GENDER EQUALITY AND COLLECTIVE WELLBEING: THE POWER OF CHANGING MINDSETS Deepa Narayan MARCH 2023 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This paper provides an analytical foundation for a new World Bank Group Gender Strategy (2024-2030). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are entirely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group or its Board of Directors. This paper was written by Deepa Narayan. The author is grateful to Mamta Murthi (Vice President for Human Development), Hana Brixi (Global Director for Gender Group), and Laura Rawlings (Lead Economist for Gender Group) for their desire for change and for many discussions. The author thanks the following colleagues, who provided inputs directly and participants in two review meetings: Tanima Ahmed, John Blaxall, Maurizio Bussolo, Abigail Dalton, Prarthna Dayal, Ana Maria M. Boudet, Nour Nasr, Maria Beatriz Orlando, Tasmia Rahman, Abhilasha Sahay, Hans Timmer, Keith Hansen, and Marianne Fay. Thanks to Abigail Dalton and Sundas Liaqat for editorial support, and Sandra K. Jensson for assistance with the diagram. ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a framework for the World Bank Group’s approach to gender equality. Women’s achievements in such fields as education, health, and economic and political participation have not changed the unequal power relations with men. The author makes three main proposals for changing this inequality in power relations. First, shift the focus from the individual to changing collective mindsets, by mobilizing collective agency within organizations and changing the gender norms that prop up inequality. Second, since power is relational, don’t bypass men in programs and discussions to bring about change. And third, since gender training in early life is traumatic for all genders, power and love have to be re-examined and re-braided, so that approaches to change are caring and compassionate. Only then will there be a shift in mental and moral maps about the nature of right relations between men and women and with people of all Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) across social divides, without further violence. In summary, this paper addresses the following question: How do we bring about collective mindset shifts about unequal power relations among women, men, and SOGI groups? TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 How Do We Change the Collective Gender Story? 3 SECTION 1. A MODIFIED GENDER STRATEGY FRAMEWORK 4 The Power of the Collective 4 Social Norms, Gender Norms and Emotions 6 SECTION 2. WHY MEN? WITHOUT FORGETTING WOMEN AND SOGI GROUPS 10 Women’s Empowerment; the Focus is Still on Individuals, Not Gender Relations 13 Diverse SOGI Groups 15 SECTION 3. THE ROLE OF POWER AND SOCIAL LOVE 17 What is Power? 17 The Power of Social Love 20 Social Love is Actionable – As CARE 22 SECTION 4. CHANGE THE STORY - MINDSET SHIFTS ABOUT POWER IN GENDER INEQUALITY 25 Design and implementation of Interventions 26 REFERENCES 30 INTRODUCTION Everyone has a gender story. You may love and celebrate Our gender stories are powerful because they shape us your gender story, or you may not even like your gender from the day we are born. They become our mental and story. You may be angry, sad, or rebellious, or you may feel moral maps with which to navigate the world. They shape helpless or resigned about your gender story. You may not our choices, our decisions, our well-being, and whether even know you have a gender story, but it shapes you. It we flourish or not. And it’s not just an individual thing. shapes your thoughts, your gestures, your mannerisms, This ‘background identity’ frames our everyday social how you sit, stand or walk, how you dress, how you talk, interactions, our organizational structures, and unspoken whom you associate with, whom you love, what you study, rules even without our realizing it.1 which books you read or don’t read, how you claim power, your judgements about who deserves power and authority, Gender stories are our fundamental social identity. your ideas about right and wrong, and whether you feel Identities reduce uncertainty about who we are. But gender safe in the world or not. identities can also become prisons , not just for women and men but for sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) Unless our gender stories about who has what power and groups and anyone who is different in any way. A person freedom change, gender equality will remain elusive. has many other identities, including race, class, and caste, with which their gender identity intersects, creating layered privileges or deprivations, and these will be activated at different times in different contexts. 1 There are many psychological, social, and economic We have also assumed that by closing the gender gap theories about identity.2 Identity basically defines a social between men and women in external achievements, such categorization question, ‘Who am I in the world? And as income, education, health, and political participation, where do I belong and what rules do I have to follow to women will have the same opportunities as men, and belong?’ The first question refers to personal identity, it therefore experience the same dignity, respect, freedom, defines a person’s unique attributes, which are sources of and safety in the world.3 This has not happened. Instead, dignity, self-worth, and self-respect. The second is a social there is an ongoing and, in many parts of the world including identity question. Social identities are collective identities the United States, increasing backlash against women and based on the groups to which people belong, how they anyone who claims any gender identity other than a white categorize themselves (for instance, as a black woman, or male.4 And men are not doing well either.5, 6 as a man), how they compare their social standing to other groups (as a queer man treated as ‘less than’ a cisgender The crudest and cruelest indicator of inequality in power man), the extent to which they identify with the groups (for is violence. The belief in the power of men is so deep, that instance, ‘I am not a woman, I am a CEO’), and the roles even today the World Health Organization (WHO) states expected (mother, son, daily wage laborer). When group that one-third of women worldwide have been subjected membership is central to a person’s self-concept, there are to violence by an intimate partner. This statistic is quoted strong emotional ties which lead to valuing one’s own group worldwide. One in four young women experiences violence highly and other groups, in particular outgroups, negatively. before the age of 19 years.7 This leads to conformity and peer pressure within groups, Statistics are not neutral. What and how statistics are and prejudice against other groups. It can generate ‘us’ vs. presented reveal societal mindsets about gender. ‘them’ feelings and actions, and inter-group conflict. Every social group has an interest in protecting and Women’s safety has been made elevating its status. In the domain of gender, men may be so emotionally invested in the power of their role as providers into a women’s problem, not a that without it they are driven to despair and suicide, or problem of violent men. to violence towards women, children, and minority groups. The WHO statistic about violence against women is And even when women a statistical deference to men. It protects men in two ways. First, by not even mentioning them, and second, by become economic providers presenting the statistic in a passive voice, it makes violence or contributors, this may not a passive happening rather than an aggressive act most often committed by men. There is nothing passive about yield them any additional violence. It also leads to very faulty strategies, with all the status or power, because the burden of change put on women.8 Restated, the WHO statistic is: approximately one third of men in the world story about women’s power commit physical or sexual violence against their intimate has not changed. women partners. Thus despite many positive changes, the most powerful Women and men may be so invested in a woman’s role gender story in the world, the story about unequal power in primarily as mother and chief nurturer, that they discount gender relations – patriarchy – has not changed. Patriarchy her income contribution to the family and are unwilling to still defines gender identities. A World Bank study across 20 readjust power and care roles. countries found that the traits and behaviors to describe a Yet in our approach to achieving gender equality, we have ‘good girl’ and ‘good boy’ or ‘good woman’ and ‘good man’ ignored the grip of these gender stories on both men and have not changed over time and were strikingly similar women. To correct this basic inequality, we have assumed across communities.9 that we must focus exclusively on empowering women. 2 Patriarchy is a story about men: about men being powerful, The story of patriarchy is a collective story of how power in charge and with the authority to control, reward, and does and should (naturally, morally, righteously) reside punish women. in men, with variations, repeated ad infinitum across the world. It remains such a monopoly because this story is Patriarchy, by definition, is a reflected in all our institutions, economic, political, social, and cultural. It has become the unquestioned collective binary, with no room for any reality, considered natural – unless and until alternative other genders. stories are told about men, women, and people with different SOGIs, and they are celebrated in the culture. Any claim to power by other genders becomes a threat This paper focuses on changing the story of patriarchy, the to the dominance of men. This ideology of inequality is story of inequality. Therefore, it centers power that keeps embedded in all our systems and continues to replicate gender inequality in place. And because the story is a inequality, despite advances in women’s achievements. It shared story, it requires a focus on the collective. Only then is universally harmful, including to men and people with will there be a shift in collective mindsets, the mental and different SOGIs,10 and it has destroyed our natural habitat.11 moral maps about the nature of right relations between Men are more likely to rate environmentally friendly actions men and women and with people of all SOGIs. This cannot as feminine and choose environmentally harmful actions happen without men. Everyone, including men, deserves as a way of asserting their masculinity.12 to escape the trauma of constrictive boxes filled with dictates and expectations. Patriarchy is a collective story, passed from generation to generation keeping gender-biased institutions in place. It This paper addresses the following question: How do has gone underground in some places where it is assumed we bring about collective mindset shifts about unequal that patriarchy no longer exists and even acknowledging power relations among women, men, and SOGI groups? its existence is uncomfortable, almost old-fashioned, especially in the presence of men. The paper draws primarily on published research across disciplines. It is organized into four sections to provide a Until this wormed-in collective story of patriarchy changes framework for the World Bank in its thinking and approach within corporate cultures and rules of organizations from to gender equality work:14 the family up, progress will be slow, incremental, and slide backward in times of stress. The World Economic Forum The World Bank Gender Strategy framework, and the 1.  now estimates that it will take 131 years to achieve gender need to refocus on collectives and gender norms equality around the world. And it will be 2059 before one rather than individuals. measure of gender inequity, the gender pay gap, closes in Why Men? Inclusion of men to address male trauma 2.  the USA.13 and disaffection without losing focus on women or SOGI groups. It is a strange paradox that How to change? Understand the power and 3.  patriarchy is all about men, social love; care, the great healer and propeller for but gender strategies are all deep change. about women.  onclusions and recommendations, policy dialogue, 4. C and programs. HOW DO WE CHANGE THE COLLECTIVE GENDER STORY? A story is just a story. It is made up. Every group has a story, and because it is a story it can change. 3 SECTION 1. A MODIFIED GENDER STRATEGY FRAMEWORK The goal of the World Development Report (WDR) 2012 or hurt progress towards closing the gender gaps in on Gender Equality and Development was to explore how human endowments (education and health), economic to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment opportunities (both access to jobs and assets), and agency. through changes in the power relations between men While these achievements are important in their own right, and women. they have not been sufficient to change the cultural story of power relations between men and women and differing The conceptual framework focuses on how the interactions SOGI groups.15 among markets, households, formal and informal institutions/rules (or social norms), shape the relationship between economic development and gender equality, THE POWER OF THE COLLECTIVE and hence ultimately determine gender equality. These Based on the WDR 2012, The Gender Strategy Framework dynamic interactions change over time and are different (FY16-23) highlights Agency, Endowments, and Economic in contexts of globalization or conflict and pandemics. opportunities. This paper modifies the right-side of The framework focuses on how these interactions help this framework. 4 FIGURE 1. WORLD BANK GENDER STRATEGY FRAMEWORK Source: World Bank Group Gender Strategy (FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth. Adapted from the WDR 2012, World Bank. Agency in the Gender Strategy framework is seen as the individual and assume that societies are aggregations contributing to but separate from endowments and of autonomous individuals. In reality, societies are not economic opportunity. But in reality it is an integral part composed of atomized individuals but collectives, from of both and to highlight its importance, agency is put in families to communities, clubs, organizations, firms, the center in this modified framework. In the current associations, and networks. Patriarchal systems cannot be Gender Strategy framework, political representation and changed by individuals acting alone. participation are subsumed under agency, but these are important in their own right. Hence, Political Leadership Figure 2, highlights the power of the collective in changing and Ideology that shape agendas, determine policies, and mindsets about gender relations across development set budgets are given the same importance as Human interventions. In other words collective action of groups, Endowments and Economic Opportunities. networks and organizations and changes in gender norms are key to achieve gender equality across human, economic While the Gender Strategy does discuss the power of (including infrastructure), and political domains all of which collectives, this is lost and inevitably the primary attention are embedded in unequal power systems.16 turns to the individual, as most economic theories focus on 5 FIGURE 2: A NEW FRAMEWORK To highlight the power of the collective in changing Social norms are usually more powerful than individual collective mindsets or the collective gender stories, beliefs about how we should behave. development interventions are this is literally placed in the center of the triangle. Shifting mindsets to achieve gender There are many definitions of social norms19 in the literature. equality as applies equally across it impacts all human, The World Bank’s South Asia Region’s paper on shaping economic (including infrastructure), and political domains social norms has a useful definition: ‘Social norms are all of which are embedded in and the unequal power informal rules of behavior that dictate what is acceptable embedded in their systems.17 and appropriate to do in a given situation within a given social context. They influence behavior through unwritten rules of social conduct.’20 There are many social norms that SOCIAL NORMS, GENDER NORMS regulate life and to narrow the field, I use the term gender AND EMOTIONS norms, drawing particularly on the work of Cislaghi and Heise.21 I propose the following definition: Individuals are socialized within social groups, and these Gender norms are the approved groups become reference groups with social norms that reward and punish behavior to manage and keep their identities distinctive. Just the presence of others changes cognitions, emotions and our behavior; we really are social animals.18 A classic example is that handwashing rates by women go up dramatically in behavior for men and women public bathrooms in the presence of others, when we are by groups that reproduce being watched. We may think we are autonomous, but we care even about what strangers think of us and we change gender inequality at all levels our behaviors to impress them! of society. 6 Like social norms, gender norms propel a person to expression influences other people’s cognitions, attitudes, conform to group expectations. They serve as evaluative and behaviors. Emotions play a critical role in maintaining standards, against which an individual’s reactions and group cohesion, allocation of roles, and the ability to behaviors are judged, rewarded or punished. Some norms achieve shared goals.25 Cooperative behavior is influenced become so central that they are considered essential. not just by a person’s status and reputation but also by their positive emotional expression.26 Gender norms are social norms, but not all social norms are gender norms. Both gender and social norms are A boss’s anger suppresses behavior of subordinates; a expectations about how others act and should act and boss’s ridicule of an idea kills the idea or deflects further therefore how I should act. These collective norms have a discussion of the merits of the idea. The power of emotions powerful influence on individuals because human beings on our behavior and decisions is so important that The are social creatures who want to belong and feel valued Harvard Negotiation Project developed a framework for by their most important social groupings, family, peers, dealing with emotions effectively in negotiations because workmates, religious, and political affiliations. it impacts billions of dollars. It highlights the human needs for appreciation, affiliation, autonomy, status, and role and Observing group norms leads to the joy, pride, and a sense how negative emotions such as anger, embarrassment, of security from belonging, while deviating from norms shame, envy, resentment, or jealousy are aroused when can lead to isolation, rejection, ridicule, pain, fear, shame, these needs are violated and how to avoid that outcome?27 humiliation, and anger. Social emotions influence behavior The framework would apply well in dealing with gender and well-being.22 conflict and negotiations. Parents use approval, smiles, and praise when a boy acts In fact, the power of a social norm can be assessed by the strong or tough; scold or scowl or get angry when he shows extent of negative emotional sanction. In a study of norm any girlish behaviors; or shame a boy if he cries or cries violation in outdoor recreation (littering, controlling dogs loudly. A girl is scolded or may be punished for sitting with while cross-country skiing, and bikers and skaters warning her legs wide open or talking to a boy or wanting to go to the others when passing), researchers found that the extent to market at night to buy what she needs. Emotional reactions which sanctions, extent of shame, guilt, and embarrassment of parents or the important people in our reference groups were experienced determined the intensity, power, and play a critical role in learning what emotions and what prevalence of behavioral norms.28 behavior is appropriate for each gender. Anger, and fear of men’s anger, play a major role in keeping The first scientific work on emotions was by Charles Darwin both men and women captive to dominant men, even and his basic conclusions still hold.23 While the role of when the anger is invisible. We become experts at reading emotions has been relatively ignored in social norm theory, facial expressions and body language. Men are socialized recent work corrects this oversight. Researchers show that to express anger to punish women who violate gender there is a bi-directional interrelationship between social norms, at one extreme by raping, killing, or beating them norms and emotions; emotions play an instrumental role up or by dismissing them as unworthy of medical attention in sustaining social norms (anger or contempt at a man or justice or joy because ‘they asked for it.’ Men are ‘allowed’ who accepts a wife who has been raped, who is ‘no longer and expected to be angry, but women are not. Women pure’) and they also regulate individual emotions (guilt and are only allowed pleasing behavior, and expression of shame at being raped, which violates the social norm of anger violates the social norm that women should always purity of women).24 please others, especially men. In fact, there are strong social norms about appropriate emotional expression Emotion as Social Information Theory (EASI model) shows by men and women, ‘feeling rules’ in different contexts, how emotions function to control much group and with expectations that women do the primary emotional organizational life in conflict, negotiation, and leadership labor while suppressing their own emotions, particularly of within families and at the national level. dissatisfaction with their lives.29 Just like the distinction between personal attitudes and social norms, EASI focuses on the interpersonal effects of emotions, social emotions, how one person’s emotional 7 And social expectations about gender roles at the Gender norms allocate power to men; therefore 4.  community level have more influence on people’s men have to be engaged in change. Gender norms behavior and lives than their own personal beliefs.30 Across protect the hierarchy of men’s power over everyone societies, gendered social expectations are usually more else, especially women. Anything that destabilizes conservative than personal beliefs.31 And in many places men’s power brings resistance to change and a gender norms are becoming more restrictive.32 cultural backlash against women. Men’s claim to power is usually presented as protecting the honor of Given the importance of gender norms in propping men and women, thus making it socially respectable. up gender inequality despite economic development, Examples include satee and dowry in parts of India, it is worth highlighting five unique features that have genital cutting in parts of Africa, punishing women implications for design of interventions. who travel without a man, or essentializing the role of men as providers and women as mothers at home Gender norms are ubiquitous, but not all norms 1.  in the cultural wars. It is critical to engage men in should be prioritized for change. Gender inequality mindset change. is kept in place by hundreds of social norms and practices that are interlinked and support a mindset Some gender norms evoke strong emotions, 5.  of men as superior to women. While the norm and changing these norms requires addressing of women going to work has loosened in many emotional investments. Gender norms are countries, the norm of men being in authority and acquired and maintained through the approval and control has not changed. Not all norms are equally disapproval of others, generating strong emotions important; therefore to shift power relations, it is of pride, joy fear, shame, anger, or disgust.33 Without important to identify anchor or meta-norms for each the capacity to care, there is no motivation to social context. For example, men’s provider role, or comply with social norms.34 Core norms are elevated men always have the authority. to the rank of moral behavior: a man must be in charge, a woman must obey him. Research into Gender norms are entrenched at every level – from 2.  moral psychology and moral emotions establishes the halls of government to the household – and that violation of gender hierarchies evokes require collective, rather than individual, change. disgust, including a strong moral reaction against Gender norms are embedded in all institutions of independent or powerful women leaders, or any society, hence difficult to overcome by individuals. woman showing signs of independence. And this Since most institutions were created by men, would apply to SOGI groups as well.35 Male beliefs gender-biased mindsets lie at the foundation of all and behavior have strong impacts on others. institutions: economic, political, social, and cultural. Men need to be involved without being shamed Hence, these informal norms need to change. This or humiliated. implies big investments in communication strategies. There are many ways of intervening to change the Gender norms begin at birth. Training in gender 3.  collective gender narratives. The gap between a social norms begins at birth with the declaration of the expectation of how people in a reference group behave biological sex of a baby, boy or girl. These gender and their actual behavior, sometimes called pluralistic norms pre-exist and are transmitted across ignorance, forms the basis for many social interventions generations by everyday learning, especially in the to change social norms in positive directions.36 first two decades of life, within families, schools, and society. This early learning creates a mindset, so that many decisions about gender later in life are unconscious, and become a part of our automatic decision-making. These mindsets, and in particular the ways in which boys (and later, men) are taught harmful gender norms, need to be understood and changed. 8 There is a vast literature on behavioral change, especially While gender norms have tremendous influence, in the fields of health, environment, and more recently they cannot compensate for a lack of skills, either gender inequality. Most are based on the idea of social socioemotional such as negotiation or technical skills/ influence. Social recognition by peers, for example, giving knowledge or lack of information, for example how to public certificates of excellence to health workers has apply for a job. Nor can changed social norms compensate been shown to improve performance within a month in for a lack of infrastructure, economic opportunity, markets Nigeria.37 Many interventions focus on changing behavior and bad policies. by correcting the information gap between beliefs about others’ behavior and their actual behavior. Providing correct In summary, changing the information works because of the power of social influence. Changing perceptions of peer behavior and approval has collective story and mindsets been shown to decrease alcohol consumption among requires addressing both students, and similarly to achieve greater water and energy conservation in other contexts.38 Some reviews of collective agency and collective interventions with boys and young men find that small norms about gender (see Figure 3). group participatory activities that generate critical reflection In order to change collective mindsets – especially about transform and build equitable gender norms.39 Ultimately, power relations between men and women and people sustaining change requires involving multiple overlapping from other SOGI groups – policymakers must address groups, from managers, peers, parents, schools, and entire the collective agency and gender norms present in social communities, to boys and girls. groupings, including families, communities, offices, service providers, markets schools, and colleges. FIGURE 3: PROJECT INTERVENTIONS FOR GENDER NORMS AND COLLECTIVE AGENCY 9 SECTION 2. WHY MEN? WITHOUT FORGETTING WOMEN AND SOGI GROUPS Men have been singularly absent from most large-scale Without a change in men’s stories about themselves, about women’s empowerment approaches. Influenced by white what it means to be a man, transformative change that is mainstream middle-class western feminism, women’s both resilient and nonviolent will be impossible. empowerment programs were designed across the world to bypass men despite the shift in language from ‘women’ The first identity assigned to a newborn baby based on to ‘gender.’ Power inequality resides in relationships. This is biology is male or female, and it comes attached to hundreds like working with a one-sided see-saw. of years of social, cultural, economic, and religious rules. Identities are meaning-making machines. Identities define Avoiding men assumes that men are the problem. This is a core values, beliefs, and practices. The assigned gender gross misdiagnosis. identity dictates how a boy is raised, dressed, and fed; what behaviors, attributes, and aspirations are rewarded; what is punished, and what is defined as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ behavior. The problem is not men but These clusters of beliefs, emotions and behaviors becomes masculinity, the stories of how internalized and automatic by adulthood. men and boys should behave Masculinity defines beliefs, roles, attributes including in a patriarchy. emotions, and behaviors expected and considered desirable in a man in any society. Despite great cultural 10 differences, many of the learned behaviors are strikingly During adolescence, there is more pressure on boys than similar across countries. Gender identities vary and girls to adopt negative attitudes toward the opposite sex intersect with other identities such as race, religion, caste, and engage in more risky behavior that negatively impacts and class right from birth. Many of these expectations are boys/men throughout their lives. Boys are regularly teased harmful and traumatizing to men.40 for not being ‘man enough’ and dared to prove their manliness. The negative impact on boys includes greater It is hard to reconcile interpersonal violence, injuries, unprotected sex, HIV and AIDS, and greater use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.46 And men’s power and privilege sexual violence often starts during adolescence. with problems. There is as yet no societal expectation that boys or men examine their notions of masculinity, yet all have been However, the societal expectations and pressure many bombarded with messages about gender equality. This men feel to always be dominant, aggressive, tough, stoic, creates the paradox of educated men believing in equality to never show ‘weakness,’ to be emotionally unexpressive, while practicing patriarchal behaviors. In my research in never to cry, not to be feminine, and to be entirely India, highly educated and successful men who believed self-reliant is achieved through violence against basic passionately in gender equality still expected their working human nature (the self), which leads to further violence wives to stay at home once the children were born. (against others). It takes great psychic effort not to feel hurt, Not a single country in the world has achieved gender pain, disappointment, or isolation. parity in unpaid care work, a combination of social norms and policy.47 In addition, being a man is not a one-off event. Men often feel that they have to continuously prove their masculinity, There are false assumptions that men don’t want to talk and often end up doing so “by rash actions, abuses of about their problems and cannot change, or do not want to power, humiliation, and subjection of anybody he feels a change their minds. There is plenty of evidence that when threat. In the end, such a man is better prepared for death approached with respectful empathetic listening, men do than marriage and the care of children, somebody whose open up and speak honestly about their inner lives and affection is amputated.”41 struggles and that the mere act of sharing and experiencing deep listening without judgment begins the process of It is a reality that men commit most of the killings against self-reflection and change. In the research I conducted other men, most of the violence against women and other over a decade, not a single educated man I contacted for genders, and are four times more likely to kill themselves interviews refused the invitation to share his life story.48 than women.42 Traditional masculinity norms impact men Asking people to talk about their lives is profoundly negatively.43 Men abuse alcohol more than women, are less different from telling people how they are wrong and how likely to seek help, and do less well than girls in schools and they should change. Human beings need to know they colleges. They seem demoralized, and lonely, have fewer matter – then it is possible to change. This simple principle friends than twenty years ago, and have fewer aspirations has been applied to getting voters to change their minds than women. These patterns of behavior are reported in on divisive issues such as transgender rights, captured in two recent encyclopedic books on the crisis of boys and of the methodology of deep canvassing.49 men in the USA.44 It is true that not all men want to change, but the great The harm that patriarchy does to men has been ignored, majority of men are willing to change when treated with but shows up in therapists offices, leading the American respect and dignity. This is true even under very difficult Psychological Association (APA) to eventually issue circumstances, as seen in the Living Peace intervention guidelines in 2018 on how to deal with the harm caused to program implemented in the Democratic Republic of boys and men trying to live up to the ideology of ‘traditional Congo (DRC), a country with very high levels of sexual masculinity.’ It is the first time in 127 years that guidelines violence.50 Informed by a survey on masculinity in the DRC, were issued to help men, society’s reference group, to the NGO PROMUNO designed a 15-week intervention deal with their core identity issues. The negative behaviors in 2013 involving men and their partners, during which singled out by the APA include misogyny and homophobia, men discussed how war and conflict had influenced their both behaviors that uphold their own power.45 definitions of ‘being a man,’ and in addition they learned 11 new skills. They explored their pain and trauma and learned don’t have the necessary skills to change. Instead, as how to cope with anger and loss using non-violent coping women start to change, many men feel threatened, and strategies. The intervention had far-reaching impacts on violence against women increases. Studies using national families evident even three years later and spread on its surveys in India55 and studies in Bangladesh conclude that own through the community. The majority of both men when community norms about women’s employment and women reported that violence at home had stopped change, the relationship between women’s employment altogether; that men were more involved in childcare; that and domestic violence disappears.56 In these contexts, women were more involved in decision making and were men no longer feel threatened, nor do they feel the need able to talk about their rape during the war; and that more to prove their dominant masculinity through intimate men accepted the children conceived from rape. Men’s partner violence. health also improved. Unattended, however, men’s anger and frustrations with The most important contributing factor to project success life often turn against women. There is a strong backlash was that men felt motivated and proud to change into against women’s empowerment and feminism seen in the becoming responsible husbands, fathers, and respected violence espoused in extreme groups such as ‘incels’ (short community members. for ‘involuntary celibate’) in the west, and men’s rights groups based on blaming women. The most appropriate approach to men’s and boys’ involvement has to be informed by research in the local cultural context.51 Sports is often used to start a dialogue In India, I found a simmering with boys. Although there are many programs, there resentment against women’s are few evaluations so far.52 One recent World Bank Randomized Control Trial (RCT) evaluation in Tanzania empowerment even among shows that engaging adolescent boys through soccer in men who were highly educated conversations around forced sex, masculinity, and attitudes and believed in gender equality. towards Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), reduced the IPV experienced by girls in the same communities.53 Involving One man said, ‘When I walk in the public, now I am aware girls separately in a goal-setting activity, and changing that I am viewed as a potential rapist, I have to prove mental habits (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy based on myself innocent.’ Other men said that ‘You hear nothing but mindfulness practices and research evidence) also reduced women’s empowerment, women’s empowerment, what the IVP they experienced even if their partners had not about us?’ Many men feel that marriage is nothing but the participated in the soccer intervention. crushing responsibility of being providers and protectors, without many rewards. If the relatively simple curriculum implemented through local clubs can make such a dramatic difference, it shows Indian men are not alone. A similar phenomenon of that when boys are engaged in conversations to consider underlying resentment erupting to the surface is happening what is appropriate behavior with their partners without in the US; even among Democrats, the party known for being shamed, change happens. strong beliefs in gender equality, the numbers supporting gender equality have declined. Combining change in gender norms with skills interventions specific to the local context can be helpful in changing A recent survey in the US shows that 46% of younger behavior. In one experiment, researchers found that Democratic men and 23% of younger Democratic women exposure to peers who sexually objectify and disrespect believe that feminism, the ideology of gender equality, women decreases prosocial bystander intervention. has done more harm than good. These numbers are However, training in bystander intervention rather than dramatically higher than in the older age groups (4% and general policy awareness about sexual harassment 10% respectively).57 And there is a growing belief that men increased men’s positive assessment of themselves as have not been treated fairly. 60% of Democratic younger interveners and increased support for gender equity in men and 35% of women believe that men should be the workplace.54 represented and valued more in society; the numbers similarly were much higher than for the older groups. When men are not involved in dialogue with other men or Close to half of Democratic younger men believe that with programs that engage women, there is no reason for gender ideology, LGBQT+ rights, and moving away from them to change their violent or other restrictive behaviors the traditional notions of masculinity and femininity have towards women. In addition to lacking a rationale, they 12 corrupted American culture. The numbers for Republicans WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT; THE were of course much higher. This is despite the fact that FOCUS IS STILL ON INDIVIDUALS, the majority of all surveyed, 82%, approve of women in the NOT GENDER RELATIONS workplace and their economic contributions. Women are becoming ATMs. The harms of focusing on the individual extend to women. Women are still excluded from leadership and agenda- This gender anxiety, particularly among white educated defining roles in society, the economy, and politics. White women engaged in heterosexual relations, is captured in feminism exported around the world has reinforced the the term heteropessimism, coined by American gender focus on individuals, the Lean In phenomenon, and the theorist Asa Seresin to communicate the sense of despair, lack of fit with local priorities of women from different hopelessness, and embarrassment experienced with the social and economic groupings. And it ignores the relational adherence to traditional expectations of men and women nature of gender. in dating and in marriage.58 The key injunction is to have no feelings and stay detached. Neither men nor women The focus on individuals has also led to blindness to the are happy and seem to ‘preemptively anaesthetize the normative barriers to gender equality that are baked into heart against the awfulness of heterosexual culture.’ The all institutions, both formal and informal. These barriers educated middle classes are cognitively and emotionally become most extreme as disadvantages interlock. trapped. Hence there is an urgent need to have non- There are literally hundreds of definitions of women’s polarizing non-judgmental conversations to uncover empowerment;59 however, with the notable exception gender traps so both men and women can heal and lead of feminists, many do not directly use the term power, more fulfilling lives. although many address the unequal power in the Boys and men need to be included for their own well- structures of government, market, civil society, and being, to become allies to support respectful freedom familial organizations.60 for women and all people, and to shift the foundations of gender inequality. 13 Most current approaches The scale of this effort is impressive, but impacts, as measured by RCTs, remain uneven. Not surprisingly, the to achieving gender impact of programs varied depending on the outcome, but equality through women’s with a few notable exceptions, there were no strong effects on income or labor force participation. There was also empowerment can be classified little impact on violence experienced by women at home as accommodating. or in public.63 The sheer scale and longevity of the SHGs and their collective power have led to important spillover There is awareness of constraints facing women belonging effects in community norms, including greater women’s to different social groups, and these are addressed in participation in local councils, confidence in approaching program design.61 Thus meeting times may be changed local government to solve their problems, reduced interest to accommodate women, childcare may be provided to rates by local lenders, and resilience. During the COVID ensure women participate in meetings, or female field pandemic in Bihar, India, poor women’s producer groups workers may be deployed to talk to women. While these which had already achieved scale were able to pivot quickly design shifts may be helpful, they do not change the to making masks and they opened community kitchens to underlying gender norms and behavioral practices that alleviate hunger.64 disempower women. However, the World Bank review concludes that there is little evidence of the impact of SHGs on individual It is quite common now to norms and aspirations, self-perceptions, or acceptability create collectives of poor of reporting violence against women to authorities. These programs may not have a strong ideology of changing the women, but the underlying collective consciousness of women. In addition they do not approach is still of individuals include men, the mother-in-law, or other older women who have more power within families in gender discussions. In aggregated into collectives fact, one striking rule that prevents collective and hence rather than changing mindsets individual norm shifts within families is the rule that prohibits more than one woman per family from belonging about power relations between to a SHG. It is one poor woman against the collective power women and men and between of the rest of the family. women outside the collectives. Violence against women A recent review of Self-Help Groups (SHG) conducted by is a core indicator of shift different departments in the World Bank is instructive. in power relations. South Asia is home to the largest number of women’s SHGs. SHGs are groups of women coming together for Another 2022 World Bank review examines the impact of a common purpose to benefit individuals in the group economic empowerment on intimate partner violence through regular face-to-face meetings. Most begin with (IPV) and draws useful lessons for implementation.65 It mobilizing small amounts of savings to build confidence, considers three types of economic programs, microfinance, self-reliance, and solidarity, and then may address cash transfer, and livelihood programs. Only two out of other problems including violence by husbands or other eight microfinance initiatives that were evaluated through men. In India alone, by 2019 Government of India and RCTs reduced IPV significantly, and in one the effects NGO efforts led to 10 million SHGs involving 125 million disappeared after four years. In cash transfer programs, one households, with 2.3 billion INR in savings. Collectives are program that encouraged mothers-in-law and husbands more likely to be heard than an individual poor woman. to view the woman as having agency and also provided A recent World Bank South Asia region database search nutrition training reduced IPV, while another involving for evaluations on economic empowerment led to the monthly transfers and business training did not. The identification of 163,876,961 papers from which 33 studies, programs that focus on livelihood strategies do not seem primarily randomized control trials (RCT) were selected as to impact IPV. methodologically rigorous.62 14 One of the long-held criticisms of the government and Finally, to break the inter-generational transfer of externally assisted programs is that the instrumentality to constricted gender identities and life trajectories, it is achieve economic, health, water, or education outcomes important to reach girls and boys at young ages. Why wait? ignores the process of critical thinking and questioning Unlearning is easier at younger ages than later. Programs to change women’s mental models about themselves that intervene in changing gender identity norms, values, and take action to improve collective wellbeing.66 Most roles, and aspirations among children show a positive of these programs do not involve men in sustained impact in different parts of the world. In India, an RCT conversations. An exception may be the WHO programs evaluation of 20 hours of gender curriculum intervention in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, but reviews in schools in Haryana found that the behavioral impact on establish few attempts and weak results in transforming boys was significant and greater than that on girls, probably gender power relations. Results are stronger in the field of because boys have more structural freedom to change.71 In HIV prevention.67 Uganda and Sierra Leone, girls-only empowerment clubs that taught vocational and life skills resulted in decreased Gender transformative strategies aim to shift how women forced sex, fewer pregnancies, and greater earnings (three and men view themselves and shift gendered norms and times higher than before). The clubs immunized the girls ideologies in societal institutions that discriminate against from the worst effects of the Ebola crisis. Young girls who or exclude women. Evaluations of these programs do belonged to the clubs in the most disrupted communities not necessarily include RCTs and hence may have been bounced back and were more likely to return to school, excluded from the review. spend less time with men, and had fewer pregnancies.72 There is some evidence from rural Tanzania that when Depending on the context, girls and women benefit from microfinance is combined with gender-transformative interventions that encourage women to question their programming, it can impact IPV. And there is global realities, bring them together in groups, teach social- evidence that when cash transfers are combined with emotional skills (negotiation training) or practical skills interventions that reduce unequal power relations, they (information on how to apply for jobs, for instance), and reduce IPV.68 Similarly, there is emerging literature in the build their sense of self-efficacy.73 field of health.69 The evidence extends to other fields not usually reported DIVERSE SOGI GROUPS in gender equality efforts. For instance, a small-scale fisheries project that tested fish processing technologies to Patriarchy is binary; it assumes by definition that there reduce post-harvest losses and improve gender relations are only two genders – men and women – and that this in Zambia, found that a gender transformative approach is normal. Biology establishes that there are many more was significantly better than a gender accommodative genders than have been recognized by patriarchy.74 Yet approach.70 The transformative approach engaged both societal acceptance of gender diversity, shaped by genetics women and men across the value chain, fishers, processers, and society, has been very slow, resulting in estimates that and traders to test various technologies. Three bespoke more than 40 percent of trans teens and adults in the US drama skits with a guide for facilitated discussions were attempt suicide.75 Decriminalization of other genders is the key communication tool. The skits covered topics the first step to dignity. Acceptance, respect, and dignity like gender roles, power, support, decision making and depend on changing collective agency and gender norms. working together, but were fun and humorous. They were carried out only three times over the summer and were The same system that followed by lively discussions at the community level and further critical reflection with groups of people testing the oppresses women technologies. One of the most significant changes was oppresses people of that a large percentage of men voluntarily shifted their ownership status from owning the fishing gear outright other gender identities. to joint ownership with their spouses. And almost all the women involved said that they now made significant input in how the income from fishing would be spent. 15 Women’s empowerment approaches must recognize both How do we do this? Asking people to change their mindsets similarities and great differences among women, and be and behavior is difficult - even in everyday activities we inclusive of SOGI and other oppressed groups.76 Power develop preferences and become creatures of habit. Asking expands with unlikely allies as long as all agree that the men to give up power or share power is a big ask. What do goal is to shift power inequality.77 they get in return? This question has been avoided because we assume it will always lead to resistance, strong negative To summarize, despite the unhappiness of both cisgender reactions, or violence. men and women and the backward movement in social norms, the reality is that men continue to hold the power in Men’s power, as well as their desire for power and social society, in politics, and in the economy in most countries.78 status, need to be properly understood for the collective well-being of all. For this purpose, we need to understand Women’s empowerment programs need to embrace men both power and social love. and focus on shifting mindsets about the power imbalance between women and men. They must also address biases in the most proximate social, economic, and political organizations that impact women’s and men’s lives.79 This includes shifting the mindset of service providers and policymakers who make the resource allocation decisions. 16 SECTION 3. THE ROLE OF POWER AND SOCIAL LOVE power, action is impossible. We most commonly associate power with domination, authority, oppression, and force in Power properly understood, is relationships across gender, race, caste, gender orientation, the ability to achieve purpose. ableness, or class, and across these intersections. Power is relational – it structures relationships. It can be invisible.81 Martin Luther King Jr.80 Power is never static, it is fluid; it goes up and down and changes with circumstances, life stages and the natural, social, cultural, and political environment. WHAT IS POWER? There are many forms of power. I focus on four types of power, based on the work of a long lineage of feminist, and Most of us have an intuitive understanding of power and social justice scholars and practitioners.82 They are: Power that it is associated with control over physical, social, Over; Power With; Power Within; and Power To.83 intellectual, financial, and political resources. Without 17 FIGURE 4: KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR TYPES OF POWER IN GENDER RELATIONS TYPE OF POWER POWER OVER POWER WITH POWER WITHIN POWER TO Feminist & people’s Psychology & Psychology & Origins Patriarchy movements spirituality economics Key feature Dominance Belonging Security Capability Key outcome Fear Solidarity Trust in others Confidence Leadership Dominating Expansive Distributive Solo players Power over is the foundation of patriarchy and patriarchal give biological origins to this behavior and describe it as systems. It is based on power as a limited good, as a men’s essential nature. This is despite the fact that even the winner-loser game. Such concentration of power leads to 7-10-year-olds said ‘now there is no difference between coercion and control of others, often against their wishes. girls and boys, both are equal.’ Obviously in this power context, if women or people from differing SOGI groups claim power, men automatically lose. In the US as well, power is positively associated only with Hence, even acknowledging the independent rights of any men. In a different Pew survey on gender traits, the word other group to exist with respect and dignity becomes a ‘powerful’ is seen as a positive trait in men (67%) and as threat to men, as the only ones with authority and control. a negative trait in women (92%). Being emotional and vulnerable are seen as negative traits in men by almost Women and other oppressed groups internalize their everyone. The term ‘provider’ is used only for men despite oppression, they learn to cope by accepting their oppression widespread positive approval of women’s economic as natural, inevitable, or right. This means that men do not contributions.86 Economic participation of women has have to exert power over in visible ways; the absence of been freed, but women have not been freed; they cannot conflict becomes an adaptation to unequal power since own power. there are no other alternatives. A man may exert his power by doing nothing - through silence, not showing up or not This grip of power or dominance over others as an essential making a decision (as any good bureaucrat will recognize!). quality in men is characterized by violence, aggression, bullying, and coercion. The key outcome among others is It is not surprising then that external changes in fear and obedience. This is true within families and at the employment and education of women and SOGI groups level of nations. The leadership of men who impose power have not loosened the grip of power that men hold and over others is characterized by dominance, bullying, and withhold from women and others. systemic abuse of power.87 Without learning alternatives, women and different SOGI groups will also fall into the In India for example, a recent Pew survey confirms that practice of abusing others. despite beliefs in gender equality, both men and women carry traditional gender norms, including an agreement While dominant leaders may not be liked or respected, with the statement that women should obey men.84 Among most people defer to the decisions they make, because 7-10-year-old boys, I found that the ideas of ‘power’ and they assume widespread respect for leaders among others; ‘being a man’ were synonymous. ‘Being a man’ and ‘power’ here too, misperceptions about others’ beliefs keep people were described as muscular, strong, tough, big body, wide silent. Social norms strike again!88 Simple conversations stance with feet apart, controlling, aggressive, and imposing can begin to shift this misperception, and reduce support will.85 Crying was seen as a weakness and behaving ‘like a to dominating behavior. A collective shift protects first girl.’ Additional words that men used were: dominating, movers from becoming the sacrifice for challenging subjugating, making others do their will, and fear. Men powerful leaders who rule by fear. 18 Power with. Social justice, feminist, community-oriented, A sense of inner security leads to a sense of hope and and other marginalized groups have long looked to optimism about the world, learned optimism rather than participatory collective action or movement building as learned helplessness.95 People with a secure sense of an alternative to coercive, dominant power – the power self are able to trust others to perform actions without of bullies.89 ‘Power with’ expands collective power and constant oversight or direction. And trust engenders trust. shares power among members.90, 91 The biggest power Such people are better equipped to practice distributive of marginalized groups fighting injustice is the power of leadership and fit well into movements and organizations their numbers. that commit to the practice of shared power through all their negotiations and disagreements. Critical thinking and reflection change mindsets and channel anger at injustice to change the status quo. Power to. Every human being has the innate potential to When people with common interests collaborate to take action to achieve outcomes they desire and value, solve problems, share knowledge, ideas, and strategies, even when these outcomes may be harmful to them and listen respectfully, they gradually build trust and (for example suicide). This is very similar to Sen’s concept confidence in each other to take action together. Power of agency and effective power.96 It is the inner sense of and trust expand and are shared among members. This capability to take action on one’s own or another’s behalf does not mean that there are no differences; rather, that feeds into a virtuous cycle of confidence. The power conflict gets resolved in ways that build solidarity. Solidarity to take action grows through experiencing success, is built through clarification of key values, and cultures, encouragement, appreciation, knowledge, and skill and learning ways of listening and interacting, including development. When this capability is supported by a sense non-violent communication skills. Respect and dignity of of inner self-worth, a person can collaborate and work with all are usually key practices that generate belonging, joy, others, trusting others. Or they may remain solo players, and loyalty. A key outcome is a sense of solidarity with who inspire others through their vision and achievements. others – people stop feeling alone but rather develop a sense of human connection with others, which gives them Other more respectful and life-affirming forms of power are strength to face the future together. Many social justice needed to transform violent systems. In order to overcome groups are cocreating new organizational cultures and cruel systems of power, individuals and collectives require structures to center shared power and transparency in new skills in practicing prosocial behavior. decision-making.92, 93 There is increasing evidence that life-skills training among Power with others is not a limited good, a fixed pie, but children and adults reduces emotional distress,97 increases keeps expanding to include all who join. The extent of retention of girls in school, reduces teen pregnancy, hierarchy in a group varies. Leadership is expansive; it reduces violence against women, and increases men’s expands the power of others to take action. Power with sense of self-worth without engaging in violence.98 These others can be applied in large groups and small groups. trainings include training in mental and emotional habits. It is impossible to be kind or caring when under constant Power within. Without a deep inner sense of security, a fear or distress. deep sense of ‘I Matter,’ trust in oneself, and self-respect, a person’s life is filled with fear, anxiety, and suspicion. Understanding the different forms of power is important But when a sense of self-worth is firmly anchored, the because most boys and men (and women) think that world feels safe, and everyone else can also become there in only one form of power, the controlling coercive worthy of respect and dignity. When people grow up in power of patriarchy. Or men automatically being in charge. an environment of crushing power over them (even when And that this is the core identity of being a man. There is that power is invisible), their sense of inner security gets inherent trauma in this mindset which robs men of their compromised and replaced with a sense of helplessness, full humanity and vulnerability. Men need to learn they powerlessness, and distrust; a sense that the world is have choices about how to exert power. And the processes threatening and dangerous.94 As with all forms of power, of change, just as for women, need to be respectful and inner security, and self-respect can and do change in a empowering so men make better choices. Traumatized caring environment and with training in new mental habits. men need kindness not harshness, ridicule, anger or contempt to change. Society will not gain from weak, powerless men. 19 And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and power have usually been contrasted as opposites – polar opposites. Now, we’ve got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Martin Luther King Jr. Love is an action, never just a The highest possible stage in moral feeling… Care and affirmation, the culture is when we recognize that opposite of abuse and humiliation, we ought to control our thoughts. are the foundation of love. Charles Darwin Part I. The Descent or Origin of Man, Chapter IV. Comparison bell hooks of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals. 1871 THE POWER OF SOCIAL LOVE compassion and respect, and reflecting this in the process and design of the public policy. Emotions have already The policy world is afraid of the world of emotions and love. made inroads in the business world. The virtues of empathy, It seems frighteningly unruly. But without acknowledging the ability to relate to another’s persons feelings and and dealing with emotions, for example anger, fear, pride, experience, are already extolled in business including by the and shame that hold power and gender inequality in place, World Economic Forum.99 But empathy is biased to helping it will be impossible to break gender norms that keep people like ourselves. Beyond empathy, compassion women, men and SOGI groups trapped in despair and training is now part of many corporations like IKEA, Cisco, misery. Even if gender norms that perpetuate problems and Marriott to improve leadership performance.100 A like violence against women disappear during periods of survey by the Potential project of over 15,000 leaders from economic prosperity, they re-emerge when women stop over 5000 companies from 100 countries found increased making money or when men are under economic duress. compassion through mindfulness training was the best at increasing deliberate and constructive decision making. Behavioral science has made some bold inroads into understanding strategies for behavioral change to reduce When people feel seen, heard, and cared about they do gender inequality, but we need to go further to understand better. The deepest longing in human beings is to know, the emotions and emotional rules that keep the most ‘I matter,’ that I am significant to some others who will resistant-to-change gender norms in place. Development notice if I disappeared. ‘I matter’ is more fundamental than policy will likely be more impactful when it considers self-esteem.101 the whole human being and not just human beings as emotionless automatons. Social emotions are social I introduce the term ‘social love’ because the word love has constructions; they follow rules, and these rules can be become tightly associated with romantic love. But even broken. But first, their existence has to be acknowledged. this type of love has proved to be elusive under a system of unequal power, captured in terms such as heteropessimism Does this mean mass therapy for everyone? No. It means marriage-depression, or the expression that ‘life is over’ treating men, women, and people from different SOGI after marriage in heterosexual arrangements. groups with whom you may disagree completely with 20 I use the term social love to mean connecting with and 2. GENDER ‘TRAINING’ IS TRAUMATIC FOR WOMEN, caring for others. Social love is the experience of warmth, MEN, AND PEOPLE FROM SOGI GROUPS kindness, and life-affirming pro-social behaviors that lead The process of making an ‘appropriate’ and ‘approved’ girl to thriving in social groups. There are three reasons why or boy is heavy with trauma. It involves cutting off parts of social love is a critical accompaniment to any discussion the self. Girls are trained to feel powerless, to minimize of power. their existence. This is achieved by training them to shrink themselves, to always smile, change constantly to please 1. WE HAVE OUTSOURCED POWER TO MEN AND LOVE others, especially men, and never say no. Trained to feel TO WOMEN. powerless, women often fear men, yet are dependent on Before we can design effective change, we have to first men. Boys have to learn to cut themselves off from most of understand how power and love are distributed and their emotions including love, to act tough even when they rated positive or negative in men and women. It was are afraid, hurt, or disappointed, to hide in isolation even my recent work in India with educated men, university when lonely, unable to connect, or ask for help; this too is students, teenagers, and 7-12-year-old boys, that led to a trauma laden. It leads to despair. fundamental shift in my thinking about how to approach A reversal of roles and power only leads to more violence, changing gender inequality. I conducted an 18-month as Audre Lorde, a black feminist activist scholar, writes in open-ended exploration of male identity, and masculinities her book on the entrenched injustice in black and white through their life narratives based on non-judgmental relations, ‘The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the deep listening.102, 103 Master’s House.’105 In order to break these habits of violent When I asked men, ‘What is the first word that comes to and dominating power and to create a world for everyone your mind when you think of a man?’ not a single cisgender to thrive, new mental habits of social love are required in man used the word ‘love.’ Men are disconnected from combination with different forms of shared power. love, afraid to show love and afraid to love. Love is seen as weakness, and ‘womanly.’ Yet when I asked boys and men 3. SHIFTING FROM DOMINATING POWER TO SHARED what they most wanted from their fathers, they said, ‘love, POWER REQUIRES THE INCENTIVE OF HUMAN expression of love and appreciation.’ In earlier work when CONNECTION AS WELL AS NEW SKILLS. I spoke to women and asked them for their three words Men have to see clear benefits and purpose from sharing for women, only four women used the word ‘power,’ and power. In the interviews I did with young men in India, mostly as an aspiration; power that had yet to be acquired. many men said that they were ridiculed because of their This included women who identified as feminists. Women gentleness and refusal to be aggressive with women and used words like love, nurturing, mother, and wife most throw their weight around. frequently to describe women in general and themselves. The myth of control and dominance as the only form of Without both power and love, neither men nor women are manly leadership has to be destroyed through public full human beings.104 discourses even as the world seems to be turning toward more authoritarian leadership. Power without love leads Many men, especially younger men, want to change, and to abuse, and love without work collaboratively with others. Human beings are social power invites abuse. animals; they need social connections to thrive. Social connection is an underlying driver for human beings, even at the physiological level. These life-affirming behaviors This allocation of power only to men and love only to reduce distress and distrust.106 Breakdown of social women serves neither men nor women but keeps the relationships lights up the same part of the brain that system of patriarchal violence going. Changing this system reacts to physical pain, leading researchers to conclude that without further violence is the challenge at hand. All human experiences of social exclusion or relationship loss may be beings, men, women, and SOGI groups, need both love and just as emotionally distressing as experiences of physical power to thrive and be well in the world. pain.107 Yet, there are no clinics or hospitals or emergency support for the loss of human connection. 21 Everyone needs positive social connections, in which they action to reduce the distress of another. It is different from feel understood, appreciated, supported, and know that the concept of empathy, which ignites the emotional center they matter. There is obviously no room for bullying, abuse, rather than the cognitive centers of the brain, making it shaming, and humiliation in a caring environment. difficult to be reflective and deliberate. The Autonomic Nervous System profile for compassion is the opposite of This is why, not surprisingly, the social isolation imposed the flight or fight response when we feel threatened. When during the COVID-19 pandemic has created a mental children or adults feel compassion for others, heart rates health crisis, leading to high levels of anxiety among high go down, resulting in a desire to approach and soothe school children, with double the rates among girls and rather than fight or flee.111 LGBTQ groups compared to cis-gender boys.108 Compassion is based on the recognition of our common For some men it will be difficult to let go of dominating humanity and thus extends to all human beings irrespective power to establish meaningful human connections. But of race, gender, sexual orientation, or age.112 Compassion research from men’s groups and experience from mixed within organizations creates a culture of helping others. gender groups demonstrate that these groups can provide It creates greater collaboration and trust and generates a safe place for men to share their inner lives, find support, positive action by others. In addition, it feels good; helping broaden their horizons, destress, improve mental well- behavior lights up the pleasure center of the brain, and the being and learn skills to deepen their relationships.109 dopamine rush is self-reinforcing, making helpful actions more likely. SOCIAL LOVE IS ACTIONABLE – AS CARE Although there are many definitions of compassion, one Establishing meaningful human connection while going of the scales informed by Neff’s groundbreaking work on through change requires the ability to receive and express self-compassion identifies three common dimensions.113 care and concern for others. Social love is care. CARE The first is an emotional response – kindness, warmth, is about creating new mental and emotional habits for and understanding of the other’s suffering rather than collective wellbeing while navigating differences. being judgmental, cold, or indifferent. The second is a cognitive understanding of common humanity – that C – compassion, conversation, and connectedness suffering is a shared human experience, leading to a sense of connection rather than separation and isolation. Finally, A – action, taking action on another’s behalf paying attention to suffering, through mindfulness, which R – respect, holding up the dignity of others enables holding a balanced emotional perspective, so one does not overidentify with suffering and pain nor dismiss E – emotional regulation, including anger and fear and disengage from it.114 The combination of these factors enables constructive action to alleviate suffering. Compassion requires Many researchers who have looked into the evolutionary developing new mental habits roots of compassion argue that it is an evolved motivational based on connection with system designed to regulate negative affect, it lowers anxiety to enable primates to form attachment bonds and others to motivate helpful engage in positive affiliative and cooperative behaviors for action across differences. group survival.115 The obvious question is: can compassion be cultivated Compassion has a bad reputation as something soft, to enhance human connections; is it a trainable skill? The religious, weak, not logical, and therefore irrelevant in policy answer is yes. The literature on the positive impact of circles because the belief that human beings are wired for compassion training across fields is immense and growing. self-interest and competition rather than cooperation and Compassion training leads to greater orientation to others altruism still lurks in our psyches. Yet altruistic behavior is and less self-involvement.116 It expands the sense of self and more common than self-interest alone would predict. thus can be used for the rehabilitation and reintegration of marginalized people, and conflict affected people. Training Compassion is noticing and tolerating the distress or in compassion leads to greater cooperation and trust, less suffering of another and taking action to alleviate or prevent stress, greater resilience, and collective well-being. It is it.110 It is a motivational system that moves people to take linked to higher patient survival rates. 22 In another study, compassion training changed the Compassion training is not a substitute for poor pay, poor behaviors of people with high shame and self-criticism to resources, poor management practices, poor leadership, greater self-warmth, reduced depression, anxiety, shame, and poor policies.121 and submissive behavior.117 Such training seems to help women who have suffered domestic violence.118 There is Another form of compassion is self-compassion. Kristen increasing evidence of positive impacts on students and Neff defines self-compassion as a nonjudgmental teachers, and it effectively reduced homelessness in an reframing of one’s pain, inadequacies, and failures that experiment with police and drug addicts who were often improves well-being.122 It is viewing oneself with kindness homeless in Seattle. There is also exciting new evidence and warmth like you would a good friend rather than with that becoming computer-generated virtual avatars of harshness or punishment. It provides the safety needed to female victims of violence reduces prejudice against acknowledge mistakes rather than blaming someone else women among former batterers of women.119 and never taking responsibility for one’s hurtful actions. Self-compassion is not letting oneself off the hook. In healthcare systems, researchers find compassion training to be the magic pill; it improves the patient Research establishes that self-compassionate people take experience, healthcare outcomes, provider well-being, greater responsibility for their actions and are more likely job satisfaction, and retention, and lowers the costs to apologize if they have offended others.123 People trained of healthcare provision. But this only happens when in self-compassion report a higher positive affect and the health care system supports a compassionate greater willingness to improve themselves as they have orientation, staff is well-resourced, and there is consistent higher personal standards. They are more caring towards leadership support.120 others, and more likely to compromise in relationship conflict. Self-compassion is related to a greater ability to Compassionate workers, whether in health care, schools, resolve conflict without submission and with improved or in organizations working with poor and marginalized interpersonal relations. And long-term training in self- groups, cannot consistently provide compassionate care compassion reduces anxiety, depression, self-persecution, in the absence of a culture of care among leaders, submissiveness, and self-hatred.124 managers, and administrators within the organization. 23 There is an explosion of research on self-compassion, with survey found that the top three major reasons why people over 5,000 studies in the last 20 years that show links to quit their jobs were low pay (37%), feeling disrespected at positive mental health, increased resilience, health, and work (35%), and no advancement opportunities (33%).130 physiological functioning in different population groups, including victims of domestic violence and war veterans Emotional regulation. As much as we would all like to recovering from PTSD.125 be only rational beings making deliberate decisions, the reality is that we are also ruled by our emotions. Emotions Compassion and self-compassion combined with the are bits of information that motivate us to act in ways that power to protect oneself can generate healing, and either help or harm others and/or ourselves. One central improve reconciliation across genders with greater respect part of child-rearing is teaching children to regulate their and well-being for all.126 emotions, for example not throwing temper tantrums. And the gender differences in the training set in early. As adults, Action. While compassion and self-compassion create the ability to regulate our emotions in groups is central a virtuous circle of action, it is important to remember to our ability to establish connections with other human that compassion is a measurable, change-oriented act. beings. There are two research traditions, one focuses Compassion provides the motivation to change. It is also on emotional regulation and the other on individual important to define mutual accountability mechanisms differences in emotional intelligence, but the two overlap.131 that reinforce positive cultural change without resorting to shame and humiliation. The importance of emotional intelligence in our well-being has been popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman and Respect. It is so simple. Human beings desire respect. As is now considered a more important leadership skill than IQ is clear from the literature on compassion, everyone does or other competencies, and more predictive of workplace better, internally and externally, when they feel respected. success than anything else.132 Emotional intelligence is the The desire for dignity and respect by poor men and women ability to recognize and manage our own emotions and be (especially the poor treatment of pregnant women by able to influence the emotion of others. It helps manage nurses) was one of the most important findings from the conflict, stay calm under pressure, navigate differences, 60-country Voices of the Poor study.127 Each person wants hold difficult conversations, and adapt to new challenges. to know, ‘I matter.’ The evidence for respect is the most Both men and women benefit from being aware of documented in the healthcare literature: across countries, their emotional states, before taking action. Most of its patients want to be treated with respect. In a study in components overlap with compassion: self-awareness of hospitals in the UK, patients and families said that being one’s emotions, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and listened to in a caring way mattered just as much as the social skills. quality of healthcare.128 Google’s training in emotional intelligence, attention When 1.2 million women in 112 countries were asked training, and self-awareness has reached thousands what they thought would most improve maternal and of people across corporations. Initially, the founder infant mortality, in response to a survey by White Ribbon deliberately used the term emotional intelligence rather Alliance, they said respect and dignity. This included poor than mindfulness, to take the training out of the context of women from Kenya, Pakistan, India and women in the UK. “hippie B.S.”133 Women asked for kind doctors and nurses who did not dismiss their opinions and listened to their needs. The ­­ Compassion is an alternative to power over others, which desire for running water, sanitation, and hygiene in health is appropriate in certain contexts for safety or efficiency, for care facilities were next on the list, with basic medicine and example the pilot of an airplane makes the decisions, or a supplies a close third. In India, the survey results led the doctor operating in an emergency room. But in everyday Minister of Health to add a chapter on respectful care for all life, power over others demands crushing obedience. nurses training and to embark on a new national initiative to improve labor rooms in hospitals by making respectful Power with others, power within, and power to take action care a central priority.129 when combined with CARE make it possible to work with others, including traumatized groups, and to build The need to be respected comes up in the context of communities respectful of differences. Such processes jobs. It emerges in reasons why people quit jobs in the result in voluntary changes in behaviors. US in great numbers during the pandemic, leading to the phenomenon termed the ‘great resignation.’ A recent Pew Processes based on social love and CARE hold the possibility of changing gender stories without violence and increasing freedom for all. 24 SECTION 4: CHANGE THE STORY - MINDSET SHIFTS ABOUT POWER IN GENDER INEQUALITY Development work is a complex business. And the No country is spared. Even Sweden, a feminist haven, has need to know, to get it right, and to understand all the a serious #MeToo problem, with little recourse through interconnections and feedback loops between dimensions courts.134 can make it difficult to take the leap into new ways without having all the answers first. The WDR on Gender Equality and Development 2012, the follow up report, Voice and Agency: Empowering Women What is at stake is not just who gets to speak at a meeting and Girls for Shared Prosperity, 2014, and the WDR on Mind, or not; or who gets praise and who gets punished in schools Society and Behavior, 2015,135 all provide comprehensive, or offices; or who gets to use which bathroom; these are well researched strategies to focus on individuals and the tail ends of beliefs, ideas, and emotional reactions that collectives, yet progress has been slow and difficult. It is kill girls and boys who defy the gender binary, men from difficult to prioritize while being comprehensive. despair, and women from men’s violence. Happy men don’t kill or commit suicide. It is the root story of gender in all our systems that needs to change, and unless we commit to change, it will not happen. 25 In order to prioritize, my basic message about achieving norms, and unless the core story changes they will have to gender equality is simple: change one by one, a slow tedious process that still may not change power relations. Change the collective gender stories of girls, boys, women, men and SOGI groups. Since the collective is the focus of change, and the focus is on power, it’s essential to understand who is important, Redesign development interventions to change the who controls women or boys, and who asserts what power collective gender stories in all our systems to expand over whom within collectives so that this is reflected in the freedom and well-being for all. design of interventions. By assuming mindsets would automatically change with the There are many established participatory techniques closure of gender gaps in achievements, we misdiagnosed to do power analyses in groups, whether of families or the core problem. departments or entire organizations. At the community level, for example for SHG programs, a collective approach Gender inequality is based on a shared story. Most gender to changing mindsets would include all the people who interventions have not been able to dislodge this story control women within families: mothers-in-law, possibly of men deserving all the power and women none. And fathers-in-law, and older sisters-in-law. Change is much people from differing SOGI groups who are outside this more likely when the entire family is engaged rather than binary definition are not considered at all. When this story putting all the burden of change on one poor woman, of unequal distribution of power changes, women, men, usually a daughter-in-law. And when multiple people and SOGI groups across the world will be able to author within one unit, whether family or community, change their own stories and live their lives with less violence, their income strategies, it is much more likely to result greater freedom, and dignity for all. in higher incomes. Similarly, within organizations, when intact departments go through a change process it is more DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF impactful than pulling one woman or man from each INTERVENTIONS department. Obviously, this has implications for design, financial resources, and new sets of skills. I highlight seven principles. 2. INVOLVE MEN 1. FOCUS ON THE COLLECTIVE, NOT INDIVIDUALS Involve men – not a little, not to tick boxes, not as an Gender stories are collective stories. They establish afterthought, but as a critical and core part of gender boundaries, distinctions, loyalty, social and moral status; strategies. Without involving men, in effect gender generate emotion; and sanctify power inequality between strategies are still Women-In-Development strategies with women and men. These collective stories have to change. a few bells and whistles. We can no longer afford to ignore This is beyond the scope of individuals simply because men, or tiptoe around men, or always assume that men these are shared stories, even if untrue or unfair. As the are the problem. Many laws that uphold women’s freedom extensive research shows, social norms have a greater do not get passed because of resistance by men – lawyers, hold on people than their own personal attitudes because judges, and politicians. Men still hold the power at each everyone wants to belong, and not live in isolation, level in society and in most fields, from agriculture and disconnected from society. Without knowing it, we behave city design, to finance and infrastructure, to religion. And in accordance with other people’s expectations, how we change in men’s thinking about masculinity is important for think they think we should think, feel and behave; their their own well-being. imagined or real ‘shoulds’ become our ‘shoulds.’ Men created the system of patriarchy, and men can Changing collective mindsets requires collective action dismantle this system that is destroying men, women and change in shared gender norms because people are and children, and the planet. Impact evaluations from cognitively and emotionally invested in their identities. And several contexts show a decline in violence against women we are creatures of habit. There are thousands of gender when men are approached through culturally appropriate strategies.136 Teaching men alternatives to violence can 26 reduce violence, and engaging women in self-compassion limited to people like ourselves. Compassion is more training can give women courage and restore confidence inclusive. It includes all of humanity, even our enemies. It to take action on their own behalf. is also oriented to action to remove suffering. Compassion is identifying with another’s suffering, while managing one’s Collective action that focuses on power with others, can own emotions, so as not get emotionally overwhelmed, break from dominating power both within groups and and thus able to engage in deliberate thought to figure out across groups to improve wellbeing for all in communities the best action to relieve that suffering. Self-compassion, and organizations. Men’s groups and alliances that explore is kindness to self, and counterintuitively leads to taking masculinities, without blaming women, are central to greater responsibility for one’s harmful actions, asking changing men’s definitions of masculinities and what it for forgiveness and repairing harm rather than greater means to be a man. Mixed groups properly facilitated are narcissism, self-indulgence, or selfishness.140 extremely powerful. Both forms of compassion are trainable and measurable Given the mental health issues that men experience, in research labs. The vast research literature on both counseling and mental health help to deal with stress are compassion and self-compassion reveals that with important in some contexts. Mental health care provided greater self-awareness and the ability to manage one’s by non-specialists will be important to address the scale of emotions, comes greater collaboration, joy, inspiration, the problem.137, 138 and motivation to change unjust systems and bring about positive change for others. Conversations, oral narratives, listening without judgment to men, use of films, theatre, and other creative activities can start the process of change, based on mutual support 4. INVEST IN COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES and respect.139 When the goal is to change shared norms, public campaigns to change the ‘shoulds’ are essential and not a luxury. And Inclusion of men and resourcing their involvement in these communications messages should target men and women’s empowerment strategies is critical precisely boys, posing questions about masculinity for men and because power is relational and change among women others to probe. In general there have been many more impacts men who when unprepared can resort to violence campaigns focusing on opening up the gender box for to uphold their manliness. women than for men.141 3. APPROACH WITH CARE Public campaigns are important to raise awareness and generate support for gender equal policies and legislation The trauma of cutting off parts of the self is buried in and once they become policies, their content must be the making of a girl or boy. This trauma as well as the disseminated and discussed so that they are understood perceived conflict in changing roles of men and women and implemented. A proactive communication process have to be factored into programs. The process of change prevents the capture of messaging of policies by anti- is emotionally laden. women or anti-SOGI or anti-freedom groups. Any engagement must be approached with social love, Investment in communication within organizations is with CARE (compassion, action, respect, and emotional equally important to generate discussion and alignment regulation) rather than through shaming, bullying, punishing, across teams, departments, and across organizations. This or bypassing. When a caring approach is combined with the requires major investments in communication resources teaching of new behavioral tools such as deep listening, and talent, which the private sector does much better than non-violent communication, negotiation, and mental intellectuals in public policy organizations. control to regulate emotions - basically change in mental and emotional habits - it can bring about powerful change without violence. Change can happen fairly quickly even 5. STATE ONE CLEAR GOAL TO CHANGE THE GENDER in very difficult circumstances. It’s not just what we do but STORY: INEQUALITY OF POWER how we do it that is important. The primary goal of all policy and programmatic discussions should be to change the core gender mindset of inequality Two decades of brain science research indicate that of power, with everything else as a means to do so. Gender compassion has a prosocial impact, it furthers social stories, the mental maps about men and women and other connection, collaboration, and a sense of belonging from SOGI groups encrusted in our institutions and reflected in communities to organizations. Empathy is biased. It is all of us, sanctify power inequality. 27 Given conflicting values and priorities, change is easier organizations who develop standards and curriculum; when guided by clearly crystalized goals and values that principals; parent-teacher associations; parents and have priority over all else in decision-making across neighborhoods or communities in which children live. hierarchies involving thousands of people. The primacy of Priorities will have to be decided locally. one goal and value orientation is a key reason why feminist organizations, including men’s coalitions with feminist Similarly, increasing access to sanitation and clean water values, have been the most effective in bringing about programs is an opportunity to address gendered stories, change to support gender equity. as it is usually women who bear the consequences of poor services but men who control the resources and render The Gender Strategy is based on closing gender gaps: in justice or injustice. In India, there have been many instances human endowments; economic opportunities; voice and of rape of young girls and women when they go out to agency - while acknowledging particularly the importance defecate or gather water. Building community solidarity for of climate change and conflict-affected contexts. Rather change through community-wide discussions, including than waiting for the next generation of projects, programs men and male leaders, can facilitate shifts for both men should adopt the goal of changing mindsets through and women in their gendered assumptions. closing gender gaps. Closing the gender gaps becomes a means to change power relations with implications for In health care, changing mindsets will shift the bias against stakeholders at all levels. women in providing medical care and result in better outcomes for patients and providers. The behaviors of Closing2-the-Gap programs become Changing- Mindsets nurses, midwives, doctors, and other providers – especially and Closing-the-Gap programs. in labor rooms and in provision of maternal care – also need to change. In education, for example, this will require the inclusion of all the stakeholders who impact a girl or boy’s mindsets in Increasing women’s access to economic opportunities school, so that children are not alone in a sea of bias. Some alone is not enough to change bias against women in are starting to use virtual reality.142 Such programs must outreach and access to loans or private equity capital, include teachers; ministries of education and associated or when they step outside the home to travel to work. 28 Women’s safety has not been a key criterion in the mind of of respect for everyone. The call is for everyone to urban planners in city design, smart city design, transport, champion and change. This will encourage people to try energy, and infrastructure systems. There are notable new approaches and methods, rather than be afraid of exceptions, mostly confined to reporting harassment failure, or feel embarrassed about not knowing what rather than eliminating it.143 to do or how to integrate this change. A context of care generates collaboration, psychological safety, joy, humor, Increasing women’s access to the justice system requires and a willingness to take risks. This allows for champions a radical shift in the attitudes of men and women at all to emerge at every level to ensure that whether it is levels, from police to judges, lawyers, clerks, and security working with or for women, men, or SOGI groups, the work personnel. Even court-appointed counselors are known is done with respect for other people’s dignity. It cements to be harsh to women seeking a divorce.144 Women often alliances and new emerging identities, both professional don’t report crimes or access justice systems as they know and personal. that the chances of being heard, respected, and believed are low. And new research targeting biases in policymakers 7. BRING IN KNOWLEDGE, METHODOLOGICAL AND and policy dialogues has had an impact and could have an CULTURAL PLURALISM impact in this area too.145 Sociology, social psychology, anthropology, behavioral In agriculture, including the new Climate-Smart economics, and the work of community organizers and Agriculture,146 and climate change action plans, there is no activists have all contributed much to understanding gender inequality lens in any of the headline strategies, power inequality. even though some individual projects have this focus. Modern forms of capitalism discount and exploit both In-house and field teams of sociologists, anthropologists, the environment and women’s labor particularly. Climate lawyers, community development/organizers, and change strategies and finance must correct for both feminists will be critical in speeding up the learning process wrongs. This is true, for example, of energy projects – an and reducing the number of trials needed in any context. energy project that is helping the Delhi metro to convert There is much to learn from activists of all genders who have to solar energy to reduce emissions is laudable, but it been working in the field of changing people’s minds. While should also think about how to reduce the noxious fumes RCTs are important in some contexts, short surveys,147 and of harassment inside the same metro system. other participatory and open-ended research methods - including deep listening, observation and discussions, 6. LEADERSHIP AT THE TOP AND ALL LEVELS OF and open-hearted conversations with local people - ORGANIZATIONS IS CRITICAL provide valuable insights to map power, bottlenecks, and intervention points, to get started and figure out Leadership at the top of organizations will be essential to preferences among options. Gender disaggregated data lead and champion this approach – to ensure the cultural, will continue to be critical, always keeping in mind that not value, incentive, and resource shifts needed at all levels of everything can be quantified, and change processes are organizations to support the achievement of this vision. inherently messy. Without continuous and long-term championing, the institutional shifts needed will not happen, even though All development interventions impact gender inequality, pockets of excellence may emerge. Leaders will need to either by maintaining the status quo or by making it better become adept at explaining the importance of this work to or worse. More and more major players are recognizing this others for it to spread and take root. and beginning to act – the IMF, for instance, has recently released its first gender strategy.148 It is important to look at Within the World Bank resources will be needed for task every intervention, including at the macro level, through a managers and senior managers who engage in policy gender story lens, to bring about long-term change despite dialogue to prepare, train, and gain confidence and conflicts, pandemics, and climate change. commit to bringing about change in gender inequality. It is crucial for managers as every level to make it easier for Gender mindsets can change, and change quickly. 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James Fearson T org/10.3390/laws9010008 and revolt in boardrooms. does a useful analysis of everyday usage of the word Masters, B. (2022, September 27). Vivek Ramaswamy: and concludes that “identity” refer to either (a) a social the self-styled scourge of ‘woke’ boardrooms | Financial category, defined by membership rules and (alleged) Times. Financial Times; Financial Times. https:// characteristic attributes or expected behaviors, or (b) www.ft.com/content/8e36595e-3cc3-4654-b2e3- socially distinguishing features that a person takes a 1f0fa55769ee special pride in or views as unchangeable but socially consequential (or (a) and (b) at once). In the latter sense, 5 R  eeves, R. V. (2022). Of Boys and Men. Why the Modern “identity” is modern formulation of dignity, pride, or Male Is Struggling, Why It Matters and What to Do About honor that implicitly links these to social categories. See It. Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C. Fearon, James D. WHAT IS IDENTITY (AS WE NOW USE 6  isten also to Narayan, Deepa. What’s A Man” Masculinity in L THE WORD)? Department of Political Science Stanford India podcast based on 200 interviews with highly educated University Stanford, CA 94305 email: jfearon@stanford. men from the cities. https://www.whatsaman.com/# edu DRAFT. November 3, 1999. http:/ /www.web.stanford. edu/group/fearon-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp- 7 “Violence against Women.” World Health Organization content/uploads/2013/10/What-is-Identity-as-we-now- (WHO), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ use-the-word-.pdf detail/violence-against-women#: Accessed 18 For psychological theories, it is useful to start with Oct. 2022. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York. W. W. Norton. And Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity and the life 8 T  he strategy also does not mention men. There is cycle. New York. W.W. Norton.Social Identity Theory was growing evidence on what works to prevent violence developed by Tajfel and Turner, and later modified and against women, based on well-designed evaluations. elaborated by them and others .Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. In 2019, WHO and UN Women with endorsement from (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. 12 other UN and bilateral agencies published RESPECT G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of women – a framework for preventing violence against intergroup relations (pp. 33-37). Monterey, CA: women aimed at policy makers. Each letter of RESPECT Brooks/Cole. stands for one of seven strategies: Relationship skills And in the field of identity economics, Ivana Anton Mlinar strengthening; Empowerment of women; Services & Ricardo F. Crespo argue that economic agents are not ensured; Poverty reduced; Enabling environments just economic agents but simply human agents, with (schools, work places, public spaces) created; Child and their whole identity who perform many human actions adolescent abuse prevented; and Transformed attitudes, including economic actions. beliefs and norms. https://www.who.int/publications/i/ Ivana, A. M., & Ricardo. (2021). Identity Theories item/WHO-RHR-19.11 in Economics: A Phenomenological Approach | SpringerLink. SpringerLink; Springer International 9  World Bank study conducted in 20 communities in – A Publishing. https:/ /doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52673- countries found that the definitions of what is a man or 3_12. See also Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2000). woman shared many characteristics. Economics and identity. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Muñoz Boudet, Ana María; Petesch, Patti; Turk, Carolyn; 115(3), 715–753. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554881 Thumala, Angélica. 2013. On Norms and Agency: Conversations about Gender Equality with Women 3 W  orld Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2012: and Men in 20 Countries. Directions in development: Gender Equality and Development. World Bank. © human development;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ handle/10986/4391 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. handle/10986/13818 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO This also emerged in the Voices of the Poor studies conducted 15 years before this study. 40 10  orld Bank SOGI Statement. https:/ W /www.worldbank. 18  Munger, K.A., & Harris, S.J. (1989). Effects of an observer on org/en/topic/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity handwashing in a public restroom. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 733-734. 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