69446 Persistent Organic Pollutants Backyards to Borders Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results The Canada POPs Trust Fund “ In recent decades, there has been increased attention paid to addressing the risks posed by substances that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), including persistent organic pollutants …� Source: The Global Pursuit of the Sound Management of Chemicals, J. Buccini, World Bank, Feb. 2004 Foreword ConCern over the State of the throughout the globe to protect human global environment ContinueS health and the environment from to grow. The linkages between hazardous chemicals such as POPs. In human health and the environment March 2000, the Canadian International are indisputable, as is their complex Development Agency (CIDA), on behalf of interrelationship to economic and social the Government of Canada, established development. Central to these concerns is the $20 million (Cdn.) Canada POPs Trust the management of chemicals, including Fund to be managed by the World Bank. persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The main objective of the Trust Fund was to Studies show that exposure to POPs can assist developing countries and countries adversely affect both wildlife and humans with economies in transition in reducing and resulting in reproductive or development eliminating the release of POPs. disorders, nervous system damage, and immune system diseases, among other This publication focuses on the efforts of effects. POPs persist in the environment, the World Bank with the support of the bioaccumulate within food chains and Canada POPs Trust Fund. It highlights travel long distances on wind and water successful projects and initiatives currents. undertaken to meet the goals of the Stockholm Convention, while addressing In May 2001, the Stockholm Convention country priorities related to POPs. This on Persistent Organic Pollutants was report also illustrates how partnerships adopted. The Convention recognized that are essential to achieving local results a global effort is required to address the while building the foundations for future threat of POPs and it has been working successes in the global effort for sound to eliminate and restrict the use and chemical management. production of a number of the world’s most dangerous chemicals. The Convention has initially focused on 12 intentionally and unintentionally produced chemicals. The World Bank is engaged in ongoing Katherine Sierra work on sound chemicals management Vice President, Sustainable Development seeking to assist our client countries The World Bank p1 p2 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund Table of Contents p5 introduCtion p6 SeCtion 1. Protecting human health and the environment p6 1.1 What are POPs? p6 1.2 POPs and Human Health p7 1.3 POPs and Animals p8 1.4 Sources and Pathways of POPs p10 SeCtion 2. a global response to PoPs and Canada’s role p10 2.1 The Stockholm Convention p11 2.2 The World Bank and POPs p12 2.3 The Canada POPs Trust Fund p14 SeCtion 3. overview of the Canada PoPs trust fund and Selected Portfolio highlights of world bank Projects p14 3.1 The Canada POPs Trust Fund and the World Bank: An Overview p14 3.2 Selected Highlights by Region: World Bank Project Activities to December 2009 p16 Latin America and Caribbean Region p19 Middle East and North Africa Region p21 Sub-Saharan Africa Region p24 Europe and Central Asia Region p27 South Asia Region p28 East Asia and Pacific Region p31 Global Projects p32 SeCtion 4. lessons learned p36 table: The Canada POPs Trust Fund and the World Bank: Reducing and Eliminating POPs throughout the World p43 endnoteS p3 Evidence demonstrates that certain organic chemicals are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic and that these chemicals cause long-term harm to the health of human beings and the planet’s environment Introduction ChemiCalS are uSed in the From the date of its inception, the Canada ProduCtion of many itemS POPs Trust Fund (CPF) has focused that we dePend on every day. on assisting developing countries and Evidence demonstrates that certain organic countries with economies in transition chemicals are persistent, bioaccumulative (CEITs) in developing their capacity and toxic and that these chemicals cause to reduce or eliminate persistent long-term harm to the health of human organic pollutants. The Trust Fund has beings and the planet’s environment. accomplished this through critical financial Throughout the world, people and their support, providing technical expertise and environments are exposed on a daily basis access to technology, and by transferring to Persistent Organic Pollutants or POPs. knowledge and “know-how�. POPs and their effects on human health The Canada POPs Trust Fund has been and the environment is a global issue of a responsive and flexible mechanism in concern. They accumulate in animals and assisting and supporting the implementation humans, predominantly in fatty tissue. As of the Stockholm Convention. This report these chemicals move up the food chain highlights the successes of the Canada they concentrate to levels that are harmful POPs Trust Fund. It briefly summarizes the to humans, wildlife and fish. effects of POPs on human health and the environment. It provides a context for the In November 2000, the Government of Stockholm Convention, including Canada’s Canada through the Canadian International active role in responding to this global Development Agency (CIDA), announced challenge. The report profiles selected World the creation of the $20M (Cdn.) Canada Bank and country implemented projects POPs Trust Fund. The Trust Fund is part of from among over 50 initiatives that range Canada’s ongoing commitment to the sound from toxicity studies in women and children management of chemicals and is intended to capacity development in recycling and to assist in meeting its national obligations disposal of insecticide treated nets used under the Stockholm Convention. The World for malaria control, to the development of Bank has served as trustee and implementing integrated pest management as an effective agency for the Canada POPs Trust Fund alternative to the use of chlordane and mirex since its initiation. On May 23, 2001, Canada for termite control. The report presents was the first nation to ratify the global key lessons learned as a result of project Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic activities. Finally, the report illustrates the Pollutants. The Convention was negotiated to global reach of the Trust Fund with over eliminate and restrict the use and production 30 developing countries, CEITs and their of a number of the world’s most dangerous partners contributing to achieving the goals chemicals. of the Stockholm Convention. p5 Section 1 Protecting Human HealtH and tHe environment ChemiCalS Play a Key role in be thousands of times higher than our daily liveS. While essential to acceptable limits. our economic development and our current toxic: POPs can cause a wide range standards of living, the production, use of health effects in humans, wildlife and and release of thousands of chemicals fish. They have been linked to effects into the marketplace are also associated on the nervous system, reproductive with problems including those related to and developmental problems, immune unintentionally produced by-products, waste response suppression, cancer, and generation and disposal, environmental endocrine disruption.4 degradation and human and wildlife exposure.1 The deliberate production and use of most POPs has been banned around the 1.1 What are POPs? world, with some exemptions made for human health considerations (e.g. DDT Persistent Organic Pollutants or POPs for malaria control) and/or in very specific are a group of chemicals that includes 12 cases where alternative chemicals have not organic compounds: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, been identified. However, the unintended dieldrin, dioxins, endrin, furans, heptachlor, production and/or the current use of some hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mirex, POPs continue to be an issue of global polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and concern. toxaphene. They are chemicals that have been widely used as pesticides or industrial Even though most POPs have not been chemicals and pose risks to human health manufactured or used for decades, they and ecosystems.2 POPs have been continue to be present in the environment produced and released into the environment and thus potentially harmful. The same by human activity. They have the following properties that originally made them three characteristics: so effective, particularly their stability, make them difficult to eradicate from the Persistent: POPs are chemicals that environment. last a long time in the environment. Some may resist breakdown for years 1.2 POPs and Human Health and even decades while others could potentially break down into other toxic The relationship between exposure to substances. environmental contaminants such as POPs bioaccumulative: POPs can and human health is complex. There is accumulate3 in animals and humans, mounting evidence that these persistent, usually in fatty tissues and largely bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals from the food they consume. As these (PBTs) cause long-term harm to human compounds move up the food chain, health and the environment. Drawing a they concentrate to levels that could direct link, however, between exposure p6 to these chemicals and health effects is through air, water and food. Studies by complicated, particularly since humans are the Canadian Government demonstrate exposed on a daily basis to many different that the ecosystem of the Great Lakes is environmental contaminants through the air a good laboratory in which to demonstrate they breathe, the water they drink and the the way in which PBTs move through the food they eat. ecosystem. PCBs, chlordane, dioxins and DDT are the POPs frequently contaminating Numerous studies link POPs and other PBT Great Lakes fish. These POPs accumulate environmental contaminants such as dioxins in fish tissue at concentrations many and furans and chlordane with a number of times higher than in the lake water. They adverse effects in humans. These include can remain in sediments for years, where effects on the nervous system, problems related to reproduction and development, cancer, and genetic impacts. Moreover, there is mounting public concern over the “At the local level, the Bank and its partners are environmental contaminants that mimic working to help countries understand and assess hormones in the human body.5 the impact of chemicals on human health. Studies The populations most at risk from include an investigation of the health impacts environmental contaminants, especially PBTs, are children and the developing of pesticides in Andean communities, blood fetus. The unique physiology and developmental/ behavioral characteristics of monitoring studies in China, and breast milk children increase their vulnerability to PBT monitoring studies in Mexico.� exposure.6 Fetal stage exposure can occur through the placenta when the mother has Source: Environment Matters at the World Bank, (page 31), 2005. been exposed to PBT POPs that have bioaccumulated in her tissues. bottom-dwelling creatures consume the arctic monitoring and them and who are then eaten by larger assessment Programme (amaP) fish. Because tissue concentrations can has indicated that levels of man- increase or biomagnify at each level of the made chemicals that mimic human food chain, top predators (like largemouth hormones in the blood of women bass or walleye) may have a million times living in the arctic may be behind greater concentrations of PBT POPs than the high number of girls being born the water itself.7 among these women. The animals most exposed to PBT contaminants are those higher up the food 1.3 POPs and Animals web such as marine mammals including whales, seals, polar bears, and birds of prey Animals are also at risk from POPs and in addition to fish species such as tuna, other persistent bioaccumulative toxic swordfish and bass.8 Bioaccumulation and contaminants. As with humans, animals biomagnification is illustrated for the Great are exposed to PBTs in the environment Lakes ecosystem in Figure 1. Section 1: Protecting Human Health and the Environment p7 figure 1. bioaccumulation and biomagnification Organic Chemicals such as PCBs bioaccumulate. This diagram shows the degree of concentration in each level of the Great Lakes aquatic food chain for PCBs (in parts per million, ppm). The highest levels are reached in the eggs of fish-eating birds such as herring gulls. Source: U.S. EPA. Great Lakes: The Great Lakes Atlas: Chapter Four the Great Lakes Today - Concerns. January 2009 9 1.4 Sources and Pathways of POPs boundaries transferring among air, water, and land. While generally banned Globally, all major industrial sectors10 use or restricted, POPs and other PBTs chemicals. A number of these chemicals are make their way into and throughout the POPs that are intentionally released to the environment on a daily basis through environment as pesticides for instance, or a cycle of long-range air transport and unintentionally released as byproducts of deposition called the “grasshopper� or combustion. the “global distillation� processes. Once POPs are released into the The “grasshopper� or “global distillation� environment, they may be transported within processes, illustrated in Figure 2 below, a specific region and across international begin with the release of POPs into figure 2. how PoPs move throughout the environment Grasshopper Effect - or - more volatile Global Distillation less volatile Colder, polar regions temperate regions equatorial regions Source: Environment Canada. The Science and the Environment Bulletin. May/June 1998 11 p8 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund the environment. When POPs enter the Scientists have improved the atmosphere, they can be carried with wind ability to detect POPs in rain currents, sometimes for long distances. and snow and have contributed Through atmospheric processes, they to tracking the accumulation are deposited onto land or into water of these chemicals up the ecosystems where they accumulate and food chain and into humans. potentially cause damage. From these These developments have ecosystems, they evaporate, again entering been key to policy decisions the atmosphere, typically traveling from and action on the international warmer temperatures toward cooler scene. The management of regions. They condense out of the chemicals, including POPs, Photo courtesy of Steven Maber (2008) atmosphere whenever the temperature is a growing focus of public drops, eventually reaching highest policy as governments and the once PoPs are released into concentrations in circumpolar countries. private sector seek to address the environment, they may be Through these processes, POPs and other the immediate and longer-term transported within a specific PBTs can move thousands of kilometres threats posed by POPs and region and across international from their original source of release in a other PBTs to human health boundaries transferring among air, cycle that may last decades. and the environment.12 water, and land. Section 1: Protecting Human Health and the Environment p9 Section 2 a global resPonse to PoPs and canada’s role 2.1 The Stockholm Convention throughout the environment and can accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans The Stockholm Convention on Persistent and wildlife. The Convention was adopted Organic Pollutants is a global treaty in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. intended to protect human health and the It requires Parties to take measures to environment from chemicals that persist eliminate or reduce the release of POPs in the environment for long periods, resist into the environment.13 Currently 12 POPs breakdown, become widely dispersed are listed in the Convention. the StoCKholm Convention: a global reSPonSe to PoPS A significant response by the international community to address the threat of POPs was the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (May 2001). The Convention identifies an initial 12 chemicals for control, nine of which are pesticides. These chemicals fall into three (non-exclusive) categories.14 Categories Chemicals 1. Pesticides Aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCBs), mirex, and toxaphene 2. Industrial Chemicals HCBs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 3. Unintended byproducts Dioxins and furans Although many of the 12 chemicals covered by the Stockholm Convention are no longer produced, they persist in the environment. Control of these chemicals and other environmental contaminants, of which many are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, is complex. The Stockholm Convention is a framework including the development of a National agreement, which provides nations with Implementation Plan (NIP). NIPs provide basic objectives, principles and elements baseline information about POPs in a for their use in developing comprehensive given country, including POPs stocks, programs and control regimes to manage emission sources, and institutional, policy POPs. Its underlying intent is to strengthen and regulatory capacity to address them. the international management of POPs, NIPs also set out country priorities in terms by encouraging common measures and of POPs, as well as specific action plans compatible programs. It has specific or strategies to achieve Party obligations operational requirements for Parties under the Stockholm Convention15. p 10 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund The Convention also recognizes the varying capacities of developing countries and countries with economies in transition (CEITs). Provisions to assist in building capacity in these countries have thus been included in the agreement—i.e., developed countries “shall provide� new and additional fiscal resources to assist developing countries and CEIT Parties to meet obligations under the Convention. As a result, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was designated as the interim financial mechanism for the Stockholm Convention. GEF funding is provided to countries that have ratified the Convention to develop their NIPs and to address POPs-related priorities indentified therein. 2.2 The World Bank and POPs The World Bank has been involved in projects related to sound chemicals management for decades. Typical development projects in traditional sectors as varied as agriculture, energy, health, industrial pollution, transportation, oil, gas and mining, and solid waste management, to name a few, all have direct linkages to chemicals management that may not be explicit. However, for over fifteen years, and as the global environmental agenda has increasingly focused on hazardous chemicals and other chemicals of concern sectors such as (e.g. ozone depleting substances, heavy Agriculture, Energy metals, POPs, greenhouse gases) the and Environment. “CIDA embraces a vision of development of projects specifically Global addressing the environmentally sound environmental sustainable development that meets management of chemical substances has projects are the needs of the present without become more predominant. largely funded through the GEF, compromising the ability of future The World Bank’s current portfolio of activities with relevance to managing the Multilateral generations to meet their own needs.� Fund for the chemicals is comprised of regular lending Implementation Canadian International Development Agency, projects and activities covered by trust of the Montreal Departmental Performance Report, Page 111, March 2007 funds. Lending projects associated Protocol and with chemicals management fall under Carbon Finance. Section 2: A Global Human Health and the Environment Section 1: Protecting Response to POPs and Canada’s Role p 11 the Canada PoPS truSt fund The purpose of the Canada POPs Trust Fund is to assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition to build or establish their own capacity to reduce or eliminate the release of POPs. The priority areas of the Canada POPs Trust Fund are: 1. Build public support for ratification and implementation of the Stockholm Convention 2. Increase capacity for integrated chemical management environmental and health related activities in the form 3. Analytical laboratory capacity assistance and training in of technical assistance and advisory services and target countries are often covered by trust funds such as the Canada 4. Strengthen involvement and participation of appropriate POPs Trust Fund. stakeholders and civil society in implementation of the Convention 2.3 The Canada POPs Trust Fund 5. Needs assessment of national inventories to undertake preliminary inventories of PCBs, dioxin and furan sources Currently, POPs of concern that continue to be and obsolete pesticides released into the environment come from countries throughout the globe. For instance, dioxins and furans 6. Guidance and support for activities assisting the emitted from open burning of agricultural waste development of national profiles and National Action Plans in one region are able to travel to another region (NAPs) for the Convention many miles away. Similarly, PCBs released from old 7. Activities to assist in developing and implementing national electrical equipment can be transported within a implementation plans specific region and across international boundaries 8. Mentorship and science exchanges to strengthen national transferring among air, water, and land. POPs remain capacity to meet obligations under the Convention a significant global health risk to human health and to the environment, even thousands of miles away from 9. Increase awareness of the issues of obsolete stockpiles their original source. and their effects on human health and the environment 10. Provide guidance on the identification, management and Health risk concerns prompted the Canadian disposal of PCBs government to become a major proponent of global 11. Capacity and awareness raising to develop a common actions to reduce or eliminate POPs. On May 23, 2001 understanding/position on Best Available Technologies Canada ratified the Stockholm Convention. Prior efforts (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) from the Government of Canada in support of a global response to POPs led to the creation of the Canada 12. Undertake efforts to address and reduce the production of POPs Trust Fund, as a mechanism to promote future dioxins and furans through uncontrolled combustion and work that would be undertaken by the Convention. The open burning - assistance to develop national dioxin and $20M (Cdn$) Trust Fund was established in March furan action plans 2000. Funding for the Trust Fund was provided by the 13. Activities to support the Global Monitoring Program and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) strengthen national infrastructure and capacity to contribute and managed by the World Bank. to the Global Monitoring Program 14. Activities to support the development of Integrated Pest To achieve its goals, the Canada POPs Trust Fund Management (IPM) and Integrated Vector Management provides financial support and technical expertise, (IVM) to reduce and phase out the use of POPs for disease knowledge and “know-how�, and access to technology vector control. that is critical to assisting, encouraging and equipping developing countries and countries with economies p 12 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund in transition to build their own capacity Administrative Arrangement for the Canada to reduce or eliminate persistent organic POPs Trust Fund specified the World Bank pollutants. as the sole implementing agency for the Trust Fund and set out modified project The Trust Fund includes provisions for selection criteria and priority areas. projects and activities to be undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP projects were divided among the (UNEP - Chemicals) and the Global activities illustrated in the following chart.17 Environment Facility (GEF).16 Between 2000 and 2006, UNEP Chemicals figure 3. Projects executed by uneP was an executing agency with the World 25 � development of POPs Bank for the Canada POPs Trust Fund. inventories During that time, UNEP Chemicals was 20 � strategies/action plans allocated in the order of $6M ($USD) for � implementation of action plans projects which it directed to global programs 15 � data gathering/ reporting and projects and activities in Africa, the Latin 10 � education/awareness America and Caribbean (LAC) region and � pilot & demonstration Asia. In July 2006 an independent evaluation activities 5 of the Canada POPs Trust Fund resulted in an update of the Trust Fund’s framework 0 agreement and amendments to the eligible UNEP Chemicals Projects project criteria. The goal was to further increase the Trust Fund’s effectiveness Source: Le Groupe-conseil Baastel ltée. Evaluation of the Canada POPs Trust Fund (CPF) World Bank, July 2006. in meeting its objectives. The amended Section 2: A Global Response to POPs and Canada’s Role p 13 Section 3 overview of tHe canada PoPs trust fund and selected Portfolio HigHligHts of world bank Projects 3.1 The Canada POPs Trust Fund in the 8 years since the and the World Bank: An Overview establishment of the Canada PoPs trust fund with the world Since the initial operation of the Canada bank, the trust fund has financed POPs Trust Fund in March 2000, the World projects, studies, and capacity Bank, as trustee and implementing agency building efforts on a broad range for the Trust Fund, has allocated resources of PoPs related issues such as to more than 50 projects and activities in blood monitoring in mexico; more than 30 developing countries and developing a Pollutant release countries with economies in transition in and transfer registry in Chile; all major regional groupings—Sub-Saharan inventorying, safeguarding and Africa, Middle East and North Africa, Latin managing obsolete pesticides in America and Caribbean, Europe and egypt; and examining alternatives to mirex and chlordane use in Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and termite control in China. Pacific—as well as global programs. figure 4. world bank executed Projects by region 3.2 Selected Highlights by Region: World Bank Projects and Activities 7% � Latin America and Caribbean to December 2009 20% � Middle East and North Africa � Sub-Saharan Africa The Canada POPs Trust Fund has � Europe and Central Asia allocated funding for over 50 World Bank 31% 9% � South Asia and country implemented projects. The � East Asia and Paci c Trust Fund has financed projects, studies, 9% � Global and capacity strengthening efforts on a 11% broad range of POPs related issues such 13% as blood monitoring in Mexico, developing a Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry Source: Environment Department, World Bank. in Chile, inventorying, safeguarding and managing obsolete pesticides in Egypt, Budget allocations for all these projects have and examining alternatives to mirex and been in the order of $15 million ($USD). chlordane use in termite control in China. While notable in its own right, resources from the Canada POPs Trust Fund have As of 2006, approximately 75 per cent contributed to mobilizing co-financing of of World Bank Canada POPs Trust Fund projects worth an estimated $575 million projects addressed the development of USD for POPs related activities throughout strategies and action plans and education the developing world and countries with and awareness initiatives. These activities economies in transition. enabled work to assist governments p 14 to better understand the impact of the Stockholm Convention in their countries, figure 5. division of world bank Projects and to assist them and their citizens in making informed decisions on signing and � Development of POPs ratifying the Convention. More recently, 16% 17% inventories many of the projects have assisted � Strategies and action plans countries in addressing the priority areas � Implementation of action plans identified in their National Implementation � Data gathering/reporting Plans including developing PCB 26% � Education/awareness 28% inventories, analyses of health impacts, and � Pilot and demonstration activities remediation of contaminated sites. 4% 9% World Bank projects have been divided among the activities illustrated in the chart Source: Environment Department, World Bank. on the right. Presented below by region are selected available at the end of this report to provide examples of projects implemented by the an overview of Canada POPs Trust Fund World Bank. A summary project table is supported World Bank initiatives. � Africa � Middle East and � Latin America � South Asia � East Asia � Europe & North Africa & Caribbean & Pacific Central Asia Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 15 latin america and tHe caribbean region Colombia Total project costs were in the order of $1M ($USD) with the Canada POPs Trust Fund Pilot Study – Technical Assistance providing approximately one quarter of the for the Remediation of POPs total project costs to support the pilot study. Contaminated Sites for the One DDT contaminated site was identified Determination of Associated for the pilot study based on information Incremental Costs from inventories and baseline studies of POPs in Colombia. The objectives of the pilot were to provide a detailed assessment Status: Completed of the extent of contamination at the site Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: and to conduct an economic assessment $226,200 (USD) of potential remediation technologies that could be used. Project objective: The Government of Colombia, in conjunction with the Canada PoPs trust fund Project Canada POPs Trust Fund and the Global outcomes: The pilot study supported by Environment Facility, carried out a program the Canada POPs Trust Fund resulted consisting of three main elements: i) in three specific outcomes. Firstly, preparation of a National Implementation environmental assessments of the selected Plan; ii) building capacity to support contaminated sites were carried out enabling activities; and iii) supporting including the geological, climactic and a pilot study to ascertain the hydrological characteristics of the study costs for remediation techniques areas, sampling for contaminated soil and for selected contaminated groundwater, assessment of contamination sites. levels at the three sites and a determination of potential mitigation strategies. Secondly, the pilot study completed a comparative assessment of costs and benefits of various proposed remediation solution technologies, proposed a strategic approach to reduce the risks at the contaminated sites, and prepared remediation plans for the participating municipalities. Finally, the pilot demonstrated the most cost- effective remediation methods to mitigate/ eliminate POPs in the contaminated zones. Capacity was strengthened at the central and regional government levels, on issues regarding sampling and site characterization, contaminated site treatment methodologies, and strategies for management of remediation projects. p 16 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund latin america and tHe caribbean region Peru Persistent Organic Pollutants and Hazardous Pesticides in Andean Farming Communities in Peru Status: Completed Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: $60,000 (USD) Project objective: In 1999 with the support of the FAO, a preliminary inventory of obsolete stocks of pesticides, particularly POPs, was undertaken. Additional studies on the use and impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment were also conducted. Results indicated that the indiscriminate use of insecticides and fungicides in specific regions, while additional study concluded that highly toxic pesticides are frequently applied. survey areas. The study determined that farmers lacked technical knowledge about Within the overall context of the NIP, the the use of POPs, and found that farmers Canada POPs Trust Fund supported used minimal protection against exposure project undertook research on two aspects and lacked sufficient knowledge of the risks of agricultural POPs. The first component associated with pesticides. Furthermore, addressed obsolete stocks and current the study determined that there was limited uses and trade in pesticides. The second knowledge of integrated pest management component dealt with the farmers and their (IPM). use and knowledge of agricultural pesticides use, including knowledge of environmental and health impacts. Project research was Mexico carried out in five areas throughout Peru. Capacity Building Project in Mexico, Data and information were collected through for a Tri-national POPs/Toxic a survey of farmers, technicians, traders and Metals Baseline Biomonitoring others associated with pesticide matters. Study to Identify Population Risk Survey results were corroborated with field and Environmental Hotspots inspections that documented the use and existing stocks of POPs pesticides, along Status: Completed with the use of other pesticides. Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: Canada PoPs trust fund Project $100,000 (USD) outcomes: The study found some obsolete stocks of POPs, although no POPs Project objective: The project was pesticides were being traded in the selected intended to develop and implement a Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 17 latin america and tHe caribbean region tri-national human blood biomonitoring project in Canada, Mexico and the United Caribbean States in order to obtain an initial profile of Monitoring of Human Exposure to first birth mother (18-30 years) exposure POPs in CARICOM countries to POPs and toxic metals. The project sought to obtain an integrated baseline Status: Ongoing that can be used to determine priorities for, and track progress in, the management Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: of these substances domestically, and on $275,000 (USD) a broader cooperative basis within North America. Financial support from the Canada Project objective: POPs have been POPs Trust Fund was applied solely to extensively used for different purposes activities undertaken in Mexico. Using their including agriculture and vector control in the own resources, Canada and the United Caribbean. Currently in the CARICOM region, States worked cooperatively with Mexico environmental health problems are insufficiently and developed a documented limiting efforts at effective comparable population interventions. To assist in addressing this exposure profile problem the overall project seeks to analyse The project resulted in in order to identify maternal blood samples for both legacy POPs population risk the enhancement of Mexico’s and environmental and other compounds. The overall project is co- funded by the Canada POPs Trust Fund and capacity to monitor Stockholm hotspots on a the Teasdale-Corti (T-C) team grant program. continental basis. Convention POPs and The T-C portion of the project is to collect data and analyze maternal blood samples in selected toxic metals Canada PoPs four CARICOM countries. The Trust Fund trust fund Project will support the collection and analysis of fifty outcomes: The maternal blood samples from all CARICOM project resulted in countries to provide baseline data about the enhancement of Mexico’s capacity contaminant exposure in the entire region. to monitor Stockholm Convention POPs and selected toxic metals. It provided Canada PoPs trust fund Project baseline data of concentrations of POPs outcomes: This project will allow the existing in humans that are geographically based Caribbean EcoHealth Programme (CEHP) and comparable at the domestic and program to significantly expand its research regional level. The population selected for capabilities and enhance the scope of biomonitoring was first birth mothers investigation of human exposure to POPs in 18 - 30 years of age. Working with mothers the CARICOM region. The project will assist had the additional benefit of enabling national and regional health authorities in the outreach on nutrition and the effects of region in setting priorities for action. It will also lifestyle and pollutant exposure, as well as provide baseline data about the population providing for health follow-up to optimize the that can be used to help monitor changes in potential for infant health and development. contaminant levels over time. It addition the The project also specifically involved the project will contribute to strengthening human development of biomonitoring methodology resources in the region, building laboratory and capacity in Mexico. capacity, and increasing public, industry and governmental awareness, participation and risk communication in the region. p 18 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund middle east and nortH africa region Lebanon of PCBs and PCB-containing equipment; ii) destruction of a predetermined amount Capacity Building, Elimination of of PCBs and PCB-containing wastes; PCBs and Remediation of PCB- iii) removal of approximately 25 tons Contaminated Sites in Lebanon of high priority PCB stocks through repackaging and safeguarding, Basel Status: Ongoing Convention18 compliance training, and shipping and treatment for elimination Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: (through international bidding); iv) capacity $250,000 (USD) building including technical training, legal and policy development and labeling; and Project objective: The national PCB v) a complete environmental and health inventory recognized the overwhelming assessment of the Bauchrieh transformer importance of the energy sector as repair area leading to the development of a potential source of PCBs found in future more in-depth remediation work. dielectric fluids/oil and PCB-contaminated transformers. These transformers are Canada PoPs trust fund Project located in thermal and hydroelectric power outcomes: This project will result in several plants, substations and distribution stations specific outcomes, with these results throughout the country. Lebanon has no and lessons learned contributing to the facilities that can properly treat PCBs project’s major outcome, which will be the or PCB-containing equipment. PCB- development of a basis for a full scale clean- contaminated equipment is usually handled up and remediation investment project to be and disposed of haphazardly or sold to third undertaken at a future date. This complex parties as scrap, without prior knowledge multiyear project will require additional or verification of the potential presence of funding (i.e. GEF and other funding PCBs. agencies) and is expected to include the establishment of a final PCB inventory that As part of a larger national effort to build a will be a part of a larger POPs inventory comprehensive technical, legal, policy and system in Lebanon; the destruction of enforcement capacity related to Lebanon’s identified PCB containing wastes; and the PCB-related obligations, the Canada POPs remediation of PCB contaminated sites, as Trust Fund is supporting a project that will well as the update/amendment of include the following five the relevant legal elements: i) an framework. inventory Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 19 middle east and nortH africa region Arab Republic of PCBs; and iii) prepare a management plan for the cleanup and environmentally Egypt sound disposal of obsolete pesticides and PCBs. Inventorying, Safeguarding and Managing POPs in Egypt Canada PoPs trust fund Project outcomes: This project will result in Status: Ongoing the development of a complete national inventory of obsolete pesticides and Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: PCBs that will include their location, $250,000 (USD) quantities, characteristics, condition and the priority of all of the sites. The Project objective: Egypt’s National inventory will assist Egypt in meeting the Implementation Plan established national conditions for their inclusion in the Africa priorities for completing inventories of Stockpiles Programme. Secondly, the POPs materials, planning their disposal and project will complete a study of the key launching a large-scale public awareness issues affecting the production of dioxins campaign. To assist Egypt in implementing and furans and review options for their the priority POPs activities identified in reduction. Lastly, the project will prepare its NIP, the Canada POPs Trust Fund has the foundation for a comprehensive supported a project to: i) to identify obsolete multi-year project to collect, remove and pesticides and PCBs in Egypt; ii) safeguard destroy PCB materials, including training high-risk stocks of obsolete pesticides and and awareness campaigns. p 20 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund sub-saHaran africa region Africa Africa Stockpiles Programme Status: Canada POPs Trust Fund portion of the overall project completed in December 2003 Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: to the highest levels of $350,000 (USD) national and international environmental compliance Project objective: Estimates indicate that and with a well developed approximately 50,000 tonnes of obsolete program for monitoring and pesticides and grossly contaminated evaluation. Both of these soils are scattered throughout Africa’s project activities were 53 countries. The Africa Stockpiles critical to ensuring the Africa Programme was proposed in 2000 by the Stockpiles Programme Pesticide Action Network and the World was developed to meet the Wildlife Fund to address the accumulation requirements of Africa and the of obsolete pesticide stockpiles across Stockholm Convention and other the continent. During this same period, related instruments. The activities negotiations for the Stockholm Convention funded by the Trust Fund were on Persistent Organic Pollutants were important in the Africa Stockpiles nearing conclusion. African countries were Programme being successful in seeking support with their POPs pesticides, obtaining support of over US$60 million recognizing they represent serious threats from the Global Environment Facility and to human health and the environment, and other donors. in particular, to the poorest of the poor. The Africa Stockpiles Programme is a multistakeholder initiative that seeks to Tanzania and bring together skills and expertise from a wide range of sources. It is estimated to be Kenya a 15-year undertaking that will implement a Recycling and Disposal of series of projects at an estimated clean up Insecticide Treated Nets Used for and prevention cost of US$250 million. Disease Vector Control Canada PoPs trust fund Project Status: Ongoing outcomes: The Canada POPs Trust Fund assisted the Africa Stockpiles Programme in Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: its early stages with grant monies to support $550,000 (USD) the involvement of a wide range of African stakeholders in the design of the program. Project objective: As part of its Global In addition, the Canadian funds were used Malaria Programme, the World Health to ensure that the program was developed Organization (WHO) has proposed total Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 21 sub-saHaran africa region coverage of all populations at risk of malaria the identification of preferred options for in areas targeted for malaria prevention with the systematic collection, disposal and Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets. The recycling of expired nets. Options and increased use of insecticide-treated nets is recommendations for subsequent action will consistent with WHO’s position of reducing be presented to the countries, the WHO reliance on DDT through the promotion of and other stakeholders. alternative products and methods. Approximately 130 million insecticide- Mozambique treated nets are currently in the field and a Pilot Study on Resistance Monitoring further 250 million will need to be delivered Program and Resistance Mapping/ prior to the end of 2010. Generally, the Decision Tool for Malaria Control effective use of insecticide-treated nets relies on their replacement after 3 to 5 Status: Ongoing years. There are significant environmental impacts of the millions of nets if they Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: are not disposed of or recycled in an $350,000 (USD) environmentally sound manner. Depending on the type of insecticide-treated net used, Project objective: It is estimated that nearly up to 40% of the full beginning-of-life dose 90 per cent of children in Mozambique are of pesticide may be left impregnated in the infected with malaria. In 2003, there were nets. Further, the amount of polymer in one over 5 million cases of malaria in that country. insecticide-treated net is approximately Mozambique is characterized by perennial 500g, so that the 250 million insecticide- malaria transmission, and Indoor Residual treated nets planned to be delivered will Spraying (IRS) will be used to reduce become over 1,000 metric tons of polymer malaria incidence in the seasons of highest waste. transmission. Under the President Malaria Initiative, USAID is assisting the Government Both public and private sector organizations of Mozambique in implementing an Indoor deliver insecticide-treated nets to Residual Spraying program using DDT, households. Effective delivery mechanisms bendiocarb and lambda-cyhalothrin to reduce are critical to ensuring total population malaria incidence in the season of highest coverage, proper use and maintenance of transmission. DDT, while controlled under the the nets and their timely replacement when Stockholm Convention is still used to control damaged, torn or at their expiration date. the spread of the disease as per The WHO The Canada POPs Trust Fund is supporting Study Group on Vector Control for Malaria a pilot project to determine how distribution and Other Mosquito-Borne Disease. This systems currently used for delivering IRS program will be part of other vector insecticide-treated nets can also be used to management measures supported and collect, recycle and dispose of expired nets. implemented by the Ministry of Health that The project will work in cooperation with include the distribution and use of bed nets. other similar programs such as the World Bank Malaria Booster Program. The Canada POPs Fund project is seeking to improve the efficacy of Indoor Residual Canada PoPs trust fund Project Spraying and to build capacity within the outcomes: This project will result in government to meet its obligations under p 22 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund sub-saHaran africa region the Stockholm Convention. The project is in three provinces in Mozambique. It will piloting a Resistance Monitoring Program develop a resistance management decision- and Resistance Mapping/Decision Tool for making tool to assist the government in Malaria Control that will identify risk areas for how to best target and manage its malaria insecticide resistance developing in malaria control program. It will work in cooperation mosquitoes as a result of intensified Indoor with several ongoing initiatives in the Residual Spraying activities in Mozambique. country and region. Specific outcomes It will provide tools, guidelines and will include: i) establishing a network to recommendations on how to delineate such assist provinces to monitor insecticide risk areas and on how to make judicious resistance and adopting a standardized use of available pesticides to reduce malaria protocol for monitoring insecticide incidence. These tools and guidelines will resistance in the targeted provinces; assist governmental agencies to introduce ii) building and strengthening national management strategies through inter- capacity for appropriate monitoring of the sectoral collaboration including resistance status of mosquito resistance; iii) utilizing management, surveillance programs and a Geographic Information System to map geographic information systems. the distribution of the mosquito species and their resistance based on relevant Canada PoPs fund Project outcomes: databases; iv) strengthening national This project is expected to make use capacity to manage pesticide use; and v) of an existing computerized spraying assisting with developing the action plan operations management system to pilot a to comply with the latest decisions on DDT Resistance Monitoring and Mapping tool under the Stockholm Convention. Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 23 sub-saHaran africa region Nigeria complement the work already undertaken. This information will be used to develop Development of a National a sound management plan for these Inventory of PCB and PCB- substances within the context of a national Containing Equipment upgrade of the country’s electric sector. Status: Completed Canada PoPs trust fund Project outcomes: The project resulted in the Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: identification of PCB stocks in Nigeria. $250,000 (USD) This inventory information will increase awareness of PCB-contaminated equipment Project objective: Nigeria’s NIP identified and stocks among key stakeholders and PCB management as a priority area, and support preliminary discussions on potential specified the need to complete a survey PCB management plans. In addition, the of existing stocks of PCBs in the country. baseline information obtained through the Although a PCB inventory has been inventory will serve as the basis of a GEF completed, it contains limited information project that will focus on the elimination of all on volumes of PCB stocks or on numbers PCB stocks in the country, consistent with of PCB-containing equipment. The the targets of the Stockholm Convention. Canada POPs Trust Fund supports the This GEF project will be complementary creation of an inventory of PCB oils and to a nation-wide electrification program, PCB-containing equipment in Nigeria to supported by the Government of Nigeria. euroPe and central asia region Republic of Moldova Project objective: The project objective was to build national capacity for identifying Remediation of POPs Pesticides and implementing cost-efficient technical Polluted Areas and Clean-up of solutions for remediation of areas PCB Contaminated Oil in Power polluted with POPs pesticides, including Equipment clean up of PCB-contaminated oil from power equipment. The project identified Status: Completed. several remediation techniques for areas contaminated by POPs pesticides, and Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: assessed their potential environmental and $ 401,200 (USD) health benefits. It then p 24 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund euroPe and central asia region applied these techniques on a number of selected sites. It also identified the most appropriate technique for decontamination of oils containing PCBs, taking into account technical, financial and economic, environmental and health aspects, and tested the selected techniques on power transformers. Finally, the project disseminated information at both national and international levels and provided training for site owners, equipment stakeholders and other interested parties. Canada PoPs trust fund Project outcomes: The major project outcome was the reduction of harm to human health and the environment. The project also improved decision-making and the sound management of chemicals at the national level. Finally, the project assisted in the development of best available technologies/ best environmental practices in these areas by testing and validating the selected remediation/clean-up technologies in Moldovan conditions, thus widening the range of available technologies/techniques on the market. Azerbaijan Caspian Regional POPs Project: Inventory and Preparation for the Elimination of POPs in Azerbaijan and Regional Coordination Status: Ongoing. and PCBs are stored, together with Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: suitable recommendations for their safe Total project cost is $300,000 (USD). The removal. This will involve verifying the budget for Azerbaijan is $200,000 (USD) existing historical data in the NIP and with $100,000 (USD) being directed to tracking down all other stockpiles of regional activities. POPs materials. In addition, this project will support efforts on a regional basis Project objective: This project will through the Caspian Environment Program develop a detailed inventory of all the sites to reduce further POPs contamination in Azerbaijan where obsolete pesticides of the Caspian Sea through sharing Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 25 euroPe and central asia region of information and resource materials Project objective: In response to developed in Azerbaijan, organizing regional the national priorities identified in workshops, and facilitating the participation Kazakhstan’s NIP, Canada POPs Trust of representatives from the other Caspian Fund resources have been allocated to states in training events to be held in fund the following studies: i) inventory Azerbaijan. A further objective of this project of disposal sites and PCB presence; is to develop a full-size follow-up project ii) environmental site investigations; iii) to support the removal and destruction of social and environmental assessments; the identified stockpiles of POPs materials, iv) training and knowledge transfer; and provide capacity building on technical, and v) project implementation options, administrative, and legal/policy aspects conceptual design and implementation (including enforcement) related to pesticide planning. The Canada POPs Trust Fund and PCB-related obligations that Azerbaijan will also support a rigorous analysis of all has as a Party to the Stockholm Convention. available disposal technology schemes Primary targets for the capacity-building according to international standards for activities will be key government officials the industry, including additional criteria and stakeholders involved in pesticide and such as cost, safety, emissions, risks, PCB management. etc. Further, the review of technologies for remediation and disposal will include Canada PoPs trust fund Project an assessment of their suitability for outcomes: The completion of this management of obsolete pesticides (e.g. project will directly assist Azerbaijan halogenated pesticides). In addition, while to comply with the core Stockholm brown-field development is not a main Convention requirements related to POPs objective, efforts will be made to explore pesticides and PCBs. This project will the potential for site redevelopment assist Azerbaijan to better understand the alternatives. distribution of and threats posed by POPs in the country and the corresponding Canada PoPs trust fund Project options for their safe collection and outcomes: The anticipated benefits disposal. Furthermore, it will facilitate of this project are, first, the reduction regional cooperation in the management of ongoing human health and of POPs through the dissemination of environmental threats from POPs information and sharing of expertise. through the prevention of future releases into the environment from obsolete stocks and wastes. Second, Republic of the establishment of a structured and well managed infrastructure for Kazakhstan managing the containment and disposal Containment and Elimination of POPs. In supporting this project, the Canada POPs Trust Fund will have Project for PCBs and Obsolete established a solid basis for the science Pesticides and governance structure which will be required in the coming years to Status: Ongoing successfully address the challenges presented by POPs in the Republic of Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: Kazakhstan. $460,000 (USD) p 26 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund soutH asia region South Asia The objective of this project Reducing Transboundary Pollution is to assist the from POPs, Toxic Substances and Governments Other Hazardous Materials from of Bangladesh, Ship Recycling in South Asia India, and Pakistan in strengthening Status: Ongoing their ability to work with the private sector to develop and Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: implement a Private Public Partnership $540,000 (USD) mechanism that will strengthen regulatory systems and improve work practices Project objective: The ship-breaking and as related to their respective ship- recycling industry is a major economic breaking and recycling activities. The activity and employment source in the project will include: i) regulating and region. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh managing the inflow of hazardous and account for nearly 70 per cent of all global toxic waste and other chemical waste; ship-breaking and recycling operations. ii) defining and adopting environmental The industry employs several million people and work safety standards and practices in the region both directly and through in line with the recommendations of the downstream operations and its activities relevant international bodies (e.g. the are expected to grow in the coming years Stockholm and the Basel Conventions, with the phasing-out of single hulled vessels the International Maritime Organization, by 2015. Each of the three countries and the International Labor Organization); has explicitly identified ship-breaking iii) establishing concrete incentive and recycling hazardous pollution as an mechanisms for the implementation environmental priority and ship-breaking and of these ship-breaking and recycling recycling is a well-recognized global source standards, including downstream of land and marine pollution. In addition, engagement of the ship-breaking and the industry’s highly toxic hazardous waste recycling customer base; and iv) as and associated occupational health hazards required, providing related hazardous pose significant local environmental, health waste management technical and and social concerns, as well as sub-regional infrastructure development assistance. pollution issues. The highly competitive nature of industry requires that solutions to Canada PoPs trust fund Project environmental and economic challenges be outcomes: The project will assist regional in scope to ensure a level playing governments and industry by engaging field for industry throughout the region. While them in an in-depth regional ship-breaking international efforts to date have established and recycling industry economic and a solid technical and policy dialogue, there financial analysis, conducting sample has been relatively little improvement in the environmental audits, and proactively implementation of environmental and social exploring private public partnerships guidelines at the work sites. options. In addition, the project will enable countries to improve their compliance with Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 27 soutH asia region South asia Ship breaking and recycling industry (Sbri) 70 per cent of global ship breaking and recycling occurs in this region 2000 single-hulled vessels are to be phased out globally by 2015 with many destined for South Asia 80 per cent of Bangladesh’s scrap steel requirements comes from domestic SBRI 200,000 Bangladeshis are indirectly employed in SBRI 160 operational SBRI plots are located in India—many of these in Gujarat where 40,000 direct workers and one half million indirect workers are employed the Stockholm and the Basel Conventions, sectors, as well as other international as well as the coming International Marine partners, the project is also expected to Organization ship-breaking and recycling outline priority areas and opportunities industry Convention. Working with the for future donor involvement in this area, national government, the ship-breaking and including the establishment of specific recycling industry and the steel industry partnership mechanisms. east asia and Pacific region China cost and ease of application have led to widespread use in termite management. Alternatives for Termite Despite increased use of less toxic Control termiticides in recent years, chlordane and mirex is still widely used. In March 2002 Status: Completed the Canada POPs Trust Fund provided financing to the State Environmental Canada PoPS trust Protection Administration of China to study fund Project Cost: and examine alternatives to mirex and $250,000 (USD) chlordane and to assist in the identification of integrated pest management as an Project objective: Since effective alternative to chemical-based their introduction several termite control. decades ago, chlordane and mirex have been widely Canada PoPs trust fund Project used in China for termite outcomes: The study developed an prevention and control. Integrated Pest Management strategy Their effectiveness, framework for the termite control industry persistence, low in China. The framework is flexible enough to enable adjustments to meet specific needs in each of the demonstration provinces. The work was completed in 2003 with a final report issued in 2005. The results of this study supported a US$28M Global Environment Facility project which p 28 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund east asia and Pacific region demonstrated these alternative approaches in three provinces with among the highest Thailand production and consumption of chlordane National Inventory of Crematoria and mirex. and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of a Crematorium Indonesia Center in Thailand Development of an Inventory of Status: Ongoing Dioxins and Furans from the Textile and Pulp and Paper Industries in Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: Indonesia $270,500 (USD) Status: Ongoing Project objective: There are approximately 28,000 temples with crematoria throughout Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: Thailand, with an average of over 300,000 $330,000 (USD) cremations annually. Many facilities do not have pollution control equipment. Studies Project objective: The NIP estimated undertaken in 2003-2004 at selected total emissions of dioxins and furans in the facilities in the Bangkok area found that year 2000 were 7352 g TEQ (international there were severe impacts on urban air toxics equivalent). Emissions from the pollution and associated health risks textile and pulp and paper industries existed. Based on inventories from 2005, accounted for over 60 per cent of this the annual release of dioxins and furans total. To begin to better manage and from crematoria was ranked the sixth reduce emissions from both of these highest source of these pollutants to all sectors, the Canada POPs Trust Fund is media and the fourth highest to air. supporting a project to evaluate emissions of dioxins and furans. To assist in addressing these issues, funds allocated by the Canada POPs Trust Fund Canada PoPs trust fund Project are supporting a project to: i) conduct an outcomes: This project will significantly inventory for baseline data of crematoria in increase the understanding within the Thailand; ii) conduct confirmatory studies Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Industry to revise and determine the emission and among pulp and paper industry factors for dioxins and furans and other managers of best available techniques and pollutants released from crematoria; iii) best environmental practices consistent assess the health risks and environmental with the provisions of the Stockholm effects caused by dioxins and furans and Convention. Furthermore, the project will other pollutant releases from crematoria support ongoing government activities as a basis for the development of relevant related to the development of national policies, standards and control measures; regulations to control these emissions and iv) conduct a feasibility study for the and increase the capacity of government establishment of a pilot cremation center officials and laboratory staff to better in Thailand that employs best available manage these substances in such areas as technologies and best environmental sampling and analysis. practices to reduce unintentional releases of POPs and other air pollutants as well as Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 29 east asia and Pacific region addition, China, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam are actively participating in project activities specific to transboundary POPs issues in order to share specific project outcomes and results. All eight countries have made progress in meeting their Stockholm Convention obligations. This project is intended to complement the National Implementation Plan process by addressing three limitations to the required standard methodologies: (i) prioritizing among POPs issues; (ii) managing chemicals beyond POPs (i.e. POPs-like achieve operational sustainability in terms of chemicals); and (iii) harnessing regional energy savings and operating costs. cooperation for POPs and other chemicals management. It is planned that the project Canada PoPs trust fund Project will strengthen the capacity of govern outcomes: The project will build on the ment agencies responsible for POPs by: National Implementation Plan for Thailand i) assisting countries to better evaluate and on the East and South East Asia best health risks of POPs by assessing one available technologies/best environmental selected existing hotspot and exposed practices Regional Action Plan to reduce populations; ii) enhancing risk management the environmental impact of POPs capacities and strategies (i.e. develop according to the Stockholm Convention. a health risk management toolkit); and The project will also serve as a model iii) engaging in regional cooperation on that can be applied to other developing transboundary POPs issues such as export/ countries such as Cambodia and Laos with import issues, disposal, biomonitoring similar cultural and religious practices. techniques and knowledge networks. Canada PoPs trust fund Project East Asia and outcomes: This project will result in a better understanding of the use of health Pacific risk based approach to the management of POPs and other chemicals by government Regional Capacity Development officials and policy makers responsible for Program for the Management of POPs management. It will enhance the Health Risks of POPs ability of key decision-makers to better prioritize POPs interventions in order to Status: Ongoing reduce local health impacts, especially on the poor and vulnerable. In addition, the Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: project will establish links to the broader $875,000 (USD) chemical management agenda and, as a result, better position the region for Project objective: The four countries future bilateral or multilateral institutional included in this regional project include assistance and support. Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia and Thailand. In p 30 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund global Projects Global important “platform� respecting alternatives to DDT. Availability of viable alternatives Public-Private Partnership Initiative and cost of shifting to newer alternatives is on Alternatives to DDT for Disease often cited as a major constraint to phasing Vector Control (Malaria) out DDT. A number of organizations involved in Malaria and other vector borne Status: Commenced October 2007 – disease control are looking at the cost 5 years in duration. effectiveness of alternatives compared to DDT. Under this PPP project, the World Canada PoPs trust fund Project Costs: Bank is engaging with key stakeholders $1 million (USD) to be part of the most significant efforts to develop new active ingredients Project objective: In 2007, the and formulations. Innovative financing Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm mechanisms are being considered to Convention on POPs called for prompt support the development of alternatives action to assist countries to find safe, to DDT in close collaboration with the appropriate and cost-effective alternatives Gates Foundation and the Innovative to DDT for disease vector control. This Vector Control Consortium (IVCC). IVCC project, which focuses on one of the five is a major research consortium working platforms within the new US $10 million on developing new management tools for Public Private Partnership (PPP) Initiative, major vector-borne diseases. seeks to respond to the call for action by the Conference of the Parties. The objective Canada PoPs trust fund Project of this project is to create new options for outcomes: Support from the Canada disease vector control to assist countries POPs Trust Fund will assist with the to safely move away from the use of DDT design and effective implementation of and support the goals of the Stockholm this initiative to promote innovation in the Convention on eventual DDT phase out. area of the development of alternatives The Alternatives to DDT for Disease Vector to DDT for disease vector control, with Control initiative will examine the possibility a particular focus on malaria. The grant of using an innovative investment approach from the Canada POPs Trust Fund will of US $10 million (US $5 million from the also help support the conduct of related Global Environment Facility (GEF) and economic and other studies to support US $5 million in matching funds including the development of alternatives and their monies from the Canada POPs Fund) to effective use. It is expected that, in the near stimulate development of alternatives to to medium term, one or more alternatives DDT to be adapted to diverse developing will be examined in one or more countries. country conditions. The longer term expected outcome will be a reduction of the use of DDT for disease The grant from the Canadian POPs Trust vector control without adverse impacts on Fund will provide substantial co-financing human health. for the design and implementation of this Section 3: Overview of the Canada POPs Trust Fund and Selected Portfolio Highlights of World Bank Projects p 31 Section 4 lessons learned the Canada PoPS truSt fund Another kind of project that has remained waS eStabliShed by Cida with a staple for the Canada POPs Trust the world banK in marCh 2000 Fund has targeted support for the to support capacity building to reduce or implementation of NIPs through, for eliminate the release of POPs in developing instance, targeted early assistance countries and countries with economies in in vital areas such as institutional transition. The principal objective of the Trust capacity building in specific technical Fund was the provision of financial support and scientific areas. Examples of these for projects that provide technical expertise, projects were the Colombia remediation knowledge and access to technology pilot studies, the China termite control required to enable and equip developing project, the PCB inventories in Nigeria, countries and economies in transition to the evaluation of dioxins and furans build their own capacity to address POPs emissions from the pulp and paper sector issues. Since its inception, the World Bank in Indonesia and the Azerbaijan/Caspian and the Canada POPs Trust Fund have been Sea regional POPs project. active in over 30 countries in all regions of the world, providing financial support for over Beginning in 2006, while the focus 50 projects implemented through or under on projects directed to improving the the auspices of the World Bank. management of POPs continued, this focus on the “good governance niche� In the first two to three years following its grew to include increased emphasis on inception, many of the projects undertaken creating partnerships in larger projects with support from the Canada POPs where, through opportunities to leverage Trust Fund focused on good governance greater support, the overall long-term and public information. Projects were results could be much greater than intended to assist national governments what would be possible through the in countries such as Uruguay, Yemen, Trust Fund by itself. There are many Jordan and Moldova to better understand examples of these kinds of projects. the effects of the Stockholm Convention, For instance, the Trust Fund partnered identify comprehensive management with the World Health Organization approaches to address the effects of POPs, on a project to recycle and dispose of and build foundations for the subsequent insecticide treated nets used for disease development of country-specific National vector control. With bilateral donors Implementations Plans. During this period, a such as GEF and NATO, remediation number of projects focused on educational of POPs pesticides polluted areas programs such as those under the Peru- occurred in Moldova. The Canada POPs Andean Farming Communities project, Trust Fund worked with major private which increased public awareness of the institutions and foundations such as the adverse effect of POPs on human health Gates Foundation to create a public/ and the environment. private partnership on alternatives to p 32 DDT. In each of these projects, the support successful in meeting country priorities and provided by Trust Fund was a small part of developing local knowledge. Projects of this a much larger financial venture. However, nature rely heavily on the active involvement the resources provided were often critical of local officials and experts as well as and either led to the larger project being local organizations. Successful examples implemented or to the inclusion of an of projects that have been small in size and important element in the larger project. that have met the unusual characteristics In all, using the partnership approach, of national situations include the project Canada POPs Trust Fund resources have in Peru where the project focused on contributed to the co-financing of projects POPs and hazardous pesticides in Andean worth an estimated $575 million USD farming communities, researching current for POPs related activities throughout pesticide uses by farmers and informing the developing world and countries with farmers of the health and environmental economies in transition. risks of pesticides. In reviewing and evaluating project activities 2. Early momentum and removal and programs, determining lessons learned of barriers: the Canada POPs Trust can be valuable in order to replicate Fund has demonstrated an ability to move successes and avoid failures in the future. quickly to mobilize funding on a country’s Presented below are four key lessons priorities and as such has assisted in learned from Canada POPs Trust Fund generating early momentum and in raising supported projects implemented by the awareness that action is necessary. World Bank: 1. Flexibility and responsiveness: “In all, using the partnership approach, Canada the Canada POPs Trust Fund model has demonstrated its ability to be flexible and POPs Trust Fund resources have contributed to responsive to a country’s situation and the co-financing of projects worth an estimated requirements. $575 million USD for POPs related activities The ability to put a project in place in a timely manner is key to responding to a throughout the developing world and countries country’s need for prompt action to address with economies in transition.� POPs. As a result of program modalities, larger funding mechanisms often encounter difficulties commencing projects in a timely Implementation of the Stockholm way. The effective and efficient use of the Convention requires a significant level Canada POPs Trust Fund by the World of institutional, scientific and technical Bank has allowed countries to rapidly capacity. The Convention provides a respond to and address POPs priorities. framework for the management of POPs This capacity to respond quickly to identified by identifying necessary capacities to needs has been recognized as a major meet these management challenges. The benefit of the Canada POPs Trust Fund. operational requirements specified include: creating inventories; monitoring emissions; Although often difficult to assess, smaller- tracking imports and exports of hazardous scale country targeted projects have proven chemicals; and compliance promotion, Section 4: Lessons Learned p 33 training, inspection and enforcement. Taken the Trust Fund. Examples of projects such as a whole, these operational requirements as these can be seen in projects in the comprise an environmental protection Arab Republic of Egypt, Caribbean Region, program. Colombia, Mexico, Lebanon, Tanzania and Kenya among others. However, the Canada The Stockholm Convention recognizes that POPs Trust Fund involvement in the Africa many developing country Parties often can Stockpiles Programme (ASP) is perhaps benefit from assistance to strengthen their the best example of the Canada POPs Trust environmental programs and to better inform Fund taking advantage of an opportunity to the scientific, technical and administrative leverage results much larger than it would capacities. In keeping with the provisions of have been possible to effect by itself. In this the Convention to provide new and additional case, while the Canada POPs Trust Fund resources to assist developing countries resources allocated to support the ASP and economies in transition to meet the have totaled just over $650,000, the Africa obligations of the Convention, the World Stockpiles Programme has become a multi- Bank and the Canada POPs Trust Fund agency GEF-financed initiative with over have moved quickly to support countries to $60 million from the GEF and other donors. address many of these gaps, to build local knowledge and generate momentum and In all, using the partnership approach, to raise awareness for action. Examples Canada POPs Trust Fund resources have of such projects are apparent throughout contributed to the co-financing of projects the Trust Fund project lists. The project in worth an estimated $575 million USD Chile supported the country to develop and for POPs related activities throughout maintain a Pollutant Release and Transfer the developing world and countries with Registry (PRTR). The Caribbean region was economies in transition. provided support to undertake environmental monitoring by way of a blood monitoring 4. Small efforts can be building study to assess exposure to POPs and by blocks for greater results: specific enhancing regional laboratory capacities. projects with limited goals can often lead Building administrative and operational to or provide the basis for additional, more capacity in countries such as the Philippines complex POPs related initiatives. and China occurred through experts workshops for government officials and As previously indicated, World Bank experts at the national and sub-national levels. implemented Canada POPs Trust Fund projects have, in keeping with the main 3. Leveraging resources: small-scale thrust of the program, been relatively small projects can be effective in leveraging scale projects that have been responsive in substantial amounts of co-financing if not nature and worked toward building capacity. directly for the project itself, then for follow- Such projects have often had goals that are up projects that build on the results of the limited in scope in and of themselves. Many project. of these projects have, however, become a major element or the building block for The World Bank and the Canada POPs a larger project or program that has been Trust Fund have been very successful in created, in whole or in part, on the basis of leveraging funds and forging partnerships the results of the Canada POPs Trust Fund to catalyze efforts far beyond the reach of supported project. p 34 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund Many of these subsequent, often and mirex. Another example is the project larger projects have been supported in Thailand to develop sound cremation by donor agencies, the GEF or by practices with a focus on releases of national governments that have seen the dioxins and furans from crematoria. This opportunities established by the original project is a model that can be applied Canada POPs Trust Fund project. Through to other countries with similar social and the additional efforts, achievement of the cultural practices anywhere in the world. goals defined by the original project are reinforced and sustained. Several examples In conclusion, the Canada POPs Trust Fund from among the project list demonstrate has been effective in supporting countries this characteristic of the Canada POPs and regions to adopt and implement good Trust Fund. An example is the project governance practices that are enabling in China to study alternatives to mirex them to build solid foundations for future and chlordane for termite control and to actions and to meet the obligations of the develop an Integrated Pest Management Stockholm Convention. Further, the Canada strategy framework for the Chinese termite POPs Trust Fund has shown that trust control industry. The results of this study funds of this nature can have leveraging supported a project that demonstrated capacity which vastly increases their reach these alternative approaches in three and benefits especially when relatively small Chinese provinces with among the highest contributions catalyze larger, complex, multi- production and consumption of chlordane year and multi-partner projects. Section 4: Lessons Learned p 35 The Canada POPs Trust Fund and the World Bank reducing and eliminating PoPs tHrougHout tHe world region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives latin america and Caribbean region Chile Update of inventory of PCB oils and PCB-contaminated Potential follow up project is equipment to complement a preliminary inventory done during the expected, that will aim at eliminating preparation of the National Implementation Plan (NIP). all PCB stocks in the country, in $175K (USD) compliance with requirements of the Stockholm Convention. Chile Implementation of national POPs inventory and reporting program Total project costs to date are in the -Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry - to meet the obligations order of $1M (USD) including 40% of the Stockholm Convention and to support tracking of progress, of national co-financing and 60% information exchange and public awareness. of international funding. Canadian $250K (USD) resources amounted to roughly 44%. Colombia The project was part of a program including: i) preparation of Total project costs were in the order NIP; ii) building capacity to implement NIP; and iii) completion of of $1M with the Canada POPs Trust a pilot study to assess the extent of contamination and costs for Fund providing approximately 25% of remediation techniques at contaminated sites. The Canada POPs the total project costs and the GEF Trust Fund project supported the pilot study. and the Government of Colombia $226K (USD) providing the remainder. Mexico Blood monitoring study in Mexico assessed exposure to POPs Working with the North American as part of a tri-national human blood biomonitoring project in Commission for Environmental Canada, Mexico and the United States. Project objective was to Cooperation (CEC), the Canada obtain an initial profile of first birth mother exposure to POPs and POPs Trust Fund supported the toxic metals as the basis for an integrated baseline to be used efforts in Mexico while Canada and to determine priorities for, and track progress in, management the USA worked cooperatively to of these substances domestically and on a broader cooperative develop, simultaneously and using basis within North America. their own resources, a comparable $100K (USD) population exposure profile. Peru A project on POPs and hazardous pesticides in Andean farming This project promoted dialogue with communities to research current pesticide uses by farmers and to farming communities and agricultural raise awareness among farmers of the health and environmental centers, and some lessons learnt have risks of pesticides. been incorporated in later World Bank $60K (USD) country initiatives. Caribbean Needs assessment to enhance dialogue in the region on POPs This consultation led to later GEF and toxic chemical issues with a focus on developing and financed projects involving UN delivering technical assistance programs. implementing agencies. $40K (USD) Caribbean Project including Belize, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, This project built on the Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad & Tobago that Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System focussed on POPs in the coastal marine environment. The project (MBRS) GEF project in Mexico, built public support for ratification and implementation of the Belize, Guatemala and Honduras, Stockholm Convention, enhanced analytical laboratory capacity and the Integrating Watershed and through assistance, training and QA/QC assessment, helped to Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) develop and execute NIPs, created networks among managers, in the Small Island Development laboratories and governments, increased scientific knowledge and States (SIDS) of the Caribbean, a strengthened national capacities to meet Convention obligations GEF project in Dominican Republic, and to support the Global Monitoring Program. Jamaica, St. Lucia and Trinidad & $430K (USD) Tobago, plus other countries. p 36 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives Caribbean Monitoring human exposure to POPs in 15 Caribbean countries The project built on ongoing work by collecting and analyzing 50 maternal blood samples in each done by the International Development CARICOM country for both legacy POPs and other compounds. Research Center (IDRC) Teasdale- Objective was to provide baseline data about contaminant Corti (T-C) as a component of the exposure in the region, as well as insight into new and emerging Caribbean EcoHealth Programme issues of interest to policy makers. The project contributed to (CEHP). strengthening human resources in the region, building laboratory capacity, and increasing public, industry and governmental awareness, participation and risk communication in the region. $275K (USD) Latin Capacity building to develop a strategic framework and actions to Awareness raising and consultation America and undertake in support of the Stockholm Convention in the region. projects that contributed to promoting Caribbean $209K (USD) the Convention and led to region-wide GEF financed projects. middle east and north africa region Arab Republic Update of preliminary inventory of PCBs and major obsolete Work on this project will lead to Egypt of Egypt POPs pesticides, as well as assessing major dioxin and furan being included in the GEF Africa emissions sources from the industrial sector. Stockpile Program as well as funding $250K (USD) from GEF for further efforts to reduce and eliminate POPs. The estimated amount of an associated GEF full-size project is $24M (USD). Lebanon Project activities included completion of inventory of PCB oils This project created the basis for a and PCB-containing equipment, removal and destruction of full-size investment project (funded approximately 25 high priority tonnes of PCB stocks, completion of by the GEF and other funding a preliminary environmental and health assessment of the site at the agencies) to enable destruction of Bauchrieh transformer repair area. identified PCB containing wastes and $250K (USD) remediation of PCB contaminated sites. The estimated amount of an associated GEF full-size project is $10M (USD). Sub-Saharan africa region Mozambique Improvement of the efficacy of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Complimentary funding from USAID. in Mozambique while building capacity within the government Results are expected to be replicated to address its obligations under the Stockholm Convention in other African countries combating through piloting a Resistance Monitoring Program and Resistance Malaria. Mapping/Decision Tool for Malaria control. In addition, the project supported the Vector and Environmental Management Plans by limiting exposure of humans and the environment to a variety of chemicals, including DDT through enhancing the ability to target pesticide applications for malaria control and better management of chemical use, handling and storage. $350K (USD) Nigeria Update of preliminary inventory of PCB oils and PCB-containing This project created the basis for equipment that was completed under NIP. Project also aimed a full-size investment project to at developing a sound chemicals management plan for these enable destruction of identified PCB substances. containing wastes. Expected amount $250K (USD) of funding that will be received from GEF is $7M (USD). Country co- financing will be provided by national electrification program. Table: Reducing and Eliminating POPs throughout the World p 37 region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives Sub-Saharan africa region (cont.) Tanzania and Pilot project related to the recycling/disposal of Insecticide-Treated Private sector co-financing of the Kenya Nets (ITNs) and Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets (LNs) used project expected, from manufacturers for malaria control. The project will enable the development of life- of ITNs. Results are expected to be cycle approach to the use of insecticide-treated nets. replicated in other African countries $550K (USD) combating Malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa Stockpile Programme (ASP): The Canada POPs Fund The ASP is a multi-agency financed Africa assisted the ASP in its preliminary stages with design support, initiative (over US$60 million from development of the process for preparing tiered environmental the GEF and other donors) to assessments for country programs, development of specific remove obsolete pesticides from implementation plans to be prepared by countries and support all of the countries in Africa and to nations to meet the requirements established by the GEF for develop strategies to prevent their participation in the Africa Stockpile Program. re-accumulation. $656K (USD) europe and Central asia region Azerbaijan- The project will determine the location, amounts, characteristics, Project is linked to $172M (USD) Caspian Sea condition and priority of POPs materials storage sites in the World Bank loan to the Government central cotton-growing region in Azerbaijan in order to design of Azerbaijan under the Absheron appropriate activities for their clean up and remediation and/ Rehabilitation Program. Additional or for the removal and destruction of the POPs materials. This resources from the GEF in the order project also contributed to improved POPs management in of $5M (USD) are also expected for all the Caspian littoral countries through regional workshops PCB and pesticide disposal. and information sharing as well as supporting efforts under the Caspian Environment Programme to reduce further POPs contamination of the Caspian Sea. $300K (USD) Kazakhstan Investments in the management (collection, containment, Project is laying some of the treatment) of PCB containing equipment (PCB equipment), foundations for a $100M (USD) PCB containing waste and obsolete pesticides in Kazakhstan by World Bank loan to the Government establishing infrastructure to contain, store, treat and dispose of of Kazakhstan. A grant for US$15M obsolete pesticides, PCB equipment and PCB waste through: from the GEF will also be requested (i) Removal and Destruction of PCB equipment; (ii) Management for PCB disposal and cleanup work. of PCB Waste; and (iii) Removal of Obsolete Pesticides. $460K (USD) Moldova Support for the development of the National Implementation Plan Moldovan NIP implemented by the required for compliance with the Stockholm Convention World Bank with support from the $17K (USD) GEF—$0.45M (USD). Action plans led to later GEF-financed full size project. Moldova Management and disposal of stockpiles of POPs pesticides Project provided co-financing for and PCBs by: (i) managing and destroying POPs (incineration a $13M (USD) program for POPs of approximately 1,150 tonnes of stockpiled POP obsolete management and destruction in pesticides (out of the total 3,000 tonnes) at 10 sites posing the Moldova. Other funding agencies highest risk to the environment and human health and financing a including GEF ($6.4M US), NATO detailed inventory of PCB-containing or contaminated equipment and other EU countries. including appropriate labeling and identification of premises where the equipment is located); (ii) strengthening the regulatory framework capacity for POPs management; and (iii) institution strengthening and project management. $401K (USD) p 38 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives Russian Support for the development of the National Implementation Plan Dialogue and consultation led to later Federation/ required for compliance with the Stockholm Convention. UN agency project financed by the Ukraine $50K (USD) GEF. Europe and The proposed project includes activities in the Kyrgyz Republic, Project is expected to leverage Central Asia Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with the following objectives: (i) to GEF and regional financing for a characterize and prioritize POPs-contaminated sites by risk level; full-size project involving treatment (ii) to develop remedial alternatives that represent a range of and disposal of POPs contaminated feasible and cost-effective actions at priority sites; (iii) to identify wastes in ECA. environmentally sound and cost effective elimination options for safeguarded stocks of POPs and contaminated waste; and (iv) to promote technical information exchange in the region on obsolete pesticide management and site remediation. $650K (USD) South asia region Bangladesh Build capacity in the safe management and phase out of PCBs Lessons learnt from this project built within the electricity sector. into various World Bank country $200K (USD) initiatives. Bangladesh, The project intends to reduce transboundary pollution from Consultations and regional dialogue Pakistan, India POPs, toxic substances and other hazardous materials resulting promoted through this project are from ship recycling in South East Asia by analyzing options expected to be crucial to future and engaging public and private stakeholders together for the financing alternatives for the sound establishment of public-private partnerships in support of ILO and management of the ship breaking IMO Conventions. industry. $540K (USD) India The project supported capacity building in India to develop a Dialogue and consultations raised strategic framework and a National Action Plan for the Stockholm awareness on the Stockholm Convention. Convention and resulted in later $191K (USD) enabling activities financed by the GEF and implemented by UN agencies. Pakistan Ship breaking practices in Gadani beach, Balochistan are the Project is linked to a $30M (USD) largest source of pollution in this part of Pakistan. This project will World Bank Technical Assistance loan be implemented in conjunction with the regional ship breaking aimed at institutional strengthening and recycling initiative, and will demonstrate environmental for the implementation of the National management systems specifically applicable to the ship breaking Environmental Policy. industry. $150K (USD) South Asia Capacity strengthening to develop regional approaches to Awareness raising and consultation POPs management particularly in the context of developing and that contributed to promoting the delivering technical assistance programs. Convention and led to region-wide $40K (USD) GEF financed projects. east asia and Pacific region China Assessment of best available technologies and best environmental Project will provide the foundations practices (BAT/BEP) for non-wood fiber mills. Project will help for an estimated $20M (USD) GEF- China to mobilize broad support for the sector’s efforts to reduce supported full size project. dioxin and furan emissions in the pulp and paper sector, and to develop a monitoring and evaluation plan. $400K (USD) Table: Reducing and Eliminating POPs throughout the World p 39 region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives east asia and Pacific region (cont.) China This pilot study investigated POPs exposure and consequent Lessons learnt from this project built adverse effects, with special emphasis on the health of women into various World Bank country and children. initiatives. $179K (USD) China The project prepared and implemented a major China POPs Awareness raising and consultation workshop to engage the country in the Stockholm Convention that contributed to promoting the obligations. Convention and led to World Bank $64K (USD) and UN implemented GEF financed projects. China Five workshops in key provinces and government ministries were implemented to build capacity and raise awareness regarding compliance with the Stockholm Convention obligations. $304K (USD) China Assessment of alternatives to mirex and chlordane for termite The results of this study supported control in China and developed an Integrated Pest Management a US$28M GEF project which strategy framework for the Chinese termite control industry. demonstrated these alternative $250K (USD) approaches in two provinces with among the highest production and consumption of chlordane and mirex. China The project promoted awareness of PCB issues in China and Results of this study supported a developed capacity to gather inventory information for PCBs, US$32M GEF PCB management and establish and inspect safe storage sites for PCBs, assess PCB disposal project. destruction technologies, and to collect environmental samples and work safely with potentially contaminated equipment and sites. A training program for all of these skills was initiated and the basis for ongoing training programs in China was laid down. $175K (USD) Indonesia Project objectives include: i) to evaluate emissions of dioxins and Potential follow up project is expected, furans from pulp and paper industries in order to recommend best that will aim at reducing and/or available technologies and best environmental practices (BAT/ eliminating dioxin and furan emissions BEP) for the sector; ii) to support the development of new national from the pulp and paper sector, in regulations dealing with dioxins and furans; and iii) to increase compliance with requirements of the the capability of government officials and laboratory personnel to Stockholm Convention. manage dioxins and furans emissions. $300K (USD) Indonesia The project will carry out public awareness and dissemination Awareness raising and consultations activities targeted to government officials in provinces across that will contribute to promoting the country to raise awareness on the commitments under the the Stockholm Convention and will Stockholm Convention and to start the consensus building to potentially lead to other World Bank develop regulations. implemented projects. $100K (USD) Philippines Evaluation and monitoring of dioxin and furan emissions from open Project results will support the burning of municipal and agricultural waste. Activities also include preparation of $27M (USD) GEF an assessment of the risks to population exposed to these types project for the integrated management of emissions. of POPs. $250K (USD) Philippines Workshop for legislators and parliamentarians to support Awareness raising and consultation compliance on the obligations of the Stockholm Convention. that contributed to promoting the $40K (USD) Convention and led to World Bank and UN implemented GEF financed projects. p 40 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives Thailand The project aims at developing sound cremation practices with a Model developed for crematoria in focus on releases of dioxins and furans from existing crematoria Thailand can be applied to other by: i) conducting an inventory for baseline data of crematories countries with similar social and in Thailand; ii) determining the emission factors for dioxins and cultural practices. furans and other pollutants released from crematoria; iii) assessing the health risks and environmental effects caused by dioxins and furans emissions from crematoria as a basis for the development of relevant policies, standards and control measures; and iv) conducting a feasibility study for the establishment of a pilot cremation center in Thailand that employs BAT/BEP to reduce unintentional releases of POPs. $270K (USD) Vietnam Project will focus on management of POPs and other chemicals Results of the project will be the within the context of hazardous industrial waste. Work focuses on basis for a planned World Bank loan inventories of specific areas/sector, identification of strategies for for management of industrial wastes, sound management and costing. consistent with national hazardous $250K (USD) waste policies. Vietnam Evaluation of PCB-contaminated equipment and media and Project results are supporting the assessment of PCB management and disposal options for preparation of $18M (USD) GEF Vietnam by: (a) categorizing PCB regulated materials; (b) project for the sound management of assessing inventory, testing and safe storage of PCB regulated PCBs in Vietnam. materials; (c) determining practices to avoid PCB contamination; (d) assessing environmentally sound treatment and disposal of PCBs regulated materials; (e) training employees to safely handle and respond to emergencies and spills of PCBs; and (f) training laboratory personnel on proper analytical procedures for measuring PCB regulated materials. $250K (USD) East Asia In Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Thailand, the project built Promotion of risk-based approach for capacity for risk assessment of POPs by developing a toolkit to environmental management, at the evaluate and manage potential risks of exposure to POPs from regional level. Methodology may be contaminated hotspots. The project also focused on promoting integrated in all types of environmental awareness raising and capacity building on the risks of exposure projects. to POPs and on establishing priority actions aimed at limiting risks of exposure. $875K (USD) global Projects Public/Private Partnership Initiative: Alternatives to DDT for Disease Vector Total project investment is $10 million Control. with $5 million from the GEF and $5 The Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on POPs called for million in matching funds compiled prompt action on the issue of helping countries find safe, appropriate and cost- from agencies and funds like the effective alternatives to DDT for disease vector control. This project—a platform Canada POPs Fund and private within the new US$10 million Public Private Partnership Initiative—will work to foundations to create a public/private respond to this call for action. The goal of the project is to create new options for partnership. disease vector control to help countries to safely move away from the use of DDT and support the goals of the Stockholm Convention on eventual DDT phase out. This initiative will look at the possibility of using an innovative investment approach of US$10 million (US$5 million from GEF and US$5 million in matching funds) to stimulate development of alternatives to DDT to be adapted to diverse developing country conditions. $1,000K (USD) Table: Reducing and Eliminating POPs throughout the World p 41 region/ Selected project and results Co-financing mobilized and Country follow up initiatives POPs Forum Experts Workshop General public awareness project The workshop brought together experts from around the world to transfer that contributed to promoting knowledge and develop capacity for national compliance with Stockholm the objectives of the Stockholm Convention obligations. Convention. $57K (USD) Sharing Results of 23,000 Chemicals Categorization. General public awareness project The project shared the results of the Canadian categorization of 23,000 existing that contributed to promoting the chemicals in commerce. The existing chemicals have been categorized using objectives a sound approach to environment and human health criteria. The project provided guidance on how to chemicals management. improve national chemical profiles and on policies related to developing countries. $98K (USD) p 42 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund Endnotes 1 World Bank, The Global Pursuit of the Sound Management of Chemicals, Part One, February 2004, page xiii. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOPS/ Publications/20486416/GlobalPursuitofSoundManagementofChemicals2004/Pages/ To67.pdf 2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Chemical Program. http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/aboutpbt.htm 3 Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Toxic Chemicals and Children’s Health in North America: A Call for Efforts to Determine the Sources, Levels of Exposure, and Risks that Industrial Chemicals Pose to Children’s Health, page 12. http://www.cec.org/ files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/CHE_TOXICS_en.pdf 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA’s 2007 Report on the Environment: Science Report (SAB Review Draft); Chapter 5, Human Health. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=140917 5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, Chapter Four Toxic Contaminants. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/ glat-ch4.html#8 6 Commission for Environmental Cooperation 2006, Toxic Chemicals and Children’s Health in North America: A Call for Efforts to Determine Sources, Levels of Exposure, and Risks that Industrial Chemicals Pose to Children’s Health, Montreal, page 3. http:// www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/CHE_Toxics_en.pdf 7 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Listing of Fish Advisories, General Fact Sheet: 2005/06 National Listing. Fact Sheet; July 2007. http://www.epa.gov/ waterscience/fish/advisories/2006/index.html#bioaccum 8 Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Report (1997); Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Page 9. http://www.amap.no/ 9 U.S. EPA. The Great Lakes Atlas: Chapter Four. The Great Lakes Today – Concerns. 7. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch4.html 10 Commission for Environmental Cooperation 2006, Toxic Chemicals and Children’s Health in North America: A Call for Efforts to Determine Sources, Levels of Exposure, and Risks that Industrial Chemicals Pose to Children’s Health, Montreal page 12. http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/CHE_TOXICS_en.pdf 11 Source: Environment Canada. The Science and the Environment Bulletin. May/June 1998. The Grasshopper Effect and Tracking Hazardous Air Pollutants http://www.ec.gc. ca/science/sandemay/PrintVersion/print2_e.html 12 U.S., Canada and Mexico Take Lead to Manage Industrial Chemicals; Release date: 08/21/2007 http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0cd7fdf95b701616852572a00 0658ef2/77660c0da9fe643e8525733e0065d48b!OpenDocument p 43 13 United Nations Environment Programme, Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention, 2008. http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en-US/Default.aspx 14 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, http://www.pops.int/ 15 Guidance for Developing a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, May 2005. 16 The original CPF Administrative Agreement was amended in December 2006 to alter various activity related aspects of the Fund and a number of other administrative and program considerations. 17 Le Groupe-conseil Baastel ltée. Evaluation of the Canada POPs Trust Fund (CPF) World Bank. Final Evaluation Report. July 21, 2006. 18 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes. The Convention has 170 Parties and aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous and other wastes. The Basel Convention came into force in 1992. http://www.basel.int/ p 44 Canada and the World Bank Achieving Results: The Canada POPs Trust Fund The principal author of this report is Christopher F. Hanlon. The World Bank’s Task Manager was Catalina Marulanda from the Montreal Protocol and POPs Unit of the Environment Department. Special thanks to Steve Gorman, Ellen Tynan and Abdelaziz Lagnaoui, who provided valuable input to the final report. We are grateful to Joyce Petruzzelli of GSD Printing and Graphics for art direction and to The Word Express, Inc. for production and typography. The report was printed by District Creative Printing, Inc. Photos are courtesy of the World Bank Photo Archive unless otherwise specified. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, to the members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Printed in the United States of America April 2009 If you have questions or comments about this report please contact: Montreal Protocol/POPs Unit Environment Department The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Tel: 202-473-1000 www.worldbank.org/pops The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C., 20433, U.S.A. Scientists have been assessing the sources, pathways and effects of POPs in the Arctic region for over 25 years. In 1991, the Government of Canada’s Northern Contaminants Program was initiated as a response to concerns regarding contaminants in northern aboriginal traditionally harvested foods. Canada has played a significant ongoing role in raising global awareness concerning the adverse effects of POPs, particularly in aboriginal populations, and the pathways of these substances.