VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Cover photo: © Curt Carnemark / World Bank 2 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Disaster Risk Management Brief Second Edition Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4 KEY POINTS ................................................................................................................................................... 5 INTERSECTION BETWEEN DRM AND VAWG .................................................................................................. 7 ETHICAL AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VAWG INTERVENTIONS .................................................. 9 RAPID SITUATION ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 10 KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG INTO DRM PROJECTS..................................................................... 13 Before the emergency: Risk identification, Risk Reduction, Emergency Preparedness........................... 13 Policy level recommendations ............................................................................................................ 13 Institutional and sectoral level recommendations ............................................................................. 14 Community level recommendations ................................................................................................... 15 During an Emergency—Emergency Response and Resilient Early Recovery .......................................... 15 Policy level recommendations ............................................................................................................ 16 Institutional and sectoral level recommendations ............................................................................. 16 Community level recommendations ................................................................................................... 18 After an Emergency—Resilient Recovery, Reconstruction, and Livelihood Restoration ......................... 20 Policy level recommendations ............................................................................................................ 20 Institutional and sectoral level recommendations ............................................................................. 20 Community level recommendations ................................................................................................... 25 MATRIX OF KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG PREVENTION AND RESPONSE INTERVENTIONS ACCORDING TO KEY SUB-SECTOR, STAKEHOLDERS, AND PROJECT INTERVENTION AND RELATED INDICATORS ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Before an Emergency—Risk Identification, Risk Reduction, and Emergency Preparedness ................... 26 During an Emergency—Emergency Response and Resilient Early Recovery .......................................... 28 After an Emergency—Resilient Recovery, Reconstruction, and Livelihood Restoration ......................... 31 RECOMMENDED RESOURCES..................................................................................................................... 35 Toolkits and Frameworks ........................................................................................................................ 35 Other Resources...................................................................................................................................... 36 Research and Manuscripts ...................................................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 38 3 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF INTRODUCTION Disasters triggered by climate and other natural hazards are increasing in frequency, severity, and duration worldwide (IPCC 2022). Disasters, whether from natural hazards or man-made, cost lives and livelihoods. The poorer a community is, the more vulnerable it is to natural hazards and climate change. Disasters do not have an equal effect on everyone. Children, women and girls, elderly people, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and other marginalized communities — especially in lower-income countries — are often disproportionately affected by disasters. Therefore, managing the growing disaster risks should be integrated into all aspects of development. Disaster risk management (DRM) encompasses a wide range of activities involved in post-disaster response and reconstruction, as well as a broader set of actions that include improving disaster preparedness and enabling better disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030—the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction—outlines four priorities for action to protect development gains from the risk of disaster: Understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, investing in disaster reduction for resilience, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build Back Better in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction (UNDRR 2015). The Sendai Framework recognizes women’s indispensable role in disaster preparedness, management, response, and recovery. There is a clear link between violence against women and girls (VAWG) and disasters triggered by natural hazards. A recent global review of 41 studies found a rise in VAWG during and after extreme weather events, related to factors such as economic instability, food insecurity, mental stress, loss of control, disrupted infrastructure (including health and judicial services), greater exposure to men, culture or tradition, and exacerbated gender inequities within patriarchal societies (van Daalen, et al. 2022). Despite calls by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 to integrate gender considerations for inclusive policy, strategies, and practices (UNDRR 2015), much more must be done to mitigate, prevent, and respond to VAWG in DRM programming. This brief is intended for development practitioners of international finance institutions and government officials designing DRM strategies and programs.1 It is designed to highlight entry points and provide guidance to support development practitioners in integrating measures to prevent and respond to VAWG into resilience and DRM projects and programs. It contains guidance on ethics and safety; resources for conducting a rapid situation analysis; specific ideas for implementation of policies and programs at the institutional, sectoral, and community levels; detailed examples of promising practices with a menu of indicators for use in monitoring and evaluation; and several active links to more-detailed resources and toolkits for working at the intersection of DRM and VAWG. The brief is not intended to be exhaustive, nor is it a scientific study of the prevalence and consequences of VAWG in the sectors that fall under DRM. 1 For further details on key terminology, refer to Annex I ‘Key Terminology’ in the Introduction brief of the VAWG Resource Guide. 4 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF KEY POINTS • Disasters triggered by climate and other natural hazards are increasing in frequency, severity, and duration worldwide. Over the past two decades, 7,348 disasters triggered by natural hazards were recorded—nearly double the number between 1980 and 1999 (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2020). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, these events will become even more frequent and intense because of the growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (IPCC 2022). The increasing frequency of natural hazards2 may put more women and girls at risk because disasters affect them disproportionally. Emerging evidence (Thurston, Stöckl, and Ranganathan 2021; van Daalen et al. 2022) suggests that VAWG increases in disaster settings by increasing stressors that trigger VAWG (e.g., housing insecurity, economic insecurity, trauma, mental health problems) and providing an enabling environment for VAWG to occur (e.g., law enforcement failures after the disaster, lack of privacy from open-plan evacuation shelters). • Although typically overlooked, VAWG is a known risk for women and girls before and after disasters that (like conflicts) lead to a breakdown in social networks and systems that protect women and girls in times of peace and stability (WHO 2013a). Moreover, managing DRM programming when natural hazards occur in fragility and security crises contexts implies dealing with the compound effects of a double crisis, which limit access to basic services and infrastructure. Gaps in recognition and response to an increase in risks of VAWG at the onset of the emergency mean that crucial protection systems and response services are implemented long after the onset of a crisis.3 • DRM projects can include VAWG prevention and response interventions and actions at different levels of engagement while leveraging cross-sectoral collaboration and building strategic partnerships with specialized international organizations and civil society organizations to achieve the desired results: o At the policy level, projects can comprehensively address prevention of and response to VAWG in DRM policies and plans and establish multi-sectoral coordination systems between disaster management, law enforcement, health authorities, and other relevant entities. These policies will ensure that attention is paid to VAWG before, during, and after a disaster. o At the institutional level, before a disaster occurs, projects could strengthen existing protocols, guidelines, and training to include actions to respond to VAWG during the emergency and the recovery phase, ensure that shelters are designed to meet internationally recognized standards that consider the privacy and safety of women and girls, map VAWG services, develop dissemination materials outlining the availability of services, and strengthen confidential referral mechanisms. Medical services for women and girls who experience violence must remain part of the immediate disaster response. 2 The top 10 countries and territories affected by natural hazards in terms of percentage of gross domestic product losses from 1998 to 2017 are Haiti (17.5 percent), Puerto Rico (12.2 percent), Korea DPR (7.4 percent), Honduras (7.0 percent), Cuba (4.6 percent), El Salvador (4.2 percent), Nicaragua (3.6 percent), Georgia (3.5 percent), Mongolia (2.8 percent), and Tajikistan (2.7 percent) (CRED and UNISDR 2018). Eight of these 10 countries or territories are low-income and lower-middle-income countries. 3 For example, in the aftermath of disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the United States and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, communities were placed in mass emergency temporary shelters that failed to incorporate elements of preventative safety measures to reduce the risk of sexual violence and other forms of gendered violence for women and girls. The international development community typically prioritizes health care, water, and sanitation services and often prefer to wait until later in an emergency to address VAWG. This leaves women and girls at high risk of preventable acts of gender-based violence, including rape, sexual abuse, and exploitation, and intimate partner violence. As response and recovery efforts progress, displaced populations remain unstable and vulnerable to risk of gendered violence. 5 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF o At the community level, projects can systematically include VAWG in disaster training, conduct outreach activities focusing on women and girls in camps and settlements to raise awareness of the risk of violence, how to protect themselves, and where to go for assistance and to provide psychosocial support to address the emotional impacts that occur in a disaster event for people in the affected community. 6 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF INTERSECTION BETWEEN DRM AND VAWG • Various pathways have been suggested to explore the association between disaster exposure and VAWG (Thurston, Stöckl and Ranganathan 2021). As with other emergency settings, disasters can increase risk factors for VAWG, such as trauma and mental health problems (e.g., substance abuse), loss of livelihood (leading to greater financial dependence, transactional sex, looting, crime), and loss of housing. Post-disaster environments also heighten risks that enable VAWG, such as limited police presence, inappropriate police conduct, high-risk displacement camps, and evacuation shelters that lack security, privacy, and gender considerations. Disaster exposure may also exacerbate existing drivers of VAWG, such as socioeconomic and gender inequality, rigid social norms, and unbalanced power structures at various levels of the social ecology: household, community, and macrolevels of society. • Field studies from socially and culturally different regions suggest that women and girls face greater vulnerability to VAWG after disasters (Erman, et al. 2021; van Daalen et al. 2022;). The types of VAWG common in emergency settings include rape and other sexual assault, physical assault, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual exploitation,4 human trafficking,5 and intimate partner violence (IPV)6 (Table 1). There are also strong linkages between disasters caused by natural hazards and child marriage and female genital mutilation, with the loss of resources, dowries, and other factors increasing the likelihood that girls will be married at a younger age and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation being considered more desirable for marriage (UNFPA 2021). • The type of response required will vary depending on the form of VAWG being perpetrated (Arango and Guedes 2012). For example, prevention and response to trafficking of women and girls in the aftermath of a disaster might involve different actors (especially if it happens across borders) from those who would respond to an increase in the incidence of rape in a particular or an increase in IPV. Table 1. Brief Summary of Literature on Violence Against Women and Girls in the Context of Natural Hazards COUNTRY DISASTER/YEAR FINDINGS REFERENCE INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV) Tanzania Droughts, July 2007– Droughts led to a considerable increase in domestic violence in Tanzanian Abiona and Foureaux June 2008 households—for example, a single standard deviation decrease in rainfall Koppensteiner (2018) from the long-term mean increased the incidence of domestic violence by about 13 percent from baseline. Moreover, violence was targeted toward wives, it was only present when spouses worked in the agricultural sector and was absent in female-headed households. Haiti Earthquake, 2010 Devastation from the earthquake increased the probability of physical and Weitzman and Behrman sexual IPV for 1 to 2 years. The earthquake also affected other dimensions (2016) of family life, such as an increase in men’s controlling behavior, 4 Sexual exploitation is defined as any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust for sexual purposes, including but not limited to profiting monetarily, socially, or politically from the sexual exploitation of another. Sexual abuse is defined as actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, whether by force or under unequal or coercive conditions (United Nations 2017). It includes sexual slavery, unconsensual pornography, child abuse, and sexual assault. 5 Human trafficking for sexual exploitation is defined as recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of sexual exploitation (United Nations 2017). 6 IPV is one of the most common forms of VAWG; it refers to behavior by a current or previous husband, boyfriend, or other partner that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors (WHO 2013b). 7 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF undermining women’s access to social support systems, reducing women’s employment which undercuts women’s bargaining power in the household. Samoa Earthquake, 2010 The unequal distribution of relief supplies created disillusionment, IFRC (2016) agitation, and community tensions, indirectly increasing the risk of physical violence amongst intimate partners. SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND SEXUAL ABUSE, INCLUDING HUMAN TRAFFICKING Sri Lanka Indian Ocean Girls and women were subjected to sexual violence and other forms of Fisher (2010) tsunami, 2004 physical abuse from strangers from the onset of the emergency. Central Hurricane Mitch, Increased sexual violence and coerced prostitution, particularly among Delaney and Shrader America 1998 adolescent girls, in temporary shelters in rural areas. Some shelters hired (2000) security guards to reduce this type of violence. Haiti Earthquake, 2010 Observations from a Haitian women’s organization found that women and MADRE (2012) girls exchanged sexual acts for food and benefits, including coupons, access to direct aid distributions, cash-for-work programs, money, or even a single meal. Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr, 2007 Criminal networks forced some women and girls into prostitution along IOM (2016) the Indian border. Bangladesh Cyclone Aila, 2009 Livelihoods were destroyed, and more than half of affected men in the Tower (2020) Indian Sundarbans were forced to migrate for work elsewhere. As a result, the women left behind sought work in the red-light district of Kolkata, resulting in a 20 to 25 percent increase in the number of sex workers. United Hurricane Katrina, The crude rate of daily new cases of violence against women increased Anastario, Lawry, and States 2005 from 4.6 per 100,000 before the disaster to 16.3 per 100,000 in 2006 and Shehab (2009) remained. high at 10.1 per 100,000 in 2007. Philippines Typhoon Haiyan, Human trafficking was amplified in parts of the country already facing high IOM (2016) 2013 poverty levels. CHILD MARRIAGE Indonesia Sumatra Tsunami, Five years after the disaster, young women who had lost their parents as Cas et al. (2014) 2004 adolescents in the tsunami were 62 percent more likely to be married than their peers who did not lose a parent. Young men of the same age who had lost their parents in the tsunami were 7 percent less likely to be married than their peers who did not lose a parent. Sub-Saharan Droughts, 1950–2010 A sample of 400,000 women was used to study marriage behaviors in sub- Corno, Hildebrandt, and Africa and Saharan Africa and India after a drought. In sub-Saharan Africa, where the Voena (2017) India groom’s family pays a bride price, child marriage increased by 3 percent; in India, where the bride’s family pays a dowry, child marriage decreased by 4 percent. India Bihar riverine The 2008 floods of the Kosi River reduced the age of marriage for men by Khanna and Kochhar flooding, 2008 10 months, and for women by 4.5 months. After the flood, married women 2020 were 86 percent less likely to work, 8.9 percent less likely to have their own money, and 8.6 percent less likely to own a cell phone; marrying at a younger age reduced their status in the household. India Gujarat earthquake, Using a sample of 2,189 women and a difference-in-differences strategy, Das and Dasgupta 2020 2001 the authors found that the earthquake resulted in women marrying younger and made them less likely to marry within their own village. They also found that women were less likely to marry a man with a higher level of education than their own and more likely to marry into a poorer household. 8 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF ETHICAL AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VAWG INTERVENTIONS Any DRM intervention designed to prevent or address VAWG should include precautions in addition to routine risk assessment to guarantee that no harm is caused. This includes following ethical guidelines related to respect for persons, non-maleficence (minimizing harm), beneficence (maximizing benefits), and justice to protect the safety of service providers and survivors. Interventions should: • Assess whether the intervention may increase VAWG • Minimize harm to women and girls • Prevent revictimization of women and girls • Consider the implications of mandatory reporting of suspected VAWG cases • Be aware of the co-occurrence of child abuse • Minimize harm to staff working with survivors • Provide referrals for care and support for survivors For further details on these ethical and safety recommendations, see the Ethics section of our website. 9 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF RAPID SITUATION ANALYSIS Developing effective, coherent VAWG prevention and response interventions for inclusion in DRM operations requires a broad understanding of the legal, social, and epidemiological contexts of VAWG in the country, region, or local community before and after the disaster. Teams should work with governments, humanitarian aid groups, private sector partners, nongovernmental organizations, local experts, and other counterparts in the country to answer some or all of the following questions. For general questions that should be asked when undertaking a rapid situation analysis, see the Integrate section of our website. These questions are recommendations for possible areas of inquiry on VAWG specific to the DRM sector in different stages of disasters that can be selectively incorporated into assessment and routine monitoring that development practitioners working in DRM projects and programs perform. Before the emergency: Risk identification, risk reduction, emergency preparedness • Does the legal framework supporting DRM preparedness and response acknowledge and call for plans and actions that identify addressing VAWG as a core area of DRM work? • Does the national DRM policy (if applicable) address gender-sensitive approaches, including prevention of VAWG? • Does existing DRM training include addressing VAWG in the various stages of the process? • What services will be needed to respond to VAWG during the emergency and recovery, and which organizations will be responsible for providing them? • Do the established protocols for DRM (preparedness, emergency response, recovery) include guidance on how to address and mitigate the risk of VAWG? Do they also include mechanisms to track and evaluate such activities? • Is there coordination between institutions working on DRM and those working on VAWG prevention and response? During and after the emergency: Emergency response and resilient early recovery • What is the percentage of women (of the affected population) accessing humanitarian assistance or VAWG service providers (e.g., health services, psychosocial support, access to justice)? • Have there been reports of sexual assault and other forms of VAWG (e.g., trafficking, IPV, forced marriage) perpetrated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis? • What are the main types of VAWG being perpetrated? • Who is the most vulnerable to each type of violence, why, and where? • Who are the main perpetrators of violence? • What factors likely increase the risk of violence within the affected communities? • What support systems and services are available, trusted, and accessible for VAWG survivors? 10 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Are existing service agencies adequately staffed and resourced to respond to VAWG? • What services are available to help affected families to recover from the crisis? Do they specifically address IPV and domestic violence and associated factors, such as substance abuse? • What security measures (police, United Nations, private, community) are in place to prevent and respond to VAWG? After an emergency: Resilient, recovery, reconstruction, and livelihoods restoration • Are women and other at-risk groups actively involved in all aspects of resilient reconstruction and livelihood programming design, implementation, and monitoring? • Are there any cultural or security concerns related to their employment that may increase their risk of VAWG? • Are project staff and other critical actors involved in livelihood programming aware of VAWG prevention and mitigation strategies? • What cultural barriers do women, adolescent girls, and other at-risk groups face in accessing housing and property? • What physical, logistical, legal, cultural, or educational barriers prevent women and adolescent girls from accessing markets, livelihood strategies, and financial services (e.g., gender norms that exclude them from certain types of work, discrimination against women in the workplace or marketplace, literacy)? • What are the risks of backlash associated with women, adolescent girls, and other at-risk groups engaging in economic programs—particularly from intimate partners and family members? • What are the VAWG-related risks that affected populations—particularly women, adolescent girls, and other at-risk groups— face when earning a living? • Which logistical and environmental challenges increase the risk of sexual assault, harassment, or exploitation (e.g., borrowing money, getting stopped by police, selling goods from house to house. traveling at night, traveling through unsafe areas, working in a shop alone)? • Which livelihood relationships increase the risk of sexual assault, harassment, or exploitation, and which provide safety (e.g., customers, suppliers, market administrators, intimate partners)? • What strategies can be employed to mitigate VAWG when providing cash transfers to women? • Are VAWG prevention and mitigation strategies incorporated into the policies, standards, and guidelines of livelihood, housing, and resilient reconstruction programs? • Do livelihood programs raise awareness within the community about VAWG risks and protective factors related to livelihood activities? • What legal and cultural barriers do women face to ownership or tenure of property? • Do women, adolescent girls, and other vulnerable groups have access to personal documentation? • Do women, adolescent girls, and other vulnerable groups have access to personal savings accounts? Can livelihood programs set up direct-deposit mechanisms for women to receive salary payments? 11 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Are VAWG prevention and mitigation strategies incorporated into the policies, standards, and guidelines of housing programming? • What types of VAWG do women encounter in urban infrastructure? Where do women feel least safe? • How can water and sanitation facilities be designed, constructed, and managed to reduce vulnerability to VAWG? • Do women have access to free legal representation and guidance? 12 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG INTO DRM PROJECTS Before the emergency: Risk identification, Risk Reduction, Emergency Preparedness Policy level recommendations Although many countries have disaster contingency plans and emergency preparedness strategies, these often do not include VAWG prevention and response strategies. At a minimum, DRM plans should: • Comprehensively acknowledge and address VAWG in DRM legislation, policies, and plans (Error! Reference source not found.). Legal and policy frameworks on VAWG should address VAWG that occurs in emergencies. Policies should ensure budget allocations for implementation. • Promote participation of sectors, stakeholders, and community members from diverse backgrounds (e.g., ethnicity, gender, disability status) in developing preparedness plans that focus on VAWG prevention and response (Arango and Guedes 2012). Engaging stakeholders in addressing overall gender gaps as part of promoting broader gender equality strategies offers opportunities to identify risks and vulnerabilities for women and girls. Box 1. Promising Practices: Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Legislation, Policies, and Plans with Support of World Bank Projects The World Bank’s Development Policy instrument with Catastrophe Deferred Drawd own Option (Cat DDO) is a contingent credit line that provides immediate liquidity for developing countries after climate and/or disaster shocks and/or health-related events. It is part of a broad spectrum of risk financing instruments from the World Bank Group to help borrowers plan efficient responses to disasters. Several Cat DDO projects have included VAWG prevention and response in DRM policies. For example, In Honduras, the Second Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Credit with a Cat DDO (2022-2025) was designed to support efforts of the government to manage the country’s exposure and vulnerabilities to adverse natural and health events after the compound crises of the COVID-19 emergency and tropical storms Eta and Iota and to provide mobilized financing quickly in the aftermath of future emergencies. The operation is designed to support reforms to the national DRM system. The operation includes a policy mandate for the National Research and Training Center for the Permanent Contingency Commission of Honduras to develop training and certification of personnel in VAWG procedures and protocols in the 1,115 shelters that the commission manages. The project includes the following indicator in its results framework: Shelters managed by the commission with its operational staff certified in protocols and procedures to prevent and respond to VAWG and violence against children— Baseline: 0 (2022); Target: 30 percent (2025). Similarly, in Vanuatu, the World Bank Second Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Grant with a CAT- DDO (2020-2023) is designed to enhance Vanuatu’s regulatory framework and increase its institutional capacity. Evidence from Vanuatu shows that women are particularly vulnerable to disrupted access to health care and risk of violence after disasters. Assessments of the National Disaster Management Office’s (NDMO) Gender and Protection Cluster after the Ambae volcano eruption in 2018 confirmed that, in affected areas, women’s access to reproductive services dropped from 70 percent to 40 percent. The assessments identified pregnant and lactating women, elderly adults, persons with disabilities, and children as the most vulnerable categories in affected communities. Temporary or permanent displacement of households after a disaster can increase the risk of violence against women and children. The project, through Prior Action 3, is designed to increase the resilience of essential health services during disasters by increasing coordination between the Gender and Protection and 13 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Health Clusters of the NDMO and development of health DRM operational plans for hospitals and local health care facilities, with a strong focus on post-disaster provision of reproductive care, access to sanitation, and support for victims of gender-based violence. The project includes the following indicator in its results framework: Percentage of health emergency response and disaster preparedness protocols that incorporate provisions for sustained access to sexual reproductive health services and support for VAWG survivors: Baseline: 0; Target: 100 percent. Institutional and sectoral level recommendations • Create or strengthen existing protocols and guidelines to include actions to respond to VAWG during the emergency preparedness and response phase. Emphasize security measures to protect displaced populations, especially women and girls, and support services to mitigate the risk of IPV and VAWG. o Assign clear lines of responsibility for providing services to respond to VAWG and train staff in charge of these activities to comply with the protocol. o Ensure that protocols for emergency shelters acknowledge risks that women and girls face and require design and set-up features to reduce risk of all forms of VAWG. • Build the capacity of disaster response actors (e.g., first responders, government authorities, law enforcement officers, armed forces, health care workers) at the regional and national levels to identify VAWG and integrate responses into existing risk-reduction and emergency response training and manuals according to sector, as applicable. Adapt training materials on VAWG and emergencies to the setting and offer training opportunities on the adapted material to staff. Examples include the United Nations Population Fund virtual VAWG in emergencies training. • Train response teams and staff working directly with the community to recognize and respond to risk factors associated with VAWG. • Ensure that preparedness plans consider that women and girls are at higher risk of physical and sexual violence in emergency settings. Without adequate precautions, measures intended to assist populations affected by disasters may place women and girls at greater risk of harm. Settlements for displaced people, for example, should include ample patrols and adequate lighting, particularly at night. • Map VAWG services and develop dissemination materials outlining availability of services. Information must be updated to include new actors after the disaster (IASC 2005). • Whenever possible, ensure that medico-legal and health services (e.g., collecting forensic material, treating injuries) are provided at the same time, in the same location, and ideally by the same person to avoid burdening survivors of physical or sexual violence with multiple visits and points of contact. • Health care workers should have adequate knowledge of local protocols and laws governing physical and sexual violence to avoid compromising legal processes, such as future investigations and court hearings (WHO 2003). • Strengthen confidential referral mechanisms among and between sectors working on VAWG prevention and response (IASC 2005), by establishing and sharing referral pathways with gender- based violence (GBV) service providers in health care centers, psychosocial support agents and counselors, and legal assistance organizations. • Ensure that medical, reproductive health care, and safety supplies are ready to be deployed in an emergency (e.g., post-rape kits, basic sexual and reproductive health kits, dignity kits, and first aid 14 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF kits). Systematically include discussion of VAWG in disaster research, evaluations, training, and advocacy and awareness campaigns. • Train VAWG mobile service providers as part of preparedness programs so that they can be deployed if the disaster limits access to usual service delivery points. • Pre-emptively establish codes of personal conduct for DRM personnel that protect disaster-affected people from sexual abuse, corruption, exploitation, and other violations of human rights. Community level recommendations • Work with government and key stakeholders, including community-based organizations and women in the community, to prevent VAWG and respond appropriately to survivors by: • Establishing confidential entry points where survivors and other community members can seek assistance after experiencing GBV and file incident reports (e.g., community leaders, health care workers, social workers, women’s organizations). • Running community educational programs on how to be prepared for disasters, emphasizing the right to a life free of violence before, during, and after disasters and the adverse effects that violence can have on the entire population’s recovery (Box 2). • Support skill building on coping strategies so support women and girls in disaster settings (e.g., swimming lessons in flood-prone areas, preparing go-bags in earthquake-prone areas). Box 2. Promising Practices: A Multimedia Public Information Campaign on Post-Disaster Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) in Nicaragua The post-Hurricane Mitch campaign, “Violence Against Women: A Disaster Men CAN Prevent,� which the Puntos de Encuentro Foundation in Nicaragua designed and promoted, was a novel approach addressing post-disaster VAWG, especially intimate partner violence (IPV). This nationwide campaign cleverly applied the theme of rebuilding to personal relationships, drawing parallels between the hurricane and IPV. Campaign activities consisted of television and radio announcements, educational materials, public presentations and training workshops, and promotional materials with the campaign slogan, including t-shirts, hats, calendars, and bumper stickers. One leaflet, for example, described seven ways that VAWG harms the community, society, and development efforts and provided men with anger management strategies and tips for peaceful conflict resolution. A mixed-methods evaluation of the campaign comparing men exposed to the campaign with controls found that the most significant impact was an increase in men’s belief in their ability to avoid violence. Fifteen percent more of men exposed to the campaign believed this was the case compared with the controls. The evaluation also revealed a greater belief in the perception that VAWG is as destructive as disasters and can hinder progress at the community level (a 15 percent increase in the men exposed to the campaign). Source: Reyes n.d. During an Emergency—Emergency Response and Resilient Early Recovery Resilient early recovery must be given attention equal to that of the immediate emergency response phase because VAWG and its effects continue after the acute crisis period of the disaster and require long- term support to address. 15 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Policy level recommendations VAWG prevention and response require multi-sectoral coordination among health and social service providers, legal service providers, human rights actors, security actors, and the community. The primary objectives of coordinated action are two pronged: to ensure that VAWG survivors are referred for care and receive prompt, confidential, appropriate services according to guidelines and that mechanisms to prevent VAWG are implemented. Additional actions must be taken: • Form inter-organizational, multi-sectoral VAWG working groups at the national, regional, and local levels, comprised of VAWG service providers and other key actors from the community, government, United Nations, international and local nongovernmental organizations, and donors. Identify coordinating agencies responsible for ensuring that actions described in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Guidelines on GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings are performed. Ensure that coordinating agencies operate with clear terms of reference that all working group members agree upon and that are aligned with the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Guidelines (IASC 2005). • Develop an interagency VAWG action plan with the government and key stakeholders. Delineate objectives, roles, responsibilities, and indicators for meeting goals. Data obtained in the situation analysis and with the active participation of women from the community should be used to inform the plan. For detailed guidance on developing an action plan, see, for example, the Handbook for Coordinating VAWG in Humanitarian Settings (Global Protection Cluster 2013). Institutional and sectoral level recommendations • Integrate VAWG expertise into agencies’ disaster-response and early-recovery teams to help ensure that design and implementation of interventions address VAWG comprehensively. For example, the terms of references and core competencies of staff responding to disasters could include training and certification on the connection between VAWG and disasters. • Facilitate multisectoral coordination at national and local levels and help build the capacity of locally based actors during and after a crisis on VAWG (Box 2Box 3). Box 3. Promising Practices: Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) in Emergency Response and Recovery Efforts Hurricane Mitch struck Central America in 1998, dropping historic levels of rainfall and causing catastrophic damage. In addition to national and regional efforts to respond to immediate shelter and safety needs of affected families and communities, the Nicaraguan government took steps to ensure that VAWG was taken into account as a priority in the post-hurricane period, including: • A social and gender audit to assess the impact of the hurricane on men and women, including VAWG. • Six months later, a second audit to identify who was included and excluded from relief efforts. • Formation of a psychosocial development commission to support affected individuals’ emotional recovery, including problems related to violence in all workshops and groups. • Work by the Nicaraguan Psychosocial Commission for several years after the hurricane to support survivors of violence in their healing and empowerment. Data on VAWG were available before the hurricane, which allowed comparison and subsequent analysis in the wake of the storm. Local nongovernmental organizations also conducted household surveys, participated in a social audit, and conducted campaigns about reducing VAWG. Source: UNFPA 2012 16 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Involve governmental and civil society groups already working to address VAWG in the affected regions in disaster-related coordination committees and decision-making bodies (UNFPA 2012). • Ensure that the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Codes of Conduct on Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation in Humanitarian Crises are enforced for all development and humanitarian workers and DRM staff. • Promote standardization of VAWG data collection, analysis, and incident recording by all key stakeholders and partners. Use existing data collection systems in the country or state-of-the-art instruments such as the Gender-Based Violence Information Management System (UNFPA 2012). • Provide health and social services that consider women’s and girls’ safety and provide confidential VAWG information and survivor services. • Design sites and shelters that meet internationally agreed-upon standards and consider women’s and girls’ physical safety (Box 4). To ensure that site and shelter design strengthens protection of women and girls, include them in consultations as much as possible. In Bassaso, Somalia, for example, focus groups revealed that women preferred corrugated galvanized iron shelters, despite the heat, because they were perceived to be more effective at safeguarding against sexual violence than tents (Danish Refugee Council, Norwegian Refugee Council, UNHCR, and UNOCHA 2011). Box 4. Promising Practice: Building Shelters that Consider Women’s Safety In Haiti, the World Bank Strengthening DRM and Climate Resilience Project (2019-2025) aims is working to improve early warning and emergency evacuation capacity in selected municipalities in high climate risk–prone areas and safe havens. The project has two components: (1) Strengthening Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response Capacity and Promoting Building Regulation and Resilient Construction Practices and (2) Construction and Rehabilitation of “Safe Havens.� To comply with World Bank safeguards requirements, the project team sustained an intense dialogue with the government and the project implementation unit on preventing and responding to VAWG, including sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment, through training and technical assistance. As a result, the government increased its awareness of and interest in addressing VAWG, resulting in the integration of VAWG into a training program for civil protection as part of project activities. The project also ensured that shelter designs met international standards that consider women’s and girls’ physical safety and needs, such as separate toilets, wheelchair access, ramps for easy access, medical rooms, and dedicated storage space for the assets of women merchants. Furthermore, a dedicated shelter management committee, a subset of the Municipal Civil Protection Committees comprised of community members, managed each shelter. The project encouraged at least 50 percent female involvement on the shelter management committees, where women’s participation is generally low, and at least 50 percent of women’s leadership in shelter management committees. During the evacuation process, the project ensured that beneficiaries’ registration was on an individual basis. The project trained law enforcement and security patrols to prevent and respond to VAWG and integrated information related to accessing services for VAWG in community-awareness messages using several formats so that everyone can understand them. The project mapped VAWG services and referrals to services of VAWG survivors. Source: World Bank n.d. • Set up segregated latrines, washing facilities, and water points in accessible, secure locations and have locks inside each stall to ensure safety and privacy. • Ensure that at least one female protection or police officer is always available, and that female staff are included in food distribution, registration, and other services to respond to the emergency. 17 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Establish an early warning system for VAWG so that individuals can report threatening behaviors before incidents occur, triggering appropriate preventive measures. Ensure that on-the-ground reporting mechanisms are safe and confidential. Sexual violence and sexual and reproductive health response • Ensure availability of the Minimum Initial Service Package —a series of responses to meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of affected populations at the onset of a humanitarian crisis. Adequately trained staff can implement the package without a needs assessment, given that ample evidence exists to support its use (WHO, UNFPA, and UNHCR 1999).7 • Offer a standard medical response to sexual violence survivors, including the option of emergency contraception, preventive treatment for sexually transmitted infections, post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of transmission of HIV, and tetanus and hepatitis B vaccinations and wound care as appropriate (Box 5). • Allow for the presence of a same-sex, same-language health worker or chaperone and, if the survivor so desires, a friend or family member for any medical examination. • Establish measures to protect the physical safety of a survivor immediately after an incident of sexual violence, such as safe housing. • Identify and document locations where incidents of sexual violence have occurred and establish relevant preventive measures. Box 5. Priority Services Necessary for the Appropriate Care of Survivors of Sexual Violence • Emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy • Post-exposure prophylaxis to minimize HIV transmission • Treatment for sexually transmitted infections, care of wounds and injuries • Counseling and other psychosocial support • Collection of forensic evidence, with the consent of the survivor • Referral to legal and social support services within the community Sources: RAISE 2013; WHO 2004; 2013b. Community level recommendations During and after an emergency, work with government and other key stakeholders, including community- based organizations and women in the community, to prevent VAWG and respond appropriately to survivors’ needs (Arango and Guedes 2012). Some services must be offered beyond the immediate crisis to address continuing VAWG and provide long-term support for survivors recovering from trauma. The following actions address immediate and long-term support scenarios. Security • Allocate dedicated spaces for women, adolescents, and children; consider options for family grouping in shelter; and ensure that adequate lighting is provided in indoor and outdoor common areas. • Create designated areas for children to play under the supervision of adults who provide safe activities. Ensure that trained sexual violence prevention staff screen the individuals supervising these areas. 7 For further information on Minimum Initial Service Packages, see https://www.unfpa.org/resources/minimum-initial-service- package-misp-srh-crisis-situations. 18 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Distribute safety equipment with basic emergency supply kits, such as whistles and flashlights, to help women and girls protect themselves. • Patrol firewood collection routes or provide direct transportation to firewood collection sites. • Identify vulnerable groups of women and girls and provide them with special arrangements such as housing for unaccompanied children and female-headed households. • Safely and ethically collect data on VAWG at key points of contact with beneficiaries. Data collection can occur as a part of visits to temporary or permanent health care facilities and as an integral part of routine morbidity surveillance. Women’s representation • Increase the representation and participation of women in local DRM-related and watchdog committees to influence emergency planning and respond to disasters by involving women’s groups in the project to ensure that women’s feedback and concerns are reflected in the decision-making process related to early warning systems; ensuring that these local committees include female representatives of the local women’s groups so that women are meaningfully represented in the consultation and decision-making processes; providing dedicated disaster risk reduction training to women to emergency preparedness capacity; and ensuring women’s involvement and increasing leadership in these committees (Box 6). Box 6. Promising Practice: Fostering Women’s Participation and Leadership in Local Disaster Risk Management Committees and Early Warning Systems in Niger Niger is in the early stages of urbanization, with a rapidly growing urban population. Municipalities are highly vulnerable to risks associated with climate change, such as floods, droughts, and extreme heat. In 2020, Niger faced one of the largest floods in its history, with more than 32,900 homes destroyed and 3,082 hectares of irrigated crops submerged. The human toll was 350,915 victims, including 70 deaths. Women and children are the most vulnerable to extreme weather events. In response, the World Bank’s Niger Integrated Urban Development and Multi-Sectoral Resilience Project (2022- 2028) is working to increase flood resilience and access to basic services in 25 municipalities and to increase the representation and participation of women in local committees (i.e., Vulnerability Monitoring Observatories [Observatoire de Suivi de la Vulnérabilité, OSVs] and Early Warning and Emergency Response Community System [Système communautaire d’alerte précoce et de réponse aux urgences , SCAPRUs]) as well as watchdog committees to influence emergency planning and respond to disasters by (i) involving women’s groups in the project to ensure women’s feedback and concerns are reflected in the decision -making process related to early warning systems; (ii) ensuring that these local committees include female representatives of the local women’s groups so that women are meaningfully represented in the consultation and decision-making processes; (iii) giving dedicated disaster risk reduction training to women to increase emergency preparedness capacity; and ensuring women’s involvement and leadership in these committees. Women will be supported and trained to fill leadership roles in these committees. The project includes a results framework indicator: share of women in leadership positions in local early warning structures supported by the project—target 30 percent. Source: World Bank 2022a. Outreach, psychosocial support, and family protection • Implement outreach activities focused on women and girls in camps and settlements to raise awareness of the risk of violence, care strategies, and where to go for assistance (Error! Reference source not found.). For example, in Haiti, an SMS and phone text and radio campaign was launched 19 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF to provide information on violence prevention and how victims of violence can obtain help (Canadian Red Cross 2012). • Ensure that the displaced population is informed of the availability and location of services for survivors of gendered violence. • Provide culturally appropriate psychosocial support (WHO 2011) to address the emotional impacts of a disaster on families to help reduce the risk of IPV or other forms of VAWG that can emerge as a harmful coping mechanism, such as forced sex work. • Promote family and community mechanisms for protection (e.g., keeping families together, organizing family tracing and reunification of children and adults separated from their families; enabling people from the same villages and communities or support networks to live in the same area if they are displaced). After an Emergency—Resilient Recovery, Reconstruction, and Livelihood Restoration When the long-term resilient recovery and reconstruction process is underway, the aim is to build back better,8 which means rebuilding infrastructure (community infrastructure, water, energy, roads, bridges, solid waste management, schools, clinics) and making it more resilient to avoid the pre-disaster status quo. Restoring housing, health, education, social protection systems, and livelihoods9 is also essential so that the affected groups’ economic, social, and sustainable development can be reactivated. Policy level recommendations Housing • Support national efforts to promote women’s rights to property to minimize their vulnerability to VAWG (See VAWG Guidance Land Sector Brief). • Include processes for registration of land and housing as part of housing reconstruction, with joint ownership for couples. Institutional and sectoral level recommendations Housing • Promote gender-inclusive, resilient housing reconstruction programs that ensure joint housing titles and equal participation of women and men in designing and implementing community spaces (Box 7). Lack of adequate housing during displacement and resettlement—whether in urban slums, squatter settlements, collective centers, refugee settlements, or with host families—may contribute to sexual assault and exploitation (ADB n.d.). 8 Building Back Better is an approach to post-disaster recovery that reduces vulnerability to future disasters and builds community resilience to address physical, social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities and shocks, see Building Back Better in Post-Disaster Recovery, GFDRR/World Bank. 9 The term ‘livelihood’ refers to the capabilities, assets, and strategies people use to make a living. Livelihood programming encompasses a variety of activities, including asset restoration (livestock, tools, equipment), training and placement programs, agrarian interventions, market interventions, microfinance, income-generating activities, enterprise development, village savings and loans associations, cash programs (e.g., food for work, unconditional and conditional cash grants, cash for work, vouchers) (IASC 2015). 20 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF o Prioritize vulnerable women, particularly female-headed households, below-poverty and unemployed women, and socially marginalized women, when allocating temporary shelters and reconstructed houses (Box 8). o Involve women in the design of houses and other community spaces. o Ensure that temporary shelters and reconstructed houses are culturally appropriate in design and constructed to accommodate women’s needs for privacy, safe water supply, and sanitation facilities. Keep housing design simple to avoid extra work for women. o Ensure equal participation of women and men in housing reconstruction jobs. o Provide tools and childcare and breastfeeding centers to facilitate women’s participation in jobs. o Ensure joint titling (husband and wife) of all new housing. Box 7. Promising Practice: Empowering Women Through Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in Pakistan After the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, the Asian Development Bank Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program helped rebuild permanent seismic-compliant homes for 2.7 million people, of whom 55,000 belonged to female-headed households. More than 20,000 women were trained in building houses to withstand future earthquakes. Although most families did not build the houses themselves, the training helped ensure that their new homes met the standards. Local customs denied women the right to own or inherit property, limiting women’s access to emergency supplies, reconstruction initiatives, and other services because of lack of identity papers, land title documents, and banking experience. The program initiated mobile registration services and legal aid centers in remote areas, and as a result, women, particularly female-headed households, gained land titles that men traditionally held almost exclusively. Source: ADB 2012. Box 8. Promising Practice: Safer Housing Reconstruction in Nepal to Empower Marginalized Populations, Especially Women On April 25, 2015, Nepal experienced a 7.8-magnitude earthquake, followed by more than 460 aftershocks, which killed approximately 9,000 people. The government of Nepal led a post-disaster needs assessment and developed a post-disaster recovery framework, highlighting the significant need to ensure safer housing reconstruction of the approximately 715,000 houses that were destroyed or severely damaged. The World Bank Nepal Earthquake Housing Reconstruction Project (2015-2023) assessed post-earthquake housing damage to determine beneficiaries’ eligibility for housing reconstruction grants, enroll ed beneficiaries, and tracked construction quality inspections. The geo-referenced data included detailed socioeconomic household profiles and building types. Women headed 26 percent of the households where the more than 715,000 eligible beneficiaries identified in the 14 most-affected districts lived. As of May 2022, 275,614 households, of which 55,380 were women headed, had completed reconstruction of their houses after receiving full or partial housing grants. Sources: World Bank 2019; 2022b • Provide and strengthen legal assistance for women, girls, and other at-risk groups to secure tenure and property rights. 21 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Identify safe, confidential, appropriate systems of care (referral pathways) for survivors and ensure that housing and land administration staff have the basic skills needed to find information on where they can obtain support. • Establish codes of conduct for housing and land registration personnel and ensure that appropriate training is provided for staff on preventing sexual exploitation and abuse. Community infrastructure reconstruction and rehabilitation • Conduct gender audits of community public infrastructure and facilities to be rehabilitated and reconstructed to ensure that urban design and building design interventions can help create gender- inclusive environments and mitigate VAWG risks (Box 9), noting that risks exacerbated by large-scale infrastructure work, including labor influx, must be addressed through appropriate mitigation measures. Box 9. Promising Practice: Integrating Comprehensive Approaches to Mitigation and Prevention of and Response to Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) in Post-Disaster Recovery in Indonesia In September 2018, a series of natural hazards struck Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, killing more than 4,400 people and destroying whole neighborhoods. The disaster exacerbated preexisting gender inequalities and created new ones, including new VAWG risks. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, local government offices and VAWG service providers recorded and responded to cases of rape, sexual harassment, child marriage, and other forms of violence in temporary settlements across the affected region. When the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic in March 2020, many disaster-affected populations were still living in temporary accommodations. The impacts of the pandemic further heightened VAWG risks, especially for women and girls living in these settlements. The World Bank responded to the government of Indonesia’s request for support by channeling exi sting project financing and launching the accelerated emergency recovery operation Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (2019-2024), which helps targeted communities reconstruct housing settlements and strengthen public facilities to bolster resilience to future disasters. Equipped with evidence from other post-disaster contexts, gender-inclusive planning and VAWG risk mitigation was incorporated from the outset of project design. Project preparation incorporated gender analysis to broadly identify inequalities specific to the context of the Central Sulawesi disaster, such as different constraints and challenges that women and men face and VAWG risks in the DRM sector. Women’s limited access to property and land tenure, lack of access to post-disaster reconstruction job opportunities, and limited ability to participate in public forums were identified as prevailing barriers that could also affect VAWG risk. Project design included the following actions to address VAWG mitigation, prevention, and response at the project, community, and institutional levels. Project and community level: • Through training, increased awareness of all project stakeholders about VAWG risks and mitigation strategies and actions and provided knowledge about reporting mechanisms and case handling related to VAWG incidents • Established a survivor-centered project-specific mechanism for handling grievances during implementation of the recovery process. • Incorporated a code of conduct into contracts and added provisions requiring that contractors manage incidents. The code of conduct also requires that contractors to not engage in any acts potentially related to VAWG. • Implemented VAWG awareness-raising initiatives for local communities and provisions for monitoring and reporting. For awareness raising, a simple but effective intervention has been local-language posters 22 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF conveying VAWG prevention messaging and explaining how individuals can report cases of violence at project sites. • Trained community facilitators who work in disaster-affected areas on VAWG to engage with community members to disseminate information about the project. • Mapped local VAWG service providers. Institutional level • Established a cross-agency cooperation agreement between central and provincial government offices to institutionalize government cooperation on VAWG and gender mainstreaming to build synergy and collaboration, define stakeholder roles, and strengthen communication and coordination frameworks. • Based on expert and community feedback, included features in the design of permanent housing units such as interior partition walls to increase privacy and help reduce household tensions and risks of domestic violence and moved toilets and kitchens outside of the house. • Conducted gender audits of community public infrastructure (housing, settlements, education facilities, health care facilities) to identify whether existing or proposed designs include features that increase equal access and VAWG mitigation measures, including baby care rooms in neighborhood parks and public facilities, sidewalks and footpaths wide enough to enable families with strollers and mobility-assistive devices to walk, and streetlights in otherwise dimly lit residential areas. The gender audit helped mitigate the risk of VAWG on project sites by planning and designing safe spaces and infrastructure that addresses women’s needs. Gender-Based Violence Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts –Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi. Good Practice Note describes in detail lessons learned from VAWG mitigation activities. Source: World Bank 2022c. • Establish women’s communal spaces in safe, accessible locations. These spaces can be a venue for women to breastfeed in private, participate in confidential psychosocial counseling sessions, link with disaster-response service providers, and engage in livelihood skills-building sessions. VAWG survivors can also use women’s communal spaces to access information and referral services in a confidential setting. Consult with women and girls in disaster-affected communities to identify such spaces’ spatial design and location. • Construct sidewalks and install streetlamps to allow women and girls to move around and travel safely in relocation and reconstructed sites. • Consider gender-inclusive design and location of water and sanitation facilities to reduce women’s and girls’ time poverty, enabling them to spend more time on income generation or education and decreasing risk of abuse and GBV. Similar to normal situations, in post-disaster settings, women continue to be the primary collectors, transporters, users, and managers of water and promoters of sanitation activities. • Consult women and men separately to identify the most appropriate time for water distribution. Where water facilities are time restricted, efforts should be made to provide access during daylight hours unless women request otherwise. Ensure that the maximum distance from any household to the nearest water point is 500 meters and that the queuing time at the water source is no more than 30 minutes.10 10In accordance with Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, The Sphere Project: https://spherestandards.org/ 23 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Consult with women to identify any safety concerns regarding location of water points. Ensure equal training opportunities for men and women (50 percent for each) in system operation and maintenance. • Rebuild communal bathrooms and sanitation facilities to prevent VAWG in public spaces and consider women’s and girls’ special needs, including appropriate access to sanitation services to maximize safety, privacy, and dignity when using communal facilities. Sexual harassment often increases in the confines of rehabilitation sites. Sanitation facilities are among the most vulnerable areas for women and girls. The location of sanitation facilities should ensure that risks to women using them are minimized. o Consult women and men separately to identify the design and location of these facilities. Ensure that communal latrines and bathing facilities are separate and segregated (with visible signage), located in safe areas, and culturally appropriate; provide privacy; have adequate lighting; and are designed with proper locks on the inside. o Discuss menstruation needs with women and girls when designing sanitation facilities, including ensuring privacy, adequate water, and provision for women’s hygiene products disposal. o Ensure equal training opportunities for women and men (50 percent for each) on public and personal hygiene awareness. • Rebuild educational facilities in a gender-sensitive manner, mainly by providing a safe space for girls and constructing separate toilets. Ensure that bathrooms have adequate lighting and locks on the inside and include facilities for disposal of women’s hygiene products. • Provide gender-specific extracurricular activities and psychosocial counseling that promote resilience and healing for girls. • Establish a confidential complaint-reporting mechanism on sexual harassment. Ensure adequate awareness of such mechanism and adequate follow-up with clear procedures. • Use creative strategies to recruit and retain female teachers and train male and female teachers on gender-sensitive teaching strategies. • Design gender-sensitive curricula addressing the needs, perspectives, and experiences of girls and boys, including reproductive health and HIV/AIDS content. Livelihood restoration • Design gender-inclusive livelihood restoration programs that leverage women’s strengths and capabilities, particularly in income-generating activities (World Bank 2012). Despite limited evidence that economic opportunities reduce VAWG, these interventions may reduce women’s need to resort to risky measures such as sex work or transactional sex (Kennedy et al. 2014; Willman and Corman 2013). • Ensure equal participation of women and men in vocational skills training, leadership training, income generation, and microfinance programs. Where possible, include a business start-up kit and linkage to markets after skills training targeting female entrepreneurs. • Support cash-for-work and food-for-work programs that are targeted equally to women and men and include types of work that allow women to participate fully (Error! Reference source not found.). 24 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF • Ensure that wage payments are made directly to women and not to other family members, to ensure they have direct access to the funds to meet household needs. • Provide technical support, training, and productive inputs to low-income households to help them strengthen, diversify, and adapt their livelihoods, for example, by introducing weather-resistant crops and promoting storm-proofing for homes and businesses. • Ensure social support services (access to childcare, safe transport, and psychosocial counseling) to create a supportive, enabling environment for women to participate in livelihood activities, including cash-for-work and food-for-work programs. • Ensure that women and girls have identity cards and bank accounts to access disaster response support. Community level recommendations Housing • Incorporate VAWG messages into housing- and property rights–related community outreach and awareness-raising activities (e.g., community dialogues, workshops, meetings with community leaders, VAWG messaging). • Ensure that this awareness raising includes information on prevention, survivor rights (including confidentiality at the service delivery and community levels), where to report risk, and how to access care for VAWG. Engage women, girls, men, and boys (separately when necessary) in developing messages and dissemination strategies so that they are age-, gender-, and culturally appropriate. • Raise awareness in the community and of religious leaders about the economic and social benefits of women’s equal access to housing and property. Engage men, particularly community leaders, as agents of change in preventing VAWG related to housing and property rights • Provide community members with information about existing codes of conduct for housing and land registration personnel and where to report sexual exploitation and abuse committed by housing and land registration personnel. Ensure that appropriate training is provided for staff and partners on preventing sexual exploitation and abuse. Community infrastructure reconstruction • Provide capacity-building support to women’s groups for participation on community reconstruction management committees. • Consult with women and girls in disaster-affected communities to identify the spatial design and location of women-only spaces. Livelihood restoration • Promote formation of women’s livelihood groups, cooperatives, and credit groups to build social capital and facilitate formation of a social safety net. Increase women’s access to savings, microfinance, and disaster and social insurance schemes. 25 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF MATRIX OF KEY AREAS FOR INTEGRATING VAWG PREVENTION AND RESPONSE INTERVENTIONS ACCORDING TO KEY SUB-SECTOR, STAKEHOLDERS, AND PROJECT INTERVENTION AND RELATED INDICATORS Before an Emergency—Risk Identification, Risk Reduction, and Emergency Preparedness VAWG prevention must be integrated into disaster response organizations’ internal systems — including response tools and education (Table 2). Table 2. Key Areas for Integrating VAWG Prevention and Response Interventions Before an Emergency Recommendations Suggested Indicators POLICY STRENGTHENING • Comprehensively address VAWG in legislation, • National DRM Plan or Strategy addresses VAWG policies, and plans on DRM. Legal and policy comprehensively (Y/N). frameworks on violence against women should address VAWG that occurs in emergencies. • Ensure budget allocations for implementation. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING Protocols and codes of conduct • Create or strengthen existing protocols and • Protocols on VAWG prevention and response in guidelines by including actions to respond to VAWG disasters established and disseminated to DRM in disasters. staff (Y/N). • Preemptively establish codes of personal conduct • Codes of conduct established in DRM agencies with for DRM personnel that protect disaster-affected clear accountability frameworks (Y/N). people from sexual abuse, corruption, exploitation, and other human rights violations. • Strengthen confidential referral mechanisms within and between sectors working on VAWG prevention and response. Shelter design and supplies • Design sites and shelters that meet internationally • Shelters constructed or rehabilitated by the project agreed-upon standards and consider women’s and using shelter designs meeting international girls’ physical safety. Consider options for family standards that consider women’s and girls’ physical grouping in the shelter. safety and needs. • Ensure that medical, reproductive health, and • Operational shelter staff certified in protocols and safety supplies are ready to be deployed in an procedures to prevent, refer to, and respond to emergency. VAWG and violence against children (target number, compared to baseline). • Increase in share of women in leadership on shelter management committees for each “safe haven� constructed or rehabilitated by the Project (target percentage, compared to baseline). 26 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Suggested Indicators • Increase in share of female participation on shelter management committees for each “safe haven� constructed or rehabilitated by the Project (target percentage, compared to baseline) • Percentage of beneficiaries reporting satisfaction with project activities regarding rehabilitation and construction of shelters (target percent, change from baseline). VAWG services • Map VAWG services, develop dissemination • VAWG services in all regions and provinces mapped materials outlining availability of services, and (Y/N). strengthen confidential referral mechanisms within • Information about VAWG services disseminated and between sectors working on VAWG prevention widely to local authorities and civil society and response. organizations (Y/N). • Incorporate VAWG training of operational staff as • Operational staff certified in protocols and part of construction and rehabilitation services procedures to prevent and respond to VAWG (target number, compared to baseline). Other • Collect data to identify vulnerable populations. • Establish procedures for monitoring and reporting of VAWG. • Systematically include VAWG in disaster research, evaluations, training, advocacy, and awareness campaigns. COMMUNITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION READINESS • Provide community educational programs on how • Number of municipal staff trained in VAWG to prepare for disasters, emphasizing the right to a prevention and response in DRM context (target life free of violence before, during, and after number, compared to baseline). disasters and the adverse effects that violence can • Percentage of women and men in the community have on the entire population’s recovery. trained in prevention and response protocols • Train local community and government staff in • Local community and government staff trained in gender-sensitive DRM and VAWG prevention and prevention and response protocols in DRM and response protocols in emergencies and establish VAWG (target percentage, compared to baseline) codes of conduct for DRM personnel. • CAPACITY STRENGTHENING OF ACTORS INVOLVED • Build capacity of disaster response actors at • VAWG prevention and response module is included regional and national levels to identify and in training programs for civil protection officers, integrate VAWG measures into existing risk health sector staff, and social workers (Y/N). reduction and emergency response training and • VAWG training materials for DRM personnel (civil manuals by sector, as applicable. protection officers, health sector staff, social • Train staff in charge of providing VAWG services workers) developed and disseminated (target and activities to comply with VAWG protocols in number, compared to baseline). disaster emergencies, including mobile service • Number of civil protection officers, health sector providers, so that they can be deployed if a disaster staff, and social workers trained in VAWG limits access to usual service delivery points. prevention and response (target number, compared to baseline). 27 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Suggested Indicators • Assign clear lines of responsibility for providing • Increase in number of frontline emergency services to respond to VAWG. responders with the knowledge to recognize, provide psychological first aid, and refer VAWG survivors to appropriate services (target percentage, compared to baseline). Note: DRM, disaster risk management; VAWG, violence against women and girls. During an Emergency—Emergency Response and Resilient Early Recovery VAWG prevention must be prioritized, responded to rapidly, and included in surveillance and monitoring. VAWG survivors should be identified and receive prompt, confidential, appropriate services according to established protocols and guidelines. VAWG prevention and response requires multi-sectoral coordination among health and social services; legal, human rights, and security actors; and the community (Table 3). Table 3. Key Areas for Integrating VAWG Prevention and Response Interventions During an Emergency Recommendations Suggested indicators POLICY STRENGTHENING • Form interorganizational, multisectoral VAWG • Interinstitutional working group in VAWG in place working groups at the national, regional, and local to coordinate VAWG prevention and response in levels comprising VAWG service providers and disasters (Y/N). other key actors from the community, government, • Interagency action plan on VAWG mitigation, United Nations, international and local prevention, and response for DRM developed and nongovernmental organizations, donors, etc. agreed to by all key stakeholders (Y/N) • Develop an interagency VAWG action plan with the government and other key stakeholders. Delineate objectives, roles, responsibilities, and indicators for meeting goals. The plan should be informed by data obtained in the situation analysis and with active participation of women from the community. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING Clinical management of sexual violence survivors • Establish protocols for clinical management of • Establishment of protocols for clinical management sexual violence survivors within the emergency of sexual violence survivors within the emergency area at all levels of the health system. area at all levels of the health system aligned with • Ensure availability of the Minimum Initial Service international standards (Y/N). Package. • GBV service is equipped with essential medicine for • Offer a standard medical response to sexual sexual assault survivors and at least one staff violence survivors, including the option of member trained on VAWG response, including emergency contraception, preventive treatment for collection of medico-legal data (Y/N). sexually transmitted infections, post-exposure • Percentage of rape survivors in emergency area prophylaxis for prevention of transmission of HIV, who report to a health facility or worker within 72 and tetanus and hepatitis B vaccinations and hours and receive appropriate medical care (target wound care as appropriate. percentage, change from baseline). • Establish measures to protect the physical safety of • At least One VAWG staff member always available survivors immediately after an incident of sexual to service facilities are open (Y/N) violence, such as safe housing. 28 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Suggested indicators • Data collection protocols include consent from survivors for all data collected (Y/N). VAWG prevention and mitigation • Integrate VAWG expertise into agencies’ disaster • Number or percentage of core DRM staff (civil response and recovery teams to help ensure that protection officers, health sector staff, social design and implementation of interventions workers) trained on VAWG prevention and address VAWG comprehensively. For example, the response (target number or percentage, compared terms of reference and core competencies of staff to baseline). responding to disasters could include training and • Safe spaces for women and girls designated or certification on understanding the connection established that offer GBV case management and between VAWG and disasters. counseling (Y/N). • Identify and document locations where sexual • DRM infrastructure (water supply, sanitation violence has occurred and establish relevant facilities, water points) is constructed to preventive measures. accommodate women’s need for privacy (Y/N). • Provide safe spaces for women and girls to help • Early warning system for VAWG established (Y/N). them recover from violence, form networks, and obtain support. These are often integrated spaces offering a range of services including resources, information, social networks, essential and discreet clinical care, sexual reproductive health services, GBV case management, individual or group counseling, psychosocial support, safety planning and risk reduction, skill building, recreational activities. • Set up latrines, washing facilities, and water points in accessible, secure locations and have locks to ensure safety and privacy while the latrine or washing facility is being used. • Ensure female protection or police officers are available and that female staff members are included in food distribution, registration, and other services set up to respond to an emergency. • Establish an early warning system for VAWG so that individuals can report threatening behaviors before incidents occur, triggering appropriate preventive measures. Ensure that on-the-ground reporting mechanisms are private and confidential. • Safely and ethically collect data on VAWG at key points of contact with beneficiaries. Data collection can occur as a part of visits to temporary or permanent health care facilities and as an integral part of routine morbidity surveillance. • Distribute safety equipment with basic emergency supply kits, such as whistles and flashlights, to help women and girls protect themselves. COMMUNITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION READINESS Security 29 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Suggested indicators • Allocate dedicated spaces for women, adolescents, • Safe spaces for women and children during a and children; consider options for family grouping disaster designated (Y/N). in shelters; and ensure adequate lighting in indoor and outdoor common areas. • Create designated areas for children to play under supervision of adults who provide safe activities and ensure that trained sexual violence prevention staff screen individuals who will supervise these areas. • Distribute safety equipment with basic emergency supplies, such as whistles and flashlights, to help women and girls protect themselves. • Patrol firewood collection routes or provide direct transportation to firewood collection sites. • Identify vulnerable groups of women and girls and, after consulting them, provide them with special arrangements such as housing for unaccompanied children and female-headed households. Women’s participation • Increase women’s representation and participation • Percentage or number of women represented in on local DRM-related committees and watchdog DRM local committees (target percentage or committees to influence emergency planning or to number, compared to baseline). respond to disasters by involving women’s groups in the project to ensure that women’s feedback and concerns are reflected in the decision-making process related to early warning systems, ensuring that these committees include female representatives of local women’s groups so that women are meaningfully represented in the consultation and decision-making processes, giving dedicated disaster risk reduction training to women to increase emergency preparedness capacity, and ensuring women’s involvement and leadership in these local committee. Outreach, psychosocial support, and family protection • Implement outreach activities focused on women • Training and outreach activities focused on women and girls in camps and settlements to raise and girls in camps and settlements to raise awareness of risk of violence, how to protect awareness of risk of violence, how to protect themselves, and where to go for assistance. themselves, and where to go for assistance • Ensure that displaced populations are informed of implemented (number, compared to baseline). availability and location of services for survivors of • Number of women and men receiving psychological various forms of violence. counseling and support to address emotional • Provide culturally appropriate psychosocial support impacts of a disaster (target number, change from to address emotional impacts of disasters for baseline). families to help reduce risk of intimate partner violence. • Promote family and community mechanisms for protection (e.g., keeping families together whenever possible, supporting adults to prevent children from becoming separated from families, 30 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Suggested indicators organizing family tracing and reunification for children and adults separated from families, and enabling people from the same villages and communities or support networks to live in the same area. • Develop projects that leverage women’s strengths and capabilities, particularly in income-generating activities. • Integrate VAWG expertise into agencies’ disaster • Number of DRM personnel (civil protection officers, response and recovery teams to help ensure that health sector staff, social workers) who have design and implementation of interventions received VAWG prevention and response training address VAWG comprehensively. (target number, compared to baseline). Note: DRM, disaster risk management; GBV, gender-based violence; VAWG, violence against women and girls. After an Emergency—Resilient Recovery, Reconstruction, and Livelihood Restoration Infrastructure disruption tends to have different effects on men and women, with a greater impact on women. For instance, disruption of water, energy, and road services can lead to women spending more time fetching water, accessing markets, taking care of children, and being exposed to the risk of GBV. The housing sector also tends to experience significant damage from disasters. As a result, women face greater vulnerability to domestic violence and sexual abuse when alternative safe housing is not available or when living in homelessness. Loss of housing also can allow abusive ex-partners to re-enter survivors’ lives. A key priority for sustainable post-disaster recovery is restoring affected livelihoods. Projects can help governments restore livelihoods by, for example, replacing lost inputs and equipment, providing temporary employment for disaster-affected populations, and providing training on livelihood-adaptation techniques. Economic insecurity in the aftermath of disasters is a major trigger of VAWG. Financial dependence of women on their partners increases after a disaster, which increases their vulnerability to VAWG because it is difficult from them to report or leave an abusive partner. Poverty also drives some women to engage in transactional sex and forced early marriage or labor. Table 4. Key Areas for Integrating VAWG Prevention and Response Interventions After an Emergency Recommendations Indicative indicators INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING Housing • Promote gender-inclusive housing reconstruction • Number of households with resilient core housing programs that ensure joint housing titles. reconstructed under the project (target number, compared to baseline). • Of the total number of households, percentage female-headed households with resilient core housing reconstructed under the project (percentage compared to baseline). • Percentage of female-headed households with access to resilient housing (target percentage, change from baseline). • Percentage of female-headed households that accessed training related to housing reconstruction 31 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Indicative indicators and repair (target percentage, change from baseline). • Percent of female-headed households that accessed financial assistance in housing reconstruction and repair (target percentage, compared to baseline). Resilient community infrastructure • Develop gender-sensitive safety criteria for • Percentage of women who report feeling safe in inclusion in community infrastructure planning and public spaces in selected neighborhood locations design. (target percentage, compared to baseline). • Integrate safety and VAWG risk reduction features such as streetlights and more and wider sidewalks into reconstruction and “build back better� investments. • Upgrade communal bathrooms to prevent violence in public spaces. Improve local infrastructure, considering women’s and girls’ needs. • Consider gender-inclusive design and location of water and sanitation facilities to reduce women’s and girls’ time poverty, enable them to spend more time on income generation or education, and prevent risks from potential abuse and gender- based violence. • Rebuild educational facilities in a gender-sensitive manner. Provide a safe space for girls and construct separate toilets for girls. Ensure that bathrooms have adequate lighting, lock from the inside, and include facilities for disposal of feminine hygiene products. Livelihood restoration • Design gender-inclusive livelihood restoration • Number of women to be employed and trained by programs that provide vulnerable populations, such the project in providing socio-technical assistance as female-headed households, with access to in contract, procurement, and logistics livelihood opportunities. management and bookkeeping (target number, • Support cash-for-work and food-for-work programs compared to baseline). targeted equally to women and men and include • Number and percentage of direct female types of work that allow women to participate beneficiaries of wage (cash for work) employment fully. (target number or percentage, compared to • Ensure that wage payments are made directly to baseline). women and not to other family members to ensure • Percentage and number of jobs created by labor- that they have direct access to the funds to meet intensive work created through project activities household needs. (target percentage or number, compared to • Provide social support services (access to childcare, baseline). safe transport, psychosocial counseling) to create a • Number of disaster-affected households receiving supportive, enabling environment for women to cash transfers, total and by gender of head of participate in livelihood activities. household (target number, compared to baseline) • Number of micro, small, and medium-size enterprises that received microcredit from the Government Development Loan Scheme, 32 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Indicative indicators disaggregated according to sex of firm’s owner (target number, compared to baseline). COMMUNITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION READINESS • Raise awareness of gender inequality, VAWG risk • Number or percentage of women and men in the and protective factors, sexual harassment in public community that have receive training to prepare spaces, and access to survivor services through them for VAWG in DRM situations (target sensitization activities for community and project percentage, compared to baseline). staff. • Number of women and men involved in post- disaster recovery and reconstruction program area receiving VAWG trainings (target number, compared to baseline). Housing • Increase capacity through community training, • Percentage and number of women and men in the outreach, and awareness campaigns to make community who agree that women should have the female-headed households aware of housing and same legal rights to land and property ownership as property rights and benefits of registering a land men (target percentage and number, compared to title. baseline). • Include consultative processes involving men and • Percentage of women on community councils and women and educate all about the importance of housing committees with decision-making roles women’s land rights. (target percentage, compared to baseline). • Increase women’s participation on community • Percentage of women employed in housing councils and housing committees in decision- reconstruction (target percentage, compared to making roles. baseline). • Ensure equal participation of women and men in reconstruction jobs. Resilient community infrastructure • Involve women and adolescent girls as active • Percentage of women participating in community participants in identifying priority safety issues, decision-making committees that community unsafe public spaces, contributing factors, and infrastructure rebuilding works (Target percentage, possible solutions to improve safety. compared to baseline). Livelihood restoration • Encourage and strengthen women’s cooperatives • Number of women trained in cooperative business and associated enterprises. and management (target number, compared to • Train female and male beneficiaries of livelihood baseline). restoration programs on collaborative, equitable • Number of female and male beneficiaries of household decision making and healthy conflict livelihood restoration programs trained in resolution. equitable household decision making and healthy conflict resolution (target number, compared to baseline). CAPACITY STRENGTHENING OF ACTORS INVOLVED • Train housing, resilient infrastructure, and • Number and percentage of staff and contractors livelihood restoration program staff on VAWG and working on housing, livelihood restoration, and equip them with the skills to recognize VAWG resilient infrastructure trained on VAWG survivors and the tools to provide support and prevention and response (target percentage, advice on current reporting channels. compared to baseline). 33 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Recommendations Indicative indicators • Identify safe, confidential, appropriate systems of • Percentage of women and men who report an care (referral pathways) for survivors. incidence of violence in the context of housing and • Establish codes of conduct for housing, resilient livelihood restoration programs receiving a referral infrastructure, and livelihood restoration program to appropriate services (target percentage, staff. compared to baseline). • Establish accessible feedback and grievance redress • Codes of conduct established for housing, resilient mechanisms in the context of housing, resilient infrastructure, and livelihood restoration program infrastructure, and livelihood restoration programs. agencies with clear accountability frameworks (Y/N). • Grievance and redress mechanisms and uptake locations established for housing, community reconstruction, and livelihood restoration programs (Y/N) Note: DRM, disaster risk management; VAWG, violence against women and girls. 34 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF RECOMMENDED RESOURCES Toolkits and Frameworks Erman, Alvina, Sophie Anne De Vries Robbe, Stephan Fabian Thies, Kayenat Kabir, Mirai Maruo. 2021. Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience: Existing Evidence. World Bank, Washington, DC. Gender-Based Violence Information Management System. VAWG CM-CBI: Capacity Building Initiative Strategy and Toolkit Gender-Based Violence Information Management System. Gender Based Violence Information Management System Gender-Based Violence Information Management System. 2017. Interagency GBV Case Management Guidelines Global Protection Cluster. 2019. Handbook for Coordinating Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2005. Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2015. Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action Response: Reducing Risk, Promoting Resilience and Aiding Recovery. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2020. Clinical Care for Sexual Assault Survivors International Rescue Committee. Feasibility and Acceptability of Mobile and Remote Gender-based Violence (VAWG)Service Delivery: A Study of Innovative Approaches to VAWG Case Management in an Out-of-Camp Humanitarian Setting. International Rescue Committee. 2018. VAWG Emergency Preparedness & Response: Participant Handbook International Rescue Committee. 2018. Guidelines for Mobile and Remote Gender-Based Violence (VAWG) Service Delivery International Rescue Committee. 2019. VAWG Emergency Response and Preparedness Inclusion Guidance Note Murphy, Maureen, Tim Hess, Jean Casey, and Helena Minchew. What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis: Synthesis Brief. OXFAM. 2011.Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction: A Training Pack. Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium. 2004. Gender-Based Violence Tools Manual for Assessment & Program Design, Monitoring & Evaluation in Conflict-Affected Settings Sphere Project. Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response Sphere Project. Sphere Handbook. United Nations Children’s Fund. 2020. Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies: Operational Guide. United Nations Population Fund. 2011. Managing VAWG Programming in Emergencies. United Nations Population Fund. 2015. Minimum Standards for Prevention and Response to Gender Based Violence in Emergencies World Bank. 2020. Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Disaster Recovery. World Bank. 2022. Toward More Gender-Inclusive Emergency Recovery Projects Responding to Natural Disasters: Sectoral Entry Points. 35 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF Other Resources Asian Development Bank. 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World Bank, Washington DC. 40 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS RESOURCE GUIDE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT BRIEF PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Nugroho Nurdikiawan Sunjoyo/World Bank This report was prepared by the World Bank’s Gender Group, the Urban, Resilience and Land Global Practice, and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. The authors include Ursula Casabonne, Diana J. Arango, Mirai Maruo, Ariana Maria Del Mar Grossi, Zoe Elena Trohanis, Mirtha Liliana Escobar, Victoria Stanley and Arjola Limani. The authors are grateful to Andrea Kucey and Niels B. Holm-Nielsen for their support and guidance. They also thank peer reviewers Claudia Soto and Elizabeth Susan Graybill for their comments and Diana Cubas for editorial support. Additional inputs were also provided by Chimaraoke Izugbara (ICRW) and Chelsea Ullman (GWI). Editing services were provided by the World Bank’s Global Corporate Solutions with technical inputs from Diana Cubas. 41 ⎪ Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide ⎪Disaster Risk Management Brief