GENDER THEMATIC POLICY NOTES SERIES: EVIDENCE AND PRACTICE NOTE SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY (SOGI) INCLUSION AND GENDER EQUALITY CLIFTON CORTEZ, TRISHNA R. RANA, RUDABA ZEHRA NASIR, AND JOHN (IOANNIS) ARZINOS OVERVIEW Full inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people is critical to closing gender gaps and attaining the World Bank goals articulated in its Gender Strategy 2024-2030, Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) Strategy, Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), as well as its poverty reduction commitments. Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) inclusion is one of the newest areas in development, and the World Bank formally adopted this agenda in 2015 through its commitments to gender equality, social inclusion, and non-discrimination. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) adopted SOGI inclusion in 2020, as a new element in its Economic Inclusion Program. SOGI inclusion goes to the very heart of gender equality. Deep-rooted social norms and expectations related to gender and gender roles often lead to inequality for women and girls, as well as sexual and gender minorities. Just as gender inequality in labor markets comes at great cost, SOGI exclusion significantly impacts economies, including at the level of GDP. This note provides an overview of the situation of LGBTI people globally and why addressing discrimination against them and promoting their inclusion make economic sense as well as being the right thing to do. It lays out the authorizing environment for SOGI inclusion at the World Bank and highlights promising practices of SOGI inclusion, including in data generation and operations from the World Bank and public and private sector partners. Since LGBTI-specific data across development sectors—health, education, governance, employment, social protection, addressing violence—are extremely thin and examples of interventions that can be evaluated systematically are also sparse, this note provides promising approaches from the Bank from which teams can learn. The note highlights opportunities to advance SOGI inclusion through the three strategic objectives of the World Bank’s Gender Strategy update, namely ending gender-based violence and elevating human capital, expanding and enabling economic opportunities, and engaging women as leaders. The World Bank and development partners can also better integrate SOGI inclusion in their work on gender data generation, evaluation and learning, policy and institutional reforms, and capacity building. AUGUST 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Defining Gender, Gender Norms, and SOGI Inclusion 1 Legal Status of LGBTI People Globally 4 Why SOGI Inclusion is Important to Development 5 2. WORLD BANK APPROACHES TO SOGI INCLUSION 8 SOGI Inclusion at the World Bank 8 SOGI Inclusion at the International Finance Corporation 10 3. EMERGING GOOD PRACTICES ON SOGI INCLUSION 11 4. SOGI INCLUSION IN THE WORLD BANK GENDER STRATEGY 2024–2030 14 GLOSSARY 18 REFERENCES 20 This thematic policy note is part of a series that provides an analytical foundation for the update to the World Bank Gender Strategy (FY24–30). This series seeks to give a broad overview of the latest research and findings on gender equality outcomes and summarize key thematic issues, evidence on promising solutions, operational good practices, and key areas for future engagement on promoting gender equality and empowerment. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank or its Board of Directors. This paper was written by a World Bank task team including Clifton Cortez, Trishna R. Rana, Rudaba Zehra Nasir, and John Arzinos. It was prepared under the leadership of Hana Brixi and Louise J. Cord. The team thanks the following colleagues, who kindly agreed to serve as reviewers or provided guidance and inputs throughout the process of developing this report: Maria Beatriz Orlando, Julia Constanze Braunmiller, Kelly Widelska, Dominik Koehler, Helle Buchhave, Laura Rawlings, Diana Jimena Arango, Mirai Maruo, Ariana Maria Del Mar Grossi, and Zuzana Boehmova. ii 1. INTRODUCTION The World Bank’s Gender Strategy (FY16–23): Gender Defining Gender, Gender Norms, and Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth SOGI Inclusion highlights the critical link between gender equality and Gender refers to social, behavioral, and cultural attributes, the Bank’s goals of reducing poverty and boosting shared and expectations and norms associated with being male prosperity in client countries.1 Launched in 2015, the or female.3 Gender roles and expectations determine strategy laid out a roadmap for reducing gaps between how women and men relate to each other and result men and women in four key areas (health and education, in differing power between women and men. In many jobs, assets, and women’s voice and agency) so that they countries, restrictive gender norms mean that power is have equal power to shape their own lives and contribute unequally distributed between men and women with to their families, communities, and countries. men traditionally holding authority over women.4 Such The World Bank Gender Strategy 2024–2030 is being social norms and unequal distribution of power not only finalized and a series of World Bank thematic policy restrict women’s access to opportunities and resources (i.e., notes are being produced to inform its content. While the education, economic opportunities, ownership of assets, current (2016–23) and previous (2010) gender strategies did and opportunities to earn an income) but also restrict their not explicitly address sexual and gender minorities, sexual agency and are also often a cause of domestic violence.5 orientation and gender identity (SOGI)2 has been proposed Gender equality is the “distribution of opportunities, as a critical area for the updated strategy. This note aims to resources, and choices for men and women so that they improve institutional understanding of gender and gender have equal power to shape their own lives and contribute equality beyond the traditional binary concept of men and to their families, communities, and countries.”6 The women and increase awareness among Bank staff about World Development Report (2012) identifies three main the links between gender equality and inclusion of sexual dimensions required to achieve gender equality:7 and gender minorities in projects and analytics. It also highlights opportunities for embedding SOGI inclusion • The accumulation of endowments (education, health, within the three strategic objectives of the proposed and physical assets) Gender Strategy 2024–2030: end gender-based violence • The use of those endowments to take up economic and elevate human capital, expand and enable economic opportunities and generate incomes opportunities, and engage women as leaders. • The application of those endowments to take actions, or agency affecting individual and household well-being 1  orld Bank Group. 2015. World Bank Group Gender Strategy (FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth. W Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 2 Sexual orientation refers to each person’s enduring capacity for profound romantic, emotional, and/or physical feelings for, or attraction  to, person(s) of a particular sex or gender. It encompasses hetero-, homo-, and bisexuality and a wide range of other expressions of sexual orientation. Gender identity refers to each person’s profound internal and individual experience of gender (for example, of being a man, a woman, in-between, neither, or something else), which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth, or the gender attributed to them by society. It includes the personal sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of appearance or function by medical, surgical, or other means) and expressions of gender, including dress, speech, and mannerisms. 3 World Bank. 2011. World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.  4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 World Bank.2018. ”Gender and Development.” World Bank. https:/  /www.worldbank.org/en/programs/knowledge-for-change/brief/ gender-and-development 7 World Bank. 2011. World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1 Like heterosexual and cisgender women and girls,8 sexual inclusive societies, resilient communities, and empowered and gender minorities are impacted by restrictive social people. Ensuring sustainable development and poverty norms.9 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex reduction will require greater attention to social (LGBTI) people face punishment, violence, and other forms sustainability in addition to economic and environmental of exclusion because they transgress traditional gender sustainability.12 Integrating intersectionality and promoting roles and norms, or they express a gender identity that gender equality are essential to social sustainability. does not conform to their gender as assigned at birth, or their gender expression is different than the norm or The World Bank’s Inclusion Matters defines social inclusion social expectations. Inflexibility of expectations related to as “the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and gender norms and gender roles, therefore, not only leads dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their to inequality for women and girls, but also directly leads to identity, to take part in society [markets, services, and inequality for sexual and gender minorities.10 spaces].”13 People have multiple, intersecting identities that interact with one another to either produce an advantage However, gender inequalities and gaps are largely or a disadvantage to the individual.14 For LGBTI people, their assessed and addressed on the assumption that there socio-economic status, race, ethnicity, class, geographic are only two genders defined as men/boys and women/ location, disability status, and other identifiers can further girls. This binary understanding of gender excludes compound their marginalization and vulnerability or significant groups of people who identify outside of the protect them from harm and exclusion that they would strictly defined men/women system, such as intersex and have otherwise faced as sexual and gender minorities nonbinary people, as well as those who do not abide by (see Figure 1).15 Lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and intersex prescribed gender roles or gender expressions.11 Expanding women bear overlapping disadvantages due to being the definitions and institutional understanding of gender women and also belonging outside of “acceptable” sexual outside binary terms is therefore critical to promoting orientation or gender identity. In displacement and equal access to outcomes and opportunities in relation to humanitarian settings, the risks they face are heightened.16 endowments, agency, and access to economic activities for all, including sexual and gender minorities. Growing evidence suggests that LGBTI people face significant challenges resulting in adverse socio- A second aspect of SOGI and its link to gender equality economic outcomes. These include lower education comes from acknowledging overlapping disadvantages achievements, increased unemployment rates, and among marginalized groups. In 2023, the World Bank’s inadequate access to housing, health care, and financial Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) Global Practice, services. Those who most visibly express non-normative drawing on state-of-the-art social development SOGI (i.e., transgender people and others who reject knowledge, articulated a new framework for promoting normative gender expressions) experience the most 8  heterosexual person is someone who is romantically attracted to or sexually oriented toward people of the opposite sex. This means A a man would be attracted to a woman and likewise, a woman attracted to a man. A cisgender person is someone whose gender identity and the sex they were assigned at birth align. 9 Heise, Lori, et al. “Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health.” The Lancet 393.10189 (2019):  2440-2454. 10  Rees-Turyn, Amy M., et al. “Sexism and sexual prejudice (homophobia): The impact of the gender belief system and inversion theory on sexual orientation research and attitudes toward sexual minorities.” Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling 2.1 (2008): 2-25. 11 The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “The struggle of trans and gender-diverse persons.” https:/  /www.ohchr.org/en/ special-procedures/ie-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/struggle-trans-and-gender-diverse-persons. 12 Barron, Patrick, et al. 2023. Social Sustainability in Development: Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.:  World Bank. 13  World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 14 Ibid. 15 World Bank. 2015. “Brief on violence against sexual and gender minority women.” Violence against women and girls: A resource guide.  https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/violence-against-women-and-girls. 16 Ibid. 2 discrimination and higher rates of violence.17,18 According to Transgender Europe (TGEU) 2021 report, which monitors data collected by trans and LGBTI organizations globally, of the 375 trans and gender-diverse people who were murdered in 2020–2021, 96 percent were transwomen or transfeminine people.19 These hardships often lead to a disproportionate representation of LGBTI people among the most disadvantaged populations.20 For instance, a study conducted in Serbia by the World Bank reveals that discrimination contributes to lower socio-economic status, with an increase in the at-risk- of-poverty rate from 16 percent to 20 percent among LGBTI individuals who experience discrimination.21 Additionally, the absence of a supportive legal framework, often a consequence of this stigma, further exacerbates the challenges faced by LGBTI communities. FIGURE 1: EXAMPLES OF INTERSECTING IDENTITIES THAT IMPACT LGBTI PEOPLE’S EXPERIENCE OF EXCLUSION AND DISCRIMINATION Source: World Bank SSI Global Practice. 17  janen, T. T. 2009. “Sexual/Gender Minorities in Thailand: Identities, Challenges, and Voluntary-Sector Counseling.” Sexuality Research O and Social Policy 6 (2): 4-34. 18  World Bank. 2018. Life on the Margins: Survey Results of the Experiences of LGBTI People in Southeastern Europe. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 19 Balzer, Carsten, Carla LaGata, and Lukas Berredo. “2021 Update of Trans Murder Monitoring (TMM).” Berlin: Transrespect versus  Transphobia Worldwide (2021). 20 World Bank: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. https:/ /www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity 21 Koehler, Dominik; Harley, Georgia; et al. “Discrimination against sexual minorities in education and housing: evidence from two field  experiments in Serbia.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8504. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 3 Legal Status of LGBTI People Globally In addition, LGBTI people face legal barriers in accessing education, labor markets, social protection, and public LGBTI people experience widespread legal discrimination services. According to the World Bank’s 2021 Equality and regulatory barriers that hinder their ability to of Opportunities for Sexual and Gender Minorities participate equally in society and contribute fully to (EQOSOGI) study, only two out of the 16 surveyed their economies22 Currently, 64 countries criminalize countries prohibit discrimination, bullying, cyberbullying, same-sex consensual activity,23 while 11 countries impose and harassment based on SOGI in educational settings the death penalty for same sex activities.24 Further, in and school admissions. Similarly, most countries surveyed countries where the law does not protect a women’s right also lack legal frameworks that allow health care providers to refuse marital sex (32 countries), LBT women who are to deliver services to sexual and gender minorities, forced to marry a man and have a heterosexual lifestyle are including vaccinations, HIV prevention therapies, and exposed to increased risks of intimate partner violence.25 gender-affirming treatments. Only three countries of the In some countries, LGBTI people are also legally prohibited 16 prohibit employers from dismissing employees based from political participation, advocacy, and forming on their SOGI, leaving sexual and gender minorities more organizations. At least 42 countries have legal barriers to susceptible to losing their jobs. freedom of expression on sexual orientation and gender identity issues.26 22 C  ortez, Clifton, John Arzinos, and Christian De la Medina Soto. 2021. Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 23 Carbonaro, Giulia. “Homosexuality Is Still Illegal in These 67 U.N. Countries.” Newsweek, 22 Aug 2022. https:/  /www.newsweek.com/ homosexuality-illegal-67-un-countries-173557. 24 González Cabrera, Cristian. “Barbados High Court Decriminalizes Gay Sex.” Human Rights Watch, December 13, 2022. 25 ILGA World. 2020. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update. Geneva: ILGA.  26  World Bank. 2015. “Brief on violence against sexual and gender minority women.” Violence against women and girls: A resource guide. World Bank. https:/ /www.worldbank.org/en/programs/violence-against-women-and-girls. 27 Ibid. 4 EQOSOGI and other research find that sexual and gender Why SOGI Inclusion is Important minorities are likely to encounter legal barriers in accessing to Development services, such as changing their gender marker in official The cost of discrimination against women and girls to the ID documents, entering into civil partnerships or marriages, economy is well-documented. A 2018 World Bank study adopting children with their partners, and applying for of 141 countries highlights inequality in earnings that could asylum. LGBTI people are also more likely to be targets lead to losses in human capital wealth of $160.2 trillion, of hate crime; however, few countries provide adequate which would be $23,620 per person globally (assuming legal protection for sexual and gender minorities.27 For women earn as much as men).32 In the same way that example, only four out of the 16 countries in the EQOSOGI reducing gaps between men and women makes economic report did not consider crimes based on a person’s SOGI sense, emerging data show that addressing discrimination to be aggravating circumstances under the law, nor did against LGBTI people and promoting their inclusion can these countries mandate the monitoring and collection lead to improved economic growth and productivity for of hate crime-related data or training of police and countries.33 SOGI inclusion also makes institutions and service providers. businesses more representative and effective. Inclusive Despite often still bleak legal and policy environments, and diverse economies enjoy higher levels of productivity LGBTI people have, in fact, made tremendous progress in and economic growth.34,35,36 claiming some rights and promoting inclusive societies Conversely, SOGI-based exclusion impacts economic in a variety of countries in recent decades. While there outcomes for countries in the following ways:37 is no global legal framework to ensure LGBTI people’s equality of access to education, employment, social  iscrimination in employment and constraints on labor 1. D protection, and protection from violence, as of 2020, 11 supply can lead to loss in productivity and output. countries provide constitutional protections for sexual and gender minorities.28 A further 57 countries provide broad  ower returns to education and discrimination and violence 2. L protections and a total of 81 countries have laws protecting in educational settings can lead to inefficient investment in people from discrimination in the workplace on the basis human capital. of sexual orientation.29 In the past five years, a number of countries, including Angola, Gabon, Botswana, Mozambique,  iscrimination by health care providers and exclusion from 3. D the Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, India, and health services can lead to loss of output. Bhutan, have decriminalized homosexuality.30,31 Over the nvestments that might be better spent elsewhere need to 4. I years, the UN has made efforts to address SOGI inclusion be redirected to social and health services to address the through a human rights lens through the Resolution impacts of exclusion. 17/19 of 2011 and the establishment of an Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity in 2016. Despite these legal advances and inclusion efforts, deeply entrenched stigma, and negative stereotypes against LGBTI people persist. 27  oran, Leslie J. “LGBT hate crime.” The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime (2014): 266-277. M 28 ILGA World. 2020. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update. Geneva: ILGA. 29 Ibid. 30 BBC “Homosexuality: The Countries Where it is Illegal to be Gay.” BBC News, March 31, 2023. https:/  /www.bbc.com/news/ world-43822234. 31 Phalnikar, Sonia. “Pushing for LGBTQ rights in 2021.” Deutsche Welle. December 27, 2021. https:/  /www.dw.com/en/from-bhutan-to- botswana-lgbtq-rights-advanced-in-unexpected-places-in-2021/a-60217589. 32 Wodon, Q. T., and B. de la Brière. 2018. “Unrealized Potential: The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings.” The Cost of Gender  Inequality Notes Series, World Bank, Washington, D.C. 33 Badgett, M.V. Lee, et al. 2014. The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging  Economies. Los Angeles: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. 34 Corrado, Germana, and Luisa Corrado. “Inclusive finance for inclusive growth and development.” Current Opinion in Environmental  Sustainability 24 (2017): 19-23. 35 Woetzel, J., A. Madgavkar, et al. 2018. The Power of Parity: Advancing Women’s Equality in Asia Pacific. McKinsey & Company. 36 World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 37 Badgett, M.V.Lee. 2014. The economic cost of stigma and the exclusion of LGBT people: A case study of India. Washington, D.C.:  World Bank. 5 Multiple studies across client countries show that the cost minorities cost the country up to 1.7 percent of GDP, the of SOGI-based exclusion on returns to human capital can equivalent of $32 billion.42 Other research shows that be substantial. A 2014 study by USAID and the Williams discrimination, for instance, in the labor sector, negatively Institute finds close links between improved rights for affects productivity and opportunity.43 LGBTI people and positive economic outcomes at both the individual level and broader macro-economic level in The private sector business case for LGBTI inclusion has 39 countries, including in Latin America and the Caribbean, also been well established by the Open for Business East Asia and the Pacific, and South Asia.38 At the micro- coalition.44 A series of studies by Open for Business level, discrimination, exclusion and violence that sexual and estimating the cost of LGBTI discrimination finds at both gender minorities experience in schools and workplaces the regional level (in the Caribbean and in Central and hinder their learning. This leads to unemployment or Eastern Europe) and the country-level (in Kenya and underemployment, resulting in LGBTI people not being Uzbekistan) the foregone economic potential due to SOGI able to maximize their skills and earning potential, which, exclusion ranges between 0.4 percent and 6.0 percent of in turn, contributes to an overall loss in productivity.39 If GDP and costs billions of dollars every year.45 LGBTI people are unable to participate in and contribute Countries’ stronger economic performances may stem fully to their economies, this in turn lowers economic from their greater connectivity and competitiveness output at the national level.40 This cycle of discrimination on the global economic stage and higher levels of and exclusion starts early for young sexual and gender entrepreneurship. Multinational brands are increasingly minorities. It impacts not only an individual’s educational important in the global economy, and more inclusive and health outcomes, earning, and productivity, but also countries are better able to attract foreign labor and foreign the overall well-being of their families and communities. direct investment from such brands. LGBTI inclusivity is Countries that have more legal rights for LGBTI people associated with 4.5 times greater foreign direct investment, also have higher per capita income and better levels on average.46 More open societies also attract a greater of well-being. At the macro-economic level, the USAID number of tourists and consumers for exported goods. and Williams Institute analysis shows a strong positive They have a higher likelihood of attracting skilled workers correlation between per capita GDP and legal rights for and being more conducive to entrepreneurship, while less LGBT people in 39 countries.41 It shows one additional right tolerant societies tend to experience brain drain.47 in the Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual This holds true in emerging markets, especially in Orientation (out of eight rights included) is linked to $1,400 cities.48 LGBTI-inclusive cities in emerging markets more in per capita GDP and with a higher value on the provide a more supportive environment, thereby UN’s Human Development Index, a summary measure boosting competitiveness.49 Such places boast a greater of average achievement in key dimensions of human concentration of skills and talent than their less LGBTI development. Similarly, a World Bank trust-funded study inclusive counterparts, making them more likely to have in India finds that discrimination against sexual and gender stronger innovation ecosystems and to become globally integrated hubs for high-value businesses. 38  adgett, M.V. Lee, et al. 2014. The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging B Economies. Los Angeles. Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42  Badgett, M.V.Lee. 2014. The economic cost of stigma and the exclusion of LGBT people: A case study of India. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 43 Fredman, Sandra. 2013. “Anti-Discrimination Laws and Work in the Developing World: A Thematic Overview.” World Development  Report Background Papers. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 44 Open For Business. 2018. Strengthening the Economic Case. Open for Business. 45 For more information, see Open For Business, Reports. https:/ /open-for-business.org/reports. 46  Using data from UNCTAD, Open for Business found that, on average, countries that do not criminalize consensual same-sex relations attract 4.Five times more foreign investment on average than countries that do criminalize this community. 47 Open For Business. 2018. Strengthening the Economic Case. Open for Business. 48 Open For Business developed “The Open for Business City Ratings” that rated 121 cities based on how LGBT+ inclusive and  economically competitive they are. For more information, see https:/ /open-for-business.org/open-for-business-city-ratings. 49 Open For Business. 2019. Why fast-growing companies from emerging markets are embracing LGBT+ inclusion. Open for Business. 6 For the private sector, the costs of inclusion gaps may be especially high. Companies that lag behind their competitors in respect to diversity, equity, and inclusion practices will find it more difficult to attract and retain top talent and customers, break into new markets, innovate, and build a good reputation among prospective and existing employees, customers, business partners, and stakeholders. Companies that are LGBTI inclusive tend to have better financial performance across multiple indicators. Studies using US publicly traded companies show that LGBTI-inclusive companies have higher stock returns and higher profitability, outperforming benchmarks (see Figure 2).50,51 Similarly, cash flow per employee is 2.3 times higher at large inclusive companies and 13 times higher among smaller inclusive firms.52 FIGURE 2: A BASKET OF 275 LGBTQI-INCLUSIVE PUBLIC FIRMS IN THE US OUTPERFORMED GLOBAL STOCKS AND BENCHMARKS Notes: These 275 companies have openly LGBTQI management, are openly supportive of LGBTQI, or have employees who are openly members of local LGBTQI business networks. The basket also showed better profitability as measured by return on equity (13 percent higher overall). Source: Open for Business. 2018. Strengthening the Economic Case. Open for Business. 50  han, Liwei, Shihe Fu, and Lu Zheng. 2017. “Corporate Sexual Equality and Firm Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 38 (9): S 1812–26. 51 Credit Suisse. 2016. “LGBT: the value of diversity.” Credit Suisse Environmental, Social and Governance Research. 52  Bersin, Josh. 2015. “Why Diversity and Inclusion Has Become a Business Priority.” https:/ /joshbersin.com/2015/12/why-diversity-and- inclusion-will-be-a-top-priority-for-2016/. 7 2. WORLD BANK APPROACHES TO SOGI INCLUSION SOGI Inclusion at the World Bank The World Bank’s work on SOGI inclusion builds on three key pillars: The World Bank adopted SOGI inclusion in 2015 grounded in its commitments to gender equality, social 1. Data and Knowledge Generation inclusion, and non-discrimination. Since then, the Bank’s Because SOGI is such a new area in development, building Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) Global Practice data and knowledge on SOGI is a pressing need. Since has given definition to SOGI inclusion as a part of social 2016, the World Bank has generated original data on inclusion, which is the process of improving the ability, discrimination and exclusion of LGBTI people, including in opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged based on Thailand and the Western Balkans. In 2021, the World Bank their identity to take part in society.53 It is part of a World produced the research report Equality of Opportunity for Bank’s broader goal of building social sustainability into Sexual and Gender Minorites (EQOSOGI), a first-of-its-kind development (see Box 1). The World Bank’s Environmental analysis that benchmarks laws and regulations that either and Social Framework (ESF), particularly through the promote SOGI inclusion or create barriers to SOGI inclusion. Directive on Disadvantaged or Vulnerable Individuals or A second expanded edition of this study is currently Groups, also anchors SOGI inclusion within the principle underway. The World Bank is also testing out a new, more of non-discrimination. The SOGI Global Advisor, in place robust methodology for measuring the economic costs of since November 2016, is responsible for providing thought SOGI based exclusion, in select countries. leadership and technical guidance to World Bank teams. Going forward, SOGI inclusion will also be a key component of the gender equality agenda at the World Bank. BOX 1: WHAT IS SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? The people, policies, and processes driving development need to be inclusive and legitimate, enabling communities to advance while remaining (or becoming more) cohesive and resilient in the face of development’s challenges. How development occurs matters greatly. Built on social cohesion, inclusion, resilience, and process legitimacy—social sustainability increases when more people feel part of the development process and believe that they and their descendants will benefit from it. Communities and societies that are more socially sustainable are more willing and able to work together to overcome challenges, deliver public goods, and allocate scarce resources in ways perceived to be legitimate and fair so that all people may thrive over time. Source: Barron, Patrick, et al. 2023. Social Sustainability in Development: Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century. Washington, D.C: World Bank. 1  The data is from the Gender Data Portal (https://bit.ly/3X1b0PH) for the indicator: Labor force participation rate, male and female (% of male and female population ages 15-64 years) (modeled ILO estimate). 8 2. SOGI Inclusion in Operations and Investments to the Gender Equality Law and is supporting its efforts to broaden the scope and definition of gender equality to The SSI Global Practice hosts the largest concentration include SOGI (see Section 3). The SSI Global Practice also of social scientists and gender practitioners in the World leads operations on women’s empowerment (economic, Bank, with expertise on frontier issues, such as agency, voice, and agency) and standalone GBV operations. These social norms change, gender-based violence (GBV) investments are uniquely apt to advancing intersectional prevention and response, gender and climate change, aspects of gender inclusion, such as SOGI inclusion, women’s participation in grievance mechanisms, gender disability inclusion, and inclusion of Indigenous Peoples. and resettlement. It is well-placed to leverage its expertise on gender and SOGI inclusion. 3. Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) Implementation SOGI and SSI specialists support World Bank teams in the design and implementation of projects with the goal Introduced in 2018, the World Bank’s ESF protects of minimizing the possibility of discrimination based on people and the environment from potential adverse SOGI. They also provide input on strategic documents, impacts that could arise from World Bank-financed such as Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), Country projects and promotes sustainable development. This Partnership Frameworks (CPFs), and Country Economic framework provides broad protection, including related to Memorandums (CEMs), and deliver dedicated training so transparency, non-discrimination, social inclusion, public World Bank staff and clients can apply a SOGI lens in their participation, and accountability. The ESF also emphasizes development work. building borrower governments’ own capacity to deal with environmental and social issues, such as social inclusion In particular, the SSI Global Practice uses its country gender and non-discrimination. The ESF’s Directive on Addressing programs and platforms (CGPs) as a critical entry point for Risks and Impacts on Disadvantaged or Vulnerable work on SOGI inclusion. For example, in 2019, the Nepal CGP Individuals or Groups establishes guidelines for Bank staff and India CGP supported training for World Bank staff and due diligence obligations on identifying and mitigating country counterparts on SOGI inclusion, SOGI in operations, risks and impacts on individuals or groups who may be and consultations with local civil society. Similarly, the disadvantaged or vulnerable. It explicitly enumerates Vietnam CGP is providing technical assistance to the sexual orientation and gender identity. Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs in its updates 9 To support the implementation of the ESF, the World (DFIs) and multilateral development banks to collaborate Bank produced the SOGI Good Practice Note (GPN) in and share knowledge. IFC is working to build the capacity October 2019 (with an update coming in 2023). The SSI of investment officers and to develop and apply an LGBTI Global Practice has also supported World Bank teams in investment lens approach (based on the well-established the design and implementation of projects with the goal of gender lens investing framework) in its investment, minimizing the possibility of discrimination based on SOGI, advisory, and upstream operations. IFC seeks to lead the as required under Environmental and Social Standards way for other DFIs and to help investors and companies 1. It has carried out ESF SOGI missions in 11 countries, become more LGBTI-inclusive. which have included consultations with LGBTI civil society organizations and training on SOGI for in-country IFC’s thought leadership work on LGBTI includes project implementors. publishing reports. Inclusive Banking: Emerging Practices to Advance the Economic Inclusion of LGBTI People identifies emerging practices implemented by global and regional SOGI Inclusion at the International banks to support the inclusion of LGBTI people, both as Finance Corporation employees and customers. IFC is also developing an LGBTI SOGI is mentioned in the International Finance Lens Investing Framework and piloting it in upcoming Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards, particularly client investments and advisory engagements in Latin under PS2 on Labor and Working Conditions. Sexual and America and other regions. To that end it has processed the gender minorities are also included wherever “vulnerable first loan with an LGBTI component in Colombia for Banco groups” are mentioned in IFC’s Performance Standards. In Davivienda (See Section 3). addition, the Social Bond Impact Principles, which IFC co- created with the International Capital Market Association IFC is also contributing to the development of the 2X (ICMA), mention sexual and gender minorities as a specific Plus Framework on Gender and Intersectionality for beneficiary class for use of proceeds. This creates various marginalized groups, which offers guidance on how to entry points for LGBTI-inclusive work with the private integrate LGBTI considerations in investments. IFC is sector, as the focus. also developing a workplace inclusion guidance note to aggregate and analyze the various LGBTI workplace In 2020, IFC launched its Economic Inclusion Program to inclusion toolkits available on the market. It is hosting the focus on advancing the economic inclusion of persons Together We Can Plus (TWC+) Peer Learning Platform (PLP) with disabilities and LGBTI people. The program does in Sri Lanka, which brings together 13 companies that have this through research and building the evidence base, made specific commitments to become more inclusive generating ideas for investments, providing advice and of LGBTI employees and customers (see Section 3). IFC tools to help clients foster diversity, equity, and inclusion is launching another PLP in Mexico (Mexico2Equal Plus) (DEI), training, and capacity building of IFC staff, clients, and following strong interest and demand from clients. IFC is partners. It creates opportunities for peer learning among also piloting LGBTI and disability inclusion in the appraisal companies and establishes networks of stakeholders, stage of investment deals. including with other development finance institutions 10 3. EMERGING GOOD PRACTICES ON SOGI INCLUSION Various World Bank and IFC projects and initiatives Designing an Inclusive Gender Equality Law, Vietnam are implementing innovative practices to ensure SOGI Country Gender Program, World Bank inclusion in their work. This section highlights several The SSI Global Practice’s Country Gender Program (CGP) in noteworthy practices undertaken in different countries Vietnam is supporting the National Assembly Social Affairs and sectors. These examples underscore the significance Committee and relevant line ministries in their efforts to of stakeholder engagement; inclusive design and access ensure select new and updated laws are informed by an to public services; private sector involvement in advancing assessment of their impact on men, women, and sexual SOGI equality in various sectors and regions; and the need and gender minorities. This includes updating the 2006 for safe, affordable, and accessible public transport for all. Gender Equality Law (GEL). Transgender Inclusion in Karachi Mobility Project, Current legal frameworks in Vietnam refer to gender Pakistan, World Bank equality in binary male/female terms without references to Women, including transgender women, are particularly inclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and affected by lack of safe, affordable, and accessible public expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC). The update transport systems in Karachi. Through consultations with to the GEL presents an opportunity to broaden the scope organizations representing transgender women, the and definition of gender equality to include SOGIESC. project team learned that sexual harassment and lack of safety were major barriers preventing transgender Working in close collaboration with the Ministry of women from using public transport. As a result of these Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) and partners consultations, the team included the following actions and national interest groups representing the LGBTI in the project design to improve security for vulnerable community, the CGP analyzed the legal framework for groups and increase their ridership: enhancing safety and SOGIESC inclusion in Vietnam and assessed key gaps in security features on the Bus Rapid Transit to mitigate GBV the current GEL that limit inclusion of sexual and gender risks through staff training; creating reliable channels for minorities. It proposed recommendations to make the complaints and feedback; running an awareness campaign GEL more inclusive of LGBTI people with links to data and against harassment and GBV; and adopting design features international best practices and an assessment of their that address the needs of women, transgender people, and relevance for the Vietnamese context. other vulnerable groups. Strengthening State Universities in Chile, World Bank ID Systems and SOGI Inclusive Design, West Africa, The World Bank is helping the Government of Chile World Bank address the challenges faced by LGBTI students, students In West Africa, the SSI team used the broader framework with disabilities, Indigenous students, and migrant of inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable groups as an students in higher education. The government envisions entry point to carry out national consultations in multiple the development of LGBTI capacity building plans in countries to learn about the challenges that LGBTI people close coordination with Centers of Inclusion at state face in accessing and using ID systems. The consultations universities. A network among the Centers of Inclusion found that transgender people face discrimination and will promote effectiveness and homogeneity in service are often subjected to violence when the gender on their delivery and equitable targeting among state universities, ID does not match their current physical appearance. with the possible development of common standards to The consultations highlighted important inclusive design be replicated nationwide. The project will also promote factors for the ID enrollment system, including the need career counseling programs with a focus on vulnerable for enrollment to occur in places where LGBTI people feel and under-represented segments of the population (for safe. This critical feedback led to develop a global guidance example, sexual minorities). note on ID Systems and SOGI Inclusive Design, which is now being used in other regions and countries preparing ID systems projects. 11 Mitre Passenger Railway Line Modernization Project, LGBTI-Inclusive Products and Financial Services, IFC Buenos Aires, Argentina, World Bank Private sector banking is recognizing that LGBTI people In preparation for a project to modernize Buenos Aires’ make up a significant and growing market for financial railways, participatory planning and citizen collaboration products and services. More banks and financial service efforts identified concerns and access constraints related providers are considering how to further the inclusion of to minorities, including sexual minorities in public transit. LGBTI people. Examples in IFC’s Inclusive Banking report In response, construction and refurbishment works in rail refer to banks, such as ANZ and HSBC, that have upgraded stations will create adapted and inclusive spaces, including their retail banking interfaces (including at branch and via for women and sexual and gender minorities. To improve telephone banking) to allow customers to easily update their experience as train users, gender offices will be set up in the gender information on their accounts without the need several stations to host workshops and training on gender- for additional document checks. related issues. Protocols for risk situations for women and LGBTI+ people will be updated, improving travel experience Banks in emerging markets are also taking steps. and personal security for women and sexual minorities. Argentinian state-owned Banco de la Nación announced a Bathrooms will also include female hygiene products one percent target for transgender people in the workforce dispensers (with online payment or associated with the as part of an agreement with the banking industry’s labor train tickets) and baby changing equipment. The project union, Asociación Bancaria. BBVA Continental and Banco will also address gender stereotypes and barriers to the de Crédito del Perú, Scotia Bank Peru, and Interbank offer employment of women in the railway sector by promoting shared financial products that anyone can use, regardless the entry and advancement of women to positions of of sexual orientation or gender identity. In Pakistan, higher responsibility through tailored campaigns and First Women Bank Limited provides bank accounts for pilot projects. For example, the project will collaborate transgender women. Pride Bank targets LGBTI groups with universities on a training and internship program to in Brazil and offers tailored credit and savings products, increase women students’ interest and participation in the insurance, and financial services. railway sector. 12 Citi and other banks allow customers to choose the title Together We Can Plus, Sri Lanka, IFC and name displayed on debit and credit cards, even if IFC is implementing a Peer Learning Platform (PLP) in Sri local regulations do not permit gender or name changes Lanka as part of its broader gender engagement in the on official identification documents. Standard Chartered country. Together We Can Plus (TWC+) brings together has established standards for the nomenclature and 13 companies (including HSBC, Unilever, as well as local language used in its product descriptions to remove terms companies) that have expressed interest in LGBTI and that may be exclusionary of certain groups. Several banks disability inclusion in the workforce and customer base. train customer-facing staff on how to have inclusive and These companies have made specific commitments to respectful conversations with customers identifying as improve the inclusion of these two groups as part of their transgender or gender non-binary. engagement in the PLP and have already fulfilled a great IFC has also processed the first-of-its-kind LGBTI lens deal of them. Examples of commitments include creating investment in Colombia. The $275 million investment in a mutually supportive company culture by establishing Banco Davivienda will be complemented with a potential employee resource groups, mentoring, and/or coaching advisory services project focused on supporting the initiatives; identifying and making changes to the company’s bank to develop a meaningful value proposition towards products and services to better reach LGBTI people; and LGBTI customers. revising the company’s internal materials, policies, and procedures, as well as public-facing communications The proceeds of the loan will also support Davivienda materials to reflect more inclusive language. to increase access to finance for other segments of the population that remain underserved. This includes IFC offers support, including training sessions, guest women-headed and low-income housing (or social speakers, discussion, and sharing of good practices, to help housing as defined by the Colombian government), these companies reach their commitments and even go women-led small and medium enterprises (WSMEs), beyond, by institutionalizing inclusion in their business and climate-smart projects. IFC is also collaborating with models. Companies expressed interest in TWC+ in Sri the Colombian banking association on a market study in Lanka despite same-sex relations still being criminalized Colombia to assess the LGBTI market profile and business in the country. This is a prime example of the role of the opportunities for sensitizing financial institutions on the private sector in advancing inclusion. potential to serve LGBTI segments. 13 4. SOGI INCLUSION IN THE WORLD BANK GENDER STRATEGY 2024–2030 The World Bank’s Gender Strategy update (2024–2030) Projects to end GBV can include the creation or currently underway asserts three high-level objectives: strengthening of specialized services and “safe spaces” end GBV and elevate human capital, expand and enable for sexual and gender minorities and their families economic opportunities, and engage women as leaders. that cultivate education and empowerment and offer For countries, companies, and development partners integral services for LBT survivors of GBV. It is also vital wishing to advance SOGI inclusion, these goals and work to work toward the prevention of the revictimization of envisioned under them provide entry points to strengthen LBT GBV survivors and involve communities to stimulate LGBTI people’s access to development outcomes, including change in the social norms that perpetuate homophobia, the following. transphobia, and discrimination against LBT people. 1. End GBV and Elevate Human Capital 2. Expand and Enable Economic Opportunities Education projects can support programs that address To enable economic opportunities, initiatives that support bullying and safety issues for children who are or are women entrepreneurs can be expanded to include perceived to be sexual or gender minorities (including entrepreneurs who are sexual and gender minorities. establishing official reporting mechanisms that are safe Labor retraining programs for the unemployed can also for LGBTI students). They can also support development be expanded to include sexual and gender minorities. of school curricula to include information on sexual The World Bank can support countries that decide to orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex establish SOGI-based employment quotas (for example, characteristics. Teacher training programs can make employment quotas for transgender women in Pakistan) teachers aware of attitudinal barriers and child protection by ensuring Bank-financed projects abide by these legally risks for sexual and gender minorities. Teachers can also established quotas. learn how to identify, refer, and respond to GBV against students who are or who are perceived to be sexual and To increase access to finance, it is important to uplift gender minority learners, both at the school and university LGBTI-focused funds and incubators as many LGBTI levels. It is critical that schools and universities have funding people work in the informal sector or are self-employed. to support inclusion and diversity work. Financial institutions and intermediaries also need support in providing access to capital to LGBTI people Measure to promote health, social protection, and jobs (for example, providing loans to start businesses). This must be open to all. Access to safe health care must be includes transgender people whose official government non-discriminatory and non-judgmental. Social protection issued documents do not reflect their self-declared programs must also be accessible to all, including sexual gender identity. and gender minorities, by addressing barriers, such as stigmatizing heteronormative language underlying the social protection programs and/or stigmatizing attitudes of those administering the program. 14 3. Engage Women as Leaders stakeholders. This requires strong partnership with LGBTI civil society organizations, partner national statistical To expand access of LGBTI people to the policy arena, it is offices (NSOs), Eurostat, the United Nations Statistics important to promote policies that tackle traditional social Division, and other technical experts, to jointly develop norms by allowing and facilitating LBT women’s access common standards for collecting SOGI-disaggregated data to education, jobs, and financial services. Projects must in household surveys, while ensuring the safety, security, promote participation, local empowerment, demand- and confidentiality of the respondents. Concerted efforts responsiveness, greater downward accountability, and to disseminate these outputs will also require dedicated enhanced local capacity that are inclusive of LBT people. training and sensitization activities for NSOs, relevant This includes encouraging consultations with LBT civil government agencies, and non-governmental partners at society organizations and representatives in projects that the country and international levels. are directly relevant to them, particularly in the health, education, and jobs and social protections sectors. The World Bank proposes the following activities: Beyond these entry points within the Gender Strategy’s  onduct a systematic review of existing good practices on 1. C objectives, there are opportunities to work with countries inclusion of SOGI-identifying questions in censuses and and partners who are interested in collaborating on household surveys. expanding the World Bank’s efforts to include SOGI in the following areas:  acilitate a consultative process involving LGBTI civil society 2. F organizations, partner national statistical offices (NSOs), 1. Filling the Data and Knowledge Gap Eurostat, the United Nations Statistics Division, and other technical experts to inform the draft versions of SOGI- 2. Leveraging Impact Evaluation and Learning identifying survey questions, interviewer training materials, 3. S  upporting Policy and Institutional Reforms for Sexual and and protocol for data collection. Gender Minorities through Development Policy Financing  onduct pilot testing of the draft tools in several 3. C 4. Enhancing Staff Training and Capacity Building countries, including possibly methodological experiments to test competing approaches to SOGI-disaggregated survey data collection. Area 1: Filling the Knowledge and Data Gap While there are emerging practices in collecting SOGI-  efine and finalize the recommended questions, training 4. R disaggregated data, including as part of sample surveys, materials, and protocol for data collection and make them collecting data from LGBTI people remains challenging. publicly available as “Guidelines for SOGI-Disaggregated Many LGBTI people are reluctant to self-identify on surveys Data Collection in Household Surveys.” due to the risk of further discrimination and exclusion. It Develop resources for training and capacity building of 5.  remains an important goal to include validated SOGI- national statistical offices to implement the guidelines. identifying questions in censuses and household surveys that inform official statistics, but this requires a high degree Area 2: Leveraging Impact Evaluations and Learning of social acceptance and awareness, trust on the part of Different units at the Bank, including the Gender Unit, LGBTI people, and domestic political support on the part the Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) group, the of client countries. Nonetheless, the generation of more Gender Innovation Labs (GILs), and the SSI Global Practice, SOGI-disaggregated data is a key priority for the World conduct impact evaluations of development interventions Bank and the production of related data is currently limited and policy research to generate evidence on how to close to specialized, one-off surveys. gender gaps in earnings, productivity, assets, and agency. Anchored in the need to increase the availability and quality These units also provide cross-support during project of SOGI-disaggregated data, the World Bank proposes preparation to help design interventions to create more to develop and validate SOGI-identifying questions that equal opportunities for women and girls and to promote can be recommended for use in household surveys as a social mobility and inclusive growth. first step. In addition, the World Bank is keen to support Building on existing work, this workstream could help the development of interviewer training materials and generate evidence through impact evaluations and protocols for administering these questions in face-to- inferential studies on LGBTI people to understand the face, phone, and online surveys in partnership with other 15 sources of underlying constraints that LGBTI people face from 24 percent in FY17 to 70 percent in FY21. Prior and learn what works to improve development outcomes actions resulted in important results as varied as greater for sexual and gender minorities. This can enable project access to finance or access to property, increases in jobs teams and policymakers to design innovative and scalable for women, greater preschool participation, strengthened interventions that address SOGI-based inequalities. child protection, increased access to education and health, better internet, and electricity connectivity, reduction in Piloting innovative activities in sectors that have substantial girls’ dropout rates, increased support to GBV survivors, service delivery elements, such as social protection, and greater female representation in local elections. education, and health, and/or a focus on violence and gender-based violence, SSI and gender teams could In 2021 the World Bank launched the first iteration of the derive what works on the ground for better inclusion of EQOSOGI study in 16 countries. EQOSOGI is first in a series LGBTI people in development. The teams can then use of annual studies assessing the laws and regulations that this knowledge to advise project teams on how to design affect the lives of LGBTI people in 16 countries: Bangladesh, evidence-based programs. Canada, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Mexico, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Area 3: Supporting Policy and Institutional Reforms for Africa, Tunisia, Ukraine, and Uruguay. These countries Sexual and Gender Minorities through Development represent different geographic areas, income levels, and Policy Financing inclusiveness of sexual and gender minorities, ensuring Development policy financing (DPF) is one of the Bank’s a diverse and holistic representation of the issues. The three complementary financing instruments and supports report measures six indicators to identify differences in the policy and institutional reforms to help clients achieve legal treatment of sexual and gender minorities, including sustainable growth and poverty reduction. DPFs have criminalization, political and civil inclusion, hate crimes, increasingly integrated gender aspects, closely aligning with and access to inclusive education, the labor market, public the directions of the World Bank Gender Strategy 2024– services, and social protection. Although most of the 2030, from ownership and control of assets to more and 16 countries address discrimination against sexual and better jobs to human endowments to voice and agency. gender minorities in some way, no economy has achieved The share of gender tagged DPFs has steadily increased true equality under the law. 16 The World Bank, in collaboration with the Asian Development Bank, is currently expanding the EQOSOGI and collecting data in 62 countries. The EQOSOGI initiative provides a unique opportunity for the Bank to use the legal and policy recommendations as the basis for advice on DPFs with clients in the six sectoral areas of work. Area 4: Staff Training and Capacity Building Since 2016, the Bank’s SSI Global Practice and SOGI Global Advisor have developed and carried out training to build the capacity of World Bank staff and clients to apply a SOGI lens in their work. Training includes special modules for project managers and in-country implementation teams. Most recently, SOGI-specific deep dives on the ESF have been offered to the Bank’s environmental and social specialists and project leaders. SOGI training of Bank staff remains a critical agenda and will continue to expand as the World Bank Gender Strategy 2024–2030 takes shape. This includes in the areas of data generation, evidence building, and operations. 17 GLOSSARY This glossary of terms and definitions provides a common basis for understanding, and to offers terminology to describe concepts related to sexual orientation and gender identity. GENERAL SOGI Sexual orientation and gender identity. SOGIESC Sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex. LBT Acronym to describe lesbians, bisexual, and transgender women. Discrimination on the basis of SOGI means creating a distinction, exclusion, or restriction that has the purpose or effect of impairing or excluding a person based on their real or perceived sexual Discrimination orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or sex characteristics (SOGIESC) from being on an equal basis with others. Gender-based violence refers to harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender. It can GBV take various forms and is rooted in gender inequality, the abuse of power, and harmful norms. SEX An umbrella term that refers to people who have one or more of a range of variations in physical sex characteristics that fall outside of traditional conceptions of male or female bodies. Some intersex Intersex characteristics are identified at birth, while other people may not discover they have intersex traits until puberty or later in life. Note that intersex is not synonymous with transgender. Each person’s physical features relating to sex, including genitalia and other sexual and reproductive Sex characteristics anatomy, chromosomes, hormones, and secondary physical features emerging from puberty. GENDER IDENTITY Each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender (e.g., of being a man, a woman, in-between, neither, or something else), which may or may not correspond with the sex they were Gender identity assigned at birth, or the gender attributed to them by other people. Note that this sense of self is not related to sexual orientation. Gender identity is internal; it is not necessarily visible to others. The way a person shows their gender to the world, through clothing, hairstyles, mannerisms, and Gender expression other means. A person whose sex assigned at birth does not match their gender identity. The term “trans” is often Transgender used as shorthand. Cis or cisgender are used for people whose gender identity is in alignment with the sex assigned to Cisgender them at birth. (Cis meaning “in alignment with” or “on the same side”). 18 SEXUAL ORIENTATION Each person’s enduring capacity for profound romantic, emotional and/or physical feelings for, or Sexual orientation attraction to, person(s) of a particular sex or gender. It encompasses hetero-, homo- and bi-sexuality and a wide range of other expressions of sexual orientation. Sexual and Persons whose sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or gender expression differ from gender minorities those of the majority of the surrounding society. A woman who predominantly has the capacity for romantic, emotional and/or physical attraction to Lesbian other women. A man who predominantly has the capacity for romantic, emotional and/or physical attraction to other Gay men. The term is sometimes used to also describe women who are attracted to other women. 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