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Design by Sensical Design MAKING HEADWAY IN THE WATER SECTOR GWSP’s Contribution to Achieving Results in Nine Countries C ONTENTS 2    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Contents Introduction   5 Arab Republic of Egypt   6 Bangladesh   9 Benin   14 Bolivia   18 Ethiopia   22 Haiti   26 Pakistan   30 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam   36 Uganda   40 Tables Results Framework—Arab Republic of Egypt   8 Results Framework—Bangladesh   12 Results Framework—Benin   17 Results Framework—Bolivia   21 Results Framework—Ethiopia   25 Results Framework—Haiti   29 Results Framework—Pakistan   34 Results Framework—Socialist Republic of Viet Nam   39 Results Framework—Uganda   43 GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   3 I NTRODUCTION 4    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Introduction The Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) was launched in 2017 as an international part- nership to support countries in meeting the targets GWSP provided sustained related to water and sanitation under the Sustainable support encompassing knowledge Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those of SDG 6. GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the and technical assistance that World Bank’s Global Department for Water (Water De- enhanced the impact of large- partment) and supported by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Austria’s Federal Ministry of scale lending for infrastructure Finance; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Denmark’s investments and sector reform. Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Spain’s Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation; the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency; Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs; the Swiss Agency for Water Department in nine countries, based on agreed- Development and Cooperation; the United Kingdom upon indicators, at intervals over the life of GWSP. These Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; and countries represent the geographic and socioeconomic the United States Agency for International Development. diversity of GWSP’s portfolio. GWSP is a platform for collaboration and support, From fiscal year (FY) 2018 to FY24, these countries providing client countries and development partners included the Arab Republic of Egypt, Bangladesh, Benin, with global knowledge, innovations, and country-level Bolivia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Pakistan, the Socialist Republic technical support while leveraging World Bank re- of Viet Nam, and Uganda. In these countries, GWSP sources and financial instruments. provided sustained support encompassing knowledge GWSP-funded knowledge and technical assistance and technical assistance that enhanced the impact of influence the design and implementation of govern- large-scale lending for infrastructure investments and ment policies and programs, as well as water sector sector reform. This support created opportunities to test investments and reforms carried out by client countries innovative interventions and approaches. with the support of the World Bank and other partners. At the end of FY24, the Block C component of GWSP’s GWSP expands the global knowledge base through results framework measured the combined influence broad dissemination of its knowledge and analytical and impact of GWSP’s technical assistance and lending work. This work is open source and available globally. in the nine countries. In each case, GWSP measured The GWSP Results Framework streamlines the track- results through country-specific results frameworks ing and reporting of results using standardized indicators that included baseline and target indicators. across five priority themes: inclusion, resilience, financing, GWSP conducted midterm assessments in FY20 and institutions, and sustainability. Indicators are grouped into FY22. In FY24, country teams completed end-of-term three blocks. Block A looks at the multiyear knowledge monitoring forms to document results and the contri- and technical assistance activities supported by GWSP. butions of GWSP-funded knowledge and technical Block B considers how GWSP-supported knowledge and assistance in strengthening institutions, regulatory technical assistance has influenced newly approved and and policy environments, and investments in water, active World Bank lending operations in terms of design sanitation, hygiene, climate-resilient irrigation, and and outcome. Block C includes qualitative and quantitative water resources management. assessments of the influence and impact of knowledge This report summarizes the results achieved as of and technical assistance on lending operations of the June 30, 2024. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   5 Arab Republic of Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt Context increasing the number of rural households connected to working sanitation systems. The Arab Republic of Egypt has near universal access to basic water and sanitation services. Ninety-eight per- cent of the urban population and 95 percent of the rural Results Achieved population had access to at least basic drinking water Based on the Egypt Block C results framework, the as of 2015, according to Joint Monitoring Programme World Bank country team reported in the final moni- (JMP) data. However, reliance on the Nile River and a toring form that all targets related to indicators in the fixed annual water quota are hurdles to meeting the framework were met. Critically, the World Bank country growing water needs of Egypt’s population. Sanitation team also noted that GWSP support enabled two im- coverage also was high in 2015, with 99.9 percent in provements: (1) strengthening the World Bank’s expert urban areas and 93 percent in rural areas. However, rural advice to a program with ambitious reform measures, sanitation systems often include sanitation trenches including performance improvement of the WSCs, that pose health hazards and that are widely used as and (2) building the capacity of institutions in newly septic tanks in rural areas. From 2018 to 2022, access introduced reform measures. In addition, the country to safely managed sanitation increased to 67 percent nationwide, though only one-third of rural households were connected to a sewer network. To address these issues, the Government of Egypt launched the National Rural Sanitation Program in 2013, aiming to provide sus- tainable sanitation services to an additional 45 million people and to implement policy reforms to strengthen local water utilities and improve their accountability and financial sustainability. GWSP Support A 2020 midterm assessment found that support from the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) was highly relevant to Egypt’s rural sanitation strategy and had effectively contributed to implementa- tion of the country’s National Rural Sanitation Program. Since 2015, the World Bank Group’s Global Depart- ment for Water had significantly scaled up its opera- tions in Egypt and shifted from a strict focus on service delivery to water sector reform. The World Bank’s $550 million Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program (SRSSP), financed in 2015, aimed at improving access to sanitation to six Egyptian governorates (states). GWSP resources augmented that program, focusing on two goals: (1) building the capacity of water and san- itation companies (WSCs) to improve their operational performance and deliver sustainable services and (2) 6    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 of activities and projects to achievement of key perfor- mance indicators. GWSP also funded activities that im- The World Bank’s $550 million proved WSCs’ engagement with customers. Two of the Sustainable Rural engagement practices were to introduce citizen report cards to measure user satisfaction with services and to Sanitation Services integrate participation of women across the project life Program, approved in 2015, cycle through women-only committees. Regarding WSCs’ financial sustainability, the de- aimed to improve access veloped tariff model allowed calculation of separate to sanitation to six Egyptian tariffs for each WSC and will be used to simulate various tariff structures to determine subsidy requirements in governorates (states). the sector. However, due to Egypt’s macroeconomic situation at the end of FY24, the applied tariff needed revisions. GWSP funded technical assistance to help SRSSP achieve all its targets related to the goal of connecting team highlighted that GWSP support was flexible and new households to working sanitation systems. This dynamic, which allowed the Partnership to respond to intensive training was provided in procurement and challenges at each stage of project implementation. construction management and supported the devel- GWSP funds helped SRSSP strengthen the national opment of a tracking sheet for all contracts, which was regulatory framework for WSCs by using disbursement- used for monthly follow-up and monitoring. These ac- linked results to fortify the Egyptian Water Regulation tivities helped the project connect 184,340 households Agency. One measure was to use the International in villages to working sanitation systems, including Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Util- 18,670 households in satellite villages. ities (IBNET) to track the water sector’s performance. The results framework table summarizes results GWSP supported exchanges with other countries using achieved as of June 30, 2024. IBNET to encourage the Egyptian Water Regulation Agency to adopt this tool for six WSCs in the SRSSP pro- gram. These exchanges expedited adoption of IBNET Looking Forward to track the performance of all of Egypt’s 25 WSCs—an It will be crucial to maintain WSCs’ performance amid objective achieved in early 2024, two years ahead of potential challenges such as inadequate resources and schedule. Through an extensive process of consulta- fluctuations in budget allocation. Proactive measures for tions, GWSP supported the regulator in developing a asset management planning must be closely monitored financial model for sustainable cost recovery and in to sustain the large investments made under SRSSP. approving a business plan and standard operating Additionally, the increase in household connections procedures. The regulator will use the financial model to sanitation systems increased sludge generation, to analyze and determine tariff levels for WSCs. which must be safely managed. Further strengthening Another area of support for WSCs was to design and the sector will require incorporating the economic cost implement an annual performance assessment sys- of water supply sources in decision-making, revising tem and to achieve the required assessment threshold water supply norms, expanding treated wastewater scores. GWSP’s funding enabled “hands-on” support reuse, and rationalizing tariffs with targeted assistance for the full process, from setting realistic yet challenging for the vulnerable. Additionally, operational efficiency performance targets to developing innovative plans to improvements such as reducing nonrevenue water meet those targets. This support significantly increased and enhancing billing and collection will be essential the quality of performance improvement action plans, for retaining water in the system and moving toward resulting in more effective activity planning and linking operational cost recovery and sustainability. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   7 Arab Republic of Egypt Results Framework—Arab Republic of Egypt Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Data Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Source Rural sanitation: DLI 7: Strengthen the No No Yes Yes P154112 Regulation national regulatory framework for water and Rural sanitation: sanitation Monitoring and evaluation Rural sanitation: DLI 3: Design and No Yes Yes Yes P154112 Management implement the annual autonomy and performance assessment leadership (APA) system for WSCs; WSCs achieve the required Rural sanitation: APA threshold scores Human resource in accordance with the and organization Program Operations development Manual Rural sanitation: Accountability to customers Rural sanitation: DLI 1: Establish functioning 10,000 13,755 184,340 167,000 P154112 Inclusive new household management and connections to working service delivery sanitation systems in villages and in at least 10% of satellites (i.e., smaller, localized sanitation systems) Rural sanitation: SRSSP: DLI 4: Prepare and No Yes Yes Yes P154112 Financial approve a new national sustainability of tariff structure for water service providers and sanitation services by the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Communities to allow for sustainable cost recovery Note: DLI = disbursement linked indicator; SRSSP = Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program; WSC = water and sanitation company. 8    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Bangladesh Context human resources and organizational development for both the Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Bangladesh’s development is intricately linked to (DWASA) and CWASA, while also building the capac- the management of its water resources, which face ity of service providers to improve their operations significant challenges that include frequent floods, and accountability. Regarding rural sanitation, GWSP declining groundwater levels, and severe pollution activities aimed to leverage private sector funding. from both natural and industrial sources. The country Additionally, GWSP provided technical assistance to relies heavily on transboundary water resources, which strengthen institutional and local government capaci- makes regional cooperation essential. Rapid industrial ties, revamp monitoring systems to be more inclusive, growth, particularly in the garment sector, and a grow- and increase women’s roles in water and sanitation ing population are boosting demand for freshwater, service delivery. Furthermore, GWSP supported the which exacerbates the strain on water resources. De- development of analytical and knowledge products to spite improvements in access to basic drinking water assess Bangladesh’s water security status. and sanitation, a substantial portion of the population An additional World Bank water initiative was to still lacks safely managed services. According to Joint establish, with GWSP support, the Bangladesh Water Monitoring Programme (JMP) estimates, as of 2022, Platform, with the objective of supporting the gov- only 59 percent of the population had access to safely ernment’s Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100. The platform managed drinking water (54 percent in urban areas provided a basis to harness lessons in water operations and 62 percent in rural areas), and only 31 percent and analytics and positioned the World Bank Group to had access to safely managed sanitation services (29 provide continuous support to meet strategic govern- percent in urban areas and 32 percent in rural areas). ment demands and to coordinate future activities to Bangladesh needs robust institutional frameworks and address emerging challenges.  sustainable practices to ensure water security and to support its economic and social development. Results Achieved GWSP Support Based on the Bangladesh Block C results framework, the country team reported in the final monitoring form A 2022 midterm assessment found that support from that, as of the end of FY24, all but one urban sanitation the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership target (accountability to customers) was achieved or (GWSP) was highly relevant to the Government of Ban- surpassed. All but two urban water targets (both related gladesh’s priorities for water security. The assessment to gender) were also achieved or surpassed. Targets recognized the flexibility of GWSP funding that allowed under rural sanitation were not met, but progress was for adaptation to changing priorities and circumstances, made. such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP sup- Urban sanitation ported key priorities in Bangladesh’s urban water, urban GWSP funding supported the training of DWASA per- sanitation, and rural sanitation sectors, as identified by sonnel in sewage treatment plant operations, mainte- the World Bank and the Government of Bangladesh. nance management of trunk mains, and operations Regarding urban water, GWSP focused on enhancing and maintenance management of sewers as part of the operational effectiveness of the Chittagong Water the Dhaka Sanitation Improvement Project. The In- and Sewerage Authority (CWASA) and promoting inclu- ternational Development Association (IDA) financed sive monitoring and evaluation systems in municipali- $170 million of the $483 million total for the project. The ties. Regarding urban sanitation, the support targeted training strengthened staff capacity to address gaps GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   9 Bangladesh 10    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 in human resources in urban sanitation. Sixty staff members were trained, surpassing the target number. GWSP support to the $172 million Chittagong Water GWSP provided technical Supply Improvement and Sanitation Project helped the assistance in the design of project provide training for 469 people in operational and financial sustainability, surpassing a target to build fecal sludge treatment plants capacity by strengthening staff technical knowledge. as part of the Bangladesh IDA financed $155 million of the $172 million total for the project. Municipal Water Supply Furthermore, GWSP provided technical assistance and Sanitation Project. in the design of fecal sludge treatment plants as part of the Bangladesh Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Project. IDA financed $100 million of the $209 million total for the project. Nine piped water supply schemes were commissioned. About 72 percent of beneficiaries Rural sanitation expressed satisfaction with service quality, surpassing GWSP supported capacity building for entrepreneurs the target of 55 percent. Thirty municipalities adopted and microfinance institution staff as part of the rural interactive monitoring and evaluation systems, thus water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) market achieving the target set under this indicator. development component of the Bangladesh Rural Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Human Capital De- Urban water velopment Project. IDA financed $200 million of the Targets were not achieved for two indicators—the num- $550 million total for the project. As a result of the ber of municipalities maintaining at least a 30 percent project, 87 microfinance institutions provided 252,948 level of attendance by women’s self-help groups in sanitation loans for the installation of safely managed town-level coordination and the number of municipali- sanitation and hygiene facilities; the microfinance in- ties that have public toilets managed by women. As part stitutions contributed $13 million of the $65.46 million of the Bangladesh Municipal Water Supply and Sanita- total for the loans. Additionally, 23,425 WASH entrepre- tion Project, 11 municipalities engaged women in water neurs received $2 million in private sector financing. supply and sanitation service provision, surpassing the Furthermore, loans extended to local female entrepre- target of 9. However, because none of the municipali- neurs enabled them to sell sanitary napkins door to ties had completed construction of public toilets, the door, thereby improving menstrual hygiene, especially engagement of women’s self-help groups in operation among adolescent girls who are shy about purchasing and maintenance of these toilets was delayed. the napkins. Regarding the urban water indicator measuring op- These projects highlight GWSP’s comprehensive ap- erational effectiveness, CWASA adopted the GWSP- proach to improving water and sanitation infrastructure, funded Utility of the Future framework and implemented focusing on sustainability, community involvement, and a 100-day action plan to help strengthen its institutional operational efficiency across urban and rural settings capacity. Improvement measures included strategic in Bangladesh. planning, energy efficiency, and customer relationship The results framework table summarizes results management. The utility’s maturity level, a measure of achieved as of June 30, 2024. institutional capacity on a scale of 1 to 5, was confirmed by an independent audit at 3.06 at project closure. The one-point increase in the maturity score achieved the Looking Forward target for improving operational effectiveness. The The sustainability of World Bank Group water supply 100-day action plan will be implemented by the utilities and sanitation projects in Bangladesh faces several in future World Bank projects. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   11 Bangladesh challenges. Financial sustainability, involving issues such as revenue generation, tariff collection, and private sector participation, is a significant concern. Another critical area is operational efficiency, requiring maximiz- ing operating efficiencies and enhancing technical ex- pertise. Institutional capacity also needs strengthening to ensure both financial and operational sustainability. Additionally, the success of water supply and sanita- tion projects hinges on addressing institutional and governance risks, ensuring stakeholder participation, and mitigating adverse impacts during construction. Active involvement of utilities and the local community in the maintenance and operation of infrastructure is essential for sustaining projects’ results. To ensure resilient and sustainable economic growth, it is vital to enhance the resilience of Bangla- desh’s water supply and sanitation systems to climate change, natural disasters, and pollution—a task that will require massive investment. Rapid urbanization and increasing demand have highlighted the water system’s vulnerability, which is exacerbated by weak planning and management capacity at local levels. Protection of natural capital, people, industries, and assets requires equitable access to water supply and sanitation ser- vices, reduction of pollution, and the promotion of water reuse and efficiency for industrial productivity. Results Framework—Bangladesh Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Data Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Source Urban sanitation: Number of DWASA 0 Not available 60 (June 25 P161432 Human resources personnel trained in 2024) and organizational sewage treatment plant development operations, trunk mains maintenance management, and operation and maintenance management of sewers Number of staff trained as 134 455 469 350 P161566 per approved staff training and development program (table continues next page) 12    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Data Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Source Urban sanitation: Percentage of beneficiary 0 Not available Not 50 P161432 Accountability to households expressing available* customers satisfaction with service provision Urban water: Water utility maturity level 2 3 3.06 3 P161566 Operational (score 1–5) effectiveness Urban water: Number of municipalities 0 21 27 (May 30 P161227 Inclusion-focused maintaining at least 30% 2024) monitoring and attendance level by female evaluation members in town-level coordination committees Percentage of beneficiaries 0 Not available 72.6 55 expressing satisfaction with service provision (gender disaggregated) Number of municipalities 0 Not available 0 (May 10 that have public toilets 2024)† managed by women-run self-help groups Number of municipalities 0 Not available 11 (May 9 with women employed in 2024) various roles in water and sanitation service delivery Rural sanitation: Level of private sector 0 $10.6 million $15 $21 million P169342 Leveraged funding investment (US dollars) in million‡ from private safely managed sanitation financial sector facilities influenced by World Bank interventions Urban water: Number of pourashavas 0 30 P161227 Inclusion-focused in project-supported area monitoring and adopting an interactive evaluation measurement and evaluation system for reporting and informed decision-making Note: DWASA = Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority. * No progress has been made because works have not yet been completed, and systems are not operational. Customer satisfaction responses could not be assessed. † Construction works are ongoing at 16 sites in 7 municipalities; none of the public toilets have become operational. ‡ Microfinance institutes (MFIs) disbursed $65.46 million to households to purchase WASH products; 20 percent ($13 million) of the disbursement came from their own funds (total breakdown: 40 percent, IDA; 40 percent, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; and 20 percent, MFIs). In addition, MFIs provided $2 million in loans to local entrepreneurs to expand their business. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   13 Benin Benin Context GWSP Support Poverty and inequality remain high in Benin, despite A 2020 midterm assessment of the Global Water Se- a reduction in the poverty rate from 38.5 percent in curity and Sanitation Partnership’s (GWSP) support in 2019 to 17.5 percent in 2022. Groundwater resources Benin found that it was fully aligned with the demands traditionally are the major source of drinking water and needs of the government, that it was consistent because surface water sources are associated with with the objectives and interventions of other donors high initial capital costs and potentially higher water in the water sector, and that its results were in line with treatment costs. The country lacks sufficient data on expectations. Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, its water resources, and while it has made progress in GWSP supported key priorities in Benin’s rural water water resources management, significant gaps remain. sector, as identified by the World Bank and the Gov- Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase ernment of Benin. the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, par- Rural sanitation initially was a priority, but it was ticularly floods, in Benin, which is ranked 30th globally later dropped as the government sought support from in disaster risk. a different development partner. Regarding urban The Government of Benin has identified improving sanitation, the World Bank and KfW, the German state- delivery of water services as a top priority since 2016. The owned investment and development bank, financed government revamped its institutional framework ac- the construction of two fecal sludge treatment plants in cordingly and, in 2017, created a new executive agency, the metropolitan area of Cotonou to increase the share ANAEPMR (Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement of people with access to safely managed sanitation. en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural, or the National Agency Additionally, the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory for Rural Water Supply Service Delivery). The agency Facility, administered by the World Bank Group, pro- reports to the presidency to implement the govern- vided technical assistance to the government in the ment’s flagship project for universal water service in design of operations manuals and provided trainings rural areas, including ambitious reforms and massive on implementing the management framework for the investment to increase the coverage rate. As a result of new plants. these government efforts, the percentage of the rural Regarding rural water, GWSP focused on enhancing population with access to at least basic drinking water the policy and legal framework and on supporting ef- services, as defined by the Joint Monitoring Program forts by the new rural water supply agency, ANAEPMR, (JMP), jumped from 42 percent in 2017 to 79.4 percent to improve its accountability to costumers, promote in 2023. In contrast, the current rate of progress in urban inclusive management and service delivery, and im- areas is not sufficient to achieve universal access to prove the financial sustainability of service providers. water services in Benin. Indeed, rapid urbanization and GWSP also supported the Government of Benin in urban economic transformation negatively affected the delivering two studies: one about the impact of rural urban water coverage rate, which dropped from 74.6 water supply systems on groundwater abstractions and percent in 2017 to 74.1 in 2022, according to JMP data. the other about mechanisms for water resources mon- Sanitation service delivery, both in urban and rural itoring. These studies informed the GWSP-funded re- areas, has seen the least progress. Access to basic port, State of Play of Water Resources Management and sanitation is mostly exclusive to the top two income Strategy for Sustainable Management. Once finalized, quintiles of the population. Almost no one in the bottom this report will be a resource for future efforts by water 40 percent of the population has access to basic sani- sector stakeholders for the sustainable development tation services, and therefore they continue to practice of water resources in Benin. open defecation. 14    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Achieved target of 50. Furthermore, the government achieved the objective of publishing 12 reports (available on- Based on the Benin Block C results framework, the line) by ANAEPMR. These reports highlight the main country team reported in the final monitoring form that, advances in water sector reforms and present the sta- as of the end of FY24, all results targets were achieved tus of water assets and the evolution of the rural water except one, women benefiting from training activities. coverage rate in the 11 departments of the country The World Bank provided GWSP-funded technical covered by the rural water program (Benin has a total assistance within the framework of the $758 million of 12 departments). Rural Water Supply Universal Access Program for Regarding the outcome indicator for accountability Results project cofinanced by the International De- to customers, GWSP provided technical assistance to velopment Association, the Government of Benin, and ANAEPMR to produce tailored bidding documents for the Government of the Netherlands. three 10-year performance-based contracts with two Regarding the outcome indicator for the policy and regional water operators to rehabilitate and manage legal framework, GWSP provided technical support rural water systems. GWSP also supported the produc- to a task force that delivered framework partnership tion and delivery of monitoring tools and customized agreements and gave advice to the government on trainings for government staff to help implement the formalizing the delegation of water supply services to contracts. ANAEPMR. ANAEPMR signed 74 framework partner- Regarding the outcome indicator for financial sus- ship agreements with municipalities, exceeding the tainability of rural water service providers, the two GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   15 Benin regional water operators began to deliver water under a new rural tariff structure, applicable in all rural areas of Benin, following approval of a corresponding tariff Building on its successes policy. The contracts directly support provision of safe in rural water supply, GWSP and affordable drinking water to Benin’s rural popula- tion, estimated at 6.5 million. also provided technical GWSP technical assistance supported the Govern- assistance to the government ment of Benin in successfully engaging the private sec- tor in the rural water sector and in laying the foundation to implement reforms in to ensure sustainable management of water infrastruc- the urban water sector, ture. GWSP assisted ANAEPMR in preparing legal and technical documents (including an inventory of water with the goal of attracting assets) to create a company in charge of managing private sector participation. both rural and urban infrastructure. SOBIE (Societé Beninoise des Infrastructures d’Eau, or the Beninese Company for Water Assets) was established on April 11, 2024. Building on these successes in rural water sup- The results framework table summarizes results ply, GWSP also provided technical assistance to the achieved as of June 30, 2024. government to implement reforms in the urban wa- ter sector, with the goal of attracting private sector participation. Looking Forward Regarding the outcome indicator for inclusive man- Further opportunities to advance water security in agement and service delivery, GWSP funded the pro- Benin should focus on increasing knowledge of water duction of a gender gap assessment. The assessment resources, particularly groundwater, and developing informed the adoption of three indicators in the Rural the sanitation value chain. Benin is pioneering sludge Water Supply Universal Access Program for Results collection and treatment services in Cotonou, setting aimed at tracking female beneficiaries of training ac- an example for other cities. Additionally, with the de- tivities for rural water supply professionals and female velopment of universal access to drinking water, there participation in the committees and management of is an urgent need to manage increased wastewater drinking water consumers’ associations (ACEPs). generation. More than 6 million people still practice Achievement of the training activities target was de- open defecation or use unimproved sanitation facil- layed because trainings were planned to be conducted ities, posing risks to water sources. To fill the gap in in a new training center that was still under construc- the sanitation coverage rate, the Government of Benin tion at the end of FY24. The first batch of trainings was will need to further prioritize the sector in reforms and planned for the first quarter of 2025. capital investment. Also, the government will require GWSP supported development of a diagnostic study development partner support to structure a sanitation of the ACEPs that highlighted the need to strengthen value chain with proper desludging and treatment facil- their capacities and to improve their collaboration with ities, thereby establishing national norms for toilets and mayoral offices. To address these findings, GWSP recommending reforms to ensure compliance. funded the design and dissemination of a toolbox for Additionally, the government will need to prioritize ACEPs, including quality training to strengthen their water management policies and investments to en- capacities as key local actors in the rural water sector. hance agricultural productivity, electricity production, Following this training, the targets for female participa- and climate change adaptation; create an early warning tion in committees and management will be reassessed system for the Oueme and Mono rivers; and scale up and updated. flood awareness programs. 16    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Benin Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Data Source Rural water; Framework partnership 0 74 0 50 P164186 Policy/legal agreements signed framework Publication of bi-annual 0 2 11 11 P164186 reports by ANAEPMR Rural water: Performance-based 0 0 3 3* P164186 Accountability to contracts of regional costumers operators signed and in effect Grievances registered and 0 0 100% 80% P164186 addressed Rural water: Women benefiting from 0 0 0 15% P164186 Inclusive training activities management and service delivery Rural water: Tariff policy for rural water No No Yes Yes P164186 Financial supply services approved sustainability of service providers Rural sanitation: National investment plan for 0 Dropped Dropped 1 The project Investment rural sanitation prepared dropped this planning and indicator, which delivery was achieved with help from another donor Note: ANAEPMR = National Agency for Rural Water Supply Service Delivery ( Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural ). * The program was restructured to reduce the target from 6 to 3 while keeping the same geographic scope to cover the whole country. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   17 Bolivia Bolivia Context management planning tools and strategies, as identi- fied by the Government of Bolivia and the World Bank. Bolivia is a water-rich country with a water-dependent In 2019, the government’s initial focus on water supply economy in which agriculture, the largest water user, in rural areas shifted to water supply in urban areas due contributes 13 percent to GDP and employs 29 per- to increasing migration to small towns and cities and cent of the workforce. Furthermore, water-intensive increasing water security challenges. products account for 85 percent of export earnings, Regarding urban sanitation, GWSP supported and hydropower is the second major energy source. development of Bolivia’s sanitation policy and legal Despite this abundance, population growth has helped framework and advancement of targeted planning and decrease the availability of renewable fresh water, from investment capabilities in cities. Regarding integrated 80,190 cubic meters per person in 1961 to 25,427 cubic water resources management, GWSP support focused meters per person in 2020, according to AQUASTAT, on improving water sector planning and system design the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s global in- for increased resilience. formation system. Projected climate change effects of decreasing rainfall and rising temperatures exacerbate the situation and could prevent Bolivia from meeting Results Achieved increasing water demand. Based on the Bolivia Block C results framework, the Between 2018 and 2022, access to at least basic country team reported in the final monitoring form that drinking water service increased slightly in both rural GWSP’s support contributed to meeting the targets and urban areas, with nationwide access rising from 92 agreed with the government at the national and mu- percent to 94 percent, according to the latest available nicipal levels. data from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). Only 62 percent of the population had access to at least basic Urban sanitation sanitation in 2018, and only 69 percent had access in Building on previous work funded by the Water and 2022. Rural areas had far lower levels of sanitation ac- Sanitation Program, GWSP and the the German devel- cess (40 percent in 2018 and 47 percent in 2022) than opment agency Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale urban areas (72 percent in 2018 and 77 percent in 2022). Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) supported a fecal sludge management pilot project in the metropolitan area of GWSP Support Santa Cruz de la Sierra from FY18 to FY19. Santa Cruz de la Sierra had the highest rates of population and eco- A 2020 midterm assessment found that technical assis- nomic growth in Bolivia but low levels of safely managed tance funded by the Global Water Security and Sanita- sanitation coverage. The project aimed to improve the tion Partnership (GWSP) and by World Bank portfolio entire sanitation chain, from origin, or containment, to projects was highly responsive to Bolivians’ water sup- transport and treatment and final disposal. Implemen- ply and sanitation access needs and water resources tation was handled by an inter-institutional committee management requirements, as well as to the country’s led by Bolivia’s Ministry of Environment and Water, the sectoral plans. The assessment recommended target- water and sanitation regulatory agency, the municipal ing GWSP and World Bank support to urban sanitation government, water utilities, and the private sector. and integrated water resources management. GWSP contributed to the project by developing Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP guidelines for septic chamber construction, protocols supported key activities to (1) increase access to safe for fecal sludge management, and capacity-building sanitation in urban and peri-urban areas of Bolivia and materials. The project showed promise in addressing (2) develop and strengthen integrated water resources the city’s sanitation service gaps and wastewater 18    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 treatment challenges. It led to development of a strat- tailored for Bolivia, to increase the resilience of water egy to expand decentralized sanitation and a success- supply and sewerage infrastructure to flood hazards. ful communications campaign. This work informed Furthermore, the government implemented urban creation of Santa Cruz de la Sierra’s law on wastewater Citywide Inclusive Sanitation planning processes in and fecal sludge management, approved in 2019, as the medium-sized cities of Cotoca, La Guardia, and well as spurred the environmental authority—the Santa Montero. Cruz Departmental Government—to update adminis- GWSP also supported the preparation of the Water trative procedures to issue operational environmental and Sanitation in Peri-Urban Areas and Small Towns licenses for small entrepreneurs working in fecal sludge Project, set for approval in FY25. This project aims to collection and transport. Additionally, lessons from increase access to resilient, safely managed water the project contributed to the Ministry of Environment and sanitation services and to enhance the capacity and Water’s Wastewater Treatment National Strategy, of participating municipalities to provide efficient ser- developed in 2020. vice delivery. Complementing this work, GWSP undertook two efforts to enhance the resilience of urban water and Integrated water resources management sanitation services in FY24. First, it supported establish- GWSP supported the Ministry of Environment and Wa- ment of a regional law for the Santa Cruz Department to ter, its Vice Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, regulate alternative decentralized sanitation systems. and irrigation institutions in preparing the $173 million Second, it developed and disseminated a guide, Bolivia Resilient Water Management for Community Bolivia and Household Irrigation Project, financed by the In- ternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development and approved in FY24. To support this project, GWSP GWSP funded development funded development of a tool to calculate optimum of a tool to calculate irrigated areas. It also funded an assessment of the vulnerability of hydraulic infrastructures and small res- optimum irrigated areas ervoirs to sedimentation and an assessment of condi- and funded an assessment of tions required to grow proposed agriculture products and of the potential markets for these products. The the vulnerability of hydraulic project’s goals are, by 2030, to improve integrated wa- infrastructures and small ter resources management in 15 water basins and to increase the resilience to climate variability of 30,000 reservoirs to sedimentation. rural families in selected micro-basins by providing more than 40,000 hectares with flood risk manage- ment protection and nearly 4,000 hectares with new irrigation and drainage services. The project’s main beneficiaries are low-income communities in regions water utilities, and farmers’ associations; the low quality that are vulnerable to climate change. The target for the of technical designs; and bottlenecks in the coordi- indicator pertaining to number of basin plans, including nation among national, departmental, and municipal plans for climate change, was achieved as of the end governments. of FY24. The World Bank projects have proposed measures to ensure the sustainability of investments. To ad- Rural water supply dress technician capacity challenges, both projects Before the government’s focus shifted to urban areas, have included technical assistance for infrastructure GWSP supported a baseline study of access to water operation and maintenance and assistance to guaran- in remote rural communities. The study used the Rural tee improved performance. The projects will develop Water and Sanitation Information System, an open standardized technical designs and specifications for system that supports planning, coordination, and eval- hydrological risk management infrastructure, water uation of rural water and sanitation services coverage, and sanitation infrastructure, and climate-resilient quality, and sustainability. irrigation. To address bottlenecks between levels of Goals related to improving rural water supply were government, both projects plan to involve municipal not met because GWSP and World Bank support was governments early in the process to ensure buy-in and prioritized for the urban water and sanitation sectors. to offer comprehensive capacity building for municipal However, support from the Water and Sanitation Pro- staff. Additionally, the projects feature straightforward gram, GWSP’s predecessor, helped strengthen Boliv- implementation arrangements to address issues of ia’s rural water policy framework with the government’s coordination among the multiple entities expected to adoption, in 2017, of the Strategy for Rural Water Supply be involved. and Sanitation. Achieving water security in Bolivia remains a work The results framework table summarizes results in progress. Despite abundant resources, the coun- achieved as of June 30, 2024. try faces water sector challenges due to population growth, climate change, and poor wastewater manage- Looking Forward ment. Addressing the significant decrease in renewable freshwater availability and increasing basic sanitation Several factors could affect the sustainability of results will require continuous engagement to ensure strate- from the two World Bank-financed projects: the limited gic water management, increased climate resilience, availability of skilled technicians in local governments, improved efficiency, and expanded sanitation services. 20    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Bolivia Progress Value Outcome (Midterm Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) FY24 Result Target Data Source Urban sanitation: National Strategy for Wastewater 0 Accomplished Accomplished; furthermore, technical Accomplished National strategy Policy/legal Management assistance informed development of document; Santa Cruz framework a municipal law on wastewater and municipal law; draft of fecal sludge management for Santa the Santa Cruz region Cruz, passed in 2019, and the updating departmental law of administrative procedures to issue environmental licenses for small businesses working in sanitation Urban sanitation: Number of cities with city-wide 0 Accomplished; Accomplished in Santa Cruz, Cotoca, La 1 large and 3 Evidence-based strategic Targeted planning urban sanitation planning work with the Guardia, and Montero medium-size report on the results of the and investment processes, including for fecal regulator is ongoing cities FSM initiative presented to sludge management (FSM) in two cities; Oruro stakeholders for replication and Trinidad (Activity Completion Report P161979) Integrated Number of basin plans, including 0 Ongoing Accomplished; river basin plans 3 P178861 project appraisal water resources for climate change developed for Rocha and Arque- document management: Tapacari rivers; GWSP contributed Sector planning outputs for the La Paz river basin plan, and system design and the recently approved IPF (P178861) will fund development of 15 basin plans Rural water: Number of targeted communities 0 Dropped Dropped 216 Dropped because the Targeted planning with improved water sources project linked to these and investment results areas was canceled Rural water: Number of municipalities 0 36 Inclusion focused– covered by the project that are monitoring and collecting basic information on evaluation their communal piped water systems Rural water: Number of improved water 0 10,200 Resilient sources resulting from the investments project intervention Note: IPF = investment project financing. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   21 Ethiopia Ethiopia Context the support period, GWSP activities supported the implementation of the national program. Despite significant challenges associated with acute Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP poverty, Ethiopia successfully met its Millennium Devel- supported key priorities in Ethiopia’s urban water and opment Goal for drinking water supply ahead of 2015, sanitation and rural water and sanitation sectors, as but fell short of achieving its target for sanitation. In identified by the World Bank and the government of terms of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Ethiopia. Regarding urban water and sanitation, GWSP as of 2018, only 38 percent of people in urban areas and focused on helping utilities in Addis Ababa and 22 small 4 percent in rural areas had access to safely managed and medium-sized cities improve their operational ef- water. Open defecation was practiced by 32 percent of fectiveness and their investment planning and delivery. the rural population and 7 percent of urban households. Regarding rural water and sanitation, GWSP worked to Handwashing facilities were barely available, and fecal support local districts (known as “woredas”) to improve sludge was not effectively managed. their operational effectiveness, targeted planning and Ethiopia continues to face significant water security investment, and human resources and organizational challenges, with a substantial portion of the population development. lacking access to clean water due to aging infrastruc- ture, pollution, and inadequate water supply systems. Additionally, conflict-affected regions such as Afar and Results Achieved Oromia have particularly low rates of access to improved Based on the Ethiopia Block C results framework, the water supply, exacerbating the overall water insecurity in World Bank country team reported in the final moni- the country. Progress over recent years has been inade- toring form that, as of the end of FY24, all but two in- quate. The latest available Joint Monitoring Programme dicator targets were met. One indicator under urban data (2022) shows a 0.6 percent increase in access to water and sanitation was not met (76,000 cubic me- safely managed water in urban areas and a 5.8 increase ters of improved wastewater collection, transport, and in rural areas since 2018. Open defecation decreased disposal capacity, compared with a target of 229,000 significantly but remains high, especially in rural areas cubic meters). A second indicator under rural water (21.8 percent). Access to basic drinking water service and sanitation was not met either, albeit only by a small increased from 34 percent to 38 percent, and basic sani- shortfall (10.5 percent of improved water supply plans tation service from 1.8 percent to 2.1 percent since 2018. that were nonfunctional in the program woredas, com- pared with a target of 10 percent). On the other hand, GWSP support two indicator targets under rural water and sanitation were surpassed. Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) activities began in 2018, continuing technical Urban water and sanitation support provided since 2008 through the Water and GWSP funding supported capacity building of utility Sanitation Program and the Water Partnership Program, operations in Addis Ababa and 22 small and medi- GWSP’s predecessors. A 2022 midterm assessment um-sized cities as a complement to the Second Urban found that GWSP’s support in Ethiopia was relevant to Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The International the government’s national program. GWSP activities Development Association (IDA) financed $445 million had earlier informed the design of the government’s of the $523 million total for the project. These activities OneWASH National Program, which consolidates built the utilities’ capacity to improve nonrevenue water; planning, financing, implementation, and monitoring operate and maintain fecal sludge treatment plants, in the water sector under one plan and budget. During wastewater treatment plants, and other infrastructure; 22    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 and enhance connections to water and sanitation ser- supports the government’s OneWASH National Pro- vices. GWSP supported the development of Citywide gram to achieve the country’s SDG targets for WASH in Inclusive Sanitation plans for 22 small and medium-sized an integrated manner. This program, one of Ethiopia’s cities. These plans helped utilities understand overall best-functioning multisectoral initiatives, brought to- capacities for sanitation management at the district gether seven development partners (the World Bank; level, potential service delivery models, and service the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and delivery options from the fecal sludge treatment plants. Development Office; FSD Ethiopia; the United Nations In addition, GWSP activities helped improve the design Children’s Fund; the Korea International Cooperation of public and communal latrines. About 1,080 of these Agency; Finland, and the Netherlands) and four sec- public and communal latrines were under construction tor ministries (water, health, education, and finance). in small and medium-sized cities. The wastewater treat- Once completed, the project will benefit at least 4.39 ment plants for Addis Ababa were under construction million people with safe water supply and 4.73 million and were expected to be completed by 2027. Targets people with improved sanitation. GWSP activities com- for volumes of improved wastewater collection were ex- plemented this project supporting the government’s pected to be met when these treatment plants become implementation of its OneWASH National Program in operational. The project aims to provide more than 3.1 various ways, described below. million people with access to sanitation where excreta GWSP-funded activities were instrumental in is safely managed. strengthening donor coordination and cooperation in Ethiopia’s WASH sector. Ethiopia is one of the first coun- Rural water and sanitation tries that established a WASH Platform at the country The OneWASH National Program Consolidated WASH level, with the ministries of water, health, education, Account in Ethiopia, financed by $205 million from IDA, and finance. Ethiopia also established a consolidated GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   23 Ethiopia WASH account—a financial account for development partners, including the World Bank, to pool resources to support WASH in the country. As the government dis- GWSP supported capacity- cusses the progress and next steps for the OneWASH building efforts, establishing National Program, GWSP assessments have helped solidify the platform coordination and information ex- and strengthening the change among different implementing agencies and government’s program support the government in implementing the national program. coordination structure at GWSP funded assessments to identify gaps in pro- federal and regional levels. gram implementation and inform planning at all levels. It supported capacity-building efforts, establishing and strengthening the government’s program coordination structure at federal and regional levels. Additionally, GWSP provided technical assistance to enhance the Political and macroeconomic situations in Ethiopia government’s ability to implement behavior change pose potential challenges to the sustainability of the communication campaigns and to train sanitation en- country’s results achievements. Although the political trepreneurs to produce and sell sanitation products situation improved and the national state of emergency and services. was lifted as of the end of FY24, the security situation GWSP supported regional advocacy and the process remains a concern. Continuing localized unrest could of launching workshops for sanitation marketing and affect operations and management of project activities business development planning in six regional states. and the sustainability of results. To mitigate this risk, all These events created a platform for officials from water, ongoing World Bank-financed projects strengthened health, education, and finance sectors to collaborate local capacity in rural and urban areas through targeted and understand their roles in the sanitation marketing and extensive training exercises. Under a proposed and business initiative. The flagship program’s impact is Ethiopia Sustainable WASH Access Program, additional evident, with 2.15 million individuals gaining access to training for local staff and capacity building of regional improved water sources and 1.5 million people enjoying and woreda institutions are envisaged to strengthen better sanitation facilities in rural areas. As a result of the the sustainability of interventions. program, more than 2,000 kebeles (Ethiopia’s smallest Opportunities for future initiatives in the water sector administrative unit, similar to a neighborhood) are free in Ethiopia include strengthening and scaling up the of open defecation. OneWASH National Program, building on the consoli- The results framework table summarizes results dated WASH account, and supporting new programs achieved as of June 30, 2024. to advance sector policy and institutional reforms for more sustainable WASH services. Future technical as- Looking forward sistance could focus on enhancing the coordination and information exchange among institutions manag- To reach the SDG 6 goal of “sustainable and safely man- ing and delivering water services. This would improve aged sanitation,” Ethiopia will need to develop citywide WASH sustainability, strengthen institutional capacity sanitation services in urban areas and off-site sanitation at all government levels, support the establishment of a infrastructure in rural areas. Behavioral change alone regulator for urban WASH, develop a financing roadmap will not be sufficient. The government of Ethiopia has involving the private sector and other partners, ensure made water supply and sanitation a top priority, but the universal access and inclusion, improve agriculture challenge is addressing equity while improving quality productivity and food safety through irrigation assess- and sustainability in the context of increasing climate ment, and enhance resilience through improved water shocks. storage solutions. 24    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Ethiopia Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Data Source Urban sanitation: Number of cities that have 0 5 22 22 P156433 Investment prepared and implemented planning and an integrated urban delivery sanitation plan under the project Urban water (1) Participating utilities 0 0 23 23* P156433 and sanitation: that have established/are Operational implementing interventions effectiveness for nonrevenue data management (2) Improved wastewater 0 73,030 76,000 229,000 P156433 collection, transport, and disposal capacity (in cubic meters per day) under the project Rural water: Percentage of improved 25% 10.5% 10.5% 10% P133591 Operational water supply schemes that effectiveness are nonfunctional in the program woredas Rural water Percentage of woredas with 50% 100% 100% 70% P133591 and sanitation: prepared and approved Targeted rural water and sanitation planning and supply programs and investment established wastewater treatment plants Rural sanitation: People trained to improve 0 1,949,732 2,362,900 976,200 P133591 Human hygiene behavior/sanitation resources and organization development * Including Addis Ababa GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   25 Haiti Haiti Context (about 2.1 million people), according to Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) data. Access to at least basic water Haiti’s high poverty rates, low gross domestic product, and sanitation has slightly increased, but the significant and high exposure to climate shocks and political insta- divide between urban access and rural access persists. bility have led to water and sanitation services that are In 2022, according to the latest available JMP data, 67 among the weakest in the Western Hemisphere. In 2018, percent of the population had access to at least basic 66 percent of the population had access to at least basic drinking water (42.8 percent in rural areas), 38 percent drinking water (43 percent in rural areas), 36 percent had had access to at least basic sanitation (25.4 percent in access to at least basic sanitation (24.7 percent in rural rural areas), and 17.7 percent still practiced open defe- areas), and 19.1 percent still practiced open defecation cation (approximately 2 million people). 26    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Haiti did not reach the Millennium Development sanitation to more than 30,000 people in targeted Goals for water and sanitation, and it faces significant rural areas and small towns. Additionally, the project challenges in achieving the Sustainable Development strengthened the regulation, control, planning, and Goals. At the time of the baseline Block C assessment, implementation capacity of the National Directorate for the Government of Haiti included water and sanitation in Water Supply and Sanitation (DINEPA) and subnational its priority programs, though the country lacked a clear entities. policy direction for the water sector and additional fi- The second project, the $80 million Decentralized nancial commitments were needed. Substantial efforts Sustainable and Resilient Rural Water and Sanitation were, and remain, required to extend universal access Project, was approved in FY23 and aims to increase to safely managed water and sanitation, particularly access to inclusive, resilient, and sustainable rural ba- in rural areas. Political instability continues to hamper sic water services for 250,000 people and sanitation paradigm shifts that are needed in sector operations to services for 125,000 people by 2030. address deeply engrained bottlenecks. Results Achieved GWSP Support Since FY18, when GWSP Block C activities began in A 2022 midterm assessment found that the support of Haiti, the country has experienced multiple hurricanes, the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing gang violence, and (GWSP) was highly relevant to Haiti’s overall objective political turmoil. According to the midterm assessment, of increasing access to water supply and sanitation and access to water and sanitation had not progressed but was aligned with the government’s priorities. That con- also had not collapsed. GWSP and World Bank financial clusion applied as well to activities funded by the Water and advisory support to DINEPA allowed managers and Sanitation Partnership, GWSP’s predecessor, be- to maintain the status quo. Progress against several fore 2018. The 2022 assessment also found that GWSP results framework targets initially was delayed due to support was adaptable to changing priorities, but that COVID-19 and then further delayed because of ongo- it sometimes was not sufficiently flexible to respond ing security issues. Based on the Haiti Block C results to emergency situations that required a redirection of framework, the World Bank country team reported funding to other regions in the country. in the final monitoring form that no targets had been Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP sup- achieved by the end of FY24, though progress had been ported key priorities identified by the World Bank and made on each of the outcome indicators. the Government of Haiti in the rural water and sanitation GWSP support provided technical expertise to sectors. Regarding rural water, GWSP activities focused strengthen monitoring and evaluation, investment on improving targeted planning and investment and on planning and delivery, and the financial sustainability increasing the financial sustainability of service provid- of service providers in rural water and sanitation. That ers. Regarding rural sanitation, GWSP supported efforts expertise contributed to the development of a compre- to improve sector planning and system design. Across hensive digital database to monitor and evaluate sector both water and sanitation in rural areas, GWSP support activities and performance, prioritize investments, and was targeted at improving monitoring and evaluation of shape climate-informed policies and strategies for the sector data, human resources and organizational de- sector. Additionally, GWSP-funded technical assistance velopment, and the financial sustainability of enabling focused on budgeting to improve DINEPA’s investment institutions at national and local levels. planning and service delivery capacity and to support GWSP support complemented two World Bank-fi- communities to attain zero open defecation. nanced projects. The $70 million Haiti Sustainable Rural Although DINEPA was continuing to make prog- and Small Towns Water and Sanitation Project, which ress in tracking and reporting technical and financial ended in 2023, provided access to improved water information from the water supply systems under supply to more than 570,000 people and to improved its supervision, the financial sustainability of these GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   27 Haiti systems had not improved due to the security and political crisis. In addition, the financial sustainability of enabling institutions at national and local levels had with GWSP support, the not improved due to recurrent fiscal constraints. The World Bank team in FY24 sector continued to be highly dependent on external financing. Improvement of rural sanitation planning launched a field evaluation and system design was complicated by the secu- of rural water supply systems rity and political crisis. Limited progress was made in increasing the number of communities declared governance and management open-defecation-free. GWSP-funded dialogue and to analyze the governance and technical assistance is expected to help the govern- ment’s defecation objective by 2030. management of Haiti’s 48 rural Regarding improvements to the rural water sector’s water systems, assess quality- targeted planning and investment, GWSP supported production of a gender audit to assess the capacity of-service management and of DINEPA to address systemic issues. The Partner- propose recommendations. ship also supported consultations with and training of DINEPA staff on these issues. The audit and training informed DINEPA’s formulation of a gender action plan, but the directorate had trouble implementing it due to violence and the sociopolitical crisis. Regarding human resources and organizational monitoring of interventions. This model would promote development in rural water, with GWSP support, the equitable access, local ownership, inclusion, and resil- World Bank team in FY24 launched a field evaluation ience, all of which would help ensure financing needs of rural water supply systems governance and man- are met after donor funding ends. agement. The objective was to analyze the governance Future technical assistance in support of rural wa- and management of Haiti’s 48 rural water systems; to ter supply and sanitation in Haiti could focus on three assess quality-of-service management and its tech- main areas of ongoing support to DINEPA. The first area nical, commercial, and financial performance; and to could be to improve planning, execution, and monitor- propose strategic and operational recommendations to ing through the budget program approach. This ap- be incorporated into the ongoing World Bank-financed proach would include helping DINEPA develop its bud- project.  get program to progressively align financial resources The results framework table summarizes results with strategic goals. This would enhance accountability achieved as of June 30, 2024. and transparency and build trust among stakeholders, including government bodies, donors, and local com- Looking Forward munities. These goals are particularly important to in- crease donor funding in a country affected by fragility, To accelerate progress in rural water supply and san- conflict, and violence, because donors are more likely itation in Haiti, a transition from a project-based to a to commit to a program that shows a clear, sustained programmatic approach would be essential. This shift approach with measurable impact, rather than isolated would enable scaling up of national policy reforms, projects with limited long-term results. The second area improved coordination, integration of resources, and of support could be to develop a reliable monitoring and institutional capacity building for long-term manage- evaluation system that ensures effective accountability ment. The shift should address long-term financing in Haiti’s water and sanitation systems. The third area needs through a sustainable funding model that en- of support could be to develop more efficient models hances transparency and accountability and that allows for rural water supply system management. 28    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Haiti Progress Value (Midterm Outcome Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) FY24 Result Target Data Source Rural water and rural Sector monitoring is enriched by instruments No Delayed In progress Yes Protocol for improving national sanitation: Monitoring enabling comprehensive expenditure rural water security and sanitation and evaluation tracking as well as by technical and financial database performance monitoring Rural water: Number of professional operators in the 0 Delayed In progress 16 Field evaluation report on rural Human resource south and center that adopt simplified water supply system governance and organization technical, commercial, and financial and management development management instruments Rural water and rural DINEPA takes ownership of the program No In progress In progress Yes 2023–2024 and 2025–2025 sanitation: Investment budgeting tool (BPO) and uses it to simplified program budgets planning and delivery coordinate the sector and harmonize monitoring practices across donors, and the sector review takes place every year and uses the BPO to assess sector achievements Rural water: Targeted DINEPA adopts a gender action plan based No In progress In progress Yes Gender action plan published and planning and on the gender analysis and gender audit implemented investment Rural water and rural DINEPA tracks and reports its cost recovery No Progress made in one In progress Yes Budgets of DINEPA and regional sanitation: Financial on a yearly basis region in particular service providers under DINEPA’s sustainability of authority (OREPA) enabling institutions at national and local levels Rural water: Financial 16 professional operators increase their Not tracked Delayed due to the Delayed Yes DINEPA and OREPA annual sustainability of financial viability COVID-19 pandemic reports on rural water security and service providers: and the country’s sanitation Sustainable revenue security situation sources Rural sanitation: Number of communities declared open- Not tracked 5 certified; 10 on track In progress 15 DINEPA sanitation department Sector planning and defecation-free increases to be certified annual report system design Note: DINEPA = National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation (Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement). GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   29 Pakistan Pakistan Context Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP sup- ported key priorities in Pakistan’s rural and urban water Pakistan, although well-endowed with water resources, and integrated water resources management sectors, faces low per capita water access. According to Paki- as identified by the World Bank and the Government stan: Getting More from Water, a report by the Global of Pakistan. Regarding rural water, GWSP support Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP), the focused on the Punjab Rural Municipal Services Com- economic costs of floods, droughts, and poor water pany, aiming to enhance its monitoring and evaluation supply and sanitation are estimated at four percent of capacities, inclusive management and service delivery, gross domestic product, or around $12 billion annually. and financial sustainability. Regarding urban water, Waterborne diseases caused by widespread contam- GWSP support aimed to improve the Karachi Water ination from sewage are a leading cause of illness and Sewerage Board (KWSB) and its successor, the and death. Poor water supply, sanitation, and hygiene Karachi Water and Sewerage Corporation (KWSC), contribute to high levels of childhood stunting, which specifically its management autonomy and leadership undermines human capital. The most vulnerable people and its targeted planning and investment capacity. are women and children, especially in rural areas, where Regarding integrated water resources management, sanitation is inadequate, and water supplies are often GWSP activities focused on improving policy, legal, contaminated. Arsenic in drinking water may pose a risk and regulatory frameworks in the provinces of Sindh to as much as a quarter of the population. The social and Balochistan as well as water sector planning and impacts of floods and droughts are disproportionately system design in the province of Sindh. borne by women and children. According to 2022 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) data, 47 percent of the rural and 57 percent of Results Achieved the urban population in Pakistan have access to safely Based on the Pakistan Block C results framework, the managed drinking water (up from 42 percent and 54 country team reported in the final monitoring form that percent, respectively, in 2018). Meanwhile, 63 percent only targets under urban water were achieved, while tar- of the rural and 82 percent of the urban population have gets under the indicators in rural water and integrated access to at least basic sanitation (compared with 55 resources management were delayed. percent and 80 percent, respectively, in 2018). The es- timate of safely managed sanitation, which is available Rural water only for rural areas, was 40 percent as of 2022. Only GWSP technical assistance was provided as part of 7 percent of the population practice open defecation the Punjab Rural Sustainable Water Supply and Sani- (down from 12 percent in 2018). tation Project; $200 million of the $553 million total for the project was financed by the International Develop- GWSP support ment Association (IDA). The project aims to provide equitable and sustainable access to safely managed A 2020 midterm assessment found that support from water and sanitation and to reduce child stunting. The GWSP was responsive to changing needs and govern- project’s goals are, by 2028, to provide 6 million people ment priorities related to implementation of Pakistan’s with safe drinking water in areas with high exposure to National Water Policy and to current water scarcity, heat stress and to reduce by 40 percent the incidence sanitation, and irrigation challenges. The assessment of stunting among children younger than three. GWSP also concluded that GWSP and World Bank support supported the creation of a monitoring information in Pakistan had filled development gaps in rural water system that facilitates service provision by the Punjab supply and in sanitation delivery and sustainability. Rural Municipal Services Company and that enables 30    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 efficient and transparent tracking of project results. information system database. The target of 70 percent The system consists of a dashboard supported by will be achieved once the remaining rural water supply cell phone apps that feed information from the field systems in the project area become operational. to increase transparency and facilitate administrative The Punjab project includes training to targeted decisions. The first phase of implementation included village-level institutions, including informal ones, that developing an application for civil works contractors, have a defined role in water and sanitation service on-site supervision consultants, and the regional office provision and in efforts to achieve behavior change in staff of the Punjab Rural Municipal Services Company. households and communities. Village organizations The application improved quality control, reduced support the Punjab Rural Municipal Services Company time taken to submit and approve payments, and in- and village-level water and sanitation operators in the creased efficiency in monitoring of the physical and nontechnical community-centric customer functions financial progress of infrastructure development. As of service delivery, such as ensuring payment of tariffs, of the end of FY24, 50 percent of rural water systems preventing vandalism, and following up on customer in the project area were represented in the monitoring complaints. These village organizations are aided by GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   31 Pakistan female ambassadors, local women who are trained in social influencing and behavior change. These ambas- sadors serve as the first contact point for communities GWSP supported the when conflicts or billing issues arise, and they mobilize government of Sindh province collective action to improve and maintain community hygiene and environmental cleanliness. To inform the in preparing the Sindh Water development of informal village organizations in the Policy. The project aims to project area, GWSP supported the development of a report that compiled lessons from community-driven enhance agricultural water service delivery models in Pakistan and other coun- productivity, improve integrated tries. As of the end of FY24, 200 village organizations with 50 percent female representation per group were water resources management, created. Overall, performance under this indicator was and restore crop production for 10 percent, compared with a target of 30 percent, due to delays in project implementation. farmers affected by 2022 floods. Additionally, GWSP funded a comprehensive tar- iff study in Punjab. By the end of FY24, the Provincial Cabinet had authorized the Punjab Rural Municipal Ser- vices Company to charge and retain tariffs for service provision and community engagement. However, the GWSP conducted a utility performance improvement performance indicator for the percentage of communi- assessment and training for KWSC staff. The training ties engaging with the Punjab Rural Sustainable Water covered tariffs, human resources, institutional reforms, Supply and Sanitation Project, where a billing and me- smart IT applications, enhanced revenue collections, tering system was in place for rural water systems, was reductions in nonrevenue water, and development of not achieved due to delays in operationalizing water a manual with key performance indicators. KWSC now supply and sanitation services. operates semi-autonomously and is improving its op- erational efficiency. Urban water GWSP supported efforts to mobilize private capital. GWSP funding supported utility reform actions and A carbon-financing initiative for KWSC aims to reduce capacity building in modern water supply and san- greenhouse gas emissions through the Second Karachi itation utility management for management staff of Water and Sewerage Services Improvement Project the newly formed Karachi Water and Sewerage Cor- (KWSSIP-2), which was expected to be approved in poration. These efforts were part of the $40 million FY25. The project will develop rules and regulations IDA-financed Karachi Water and Sewerage Services to streamline operations, further strengthening the Improvement Project,1 which aims to improve access utility’s autonomy, transparency, and efficiency. Emis- to safe water services to 2 million people in Karachi sions reductions would earn carbon credits under the and to increase the utility’s financial and operational World Bank’s Transformative Carbon Asset Facility. performance. GWSP provided technical assistance, Furthermore, KWSSIP-2 identified $269 million from including utility reforms, starting with approval of private financiers for wastewater and water treatment the Karachi Water and Sewerage Corporation Act on plants to be mobilized during project implementation. June 8, 2023. The Act converted KWSB into KWSC These plants will provide service improvements in in- and introduced core institutional reforms, including formal settlements near Karachi. In partnership with tariff-setting based on affordability and cost recovery. UNICEF, GWSP is supporting a similar program to help The Act included reforms for service delivery and fi- the Quetta Water and Sanitation Authority expand its nancial viability, such as developing a private sector services to residents of informal settlements in Quetta partnership strategy. City in Balochistan. 32    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Integrated water resources management agriculture, municipal, and industrial sectors. It recom- Within the framework of the $76 million IDA-financed mends transforming the province’s Irrigation Depart- Balochistan Integrated Water Resources Management ment into a water resources management department and Development Project, GWSP supported develop- to manage water sources in a connected and sustain- ment of the Balochistan Integrated Water Resources able manner. The policy calls for creation of a water Policy, approved in October 2024, and formulation of resources council, chaired by Sindh’s chief minister, a water bill that was expected to be approved in 2025. and establishment of a province-wide hydro-agro infor- As part of the $320 million IDA-financed Sindh matics program to inform water and agriculture policy, Water and Agriculture Transformation Project, GWSP planning, and operations. supported the government of Sindh province in pre- A key element of the policy is to develop a new Sindh paring the Sindh Water Policy, approved in 2023. The water resources law focused on integrated water re- project aims to enhance agricultural water productivity, sources management and the provision of irrigation and improve integrated water resources management, and drainage services. In late 2023, the Sindh government restore crop production for farmers affected by 2022 created a water policy implementation committee to floods. guide formulation of the new law, with drafting expected The Sindh Water Policy emphasizes sustainable to be completed by December 2025. The target of es- management of surface and groundwater across tablishing an integrated water resources management GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   33 Pakistan policy framework in Sindh was met. However, achieve- policy and institutional reforms. The World Bank Board ment of other targets—including transforming the of Executive Directors in December 2024 approved the Irrigation Department and developing, adopting, and Pakistan Urban WASH Services multiphased approach, initiating the integrated water resources management comprising three operations and a target of 33 million master plan—was delayed due to bottlenecks in the beneficiaries with improved water and sanitation ser- approval of the Sindh Water Policy and a brief loss of vices by 2035. A similar multiphased approach for rural political momentum after elections in February 2024. WASH services was being developed that will scale up However, as of December 2024, formal preparation of the ongoing Punjab Rural Sustainable Water Supply the integrated water resources management master plan and Sanitation Project to other locations and support (called the Sindh Strategic Water Plan) had commenced. phase one of a rural WASH improvement program in Furthermore, GWSP supported development of Sindh province. Implementation of this approach will the Sindh Water and Agriculture Public Expenditure require coordination of projects, a shared operational Review. The review recommended improvements in platform, and a harmonized long-term vision. irrigation cost recovery and agricultural subsidies that This new chapter in water management will focus were incorporated into the design of the Sindh Water on integrated water resources management and cli- and Agriculture Transformation Project. In addition, mate resilience, including improving water pricing and the review contributed to key messages of the 2022 adopting multisectoral frameworks to manage both sur- Pakistan Country Climate and Development Report and face water and groundwater. This approach addresses to an ongoing exercise to develop an irrigation pricing siloed water management and prepares Pakistan for model for the Federal Ministry of Water Resources. future challenges, such as increased water demand The results framework table summarizes results across sectors by 2047. It will be crucial to support achieved as of June 30, 2024. operationalization of new laws and policies through institutional strengthening and investment planning. Looking Forward The successes and lessons from this cycle of projects Notes present an opportunity to scale up water supply and 1 The total cost of KWSSIP is $100 million, with cofinancing of $40 sanitation services in Pakistan, significantly increas- million in from the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and $20 ing the number of beneficiaries while strengthening million from Pakistan. Results Framework—Pakistan Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Data Source Rural water: Percentage of rural 0 0% 50% 70% Punjab Rural Monitoring and water systems in project Municipal Services evaluation area that are covered by Company (PRMSC) monitoring information summary report system (MIS) database generated through PRMSC MIS (table continues next page) 34    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Data Source Rural water: Percentage of village 0 Delayed 10% 30% WaterAid Pakistan Inclusive councils/village (hired as consultant management organizations participating to lead the behavior and service in the project formed and change program) delivery assigned the responsibility to provide water supply and sanitation service with structured participation by women Rural water: Percentage of 0 Delayed 0% 20% Financial communities engaging sustainability with a Global Water of service Partnership (GWP) providers— project where a billing and sustainable metering system is in place revenue sources for rural water systems Urban water: Number of policy and 0 On track 1 1 First Karachi Management legislative changes that Water and autonomy and confirm the managerial Sewerage Services leadership and fiscal independence Improvement of urban water utilities Project (KWSSIP1) task team Urban water: Number of ongoing 0 On track 1 1 KWSSIP 1 Results Targeted investments by KWSSIP Framework planning and in Katchi Abadis (informal investment settlements) that have (by actors been informed by GWSP influenced by assessments the World Bank) Integrated IWRM policy framework 0 Delayed 1 1 SWAT and water resources established in the province supervision mission management of Sindh (IWRM): Policy, Sindh’s Irrigation No Delayed Partly Yes SWAT supervision legal, and Department is transformed mission regulatory into an irrigation and water frameworks resource department for sustainable water resources management IWRM: Sector Concept for IWRM master No Delayed Yes Yes SWAT supervision planning and plan is developed and mission system design adopted and preparations for the plan are initiated Note: SWAT = Sindh Water and Agriculture Transformation. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   35 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Context significant pressure on water and wastewater services, especially in rural areas where access to basic water The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam’s significant water supply was less than 40 percent, disproportionately resources have driven the country’s development, but impacting disadvantaged communities. Urban areas economic growth has strained these resources, caus- had relatively high access to water supply, but waste- ing economic stress. World Bank analysis supported water treatment was low at around 12 percent treatment. by the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership Since 2018, efforts by ministries, provinces, and the (GWSP) indicates that, without immediate remedial water sector, supported by GWSP, have enhanced action, rising water-related threats could reduce Viet legal and institutional frameworks and improved state Nam’s GDP by about 6 percent annually by 2035. The management efficiency, climate change responses, main challenges are water scarcity in key river basins, investment environments, and water resources man- exacerbated by low water productivity and unsafe agement. According to data from the Joint Monitoring reservoirs; deteriorating water quality due to untreated Programme, by 2022, access to safely managed water wastewater, industrial and agricultural pollution, and had grown to 46 percent in rural areas and 94 percent in saline intrusion, which could reduce GDP by 3.5 per- urban areas. Access to safely managed sanitation had cent annually and cause economic losses of $17 billion similarly increased across Viet Nam, from 42 percent in by 2030; and high exposure to flooding from climate 2018 to 44 percent in 2022. impacts and inadequate infrastructure. In 2018, inadequate institutional and financial ar- rangements hindered sustainable, inclusive, and re- GWSP Support silient water and sanitation services in Viet Nam, limiting A midterm assessment of GWSP-funded activities in its water security ambitions. Deteriorating infrastructure Viet Nam found that they supported the Government of and expanding urban and rural populations placed Viet Nam’s vision, targets, and actions for water security. The activities provided a vehicle to strategically fill under rural water was surpassed and the other target knowledge gaps, leverage innovations into policy and had been partially achieved (a decree on operations infrastructure investments, connect stakeholders at and maintenance of rural water systems was submitted the national and subnational levels, and guide current to the prime minister but not yet adopted). Targets for and future lending operations in water and wastewater. rural sanitation, urban sanitation, and integrated water Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP-sup- resources management were surpassed. ported priorities set by the Government of Viet Nam for water security included (1) sustaining water resources Rural water and managing water pollution, (2) increasing water pro- GWSP supported technical assistance to the Ministry ductivity and efficiency, and (3) ensuring water security of Agriculture and Rural Development in the review of for urban and rural settlements. Climate adaptation and operations and maintenance arrangements of water mitigation are themes that cut across all these priorities. systems in 21 participating provinces, as part of the Regarding rural water and sanitation, GWSP sup- Results-Based Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Water ported the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- Supply Program. The International Development Asso- ment and provincial governments in strengthening the ciation (IDA) financed $191 million of the $300 million policy and legal framework to improve the operational total for the project. These recommendations were effectiveness of rural water infrastructure, to improve summarized in a report on lessons and best practices the financial sustainability of rural water service pro- for operations and maintenance models that was viders, and to support the enabling environment for shared through workshops with high-level officers from private sector participation. Regarding urban water the participating provinces. The report informed a new supply and sanitation, GWSP supported the Ministry decree on rural water supply management submitted of Construction in preparing a new law on water supply by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development and wastewater, and the provincial government and to the prime minister in 2023. By July 2023, the project water institutions in Ho Chi Minh City in improving the had benefitted 6.9 million people, including more than financial sustainability of wastewater management in 144,000 households that had gained access to sus- the city. tainable water supply services. Regarding integrated water resources manage- ment, GWSP assisted efforts by the Ministry of Natural Rural sanitation Resources and Environment to strengthen the policy As part of the same rural sanitation and water supply and legal framework for water security and to develop project, GWSP supported implementation of behavior a national water resources information system. Further- change campaign activities through the delivery of ad- more, GWSP supported the development of analytical vocacy workshops and training and the development and knowledge products and stakeholder consulta- of materials and tools for participating communes (the tion mechanisms to implement the strengthened legal smallest administrative unit in the country responsi- framework. GWSP further supported the government ble for various local governance tasks. Furthermore, in designing a national investment program for water GWSP assisted in the creation of 180 sanitation shops security with three main objectives: revitalizing rivers in in 21 provinces to reinforce the sanitation market with priority basins and cities, ensuring the safety of dams more affordable latrine types and convenient delivery and modernizing irrigation, and ensuring climate-resil- service for the poor. This support ultimately helped ient and sustainable water supply in the Mekong Delta speed up an increase in the number of hygienic la- and priority rural areas across Viet Nam. trines built and maintained. By July 2023, the project had benefited 703 communes, in which at least 70 Results Achieved percent of households had access to an improved latrine, at least 80 percent had dedicated handwash- The Viet Nam country team reported in the final mon- ing points, and 100 percent of public kindergartens, itoring form that, as of the end of FY24, one target primary and secondary schools, and health clinics GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   37 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam had clean water, water for handwashing, and hygienic revitalizing rivers. Furthermore, GWSP supported de- sanitation facilities. velopment of a new Law on Water Supply and Drainage aimed at ensuring water security for urban and rural Urban sanitation settlements. Within the context of the $419 million IDA- and Inter- The results framework table summarizes results national Bank for Reconstruction and Development- achieved as of June 30, 2024. financed Second Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project, GWSP supported a policy dialogue and delivery of technical inputs to a wastewater tariff Looking Forward policy review and proposal led by the Ho Chi Minh Viet Nam aims to become an upper-middle-income City provincial government. The new wastewater tariff country by 2030 and a high-income economy by 2045, policy was approved and took effect in January 2022, necessitating not only faster but also better growth. marking a positive step toward financially sustainable Central to this ambition is ensuring water security, which wastewater services for the city. The project aims to involves sustainable water resources management, im- improve wastewater services in a sustainable manner proved water service delivery across various sectors, in selected areas of the city and to increase awareness and increased resilience to climate change. Supported about sanitation, directly benefiting more than 1.1 mil- by GWSP, Viet Nam has strengthened its legal and stra- lion people. As of June 2024, the project had helped tegic framework for water security, shifting the focus increase the total operating-cost recovery of wastewa- from policy development to implementation through a ter management in Ho Chi Minh City from 0 percent to national, transboundary, and inter-ministerial approach. 178 percent. The high value of the indicator shows that Likewise, the World Bank’s support for the country the revenue collected from water bills was much higher is shifting from policy development to implementation than the cost of wastewater collection and treatment, with the development of a national programmatic, because the newly constructed sewers and wastewa- transboundary, and inter-ministerial approach. This ter treatment plant were not yet operational and, thus, aims to achieve water security through three investment costs for additional wastewater collected and treated pillars: (1) sustaining water resources and managing were not yet incurred. pollution by revitalizing rivers in priority basins and cities, (2) increasing water productivity and irrigation Integrated water resources management efficiency through dam safety and irrigation modern- GWSP supported the government in several areas: im- ization, and (3) ensuring water security for settlements plementing key recommendations from a World Bank with climate-resilient and sustainable water supply in study, Vietnam: Toward a Safe, Clean, and Resilient the Mekong Delta and priority rural areas. These pil- Water System; facilitating high-level policy dialogue lars are complemented by three cross-cutting themes: and technical assistance to ensure water security and (1) national coordination and investment planning to the safety of dams and reservoirs by 2030; and assist- strengthen governance and regional investment plan- ing in the development of the Integrated Mekong Delta ning, (2) climate change adaptation and mitigation Regional Master Plan, approved in 2023. GWSP also to improve disaster risk management and resilience, supported consultative meetings about and technical and (3) financial sustainability to attract private sector inputs to a revision of the 2012 National Law on Water investment and strengthen market-based financing. Resources. The National Assembly adopted the revised Investing in these areas is crucial for Viet Nam’s law in 2023. Additionally, GWSP supported develop- sustainable socioeconomic development and for the ment of the law’s guiding decree, which is focused on country to achieve a water-secure future. By focusing the economic valuation of water; preparation of a road- on these strategic pillars and themes, Viet Nam can ad- map and survey for establishment of a national water dress its water security challenges, ensuring that water resources information and decision support system; resources are managed sustainably and equitably to and development of a national investment program for support its growth ambitions. 38    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Progress Value Outcome (Midterm FY24 Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Assessment) Result Target Data Source Rural water: Decree on operations and 0 Ongoing * 1 Ministry of Policy/legal maintenance of rural water Agriculture framework systems has been adopted and and Rural is being implemented Development Rural water: Number of households with 0 119,826 144,163 105,000 P152693 Operational access to sustainable water effectiveness supply systems /financial sustainability of service providers Rural Number of communes in 0 705 703 680 P152693 sanitation: participating provinces Leveraged achieving commune-wide funding from sanitation users Integrated Action plan for implementation 0 Ongoing 3† 1 P174358, water of strategic elements of P173588, resources national policies related to P179549 management: water security (i.e., water law Policy/legal and law on hydraulic works) is framework in place Urban Percentage of total 0 37% 178% 100% P127978 sanitation operating cost of wastewater management in Ho Chi Minh City generated through revenue from service users * Decree submitted to the prime minister in 2023; the World Bank provided technical assistance and supported stakeholder consultation from 2020 to 2022 † The World Bank provided support for strengthening the legal and policy framework: • Law on water resources (adopted in 2023) and guiding decrees (2024) • Law on water supply and drainage (to be adopted mid-2025) • Conclusion 36 on “Ensuring Water Security and Safety of Dams and Reservoirs by 2030, with a Vision to 2045” (development and implementation) GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   39 Uganda Uganda Context GWSP Support The 2020 Mid-Term Block C Assessment for Uganda According to the latest Joint Monitoring Programme found that support from the Global Water Security and data, 74 percent of the rural population and 87 percent Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) to Uganda was highly of the urban population in Uganda have access to relevant and well aligned with the government’s priori- improved drinking water, while access to improved ties and articulated needs. The assessment also found sanitation remains low at 25 percent in rural areas and GWSP support to be coherent with the World Bank 39 percent in urban areas. Only 19 percent of the pop- Group’s support to Uganda as well as with nongovern- ulation has access to safely managed drinking water, mental organizations’ work on rural water monitoring and access to safely managed sanitation services is and with the UNHCR’s work on transitioning water significantly lower. Access to sanitation in Uganda is supply systems in refugee settlements. lower than the average for Sub-Saharan Africa, primarily Between fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY24, GWSP due to low levels of rural sanitation. Only 7 percent of the supported key priorities in Uganda’s rural and urban population is connected to sewers, and current levels water and sanitation and integrated water resources of wastewater treatment and fecal sludge management management, as identified by the World Bank and the are inadequate. Government of Uganda. GWSP support was provided The Ministry of Water and Environment oversees within the framework of the World Bank-financed Inte- water development policy and regulation. The National grated Water Management and Development Project Water and Sewerage Corporation manages water sup- (IWMDP), a $280 million project approved in 2018 to ply and sewerage services in 276 main towns (including improve access to water supply and sanitation services, Kampala), serving about 20 million people as of 2024. integrated water resources management, and the op- In smaller towns, rural growth centers, and rural areas erational performance of water and sanitations service not served by the corporation, local authorities and re- providers in Uganda by 2026.1 The IWMDP focuses on cently established regional umbrella authorities handle the vulnerable northern and eastern regions of Uganda, water supply services. The umbrella authorities are re- in districts hosting refugees, and in other selected areas gion-based water and sanitation service providers under with low water supply and sanitation coverage. the Ministry of Water and Environment. Regarding rural water, GWSP’s support focused Uganda, which hosts more than 1.5 million refugees, on enhancing accountability to customers, including implements the United Nations High Commissioner refugees, and on increasing operational effectiveness. for Refugees (UNHCR) Comprehensive Refugee Re- Regarding rural sanitation, GWSP facilitated activities sponse Framework to provide inclusive service delivery aimed at improving targeted planning and investment. for both refugees and host communities. Humanitarian Regarding urban water, GWSP funded activities tar- agencies have built and are operating more than 400 geted at improving operational effectiveness. Regard- water supply systems in refugee settlements, gener- ing urban sanitation and integrated water resources ally on an emergency response basis. Access to water management, GWSP’s focus was on investment plan- and sanitation in the surrounding host communities is ning and service delivery. often below the national average, leading to disparity of supplies and in several instances, tension between the host communities and refugees. The government, Results Achieved with the support of UNHCR and development partners, Based on the Uganda Block C results framework, the plans to transition the water supply systems in refugee World Bank team reported in the final monitoring form settlements to the national service delivery framework that the targets for rural water were achieved. Specific as a longer-term sustainable solution. 40    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 technical assistance and analytical work supported by Regarding rural sanitation, GWSP supported the GWSP included the delivery of (1) a deep-dive assess- technical review of selected sanitation infrastructure ment of water systems and management models for refu- systems under the IWMDP and provided advisory sup- gees and host communities, (2) an assessment of social port to review potential institutional options for achiev- tensions in refugee settlements and host communities ing the Citywide Inclusive Sanitation approach in Gulu to inform service access and resource distribution deci- municipality. Because construction works under the sion-making, and (3) an assessment and development of IWMDP are not expected to be completed by January a general roadmap for transferring water services from 2026, the target for the number of women provided with refugee settlements to national utilities. The Bank’s work access to improved sanitation services was not met as on rural water was undertaken in partnership with donor of the end of FY24. partners, particularly UNHCR. A water and sanitation For the same reason, urban water targets were not development partner group, which was chaired by the met as of the end of FY24, but progress toward their Bank from 2020 to 2021, facilitated consultations on the achievement was made. GWSP funding supported transition from humanitarian water service provision to technical assistance to the umbrella authorities to national services in refugee settlements. These include improve their performance. Through the IWMDP, the key sector development frameworks, water supply and Bank is financing improvements in the operational ef- sanitation technical assessments, tariff setting, source fectiveness of umbrella authorities by providing mate- protection issues, transfer roadmaps, and regulatory rials (e.g., pipes, fittings, meters) and capacity building changes. Other development partners, notably Germa- (e.g., professionalization consultancy in governance, ny’s Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusam- finance and accounting, commercial and customer menarbeit (GIZ), also provided significant investments management, and technical operations). GWSP has to facilitate the transfer of networks to national providers. provided parallel advisory support to assess efficient The results of the Bank’s technical assistance and analyt- allocation and targeting of services; to advise and make ical work helped guide the ongoing transfer of services recommendations to the Government of Uganda on to national and regional service providers. the results of the umbrella authority professionalization GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   41 Uganda efforts; and to monitor these authorities’ progress in World Bank, with support from GWSP and other devel- performance improvement. The urban water results opment partners, has helped lay a strong foundation. targets were linked to the IWMDP and the completion The sustained commitment and active participation of of associated water systems. Some of the associated the Government of Uganda and other stakeholders will results include nonrevenue water and commercial im- facilitate increased financing, the adoption of resilient provements for service providers within the IWMDP infrastructure designs, the integration of refugee ser- scope. The IWMDP’s closing date was extended to vices into the national system, and the establishment January 31, 2026 (partly due to COVID-related delays). of robust service delivery institutions like the regional Urban water targets are expected to be achieved by umbrella authorities. Ensuring these elements become then. established norms is crucial for the continued progress Additionally, GWSP supported efforts to improve of the sector reforms. the operational effectiveness of the National Water and To enhance the likelihood of the reforms’ sustain- Sewerage Corporation. This assistance included fund- ability, the World Bank’s support has been meticu- ing a financial assessment of the utility’s post-COVID lously aligned with the Uganda government policies, operational recovery and development of an estimate regulations, and legally mandated institutions. In- of its debt-carrying capacity. This assessment aimed to frastructure built under the IWMDP is transferred to support the utility’s private capital mobilization ambition appropriate national or regional providers, ensuring to extend its access to private commercial financing for proper management and service delivery. Further- its longer-term capital development and improvement more, the technical assistance and analytics provided plans.2 by the Bank, with support from GWSP and other trust The target under integrated water resources man- funds, offer a solid foundation for scaling up activities agement was achieved. GWSP supported technical to enhance water security, including through use of the reviews of the government’s national groundwater water information system and of integrated eco-sys- assessment, catchment protection plans for selected tem/catchment-based water resources planning and water management zones and micro-catchment areas, development instruments. Development of catchment and source protection plans for selected water supply protection plans and capacity building for umbrella and sanitation infrastructure to be constructed under authorities are expected to strengthen institutions and the IWMDP. Because a source protection plan was de- yield bankable investment proposals. Future efforts veloped for each location of water supply and sanitation to transfer water services from refugee settlements infrastructure under IWMDP, the Block C program target to national utilities will further improve sustainable for this outcome indicator is expected to be significantly service provision, benefiting both refugee and host surpassed. communities. GWSP also provided advisory support to the Ministry of Water and Environment on its Water and Environ- ment Information System. The system was installed and Notes operationalized in FY24 and rolled out to three of the 1 This World Bank financing is complemented by about $8 million in four regional water management offices.3 The system is government counterpart financing, while KfW funded a $25 million expected to become the Ugandan water sector’s main project in parallel and in coordination with the World Bank project. management information system tool. 2 Since 2019, the National Water and Sewerage Corporation has The results ramework table summarizes results successfully accessed significant shorter-term funding from achieved as of June 30, 2024. domestic commercial banks. Modest complementary technical assessments and advisory support provided by GWSP contrib- uted to this achievement. Looking Forward 3 Roll out to the fourth regional office is awaiting the extension of broadband services to the area by the National Information The Government of Uganda has set an ambitious water Technology Authority - Uganda (NITA-U), expected before the sector reform and transformation agenda, for which the closing of the IWMDP. 42    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024 Results Framework—Uganda FY24 Data Outcome Indicator Proxy Indicator Baseline Result Target Source Rural water: Accountability Percent of refugees getting water from 1% 6%* 5% P163782 to customers institutionalized water providers Number of service networks gazetted to 3 19† 15 P163782 national providers P160250 Urban water: Operational Number of service areas that reduce 3 2 6 P163782 effectiveness nonrevenue water to 20% under the project Urban sanitation: New sewerage connection 0 0 200 P163782 Investment planning and delivery Rural water: Operational Selected service providers that achieve 3 6 4 P163782 effectiveness more than 80% in collection efficiency under the project Rural sanitation: Targeted Number of women provided with access 0 0 90,000 P163782 planning and investment to improved sanitation services Integrated water resources Number of agreed catchment and 5 66 10 P163782 management: Investment source protection plans developed planning and delivery * Percent of total refugee population in Uganda, excluding Kampala, getting piped water. † Number taken over operationally by national providers. GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024   43 Photo Credits 2 Vilij Corps / Pexels 4 Thanh Tung / World Bank 6 Eslam Mohammed / Pexels 10 Ahmed Sabbir / Pexels 12 Scott Wallace / World Bank 15 World Bank 19 Pua Bar / Pixabay 23 Andrea Borgarello / World Bank 26 World Bank 31 Lalima Maskey / World Bank 33 Sohaib Afzal / USAID 36 Thanh Tung / World Bank 41 Dorte Verner / World Bank 44 Sohel Chowdhury / Shutterstock 44    GWSP Making Headway in the Water Sector 2024