Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Connecting Urban Forestry Policymakers, Practitioners, and Experts across Central Asia and the Globe for Landscape Restoration and Climate Resilience Knowledge Exchange Series A Compendium of Proceedings 2023 © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Website: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Connecting Urban Forestry Policymakers, Practitioners, and Experts across Central Asia and the Globe for Landscape Restoration and Climate Resilience Knowledge Exchange Series A Compendium of Proceedings December 2023 Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................... ii Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................iv Foreword........................................................................................................................ v Executive Summary................................................................................................. 1 1. Crafting the Future: A Master Plan for Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2037.....................................4 2. Engaging the Private Sector: A Case of Milan, Italy...............................................................................................7 3. Korea’s Green Corridors: A Scientific Approach to Greening Cities.................................................. 12 4. Mountains and Trees: Nature-Based Solutions for Landslide Risk Management .............. 15 5. Connecting Communities and Conserving Nature: Linear Parks of Campinas, Brazil .............. 19 6. Diverse by Design: Urban Tree Selection in Melbourne, Australia.......................................22 A Way Forward .......................................................................................................25 Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS i Acknowledgments This compendium of proceedings of the know- Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic; ledge-exchange series ‘Trees, Cities, and a Green Carolina Heller, Civil Engineer and Specialist Future’ is a product of a collaborative effort of in Environmental Engineering, Brazil; Maritza the World Bank team and many individuals and Hernandez , Director, Green Infrastructure, organizations, each contributing with their unique General Directorate of the System of Natural expertise and insights. Protected Areas and Areas of Environmental Value, Mexico Ministry of Environment and The World Bank team was led by Paola Agostini , Natural Resources; Viktor Korotych , Senior Lead Natural Resources Management Specialist Urban Planner, MLA+ Architecture, Planning and and Larissa Duma , Senior Urban Ecology and Consultancy; Ikrom Mamadov, Director, NGO Resilience Specialist. The core team included “Youth Group on Protection of Environment,” Ellen Hamilton , Lead Urban Specialist; Chyi- the Republic of Tajikistan; Chloé Mecqinion , Yun Huang , Senior Urban Development and In-House Expert, Groupe Huit, France; Akbota Disaster Risk Management Specialist ; Kirtan Myrzalieva , EcoAlmaty; Gabriel Dias Mangolini Sahoo, Senior Climate Change Specialist at the Neves , Environmental Engineer, Secretariat Europe and Central Asia Region; Rosanna Nitti , for Green, Environment and Sustainable Senior Urban Specialist; Brenden Jongman , Development of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Program Lead, Global Program on Nature- Riterson Jacques Nunes, Urbel Civil and Based Solutions for Climate Resilience, Global Environmental Engineer, Professor, Graduate Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery School at Pontifical Catholic University-PUC (GFDRR); Elena Strukova Golub, Senior Minas, Brazil; Akmyrza Nurken , Lead Specialist, Economist; Saltanat Zhakenova , Consultant; Environmental Protection Department, Almaty Nigara Abate , Senior Knowledge Management Oblast Akimat; Suna Julia Park, Advisor to the and Communications Specialist; Xueman Wang , Minister of Ecology, Environmental Protection, Coordinator of Cities and Climate Change; and Climate Change of the Republic of Anna Gorbacheva , Consultant; and Juliana van Uzbekistan; Maria Chiara Pastore, Researcher, Helmerick , Consultant. Politecnico di Milano; Bakhtiyor Pulatov, The knowledge-exchange series of webinars Director, Research Institute of Environment and held in January–July 2023 sought diverse Nature Conservation Technologies, the Ministry perspectives and views by inviting speakers, of Ecology, Environmental Protection, and panelists, and contributors from across Central Climate Change of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Asia and the world. Their invaluable insights Ferney Augusto Rojas Ramirez , Line Director, and perspectives have woven a rich tapestry of Forest Economics and Ecological Restoration knowledge and best practices in urban forestry Program, Corporación Ambiental Empresarial and landscape restoration. (CAEM); Bogotá, Colombia; Fabio Andres The team is grateful to the following individuals Salgado, Director of Urban Environmental Management at Corporación; Ian Shears , Expert who have contributed with their expertise and in Urban Landscapes, Australia; Mónica Pacheco insights and greatly enriched the discussions: Skidmore, Executive Director, The Chapultepec Askar Askarbekov, Director, PPP Project, Forest, Mexico City, Mexico; Hong-Duck Sou , LTD; Oriol Bonilla Claramunt , Department Research Scientist, National Institute of Forest of Tree Management, Parks and Gardens of Science, Republic of Korea; and Karen Sudmeier, Barcelona, Municipal Institute, Environment and Senior Scientist, TH-Köln, Cologne University of Urban Services-Urban Ecology, Barcelona City Applied Sciences, Germany. Council; Gulaiym Donbaeva , Acting Director, E.Z. Gareyev Botanical Garden, the National The team is grateful to the Akimat of the ii CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings Almaty Province, Kazakhstan, for supporting supported by CAWEP, GEF, GFDRR , KGGTF and this learning series and for sharing invaluable KWPF, PACT, and PROGREEN . insights and perspectives which enriched the Finally, the team would like to thank all the discussion and exchange. participants of the webinar series without whom The team extends its deep gratitude to the the series would not have been possible. Their RESILAND CA+ Regional Landscape Restoration interest in and commitment to urban forestry and Program in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and greening best practices are crucial for advancing Tajikistan for its ambitious initiative to address urban land restoration and climate resilience land degradation and resilience in urban in cities and for regional development projects centers and rural communities across Central across Central Asia and the world. Asia through advisory services, analytics, and This compendium is a testament to the power support for investment projects aimed at healing of collaboration and knowledge sharing in degraded landscapes and enhancing produc- addressing the pressing challenges of our time. tivity. Understanding that nature, landscapes, We hope that it will prove to be a great resource and ecosystems transcend international in advancing urban forestry and greening boundaries, RESILAND CA+ also fosters regional practices and in supporting sustainable collaboration across Central Asia’s shared development and climate resilience across borders and ecosystems. This contributes to urban landscapes. improved connectivity of natural resources This work was supported by PROGREEN and the and increased greenhouse gas mitigation and Program for Asia Connectivity and Trade (PACT) resilience against land degradation. The program funded by the UK Government. This material was also contributes to establishing protected areas funded by UK International Development from the to preserve biodiversity across transboundary UK government; however, the views expressed corridors and strengthening resilience of critical do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s regional infrastructure. RESILAND CA+ is official policies. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS iii Acronyms and Abbreviations CAWEP Central Asia Water-Energy Program GEF Global Environment Facility GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS Geographical Information System(s) KGGTF Korea Green Growth Trust Fund KWPF Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility NBS Nature-Based Solution NGO Nongovernmental Organization PACT Program for Asia Connectivity and Trade PPP Public-Private Partnership TMP Tree Management Plan iv CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings Foreword Urban forestry has evolved into a multifaceted Asia and the globe, all focused on advancing discipline, encompassing far more than aesthetic urban forestry and greening best practices for landscaping. As a cornerstone of environmental urban land restoration and climate resilience in stewardship, it includes strategic planning and cities and regional development projects. comprehensive management to optimize the The series was organized as part of the World environmental, social, and economic benefits of Bank’s flagship RESILAND CA+ Regional trees. This involves the conservation of various Landscape Restoration Program in Kazakhstan, green spaces—parks, riverbanks, vacant lots— the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan . to enhance urban life. It adds economic and RESILAND CA+ addresses land degradation and property value, creates jobs, and offers cost- resilience in urban centers and rural communities saving benefits such as reduced infrastructure across Central Asia by developing analytics, needs and lower energy costs by providing providing advisory services, and supporting shade. Social advantages include improved investment projects to heal the region’s degraded public health through recreational spaces, landscapes and enhance productivity. stress reduction, air pollution reduction, and promotion of physical activity. Additionally, the Understanding that nature, landscapes, and environmental impacts of urban forestry are ecosystems transcend international boundaries, profound: mitigating climate change, enhancing RESILAND CA+ fosters regional collaboration air and water quality, reducing erosion, and across Central Asia’s shared borders and promoting biodiversity. ecosystems. This contributes to improved connectivity of natural resources and increased Central Asia’s cities face distinct challenges greenhouse gas mitigation and resilience against ranging from desertification to extreme weather. land degradation. The program also contributes Here, trees function not just as aesthetic to establishing protected areas to preserve elements but as essential tools for combating biodiversity across transboundary corridors these challenges. They serve as green barriers and strengthening resilience of critical regional against desert expansion and sand and dust infrastructure. RESILAND CA+ is supported by storms; provide shade in hot summers; and, by CAWEP, GEF, GFDRR , KGGTF and KWPF, PACT, absorbing carbon dioxide, they align with the and PROGREEN . broader climate goals of Central Asian countries. Yet, there exists a knowledge gap and a need for RESILAND CA+ takes an integrated approach targeted strategies. to sustainable land management, addressing common challenges across various land uses, The World Bank’s series of webinars ‘Trees, including restoring degraded forests, pastures, Cities, and a Green Future’ were held from January and cropland. Specific interventions in Kazakhstan, through July 2023 to address the pressing need Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan include piloting for awareness, education, and collaborative community- and farmer-centered landscape action in the field of urban tree management; restoration using drought - resistant species especially considering its multifaceted of trees and shrubs, promoting ecotourism, importance in modern cities and unique relevance engaging communities in afforestation efforts, in Central Asia. It was cohosted by the World and rehabilitating degraded natural habitats. Bank’s Environment, Natural Resources, and Blue Economy and Urban, Resilience, and Land global Aimed at fostering collaborative dialogue, the practices. The series represented a thematic set webinar series served as a stepping-stone of learning events curated as an online knowledge for enhanced resilience and productivity in exchange platform that aimed to connect policy urban ecosystems. Building on this dialogue, makers, practitioners, and experts across Central this compendium extends the conversation to Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS v encompass not only tree management but also stakeholders. The compendium is a comprehensive broader strategies for land restoration and climate guide that catalyzes fresh perspectives tailored to resilience. It is intended to be a useful tool for the region’s unique challenges, inviting readers to urban forestry, disaster risk management, and seamlessly integrate knowledge, policy, and action environmental conservation practitioners and for a more sustainable and resilient Central Asia. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS i Executive Summary Central Asia is confronting complex challenges engagement, and environmental sustainability. in forestry, which extend to forest degradation, The Tree Master Plan stands as a testament to governance and technological gaps; and the transformative power of long-term vision, heightened vulnerability to climate change. These adaptability, and scientific rigor in urban planning. challenges carry wide-reaching ramifications for A central theme of the webinar was the biodiversity, economic resilience, and the delivery significance of trees in urban environments. The of essential ecosystem services. A holistic, multi- Tree Master Plan demonstrated how increasing sectoral strategy engaging diverse stakeholders tree canopy cover could offer a wide array of is vital to navigate these multifaceted issues. environmental and economic benefits. Trees Central Asian countries are rolling out distinct but contribute to climate resilience by mitigating synergistic strategies. For example, Kazakhstan heat island effects and enhancing air quality. The has set an ambitious goal to plant 2 billion trees by economic opportunities presented by urban trees, 2025. The Kyrgyz Republic is c hanneling its efforts including green infrastructure development and into urban forestry and forest revitalization. tourism, highlighted how tree management could Tajikistan is forging collaborations between create jobs and drive economic growth. governmental and nongovernmental entities to Community participation was another critical roll out educational programs and tree-planting aspect explored in the webinar. Barcelona’s drives. Similarly, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan emphasis on involving citizens in tree planting are ramping up their afforestation initiatives while and care programs not only fostered a sense of deepening community involvement. ownership but also strengthened social bonds and In drawing from global best practices, the webinar contributed to overall well-being. Additionally, the series ‘Trees, Cities, and a Green Future’ featured Tree Master Plan’s commitment to environmental detailed insights from progressive planning justice ensured that tree benefits were distributed processes in cities like Barcelona, Campinas, equitably, regardless of the socioeconomic status, Melbourne, Milan, and Seoul. The topics included and promoted inclusivity. master planning for urban trees, innovative The session ‘ Business Meets Nature: Engaging financing mechanisms, and foundational policy the Private Sector Forestami Experience’ — the and technical frameworks to ensure project project aiming to plant 3 million trees in Milan by sustainability. Targeting Central Asia, the series 2030—emphasized the complex relationships served as a catalyst for new ideas and solutions among climate conditions, urbanization, and tailored to the region’s unique urban challenges. geographic factors in addressing Milan’s air This aligned with the region’s efforts, as it involved quality challenges. The session’s central theme a deep understanding of local environmental was the importance of public-private partnerships conditions and optimized greenery placement (PPPs) in urban tree management. It explored for maximum socioeconomic and environmental how private entities can actively contribute to benefits, including air purification, better health, urban greenery, exemplified by Milan’s Forestami and biodiversity. project. The financial aspect of the Forestami The session ‘Crafting the Future: a Master Plan project was a vital focus, with the establishment for Barcelona’s Trees 2017-2037’ outlined of a fund to raise private donations, alongside Barcelona’s long-term strategic vision for financial support from firms and foundations. The enhancing its urban forests. It provided a unique successful fundraising efforts and allocation of opportunity to explore the success story of funds for tree planting, maintenance, and general Barcelona’s visionary approach to urban forestry expenses highlighted the commitment to long- which combined scientific rigor, community term sustainability. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 1 The session also highlighted Forestami’s role economically viable. This could serve as an in educating the public and raising awareness essential lesson for Central Asian nations with about urban reforestation. The establishment of limited resources. the Forestami Academy exemplified how private Moreover, the session showcased Korea’s sector engagement can amplify educational adaptability and scalability and examined how the efforts and promote public understanding and principles used in sprawling cities like Seoul were support. tailored to suit smaller urban centers across the The discussion explored Forestami’s detailed country, illustrating the model’s flexibility. planning and execution, including priority The session ‘Mountains and Trees: Nature-Based mapping and innovative technology such as Solutions for Urban Landslide Management’ satellite studies. The project’s collaboration with addressed the role of trees in stabilizing a wide network of public and private entities mountainous terrains, crucial for regions that demonstrated its holistic approach to urban are prone to landslides. It focused on the critical reforestation. topic of utilizing NBSs, in particular green NBS, The session ‘The Green Pathway: Korea’s Green for management of landslides, in response to a Corridors’ explored the Korean experience direct request for this information from previous in implementing green infrastructure, with webinar attendants. The discussion delved into a particular focus on wind corridor forests the multifaceted challenges and opportunities and green corridors as an integrated nature- inherent in employing NBS as a viable approach to based solution (NBS). The session delved into reduce landslide risks in Central Asia. the Republic of Korea’s transformative green One of the key points emphasized was the impor- initiatives that prioritize both aesthetics and tance of a holistic approach in addressing the functionality and emphasized the importance risk of landslides. Understanding the underlying of harnessing a scientific approach to greening drivers, including geological, hydrological, and cities. Korea’s success in these endeavors is human factors, is pivotal in risk reduction. While rooted in rigorous research and planning, driven NBS can be effective in stabilizing slopes, there by a comprehensive understanding of local are limitations, particularly in the case of deep- ecological conditions. Data-driven models are seated landslides. The presentation emphasized used to optimize greenery placement, accounting that NBS is particularly effective in preventing for factors like soil quality, native species, and shallow landslides, offering vegetation as a climate. This comprehensive approach ensures stabilizing factor. maximum environmental benefits, such as optimal air purification, temperature regulation, Beyond mitigating landslide risks, NBS can also and biodiversity enhancement. reduce urban runoff, improve water quality, enhance biodiversity, and provide multiple A striking aspect of the Korean case study is ecosystem services. This aspect underscores the coordination among various stakeholders, the broader advantages of employing NBS in including urban planners, environmental landslide-prone areas in Central Asia. scientists, and local communities. This collaboration aligns green infrastructure with The participants discussed the intricacies of broader city development goals and fosters NBS and its compatibility with various types a sense of community ownership. It was of landslides, emphasizing the importance of emphasized that the success of such initiatives choosing appropriate tree species. These nuances goes beyond environmental gains and extends revealed the complexity of NBS implementation to public health, climate resilience, and increased and the necessity for tailored solutions. real estate values. The session ‘Connecting Communities and Financial sustainability was another highlight. Conserving Nature: Linear Parks of Campinas, Korea’s approach involves PPPs, grants, and Brazil ’ focused on Brazil’s innovative approach climate-smart financing to make green initiatives to urban parks that serve both social and 2 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings ecological goals. The urban planning experts fostering social interactions. and environmental enthusiasts examined the The session ‘Diverse by Design: Urban Tree remarkable urban transformation in Campinas, Selection in Melbourne, Australia’ examined Brazil. The discussion delved into the city’s how the Australian city selects tree species to innovative approach to linear parks, emphasizing create an adaptive and resilient urban forest. their positive economic, environmental, and social It underscored Melbourne as a global leader implications. and pioneering city in urban forestry best Increased foot traffic in the vicinity of these linear practices by featuring its successful Urban parks was found to invigorate nearby businesses, Forest Strategy and Urban Forestry Diversity from cafes to bustling restaurants, ultimately Guidelines. The session highlighted several breathing a new life into the local economy. The key facets of Melbourne’s comprehensive parks were designed with a twofold objective: approach toward improving forest planning and first, to promote pedestrian and cycling mobility, management, which have broad applications in thus contributing to a reduction in the use of urban planning. Specific examples illustrated the motorized vehicles in support of environmental importance of balancing heritage conservation sustainability and climate mitigation; and second, with environmental sustainability. In this to provide green and open spaces for public context, digital heritage tree registries and recreation. Moreover, these linear parks play a civic engagement were highlighted as tools crucial role in reducing air pollution by absorbing for maintaining this delicate equilibrium. The pollutants and in conserving biodiversity by strategy and guidelines are underpinned by providing habitats for various species. The parks’ universal principles, emphasizing adaptability vegetation acts as a natural filter, improving air to climate change, improved well-being, and quality and creating a healthier environment resilience. These principles offer a versatile for the surrounding communities. By offering a framework that is applicable worldwide, network of green corridors, linear parks facilitate particularly in Central Asia. the movement and survival of flora and fauna, A central theme throughout the webinar was enhancing the overall ecological value of the the holistic view of urban forests as ecosystems urban landscape. encompassing people, soil, and water. Melbourne One of the challenges faced by the city was recognized the urgency of urban forest fragmented green space distribution. This led assessments, as many of its trees were nearing to the proposal of 900 hectares of linear parks, the end of their life cycle, signaling a need for significantly increasing accessible green area per prompt action for urban forest regeneration. A inhabitant. Furthermore, the upswing in property foundational component was diversification, values adjacent to these parks not only rewarded with guidelines restricting the overconcentration property owners but also generated additional tax of specific tree species as well as specific tree revenue for local governments. ages, to bolster resistance to pests, diseases, and climate extremes. The webinar also explored the environmental advantages of linear parks, particularly their role as Strong governance structures, legislative NBSs. By managing stormwater, improving habitat frameworks, transparent policies, and inter- connectivity and therefore urban biodiversity, and agency working groups also underpin the success countering the effects of urban heat islands, linear of Melbourne’s urban greening endeavors. parks are becoming vital tools in the fight against Community buy-in was recognized as vital, with climate change and environmental degradation. a focus on education, communication, and public The webinar participants also emphasized the awareness campaigns, in particular, capacity social benefits of these parks, particularly their building and knowledge transfer initiatives, such contribution to public health through recreational as digital knowledge platforms, online courses, spaces and the nurturing of community bonds by and symposiums. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 3 1. Crafting the Future: A Master Plan for Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2037 JANUARY 25, 2023 The urban forest master plan is a roadmap that helps a community work together to keep, protect, grow, nurture, and enhance its trees for the well- being of the environment, people, and economy. The plan addresses important issues such as equity, climate change, and learning opportunities. 1 It aims to leverage the city’s trees to reduce air and water pollution, use less energy, and make life better for everyone in the city. The plan calls for financial support from various sources and provides for extensive citizen engagement. Source: Oriol Bonilla Claramunt, 2023, Master Plan for The urban forest master plan provides a vision of Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2037. how the city and its residents want their existing trees to grow and new trees to be planted. The • Maximize environmental, social, and economic plan is based on inputs from a wide range of benefits from Barcelona’s trees, with a tree stakeholders—from citizens to businesses—on population that is biodiverse, healthy, and well- how land, whether public or private, is managed. distributed throughout the city; The Master Plan for Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2037 • Promote citizen participation in tree planting outlines a comprehensive strategy for managing and care through community programs and and enhancing the urban forests in Barcelona, initiatives; aiming to achieve a range of environmental, social, and economic benefits through 10 strategic lines, • Leverage trees to mitigate climate change 50 actions, and 150 projects. These initiatives impacts by reducing the urban heat island are designed to conserve arboreal heritage, effect and improving air quality, advance knowledge, enhance communication and • Promote the use of trees for urban agriculture participation, improve planning and connectivity, and food production; and ensure preservation and protection, maintain trees’ health, manage vegetable material and • Create a functional network of trees that helps connect the city’s green areas with the forest plantation, optimize pruning and safety, improve and river ecosystems surrounding Barcelona, soil conditions, and sustainably manage water to creating a more sustainable and resilient urban support the city’s urban green infrastructure. environment. Its aim is to The plan was developed following broad public • Ensure dynamic , healthy, and diverse urban tree engagement through consultations, workshops, cover in Barcelona; and surveys. Input from citizens, community • Increase the city’s tree cover by 5 percent by groups, and experts in urban forestry and green 2037; infrastructure contributed to its effective 1 https://greenblue.com/gb/what-is-an-urban-forest-master-plan/. 4 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings climate change in several ways. First, they can provide a comprehensive strategy for managing and enhancing the urban forests in Central Asian cities to achieve a range of environmental, social, and economic benefits. These include improving air and water quality, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing the overall quality of life for residents. Second, they can help reduce desertification and deforestation in the region. Third, they can protect and restore the region’s valuable tree and forest resources, including fruit and nut tree species that are globally valued and now confined to small remnant populations. Source: Oriol Bonilla Claramunt, 2023, Master Plan for Fourth, they can help coordinate and guide Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2037. afforestation campaigns, such as Uzbekistan’s ‘Yashil Makon’ initiative, 4 which aims to plant 1 implementation and ensured community billion trees and shrubs across the country over involvement. the next five years, increasing green spaces in Barcelona’s sustainable urban development cities from the current 8 percent to 30 percent. milestones include adoption of the Irrigation Fifth, it can help urban forest managers allocate Tons App revolutionizing tree monitoring and resources to trees that are more effective at management. Strategies for sustainable pest mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, such as control, specifically for pine processionary, were large-stature species with dense wood that tend effectively demonstrated. The city has also to store the most carbon. 5 released a Biodiversity Atlas that serves as a A Tree Management Plan (TMP) is another critical resource for biodiversity conservation. 2 important tool for managing and enhancing Updated technical specifications align urban urban forests. It is a document that outlines green spaces with modern standards, and a risk the systematic planning, planting, protecting, plan ensures the safety and preservation of the conservation, storm damage mitigation, and/or iconic palm trees. A comprehensive tree species maintenance of community trees.6 It establishes catalog has been created for effective urban a clear set of priorities and objectives for planning, and the Green Axis Project aims to maintaining and creating a healthy resource for transform streets into greener, more comfortable all people to enjoy. spaces, targeting a tenfold increase in permeable green surfaces. Central Asian cities urgently need to adapt TMPs, foc using on both urban and rural greening, GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS resilience, and forest systems. Persistent FOR CENTRAL ASIA challenges for urban forests in Central Asia Cities worldwide are adopting urban forest highlight the importance of developing and master plans, with initiatives like the Trees implementing effective TMPs in the region.7 in Cities Challenge 3 facilitating international The Almaty TMP, currently under development knowledge sharing. Global trends in urban forest with support from the World Bank’s RESILAND master plans are critical for Central Asia. Such Program, 8 stands as a comprehensive blueprint plans can help mitigate the negative impacts of aimed at bolstering the city’s environmental 2 https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/atlesbiodiversitat/en/. 3 https://treesincities.unece.org/#sthash.hJieXNh6.dpbs. 4 https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/yashil-makon-green-nation-nationwide-afforestation-program. 5 https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change. 6 https://ncforestservice.gov/Urban/urban_management_plans.htm. 7 https://unece.org/environment/news/building-urban-und-peri-urban-tree-and-forest-resilience-centra-asia. 8 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/brief/climate-and-environment-program-in-central-asia#Pillar%201. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 5 and social benefits, ranging from enhanced air technical expertise in urban forestry, landscape quality to cooler urban temperatures, crucial for architecture, and horticulture management. fostering a healthier and more pleasant urban Barcelona’s Tree Master Plan serves as an atmosphere. At its core, the plan features a instructive model, offering strategic approaches strategic roadmap with recommended actions, for tackling climate effects and biodiversity loss guidance elements, and performance standards, while enhancing urban resilience. serving as a guiding framework for specialists in effective tree management for the community’s Barcelona’s experience also points to economic long-term benefits. It is organized into seven benefits, demonstrating that urban green clusters, and encompasses political and legal spaces can serve multiple functions—from support, governance, financing, assessment, green infrastructure to tourism—thus generating best management practices, pest management, employment and increasing property values. and community involvement. Additionally, These urban forestry initiatives offer avenues for a monitoring plan aligned with urban forest sustainable economic growth for Central Asian sustainability criteria aids in achieving set target nations. indicators. Community engagement, a cornerstone of Central Asian countries face limitations in Barcelona’s approach, underscores the impor- dedicating resources to develop and implement tance of public involvement in tree planting and tree master plans. This may be due to a range care. This model fosters social cohesion and well- of reasons, from competing priorities to budget being, and its replication in Central Asia could lead constraints. Moreover, Central Asia is not to more harmonious local environments. particularly abundant in forests, which might lead Barcelona’s focus on equity, environmental justice, to less focus on forest management and planning. and long-term planning offers further lessons These factors can pose challenges in initiating for Central Asia. The plan encourages inclusive and carrying out TMPs for urban areas. strategies that benefit diverse communities and One ongoing challenge for urban forests in Central emphasizes long-term adaptability to changing Asia is the need to bridge the gap between efforts conditions. in rural and urban greening, which hinder the This illustrates the value of global knowledge establishment of robust tree and forest systems exchange, offering comprehensive, long-sighted, that seamlessly connect urban and rural areas. 9 and adaptable urban planning models that are The long-term maintenance and monitoring of highly relevant for Central Asia. Critical elements urban trees can be challenging in Central Asia for success include scientific rigor, adaptability, because developing and maintaining urban collaboration, and effective communication. forests requires investments into adequate By leveraging Barcelona’s strategies, Central infrastructure, such as irrigation systems Asia can pave the way for a more resilient and and transportation networks, as well as a sustainable urban future. PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Aktoba Myrzalieva, EcoAlmaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan Oriol Bonilla Claramunt, Department of Tree Management, Parks and Gardens of Barcelona Municipal Institute, Environment and Urban Services-Urban Ecology, Barcelona City Council, Spain Viktor Korotych, MLA+ Architecture, Planning, and Consultancy, the Netherlands 9 https://unece.org/environment/news/building-urban-und-peri-urban-tree-and-forest-resilience-centra-asia. 6 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings 2. Engaging the Private Sector: A Case of Milan, Italy FEBRUARY 16, 2022 Private sector engagement is vital in urban tree management, fostering innovative PPPs like those highlighted by the C40 Cities. 10 These partnerships fund tree planting, maintenance, and the development of new tree management technologies. Community involvement ensures that local residents’ preferences are considered in urban tree decisions, as evidenced by the Bristol Tree Forum case study. 11 Urban forestry management plans may include equity considerations, such as Vancouver’s focus on collaborating with underserved communities in tree programs. Encouraging private property owners to contribute to the tree canopy integrates private spaces into urban forest strategies, enhancing the overall green landscape. 12 Source: Maria Chiara Pastore, 2023, Forestami: Urban Private sector engagement in urban tree mana- forests for future-proof cities. gement is multifaceted. Community engagement, equity considerations, and encouragement of University of Milan, with support from Falck private property owners are key. This investment Foundation and FS Sistemi Urban. Forestami leads to environmental benefits like carbon aims to engage all residents of the Metropolitan sequestration, air pollution reduction, and City of Milan to mitigate the effects of climate stormwater management. It also offers economic change. Individuals, public entities, associations, and soc ial advantages, suc h as inc reased property and private companies unite in their actions to values, reduced energy costs, improved public bring about a positive impact on our future and health, and enhanced social cohesion. the future of new generations. Milan’s Forestami project emphasizes five core objectives: Forestami is a project of the City of Milan, the expanding green spaces, improving air quality, Municipality of Milan, the Regional Council of mitigating climate change effects, and fostering Lombardy, Parco Nord Milano, Parco Agricolo public and private collaboration. 13 Strategies Sud Milano, Regional Agency for Agricultural and for success include educational initiatives like Forestry and Fondazione di Comunità Milano. The the Forestami Academy, which amplifies public project involves planting 3 million trees by 2030 awareness, and a wide network of partners to to clean the air, improve living conditions in the ensure financial sustainability. Milan metropolitan area, and counter the effects of climate change. The project is the outcome This project demonstrates a successful blend of of research carried out by the Polytechnic collaboration, education, PPPs, and investment. 10 https://www.c40.org/news/nature-conservancy-urban-trees/. 11 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332782619_Community_engagement_in_urban_tree_management_decisions_the_Bristol_ case_study 12 https://mrsc.org/stay-informed/mrsc-insight/march-2023/trees-for-equitable-and-livable-cities. 13 https://forestami.org/en/obiettivo-2030/. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 7 • Forestami’s collaboration with public entities • Forestami’s focus on PPPs emphasizes the and private companies creates a cooperative key role private entities can play in supporting environment that leverages resources, critical environmental initiatives, contributing expertise, and knowledge. financially and driving innovation. • The partnership with the Prada Group to • A wide network of public and private entities establish the Forestami Academy illustrates engaged to attract investment ensures how private sector engagement can amplify the long-term sustainability of the project, awareness and education efforts, conveying recognizing that private sector investment is the importance of urban reforestation to a crucial for funding ongoing maintenance and wider audience. 14 expansion. 14 https://www.pradagroup.com/en/news-media/news-section/23-03-20-prada-group-forestami.html. Source: Maria Chiara Pastore, 2023, Forestami: Urban forests for future-proof cities. Community engagement is integral to Fores- campaigns to educational programs targeted at tami’s approach. Over 64 local municipalities have younger generations. This public participation signed up, and citizen involvement is encouraged ensures that community preferences are included through various avenues, from social media in urban tree management decisions. The project 8 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings complexity and innovation. Businesses are extending their financial commitments beyond direct funding to include green bonds and corporate social responsibility budgets. PPPs have become more intricate, adding elements like technological innovation and long-term contracts, essential for advancing tree planting techniques and urban forestry management. Technology plays a growing role, with Internet- of-Things devices for tree health monitoring, geographical information systems (GIS) for planning, and data analytics for predictive Source: Maria Chiara Pastore, 2023, Forestami: Urban insights. forests for future-proof cities. Private sector community engagement varies has been strategically phased, beginning with from crowdfunding to corporate volunteer priority mapping to identify potential areas for programs, often incorporating environmental, tree planting. It focuses on actively transforming social, and governance (ESG) metrics. Market- both green and gray urban spaces. based mechanisms like carbon credits and impact investing are also gaining traction. Milan’s Forestami project has made notable Specialized urban forestry consultancies reflect progress in sustainable urban development and the sector’s growing complexity and the need for biodiversity conservation. Key achievements expertise. include the following: Forestami serves as a vital case study. Its • Around 300,000 trees were planted as part of innovative approaches such as drone planting, a larger goal to plant 3 million trees by 2030. 15 GIS-based site selection, and robust PPPs • The project gained support from Fondazione make it an adaptable model for countries facing Falck, highlighted at the World Forum of Urban challenges like forest degradation, climate Forests. 16 vulnerability, and weak governance systems. Forestami’s emphasis on native species, • Currently, 427,475 trees have been planted, with techniques tailored for urban settings and community engagement, and transparent with biodiversity in mind. 17 traceability systems are sustainable practices that can be adopted elsewhere. • The Forestami Academy was launched, in collaboration with the Prada Group, to educate Central Asian countries, grappling with forest the public on urban reforestation. 18 degradation could particularly benefit from Forestami’s approaches. Forestami’s initiatives, By leveraging collaboration, education, and like community stewardship and transparent investment, Forestami serves as a model for systems, offer a dual advantage: they are not other cities aiming to combine public and private only environmentally sustainable but also foster efforts for urban environmental improvements. community ownership, increasing the likelihood of long-term success. Nationwide tree planting GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS campaigns are under way in Central Asian FOR CENTRAL ASIA countries (Table 1), and Forestami’s proven The evolution of private sector engagement in methods of public and private sector mobilization urban tree management features increasing offer a blueprint for success. 15 https://alumni.polimi.it/en/2021/07/21/milano-tre-milioni-di-piante-per-abbracciare-la-citta/. 16 https://twitter.com/falckrenewables/status/1197558798975733760. 17 https://forestami.org/en/. 18 https://www.pradagroup.com/en/news-media/news-section/23-03-20-prada-group-forestami.html. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 9 Table 1. Tree planting programs and initiatives in Central Asia Kazakhstan State program to Kazakhstan launched a state program to plant 2 billion trees in forests and 15 million trees plant trees in forests in cities by 2025. 19 This ambitious program aims to increase the country’s tree cover and and cities contribute to environmental sustainability. Nationwide Kazakhstan has launched a nationwide campaign to plant trees, with the goal of increasing campaign to plant the area of the green belt by 3,000 hectares. 20 This campaign involves planting millions trees: ‘Taza Tabigat’ of different tree seedlings and aims to enhance green spaces and promote environmental (Clean Nature) conservation. The World Bank has supported Kazakhstan in protecting its vital forests and promoting Forest protection reforestation efforts. 21 These initiatives focused on combating illegal logging, detecting and restoration lightning strikes, and restoring forest ecosystems. The creation of a ‘green belt’ around the capital of Kazakhstan22 aims to improve the The ‘Green Belt’ of environmental situation in the city by reducing wind load and air pollution and creating Astana recreational spaces for residents and visitors. The project focuses on reclaiming and restoring the dried banks of the Aral Sea through Lake Aral saxaul planting. 23 This initiative aims to stabilize the soil, improve air quality, and mitigate Afforestation environmental challenges, thereby indirectly benefiting urban areas by addressing broader Project environmental issues. The Kyrgyz Republic The World Bank has approved financing for projects that include urban greening World Bank’s Urban components. For instance, the Kyrgyz Republic Air Quality Improvement Project includes Greening Initiative a pilot green belt specifically designed to reduce air pollution and investments in the urban irrigation system. 24 To combat urban deforestation, Bishkek—the capital city of the Kyrgyz Republic—has Tree passports implemented a unique initiative of issuing passports to trees. This measure aims to protect the trees from unplanned development and ensure their preservation. 25 Forest restoration The Kyrgyz Republic, along with other countries in the South Caucasus region and Central National ‘Zhashyl Asia, has committed to restoring over 3 million hectares of degraded forests. 26 This Muras: Green initiative aims to rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystems that have been affected by Heritage’ Initiative degradation. Tajikistan National Green The Government of Tajikistan has adopted an ambitious program that includes planting of 65 Country Program million trees and shrubs in 2023–2027. 27 The Aga Khan Foundation supports tree planting initiatives to promote afforestation and Tree planting environmental conservation, undertaking afforestation as a risk reduction measure to initiatives mitigate natural disasters in Tajikistan. 28 The project was initiated by the Dasht Foundation and focuses on reforesting Tajikistan by Tajikistan Trees planting fast-growing trees such as poplar, willow, and tree of heaven, which help reduce soil initiative erosion and offer additional benefits including carbon storage, wind protection, flood risk reduction, air quality improvement, increased biodiversity, and sustainable timber production. 29 19 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/forest/press/article/details/96650?lang=ru. 20 https://astanatimes.com/2021/03/kazakhstan-launches-nationwide-campaign-to-plant-trees/. 21 https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2014/10/17/protecting-kazakhstans-vital-forests. 22 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ecogeo/documents/details/487827?lang=ru. 23 https://kazaral.org/start-of-transplantation-of-saxaul-seedlings-on-the-dried-seabed-of-the-aral-sea/. 24 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/29/world-bank-supports-air-quality-improvement-in-the-kyrgyz-republic. 25 https://eurasianet.org/to-fight-urban-deforestation-kyrgyzstan-issues-passports-to-trees. 26 https://unece.org/forestry/news/turning-commitments-reality-restoring-forests-kyrgyzstan-support-national-zhashyl. 27 https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=32773137&pos=3;-70#pos=3;-70. 28 https://the.akdn/en/resources-media/whats-new/spotlights/planting-trees-reduce-disasters-tajikistan. 29 https://tajikistantrees.org. 10 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings The initiative focuses on enhancing the city’s ecology through tree planting efforts, which ‘900 Days of involve planting over 190,000 trees and 10 million flowering plants. 2024 has been declared Improvement’ as the Year of Environmental Education in Dushanbe, aiming to raise awareness, promote Dushanbe Initiative cleanliness, protect ecological values, and ensure environmental safety. 30 Turkmenistan In 2023–2024, Turkmenistan has undertaken significant urban forestry initiatives as part The National of its environmental and urban development strategy. The focus in 2024 is on planting 3 Forestry Program million trees nationwide, with particular emphasis on enhancing greenery within urban areas. of Turkmenistan for National tree planting events occur twice a year, during spring and autumn. In 2024, the 2021–2025 31 spring planting event took place on March 16. Uzbekistan The initiative aims to increase the country’s green areas from 8% to 30%. It focuses ‘Yashil Makon’ on enhancing tree management systems, including research, expanding nurseries, and (Green Nation) establishing ‘green public parks,’ while emphasizing a digital ‘Register of Trees’ for effective Initiative management. 32 Master Landscaping A master landscaping plan for Tashkent for 2023−2027 has been adopted. It includes a Plan for Tashkent planting plan listing various types of trees and shrubs. 33 Greening and The Multi-Partner Trust Fund for the Aral Sea region attracts donor funds. The initiative Restoring the includes the ‘My Garden in the Aral Sea’ project, launched by the International Innovation Ecosystem of the Center of the Aral Sea region under the President of Uzbekistan, which established a Aral Sea Region crowdfunding platform to raise funds for tree planting. 34 The Yashil Zamin project aims to support sustained greening efforts in Uzbekistan by digitally monitoring planted trees and providing gardening and landscaping extension Yashil Zamin Project services. The project focuses on addressing major environmental issues such as deforestation and wind and water erosion, which result in biodiversity loss, and aims to protect the surrounding land, combat desertification, and prevent erosion. 35 Lastly, the climate change mitigation aspects of Forestami are particularly relevant. Trees serve as natural carbon sinks and provide shade, reducing the urban heat island effect. Both the benefits are increasingly crucial for Central Asian cities, which are grappling with climate-related challenges. PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Akmyrza Nurken, Akimat (City) of Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Askar Askarbekov, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Project Ltd., Republic of Kazakhstan Fabio Andres Salgado, Urban Environmental Management, Corporación Ambiental Empresarial (CAEM); Bogotá, Colombia Ferney Augusto Rojas Ramirez, Forest Economics and Ecological Restoration Program, Corporación Ambiental Empresarial (CAEM), Bogotá, Colombia Maria Chiara Pastore, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy 30 https://khovar.tj/rus/2024/02/2024-god-v-dushanbe-obyavlen-godom-ekologicheskogo-prosveshheniya/. 31 https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/en/post/70633/nationwide-tree-planting-campaign-will-be-held-turkmenistan. 32 https://lex.uz/docs/6673810. 33 https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2022/09/19/greening-master-plan/. 34 https://iic-aralsea.uz/my-garden-in-the-aral-sea/. 35 https://zaminfoundation.ngo/en/project-info/3eb55c2c-ecb3-44eb-a8e9-a8f4ef27b597. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 11 3. Korea’s Green Corridors: A Scientific Approach to Greening Cities MARCH 16, 2023 In Korea, urban forests are implemented and managed for public health, recreation, and physical and mental well-being. Urban forests play a crucial role in environmental health, reducing temperatures, noise, and air pollution, and contributing to overall well-being. Since 2008, Korea has been a leader in urban greening, implementing the Basic Plan for the Urban Forest. This includes a variety of projects like rooftop gardens, school forests, and urban regeneration. Two standout initiatives in Seoul are the Sejongdaero Green Corridor36 and the Source: Dr. Hong-Duck Sou, Korea Forest Service, National Cheonggyecheon River Corridor. 37 Institute of Forest Science, 2023, Green Corridors and Urban Forests to Enhance Livability: Korea Case Study. The former is an elevated pedestrian park linking historic and commercial areas in Seoul, potential locations and scale; high costs for whereas the latter transformed a freeway into a land, construction, and upkeep; and the need for greenway with 22 bridges, improving air quality consistent maintenance, like pruning and pest and fostering sustainability. control. Additionally, effective implementation demands a coordinated effort among varied Wind Ventilation Forests offer an innovative stakeholders—government agencies, private approach to urban greening by harnessing the landowners, and community groups. Often cooling properties of cold air to create a ventilation these entities have differing agendas, which network in cities. 38 These forests are primarily complicates the planning process. Finally, public aimed at improving air quality, 39 reducing urban support is crucial; therefore, education and heat island effect,40 and enhancing the living engagement are essential for the long-term conditions for residents, by facilitating the flow viability of these eco-projects. 42 Addressing of clean, cold air through a linear green corridor.41 these challenges will be essential to ensure the Seoul and Busan have been early adopters, and success of these projects and to create more this concept is now expanding to 17 additional sustainable and livable urban areas. Korean cities. Implementing wind corridor forests in urban GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS settings presents several hurdles. Key challenges FOR CENTRAL ASIA include constrained urban space, which limits Global trends in urban planning increasingly 36 https://m-j-z.com/project/seoulgreencorridor. 37 https://knowledge-hub.circle-lab.com/gonewiththewaste/article/8463. 38 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0288774. 39 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0288774&type=printable. 40 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0198971516300138. 41 https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/land/land-10-00607/article_deploy/land-10-00607.pdf?version=1623057674. 42 https://cities-today.com/seoul-to-create-wind-path-forests-to-direct-clean-air-into-the-city/. 12 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings emphasize the role of NBSs suc h as wind c orridor private landowners, and local communities—in forests and green corridors, in addressing planning and implementation, enhancing of public complex challenges such as climate change, awareness, and project sustainability. Through air pollution, and urban heat islands. Both wind financial strategies such as PPPs and grants, corridor forests and green corridors share Korea has made these projects economically common objectives but offer unique benefits viable, offering critical financial planning insights that are shaping urban landscapes worldwide. for Central Asia. Meticulous planning strategies for wind corridor The Korean model is adaptable and scalable, forests are becoming more prevalent. These addressing challenges likely to be encountered strategies focus on the properties of cold air in Central Asia, such as limited urban space and and involve classifying different types of urban the need for stakeholder coordination. Moreover, greenery to identify the most suitable locations both regions share environmental challenges for wind corridors. The goal is to harness the like air pollution and urban heat islands, making cooling effects of these forests to mitigate Korea’s solutions especially relevant. Korea’s the urban heat island effect. Additionally, wind robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms corridor forests contribute to air pollution could serve as a blueprint for Central Asian mitigation by circulating clean air and absorbing countries. Effective monitoring not only particulate matter.43 measures success but also allows for course corrections, making the projects more effective In the case of green corridors, the emphasis is on over time. urban connectivity.44 These corridors establish linear green pathways connecting different The green corridor forests in Central Asia could parts of cities. They enhance accessibility and function as linear stretches of forested areas provide pedestrian-friendly routes. Beyond that connect various green spaces, enhancing improving mobility, green corridors offer environmental connectivity and biodiversity. substantial environmental benefits, including These forests could incorporate forest types the enhancement of biodiversity and the spec ific to the region, suc h as montane provision of wildlife habitats. They contribute coniferous forests and tugai forests. 46 Green to the conservation and restoration of natural corridor forests provide enhanced amenities ecosystems within urban areas. Additionally, and recreational opportunities such as walking, green corridors are increasingly designed with running, cycling, and other sports; improved air recreational opportunities in mind, offering quality; and climate regulation. 47 spaces for walking, jogging, cycling, and other There is limited information available on the outdoor activities, thus fostering a healthier, more current state of the green and wind corridor active lifestyle among residents.45 forests in Central Asia. Existing studies suggest presence of windbreaks and shelterbelts in the Korea serves as a compelling model for Central area, indicating that wind corridor forests could Asia in implementing these green infrastruc- be feasible. 48 The region’s geography, with its tures. The country’s strategic, data-driven open expanses and natural wind corridors, may planning is rooted in extensive research be conducive to projects that use cold air to on ecological parameters like airflow and improve air quality. temperature, ensuring effective use of limited resources. Korea’s inclusive approach involves ‘The Greenway to Konaev’ stands as a pioneering various stakeholders—government bodies, initiative, forming a pilot project within the 43 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0288774. 44 https://cities-today.com/seoul-to-create-wind-path-forests-to-direct-clean-air-into-the-city/. 45 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/6/607. 46 https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/import/downloads/central_asia.pdf. 47 https://naturalwalkingcities.com/green-corridors-essential-urban-walking-and-natural-infrastructure/. 48 https://unece.org/DAM/timber/publications/sp-47-soccaf-en.pdf. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27508/central-asia-atlas.pdf. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 13 broader endeavor to establish an Urban Green • Establish an inviting recreational route to Corridor in the Almaty Agglomeration. Kapchagai Reservoir, offering scenic vistas accessible by motor vehicle or bicycle; and This initiative was developed with support of the World Bank’s RESILAND CA+ Regional Program. • Create an ecological corridor between The initiative aims to develop an action plan the Kaskelen River and Konaev’s forested targeted to integrate environmental connectivity, area, bolstering urban forest vitality and recreational pathways, and protective plantations safeguarding local biodiversity. along the Almaty-Konaev highway, aligning This initiative adheres to sustainable design with broader aspirations for an environmentally principles, incorporating local drought-resistant sustainable and socially enriching urban species, multitier planting for noise reduction and landscape in the Almaty Agglomeration.49 wind protection, varied vegetation for aesthetics, The Greenway to Konaev Action Plan aims to and terrain modifications for water conservation. The Almaty Oblast Akimat selected this project • Revitalize protective landscaping to enhance as the inaugural endeavor to revive protective air quality, mitigate the heat island effect, and plantings along the highway. promote regional carbon neutrality; PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Bakhtiyor Pulatov, Research Institute of Environment and Nature Conservation Technologies under the Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection, and Climate Chane, Republic of Uzbekistan Gulaiym Donbaeva, E.Z. Gareyev Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences, Kyrgyz Republic Hong-Duck Sou, Urban Forest Divisions of the National Institute of Forest Science, Republic of Korea Mónica Pacheco Skidmore, Directorate of Chapultepec Forest in Mexico City, Mexico 49 https://crs.dku.kz/en/osnovnye-napravleniya/programma-po-zemlepolzovaniyu/razrabotka-plana-upravleniya-zelenymi-nasazhdeniyami/. 14 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings 4. Mountains and Trees: Nature-Based Solutions for Landslide Risk Management APRIL 20, 2023 Trees are increasingly recognized as effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly way to mitigate landslide risks by stabilizing slopes with root networks, and managing excess water. 50 Gaining momentum globally, particularly in Asia, trees as NBSs are supported by high- level policy frameworks such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, which acknowledge the potential of NBS and encourage their adoption across various regions. 51 NBSs are defined as adaptive interventions that manage or restore natural systems for multiple sustainable development goals, including climate and Source: Dr. Karen Sudmeier-Rieux, 2023, Nature-based disaster-risk resilience. They are cost-effective Solutions for landslide management in Urban areas. and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional infrastructure solutions. 52 The and long-term challenges. Landslides often growing endorsement of NBSs is accompanied lead to the evacuation and displacement of by efforts to enhance awareness and disseminate entire communities, resulting in overcrowding knowledge about NBSs, especially their role in temporary shelters, hindered access to in addressing shallow landslides through the essential services, and long-lasting mental strategic use of protection forests. 53 All these health impacts. 54 trends underline a broadening recognition and Economically, the destruction caused by land- application of NBS as viable tools for landslide slides results in significant income loss, espe- risk mitigation. cially for communities that are heavily reliant on natural resources. 55 The costs associated with Landslides have severe social and economic disaster response and reconstruction can be consequences. The immediate impact includes financially draining, while the risk of landslides loss of life and injury to people, infrastructure, can deter investment and development, and livestock, which is particularly devastating contributing to long-term economic instability for rural communities relying on livestock for and ongoing poverty. 56 sustenance and income. Extensive damage to infrastructure, agricultural lands, and residential The effectiveness of NBS for landslide risk reduc- housing creates both immediate hardship tion depends on local conditions, requiring site- 50 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335935916_NATURE-BASED_SOLUTIONS_-_Landslide_safety_measures. 51 https://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/publications/nature-based-solutions-nbs-for-reducing-the-risk-of-shallow-landslides- where-do-we-stand-2/. 52 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/nbs. 53 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221242091930442X. 54 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/program/SFRARR-Central-Asia. 55 https://geoenvironmental-disasters.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40677-018-0104-6. 56 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/program/SFRARR-Central-Asia. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 15 specific assessments and expert consultations. Organizations like the World Bank are bolstering NBSs offer multiple co-benefits, including soil the implementation of NBSs for boosting climate stabilization through vegetation, afforestation, resilience and disaster risk management. The and soil bioengineering; slope angle reduction via World Bank, along with the Global Facility for terracing; strategic planting of protection forests; Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), and the use of riparian buffers. These solutions is scaling up the integration of NBSs to help can be integrated with structural measures and countries build resilience against climate early warning systems as part of a comprehensive challenges, including landslides. 57 As NBS landslide risk management strategy. Water projects grow in number, the lessons learned are management is crucial for comprehensive helping to mainstream NBS into development landslide risk strategies and can be integrated with decision-making, thereby enhancing their NBS. Poor water management exacerbates risks, effectiveness in reducing landslide risks. 58 while effective planning mitigates impacts. Slope Overall, the focus is on combining ecosystem strengthening, drainage management, sediment- service indicators with NBS to create a holistic, capturing rocks, and constructed drainage cost-effective approach to landslide risk systems contribute to landslide prevention. An management. 59 By using natural systems to ecosystem service-based approach assesses soil provide critical services such as wetlands for flood stability, vegetation c over, and water regulation as mitigation or mangroves for coastal protection, key services mitigating risks, making ecosystem NBS can reduce the reliance on traditional ‘gray’ maintenance vital for landslide mitigation. or ‘hard’ infrastructure solutions. Ecosystem services and hazards Hazards: Natural Ecosystem Extensive Infrastructure Services & co-benefits Intensive • Drought • Lakes & upland soils • Flood control • Flooding • Floodplains • Coastal defence • Wind storms • Wetlands, coral reefs • Slope stabilization • Coastal storms • Groundwater • Avalanche stabilization • Landslides • Vegetation on steep slopes • Co-benefits • Sea-level rise • Mangroves • Clean water, air, food (Modified from IUCN-ORMA) • Sand dunes • Biodiversity and much more Source: Dr. Karen Sudmeier-Rieux, 2023, Nature-based Solutions for landslide management in urban areas. 57 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/nature-based-solutions-climate-resilience-world-bank-portfolio. 58 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/253401551126252092/pdf/Booklet.pdf. 59 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disasterriskmanagement/brief/nature-based-solutions-cost-effective-approach-for-disaster-risk- and-water-resource-management 16 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS the loss of at least six lives and inflicted significant FOR CENTRAL ASIA damage on community infrastructure, particularly Central Asia, specifically in the Tien Shan and affecting the agricultural sector.64 Pamir-Alai mountain ranges, has experienced a Central Asia has a unique combination of complex greater frequency of landslides in the past two factors interacting with each other that can lead decades.60 The Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan to landslides. are particularly vulnerable to landslides that • Rainfall is a dominant factor in triggering are often caused by stormwater runoff and landslides. Heavy or prolonged rainfall can earthquakes. The portion of the population cause the soil to become saturated, leading to exposed to landslides exceeds 10 percent in increased pore water pressure that reduces Tajikistan and 20 percent in the Kyrgyz Republic. soil cohesion and stability.65 The total expected losses in Central Asia amount to approximately US$3.59 billion, with an • The region is also seismically active, with average risk value of US$0.6 million per km2 .61 earthquakes that have the potential to induce International experience on NBS for landslide risk landslides by shaking loose soil and rocks. management is invaluable for these countries, Earthquakes can cause both immediate as they grapple with a series of complex and and delayed landslides by weakening the interconnected challenges. NBSs are crucial, not structural integrity of slopes and contributing just for their efficacy in soil reinforcement and to soil saturation, adding another layer of risk.66 erosion prevention but also for their multifaceted Geological factors such as a diverse array of benefits—such as improved water management, soil types and rock formations are particularly biodiversity enhancement, and alignment with relevant. This variability means that some climate change adaptation strategies. In urban areas might be more susceptible to landslides areas, NBS can particularly benefit vulnerable due to inherent weaknesses in geological communities by mitigating the socioeconomic materials. The proximity to geological fault impacts of landslides. lines adds another dimension of risk. Faults can create zones of fractured or weakened Landslides have far-reaching social and economic rock and soil, making the adjacent slopes impacts, from the loss of life and community more prone to landslides. The stress and displacement to infrastructure damage and strain around fault lines can also contribute to significant financial burden. In July 2021, a soil and rock displacement, further increasing landslide in the Sughd region of Tajikistan resulted susceptibility to landslides.67 in the death of at least nine people, injuring many more, and c ausing extensive damage to residential • Slope characteristics, including the angle, buildings and community infrastructure. This aspect, and overall shape, are also pivotal event led to economic setbacks for the affected in determining the risk of landslide. Steeper communities.62 Similarly, in 2017, a landslide in slopes are more susceptible to failure as the Kyrgyz Republic’s Osh region had a tragic the gravitational forces acting on the slope effect, killing at least 24 people and displacing material are higher. The shape of the slope over a thousand. The destruction of homes and can either channel water, exacerbating risks, other critical infrastructure led to economic or help distribute it more evenly. Higher hardships for the community.63Another landslide elevations, such as those found in the Tien in Tajikistan’s Pamir Mountains in May 2015 led to Shan and Pamir-Alai mountain ranges, 60 https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2023/06/23/a-new-landslide-susceptibility-map-for-central-asia/, 61 https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/23/2229/2023/nhess-23-2229-2023.pdf. 62 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/program/SFRARR-Central-Asia. 63 https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/23/2229/2023/. 64 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/53022-001-sd-02.pdf. 65 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-021-09910-1. 66 https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/23/2229/2023/. 67 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281662685_The_contribution_of_EMCA_to_landslide_susceptibility_mapping_in_Central_Asia Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 17 present additional challenges. These areas such as the Sendai Framework, gives Central are characterized by steep terrains filled with Asian countries leverage to secure domestic and loose or weathered materials, making them international funding for climate and disaster risk hotspots for landslide activity. The elevation reduction. also means that these areas may be subject Partnerships with international organizations to rapidly melting snow or glacier melt, which can bring both financial resources and can trigger landslides.68 technical expertise needed for effective NBS Central Asia can greatly benefit from leveraging implementation. International organizations are global expertise and best practices in NBSs for more inclined to support projects aligned with landslide management. Successful examples of best practices. Furthermore, collaboration with NBS, such as reforestation and soil stabilization, these organizations enhances data collection offer cost-effective and adaptable methods and monitoring capabilities, which is essential that save time and resources. In contrast to for accurate risk assessment and evaluation of traditional engineering solutions with high interventions, thus filling a critical gap. maintenance costs, NBSs provide more resilient Many of the region’s environmental challenges, and self-sustaining options, which are particularly including landslides, are transboundary in nature. advantageous for resource-constrained regions. Therefore, an internationally informed, regional International collaboration can strengthen approach can be more effective than isolated local institutions and build capacity in Central national efforts, contributing to overall regional Asia, where weak institutional capacity is a stability. By adopting international best practices, challenge. This collaboration enables better Central Asia stands to gain not only in effective planning, execution, and monitoring of landslide landslide risk management but also in long-term risk management programs. Moreover, the sustainability, institutional capacity, and regional endorsement of NBSs in international frameworks, stability. PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Carolina Heller, URBEL, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Karen Sudmeier, TH-Köln, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Germany Maria Mejia, NetZero Cities Initiative, Germany Riterson Jacques Nunes, URBEL, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 68 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/3768. 18 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings 5. Connecting Communities and Conserving Nature: Linear Parks of Campinas, Brazil JUNE 15, 2023 The linear parks in Campinas, Brazil, are more than just parks; they are part of a grand vision. A linear park is a type of park that is significantly They stand as a robust model for effectively longer than it is wide. Linear parks are strips of integrating NBS in urban settings. Addressing public land running along canals, rivers, streams, pressing urban issues such as biodiversity loss, defensive walls, electrical lines, highways, rainwater management, and heat stress, these shorelines, or disused railway lines. They can parks are meticulously designed to be resilient be categorized as greenways or foreshoreways against environmental challenges. and their changing scenery makes recreational activities like walking, jogging, and cycling They are developed in collaboration with adventurous and contributes to enhanced multiple stakeholders, including academic emotional connections of visitors with nature. 69 institutions and government bodies, and also The elongated shape of linear parks makes serve as social hubs that enhance community them accessible across diverse neighborhoods, life and engagement. With a municipal plan to democratizing green space especially in roll out 49 such parks in the city, the initiative traditionally underserved areas.70 Linear parks offers a comprehensive, scalable approach for are cultural corridors that connect landmarks environmental and social well-being, funded and boost local businesses, acting as vibrant through both public and private avenues. veins that invigorate the communities that they These parks are not just green spaces; they traverse. They bridge neighborhoods, fostering are threads that weave the social fabric social vitality and shared stewardship of the of communities more tightly together and urban landscape. are educational and social hubs that foster Environmentally, linear parks are instrumental environmental stewardship and enhance in combating urban challenges. They mitigate community bonds, and landmarks that instill civic floods, absorb rainwater, and filter pollutants— pride.72 Campinas’ linear parks show that well- acting as green sponges against the concrete designed green spaces are multidimensional backdrop. They improve neighborhood ambiance assets that c ontribute to soc ial c ohesion, ac hieved and well-being acting as buffers against noise through community consultation, discussions, and air pollution and increase property values.71 and visits of political representatives. 69 https://lhoustoun.wordpress.com/public-spaces/chapter-5urban-linear-parks-from-urban-land-magazine/. 70 https://productiveparks.com/linear-parks-their-importance-and-maintenance-considerations. 71 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204618310570. 72 https://www.connective-cities.net/en/news/linear-parks-in-campinas-brazil. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 19 Source: Gabriel Dias Mangolini Neves, 2023, Campinas experience in environmental planning and local territorial transformation through NBSs - linear parks program as a means to reduce the deficit of green areas with social function. GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS property values, generating more tax revenue FOR CENTRAL ASIA and potentially attracting more investment to the area.74 Linear parks also create jobs in Global trends in linear parks indicate a growing maintenance, landscaping, and hospitality, further shift toward multifunctional public spaces contributing to economic vitality. that offer a variety of benefits. Economically, they can attract more foot traffic, benefiting Cities with limited space are finding creative local businesses like cafes, restaurants, and ways to integrate linear parks into existing shops.73 This increased activity can lead to rising infrastructure, such as disused rail lines or 73 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204618310570. 74 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204618310570. 20 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings riversides, and into broader urban planning and case for private sector engagement in climate sustainability strategies, signifying recognized change policy — a crucial aspect for national value of the linear parks at the policy level. economies. The adaptability of the Campinas model to address specific local challenges like The Campinas Linear Parks in Brazil offer a heavy rain and heat suggests that it can be tailo- compelling model for Central Asia for several red to meet the unique environmental conditions reasons. First, they are designed to enhance of Central Asian countries. The scalability of the climate resilience through effective rainwater Campinas approach, demonstrated through a management and ecosystem integration, network of 49 parks, offers valuable insights for which aligns with the climate-induced water expansive territories like those in Kazakhstan management challenges faced by several and Turkmenistan. Additionally, the focus on Central Asian countries, such as Kazakhstan using local materials and native vegetation can and Uzbekistan. Second, the Campinas parks be emulated to encourage biodiversity and boost emphasize community engagement in their local industries. development, aligning well with the focus on In Central Asia, linear parks can provide not capacity building and stakeholder engagement only environmental but also significant social in Central Asia. These parks serve multiple benefits. They can become hubs for community purposes, from offering recreational spaces life and social integration, aspects that are to acting as flood mitigation zones, providing a crucial for countries aiming for greater civil versatile approach for urban planners negotiating society engagement and social cohesion. Overall, the delicate balance between development and the multifaceted success of the Campinas environmental sustainability. Linear Parks provides a holistic and adaptable Moreover, these parks have led to economic framework that could be incredibly relevant to progress, benefitted local businesses and the socioeconomic and environmental landscape increased property values, making a compelling in Central Asia. PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Gabriel Dias Mangolini Neves, Environmental Engineer Secretariat for Green, Environment, and Sustainable Development of Campinas, Brazil Ikrom Mamadov, NGO “Youth Group on Protection of Environment” and Aarhus Centre in Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan Kutybaev Nurlan, Unit on Green Fund Monitoring and Management, Akimat of Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 21 6. Diverse by Design: Urban Tree Selection in Melbourne, Australia JULY 20, 2023 Selecting the right trees for urban areas is crucial for climate adaptation, public health, social cohesion, and economic development. Some trees are better suited for extreme weather, while others excel at air pollution reduction. Well-chosen trees also offer shaded spaces that enhance community interaction. Economically, mature trees raise property values and tax revenue. They also support local biodiversity and offer benefits like energy conservation and stormwater management. Some tree species are particularly effective at carbon sequestration and further provide climate mitigation benefits. Moreover, trees can hold cultural or historical significance, contributing to a city’s unique identity and well-being. The urban forest strategy for Melbourne, Australia, is an excellent model that promotes diversity, reduces vulnerability to pests and diseases, and enhances ecological resilience. The strategy sets targets to limit the prevalence of any single species, genus, or family and employs urban forest diversity guidelines for Source: Dr. Ian Shears, 2023, Melbourne's Experience in Species Selection and Guidelines for Choosing and selecting tree species. It is adaptive, using Placing Trees. technologies like the Internet of Things sensors and satellite imaging for real-time data gathering (SDGs), is crucial for the strategy’s effectiveness. and proactive management.75 Community engagement through transparency, Balancing heritage and sustainability is essential educational events, citizen-led initiatives, and when older, traditional tree species may not be as interactive apps is also vital. resilient against current environmental pressures. Data-driven tools can help visualize the impact of Collaboration between heritage commissions green spaces on existing urban structures, and and environmental agencies can yield compre- collaboration with the private sector can integrate hensive guidelines that satisfy both concerns. green spaces into current and future buildings. A robust governance framework, engaging multiple Machine learning and predictive analytics guide stakeholders and aligning with international planning, and collaboration across sectors standards like the Sustainable Development Goals enriches data-driven models. Capacity building 75  https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-council/committees-meetings/meeting-archive/meetingagendaitemattach- ments/579/9971/5.1%20urban%20forest%20strategy%20(pages%2072%20to%20253).pdf. 22 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings and knowledge transfer through a centralized In Central Asia, where climatic zones and altitudes digital repository, specialized courses, periodic vary widely, adaptable species like the Saxaul tree gatherings, and online forums can facilitate global (Haloxylon spp.) are used for soil conservation sharing of best practices and experiences. and desertification control. However, the region faces challenges due to a lack of comprehensive Melbourne’s experience in urban tree species ecological studies and limited availability of selection offers valuable lessons for other native seeds and saplings. Land tenure issues cities, including those in Central Asia, which are and the tension between agricultural expansion grappling with the complexities of urban greening. and reforestation also pose socioeconomic By balancing science, community involvement, challenges. and a focus on long-term sustainability, Melbourne has created a robust framework that adapts to Incorporating climate projections into refo- changing circumstances, serving as a guidepost restation planning is essential, as changing for effective ways to build resilient and healthy conditions may affect the resilience of tree urban ecosystems. species. 80 Although global models offer some insights, localized climate models are crucial for GLOBAL TRENDS AND INSIGHTS identifying how conditions might change within FOR CENTRAL ASIA the region’s varied landscapes. These models Global trends in tree species selection have can help in pinpointing which tree species are evolved to reflect various considerations, likely to be more resilient against increased including local site conditions, tree function, temperatures, erratic precipitation patterns, and climate change projections, and horticultural potential pests and diseases associated with priorities. These factors help ensure that the right climate change. species are chosen for the right environments. Central Asian countries, not traditionally forest- For example, trees in warm climates are more rich, 81 may prioritize other environmental likely to experience strong biotic interactions, issues. However, the importance of forests for affecting their traits and competitive abilities, biodiversity and carbon sequestration and in while single-tree selection practices can lead to acting as buffers against climate change is likely a decline in tree species’ diversity.76 to bring more focus on this area. A study involving 1.3 million sample plots and The experience of Melbourne, with its successful 55 million trees underscored the importance selection of tree species in the face of of landforms, soil, and human impact in species environmental challenges like soil contaminants richness.77 Trees are selected for their functional and harsh weather, offers valuable insights for roles, such as providing shade or attracting Central Asia. The strategies include setting wildlife, and their horticultural traits such as stress localized strategic targets, researching and tolerance and growth habits. Climate change climate projections, developing native seed adds further complexity to species selection with and sapling supply chains, resolving land tenure projections informing choices for reforestation issues, selecting species for their ecological and future habitat suitability.78 benefits, promoting biodiversity, engaging Open-source information on tree species selec- stakeholders, raising public awareness, and tion in Central Asia is limited. ‘The Red List of seeking international collaboration. Integrating Trees of Central Asia’ serves as a foundational reforestation with broader land use and climate document for understanding which species are at adaptation plans can create a synergistic approach risk and need prioritized conservation efforts.79 for Central Asia’s environmental efforts. 76 https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/80/3/293/542433. 77 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01831-x. 78 https://forestadaptation.org/sites/default/files/Baltimore-Tree%20Habitat%20Suitability-NIACS%20Climate%20Change%20Re- sponse%20Framwork.pdf. 79 https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2009-006.pdf. 80 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112720314742. 81 https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2009-006.pdf. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 23 PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS Chloé Mecqinion, Groupe Huit, Nantes, France Ian Shears, Urban Landscapes Expert, Australia Maritza Hernandez, General Directorate of the System of Natural Protected Areas and Areas of Environmental Value at the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico Suna Julia Park, Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection, and Climate Change, Republic of Uzbekistan 24 CONTENTS Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings A Way Forward The international experiences and best practices environmental impacts and targeted urban on urban greening and forestry presented in greening and regeneration strategies can reverse the knowledge-sharing series ‘Trees, Cities them. Central Asian countries stand to benefit and a Green Future’ showcase a potential from adopting green infrastructure and NBS blueprint for Central Asia’s journey toward practices to improve their urban environments. greener, more sustainable, and resilient cities. Integrating nature into urban planning by focusing They offer invaluable insights for the region’s on biodiversity, air and water pollution reduction, decisionmakers and policy makers, experts, and other ecosystem services aligns with the civil society members, and communities. As broader climate and livability goals of the region. Central Asian countries face distinct climatic Lessons from international experiences highlight and environmental challenges—ranging from the importance of building collaborative desertification to extreme weather events— partnerships and harnessing citizen engagement implementing innovative urban greening solutions to achieve effective and sustainable urban could contribute to the region’s sustainable greening projects. Engaging with various development and bolster climate resilience, stakeholders, including communities and social inclusivity, and economic growth. government agencies, particularly through The success stories from Barcelona, Campinas, harnessing multisectoral methods, as well Milan, Melbourne, and Seoul showcase the positive as promoting PPPs, and novel financial impacts of urban forestry initiatives and green sustainability approaches, offer valuable lessons infrastructure. They emphasize the economic, for Central Asian countries. By leveraging these environmental, and social benefits that can be strategies, the region can potentially mobilize achieved through strategic urban greening, tree the private sector to actively contribute to urban management planning, and collaborative efforts. greening initiatives and ensure long-term project sustainability. These experiences underscore the important role scientific rigor and adaptability can play in urban Central Asia stands to gain enormously by planning. Central Asian countries can benefit transforming its urban centers into more from prioritizing comprehensive research and sustainable, greener, and resilient hubs. The planning to optimize green spaces for maximum international experiences shared here provide environmental benefits. a snapshot of valuable lessons and good practices that can guide Central Asian countries Sustainability and climate resilience are the key in their pursuit of improved urban greening and goals that Central Asian countries can consider forestry initiatives. By adapting, adopting, and in their urban planning and tree management embracing these solutions according to their interventions in the mid- and long-term. The unique challenges, Central Asian countries can emphasis on understanding local environmental advance immediate and long-term sustainable conditions aligns with the need to mitigate development with enhanced climate and climate change by sequestering greenhouse environmental resilience, social inclusivity, and gases, combating desertification, reducing the economic growth. The international experiences urban heat island effect, and managing other showcased in this webinar series can be a source climate-related risks. of inspiration and guidance for Central Asia’s The shared international experiences show journey toward a greener and more prosperous how urbanization patterns can exacerbate future. Trees, Cities, and a Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings CONTENTS 25 Trees, Cities, and Green Future Knowledge Exchange Series: A Compendium of Proceedings December 2023