95997 GLOBAL GAS FLARE REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP Associated Gas Utilization via miniGTL February 2012 1 This report was prepared for the Global Gas Flaring Partnership (GGFR) by Dr. Theo Fleisch 2 Table of Contents 1. GLOSSARY 4 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1. The Associated Gas Challenge 7 3.2. Objective and Scope of this Study 7 3.3. Definition of GTL 8 3.4. Key Decision Drivers 9 4. miniGTL OPTIONS 9 4.1 CompactGTL 11 4.2 Velocys (Oxford Catalysts) 12 4.3 GasTechno LLC 13 4.4 Verdis Fuels 14 4.5 GRT Inc 15 4.6 Synfuels International 16 4.7 Methion Ltd 17 4.8 Oberon Fuels 18 4.9 Carbon Sciences 19 4.10 R3 Science 20 4.11 General Methanol 21 4.12 1st Resource group 22 5. COMPARISONS 23 5.1 Company Profiles 23 5.2 Technology Risks 24 5.3 Key Driver Evaluation 26 5.4 Flare Size Applicability 28 5.5 Maturity and Commercial Readiness of Technologies 28 6. CONCLUSIONS 30 3 GLOSSARY AG Associated Gas CAPEX Capital Expenditure CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CNG Compressed Natural Gas DMC Dimethyl Carbonate DME Dimethyl Ether EPC Engineering Procurement Construction FEED Front End Engineering Design FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading FT Fischer Tropsch GGFR Global Gas Flaring Reduction GTC Gas to Chemicals GTG Gas to Gasoline GTL Gas to Liquids GTF Gas to Fuels GTL-FT Gas to Liquids Fischer Tropsch HSSE Health, Safety, Security, Environment HQ Headquarter kscfd thousand standard cubic foot per day LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MMBTU Million British Thermal Units MMscfd Million Standard Cubic Feet per day MTBE Methyl-TertiaryButyl Ether MTG Methanol to Gasoline mtpa Million tons per annum OPEX Operating Expenditure SMR Steam Methane Reformer TCF Trillion Standard Cubic Feet USD United States Dollar 4 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The flaring of natural gas produced as part of crude oil production operations is a well known practice which increasingly becomes a non-acceptable option around the globe. In 2010, the Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) at the World Bank reported that nearly 5TCF (135 billion cubic meters) of associated gas (AG) was flared worldwide, equal to 20% of US consumption emitting 320MM tons of unnecessary CO2 into the atmosphere. Interestingly, another 12 TCF of AG were re-injected with significant CO2 emissions from compressors and additional costs to the operators. Thus, there are strong drivers, both environmental and economic, to utilize and monetize AG. The Global Gas Flare Reduction (GGFR) Initiative was formed under the auspices of the World Bank to accelerate the development and adoption of technologies to curtail and eliminate this wasteful practice and these unnecessary emissions. In a recent report by the GGFR, developed by Shell, it was shown that a number of options for the monetisation of such associated gas are already available commercially or are in development. They included: Gas re-injection Pipelines Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Power (or Gas To Wire, GTW) Gas To Liquids (GTL) Gas To Chemicals (GTC) Not surprisingly, we see the same options available and increasingly used for the monetization of stranded gas resources. Beyond the large LNG business, there is an important global GTC business, especially methanol and ammonia, and a rapidly growing GTL option. Qatar is the “World Capital of GTL” while Trinidad claims the crown for GTC. The chemical gas conversion options (GTL and GTC) have been practised for decades and benefit from economy of scale and stable gas supplies for 20+ years. They provide excellent netbacks for the gas feedstock, especially today with the large arbitrage between gas prices and liquid fuels and chemicals prices. For the last 15 years or so a number of companies have been developing gas conversion technologies which are applicable to the challenges of associated gas with much lower volumes, steep production declines over time and difficult locations with limited infrastructure. Many GTL/GTC technologies have been evaluated for this report to identify the more promising candidates. The technologies and companies were assessed against a number of key criteria. Most importantly, their commercial readiness along with remaining technology risks were qualitatively evaluated and are shown in the Figure below. . 5 About a dozen companies are developing GTL/GTC technologies aimed at monetizing associated gas. For the first time, 3 companies have moved beyond the technology demonstration phase and are offering commercial solutions. They are CompactGTL, Velocys/Oxford Catalysts and Gastechno. The applications range from very small flares below 0.5MMscfd to larger gas volumes of 10MMscfd and beyond. The valuable products range from clean synthetic crude oil (CompactGTL) to clean diesel fuel (Velocys) and methanol along with methanol derivatives (Gastechno). The value of these products in a $100 crude oil world is about $20/MMBTU, very attractive considering one starts from (potentially) very low cost associated gas! This significant uplift in product value helps to provide attractive economics despite the lack of economy of scale. Offshore applications are feasible. As a matter of fact, CompactGTL has done a lot of working developing offshore oilfield solutions. Within the next 5 years, a number of the other technologies under development might see the light of commercialization. Furthermore, new companies will appear, lured by the promise of a rapidly developing gas conversion industry based on the currently decoupled and large gas/oil price differential around the world. The result will be more options for customers burdened with utilizing their AG. Widespread utilization combined with a competitive environment will help reduce the capital expenditure of such gas conversion plants and assure attractive economics. 6 2. INTRODUCTION 3.1 The Associated Gas Challenge The flaring of associated gas produced as a by-product of crude oil production is a tremendous waste of a valuable resource which puts hundreds of millions of tons of unnecessary CO2 into the atmosphere. The World Bank reports that in 2010 5 TCF of AG were flared leading to the emission of 320MM tons of CO2. At a price of $4/MMBTU, $20 billions were wasted. If all this flared gas were used for GTL, about 1.5MMbpd of clean transportation fuels, gasoline and/or diesel could have been produced. Why flaring? There are a number of issues impeding the utilization of AG such as lack of a local gas infrastructure, distance to markets, relatively small gas volumes and production profiles exhibiting a peak followed by a steady long decline. These characteristics pose stiff challenges to the economic recovery of AG. Typical gas monetization ventures require a stable and long term gas supply allowing plants to operate for decades. Furthermore, economy of scale is trump as seen in the relentless increase in train sizes for both LNG and GTL in the last decade or two. Gas conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals is a capital intensive industry where economy of scale has been critical. Today’s world scale methanol plants which produce 5000tpd methanol consume 150MMscfd of gas while GTL Fischer-Tropsch plants center around 100,000bpd liquid fuel production consuming 1000MMscfd of gas a day! Fortunately, a number of companies have taken up the challenge to develop smaller plants using innovative technologies that allow process intensification, modularization, skid mounting, etc. With these fresh approaches, the challenges posed by AG can be overcome. For instance, changing production volumes can be accommodated with changing number of process modules. Lighter and smaller units fit onto FPSO’s making floating GTL units a reality. This paper will focus on small scale gas monetisation opportunities below 25MMscfd. The key benefit is that these can be deployed in a phased manner and can be installed close to the actual gas source, thereby eliminating the need for significant expenditure in gas compression and transportation facilities. 3.2 Objectives and Scope of this Study This paper provides a high-level overview of the status of gas conversion technologies that are developed for, or are applicable to, the monetization of associated gas. Gas conversion technology is but one out of about half a dozen options to manage or utilize AG such as gas re-injection, power production, CNG, LNG and pipelines. More than 15 technologies were evaluated analyzing the overall technology approach, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, commercial readiness and technical risk along with product acceptance issues and high level economic attractiveness. The gas volume application range was from sub 1 MMscfd to a maximum of 25MMscfd with the sweet spot at 15MMscfd. The in depth evaluation was based on both publicly available information from websites, papers and patents and on private files by the reviewer. Personal phone calls with all companies answered any open questions. A standard survey was sent to all companies with questions relating to the building of a plant with a capacity of 15MMscfd. The responses are compared and discussed in detail. 7 3.3 Definition of GTL Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) is a well known term for the conversion of natural gas into predominantly synthetic diesel via the traditional “Fischer Tropsch” route. This technology has been researched by many companies for more than 5 decades and has finally seen serious commercialization in Qatar by Sasol and Shell. The Figure below shows that this conversion route is only one of a number of options to convert gas into a “liquid” product. The oldest and largest gas to liquid technology is the manufacture of methanol. Many people refer to this branch of gas conversion as Gas To Chemicals (GTC) since the major use of methanol has been as a feedstock for other chemicals such as acetic acid and formaldehyde. However, increasing amounts of methanol end up in liquid transportation fuels such as MTBE and bio-diesel, or as DME (dimethylether) which is finding wide-spread use as an alternative to LPG for heating and cooking. Furthermore, methanol is blended into gasoline in China and can be converted into clean synthetic gasoline via the established MTG (methanol to gasoline) route. MTBE is a well known gasoline additive but is facing new environmental scrutiny because of groundwater contamination. New advanced oxygenates made from methanol are under development such as DMC, dimethylcarbonate, a high octane, bio- degradable product. It has been projected that within 5 years more than half of the methanol supply will end up as a liquid energy carrier eclipsing its use as a chemical. A number of other products (liquid and solid) can be made via similar processes that could find use in remote locations. For instance, butanol, a “higher alcohol”, is an es sentially gasoline like product that could be used with existing infrastructure and engines. Fertilizers such as ammonia and urea, are other potential products with relatively easy local marketing. It must be noted that the 1st reaction step, the manufacture of “syngas” or synthesis gas, is common to all these 2 to 3 step reaction routes shown in the Figure above. Many acronyms 8 are being used from GTL and GTC to GTF (gas to fuels) and GTG (gas to gasoline). For simplicity reasons we will use the most common term “GTL” for all the options. As we will see, most companies are, however, pursuing the GTL-FT route. 3.4 Key Decision Drivers A number of options are available to manage associated gas, from re-injection to physical utilization via CNG and LNG to chemical monetization via all GTL alternatives. To identify the most appropriate utilization option for a particular situation one must carefully evaluate all options with regard to their advantages and drawbacks, and against some basic aspects of the local and regional circumstances such as the flare properties and local markets. GGFR is suggesting using the “key decision drivers” below for a high level assessment of all options:  Gas composition including sensitivity to contaminants  Production profile  Footprint and technical complexity  Maturity of technology  Revenue / Product uplift  Capital cost  Operating costs  Transportation to market  Reliability  Carbon and energy efficiency  Operational safety considerations  Community interdependency We asked the potential GTL technology providers to assess themselves against a number of similar decision drivers sent to them as a survey. The survey questions are shown in Section 5.3. Furthermore, we used these drivers to compare the technologies and highlight advantages and drawbacks. 3. MiniGTL OPTIONS In the course of the study over the last year or so, 12 companies emerged as serious technology developers for the monetization of flared gas. There are huge differences between these companies with respect to technology maturity and resources. Some of them have spent 10+ years and tens of millions of dollars in developing their technologies and demonstrating them in sizable pilot plants. Others have entered the field in the last year or two with only laboratory-scale process research to date. In the next 12 pages each company and its technology is described in a common format. We introduce the company and its leadership along with its strategic focus. The technology is discussed with a critical evaluation of the advantages and challenges/drawbacks. Key development steps such as pilot plants and field demonstrations are highlighted along with a discussion of the potential path forward to commercialization. The order of the companies loosely follows their stage of development. The 12 companies are introduced in the table below with their internet site and their key contact information. 9 CompactGTL www.compactgtl.com +44 1235 462 850 (Subby Bains) Velocys/(Oxford Catalysts www.velocys.com 614 348 5029 www.oxfordcatalysts.com (Jeff McDaniel) Gastechno www.gastechno.com 231 535 2914 (Walter Breidenstein) Verdis Fuels www.verdisfuels.com 403 809 5310 (Conrad Ayasse) GRT Inc www.grt-inc.com 772 538 3971 (Jeff Sherman) SynFuels International www.synfuels.com 214 855 8920 (Charles Matar) Methion LTD www.methion.com 772 708 5917 (Alan Richards) Oberon Fuels www.oberonfuels.com 858 754 3201 (Rebecca Breitenkamp) Carbon Sciences www.carbonsciences.com 805 456 7000 (Byron Elton) R3 Sciences www.r3sciences.com 337 521 2322 or 337 291 2778 (David Trahan) General Methanol www.genmethanol.com 832 640 5921 or 713 613 2900 (Stephen Sims) 1st Resource Group www.1stresourcegroup.com 817 529 0280 (Douglas McKinnon) After completion of this study a new company appeared, INGEN GTL or iGTL Inc. The company is located in Scotland and is led by Peter Oswald (+44 (0) 7 590 604 125). iGTL pursues small modular GTL-FT plant. Their distinction is claimed to be a novel high temperature FT catalyst that produces ready diesel and gasoline without any or only minimum upgrading. Such catalysts (typically iron based) were extensively used in the past but have been replaced with more efficient cobalt based system. No website exists yet and little is known about this new entry. 10 CompactGTL Company Profile Technology  Established 2006, PE funded  GTL-FT  HQ in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK  Mini-channel reactor technology for both SMR  Pilot plant, laboratories and training and FT process steps (>450 patents) center in Wilton, Teeside, UK  Step change in process intensification via better  CEO: Nicholas Gay heat exchange (much more product per reactor  www.compactgtl.com volume and weight)  Partners: Bayer, Fluor, Gazprom,  Catalyst foil inserts into channels of about Petrobras, SBM Offshore, Sumitomo 10mm dimension Corporation, TWI  Product is waxy syncrude for blending with crude oil (NOT finished diesel!)  Offshore and onshore applications Advantages and Challenges  Modular plant design gives scalability, inherent redundancy and operability  Modules can be removed as production falls and turned on/off to accommodate production variability  Modules/catalysts refurbished on-shore  Excellent heat integration between SMR and FT units  Capex might be high  Proven demonstration plant (picture to the right) Status and Path Forward  20bpd Brazil demo plant passed Petrobras acceptance tests in Q1 2012  EPC partnership with Fluor and SBM Offshore  Numerous commercial feasibility studies underway  Petrobras pursues first offshore application 11 Velocys/Oxford Catalysts Group Company Profile Technology  Velocys HQ in Columbus, OH; spin-off  GTL-FT from Battelle in 2001  Step change: MICROCHANNEL Reactors  Oxford Catalysts HQ in  Developed for SMR, FT and crude to diesel  IPO in 2006 (“OCG”) upgrading (all 3 steps)  CEO: Roy Lipski  Extreme process intensification (beyond  Acquired Velocys in 2008 CompactGTL)  www.velocys.com  Catalysts are coated onto inside of micro-  www.oxfordcatalysts.com channels  Partners: Kobe Steel, Modec, Toyo Engineering, Petrobras, PTT, SGC Energia Advantages and Challenges  Extreme miniaturization and modularization  20 year development with >500 patents  Combination of engineering step change and world’s best catalysts  Record product formation per reactor volume and time  Challenging catalyst refurbishment  Innovative challenging reactor manufacturing process  Competition between CompactGTL and Velocys Status and Path Forward GTL PLANT ECONOMICS COMPARISON  3 process demonstrations underway  1 bpd BTL in Austria  6 bpd GTL in Brazil  1 bpd GTL in USA  4 commercial orders for FT units have been placed  SMR and upgrading units available in 2013/2014  Multiple feasibility studies including an off-shore application by Petrobras 12 Gastechno LLC Company Profile Technology  Gas Technologies LLC or “GTL”  Direct Partial oxidation (POX)  HQ in Walloon Lake, Michigan  Only single step process (no syngas)  CEO: Walter Breidenstein  CH4 + O2 = CH3OH, CH2O, C2H5OH  www.gastechno.com  Products are: methanol, formalin, some ethanol  Need for oxygen  No catalysts  Highly integrated POX reactor, product separation and recycle loop  Company Slogan: Energy Efficient Recycle Advantages and Challenges  Relatively simple, patented technology (no syngas intermediate, no catalysts)  Novel, unproven technology  50kscfd pilot plant showed good, promising performance  No 1 concern is the marketability of the products  Further upgrading to fuels (gasoline, diesel, DME, etc) likely required and under development  Need for oxygen likely prevents offshore applications Status and Path Forward  Pursuit of micro applications <1MMscfd, called “Mini-GTL”  Basic evaluation packages for 1, 3, 5, 10 and 30 MMscfd  Offer of Basic Engineering Studies for $250,000  Gastechno will design, build, own, operate and maintain the first several micro sites (capex estimate <$2MM) 13 Verdis Fuels Company Profile Technology  Mother Company: Canada Chemicals  GTL-FT  HQ in Calgary, Canada  Product is clean diesel directly from the FT  CEO: Dr. Conrad Ayasse reactor (2 step conversion: syngas and FT)  Verdis Fuels: Spin-off for GTL  No upgrading required commercialization  Simple, low cost design for small scale  HQ in Sharjah applications (<2.5MMscfd)  CEO: Rob Ayasse  Self sufficient plant (power, steam)  www.verdisfuels.com Advantages and Challenges  Designed for flare reduction  Small, cheap, skid mounted, mobile  Offshore compatible  Novel FT catalyst producing on-spec diesel rather than waxy syncrude  Extreme process simplification leads to process inefficiency (Ceff ~30%)  Reliable unattended operation is challenging Status and Path Forward  250kscfd landfill demo plant had feedgas contamination issues  New demo is needed to demonstrate many design changes and improvements  About $5MM and >2 years are required for this demo plant  Verdis mobile: 250kscfd  Verdis fixed: 2.5MMscfd 14 GRT Inc Company Profile Technology  HQ Santa Barbara, CA  Novel Oxybromination technology  CEO: DDr Eric McFarland  3 step process using bromine  Founder: Dr. Jeff Sherman (1999)  No syngas, no need for oxygen  Partnership with UC Santa Barbara  Regeneration of bromine from hydrobromic acid  www.grt-inc.com is done with air  Marathon: non-controlling interest in  15 patents GRT Advantages and Challenges  Multiple product optionality (fuels, aromatics, alcohols)  Operated in 10bpd demo plant by Marathon (confidential)  Suited for larger scales (>10MMscfd)  Use of corrosive and toxic materials (bromine, hydrobromic acid, etc)  Process control and safety issues will be a major focus  Higher hydrocarbons must be removed from feedstock Status and Path Forward  Marathon plant is confidential  Partnership opportunity or need for new, larger demo plant?  Current focus on biogas demo plant with gasoline as final product  No plans for small, skid mounted plants 15 Synfuels International Company Profile Technology  HQ in Dallas, TX  Pyrolysis: Novel technology via acetylene  CEO and Founder: Ben Weber intermediate to ethylene and then to gasoline  Technology developed at Texas A&M (no oxygen, no syngas)  www.synfuels.com  New: oxidative pyrolysis leads to acetylene and  Partnership with S&B Engineers and syngas Contractors  3 step process  AREF Energy Holding Co: major  Not commercialized shareholder, Kuwait based  Well patented Advantages and Challenges  Under development for >15 years  Multiple product options (gasoline, ethylene, jet fuel)  Pyrolysis is challenging process with tendency for coking  Oxidative pyrolysis alleviates the problem but creates 2 intermediates  Acetylene is hazardous intermediate  Technology risk is major hurdle  Good feedstock flexibility (rich/lean gas)  Scaleable from 5 to 500+MMscfd Status and Path Forward  Integrated plant proven in 5bpd pilot plant in Bryan, TX since 2010  Pyrolysis reactor proven at 1MMscfd  A plant at 2MMscfd might be commercial (rich gas, tax and carbon credits) 16 Methion Ltd Company Profile Technology  HQ in Ireland  Novel conversion via sulfonation  Alan Richards: Inventor, Founder and  SO3 is the oxidant (no oxygen) CEO  Methane sulfonic acid (MSA) is the intermediate  www.methion.com (no syngas)  Focus on flare reduction  MSA is reacted to methanol which in turn can be  “taming the Billion Dollar Global converted into useful products such as DME, Bonfire” olefins, gasoline, etc  SO2 is reoxidized to SO3 in air  Suitable for offshore applicaitons Advantages and Challenges  Process looks simple and uses mild reaction conditions  Liquid MSA can be shipped to central upgrading facility  Claims for record high efficiencies  Likely low Capex  Numerous companies have failed to reproduce the data  SO2/SO3 are toxic  Water must be avoided to prevent the formation of sulphuric acid Status and Path Forward  Small continuous pilot plant is now operational  Limited data are available 17 Oberon Fuels Company Profile Technology  HQ in San Diego, CA  Conventional conversion of methane to DME  Founded in 2010 via syngas and methanol  CEO: Neil Senturia  Small scale, skid mounted (100 to 200bpd) or  www.oberonfuels.com <2MMscfd  Current focus: USA  Modular design  Partner: Sempra  Market: local diesel fuel alternative (heavy  Engineering: Unitel duty diesel fleets) Advantages and Challenges  Proven manufacturing technology  Smart value engineering  Use of CO2 as co-oxidant in reformer  Landfill biogas for bio-DME  DME is ultimate clean diesel alternative with ultra low emissions  Diesel engines have to be retrofitted  DME has the properties of LPG  Availability of engine retrofit technologies is an issue  DME can be readily used for cooking and heating like LPG Status and Path Forward  1st plant to be built in Imperial valley, CA in 2012  Feed is methanol  2nd plant will demonstrate the whole technology from natural gas to DME 18 Carbon Sciences Company Profile Technology  HQ in Santa Barbara  Dry Reforming “breakthrough”  CEO: Byron Elton  CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2  Publicly traded: CABN  Reformer needs no oxygen, little steam  www.carbonsciences.com  Patented catalyst  JV with Emerging Fuel Technology (EFT)  Syngas can then be used for conventional for GTL-FT technology processes (FT, methanol) after appropriate adjustment of the hydrogen/CO ratio  Now offering a steam reforming version as well Advantages and Challenges  Use of CO2 as oxidant instead of oxygen and/or steam  However, syngas ratio needs to be adjusted from 1 to 2 for both FT and methanol  SMR version is now the preferred front end  Offer of complete solutions  However, all technologies from dry reforming to GTL- FT are not proven at scale Status and Path Forward  Testing in laboratory ongoing  Completing engineering design  Need for a large scale demo for both the dry reforming process and the EFT FT technology  Offer of “carboncrude” technology for AG where gas is converted into synthetic crude for blending with crude oil (like CompactGTL) 19 R3 Sciences Company Profile Technology  HQ in Austin, TX  Novel methanol technology  Research facilities: Lafayette, LA  Homogeneous single pass conversion of  CEO: David Trahan syngas to methanol using a dissolved nickel  www.r3sciences.com carbonyl catalyst (“Brookhaven” technology)  Partnership with Hydrogen Engine Center  Modular, skid mounted design (HEC) for methanol fuelled power units  Local methanol market: stationary power  Focus on small gas fields only (generators), see below (<1MMscfd), mostly flares Advantages and Challenges  This technology was invented 20+ years ago but was never commercialized  Risk of nickel carbonyl catalyst (toxic) was deemed too large  Technology could make sense at small scale  Small, easily deployable (3 trucks, 30x50ft pad for 200kscfd base unit)  Capex reported at $1MM Status and Path Forward  200kscfd pilot unit in operation at Lafayette  Deployment plans for 2013 20 General Methanol Company Profile Technology  HQ in Houston, TX  Direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol  CEO: Stephen Sims (like Gastechno)  www.genmethanol.com  Use of an advanced catalyst in carbon nanotubes (Gastechno uses no catalyst)  Goal is to produce methanol without side products resulting from over-oxidation such as formalin  On-going R&D at Texas A&M Advantages and Challenges  Breakthrough R&D pursued for decades  High risk of lack of success Status and Path Forward  Active research  Plans for future pilot plant 21 1st Resource Group Company Profile Technology  HQ in Fort Worth, TX  GTL-FT producing diesel  CEO: Douglas McKinnon  Conventional SMR-FT-Upgrading 3 step  www.1stresourcegroup.com process  Partner: UMED Holding  Partnership with University of Texas at Arlington; Lone Star Advanced Technology, LLC  Goal: modular, portable plants (500bpd) called “MFT”  1 patent  Claim of better efficiencies and better product quality than world scale plants Advantages and Challenges  500bpd base unit requires about 5MMscfd gas  Larger plants will be multiple units of the same size  No plans for smaller flares below 5MMscfd Status and Path Forward  Early stages of development  MFT is in the “design” phase  1st Pilot unit in 2012? 22 4. COMPARISONS 5.1. Company Profiles The overviews of the 12 technologies in the last 12 pages illustrate a wide variety of technical approaches of miniGTL that are at very different development stages, and are advanced by companies of different size and financial means. In the 2 Tables below we summarize the criteria used to group them into 4 quadrants with development stage and remaining hurdles as the differentiators. The position of each company in the respective quadrant is significant and reflects a real, though qualitative, difference in the position relative to the 2 key decision drivers. In the lower left quadrant we have technologies which are at an early stage of development with many remaining hurdles. General Methanol is searching for a breakthrough catalyst in the laboratory while CarbonSciences is performing a long term performance test of their dry reforming catalyst in the laboratory at small scale. Both need pilot plant demonstrations before any commercial plants can be pursued. R3Sciences has advanced to a small pilot unit but faces the challenge of demonstrating a brand new methanol technology and the introduction of methanol-fueled generators. Verdis has operated a small pilot unit on a landfill, but needs to build another one because of issues with the first one and many improvements developed since then. All of these companies need to raise funding for these next steps and have small current staffing levels. Classifying the companies ADVANCED • Advanced Technology • Successful demonstration • Some Patents • Good patent portfolio • Engineering in place • FEED in place DEVELOPMENT STAGE • Pilot plant • Global Partners • Real and perceived risks • Mature business plans • Value/risk relationship not high • Deep technical team or not clear • Active commercial team • Early stage technology • Relatively simple technology • Laboratory experiments • Off the shelf technology • Early business plans • Small, low risk plants • Very small teams (<10) • Possible product hurdles • Fund raising issues • Capable management team EARLY MANY REMAINING HURDLES FEW 23 In the lower right quadrants we see companies/technologies at an early stage of development but with fewer remaining hurdles. 1st Resource group is the “new kid on the block” and along with Oberon Fuels is less than 2 years in existence. The main reason for the fewer technical hurdles is their simple, off the shelf technology in DME and GTL-FT technology with the only challenge being to develop small, modular designs - no new chemistry, reactor design or catalyst are needed. The teams are small, but experienced management teams have developed attractive business plans. Oberon Fuels will however need to address the development of the DME diesel market. In the upper left quadrant there are technologies that have been developed to an advanced state but many hurdles remain. There is a sound patent portfolio, detailed engineering studies might be in place and small pilot plants are or have been operational. However, the breakthrough technologies pose risks and make commercialization much more difficult. Methion is the least advanced of the 3 technologies in this quadrant and has not yet completely demonstrated the technology. GRT and Synfuels are much more advanced but both reaction chemistries face scrutiny by potential customers. These 2 technologies are also not designed for small scale, simple AG monetization, but would fare better with large, world scale applications. Finally, in the upper right hand quadrant we have the technologies that are at the cusp of commercialization with few remaining challenges. There have been successful demonstration projects, detailed engineering studies and cost estimates and steps toward first commercial plants are in place. These companies typically have deep technical and commercial teams supported by global partners. Both CompactGTL and Velocys fit these descriptions. Gastechno is a much smaller company than either of these, with more remaining hurdles, but fits into this quadrant because of the current offer of commercial units by them.. 5.2 Technology Risks The commercialization of new technologies is a very challenging task. First, researchers and engineers have to develop a process that works, is safe and reliable, and looks economically 24 attractive. Significant amounts of money have to be raised to support the development process from invention to demonstration in a pilot unit. A large hurdle, especially for the smaller companies, is often the high cost of a pilot or demonstration plant. But even after a successful demonstration project, immediate uptake of the technology by customers is not guaranteed. The reasons can be manifold but the technology risk, real or perceived, is top on the list. GTL-FT and Methanol manufacturing technologies via syngas are commercially proven for decades. CompactGTL, Velocys, Verdis, 1st Resource, Carbon Sciences, Oberon and R3Sciences have chosen these technologies and play therefore in a field well understood, improved and optimized by experts in the field, catalyst and equipment manufacturer, engineering companies, plant operators and construction companies. The technology risk is relatively low for these proven processes. However, there is new technology risk introduced by some of the players in this space via the development of new reactor designs (Velocys, micro-channel process technology), new catalysts (Verdis), new process routes (R3Sciences homogeneous methanol process) and novel modular designs. Early customer will evaluate these new technology risks and use the successful demonstration plants as a launching pad to increasingly larger commercial units. Technology risks are dramatically reduced when the demonstration unit size is the base commercial size; multiple units can then be used for larger gas volumes. The other 5 companies have chosen new routes that have not yet been reduced to practice. The reason for this can be that they are new and innovative and under development for just a few years such as Gastechno, General Methanol and Methion. These 3 technologies are at different stages of development with GasTechno at the cusp of commercialization, Methion in the technology demonstration phase and General Methanol in the research laboratory. Synfuels and GRT are in a different class. Their technologies have been advanced to the pilot plant scale and GRT’s technology was even tested in a small demonstration plant. Their efforts in building commercial plants are predominantly hampered by concerns of technology risks stemming from the use of toxic reagents such as bromine or from the production of acetylene in a challenging pyrolysis reactor. Both technologies were conceived in an attempt to replace the expensive synthesis gas step with simpler, lower cost reaction pathways. Both efforts were successful and novel gas conversion routes were developed but they are not necessarily simpler and cheaper. Thus, the reward to risk ratio might not be high enough to lure early adapters into scaling up these technologies to commercial 25 ventures. This will be especially true for AG, where smaller gas volumes in remote locations with limited infrastructure pose additional challenges for these technologies. 5.3 Key Driver Evaluation A survey was sent to all prospective technology providers to seek feedback on some key decision drivers associated with building a plant with an AG feed rate of 15MMscfd, a size considered the “sweet spot” by the GGFR partnership. The survey questions are shown in the Table below: Six companies responded with clear plans to offer AG solutions with flares in the neighbourhood of 15MMscfd. Their responses are summarized and compared in the Table below. 26 Key decision drivers: highlights from survey PARAMETERS Methion Small scale Applicability YES YES YES YES YES YES <25MMscfd Phase 2 Footprint 0.1 acre <0.1acre <0.5acre 0.5acre 2-3 acres ~5 acres Capex $70MM $5-10MM $115MM $125-180MM $100 -160MM $85MM Opex (w/o gas) $6MM <$0.5MM $5.5MM $8MM $2.5MM $4MM Product ~2000bpd 99% of 1250 to 1250bpd 1000-1200 1000bpd Marketability methanol, methane to 1750 bpd Syncrude & bpd gasoline Gasoline ~2000bpd methanol diesel FT wax Some carbon formalin >4000bpd? Energy <50% >88% 55–63%* 55-63%* 40 – 46% 36% Efficiency Carbon 55 – 64% >99% 70- 75%* 70-75%* 60 – 69% 41-70% Efficiency Commercial Commercial Need for pilot 6bpd demo 20bpd demo Need for Demo needed; Readiness truncated units plant In operation; Completed; demo plant Pilot plant at <1MMscfd Commercial FT Commercial 0.05bpd unit sales Feasibility <1MMscfd studies * Author estimate The main observations are as follows:  There are large variations in the footprint of the plant. Synfuels and GRT require 2 to 5 acres, a typical land requirement for conventional syngas based technologies. In other words, they require about the same space as conventional GTL-FT and methanol plants of the same size. CompactGTL and Velocys require only 0.5 acres of land, a substantially reduced footprint resulting from their miniaturized reactor technologies. The extremely small footprints of 0.1 acre by Gastechno and Methion are astounding, though not completely unexpected considering their simple process steps. However, their projections are early estimates and need to be taken with some caution, especially in the case of Methion.  The estimated capex costs show interesting differences. Today’s world scale GTL-FT and methanol plants are known to cost about $100,000 per daily barrel capacity (+/- 25%), i.e. a 10,000bpd plant consuming about 100MMscfd of gas has an approximate 1 billion dollar price tag. For a 15MMsfd feed rate therefore, a very approximate capex of $150MM is the benchmark excluding any penalty from the smaller scale. Velocys, CompactGTL, GRT and Synfuels fall in this price range, with Synfuels at the lower end with $85MM. It is noteworthy that the much smaller plants delivered by CompactGTL and Velocys do not come cheaper, at least not at this early stage. Their new reactors are expensive but might become less costly once larger numbers of them are produced. The 1 step GasTechno process is less expensive as expected at $70MM. The estimate by Methion is difficult to believe. At this time, it is truly an estimate absent of any third party engineering study. If the technology can be proven and the costs remain low, we will have a breakthrough choice that might be worth the technical risks inherent in that technology.  With relatively high energy (65 to 70%) and carbon efficiencies (high 70’s% (GTL-FT) to low 80’s% (methanol), large scale plants would deliver about 1500bpd of syncrude, diesel or gasoline with 15MMscf/d feed gas. CompactTL and Velocys are below these numbers due to slightly lower energy and carbon efficiencies; GRT, and especially Synfuels, have significantly lower efficiencies. These lower efficiencies lead to lower product make with detrimental impact on economics. As mentioned earlier, a low financial reward to risk ratio is not helpful when it comes to the commercialization of new technologies with some inherent technology and EHS risks. 27 5.4 Flare Size Applicability The various GTL options/technologies target gas volumes of different scales. Some are geared to very low gas rates below 1MMscfd, and are modular, mobile, skid-mounted, simple and re-deployable. Verdis, Oberon, R3Sciences, General Methanol, Gastechno and Methion are applicable for such small plants. Most of these miniGTL technologies perform well in the range of 1 to 10MMscfd except for GRT and Synfuels which need larger economy of scale. Some companies currently focus on micro applications to launch the business, with plans for larger facilities in the future. Some companies see no upper volume limit for their technologies and see world scale plants in their future. GRT, Synfuels, CarbonSciences, and GasTechno fall into this category while Velocys and CompactGTL might no longer be competitive at very large scales. The latter two are the most suited technologies for offshore applications. Others are not because of the need of hazardous oxygen (FPSO safety!), toxic reactants or bulky and heavy process equipment. Oberon Fuels is offshore applicable but produces DME which requires LPG tankers for product export. The Table below depicts the currently assessed applicability and scalability of the technologies. Project size applicability COMPANY SMALL MEDIUM LARGE Offshore <1MMscfd 1-10MMscfd >10MMscfd Applicable VERDIS 1st RESOURCE OBERON FUELS R3SCIENCES GENERAL METHANOL CARBON SCIENCES GASTECHNO METHION VELOCYS COMPACTGTL GRT SYNFUELS 5.5 Maturity and Commercial Readiness of Technologies Finally, the last Figure in this report groups the 12 technologies into 4 quadrants with the time to commercialization from short to long on the abscissa, and the overall remaining risk from low to high on the ordinate. 28 In the lower left quadrant we have technologies that can be applied today by early customers. People with interest in miniGL are encouraged to contact these companies for AG solutions. Velocys has sold a number of micro-channel FT reactors with a capacity of 25bpd corresponding to 250kscfd gas feed rate. Micro-channel reactors for the SMR and the product upgrading step will become available next year. The CompactGTL technology has been successfully demonstrated at the 20bpd scale and has passed the Petrobras acceptance tests. Numerous commercial feasibility studies are now underway by Fluor, their EPC partner. Gastechno offers low cost evaluation packages and basic engineering studies to early customers from below 1MMscfd to about 20MMscfd. In the lower right quadrant we placed 2 companies, Oberon Fuels and 1st Resource Group who use only proven technologies, though on a small, modular scale. The technical risk is therefore quite manageable while business risks of financing, product marketing and business development remain. Oberon Fuels plans to build the 1st commercial 100bpd DME unit in 2012 but this will only prove the last step, the conversion of methanol to DME. A 2nd unit of the same size will follow in 2013/2014, proving all processes from SMR to methanol manufacture and subsequently conversion to DME. The 1st Resource Group is developing a 500bpd GTL-FT process unit using the conventional 3 steps, SMR, FT and Upgrading. Currently, design and engineering are underway, with a 1st unit planned for 2013/2014. The overall risks of the other technologies remain high for reasons discussed earlier. Therefore, the time to commercialization will be relatively longer. R3Sciences and Verdis target micro applications, and have less risk than the other technologies in this group. R3Sciences could make it to the market the fastest assuming their novel methanol technology works safely at the small scale. Verdis will need to raise money for another pilot plant before commercial readiness is reached. Synfuels, Methion and Carbon Sciences still need to demonstrate their technologies at a scale that would allow development of commercial projects. GRT is in a slightly more advanced position because of the small demo plant built by Marathon. However, the outcome of that demo project is unknown and, with Marathon not moving to a commercial project, serious questions remain about the (commercial) viability of that technology. 29 General Methanol is the least advanced technology, still currently pursuing difficult, high risk research in the laboratory. 5. CONCLUSIONS Over one dozen miniGTL technologies are under development that will be potentially useful for the monetization of flared gas. They are at different levels of commercial readiness, ranging from offering commercial units today to research in the laboratory. The companies behind these technologies have been introduced, the pros and cons of the technologies have been evaluated and the statuses of their commercial development have been described. Some of these technologies will find widespread use, while others will be abandoned. New companies with new options will appear. In general, miniGTL technologies will be among the more capital intensive AG monetization options. However, the high value of the products and their ready use in local markets will be strong drivers for their application. Most importantly, miniGTL is not just a potential option for the future but is available today for first commercial applications. 30