to university in Papua New Guinea.” around there at that stage so we had to leave home early 104 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “I joined NFD (National Fisheries Development), the “There’s a rule of thumb: for every one job that the tuna Solomon Islands fishing company, when it was still a industry creates, there are two or three others that are government-owned enterprise in 1989, and I was very created as spin-off. Things like rope mending provide fortunate to get that job. We moved the NFD operations employment, and we use local suppliers wherever we to Noro in 2001. For me it was coming home—it was can. And if you go around Noro you’ll see not only trade great. I’m one of the few Solomon Islanders who can stores, but other businesses open. In the last couple of really work at home, where most people have to leave years especially, you’re starting to see more hospitality and go to Honiara for opportunities. facilities, general trading—things have really improved.” “I became managing director of SolTuna in January of 2013. We have two shifts producing roughly 55-60 tons a day—so averaging now about 110 tons a day total. It’s quite an achievement. But we’d still like to take that figure above 120 tons a day. “The lightmeat loins—light meat being yellowfin and skipjack—go to Europe, mainly to Italy and some to Spain. Albacore loins go mainly to the United States. The canned product is mainly local and the sub-regional markets: Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji. We’re also kosher and halal certified. “This is the type of operation that the Solomons need more of—you’re really adding more value to the tuna and also employment opportunities and spin-off benefits to the wider community. With NFD and SolT una you’ve probably got one of the most unique operations in this part of the world. You’ve got locally flagged boats and locally crewed vessels, locally managed fishing-fleet operations supplying a local canner here. It’s quite unique. You won’t find this type of operation anywhere else. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 105 Seeking Sustainability “Unlike other extractive industries like mining and “Otherwise, overfishing will take place. There’s not logging, this industry, if managed well, is sustainable. enough coordination and staying within the limits. That’s a danger when you’re managing a migratory “There are definitely lessons we can learn from the species. problems with logging. Fishing really is a national resource, where logging is a landowner resource. “We like to think of the fishing industry—ourselves and Everyone in the Solomons owns the tuna. If we manage NFD—as partners in the community. As we speak, there’s it well, it will be there for future generations. a school hall being built by the industry, supported by SolTuna buyers in Europe. The chairman of Tri Marine “The Tuna Commission’s job is to identify problems (SolTuna’s majority shareholder) is also building four with stocks, and Solomon Islands must play its part and classrooms for the local community school. must stick to the measures that they put in place. I can comfortably say Solomon Islands is doing its part. But “There’s a program here at Noro called the safehouse unfortunately not all countries are doing their part and for domestic violence and SolTuna has been very it’s a regional resource so everyone has to pull together supportive—we’ve provided facilities and make sure and manage it uniformly. our staff have access to all the training.” I can’t stress enough the importance of fishing to Solomon Islands, and the fact that we have to manage it carefully. It’s a regional resource so we’re custodians in transit, really, for these fish. We have to work with all the regional countries to ensure that we have compatible measures put in place to effectively manage it—together. 106 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW My Dreams for my Children My Hopes for the Future “I hope my children, like me, can all come back and “For SolTuna, I want to see it expand, and we have plans work at home—not necessarily in the tuna industry, but to go up to 180, possibly 200 tons a day, which would in Western Province. If Noro continues to grow, then be great for employment. The future is great—as long as other opportunities will avail themselves for my children the resource is managed properly. and many other Solomon Islanders. But especially those around here will be able to be employed and enjoy the “I’d like people to know about an industry that’s local benefits of both being employed and staying at home— in many respects, that the community is deriving great which not many Solomon Islanders can do. benefits from. This is really an example of how the rest of the Pacific should be in terms of developing local industry. I’m very proud of the fact that—while we do have expats in critical positions—you can comfortably say that 90-95 percent of the workforce is local. And that goes right from the top, all the way down.” I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 107 Nellie Kagovai ’s Story Many of SolTuna’s employees come from Noro and surrounding islands. More than 65 percent of its work force are women who now have an opportunity to make a contribution to their families and to the community. Nellie Kagovai is one of these women. I would like people in other countries to have a fair idea of how a small country like the Solomons is producing tuna that supplies the rest of the world. T una is very important—it’s the main resource that we have. Fish provides employment—those who aren’t working at the factory can go fishing and sell fish at the market. So it’s very important. 108 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “My name is Nellie Kagovai. I am a quality control “Now I am a quality control supervisor, supervising supervisor at SolTuna. I am married and I have two the inspectors in the plant, checking their job and children—the first, a girl, is 11 years old and the the reports that they do daily. I supervise about 20 second, a boy, is seven years old. My husband works as inspectors. I check the color coding of work trays in a shopkeeper. He sells kaliko (clothes), food, and other the factory, move the production line along and check things that people need. on timing. The fish need to move through the factory quickly. “When I finished school I came to work at SolTuna. I started as a trainee supervisor in the factory, supervising “It’s important I have a job—like many women—to women and their work. At the time there were three provide money for the family. It is here at SolTuna that (production) lines—now there are four. When I started many women come to work to help their families like I there were about 60 workers per line and I looked after do. about 10, making sure the fish was cleaned to a high quality—mainly skipjack and yellowfin. “I like working here because everyone knows SolTuna. Most of the people in the Solomons eat tuna; that is the main food that we have. So if they cannot get the fresh fish, they go to the shop and buy the cans. When I’m not working here I help my husband in the shop— selling cans of tuna—or work with my children.” I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 109 Indonesia: Healthy reefs = healthy lives -16% THEN: In addition to destructive fishing practices that were destroying Indonesia’s reefs, 16% of the world’s reefs died as a result of warmer water temperatures from El Niño in 1998. About two-thirds of Indonesia’s coastline is bordered by coral reefs, which play vital roles in coastal fisheries, marine tourism and protection against wave erosion. They also provide habitat for numerous marine organisms and fish. Healthy reefs are an important source of food and economic opportunity for some 67,000 coastal villages. Almost 70 percent of Indonesia’s coral reefs are considered threatened by overfishing. Half of the problem is caused by destructive fishing practices like dynamiting the reefs to stun and catch fish. 110 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW +16% NOW: Live coral cover increased by 16% over five years in six Indonesian provinces after implementation of COREMAP. For the past 16 years, the coral reef ecosystem has been protected and rehabilitated to achieve sustainable use through a multi-donor biodiversity initiative—Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (COREMAP). Through COREMAP, communities receive incentives, training and resources to protect the coral reefs. The result has been a sea change in attitude and practices. In Waha Village in Wakatobi, marine tourism operator Sudirman and food vendor Ibu Jaurana are experiencing first-hand what conserving the coral reefs means for their lives. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 111 Sudirman ’s Story “My name is Sudirman and I am 50 years old. My wife “When there are no tourists, I visit my neighbors to help and I have three children. I have a tourism business; we them understand about our concern for conservation, so offer diving and snorkeling facilities. I also have a boat that our environment is well protected and preserved. that takes tourists to the diving and snorkeling site, which is quite far. The boat has a glass bottom so people “Before the COREMAP program started, I was not can enjoy the coral reefs without getting wet. so fortunate. It was difficult to survive, because we live in a coastal area with only the sea as our source of “When there are lots of tourists I can earn about Rp 5 livelihood. I looked for ways to survive, but it was hard. million (about $450) a day. When there are only few I took whatever job I could. But raising a family with tourists, I earn only Rp 100,000 to Rp 200,000 a day three kids—who at the time were still little—was a huge ($10-20). challenge. It was like trying to plant a garden in a place that could not support any life.” “Before I got involved in this activity, I spent my days cleaning up the areas around the beach and preparing the diving facilities for customers. I would sweep and clean. 112 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “When the COREMAP program ended, I decided that “I now have a brick house. I used to have a very old our conservation efforts should continue so I developed motorcycle—now I have four new motorbikes. My son this idea for an ecotourism business. With ecotourism, is a policeman and my daughter is in college in Makassar we can continue conserving this area in a sustainable (South Sulawesi) studying nursing.” manner, so that it remains beautiful. “After my income improved, I could fulfill my duty to help develop this community. My friends and I in ecotourism gave 60 percent of our ecotourism business for supervision of the coastal areas, and for other activities that support conservation. After COREMAP , my life really opened up. I gained knowledge in so many areas, and received training and experience. My life improved and so did my income. I could send my kids to school. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 113 Hopes and Dreams “I hope that our business can continue to develop, that I can continue to support my family well, and that my children share my commitment to conservation. I hope that they realize that without conservation, we will not live well. “I used to think that the coral reefs were so destroyed and beyond hope. Now I see that they have improved so much. The numbers of tourists have increased, and everyone always comments about how beautiful the reefs are now.” I am so proud about the growth of these reefs. I am now convinced that through conservation, our activities in the sea will only improve in results, and that my grandchildren’s future will be assured. I am so confident of that. 114 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Spotlight: A better life through COREMAP Women in COREMAP project communities “Since we have COREMAP, my life is much play a central role in household economies. better. COREMAP takes care of the coral The project empowers women by helping reefs, so that they are in good condition. them to develop their small businesses and The marine protected areas do not allow get access to credit. fishermen to use dynamite to catch fish. COREMAP also increased my income “My name is Jaurana; I am 40 years old. because it provided me a loan for starting I work as a food vendor. I have two sons, my business. Novan, 19 and Fandri, 15. My husband’s name is Zaifudin. I have been living here in “The COREMAP program has helped Waha Village since I was born. many women here. Now they have their own small businesses, selling many kinds “My life used to be very hard. I was a of items on the roadside. Because of farmer and my husband was a fisherman. COREMAP, the coral reefs are now healthy Our income was barely enough for daily and beautiful, attracting many tourists. It consumption. Now, I have a better life also brings good income to the roadside because I have this small business selling vendors.” yellow rice and fried bananas. I’D LIKE CONSERVING THE BOUNTY LAND OF YOU TO AND SEA KNOW 115 17 OUT OF THE TOP 48 COUNTRIES MOST VULNERABLE WORLDWIDE TO CLIMATE- RELATED THREATS ARE IN EAST ASIA AND LOW LYING PACIFIC ISLAND STATES. LAND USE CHANGES REPRESENT 34% OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC. CLIMATE CHANGE IS EXPECTED TO THREATEN WATER AVAILABILITY FOR 270 MILLION PEOPLE IN WESTERN CHINA. REDD PILOT PROJECTS (REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION) ARE UNDERWAY IN INDONESIA TO PROTECT UP TO 22 MILLION HECTARES OF FORESTS—PREVENTING 60 MILLION TONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS PER YEAR. THAILAND, A COUNTRY THAT DEPENDS HEAVILY ON IMPORTED ENERGY, IS PURSUING RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION NATIONWIDE WITH THE GOAL OF INCREASING FROM 1% TODAY TO 20% BY 2022. 116 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW CHAPTER NINE Charting a Livable Future HOPE is a big word, but in November of 2014, That means industrial powers and major the world got a big dash of hope when the emitters such as the United States must United States and China announced a landmark change how they produce and use energy, and climate change agreement to cut greenhouse emerging economies including China, India and gas emissions. Brazil must avoid long-term energy dependence on fossil fuels such as coal and oil. China is now the world’s second largest economy, but it has come at a cost. Poisonous It will take an extraordinary effort for China to haze, which is threatening to shorten millions meet its carbon reduction challenge. It must of lives, hangs dangerously over the country’s add 800 to 1,000 gigawatts of wind, solar and cities and its carbon emissions along with the other zero-emission generating capacity by United States account for 45 percent of the 2030—more than all the coal-fired power plants world’s greenhouse gas emissions. The joint that exist in China today. But China already has U.S.-China announcement may literally have a head start. It has carbon emissions cap-and- come in the nick of time. trade pilot programs in five provinces and eight cities. It is also the world’s largest investor in In its most dire warning yet, the IPCC solar and wind energy. Today China’s non-fossil (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), fuels account for about 10 percent of its primary reflecting a consensus of hundreds of scientists energy. worldwide, said in November of 2014 that on the current path, global average temperatures Farmer Ou Yuqun in Guangxi, school principal could go up anywhere from 3.7 to 4.8 degrees Chen Suqin in Beijing, and energy company Celsius (6.7 to 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit) over chairman Cai Yuchi in Shanghai will tell you how pre-industrial levels by 2100. According to the their lives have changed through renewable IPCC, to stay below a 2-degree Celsius increase, energy initiatives in biogas, solar energy and greenhouse gas emissions need to fall as much energy efficiency and how their actions are as 70 percent around the world by 2050, and to helping to create a livable future. zero by 2100. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 117 China: A vital partner in combating climate change 5 gw THEN: China’s landmark law on renewable energy came into effect in 2005, paving the way for a wind power boom. In 2007, cumulative wind installations in China totaled about five gigawatts (GW). A dubious title has passed from the developed to the developing world. Where once western countries were acknowledged as the biggest culprits for greenhouse gas emissions that are heating the world and threatening humanity’s future, China is now the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions by volume. For the past 15 years, China has accounted for about 60 percent of the growth of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Its per capita emissions have risen to 7.2 metric tons of carbon dioxide, comparable with countries of the European Union. 118 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 96.4 gw NOW: Wind power in China has seen meteoric growth over the last decade, consistently meeting government targets ahead of schedule. By the end of 2014, wind power installations totaled about 96.4 GW. The good news is the Chinese government is addressing the challenge on an equally massive scale. Even before its recent agreement with the United States, it had pledged to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45 percent by 2020 compared to 2005 levels, and committed to increase its non-fossil fuel-based energy consumption to 15 percent by 2020. China now leads the world in small hydropower development and in wind power capacity. Its renewable energy consumption between 1990 and 2010 was as high as all European countries combined. China is beginning to look at every aspect of daily life to reduce carbon emissions—from using biogas in rural areas to solar schools and energy efficiency in its major cities. For example, China and the World Bank Group are working together to transform Shanghai into a low-carbon city by improving energy efficiency in buildings. Here are stories of three people, from all walks of life in China, who are doing their part to help secure a livable future for the next generation. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 119 Reducing emissions with biogas The biogas units set up through this project will displace about 1.55 million tons of greenhouse gases. In 2004, there were about 15.4 million household biogas digesters in China. They take organic waste products and turn them into usable methane gas. The number of household biogas digesters in China nearly doubled by 2008 to 30.5 million. The World Bank has worked with the government of China to install biogas digesters for more than 400,000 households. The Chinese government provided the bulk of the $440 million funding; the World Bank contributed $120 million and farmers also contributed through their labor. On average, a biogas digester prevents 2.83 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually. The benefits the project provides to the environment don’t stop there. Biogas replacing firewood helps prevent deforestation, and residue slurry from the digesters is good fertilizer, which could reduce farmers’ use of chemical fertilizers and help maintain soil quality. Ou Yuqun is a Yao ethnic farmer who lives in the Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China’s southwest. In 2012 she had a biogas system installed. She is now cooking with gas; some of the lights in the house use the gas; the toilet waste goes to the digester; and the residue slurry from the digester is good fertilizer for the vegetables and peanuts she plants. 120 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Ou Yuqun ’s Story “My name is Ou Yuqun, I was born in 1957. I live in “We have about 30 mu (two hectares) of persimmon. Xiaoshipai Village, Guilin, Guangxi. My husband died Last year we produced and sold over 40,000 kilograms in 2000 leaving me with three teenage children—two of persimmon. We earned about 80,000 yuan daughters ages 16 and 14 and a 12-year-old son. I had ($12,800). My son bought a truck to take the fruits to to earn a living to support my children. the city to sell. “We make our money from persimmon trees. I started “I also grow peanuts, corn and vegetables around our to grow persimmon in 1987 before my son was born. house. We do not buy vegetables. We live a very happy My son and daughter-in-law have taken over that job. life. Our living standards have improved.” I look after the house and my grandson who is three. I will give him a good education, not like me. I went to school for only two years. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 121 122 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW “This new biogas digester was built in 2012. I used to “Now we use the biogas every day. We use biogas to raise pigs. Pig dung and urine produce biogas. Now, cook three meals and boil water. We do not have to use instead of raising pigs, I gather a bag of wild grass every wood, liquid gas or electricity. We have bought a pump week and put it in the digester to produce biogas so I do to pump out the biogas residue as fertilizer, which I use not need to keep pigs. Our toilet is on top of the biogas on the vegetable garden.” digester. Night soil goes directly into the digester. The biogas is very good. In the past, I cooked breakfast with wood. It was so smokey that the kids all had watery eyes. With the biogas, there is no more smoke. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 123 Solar schools help build green cities China plans to boost solar capacity 20-fold by 2020, from 800 megawatts in 2010 to almost 20 gigawatts. China is using the power of the sun and the enthusiasm of students to help tackle climate change. Two million students and teachers in schools across Beijing will have access to green electricity through a renewable energy program supported by the local and central governments. As the nation’s capital and a pilot city for low-carbon growth, Beijing—with a metropolitan population of about 20 million—is striving to become a model for other Chinese cities. With support from the World Bank, Beijing is implementing a project to install 100 megawatts of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in about 1,000 primary and middle schools—the largest of such initiatives in the country so far. The ‘Sunshine Schools’ program will generate clean energy for schools to meet their electricity needs, provide clearer skies and healthier air for Beijing residents and serve as a tool to raise environmental awareness among young students. The program is contributing to the country’s efforts to expand renewable energy use and address climate change. Chen Suqin is the principal of one of Beijing’s ‘sunshine schools.’ 124 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Chen Suqin ’s story “My name is Chen Suqin and I am the principal of “Our school is an experimental school for sustainable Jingtong No. 2 Primary School. In 1988, after my development, one of the first in the District. We started graduation from university, I worked in Daxing District early to go ‘green’. of Beijing for two years and then came to Chaoyang District in 1990 to support education development. “When I first came to the school, the sports field was all yellow earth. Some colleagues and I worked hard “There are a few things to know about me—I have not and turned the yellow earth into green meadows. It been to many places; my character is not assertive; and I would have taken over one million yuan ($160,000) to prefer to have my feet on the ground and do something. turn earthy ground into green meadows. Where could That was my opportunity with Jingtong Primary School. we find the money? To achieve the goal, we started to The size of the school grew from 86 students and 16 work by ourselves. We mobilized students to grow grass, teachers to more than 800 students and 70 teachers. It is and we mobilized parents to advise and participate in a model school now in Chaoyang District. greening the school. In the end, we got it done without spending money and generated a big social impact.” I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 125 “In a way, that impact led to the solar energy project “After the installation of the solar panels, they became for us. For the Sunshine Schools project, the District a source of electricity for the school. But the solar panel Government, District Education Commission, as well as project was important to the school for other reasons. the Beijing Sustainable Development Research Center It is a project with high science content, and is also a placed great emphasis on the sustainable development vehicle for environmental education.” motivation of schools. Our faculty, students, and our school philosophy all fit the profile for this solar project. T he solar project has also had another impact—it’s influencing the lives of my students, igniting their environmental awareness for example, for saving water, electricity and recycling. 126 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Warning Signs Now we have to wear face masks “Particularly in Beijing, the weather is such a state. Now suddenly there is a word called ‘haze’. This haze is a when we go out. It is so terrible. terrible thing. When there is haze, people have to wear face masks. Where does haze come from? It is related to We did not have to do so when we over-exploitation of energy, including car emissions and factory emissions, which are all directly related. Haze he sky was blue and were children. T had led us to recognize how bad climate change can be. the clouds were white. Hopes for the Future “The solar project can inspire people in terms of energy conservation—exhaustion of nonrenewable energy sources will have terrible consequences, but solar energy is inexhaustible. China should do its best to conserve its energy sources to leave to our future generations. We can use renewables now, and recycle such energy. This can have a positive effect on climate improvement.” I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 127 he new motto—waste not! T he new direction—energy efficiency T From 1980 to 2011, China’s energy intensity per unit of GDP declined by about 70 percent. More than 80 percent of China’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the energy sector. Transforming China’s energy sector towards a low-carbon path could be the most important climate change mitigation action. The government of China has embarked on one of the most aggressive energy conservation campaigns in the world, to fulfill its pledge to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45 percent by 2020 compared to 2005 levels. To help the government achieve its ambitious energy conservation and emission reduction targets, the World Bank Group has played a significant role in introducing market-based approaches to improving energy efficiency in China. Cai Yuchi is the chairman of one of the earliest of these companies, Shanghai Zhongji Energy Co. Ltd. Cai is working to increase energy efficiency by utilizing waste heat. It has become his mission in life. 128 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Cai Yuchi ’s Story “I’m from Wenzhou, Zhejiang. I was born in 1966 in “Our company is focused on power generation with the year of the horse. It has been 16 years since I came waste heat. Ten years ago, our company was the first to to Shanghai, where I started manufacturing power propose this overall energy saving in the whole sector. transmission and distribution equipment. My company Many companies followed us. Many sectors can use has over 300 employees. waste heat, such as coking, iron and steel, cement, glass, sulfuric acids and papermaking. “When I started my company, I found that there is a lot of ‘no-load’ in electric machinery. Let me explain what “Let me give you an example of a company we have that means and why it is important for my business helped—the Shanxi Jiucheng Coking Co. Ltd. We used and for energy efficiency. To ensure safe operation of a its waste heat effectively to generate electricity.” factory, the design would have to be 20-30 percent more than its actual operation. For example, take a building in which the actual electricity consumption might be 30 kilowatts. But it is overdesigned to 50 kilowatts. So 20 percent of the energy is wasted. My goal is to put that wasted energy to use. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 129 “The company used to buy electricity from the power grid “Energy efficiency and climate change are linked. I do company at about 0.45 yuan ($0.07) per kilowatt hour. not know how many coking plants there are in China. We use its waste heat to generate power and sell it to the If all the plants in the sector are added up, it would company at the on-grid price for only 0.32 yuan ($0.05) be a huge number. So when we talk about emission per kilowatt hour. And we sell the surplus to the state reductions, the prerequisite is energy efficiency. We power grid. In this way, the Shanxi company can save always believe that our energy service has an impact on almost 10 million yuan ($1.6 million) a year. The use of climate.” waste heat has several benefits for the Shanxi company— it solves the environmental problem; it increases economic benefits; it saves a lot of energy, equivalent to over 20,000 tons of coal; and it reduces emissions of more than 60,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. China has huge space for energy efficiency and environmental improvement. There is much room for energy efficiency revamping. Even by my rough calculation, it would be a market of a few trillion yuan. 130 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Spotlight: Winds of change China leads the world in wind capacity, A big challenge is getting wind energy which has doubled every year since 2005 integrated into the power grid. To help, and reached 96.4 gigawatts in 2014. CRESP is working to enable commercial It accounts for two percent of China's renewable electricity suppliers to provide electricity generation today, but those energy to the electricity market efficiently, numbers are destined to rise dramatically cost-effectively and on a large scale. China’s in the coming decades. Wind power is wind power is mostly concentrated in the now China’s third largest power source less populated regions of the country. Inner behind thermal and hydropower and the Mongolia Autonomous Region has almost government aims to have 200 gigawatts of three times more turbines installed than any wind power capacity by 2020. other area in China. The World Bank is supporting China in its China is also looking offshore to develop its effort to meet this ambitious target through wind future. Shanghai, the country’s most the China Renewable Energy Scale-up populous city with 23.9 million people, may Program (CRESP). CRESP is a strategic long- soon become a test case for China’s winds of term partnership among the government, change. As one of China’s leading industrial the World Bank and the Global Environment cities, Shanghai is a major contributor to Facility (GEF). This program has supported China’s greenhouse gas emissions. It gets the landmark Renewable Energy Law (one most of its energy from coal. of the first in the developing world) and its regulations, as well as the domestic wind Because of its coastal position, Shanghai is and solar manufacturing industry to improve planning to invest heavily in wind power. The quality and reduce costs. city is looking to put 13 major off-shore wind farms into operation by 2020. They could provide enough energy to meet the annual needs of four million households. I’D LIKE CHARTING YOU TO FUTURE A LIVABLE KNOW 131 132 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Postscript No matter where we are in the world, Washington or Wakatobi, Tokyo or Tanna, Seoul or Suva, Sydney or Sipalay— people everywhere have hopes and dreams, and all of us want to make a better life for ourselves and our children. As this book was going to press, the devastating Category 5 ‘Super Cyclone’ Pam slammed into Vanuatu and struck Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu. The small island of Tanna took a direct hit. It’s home to 26,000 of Vanuatu’s 260,000 people, including Kelson whom you met in chapter seven. The hopes and dreams of the people of Tanna and the progress they’ve made have unraveled. “It’s a setback for the government and for the people of Vanuatu,” said Vanuatu’s President Baldwin Lonsdale, who laid the blame for the intense storm on a changing climate. “After all the development that has taken place, all this development has been wiped out.” Super storms like Pam are part of a terrible trend. As the climate changes, there are more intense typhoons and cyclones. From Yolanda, one of the deadliest storms ever to strike the Philippines, to Pam in Vanuatu, we are reminded that decades of development can be destroyed in an instant. Ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity means putting action on climate change at the top of the development agenda. POSTSCRIPT I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 133 Acknowledgments We would like to thank the people who brought this book to life by sharing their stories with us: Tum Kedleusy, Phim Siphavong, and Phouvieng Phiakeo of Hard Yeun village in Lao PDR; Glenda Vaha in Solomon Islands; Sarangerel and Batzaya in Mongolia; Siv Mao, Sin Savy, Dr. Koung Lo and Chet Doc in Cambodia; Cao Thi Phuong Huyen, Pham Quoc Bao and Nguyen Thi Dieu in Vietnam; Lady Winifred Kamit and John Gethin-Jones in Papua New Guinea; Siti Robe’ah in Indonesia; U Aye Than in Myanmar; Viscuso de Lira and James Padil in the Philippines; Kelson Hosea in Vanuatu; David Vaorete in Papua New Guinea; Adrian Wickham and Nellie Kagovai in Solomon Islands; Sudirman and Ibu Jaurana in Indonesia; Ou Yuqun, Chen Suqin and Cai Yuchi in China. We are also grateful to: the Governor’s office of Lun Soum of Tuv Aimag in Mongolia, Tanna Coffee in Vanuatu, staff at the National Catering Service in Papua New Guinea, the management and staff of SolTuna in Solomon Islands, the Guangxi Project Management Office, the Gongcheng County Government, Huaxia Bank, the Beijing Sunshine Schools Project Management Office, the Middle School attached to Northern Jiaotong University, and Jingtong No. 2 Primary School in China for helping to make it possible for us to hear these stories. Many colleagues in our country offices across East Asia and the Pacific were instrumental in gathering these stories from the field. For the stories from Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu we are grateful to Kirsten Bartlett, Carolyn Blacklock, Laura Keenan, Kara Mouyis, Alison Ofotalau, Kym Smithies, and Walai Tongia. For the stories from Cambodia, we thank Saroeun Bou and Sophinith Sam Oeun. For the stories from Lao PDR and Myanmar, we are grateful to Meriem Gray, Toomkham Silvia Luanglath, Kyaw Soe Lynn, Bouphaphone Nunthavong, and Shin Thandar. For the stories from China and Mongolia, we thank Wendao Cao, Li Li, Xiaoting Li, Li Lou, Tina Puntsag, Chongwu Sun, Xiaodong Wang, and Ying Yu. For stories from Indonesia our thanks go to Dini Djalal, Jerry Kurniawan and Desy Mutialim; and to Leonora Gonzales, Justine Espina Letargo, David Llorico Llorito, Stephanie Anne Margallo, and Geralyn Rigor for the stories from the Philippines. And last but not least, we thank Mai Thi Hong Bo, Anh Van Thi Chu, Ngan Hong Nguyen, An Thi My Tran, and Huong Lan Vu for the stories from Vietnam. 134 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Thank you to the photographers and videographers who participated in this project and brought back some unforgettable images: Chor Sokunthea in Cambodia; Binglan Xu (interviewer), Gengping Ma, Wenyong Li, Yizhong Jiang and Yinfeng Zhi (translator) in China; Josh Estey in Indonesia; Remy Rossi in Lao PDR; Khasar Sandag in Mongolia; Conor Ashleigh and Stephen Rae in Papua New Guinea; Rachael Skeates, Blair Millar and Richard Majchrzak in Solomon Islands; Ben Bohane in Vanuatu; and Chau Doan, Hau Dinh and Tuan Anh Le in Vietnam. Thanks also to Ali Ali and Lionel Tilakaratne from the World Bank Digital Print Shop. To Mohamad Al-Arief, Zoubida Allaoua, Jane Distelhorst Sansbury, Mark Felsenthal, Tom Cohen, Vikram Nehru, and Jeff Thindwa, thank you for your invaluable comments and advice on the first draft of the manuscript. Thanks also to World Bank Group Country Directors and Country Managers for their support of this project: James Anderson, Simon Andrews, Laura Bailey, Sally Burningham, Rodrigo Chaves, Franz Drees-Gross, Bert Hofman, Kyle Kelhofer, Motoo Konishi, Victoria Kwakwa, Gavin Murray, Abdoulaye Seck, Alassane Sow, Stefanie Stallmeister, Anne Tully, and Ulrich Zachau. And finally, I would like to thank the book team—Diana Chung, Anita Gordon, Vivian Nho, Anissa Amador Tria—for their dedication and commitment to ensuring that the people in the book were able to tell their stories and share their dreams and aspirations with us. Carl P. Hanlon Editor-in-Chief I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 135 Sources Page 14 Page 60 Solomon Islands: 20% had access to rural water supply in PNG: largest ongoing investment is 190% of GDP in the early 1980s LNG pipeline; it is expected to triple the country’s export Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for revenue by 2020 Water Supply and Sanitation - Solomon Islands, 2008 Source: UN Final common country programme document for Papua New Guinea for 2012-2015, 2011 Page 25 EAP: Non-communicable diseases have become Page 61 increasingly prevalent in recent decades. Cardiovascular PNG: <1% female representation on business boards disease, for instance, accounts for about one third of all Source: Lesieli M. Taviri, Chairman Business Council for deaths Women, Chairman Speech, May 20, 2014, 30th Australian Source: OECD WHO Asia/Pacific Health at a Glance, 2012 PNG Business Council Meeting, Cairns, Australia Japan, Singapore, and Korea: life expectancies >80 PNG: Two-thirds of women are afflicted by gender-based China and Vietnam life expectancies: mid-70s violence PNG and Myanmar life expectancies: <65 Source: Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea Source: OECD WHO Asia/Pacific Health at a Glance, 2012 Cambodia: 25% of population killed by genocide between Page 67 1975 and 1979 Frito-Lay Company: worth $12 billion Source: Kiernan, Ben. 2008. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Source: Forbes, World’s Most Valuable Brands, 2014 Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press Page 97 PNG: 310,000 tons of annual cocoa production is the Page 36 government’s target to be reached by 2030 Vietnam: 97% literacy rate Source: PNG National Agricultural Research Institute: A Source: Vietnam National Education Profile 2014 Update Review of Cocoa and Coconut Subsectors in Papua New Guinea, 2010 Page 38 Vietnam: 133,000 students in higher education in 1987 Page 102 Source: The Palgrave Macmillan Higher Education in Solomon Islands: $27.4 million in marine fishery production Vietnam, 2014 contributed to the country’s GDP in 2007 Source: Coral Triangle Initiative – Ecosystem Approach to Page 48 Fisheries Management: Solomon Islands Policy Review, 2013 Vietnam: 0 private enterprises operating in 1988, apart from family firms Page 110 Source: Harvie, Charles and Lee, Boon-Chye. 2002. The Role Worldwide: 16% of reefs died as result of El Niño of SMEs in National Economies in East Asia. Northampton, Source: National Wildlife Federation - Global warming is the MA: Edward Elgar Publishing latest threat to the world's biologically rich and besieged Vietnam: 80% of the population and 70% of labour force coral reef ecosystem, 2007 were dependent on agriculture or related sectors Source: Bui Tat Thang – After the War: 25 years of Economic Page 111 Development in Vietnam, National Institute for Research Indonesia: 16% increase in live coral coverage over 5 years Advancement (NIRA) Review, 2000 Source: Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences: Changes in Coral Coverage in Eastern Page 58 Indonesia During COREMAP2, 2012 Samoa: 40% of microbusinesses that account for 80% of the private sector in Samoa are headed by women Page 116 Source: BPW-Pago Pago Leadership Conference – Voices Thailand: Goal to increase renewable energy worldwide to from Women of PPSEAWA, Samoa, 2012 20% by 2022, from 1% today Source: Euroconsult Mott Macdonald - Developing countries, monitoring and reporting on greenhouse gas emissions, policies and measures: Country Report Thailand, 2010 136 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW Page 117 Page 119 China: 800 to 1,000 gigawatts of wind, solar and other zero- China: Wind power installations totaled about 96.4 GW by emission generating capacity need to be added by 2030 for end of 2014; 200 GW wind power target by 2020 government to meet carbon reduction targets Source: China National Energy Administration (NEA), 2014 Source: Fact Sheet: US-China Joint Announcement on China: Before its recent agreement with the US, it had Climate Change and Clean Energy Cooperation, 2014 pledged to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% by 2020 compared to 2005 levels, and committed to increase its Page 118 fossil fuel based energy consumption to 15% by 2020 China: Wind installations totaled about 5 GW in 2007 Source: Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) White Source: Worldwatch Institute - Opinion: China’s Wind Power Paper – Putting it into Perspective: China‘s Carbon Intensity Development Exceeds Expectations, 2015 Target, 2010 China: Accounts for 60% of growth of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Its per capita emission has risen to 7.2 Page 131 carbon dioxide metric tons China: Wind power is China’s third largest power source Source: Center for International Climate and Environmental Source: UNEP – China’s Green Long March, 2013 Research (CICERO), Global Carbon Budget Report, 2014 China: 13 major off-shore wind farms planned to be in operation by 2020 Source: C40 Cities, City Climate Leadership Awards, 2014 Photo Credits By Page iii. Vitaliano A. Rave II | v. Josh Estey | vii. Chor Sokunthea | 2: Ben Bohane (Kelson); Chor Sokunthea (Siv Mao) | 3: Josh Estey (Siti Robe’ah); Chau Doan (Pham Quoc) | 4-13: Remy Ross | 14-17: Rachael Skeates | 18: International Finance Corporation (IFC) | 19-23: Khasar Sandag | 24: Chor Sokunthea | 26-35: Chor Sokunthea | 36-44: Chau Doan | 45: Project Management Office of the Guangdong Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Project | 46-57: Chau Doan | 58-59: Stephen Rae | 60: Curt Carnemark | 61-65: Stephen Rae | 66-68: Josh Estey | 69: Philippines Department of Social Welfare and Development | 70-75: Josh Estey | 76-79: Kyaw Soe Lynn | 80-81: Balangiga Municipal Government | 82-85: Vitaliano A. Rave II | 86-93: Ben Bohane | 94: Josh Estey | 96-101: Conor Ashleigh | 102-109: Rachael Skeates | 110-115: Josh Estey | 116: Wenyong Li | 118: Curt Carnemark | 119: Imaginechina via AP Images | 120-123: Wenyong Li | 124-127: Gengping Ma | 128-130: Wenyong Li | 131: Imaginechina via AP Images I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW 137 Editor-in-Chief: Carl P. Hanlon Book Project Manager/Editor: Diana Chung Managing Editor/Senior Writer: Anita Gordon Associate Editor/Writer/Researcher: Vivian Nho Associate Editor: Anissa Amador Tria Graphic Design: Studio Grafik Printing: Mosaic 138 I’D LIKE YOU TO KNOW