Harnessing Fishing Net Recycling in Coastal Bangladesh 2024 i © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /the World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of the World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes, as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2024. Harnessing Fishing Net Recycling in Coastal Bangladesh. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, the World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. All photos used in this report taken by World Bank team. Further permission required for reuse. Report design and layout: Rustam Vani and Sudev Kumar iii As Bangladesh’s economy grows and the country becomes rapidly urbanized, plastic pollution has become an escalating problem. Moving forward, the Government of Bangladesh aims for sustainable development by stepping up and modernizing the action on pollution and waste management and adopting appropriate approaches, including circular economy. The report is part of a deep dive on plastic waste management in Bangladesh, an analytical product under the Building Back Greener Bangladesh Programmatic Analytics and Advisory Services aimed to support the Government of Bangladesh to better understand the status of plastic issues and form a basis on which to tackle plastic waste management in a more systematic and comprehensive manner. The deep dive builds on the analytics and aligns with the recommendations set forward in the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) (2023) and the Multisectoral Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management in Bangladesh (2021) focusing on different areas of policy and regulatory reforms; economic instruments; technology and infrastructure; and awareness raising. It supports the Bank’s commitment to work with countries around the world to pursue and scale-up policies and programs that help them move toward a circular plastic economy and, in partnership with civil society and the private sector, harnesses the power of innovation to bring viable and sustainable solutions for plastic waste reduction and management. This report was produced with generous financial support from PROBLUE, a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank, that supports the sustainable and integrated development of marine and coastal resources in a healthy ocean. i Table of Contents Acknowledgment v Glossary vi Acronyms viii Executive Summary ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Study Area 4 1.3. Scope and Methodology 5 2. Findings 7 2.1. Assessment of Recycling Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste 8 2.2. Development of a Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling of Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste 18 3. Review of Business Models 24 3.1. Overview of Potential Markets 24 3.2. BUSINESS MODEL 1: Establishing a Local Gender Inclusive Value Chain with Existing Local Fishing Net Recycling Businesses to Reduce Environmental Impact 26 3.3. BUSINESS MODEL 2: Setting Up a Supply Chain for Selling Mixed Plastic Waste to Industries for Conversion into Construction Materials that Can be Used Locally 30 3.4. BUSINESS MODEL 3: Setting Up a Supply Chain that Exports Fishing Nets for Recycling into Nylon-6 Yarn 31 3.5. Ensuring the Success of Business Models 32 3.6. Comparative Analysis of Business Models 33 3.7. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Value Chain 35 4. Conclusion and Recommendations 36 4.1. Recommendations 36 4.2. Next Steps 38 References 39 ii List of Figures Figure ES 1. Conceptual Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling Fishing Nets in Study Areas xiii Figure 1. Litter Density in Communities Along the Ganges River in Bangladesh and India 2 Figure 2. Geographic Location of Study Areas 4 Figure 3. Data Collection Methods and Community Engagement 6 Figure 4. Overview of Findings 7 Figure 5. Fishing Net Supply Chain in Study Areas 9 Figure 6. Discarded Nets and Plastic Waste in Study Areas 10 Figure 7. Heat Map Showing Density of Fishing Nets in Study Areas 15 Figure 8. Share of Different Litter Items from Photo Quadrat Analysis in Study Areas in 2022 16 Figure 9. Conceptual Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling Fishing Nets in Study Areas 18 Figure 10. Proposed Business Model for End-of-Life Fishing Nets in Bangladesh 28 iii List of Tables Table 1. Net Types Used in Study Areas 8 Table 2. Illegal Fishing Nets in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar 11 Table 3. Local Trade and Recycling of Nets in Study Areas 13 Table 4. Household Data on Weekly Usage of SUPs Extrapolated According to Total Number of Households 17 Table 5. Responses of Women and Men in the FGDs Regarding Development of a Gender Equitable Value Chain 19 Table 6. Details of Microfinance Organizations in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar 22 Table 7. Potential for Recycling Waste Fishing Nets in Bangladesh 24 Table 8. Comparative Analysis of Net Collection and Processing in Study Areas 29 Table 9. Cost of Labor and Infrastructure in Study Areas 30 Table 10. Mode and Cost of Transporting of Fishing Nets in Study Areas 31 Table 11. Comparative Analysis of Business Models 1, 2, and 3 34 Table 12. Framework for Gender Responsive Monitoring of the Value Chain 35 List of Boxes Box 1. Mobilization of Community Collection of ALDFG 12 Box 2. Community-based Fishing Net Collection in the Philippines 26 iv Glossary Term Meaning Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Abandoned: A fishing net over which the operator/owner Net has control and that could be retrieved by the owner/ operator, but is deliberately left at sea due to force majeure or other unforeseen reasons Lost: A fishing net over which the owner/operator has accidentally lost control and that cannot be located and/or retrieved by owner/operator Discarded: A fishing net that is released without any attempt for further control or recovery by the owner/operator (FAO 2019) Baling The process of compressing and binding waste materials into a dense, compact bundle or bale for ease of handling, storage, transportation, and disposal (EnvCure 2023) Bepari A term used in Bangladesh for a small-scale trader or merchant Bhangariwala A term used in Bangladesh for a scrap trader who buy and sell recyclable waste and old and scrap items Set Barrier Net (Chargera Net) A type of fishing net used to catch fish from riverbanks submerged during high tide with net fencing supported by wooden poles inserted 3–4 feet apart into the soil-bed to withstand the impact of high tides (Haque et al. 2021) Chemical Recycling Refers to technologies that turn post-use plastic waste into its basic chemical building blocks, from which either new plastic can be created, or chemicals, fuels, and other, normally crude-based products are made (Clariter 2024) Circular Economy An economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources by reusing, repairing, and recycling materials Compacting The process of compressing materials, such as plastic waste, to reduce their volume Densification System Equipment or machinery used to increase the density of materials, typically plastic waste, for recycling purposes, increasing mass per unit of volume of the waste stream, including shredding/grinding/particle reduction, compression, pelletizing, and briquetting End-of-life Fishing Net Fishing nets that reached the end of their utility cycle through regular wear and age, and are ready to be discarded or recycled Estuarine Set Bag Net (Behundi Jal) A conical-shaped net with two extensions traditionally crafted from nylon ropes and knotted, that has its mouth spread and secured on the tide using bamboo, wood, or iron, effectively trapping fish in the central pouch of the net (Haque et al. 2021) v Term Meaning Fence Net A type of fishing net used to enclose a specific area of water to trap fish beneath the surface of the water, which may be made of either nylon or monofilament (Haque et al. 2021) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy A technique used to analyze the chemical composition of materials by measuring the absorption of infrared light that is widely used to identify organic materials, which gained popularity in microplastic (MP) pollution research to determine the chemical composition of unknown plastic fragments Gender Equitable A process in which there is fairness and equality in opportunities, treatment, and benefits for people of all genders Gender Inclusive Policies, practices, or initiatives that consider and cater to the needs and perspectives of people of all genders Gender Responsive Policies, programs, or actions that are designed and implemented with an understanding of gender dynamics and that aim to address gender inequalities Gill Net (Lakkha Jal/Lal Jal) A net composed of monofilament or multifilament nylon, which forms a vertical netting barrier in the water, with mesh sizes engineered to permit only the fish’s head to pass through, ensnaring the fish by its gills as it attempts to retreat (Haque et al. 2021) Mahajan A term used in South Asia for an informal moneylender or creditor Mechanical Recycling A recycling process that involves physically breaking down plastic waste into smaller pieces for reuse in new products Monofilament Gill Net (Current Jal) A synthetic nylon net used in fishing that is made of a continuous filament yarn that is invisible to fish and can capture fish of small sizes and prevent them from retreating, increasing the catch per unit effort (Haque et al. 2021) Mosquito/Dip Net (Moshari Ber Jal) A fishing net typically made from fine mesh material on a long handle, used to scoop fish from water (Haque et al. 2021) Multi-Film Sachet A single-use plastic sachet packaging made from multiple layers of different materials Nylon-6 Yarn A type of synthetic polymer with a very high strength and strong corrosion resistance in both freshwater and seawater, with a service life of 5–8 years, commonly used in the production of fishing nets Photo Quadrat Analysis An ecological research method to assess and analyze the composition of matter, organic or inorganic, by taking photographs of quadrat frames Plastic A synthetic material made from polymers that can be molded into various shapes and forms Single-Use Plastic Items made from polymers of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), or expanded polystyrene (EPS) that are designed to be used once and discarded Thermal Recovery A waste management process that involves recovering energy from waste materials through incineration or other thermal treatment methods vi Acronyms ALDFG abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear ALDFN abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing net BDT Bangladeshi taka DoF Department of Fisheries ESBN estuarine set bag net FGD focus group discussion FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy KII key informant interview MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change RIC Resource Integration Centre SBCC social behavior change and communication SDF Social Development Foundation SUP single-use plastic vii Acknowledgement This report was prepared by a World Bank team co-led by Bushra Nishat (Environment Specialist), Pawan Patil (Senior Environment Specialist), and Nina Tsydenova (Environmental Specialist), with contributions from Ganesh Pangare (Senior Water Consultant), Marufa Akter (Gender Consultant) and Zoie Diana (Marine Plastic Consultant). This research was funded by PROBLUE, a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank, that supports the sustainable and integrated development of marine and coastal resources in a healthy ocean. The diagnostic study upon which the report is based was conducted by a consortium led by Professor Heather Koldewey, HJ Koldewey Ltd (United Kingdom) in partnership with WildTeam (Bangladesh) and COAST 4 C (Australia), including Professor Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, Professor Subrata Sarker, Md. Nazmul Hasan Niloy, Surshti Patel, Amado Blanco, and Dr Nick Hill. For technical guidance and many engaging discussions, the team thanks Lisbet Kugler (Senior Environmental Specialist), Istiak Sobhan (Senior Environmental Specialist), Shahzia Mohsin Khan (Envornmental Specialist), Tajkia Syeed Tofa (Environmental Consultant) and Sabina Parvin (Gender Specialist). The team also acknowledges Susan Sellars for editing; Rustam Vania and Sudev Kumar for design, layout, and infographics; Patricia Anne Janer and Marlee Beers for creating maps within the report; and Ian Richie Paulson, Oliva Biswas, Muhammad Naeem and Hanny for overall administrative support. The team gratefully acknowledges comments provided by World Bank peer reviewers Anna Kalashyan (Social Development Specialist), Lisbet Kugler (Senior Environmental Specialist), Milen F. Dyoulgerov (Senior Environmental Specialist), and Sachiko Kondo (Senior Natural Resources Management Specialist). Special thanks are due to the researchers, members of civil society, and government officials who actively participated in the dialogues. The team acknowledges the effective participation of the communities of Alamghat union in Charfesson of Bhola district and Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara union of Cox’s Bazar Sadar in Cox’s Bazar district. The team thanks MIM Zulfiqar, Shakila Yeasmin, and Shila Aktar of Social Development Foundation (SDF), and Mohammed Shariful Azam, Monish Kumar Mondal, Maruf Hossain Minar and Md. Bodruzzaman from the Department of Fisheries (DoF). viii Executive Summary Background Bangladesh has one of the largest inland aquaculture and capture fisheries in the world, due to its favorable agroclimatic conditions. The fisheries sector contributes approximately 3.57 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP) and 3.6 percent of total export earnings (Department of Fisheries 2019a). In addition, it employs more than 17 million workers (full-time and part-time), representing approximately 11 percent of the country’s total population (Department of Fisheries 2016). About 1.4 million women depend directly or indirectly on the sector for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, fish handling, and processing (BFTI 2016), with approximately 1.2 and 0.3 million directly involved in inland and marine fisheries respectively (FAO 2016). Given the size and scale of the fisheries sector, a large quantity and variety of nets are used by fisher communities. Various studies have highlighted the pollution caused by discarded fishing nets and fishing net waste as a major problem in Bangladesh. To mitigate this problem, it is imperative to design solutions that are suited to local conditions and guided by information collected and analyzed on the source, quantities, and status of end- of-life fishing nets. As a significant number of women are involved in the fishing industry, both at the commercial and household level, it is necessary to take into consideration the role that women can play in designing and implementing pollution-mitigating solutions and interventions. Accordingly, a study was undertaken to determine the extent of the problem of discarded fishing net waste and single-use plastics (SUPs) and explore solutions for mitigating impacts on aquatic systems. This study looked at points of intervention where women can participate and play important roles in establishing value chains for the recycling of fishing nets, fishing net waste, and SUPs. Specifically, the study focused on three aspects: n Assessment of recycling fishing nets and fishing net waste n Development of gender equitable value chains for the recycling of fishing nets, fishing net waste, and single-use plastics at the community level n Identification of business models for the recycling of fishing nets and mixed plastic waste Data was gathered using a literature review, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), laboratory analysis, and photo quadrat analysis of plastic litter. These methods were implemented in selected fishing and coastal communities in the two upazilas (or sub-districts)—Charfesson of Bhola district (Alamghat village) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar of Cox’s Bazar district (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara villages). These locations were identified as areas of interest supported by the Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (SCMFP) implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DoF) and Social Development Foundation (SDF) (2019b). ix Assessment of Recycling Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste Most fishing nets used in Bangladesh are made of plastic and are likely to contain nylon-6, which has a high value on the global recycling market (Nelms et al. 2021). Nylon-6 has a high tensile strength and low visibility underwater, making it an ideal material for nets. Nylon-6 is also an engineering grade plastic with the highest recycling value thanks to technological developments. To determine the presence of nylon-6 in the fishing nets, samples of different types of nets were collected from Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar and analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine their chemical composition. The laboratory analysis demonstrated the presence of nylon-6 in all collected nets and fishing rope samples, indicating a high level of opportunity for recycling. The lifespan of fishing nets ranges from around 1 month to 15 years, depending on the type of net and the location where it is used. At the end of the life cycle of these nets, they are either repurposed, sold to local buyers, or discarded into the environment. In 2021, there were 237,018 abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing net (ALDFN) events from 40,774 Bangladeshi vessels with approximately 1,687 tons of gear repaired, 3,821 tons recycled/ reprocessed, 7,839 tons disposed of, and 6,089 tons lost at sea (World Bank 2023a). Annually, a total of 107–238 tons are sold by fishers to 400–500 local buyers in Charfesson and 113– 136 tons to 200–250 local buyers in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. Existing laws do not permit the recycling or trading of illegal nets, such as the most widely used current jal and behundi jal nets. Of the 17 types of fishing nets found in the study sites, four are illegal nets that have previously been banned by the government. Under the Protection and Conservation of Fish Act (1950) and Marine Fisheries Act (2020), each year 11.5 tons and 52 tons of illegal nets are confiscated by the DoF and burned in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar, respectively. Open burning of plastics leads to the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere. As an alternative to burning, these nets could be recycled with provisions/protocols to ensure that the nets are not refurbished and reused for illegal fishing, with proper permissions from the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The large turnover of end-of-life nets and the fact that they all contain nylon-6, as indicated in the study sites, provides an opportunity to recycle the fishing nets. This study also found that about 648,000 and 887,400 items of SUPs are used each week in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar, respectively. There is, therefore, value in exploring methods to recycle these as well. Women play key roles in the fisheries sector in Bangladesh, including in gear preparation, fishing operations, and post-harvest activities, yet they make up less than 10 percent of the sector (Department of Fisheries 2016). Their contributions, particularly in aquaculture and fish processing, are often unrecognized due to gender inequalities and social norms. Women face barriers such as lack of access to credit, markets, and education, as well as restrictive inheritance norms and insufficient working capital. These challenges limit their full participation and recognition in the fisheries sector. Despite these obstacles, women are crucial stakeholders and can significantly contribute to the recycling of fishing nets and waste. By engaging in collection, sorting, processing, and product development, women can enhance value chains and support small-scale entrepreneurial startups. Addressing these gender disparities would bring valuable insights and lead to their active participation in the business model for recycling fishing net waste. x Development of a Gender-Equitable Value Chain for Recycling of Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste Interviews and focus group discussions indicated that women and men in local communities are interested in participating in the development of a value chain for recycling end-of-life fishing nets. While men are already engaged in this sector in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar, women face significant barriers to participating in the value chain because of gender social norms. Women expressed that they are not allowed to participate in activities such as fishing, recycling, and transporting nets due to traditional gender roles and socio-cultural norms that restrict their mobility. Therefore, they prefer net collection sites close to home and noted that with proper transportation and family support, they could collect and transport nets more effectively. Establishing a processing center or warehouse in accessible locations could facilitate their participation. However, women also face barriers such as limited access to financial services, lack of knowledge and training about recycling technologies, and challenges in accessing credit. Targeted training and capacity-building programs could help overcome these obstacles to increase women’s participation in this sector. There are 11 microcredit organizations in Charfesson and 10 in Cox’s Bazar Sadar (5 operate in both areas), and 60 percent to 90 percent of the beneficiaries of these microcredit organizations are women. The beneficiaries take loans and invest in various businesses such as cattle farming, aquaculture, fish fry production, poultry farming, and seasonal small businesses. In Cox’s Bazar Sadar, the beneficiaries can repay their loans more easily than in Charfesson, where 30 percent of beneficiaries find it difficult to do so. The microcredit organizations usually organize training programs so that beneficiaries can use their money in an appropriate and profitable manner. However, due to the high interest rates (as high as 25 percent) and unsuccessful business investments, some beneficiaries fail to repay their debts and are unable to improve their financial condition. Even though micro-credit organizations provide loans to women, women highlighted significant financial obstacles, insufficient financial literacy, and a lack of financial decision-making power. Women often lack confidence in starting businesses due to insufficient family support and financial literacy. They also seldom control how these loans are spent, leading to difficulties in repayment and entrepreneurial efforts. These constraints hinder women’s participation in the fisheries value chain. Women suggested that ensuring safety, providing proper transportation, and involving community leaders could encourage their participation in activities like net collection, cleaning, and sorting, as well as in community banking or self-help savings groups. Technical training in the collecting, cleaning, and sorting of fishing nets could be provided. Where required, women’s participation could be encouraged and supported by raising awareness about the importance and benefits of their contribution. Group meetings of women and men need to be held separately and again together to understand and address the barriers to women’s participation. In the study areas, both men and women reported willingness to work in all stages of the proposed value chain, but safety and transportation are crucial concerns for women. Women prefer to stay close to home for net collection due to household responsibilities and mobility restrictions. They consider BDT 300–650 per day a good daily income, with some willing to participate even for lower amounts. Ensuring safety, raising awareness, providing transportation, and involving community leaders were identified as essential requirements. Encouraging participation through training, community awareness, and financial services can empower women and enable their involvement in the value chain, ultimately improving family income, as well as women’s social status and xi decision-making power. An effective and well-designed gender responsive monitoring plan would ensure that both women and men contribute to the planning and decision-making process, that women are encouraged to play leadership roles, and that economic benefits are distributed equitably. Business Models for Recycling Fishing Nets Based on a review of current local and international markets, and discussions with existing and emerging businesses, the study identified three business models for the recycling of fishing nets and mixed SUP waste. The focus was on identifying business models for a circular economy that would provide maximum benefits to the local communities. BUSINESS MODEL 1: Establishing a local gender inclusive value chain with existing local fishing net recycling businesses to reduce environmental impact Community-level collection could be set up to engage communities through special purpose cooperatives to collect, clean, and bale end-of-life fishing nets. Similar community driven fish net collection systems exist in the Philippines, Cameroon, Namibia, Peru, and other countries. The focus would be on pure nylon-6 nets such as current jal due to their high market value. Based on discussions with women and men in the local communities in the study sites, a conceptual model of a gender inclusive value chain was prepared (see Figure ES 1). While collection, cleaning and low-density baling can be carried out at the community level, investment in densification systems will be required to improve net compaction for efficient export. These processing plants do not exist yet, but investment in such infrastructure will be required to enable the economic shipment of discarded nets at scale. Field observations show that there is a vibrant local market for discarded or end-of-life fishing nets, with 400–500 net buyers in Charfesson and 200–250 buyers in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. These businesses are generally run by men, with apparently no space for women to play a role. A local value chain could be set up whereby women and men collect and sell discarded nets to local buyers. However, local recycling simply extends the life of fishing nets through repair or repurposing, which means that these nets will enter the environment as waste at some point. Thereafter, chemical recycling could be a promising alternative for creating high-end valued products and ensuring a circular economy. The proposed business model, discussed with community members, involves participating in all stages of net recycling: collecting, cleaning, sorting, baling, storing, and trading old nets. Community members see the benefits of additional income and a cleaner environment. To ensure women’s participation, a nearby collection and sorting center, owned and managed by women’s cooperatives, could be established. Women’s cooperatives can focus on various stages such as collection, sorting, cleaning, and repurposing fishing nets. These cooperatives should collectively own and operate recycling facilities, giving women a significant stake in the business. Alternately, enterprises can be jointly managed by households, involving both husbands and wives. This model encourages households, including both women and men, to establish net recycling businesses within the local value chain. Comprehensive training in technical skills, business management, and financial literacy is essential for both genders, along with community awareness programs to highlight the benefits of women’s participation. Community members would also need targeted training on quality requirements for nylon-6 yarn. By setting up family enterprises, both men and women in the same household can participate in the recycling business, providing a safe avenue for women, especially in conservative regions like Cox’s Bazar and Charfesson. xii Capital is required to establish this business model and storage facilities. Accessible and affordable financial services that offer low-interest loans and grants to help women cover costs need to be explored. As these financial services often target women, involving husbands can support small-scale household businesses. Targeted training in business management and financial literacy, group discussions, and awareness-raising efforts can encourage community participation in the enterprise. This approach would facilitate women’s entry into the fishing net value chain and improve their repayment rates. Figure ES 1. Conceptual Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling Fishing Nets in Study Areas Colle cti tion c Colle on BUSINESS MODEL 2: Setting up a supply chain for selling mixed plastic waste to industries for conversion into construction materials that can be used locally This model proposes the establishment of collection systems for mixed plastic waste and later the addition of fishing nets. It also proposes to develop family enterprises or women’s co-operatives to provide safe avenues for women, particularly in conservative regions like Cox’s Bazar and Charfesson. Key components include establishing women-run processing facilities or family enterprises to convert plastic waste into construction materials, providing technical training and partnering with financial institutions to offer loans and grants for setting up these facilities. Capacity building through technical, business management, and financial literacy training is essential. Policy support with incentives like subsidies or tax breaks, and awareness campaigns to promote women’s participation are crucial. Ensuring safe working conditions, implementing anti-harassment policies, and providing secure transportation for women workers are also vital. Additionally, innovative recycling practices and research into new technologies should be encouraged to maximize the value of mixed plastic waste in women-led enterprises. New technologies will require substantial xiii investment due to the costs associated with recycling plants and scaling up technologies. Also, the relevant regulatory framework and market conditions are crucial for the successful implementation of the overall intervention. With a 37 percent recycling rate for plastics in Bangladesh, the country has an active plastic recycling industry, mostly concentrated in Dhaka (World Bank 2021b). Informal recycling units, which consist mainly of small businesses and self-employed persons with little or no legal recognition, low capital investments and widespread collection systems, exist in urban and rural areas. In the absence of recycling options at the local level for mixed plastic waste, a tie-up with private companies or producers could be explored. For example, by 2025, Unilever is planning on collecting and processing more plastic packaging (rigid, flexible and tube) than it sells and using 25 percent recycled plastic in its packaging (Unilever 2022). Using the same value chain model, business model, and infrastructure set up, it could be feasible to work with private sector companies to recycle the huge number of SUPs generated from the study areas. On the other hand, the producers would need to pursue recycling for industrial and mass production through extended producer responsibility (EPR) mechanisms. One example of the conversion of mixed plastic waste into usable products for local use is the recycled plastic boards that replace chipboard, plywood, and fiberboard. Such an enterprise could help to mitigate the pollution caused by mixed plastic waste found in the study sites. At end of life, these boards can be reprocessed back into new boards. This will require the use of new plastic pellets, as well as recovered materials and energy inputs. Such an intervention would require advanced recycling plant. However, at the outset, small to medium sized enterprises could be established to focus on the collection of mixed waste and later add collection of fishing nets. BUSINESS MODEL 3: Setting up a supply chain that exports fishing nets for recycling into nylon-6 yarn A supply chain for waste fishing nets for chemical recycling of nylon-6 yarn would require discarded fishing nets to be collected, cleaned, baled, compacted, and shipped to international markets. The global market for recycled nylon is experiencing robust growth due to expanding social awareness and growing environmental concern. Several international companies have made strides in recycling discarded nylon-6 into new, high- quality synthetic fibers and materials. Gradual entry into international markets will allow fish net recycling (nylon-6) to tap into new growth opportunities and diversify revenue streams. The purchase price of good quality nets paid by local buyers is the same per kilo as would be paid by the international recycling market at the point of export. Working with existing local net recycling businesses can appear to be financially more viable than exporting to international markets, both from the perspective of immediate economic returns for the community and the much lower initial investment required to set up the business. Thus prioritizing the formalization of the business, meeting local demand, and ensuring efficient resource recovery and repurposing processes are essential steps before considering international expansion. This includes evaluating the production capacity, understanding the target international markets, and developing a comprehensive export strategy. Furthermore, it is important to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements of the target markets. This may include obtaining necessary certifications, adhering to environmental standards, and meeting quality control measures. xiv Recommendations The growing potential of closed-loop material flows, combined with the presence of regulatory and economic instruments, are playing an important role worldwide in reducing marine pollution from ALDFNs. There is a shift towards circular economy models driven by demand for recycled materials, regulations, and changes in the supply of raw materials and alternative materials. But there is not one single solution, rather a holistic integrated approach is needed and should consist of a mixture of legal, financial, and communication instruments. Initiatives to address plastic pollution focused on fishing nets need to take into account the following: Recommendation 1: Explore the feasibility of amending existing laws to allow the recycling of illegal nets. It is recommended that the feasibility of amending existing laws and permissions that prevent the recycling of illegal nets be explored with the relevant government authorities, such as the MoFL and MoEFCC. With authorization from the relevant ministries, the practice of destroying all the seized illegal nets by open burning could be replaced by alternatives such as thermal recovery/reuse and recycling. However, any amendment to the law should be preceded by circulars or government orders and piloting models to support the development and implementation of a multi-phase stakeholder approach for the sustainable management of fishing net waste. This would increase accountability and ownership among stakeholders. Recommendation 2: Provide fishers with alternative livelihood generating activities to phase out the use of illegal nets. If fishers are provided with alternative livelihood generating activities, such as establishing a value chain for legal nylon-6 fishing nets (with a provision for including confiscated illegal nets by the DoF and other legislative authorities), they can gradually be persuaded to use sustainable gear, instead of these destructive illegal fishing nets. Recommendation 3: Consider implementing a gear exchange program for illegal nets, followed by a recycling program, as well as controlling the supply of illegal nets. Establishing a value chain for nylon-6 fishing nets that includes buying and collecting these nets may risks promoting their usage. A gear exchange program could be implemented for a limited period, after which the illegal nets could be brought in for recycling to help cover some of the costs. To prevent the use of illegal nets, it is also necessary to provide suitable alternatives and control the supply of illegal nets. Recommendation 4: Establish a gender inclusive net-recycling social enterprise. Such an enterprise, that aims to improve the socioeconomic status of marginalized as well as ultra poor coastal communities, would need to be aligned with current and planned policies around gender equity and opportunities for women. Recommendation 5: Promote a gender-equitable fishing net recycling value chain for recycling fishing nets in coastal communities. Provide targeted training for women, provide accessible and affordable financial services, and establish accessible and safe collection points for women. In addition, conduct awareness campaigns engaging men and boys to shift negative societal norms and involve men in family businesses. Recommendation 6: Explore approaches to financing for fishers such as community banking. Current microcredit schemes in the study areas have high interest rates (up to 25 percent). Alternate approaches should be explored, such as community banking (village savings and loan associations), or community grants to underpin the business model. Alternate financing options should be more accessible and affordable with more flexible repayment terms tailored to the needs of the community members, especially women. xv Recommendation 7: Develop a policy framework addressing the pollution caused by fishing nets that is aligned with the Global Plastics Treaty. Local and national policies for the reduction of plastic pollution should give special attention to the significant pollution caused by fishing nets. The policy should also integrate air quality control measures and monitoring to minimize toxic emissions. It should advocate for advanced viable and economically feasible technologies at production, recycling, and recovery facilities. Recommendation 8: Consider a tie-up with the private sector to recycle SUPs. The proposed value chain model and business model for the end-of-life fishing nets is also applicable to SUPs, but is more challenging due to their lower economic value in the recycling market. Currently there are no local or international buyers of SUPs in these locations and these plastics have a much lower value than nylon-6. However, as explained above, a tie-up with the private sector could be explored. Recommendation 9: Education, awareness raising programs, and social mobilization. Develop a large range of materials and methods including drives, campaigns and awareness raising programs to implement targeted education and outreach for fishers and fishing communities. The materials and methods should address the nature of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), its impacts on biodiversity and the environment, and identify mitigation measures including the promotion of the life cycle approach and the 3Rs (refuse, reuse and recycle). Next Steps Step 1: Conduct feasibility studies including consulting with potential buyers and recycling operators to establish minimum requirement and content of nylon-6 to establish economical supply chain for old fishing nets. Step 2: Study the financial viability of each business model for recycling fishing nets, keeping in mind their alignment with national priorities, planned projects, and investments of the Government of Bangladesh, as well as opportunities to bring in support from international donors and organizations and the private sector for investing in the infrastructure required for baling and compacting of the fishing nets. Step 3: Explore accessible and affordable financial services including loans and community grants for the local communities to begin start-up activities for establishing the value chain. Step 4: Engage with the DoF and other relevant authorities to discuss necessary permissions and technical, social, and financial protocols for recycling illegal nets. Step 5: SDF, under the Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project has successfully mobilized community support through effective training and interventions, leading to the initiation of a village-level waste collection system in five coastal villages of Cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Mathbaria and Sarankhola. Taking learnings from this activity, design a community outreach and social behavior change and communication (SBCC) plan and comprehensive capacity building training targeting each household that includes both men and women. Step 6: Develop an implementation plan, incorporating gender responsive monitoring for recycling fishing net waste in coastal communities in Bangladesh. Step 7: Design and implement awareness raising programs and education programs with the local fisher communities, which could lead to long-term positive behavior changes and gradually diminish the use of these illegal fishing nets. xvi 1. Introduction 1.1. Background Due to its favorable agroclimatic conditions, Bangladesh is one of the largest inland aquaculture and capture fisheries in the world. Bangladesh is one massive alluvial flood plain, crisscrossed by a network of several rivers, their numerous tributaries, and canals, which is home to the third largest aquatic biodiversity in Asia, with approximately 800 species in fresh, brackish, and marine waters (Ghose 2014; Hussain and Mazid 2001). The country is ranked third in inland open-water capture production and fifth in world aquaculture production (Department of Fisheries 2019a). A total of 40,774 vessels were recorded in Bangladesh in 2022, across all fisheries sectors, with 14,668.47 tons of fishing gear on board (World Bank 2023a). A great number of fishing nets of many different types are used by fishers in this greatly diversified fisheries sector. Discarded single-use plastic (SUP) sachets and fishing nets used in coastal communities pollute aquatic ecosystems. These plastics travel through the extensive river systems and enter the Bay of Bengal. Plastic pollution threatens aquatic ecosystems and fisheries worldwide, as of 2020, at least 701 species have been documented as affected by marine plastic pollution, often through entanglement or ingestion (Kühn and Van Franeker 2020). The world is on a trajectory towards one tonne of plastic in the ocean for every three tonnes of fish by 2025 (Jambeck et al. 2015), making tackling the issue of plastic pollution a key priority. Animals may become entangled in lost fishing gear and are at risk of abrasion, scarring, and sometimes death (Law 2017). Furthermore, animals ingest marine plastic pollution, which can lead to gastrointestinal obstruction (Laist 1987; Stamper et al. 2009), decreased reproductive output (Bucci et al. 2020; Morrison et al. 2022), and the transfer of harmful chemicals/pollutants (Diana et al. 2020; Rochman et al. 2013; Turner 2018). Plastic pollution threatens aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and is a pressing challenge for Bangladesh. Litter density in communities along the Ganges River in Bangladesh and India ranges from 2.4–14.7 items/m2 and is dominated by plastics, especially from tobacco products and food wrappers (Youngblood et al. 2022) (Figure 1). The litter density in Bangladesh’s Ganges Basin is higher than the global average of 1 item/m2 (Galgani et al. 2015). The national average for litter density in India is 0.3 items/m2 (Mishra et al. 2023), 6 items/m2 in Arabian/ Persian Gulf (Stöfen-O’Brien et al. 2022), 0.4756 items/m2 in Panama (Courtene-Jones et al. 2021), 0.71336 items/m2 in Bonaire (Courtene-Jones et al. 2021), 2.5206 items/m2 in Aruba (Courtene-Jones et al. 2021), and 6 items/m2 0.536 items/m2 in Antigua (Courtene-Jones et al. 2021). 1 Figure 1. Litter Density in Communities along the Ganges River in Bangladesh and India Source: Youngblood et al. (2022) Ghost gear is a significant pollutant in South Asia, with an estimated 9,531 tonnes of ghost gear found in the environment annually from registered fishing vessels in Bangladesh, the Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (World Bank 2023b). Abandoned, lost, and otherwise discarded fishing nets (ALDFNs) are one of the deadliest forms of marine plastic pollution. Erosion and rising sea levels due to climate change will increase ocean- bound plastic pollution and impact areas with high biodiversity in Bangladesh (Chowdhury et al. 2022), making it imperative to find workable solutions to mitigate and reduce pollution from fishing net waste based on information collected and analyzed on the source, quantities, and status of end-of-life fishing nets. Most fishing nets are made of plastic, with most comprised of nylon-6 (Nelms et al. 2021). Nylon-6 has a high tensile strength and low visibility underwater, making it an ideal material for nets. Nylon-6 is also an engineering grade plastic with the highest recycling value due to technological innovation. The global nylon market is expected to reach US$ 30 billion by 2026, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 3.3 percent (Nelms et al. 2021). Hence, recycled nylon-6 can be integrated into products that have a negative carbon footprint and fed into the circular economy. 2 The fisheries sector in Bangladesh contributes approximately 3.57 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP) and 3.6 percent of total export earnings (Department of Fisheries 2019a). It employs more than 17 million workers (full-time and part-time), representing approximately 11 percent of the country’s total population (Department of Fisheries 2016). About 1.4 million women depend directly or indirectly on the sector for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, fish handling, and processing (BFTI 2016), with approximately 1.2 and 0.3 million directly involved in inland and marine fisheries, respectively (FAO 2016). While women play a range of significant roles in fisheries in Bangladesh, they make up less than 10 percent of the current fisheries sector (Department of Fisheries 2016). Although women’s roles may vary in different social and cultural contexts, in general, their roles in fishing-related occupations can be grouped into three primary activities: gear preparation and maintenance, fishing operations, and post-harvest activities (World Bank 2023a). However, major areas of women’s involvement also include aquaculture, shrimp culture, fish processing, net, gear and fishing-craft making, sorting of fingerlings, repairing and maintaining fishing gear, regular supervision, farm management, and transportation (Williams et al. 2002; Ahmed et al. 2012; Mowla and Naher 2014; Das and Khan 2016; WorldFish 2017, 2018; Quddus et al. 2018; Rahman et al. 2020). In coastal cage culture, gathering and preparing feed is mainly carried out by women, with occasional help from children, whereas collecting seed, harvesting, and selling of fish is mainly carried out by men (Brugere et al. 2001). In South-west Bangladesh, nearly 60 percent of women in four study villages were found to be skilled at throwing cast nets and pushing and pulling other nets (Hossain et al. 2018). Women’s participation in commercial aquaculture is scarce (Kwasek et al. 2014). Women are not recognized by male household members as fish farmers; rather they are seen as supporters (Kruijssen et al. 2021). Therefore, women’s contribution is often not visible or formally recognized, and they are marginalized from most fisheries-related activities due to prevailing gender inequalities and social norms. Women’s potential to participate in the fisheries value chain in Bangladesh is further constrained by additional barriers, such as lack of easy access to credit, lack of market access, lack of social security, poor bargaining power, and lack of education (Karim et al. 2015; Farnworth et al. 2015; Haque et al. 2020). Distance of the household from the water body was revealed as a major constraint on the full participation of women, especially in the more conservative areas of the country (Brugere et al. 2001). Women did not have sufficient working and investment capital to invest fully in, or scale up, their innovation (Aregu et al. 2018; WorldFish 2017; Halim and Ahmed 2006). They are further disadvantaged by inheritance norms in Bangladesh that limit their control over and access to productive resources (Agarwal 1994). So, the key gender differences in fisheries are in the division of labor, mobility, access to and control over resources and benefits from aquaculture, and levels of decision-making power (Kruijssen et al. 2016; Worldfish 2017; Barman 2001). Despite all the challenges that women face, they are still important stakeholders in the fisheries sector and can play an important role in establishing value chains for the recycling of fishing nets and fishing net waste. Women can contribute at various points in the value chain, including collection and sorting, recycling and processing, and product development and marketing through establishing small-scale startups. Thus, finding solutions for creating space for women would bring valuable insights to the recycling of fishing nets and fishing net waste and enable them to be an active part of the business model. 3 1.2. Study Area Two coastal upazilas (or sub-districts)—Charfesson of Bhola district (Alamghat village) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar of Cox’s Bazar district (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara villages)—were identified, through a literature review and scoping surveys, as locations of interest for the study (Figure 2). These sites align with the geographical scope of the World Bank supported Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (SCMFP) implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DoF) and Social Development Foundation (SDF) (2019b). Figure 2. Geographical Location of Study Areas 4 1.3. Scope and Methodology The study was conducted from May to November 2022 to determine the following: Quantities and turnover of nylon-6 nets at focal sites n Chemical composition of nets to identify the presence of nylon-6 n Quantities and turnover of nets n Local markets for disused nets n Independent quantification of discarded nets n Quantification of illegal nets confiscated by DoF n Quantification of SUPs Options for value chain development for recycling fishing nets n Feasibility of establishing a gender equitable value chain n Accessible and affordable financial services in the communities Potential for recycling multi-film sachets n Data from private sector companies in Bangladesh regarding the volume of multi- film sachets and the potential for recycling them from the sites assessed for fishing nets n Quantity, condition, and type of multi-film sachets at study sites n Social networks involved in sachet collection n Potential quantity and routes for sachet provision to private companies The following methods were used for collecting information and data: n Key informant interviews (KII): 10 KIIs were conducted (male to female ratio of 1 to 1) with DoF officials and representatives of microfinance organizations to collect qualitative and quantitative data on confiscated illegal nets and existing microfinance organizations in these locations. n Focus group discussions (FGDs): 14 FGDs, out of which 4 were with women exclusively, were conducted with 95 community members, including fishers, housewives, waste pickers, net shop owners, and buyers of old nets (male to female ratio of 1.6 to 1), to validate the proposed value chain, as conceptualized in Figure 9, and gather information on gender inclusion, safety, and sustainability, household plastic usage and quantities, and existing markets for discarded fishing nets. n Survey of net shops: 23 net shops were surveyed in Charfesson (13) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar (10) to understand the existing supply chain for fishing nets. n Photo quadrat surveys: To gain an overview of the litter density, 17 photo quadrat surveys were conducted, 9 in Cox’s Bazar Sadar and 8 in Charfesson, following the methodology of National Geographic Society (2021) and Foster et al. (1991). These surveys were conducted near the seashore or riverbanks where fishing nets can be found, as per the recommendation of experts from DoF and local fishers. The area 5 of each quadrat was 0.5x0.5 m2 and the quadrat was randomly thrown 20 times in a 10x10 m2 square area within selected study sites and a photo was captured each time. A total of 340 photos, 20 from each of the 17 sites, were analyzed to quantify and characterize litter. n Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR measurements were carried out to determine the presence and quantity of nylon-6 in the collected net samples. All types of discarded fishing nets were collected to assess the occurrence of nylon- 6, and to identify which nets are viable for recycling in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar. Figure 3. Data Collection Methods and Community Engagement Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 6 2. Findings This section presents the findings of the study in two parts: n Assessment of recycling fishing nets and fishing net waste n Development of a gender equitable value chain for recycling of fishing nets and fishing net waste The key findings are summarized in Figure 4. Figure 4. Overview of Findings Key Informant Interviews 7 2.1. Assessment of Recycling Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste 2.1.1. Net Diversity and Domestic Market A total of 17 different types of nets were found in the study areas, out of which, all 17 types were found in Cox’s Bazar Sadar and 16 types in Charfesson. Of these, lakkha jal/lal jal (gill net) has the highest longevity (a lifetime of 15 years) and lowest turnover rate, while current jal (monofilament gill net) has the lowest longevity and highest turnover rate (needs to be replaced once a month if the water current is strong) (Table 1). The price of nets depends on various aspects such as the quantity of materials used, size, and thread quality. Lal jal (gill net) is the most expensive net (BDT 3,000,000 or ~US$31,940/net, US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of Sep 2022), while moshari ber jal (mosquito/dip net) is the least expensive (BDT 200 or ~US$2.13/net, US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of Sep 2022). Moshari ber jal is a small handheld net (2–8 meters) operated by one or two people (primarily women and children) to catch small fish and prawns, which is why the price is low. Lal jal is a long net (1,000–3,000 meters) used by 10–15 fishers registered with the DoF who operate large, mechanized boats to capture hilsa and other large species. Lal jal lasts much longer than other types of net, and the price of target species caught with this type of gear is generally high. In most cases, the fishers are not the owner of the fishing nets or boats, which are owned by Mahajan (professional money lenders). Fishers borrow the boats and nets from the Mahajan and either pay them money or split the share of caught fish. However, once the nets become too old and damaged to be used in fishing, the end-of-life fishing nets are disposed of or repurposed by the fishers. Table 1. Net Types Used in Study Areas Sites FTIR Analysis Number Local Name (Net Mesh Size of People Price of New Legal Used (Presence of Length (m) Production Longevity Type) (inches) Required Nets Status In Nylon-6) to Cast Net US$267–1,065 / Bata jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 3–5 50–250 3–4 Domestic 1 year L piece Chani jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 3–5 1,800–2,000 10–12 US$4/kg Domestic 2–3 years L Chappa jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 4–5 1,000 14–16 US$4–5/kg Domestic 2–3 years L Failla jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 7–8 1,200 14–16 US$5 /kg Domestic 1–2 years L US$128–15,975 / 6 months–5 Ilish jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 4–4.70 500–5,000 28–35 Domestic L piece years US$320–532 / Lakkha jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 6-7 80–3,000 14–16 Domestic 1–15 years L piece US$10,650– Lal jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 3–4 1,000–3,000 10–15 Domestic 1 year L 31,950 /piece US$533–4,260 / Poa jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 1–3 200–400 8–10 Domestic 2–3 years L piece Raja jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 7–8 1,000 8–10 US$2–3/kg Domestic 1 year L Tailla jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 7–8 800 8–10 US$0.7/kg Domestic 1 year L Tana jal (drag net) CB, CH Yes 1–5 70–250 3–4 US$4–5/kg Domestic 7–11 years L 3 months–3 Thela jal (push net) CB Yes 1 4 1–2 US$22/kg Domestic L years US$2,130–3,195/ Vasa jal (seine net) CB, CH Yes 4–5 200 15–20 Domestic 1 year L piece Behundi jal US$533–1,598/ (estuarine set bag CB, CH Yes 4–5 40–100 8–10 Domestic 1–10 years IL piece net) Current jal (gill net) CB, CH Yes 1 100–400 3–4 US$4.3–10.4/lb Imported 1–12 month IL Moshari ber jal CB, CH Yes 0.25–0.4 2–10 1–2 US$2–7/piece Domestic 1–3 years IL (mosquito/dip net) Char ghera jal US$213–1,065/ CB, CH Yes 1.2–2.5 100–2,000 14–16 Domestic 2–3 year IL (bamboo set gill net) piece Note: US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022; CB = Cox’s Bazar Sadar; CH = Charfesson; L = Legal; IL = Illegal The 2020 amendment of the Protection of Conservation Act (1950) banned monofilament gill nets with mesh size 6.5 cm (2.6 inch) or less. Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 8 Fishers from Charfesson upazila usually buy raw materials (termed cotton, but lab analysis shows they contain nylon-6 and other synthetic fibers) and prepare cotton nets and estuarine set bag nets (ESBNs) themselves for their own use. In a few cases, they buy readymade fishing nets from the fishing net supply hubs in Dhaka, Barishal, and Bhola. Preparing their own nets is cheaper, as they do not have to pay the manufacturing cost and they can choose the length of the nets according to their boat capacity and the depth of the river or sea where they fish. Traders of new nets in Charfesson also send their nets to the local net markets in the districts of Chattogram and Cox’s Bazar. As for the fishers in Cox’s Bazar Sadar, the nets are mostly made in Cox’s Bazar (Chakaria and Moheshkhali), but some are made in Teknaf, and then transported to Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Figure 5). Figure 5. Fishing Net Supply Chain in Study Areas Exisiting Fishing Net Supply Chain Cotton supply Charfesson Fishing net supply Charfesson Dhaka Dhaka Barisal Barisal Bhola Bhola Fishing net preparation Fishing net preparation Cox’s Bazar Fishing net industry Chakaria Comilla Cox’s Bazar Moheshkhali Narayanganj Chattogram Chandpur Teknef Fishing net import Mayanmar Thailand Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 There are some net-making industries in Cumilla, Chandpur, and Narayanganj. Many nets (particularly current jal) are also imported from Myanmar and Thailand. The nets first come to the large industries in Chattogram and then to the local distributors. Later they are bought by local retailers and sold to the Mahajans and fishers. After buying the nets from these local markets, the fishers sew them together to make long nets for fishing. They dry the nets after fishing and keep them in a safe place until they need to use them again. Nets made of other materials (i.e., nylon) are not made locally in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar, but are imported from outside this area (i.e., Chattogram, Dhaka, Barishal). The price depends on the materials, size, quality of thread, among other factors (Table 2). 2.1.2. Chemical Composition of Nets The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of nylon-6 in all the collected net samples. Seventy-one (71) samples of 17 different types of fishing nets and 54 samples of ropes (which are part of the fishing nets) were analyzed. The results indicate the occurrence of nylon-6 in 9 all collected net and rope samples. Even nets termed ‘cotton’ were found through the lab analysis to contain varying degrees of nylon-6 and other synthetic polymers. All of the net ropes also contain nylon-6. This indicates that there are good prospects for establishing net recycling based on the availability of nylon-6 material in the fishing gear used in coastal communities in Bangladesh. However, there is some variation in the levels of nylon-6 in different net samples, which requires further study, including consultation with potential buyers and recycling operators to establish if any minimum content of nylon-6 is required for recycling. 2.1.3. Disposal and Repurposing of Legal and Illegal Nets Nets are usually disposed of either by discarding by fishers into the river or sea, burying them in the ground, throwing them into a pond or ditch, or using them as an alternative to fuelwood (Figure 6). Nets are also reused as fencing material. Fishers only dispose of nets when two or more nets get entangled, there is adverse weather, or the nets are damaged while in use. Current jal nets are usually thrown into the river and other nets are thrown on riverbanks. After repurposing, fishers sell the remaining nets to the bepari or local buyers for resale. Figure 6. Discarded Nets and Plastic Waste in Study Areas Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 When asked how they used end-of-life fishing nets, FGD participants said that they repurpose them and sell any surplus to local buyers or old net shops. Fishers usually use nets for as long as 3 to 12 months (if no accident happens during fishing), before throwing, repurposing, or selling them. After purchasing old nets, local buyers sort them into two categories: repairable and non-repairable. The repairable nets are repaired locally in local old net shops by day laborers and sold to marginalized fishers who fish in ponds or the nearshore zone. The repaired nets last between one to four years. The non-repairable nets are sold as fencing material to the farmers, cattle owners, and poultry farm owners. The Department of Fisheries confiscates illegal nets under the Protection and Conservation of Fish Act (1950) and Marine Fisheries Act (2020). In 2013, under the Notification of Protection and Conservation of Fish Rules (1985), the Government of Bangladesh prohibited the use of harmful nets such as behundi nets (ESBNs), mosquito nets, char ghera jal, fence nets, and current jal. The 2002 Amendment to the Protection of Conservation Act (1950) banned the use of monofilament gill nets with mesh size 6.5 cm (2.6 inch) or less, regardless of their local name. Since 2014, the issuance of new licenses for 10 bottom trawling has been banned by ministerial order and existing bottom trawlers were converted to ‘eco-friendly mid-water trawlers’ for fishing pelagic species. According to the 2002 Amendment of the Protection and Conservation of Fish Act, 1950: “…any Current Jal, seized under this Act by a Fishery Officer or police officer, shall be destroyed after the lapse of 30 days.” These nets are banned and flagged as illegal due to their ability to indiscriminately capture various fish species including brood fish and fry, resulting in the disruption of the entire ecological cycle. After confiscating these nets, DoF officials openly burn them, which produces black fumes and toxic gases. When nets are confiscated or burned, the Mahajans usually suffer the economic damage, unless the fishers own the nets themselves. In such cases, the fishers temporarily lose their only income source. Occasionally, while conducting mobile courts, the executive magistrates sentence the fishers to jail and/or impose fines on the fishers for using illegal fishing nets, in accordance with the Mobile Court Act, 2009. Reasons for using these illegal nets include affordability, durability, availability in local net shops, repairability, and reusability as fencing materials. Fishers catch more fish using monofilament nets, as they are invisible to fish and, once entangled, fish cannot free themselves from these nets. Fishers also mentioned that cotton-based nets must be washed and sundried after use and before the next fishing trip, but this is not required for nylon/synthetic nets, which makes them more convenient. Table 2. Illegal Fishing Nets in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Total amount (annual) 300,000 meters (11.5 tons) 1,357,570 meters (52 tons) Most common types of Current jal, behundi jal, char Current jal illegal nets ghera jal, moshari jal Current elimination process Burning Burning Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 The DoF officials, Coast Guard, and Bangladesh Navy, conduct patrols more frequently during the fishing ban periods and the frequency may increase depending on information and need. In 2023, under the leadership of the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, a memorandum of understanding was signed among 21 agencies to establish a Joint Monitoring Center (JMC) to enable live tracking of both industrial and artisanal fishing vehicles at sea. During the fishing ban period in October, patrols take place every day for all 22 days of the ban period; in March-April, during the ban period, patrols take place every alternative day. In January and February, there is a ban of 28 days on using some nets, such as behundi jal. During this period, patrols are done on a regular basis, based on information received. From November to June, during the jatka (young hilsa) conservation period, patrols take place on a weekly basis. From May 20 to July 23 (65-day fishing ban), there is regular monitoring of the probable fish landing sites. Whereas illegal nets are burned by regulatory authorities in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda (Bergh et al. 2016), in Cambodia, the Prime Minister advised fishery officials to distribute seized illegal fishing nets to farmers for use in fish farming activities during the monsoon season, instead of burning them (Sotheary 2020). Existing acts and policies such as the Conservation of Fish Act (1950), Marine Fisheries Act (1950), Marine Fisheries Act (2020), and Protection and Conservation of Fish Rules (1985) do not contain any provisions for managing illegal nets in an environmentally conscious manner. The feasibility of amending existing laws and permissions that prevent the recycling 11 of illegal nets could be explored with the relevant government authorities such as the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). With consultation and authorization from these ministries, the practice of destroying all the seized illegal nets by open burning could be replaced by eco-friendly alternatives such as thermal recovery or reuse and recycling of all confiscated nets. Senior DoF officials who participated in key informant interviews said that it would be possible to have a memorandum of understanding signed for research purposes to explore the feasibility of recycling, while ensuring that this did not incentivize illegal fishing. For now, a short-term management plan for dealing with confiscated fishing gear can be worked out until these fishing nets are phased out. However, it is recommended to carry out regular meetings, awareness raising programs, and educational programs with the local fisher communities, which could lead to long-term positive behavior changes and gradually diminish the use of these illegal fishing nets. BOX 1: Mobilization of Community Collection of ALDFG The Social Development Foundation (SDF), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Finance has partnered with World Bank to implement the Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project. Under this project SDF has successfully mobilized community support through effective training and interventions, leading to the initiation of a village-level waste collection system. Since January 2024, community participants, including female contributors, are collecting discarded and unused nets and storing them in village level waste hubs. The collection activities were initiated in five coastal villages of Cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Mathbaria, and Sarankhola. In some villages a small quantity of collected nets are being repurposed, mostly as fencing material. This also provides the DoF with a more environment friendly alternative for the disposal of fishnets to the current practice of burning illegal fish nets. Challenges remain–the remote locations of these villages and their limited access to recycling hubs and markets have hindered the complete development of effective value chains at the community level. Moving forward, this community driven collection system can be the first step in developing a value chain for recycling discarded fishing nets in coastal communities in Bangladesh. 12 2.1.4. Local Trade in Fishing Nets On average 107–238 tons and 113–136 tons of end-of-life fishing nets are being sold annually to local buyers in Charfesson (Alamghat village) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara villages), respectively (Table 3). Charfesson: Fishers inform the local buyers or beparis and waste pickers when they have a substantial numbers of old nets and plastic products. The local buyers have been operating at these sites for the last 7–8 years. Around 4–5 local buyers frequently (once a week) come to the Alamghat area, but the total number of buyers is around 400–500 in Charfesson. There are more than 20 old net shops and warehouses in Mainuddinghat of Alamghat. Some of these old nets are transported to the old net processing network in Chattogram, where they are sorted into two categories (repairable and non-repairable) and resold. Occasionally, waste pickers also buy ‘cotton’ nets from the fishers. Cox’s Bazar Sadar: The local buyers or beparis come to the fishers’ homes to collect nets weekly, monthly, annually or after each fishing season. There are around 200–250 local buyers in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. There are a few small groups of local buyers, each comprising 10–15 individuals. The highest amount of trading occurs during the peak fishing season (3 months of monsoon). Behundi jal (ESBN) is sold at the highest price. Some of the end-of- life nets collected by waste pickers and local buyers are used to make repurposed ropes. There are four processing plants in different parts of Cox’s Bazar Sadar, where end-of-life nets are being used to make ropes. There are around 600 small shops/companies that repair damaged nets in the district. Table 3. Local Trade and Recycling of Nets in Study Areas Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Rate at which BDT 40–70/kg for good quality nets BDT 80–120/kg for good quality nets fishers sell their BDT 10/kg for severely damaged nets BDT 10/kg for severely damaged nets nets instead of repurposing Asking price for On average, one kg of old net is sold On average, one kg of old net is sold the old nets for BDT 50–75 (US$0.53–0.80). at BDT 80–120 (US$0.85–1.3). Number of end- Annually, each fisher sells 5–7 stacks Annually, each fisher sells 5–6 stacks of-life fishing (200–280 kg) of end-of-life fishing nets (200–240 kg) of end-of-life fishing nets to local buyers, making a profit of BDT nets to local buyers, making a profit 15,000–20,000 (US$160–213). of BDT 20,000–25,000 ( US$213–267). But the amount can go as high as 30–40 stacks (1,200–1,600 kg), with a maximum profit of BDT 50,000 (US$533) per annum. Number of fisher 800–900 fisher households in 565 fisher households in Cox’s Bazar households Charfesson (Alamghat village) Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara villages) Total amount 170,000–238,000 kg (107–238 tons) 113,000–135,600 kg (113–136 tons) of end-of-life- fishing nets (annually)1 Based on extrapolated data collected from 67 fisher households in the focus group discussions. 1 13 Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Lifetime of a net The duration between the purchase Fishers use most of the nets (for of new nets to disposing of the old fishing and afterward repurposing) for nets after repurposing is 1–2 years or four years before throwing them.2 two fishing seasons. Fishers fish in the Ganges River, which has worlds’ second highest flow rate, resulting in a shorter lifespan of the fishing nets. Fate of old nets Less damaged nets are repaired and Less damaged nets are repaired and reused in fishing. Others are sold as reused in fishing. Others are sold as fencing materials. fencing materials. Number of local 400–500 local buyers Around 200–250 local buyers buyers Note: US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 (Rate at which fishers sell nets for repurposing has increased in the last two years) 2.1.5. Photo Quadrat Survey A total of 520 littered items (average density=14.79 items/m²) were identified from photo quadrat analysis in Charfesson (Alamghat) and the total was almost double (1,282 littered items; average density=28.48 items/m²) in Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara, Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara). At both locations, the most common littered item found was hard plastic fragments (43.27 percent in Charfesson and 41.03 percent in Cox’s Bazar Sadar). A hard plastic fragment is defined as a piece (greater than 2.5 cm) of a larger item that cannot be identified, or that is less than 50 percent of the original item, but retains its hard structure (NOAA 2022). Large plastic items originate from land-based sources that degrade into smaller fragments and are transported to the sea via freshwater systems (Napper et al. 2021; Nelms et al. 2021). The heatmap shows the density of fishing net types (e.g., gill nets, seine nets, drag nets) in Bangladesh. Based on the literature review, Figure 7, and the proportional litter density map in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar (based on photo quadrat surveys, Figure 8), we found that net density is positively correlated to litter density. The areas where fishers use the most fishing nets are also the areas where the maximum amount of mismanaged plastic waste (including discarded nets and fishing rope) occurs in the environment. These areas can potentially be selected for establishing gender equitable discarded net processing centers. The lifespan of nets in Cox’s Bazar Sadar is double that of Charfesson, because the flow rate of the Ganges River is 2 greater than that of the Bay of Bengal and the Moheskhali Channel to the North. 14 Figure 7. Heat Map Showing Density of Fishing Nets in Study Areas Fishing Net Type Density High Low Bay of Bengal Legend Legend Proportional litter density Proportional litter density Net collection sites Net collection sites Warehouse/processing center Warehouse/processing center Note: Density of fishing net types in Bangladesh (top) based on literature review; litter density and potential sites for net collection and establishing warehouse/processing center in Charfesson (bottom left); Cox’s Bazar Sadar (bottom right), based on photo quadrat data collected in 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 Charfesson (Alamghat): A total of 520 littered items (average density=14.79 items/m²) were identified from eight locations in Alamghat of Charfesson. Paach Kopat had the highest litter density (22.85 items/m²) in Charfesson. The total amount of littered items, fishing nets, and net ropes were 88,740, 14,880, and 17,460 pieces, respectively. Most litter was found to consist of hard plastic fragments (43.27 percent). 15 Figure 8. Share of Different Litter Items from Photo Quadrat Analysis in Study Areas in 2022 ar B az x’s Co on fess ar Ch 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Plastic Grocery Bag Plastic String Plastic Food Wrapper Styrofoam Container Straws Hard Plastic Fragments Cigarettes Plastic Rope Plastic Net or Net Pieces Other plastic items Non-plastic Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 Cox’s Bazar Sadar: A total of 1,282 littered items (average density=28.48 items/m²) were identified from nine locations in Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. Char Para had the highest litter density (57.6 items/m²) in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. The total amount of littered items, fishing nets, and net ropes were 93,984, 3,003, and 24,024, respectively. Most litter was found to consist of hard plastic fragments (41.03 percent). 2.1.6. Quantification of Single-Use Plastics Each week, about 648,000 and 887,400 SUPs are generated from Charfesson (Alamghat) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara), respectively. There are around 2,000 households in Charfesson (Alamghat) and 3,350–3,850 households in Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara), and each household uses a total of 22 different types of SUP for daily usage (Table 4). The weekly usage of SUPs of 35 households in Charfesson and 32 households Cox’s Bazar Sadar was analyzed and extrapolated according to the number of households. Currently, there are no local buyers of SUPs or recycling industries in the study areas; recyclable plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are collected by waste pickers and bhangariwalas and sent to recycling plastic industries in Chattogram and even Dhaka. SUPs are discarded either in government- assigned dumping zones or nearby ponds and rivers. 16 Table 4. Household Data on Weekly Usage of SUPs Extrapolated According to Total Number of Households Types Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Blister pack (medicinal 3–5 5–6 packet) Shampoo sachet 10–35 10–22 Detergent sachet 1–12 20 Chocolate packaging 8–100 7–50 Bottle 4–20 10–21 Juice packet 4–20 2–15 Saline packet 7–25 12–20 Chip packet 4–35 3–30 Biscuit packet 2–21 5–15 Noodle packaging 20 3–10 Cake packet 14 2–10 Toothpaste sachet 1 1 Hair oil bottle 1 1 Milk powder pack/mini pack 2–7 2–9 milk powder Tea pack 2 2–3 Soap packet 1–2 1 Masala packaging 8 5–6 Ice cream pack/sachet 3 2–3 Sanitizer bottle 1 1 Single use mask 1–2 1 Single use cup, plate, spoon 4–6 3–5 Shopping bag/polythene bag 7–200 5–150 Total 108–540 103–390 Average 324 246.5 Grand total 2,000 x 324 = 648,000 3,600 x 246.5 = 887,400 Sample size 35 32 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 17 2.2. Development of a Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling of Fishing Nets and Fishing Net Waste Interviews and FGDs in the study sites indicate that women and men in local communities are interested in participating in the development of a value chain for recycling end-of- life fishing nets. Women reported, with some exceptions, that both men and women would be able to work together to set up a value chain. They were motivated by the expected monetary benefits for their families and increased social status that participating in the value chain would bring. The conceptualized value chain shown in Figure 9 was discussed with women and men in the FGDs. Table 5 consolidates their responses. Figure 9. Conceptual Gender Equitable Value Chain for Recycling Fishing Nets in Study Areas Colle cti tion c Colle on Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 In Charfesson, women said that they would not be allowed to participate in some activities such as fishing, recycling, and transportation of nets to the point of sale. Women said that they prefer net collection sites that are close to their homes, partly due to the traditional gender roles they perform in the household as well as the socio-cultural norms that restrict women’s mobility outside of the community for economic activities. Women pointed out that if they were provided with a fixed mode of transportation and support from husband and family members, they could collect nets from all over Alamghat (6 km2) in Charfesson and Uttar Nuniachara and Kutubdiapara Moddho (3.3 km2) in Cox’s Bazar Sadar, and easily transport them to the warehouse or processing centers, as required. Safe transportation would allow them to counter mobility restrictions and safety in public spaces. A processing center or warehouse could be established in Alamghat and Madrasa Ghat, as these places are close to the port of Betua Launch Ghat in Charfesson 18 and Nazirar Tek in Cox’s Bazar Sadar, which is close to the domestic airport at Cox’s Bazar. Lack of access to financial services and limited knowledge and training about recycling technologies and potential opportunities in the fishing value chain are significant barriers for women. The FGDs suggested that providing targeted training and capacity-building programs can help overcome these obstacles, which women are more likely to experience than men. In addition, a few women mentioned that women encounter substantial financial obstacles, have insufficient financial literacy, and lack financial decision making. They also lack the confidence to start their own businesses or join the family business due to the lack of family support. Although micro-credit organizations mostly provide credit to women, due to their lack of financial decision making and control over those resources they often fail to repay these on time. Similar findings suggested that while women have access to micro-loans, they do not usually make decisions about how the loan is spent (Haque et al. 2020; WorldFish 2017). As a result, these financial constraints significantly impede women’s entrepreneurial efforts and limit their participation in the fisheries value chain. Table 5. Responses of Women and Men in the FGDs Regarding Development of a Gender Equitable Value Chain Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Preferred stages Women reported being willing to Both men and women reported being of value chain participate in net collection, cleaning, willing to work on all stages of the and sorting. They are also willing to proposed value chain. participate in community banking or self-help savings groups. Safety concerns Women said that working in a team Women said that they would feel alongside men would make them feel insecure if they had to travel long secure. A fixed mode of transportation distances to come to their place of would be required to and from the work, as there is no fixed vehicle/ net collection place (source) to the mode of transport for them. Working processing center/storehouse. as a team would make them feel more secure. Hence, a fixed mode of transportation is required to and from the net collection place (source) to the processing center/storehouse. Distance able to Women said that they preferred to Women preferred to stay close to their travel travel within the area of their union home, but said that they could can (33.52 km2), but could travel far travel up to 1–1.5 km to collect old nets. from their homes to collect old nets. Sole household responsibilities and mobility restrictions hinder their ability to participate in such activities. Threshold of An income of BDT 300–650 or US$3.2– An income of BDT 500–1,500 or US$5.3– good income 7 per day is considered by women 16 per day is considered by women to to be a “good income.” If they were be a “good income.” They consider it able to participate after finishing their a primary source of income, instead household activities, some women of a secondary source to support their were interested in participating, even household. for only BDT 200 per day (US$2.1). 19 Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Requirements Requirements include ensuring safety Requirements include ensuring safety and security, raising awareness at and security, raising awareness at the the household level, providing a fixed household level, providing a fixed and mode of transportation, proper tools, safe mode of transportation, proper and infrastructure, and involving local tools, and infrastructure, building community leaders (union chairman, trust among local people, ensuring religious leaders, teachers, fisheries that no one will be subjected to officers), as well as a targeted training fraudulent activities, and involving and capacity-building program and local community leaders, as well as a access to credit or a small fund. targeted training and capacity-building program and access to credit or a small fund. How to Participation could be encouraged Participation could be encouraged by: encourage by: community awareness, training, training and discussion sessions; one- and discussion sessions; one-on- on-one meetings with family heads one meetings with family heads to to help them understand the value help them understand the value chain concept and benefits; regular chain concept and benefits; regular communication, weekly meetings, and communication, weekly meetings, training programs; and talking about and training programs; talking about economic benefits and facilitating economic benefits and facilitating access to financial services, such as access to financial services, such as microcredit, community banking or microcredit, community banking or savings programs—this may empower savings programs—this may empower women and enable them to invest in women and enable them to invest in their participation in the value chain. their participation in the value chain. Male and other household members Male and other household members should be included in the discussion, should be included in the discussion, and both men and women should and both men and women should be encouraged to work as a team. be encouraged to work as a team. Cooperative family businesses can Cooperative family businesses can help women negotiate to overcome help women negotiate to overcome most of the hurdles they face to most of the hurdles they face to joining joining the labor market. economic activities. Motivating Participation would contribute to Participation would contribute to family factors family income, improve women’s income, improve women’s social status, social status, and help them to attain and help them to attain decision- decision-making power. making power. Initiating a small-scale family business of collecting and selling to the local market could be a win-win situation for both men and women. In this way, more women would be encouraged to join the value chain. 20 Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Required Community leaders must directly The direct involvement of community awareness involve themselves to break gender leaders is required. The waste raising stereotypes and promote the value of management authority of the local women’s participation in the fishing government must ensure individual net recycling sector. In this regard, level awareness raising initiatives. In community volunteers/mobilizers can addition, awareness raising initiatives be involved to motivate both men and related to the environment, ethics and women in the community. etiquette, and the prevention of child marriage are also required. Good facilitators (male/female) are required to engage community people to understand the role of women in the fishing net recycling value chain. This can include social behavior change and communication (SBCC) guidelines to involve community people to promote women in technical training on recycling processes, business management, and marketing. In addition, women said that they would like to receive training on cattle farming and aquaculture. Training should be conducted during the fishing ban period to ensure the participation of interested fishers. Challenges Some family heads are strict about Family heads are willing to let women not permitting women to work, but work, but the monetary benefits must this hesitance could be overcome be ensured. with monetary benefits and the direct involvement of community leaders Ensuring a safe working environment and recruited community mobilizers. free from all sorts of harassment is crucial for women’s participation in Ensuring a safe working environment economic activities, especially when free from all sorts of harassment is they have to work in close contact with crucial for women’s participation in male counterparts. economic activities, especially when they have to work in close contact with male counterparts. US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 There are a total of 10 microfinance organizations in Charfesson and 11 Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Table 6). Coastal people do not have access to credit from formal financial institutions and, therefore depend upon microfinance organizations for funds to invest in income generating activities (IGAs) to enhance their standard of living. Fishers believe that to establish such a value chain, they may need to form small groups of 5–6 participants and borrow up to BDT 80,000–100,000 (US$850–1,065, US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022). 21 Table 6. Details of Microfinance Organizations in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Existing Paribar Unnayan Shonghtha, Social Development Foundation, microfinance Jagaranai Chakra Foundation, Social Association for Social Advancement, organizations Development Foundation (SDF), Coast Trust, Society for Development Jono Unnayan, Association for Social Initiatives, Mukti, Bastob, Integrated Advancement, Bangladesh Rural Development Foundation, Advancement Committee, Coast Bangladesh Rural Advancement Trust, Grameen Bank, Ekti Bari Ekti Committee, Shakti, Resource Khamar, Resource Integration Centre Integration Centre, Uddipan Women 60–70% of the beneficiaries are Women’s involvement rate is as high beneficiaries women. as 90%. Eligibility for The beneficiary must be a The beneficiary must be a loans permanent resident of the permanent resident of the particular area, over the age of 18, particular area, over the age of 18, and a member of the microcredit and a member of the microcredit organization. organization. Who takes the Local people who belong to the Local fishers who belong to lower loan poor or ultra-poor economic class middle economic class (monthly (monthly income below BDT 8,000 or income is BDT 15,000–20,000 or US$85.2) US$160–213) Schemes The amounts lent range from BDT The amounts lent range from BDT 10,000 to 100,000 ( US$107–1,066). 10,000 to 50,000 ( US$107–533). No No collateral is required by SDF, collateral is required by SDF, but but other organizations may other organizations may require it. require it. The debts are paid back The debts are paid back in monthly in bi-monthly installments; the or bi-monthly installments; the installment size is dependent on the installment size depends on the loan loan amount. amount. Interest rate 8–25% 8–25% Payback rate 3 out of 10 beneficiaries usually face All of the beneficiaries usually pay some difficulty paying the loan back. back the loan on time, without any issues, with a small number having issues making payments. Area of Cattle farming, poultry farming, Dry fish processing, cattle farming, investment aquaculture, fish fry production poultry farming, new business and small seasonal business, new business 22 Topic Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Advantages Microcredit is invested in different Microcredit is invested in different income-generating activities. income-generating activities. Beneficiaries receive training from Microcredit organizations arrange microcredit organizations to utilize skill-development training sessions microcredit in a better way. for the beneficiaries. If a beneficiary cannot pay the loan back on time, their group members split the installment money and pay on behalf of the benefactor. The benefactor then pays the group members later. Disadvantages If the beneficiaries cannot make The main downside of taking enough money, even after receiving microcredit is not making enough training, they may face difficulties profit from the invested money. in repaying the debt. Some borrow Some of the fishers reportedly had to money to pay the debt from local leave the area because they did not money lenders at high interest rates. pay off their debt on time. If the beneficiary fails to pay the loan back on time, their group members talk to them and ask them to pay. Given that most of the microcredit beneficiaries are women, it is important to investigate further the reasons for women not repaying their loans. In extreme cases, the microcredit organizations must seek help from DoF officials to recover the money. There is no specific penalty, as DoF officials mediate these matters through mutual understanding between the microcredit organization and the beneficiary. Alternatives Alternatives include self-investment, Self-investment, bank loan bank loans, and programmatic intervention to ensure that micro- credit beneficiaries can invest the money in income-generating activities so that they can repay. It is necessary to increase awareness among the beneficiaries regarding appropriate investment. US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 23 3. Review of Business Models 3.1. Overview of Potential Markets The recycling market has been significantly affected by the economics of the oil industry, which drive the cost of competing virgin plastic and escalating shipping costs. There are two approaches to the recycling of fishing nets—chemical and mechanical—both of which are complex processes. Chemical recycling regenerates nylon-6 into yarn, which has the same characteristics as traditional nylon made from virgin oil. Table 7 identifies industrial companies that use this process. The regenerated nylon-6 yarn is used to produce various commodities including ropes, carpets, automotive interiors, sportswear, shoe materials, socks, and outdoor equipment. Mechanical recycling can only be used for certain products, often construction materials (e.g., alternatives to plywood, emergency relief housing, animal enclosures, and art exhibition support/stands). Worldwide, only a small percentage of old nets are used in mechanical recycling, as the quality of the materials used is degraded from damage caused by UV and seawater. Many businesses involved in recycling marine plastic waste are start- ups or only able to handle small quantities of ocean-borne waste. At the end of life of these products, they still become waste. One newer alternative is converting mixed waste plastic into boards that can be used locally in construction materials. At end of life, these boards can be reprocessed back into new boards. Table 7. Potential for Recycling Waste Fishing Nets in Bangladesh Material to be Type of Recycling Products Examples of Recycled Companies Discarded fishing Chemical A wide range of Aquafil, nets, fabric scraps, regeneration products using the ECONYL, plastic waste regenerated nylon-6 Healthy Seas yarn: n Fashion products n Interior products n Industrial applications 24 Material to be Type of Recycling Products Examples of Recycled Companies Mixed waste plastics Mechanical Recycled plastic Protomax, (nets and other SUPs board for: Plaswood, documented at sites) Binminders n Storm Board LLP (gravity locks) n Exhibition stands n Art installations n Emergency relief housings n Animal enclosures Discarded fishing Chemical High-purity recycled Netspa, nets nylon (R-nylon) is Aquafil, extracted for: Bureo, Envalior n Synthetic resin purposes like virgin polyamide n High-quality recycled nylon long fibers for textiles n Applications in industrial engineering Marine litter from Mechanical n Recycled polyester Seaqual, beaches and coasts, yarn Parley for the Oceans, ocean floor and Textile products n Waste2Wear surface, rivers and (swimsuits, estuaries including: traditional polyethylene clothing, terephthalate (PET), backpacks, polypropylene accessories, (PP), high-density football jerseys, polyethylene cleaning tools) (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyamide (PA) Ocean-bound plastics Mechanical n Recycled plastic #Tide, filaments Oceanworks, n Recycled polyester The Plastic Bank, yarns Ocean Plastic n Recycled fabrics Technologies (canvas) 25 Material to be Type of Recycling Products Examples of Recycled Companies High-value plastics Mechanical and Wide range of Nextwave Plastics, commonly found chemical products made from Oceanworks, in ocean-bound recycled ocean- The Plastic Bank, waste, including: bound plastics: Bangladesh polyethylene (PE), Packaging n Petrochemical polypropylene (PP), materials (bottles, Company Limited and other types containers, and (BPCL) of plastic used in packaging film) packaging, consumer goods and other n Consumer goods applications and industrial products Waste fishing nets Mechanical High-value renewable Refinverse Group Inc, and ropes raw material Bureo, Net-Works, BD Recycle Technologies Limited (BRTL) Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 BOX 2 : Community-based Fishing Net Collection in the Philippines With an archipelago of more than 7,100 islands and one of the longest coastlines in the world, the Philippines is ranked among the major fish producing countries in the world. The Coast 4C program, co-founded in 2012 by global conservation charity the Zoological Society of London and carpet tile manufacturer Interface Inc, addresses the issue of ALDFG in the Philippines by working with fisher communities to haul up old nets and export them to Europe and the US to be recycled into commercial carpeting. Leveraging special purpose cooperatives established in each community, they provide technical support and outreach programs to encourage fishers to sell nets at the end of life, and to encourage community action to collect nets from the beaches and the sea. While the main driver for community engagement in the supply chain is the desire to clean up their community and tackle ghost fishing, the value of the nets helps to reinforce these actions and provides additional income while strengthening marine conservation activities. Coast 4C buys the old fishing nets from partner communities to collect, clean, and generate low density bale with the end-of-life fishing nets for sale on global recycling markets 3.2 BUSINESS MODEL 1: Establishing a Local Gender Inclusive Value Chain with Existing Local Fishing Net Recycling Businesses to Reduce Environmental Impact By leveraging special purpose cooperatives established in each community, through technical support and outreach programs, fishers can be encouraged to collect and sell nets at the end of life. While the main driver for community engagement in the supply chain 26 will be to clean up the environment and tackle ghost gear, the value of the nets helps to reinforce these actions and provides a valuable additional income. Community-level collection could be set up to engage communities through special purpose cooperatives to collect, clean, and bale the end-of-life fishing nets. Similar community driven fish net collection systems exist in Philippines, Cameroon, Namibia, Peru, and other countries. The focus would be on pure nylon-6 nets such as current jal due to their high market value. Based on discussions with women and men in the local communities in the study sites, a conceptual model of a gender inclusive value chain was prepared (see Figure 10). While collection, cleaning and low-density baling can be carried out at the community level, investment in densification systems will be required to improve net compaction for efficient export. These processing plants do not exist yet, but investment in such infrastructure will be required to enable the economic shipment of discarded nets at scale. Field observations show that there is a vibrant local market for discarded or end-of-life fishing nets, with 400–500 net buyers in Charfesson and 200–250 buyers in Cox’s Bazar Sadar. These businesses are generally run by men, with apparently no space for women to play a role. A local value chain could be set up whereby women and men collect and sell discarded nets to local buyers. However, local recycling simply extends the life of fishing nets through repair or repurposing, which means that these nets will enter the environment as waste at some point. Thereafter, chemical recycling could be a promising alternative for creating high-end valued products and ensuring a circular economy. The proposed business model, discussed with community members, involves participating in all stages of net recycling: collecting, cleaning, sorting, baling, storing, and trading old nets. Community members see the benefits of additional income and a cleaner environment. To ensure women’s participation, a nearby collection and sorting center, owned and managed by women’s cooperatives, can be established. Women’s cooperatives can focus on various stages such as collection, sorting, cleaning, and repurposing fishing nets. These cooperatives should collectively own and operate recycling facilities, giving women a significant stake in the business. Alternately joint enterprises can be jointly managed by households, involving both husbands and wives. This model encourages households, including both women and men, to establish net recycling businesses within the local value chain. Comprehensive training in technical skills, business management, and financial literacy is essential for both genders, along with community awareness programs to highlight the benefits of women’s participation. Community members would also need targeted training on quality requirements for nylon- 6 yarn. By setting up family enterprises, both men and women in the same household can participate in the recycling business, providing a safe avenue for women, especially in conservative regions like Cox’s Bazar and Charfesson. Based on stakeholder consultations, considering the gendered needs and review of community driven models worldwide, a conceptual model for a value chain for discarded or end of life fishing nets in Bangladesh was developed (Figure 10). The gender dimensions in each stage of the value chain were drafted based on information gathered through this stakeholder consultations. The proposed business model was discussed in the study locations. Community members recognized the potential benefits of this model, including additional income and a cleaner environment. 27 Figure 10. Proposed Business Model for End-of-life Fishing Nets in Bangladesh Nets Re- Export to international market processing Cleaning USD Segregation Nets Local product Segregation Net densification plant Ne development plant (i.e. ts ProtoMax) BDT Nets Re- Cleaning BDT New Nets BDT processing Products Local processor/collector Nets BDT BDT Nets Local byers Old net shops BDT Nets BDT Proposed action Nets Exisiting Net Collector Fishing communities Chemical/mechanical processing Net collection sites Nets Ghost fishing net Net owner Landing center Net repairing center Domestic source Seashore Capital is needed to establish such a business model, and storage facilities for nets would be required. For this, it would be necessary to provide financial services that offer low- interest loans and community grants to help women cover the costs of collection, sorting, and baling equipment. As micro-credit organizations tend to target women, husbands can join and start small-scale businesses at the household level. This model would help to remove some of the obstacles that women face in accessing loans and repaying them. Through targeted training (business management and financial literacy), group discussions, publicizing, and awareness raising, community members could be encouraged to participate in these enterprises. This is how women’s entry into the fishing net value chain would be facilitated and their loan repayment rates enhanced. The comparative feasibility of net collection and processing in Charfesson (Alamghat) and Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara) is presented in Table 8. 28 Table 8. Comparative Analysis of Net Collection and Processing in Study Areas Topic Charfesson (Alamghat) Cox’s Bazar Sadar (Kutubdiapara Moddho and Uttar Nuniachara) Source of old nets Discarded nets can be collected Discarded nets can be collected from the environment and old from the seashore and old nets nets can be collected from boat can be collected from net owners, and net owners. The DoF can boat owners and trawler owners. provide confiscated illegal nets The DoF can provide confiscated with legal agreement. illegal nets with legal agreement. Quantity of nets from 107–238 tons 113–136 tons fisher household (annually) Potential number of nets 14,880 fishing nets (mostly current 3,003 fishing nets (mostly current and ropes that could jal, turnover is once a year) and jal, turnover is once a year) and be collected (based on 17,460 fishing ropes 24,024 fishing ropes photo quadrat data) (annually) Quantity of confiscated 300,000 meters or 11.5 tons (in 1,357,570 meters or 52 tons (in illegal nets from DoF 2021) 2021) (annually) Total number of SUPs 648,000 pieces 887,400 pieces from fisher household (weekly) Potential quantity of 88,740 pieces (in 6 km2 study area 93,984 pieces (in 3.3 km2 study plastic litter if collected of Alamghat) area of Kutubdiapara Moddho and (annually) Uttar Nuniachara) Interested stakeholders People living in poverty, day Unemployed, vulnerable, day laborers, people living on laborers, low paid workers government plots, and fishers Other requirements A women-friendly transport A women friendly transport system, village forums (women), system, group discussions women-owned collection and (women), communication sorting centers, group discussions (women), training programs (men (women), meetings (women), and women), and publicizing training programs (men and through print and electronic women), and workshops (men and women) at the community media (women) are required, as level are required to encourage well as support from scientists and support women in taking and researchers. up leadership roles within cooperatives and collection centers. A comprehensive community mobilization strategy to change negative gender social norms is also needed. Note: US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 To execute this business model, a facilitator would be required in the form of an NGO- based local extension worker or community driven development organizer to coordinate the supply chain, field workers (both men and women), and operational infrastructure (renting or establishing a warehouse). These costs would need to be considered when making financial plans. Table 9 provides cost estimates for engaging an NGO worker, field workers, and establishing a warehouse. 29 Table 9. Cost of Labor and Infrastructure in Study Areas Requirements Charfesson Cox’s Bazar Sadar Monthly salary of an facilitator BDT 8,000–20,000 BDT 10,000–35,000 Day labor cost of a field worker BDT 300–650 BDT 500–1,500 Monthly rent of a warehouse BDT 2,000–30,000 BDT 30,000–150,000 Establishment cost of a BDT 300,000 BDT 180,000–-2,000,000 warehouse Note: US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 3.3. Business Model 2: Setting Up a Supply Chain for Selling Mixed Plastic Waste to Industries for Conversion into Construction Materials that Can be Used Locally This model proposes the establishment of collection systems for mixed plastic waste and later the addition of fishing nets. It also proposes to develop family enterprises or women’s co-operatives to provide safe avenues for women, particularly in conservative regions like Cox’s Bazar and Charfesson. Key components include establishing women-run processing facilities or family enterprises to convert plastic waste into construction materials, providing technical training and partnering with financial institutions to offer loans and grants for setting up these facilities. Capacity building through technical, business management, and financial literacy training is essential. Policy support with incentives like subsidies or tax breaks, and awareness campaigns to promote women’s participation are crucial. Ensuring safe working conditions, implementing anti-harassment policies, and providing secure transportation for women workers are also vital. Additionally, innovative recycling practices and research into new technologies should be encouraged to maximize the value of mixed plastic waste in women-led enterprises. New technologies will require substantial investment due to the costs associated with recycling plants and scaling up technologies. Also, the relevant regulatory framework and market conditions are crucial for the successful implementation of the overall intervention. With a 37 percent recycling rate of plastics in Bangladesh, the country has an active plastic recycling industry, mostly concentrated in Dhaka (World Bank 2021b). Informal recycling units, which consist mainly of small businesses and self-employed persons with little or no legal recognition, low capital investments, and widespread collection systems, exist in urban and rural areas. In the absence of recycling options at the local level for mixed plastic waste, a tie-up with private companies or producers could be explored. For example, by 2025, Unilever is planning on collecting and processing more plastic packaging (rigid, flexible and tube) than it sells and using 25 percent recycled plastic in its packaging (Unilever 2022). Using the same value chain model, business model, and infrastructure set up, it could be feasible to work with private sector companies to recycle the huge number of SUPs generated from the study areas. On the other hand, the producers would need to pursue recycling for industrial and mass production through extended producer responsibility (EPR) mechanisms. One example of the conversion of mixed plastic waste into usable products for local use is the recycled plastic boards that replace chipboard, plywood, and fiberboard. Such an enterprise could help to mitigate the pollution caused by mixed plastic waste found in the study sites. At end of life, these boards can be reprocessed back into new boards. This will require the use of new plastic pellets, as well as recovered materials and energy inputs. Such an intervention would require advanced recycling plant. However, at the outset, small to medium sized enterprises could be established to focus on the collection of mixed waste and later add collection of fishing nets. 30 3.4 BUSINESS MODEL 3: Setting Up a Supply Chain that Exports Fishing Nets for Recycling into Nylon-6 Yarn A supply chain for waste fishing nets for chemical recycling of nylon-6 yarn would require discarded fishing nets to be collected, cleaned, baled, compacted, and shipped to international markets. The global market for recycled nylon is experiencing robust growth due to expanding social awareness and growing environmental concern. Several international companies have made strides in recycling discarded nylon-6 into new, high-quality synthetic fibers and materials. Gradual entry into international markets will allow fish net recycling (nylon-6) to tap into new growth opportunities and diversify revenue streams. The purchase price of good quality nets paid by local buyers is the same per kilo as would be paid by the international recycling market at the point of export. Working with existing local net recycling businesses can appear to be financially more viable than exporting to international markets, both from the perspective of immediate economic returns for the community and the much lower initial investment required to set up the business. Thus, prioritizing the formalization of the business, meeting local demand, and ensuring efficient resource recovery and repurposing processes are essential steps before considering international expansion. This includes evaluating the production capacity, understanding the target international markets, and developing a comprehensive export strategy. Furthermore, it is important to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements of the target markets. This may include obtaining necessary certifications, adhering to environmental standards, and meeting quality control measures. Table 10 provides an estimate of the costs that would be incurred for transporting and exporting the compacted bales of fishing nets. There is no international port or airport in Charfesson, and the nearest international air and shipping ports from Charfesson are Dhaka and Chattogram, respectively. There is a domestic airport in Cox’s Bazar, but the nearest international airport from Cox’s Bazar is Dhaka. Flight transport costs are high. In Charfesson, local people can collect nets from their villages and neighboring villages (within 1–2 km), travelling up to 20 km to collect nets. Collected nets could be transported to the Betua Ghat (near Alamghat in Charfesson) at a low cost using local contractual vehicles (trucks, pickup vans, autorickshaw). From there, they can be easily shipped to Chattogram shipping port or Dhaka Airport. Initially, a storage unit could be rented and compacted nets stored until sufficient quantities are ready to be shipped for recycling. Table 10. Mode and Cost of Transporting Fishing Nets in Study Areas Nearest/Most Distance Means of Cost Focus Area Accessible Shipping Time Taken (km) Transport (BDT) Port/Airport Dhaka Airport 190 Boat 400–2,500 7–8 hours Charfesson Chattogram shipping 120 Boat 400–500 10–12 hours port 10 minutes–1 Cox’s Cox’s Bazar Airport 0.5 Cargo 700–1,000 hour Bazar Sadar Dhaka Airport 298 Airplane 7,500–10,000 1 hour Note: US$1 = BDT 93.90 as of September 2022 Source: Field Survey, World Bank Study, 2022 31 3.5. Ensuring the Success of Business Models To ensure the success of these models, certain things would need to be put in place. The following are some of the components and support needed: Women-Run Processing Facilities: n Encourage the establishment of processing facilities for converting plastic waste into construction materials that are owned and managed by women. n Provide training on the technical processes involved in converting plastic waste into usable products. Financial Support and Training: n Partner with financial institutions to create loan products for women entrepreneurs in the construction materials sector. n Offer grants and low-interest loans to help women cover the costs of setting up processing facilities. Capacity Building: n Provide training programs on the technical aspects of recycling mixed plastic waste and converting it into construction materials. n Include business management and financial literacy training to ensure women can successfully manage their enterprises. Business Formalization: n Support the formalization of plastic and nylon recycling industries by establishing a legal entity, securing necessary licenses, and registering for taxes. n Develop a robust supply chain to ensure consistent quality and timely delivery of products. This includes sourcing raw materials, optimizing production processes, and establishing reliable logistics. Policy Support and Incentives: n Implement policies that encourage the participation of women in the recycling and construction materials sectors. n Provide incentives such as subsidies or tax breaks for businesses that are women- led or have significant women’s participation. Awareness and Community Engagement: n Conduct awareness campaigns to promote the benefits of women’s participation in recycling and construction materials production. n Engage community leaders and influencers to support women entrepreneurs and create an enabling environment for their businesses. Safe Working Conditions: n Ensure processing facilities have safe and secure working environments for women. 32 n Implement strict anti-harassment policies and provide secure transportation options for women workers. Innovative Practices: n Encourage women entrepreneurs to explore innovative recycling methods using indigenous knowledge and science and product designs that maximize the value of mixed plastic waste. n Promote research and development into new technologies and processes that can be implemented by women-led enterprises. 3.6. Comparative Analysis of Business Models The proposed three business models are somewhat interrelated. The first model is to set up a gender-inclusive circular business focusing on recycling fishing nets to meet the local demand. Model 2 is essentially for managing the end-of-life phase of fishing nets, where the nets will be recycled into meaningful construction materials along with other waste. This model is critical to managing discarded fishing nets after recycling in order to discontinue the risk of entering the marine environment. After satisfying local demands and establishing a well-established supply chain for recycling and repurposing, model 3 will enable the business to enter the global market using the already established local infrastructure, but it will require a continuous flow of fishing nets to operate efficiently. Although these business models are co-related, each responds differently to a set of identified attributes. All business models are expected to equally aid in lessening marine pollution, supporting biodiversity conservation, and promoting a circular economy by recycling discarded fishing nets. The key environmental concern could be the consumption of significant energy during their management, which may also produce emissions. Here, business models 2 and 3 are very likely to consume more energy due to additional demand from advanced processing, quality control, transportation, shipping, etc. Business models 1 and 3 have significant potential for influencing social mobility by creating green jobs, particularly for marginalized groups and the ultra-poor. Women’s empowerment and ownership could be achieved. These two models could bring more skill building opportunities for local communities in the coastal region. While each model has the potential to bring economic opportunities, models 2 and 3 could necessitate strong promotion and marketing of both business and end-products to create a valued supply- chain and to compete with existing alternatives. Business model 1 is expected to be cost-effective due to the existing market and small scale; therefore, it would require less investment. Key challenges across all models could be shifting attitudes and behaviors towards environmental responsibility and cultural barriers to gender inclusivity. As the business expands, models 1 and 3 are likely to cause an influx of labor and businessmen in search of skills and investments, who may saturate the market and create competition for locals. This could potentially lead to social conflicts among local communities. All models could likely face the challenge of accessing the green or niche market and market competition. Regardless of models, another key challenge could be the high pricing of sustainable products, which may negatively influence the demand- supply chain. On the other hand, models 2 and 3 could face technological bottlenecks in processing fishing nets into valued products. Finally, the successful establishment of proposed business models both at local and global scales would require modification or addendum of existing legal framework. A comparative analysis based on key identified attributes is shown in Table 11. 33 Table 11. Comparative Analysis of Business Models 1, 2, and 3 Business Business Business Category Attributes Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Reducing marine pollution Environmental/Biodiversity conservation Environmental Bolstering a circular economy by recycling Energy consumption Opportunities for upward social mobility Women empowerment Challenge to shift attitude towards environmental responsibility Social Cultural barrier to gender inclusivity Development of skills in marginalized group In-flux of workers or entrepreneur Job opportunities High initial set-up and investment cost High pricing of sustainable products Economical Challenge to access green, niche or to create new markets Recycling products attract new consumers, ecotourism, and businesses Market competition Technological bottlenecks Necessity of promotion/marketing Others Modification/addendum of existing government laws and regulations Rating: Very likely Likely Possible 34 3.7. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Value Chain In order to ensure that women and men gain equitably from the value chain, it is important to have in place an effective and well-designed gender responsive monitoring plan. Participation by women in the value chain should not be counted in the form of the number of women carrying out certain activities, but in terms of measures of empowerment, such as improved bargaining power in relation to other actors in the value chain, and in relation to intra-household gender dynamics, such as distribution of income, as well as in terms of measures of benefits, such as increased income and status in the community. A framework for the monitoring and evaluation of the value chain is presented below in Table 12. Table 12. Framework for Gender Responsive Monitoring of the Value Chain Vertical Integration What activities are done by women and men in the value chain? into Value Chain Are women able to act independently, or choose to do more activities in the value chain? What benefits are women and men getting from the value chain? Horizontal Who determines the conditions under which these activities are done Integration into and how the benefits gained are distributed? Value Chain Are women taking up leadership roles? Are they involved in decision making? Gender Dynamics How do changes in the first two dimensions affect the gender in Household and division of labor, assets, and decision-making within the household? Community How do changes in the first two dimensions affect the gender dynamics within the community? Institutional Context Which economic, political, and social factors enable or constrain (Rules, Norms and women’s empowerment on the other three dimensions? Values) How do changes in the first two dimensions influence the institutional context? Source: Adapted from Laven et al. 2009 35 4. Conclusion and Recommendations The growing potential of closed-loop material flows, combined with the presence of regulatory and economic instruments, are playing an important role worldwide in reducing marine pollution from ALDFNs. There is a shift towards circular economy models driven by demand for recycled materials, regulations, and changes in the supply of raw materials and alternative materials. However, there is not one single solution, but rather a holistic integrated approach is needed and should consist of a mixture of legal, financial, and communication instruments. This chapter sets out the recommendations for initiatives seeking to address plastic pollution due to fishing nets as well as the next steps. 4.1. Recommendations Recommendation 1: Explore the feasibility of amending existing laws to allow the recycling of illegal nets. In the present scenario, it would be possible to establish a value chain for the recycling of legal fishing nets. However, the large quantity of plastic waste generated by the illegal nets such as current jal and behundi jal is of great concern. The DoF confiscates 11.5 and 52 tons of illegal nets (current jal) annually in Charfesson and Cox’s Bazar Sadar, respectively. The 2002 Amendment of the Protection and Conservation of Fish Act (1950) states that “no person shall manufacture, fabricate, import, market, store, carry, transport, own, possess or use a current net.” In order to set up a value chain model to reduce plastic pollution from illegal synthetic fishing nets, policy makers will need to revisit the ban against the storage, carrying, and transportation of these discarded/end-of-life illegal nets. It is recommended that the feasibility of amending existing laws and permissions that prevent the recycling of illegal nets should be explored with the relevant government authorities such as the MoFL and MoEFCC With consultation and authorization from these ministries, a management plan for dealing with confiscated fishing gear can be worked out until these are phased out. However, any amendment to the law should be preceded by circulars or government orders and piloting models to support the development and implementation of a multi-phase stakeholder approach for the sustainable management of fishing net waste. This would increase accountability and ownership among stakeholders. Recommendation 2: Provide fishers with alternative livelihood generating activities to phase out the use of illegal nets. Due to regular patrolling by the DoF, Coast Guard, and other legislative organizations, fishers usually do not go fishing during ban seasons. Also, during the FGDs, fishers showed concern about the use of illegal nets, as these nets indiscriminately catch non-target species and small fish. If fishers are provided with alternative livelihood generating 36 activities, such as establishing a value chain for legal nylon-6 fishing nets (with a provision for including confiscated illegal nets by the DoF and other legislative authorities), they can gradually be persuaded to use sustainable gear, instead of these destructive illegal fishing nets. Recommendation 3: Consider implementing a gear exchange program for illegal nets, followed by a recycling program, as well as controlling the supply of illegal nets. Establishing a value chain for nylon-6 fishing nets that includes buying and collecting these nets risks promoting their usage. It could be possible to operate a gear exchange program for a limited period, and then sell the illegal nets brought in for recycling to help cover some of the costs. However, this will require finding appropriate alternatives and addressing the import and production of the illegal nets. Without suitable alternatives and controlling the supply of illegal nets, experience from other parts of the world has demonstrated that it is likely that people will return to their old practices. Recommendation 4: Establish a gender inclusive net-recycling social enterprise. A gender inclusive net-recycling social enterprise in Bangladesh that aims to improve the socioeconomic status of marginalized as well as ultra-poor coastal communities would need to be aligned with current and planned policies around gender equity and opportunities for women, such as the Government of Bangladesh’s Five-Year Plans, Vision-2021, Vision-2041, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal-5 (Gender Equality), and opportunities for women. Recommendation 5: Promote a gender-equitable value chain for recycling fishing nets in coastal communities. This requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses the unique challenges and opportunities faced by women. Recommendations include enhancing women’s participation through targeted training programs that focus on net collection, cleaning, sorting, and recycling processes. Financial inclusion is crucial; thus, providing accessible and affordable financial services can empower women to invest in these activities. Establishing safe and accessible collection points near women’s homes can help overcome mobility restrictions, while awareness campaigns involving community leaders and mobilizers can shift negative societal and gender norms and promote the value of women’s contributions. In addition, establishing small-scale family businesses involving men (husbands and male family members) at the community level can help women overcome restrictions. Additionally, developing a gender-responsive monitoring framework ensures the equitable distribution of economic benefits and encourages women’s leadership within the value chain. By addressing these aspects, the value chain can not only mitigate environmental impacts, but also promote women’s socioeconomic empowerment in coastal communities. Recommendation 6: Explore approaches to financing for fishers such as community banking. Current microcredit schemes in the study areas have high interest rates (up to 25 percent). More equitable approaches should be explored, such as community banking (village savings and loan associations) and community grants, to underpin the business model that demonstrates a sufficient positive rate of return coupled with low implementation complexity and risks. Alternate financing options should be more accessible and affordable with more flexible repayment terms tailored to the needs of the community members. Recommendation 7: Develop a policy framework addressing the pollution caused by fishing nets that is aligned with the Global Plastics Treaty. Local and national policies for the reduction of plastic pollution should give special attention to the significant pollution caused by fishing nets, particularly in the context of developing the Global Plastics Treaty (the first session of the United Nations negotiations for a Global Plastics Treaty, also known as the INC-1, the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee), which was concluded in Uruguay on December 2, 2022. The policy should integrate air quality control measures and monitoring 37 to minimize toxic emissions. It should also advocate for advanced incineration technologies (viable and economically feasible) at production, recycling, and recovery facilities. Recommendation 8: Consider a tie-up with the private sector to recycle SUPs. The proposed value chain model and business model for the end-of-life fishing nets is also applicable for SUPs, but is more challenging due to their lower economic value in the recycling market. Currently there are no local or international buyers of these SUPs in these locations and these plastics have a much lower value than nylon-6. However, as explained above, a tie-up with the private sector could be explored. Recommendation 9: Education, awareness raising programs, and social mobilization. Develop and implement targeted education and outreach for fishers and fishing communities built on a large range of materials and methods including drives, campaigns and awareness raising programs. The materials and methods should address the nature of ALDFG, its impacts on biodiversity and environment, and identify mitigation measures including the promotion of the life cycle approach and the 3Rs (refuse, reuse and recycle). 4.2. Next Steps Step 1: Conduct feasibility studies including consulting with potential buyers and recycling operators to establish minimum requirement and content of nylon-6 to establish economical supply chain for old fishing nets. Step 2: Study the financial viability of each business model for recycling fishing nets, keeping in mind their alignment with national priorities, planned projects, and investments of the Government of Bangladesh, as well as opportunities to bring in support from international donors and organizations and the private sector for investing in the infrastructure required for baling and compacting of the fishing nets. Step 3: Explore accessible and affordable financial services for the local communities to begin start-up activities for establishing the value chain. Step 4: Engage with the DoF and other relevant authorities to discuss necessary permissions and technical, social, and financial protocols for recycling illegal nets. Step 5: SDF, under the Bangladesh Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project, has successfully mobilized community support through effective training and interventions, leading to the initiation of a village-level waste collection system in five coastal villages of Cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Mathbaria and Sarankhola. Taking learnings from this activity, design a community outreach and social behavior change and communication (SBCC) plan and comprehensive capacity building training targeting each household that includes both men and women. Step 6: Develop an implementation plan, incorporating gender-responsive monitoring for recycling fishing net waste in coastal communities in Bangladesh. 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