Round 13 Detailed Note High-level findings: ● Lower operating capacity: On average, firms operated at 58 percent of their capacity in September 2022—the lowest since December 2021. ● Weakened kyat: Almost half of all firms reported that volatility of the kyat was their most pressing concern, and 75 percent of all firms reported negative impacts of the kyat depreciation against the US dollar. ● Continued inflationary pressure: In the three months to September 2022, 63 percent of firms raised prices, resulting in a 22 percent average increase in output prices over that period. ● Declining confidence: Only 66 percent of firms were confident in remaining open for the next month—the lowest since December 2021. The latest survey was administered between September 8, 2022, and September 30, 2022, and covered a nationally representative sample of 500 firms. Figures show the results of Round 10 (December 2021), Round 11 (March 2022), Round 12 (June 2022), and Round 13 (September 2022). Round 13 includes 249 of the same firms that were surveyed in Round 12. Due to attrition, the remaining firms have been substituted to meet sample needs. The reasons for high attrition rates are incomplete appointments (representing appointments that were continually rescheduled during the data collection period resulting in replacement with new firms) and declined appointments (representing unavailable respondents who declined to participate in survey rounds by noting there had been no significant changes in business operations from the prior). Firms continued to operate in a challenging business environment, and the impacts of the depreciation of the kyat were more severe in September. Figure 1: The business environment remained challenging in September 2022 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Average operating Share of firms reporting Share of firms Share of firms likely to capacity negative impacts from experiencing cash flow close their businesses depreciation of the kyat shortage permanently in the next against the US dollar three months Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Operational constraints remained for firms in September 2022, with the kyat depreciation becoming more severe (Figure 1). The average operating capacity of firms declined slightly to 58 percent—the lowest since December 2021. The share of firms experiencing cash flow shortages rose slightly to 38 percent but remained lower than the 2021 average. Seventy-five percent of firms reported negative impacts due to the sharp kyat depreciation in August—up from 48 percent reporting negative exchange rate impacts in June. While remaining relatively low, the share of firms reporting that they were likely to shut down permanently in the next three months increased in September 2022. With continued demand and supply-side constraints, firms' operational levels modestly declined in June 2022 but remained higher than in 2021. Figure 2: Firms' operating status Figure 3: Average operating capacity of firms (by sector) 80% 100% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% Share of firms Share of firms Average with temporary operating at operating 0% closures 100% capacity* capacity* Agriculture Retail and wholesale Total Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 *Note: Firms were asked to report on the last completed month. Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Although temporary closures declined, firms' overall operating levels remained lower (Figure 4). In September 2022, temporary closures declined to only 7 percent of firms. While it is the sowing/growing period for major crops such as monsoon season rice and maize, the rate of temporary closure was highest among agricultural firms at 14 percent, though down from 20 percent in June 2022. Although more firms were operating, the share of firms operating at full capacity has declined since March 2022. In September 2022, only 28 percent of firms operated at full capacity—resulting in an average of 58 percent operating capacity. Compared with June 2022, the average operating capacity of agricultural firms increased in September 2022 due to a decline in temporary closures but remained lower than the December 2021 level (Figure 3), which was impacted by conflict escalation and increased logistics and input costs. Service and retail and wholesale firms' average operating capacity picked up in September 2022. However, the average operating capacity of manufacturing firms has declined since March 2022—consistent with the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) of Myanmar manufacturing firms—which has continued to deteriorate since mid-2022.1 The declining operating capacity of manufacturing firms may partly reflect the impacts of power outages and recently imposed policy restrictions on foreign exchange transactions and trade, resulting in increased input costs and difficulty accessing raw materials for manufacturing firms. Both demand and supply constraints persisted for firms unable to operate at full capacity (Figure 4). Sales reduction remained the most significant challenge reflecting significant demand-side constraints. The unavailability of intermediate inputs was the second-most cited constraint and has become a more prominent challenge since March 2022. Power outages were reportedly a less severe constraint for firms than sales reduction and raw material constraints. Along with these significant challenges, other challenges that constrained firms included increased input prices and political instability. Figure 4: Challenges reported by firms not being Figure 5: Labor impacts on firms able to operate at full capacity 8% Sales reduction Unavailability of intermediate inputs 6% Others 4% Power outage Safety concerns for employees 2% Security concerns for business assets or location 0% Limited internet access impacting Hiring Laying off Granting Reducing Reducing the business operation unpaid leave salary, wages hours 0% 25% 50% 75% or benefits Sep-22 Jun-22 Mar-22 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Note: Firms were asked to report the last completed month. Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Labor market activity increased in September 2022 (Figure 5). More firms reported hiring and laying off employees. The share of firms granting unpaid leave; reducing salary, wages, or benefits; and reducing labor hours remained relatively low. Despite only 2 percent of firms reducing labor hours, the average operating 1 IHS Markit’s Myanmar Manufacturing PMI October 2022. capacity remained low—indicating that other factors, such as input constraints and lower demand—were more likely to have influenced firms' operating capacity. Lower sales and inflationary pressure remained for firms, but volatility of the kyat appeared to be the most pressing. More than half of the firms experienced declines in sales and profit in September (Figure 6). Fifty-two percent of firms reported lower sales in September 2022 than in the same period last year. Consequently, average sales across all firms were 21 percent lower than in the same period last year—likely impacted by inflationary pressures (see below). Across sectors, manufacturing and service firms suffered the most severe sales impacts, with more than 60 percent reporting sales declines. Consequently, the average sale declines of manufacturing and service firms were higher than the national average of 21 percent, at 28 and 30 percent, respectively. Across firm sizes, large firms were the least affected by the sales impacts, with an average sales decline of 6 percent—indicating less vulnerability than smaller firms. As sales declined, 55 percent of firms experienced a profit decline in September 2022—resulting in an average profit decline of 26 percent compared to the same period last year. Again, manufacturing firms were the most affected, with a 34 percent of profit decline. Agricultural firms experienced the least impact on sales and profit declines—likely contributed to by the fact that major crops were in the growing season, meaning lower sales of agricultural products during this period. Figure 6: Sales impacts on firms Figure 7: Share of firms reporting price impacts 75% 80% 50% 60% 40% 25% 20% 0% 0% -25% Share of firms Avg. output price Of the firms not reporting an change in the past increasing output output price 3 months prices, the share of -50% increase in the past firms planning to Share of firms Avg. sales Share of firms Avg. profit reporting sales change reporting profit change 3 months increase output decline decline prices Jun-22 Sep-22 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Note: Firms were asked to report the last completed month. Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Firms continued to increase the prices of their products or services in September 2022 (Figure 7). In the three months to September 2022, 63 percent of firms reported an increase in their output prices—the primary reason being the necessity to cover high input prices. Disruptions of the input supply partly attributed to increased input prices, which increased by an average of 65 percent for the firms experiencing supply disruptions in the three months to September 2022. On average, firms increased their output price by 22 percent over the three months to September, a much larger increase than that reported in June or March. This is also consistent with the PMI output price index, which steadily increased in the past three months to September.2 Among the firms that did not raise prices, 24 percent planned to increase prices in the next three months. 2 IHS Markit’s Myanmar Manufacturing PMI October 2022. The kyat volatility was reported as the most pressing concern for firms' operations (Figure 8). Forty- six percent of firms indicated that the kyat volatility was the biggest challenge for their operations —with this proportion broadly consistent across the different sectors. Sales reduction was the next most significant challenge for firms, except for agricultural firms, which indicated conflict escalation as their next most significant challenge. Thirteen percent of firms indicated power outages as an operational challenge. However, this remained a significant challenge for 21 percent of manufacturing firms. Figure 8: Major challenge for business operation Figure 9: Impacts of the kyat volatility on operating capacity, sales, and profit among the firms experiencing the kyat volatility 63% Total Service Retail and wholesale Manufacturing Agriculture 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% -21% Conflict escalation Power outages -26% Myanmar kyat volatility Sales reduction Average operating Average sales change Average profit change Did not experience any challenges capacity Note: Firms were asked to report the last completed month. Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Firms reporting the kyat volatility as the biggest challenge for operations did not appear to perform worse than other firms (Figure 9). The average operating capacity of firms reporting the kyat volatility as their biggest challenge was 63 percent—5 percentage points higher than the average of all firms. This could be because these firms tend to be large and are relatively more dependent on export demand, which has remained comparatively robust compared to domestic demand. Nevertheless, those firms' average sales and profit declines were similar to the national average. Figure 10: Share of firms reporting the kyat depreciation 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Share of all firms reporting of which: Share of firms reporting of which: Share of firms reporting negative impacts from the kyat increased input costs increased operating costs depreciation against the US dollar Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) The share of all firms reporting negative impacts from the depreciation of the kyat—in the form of increased costs—increased in September 2022 (Figure 10). Seventy-five percent of firms experienced negative impacts from the sharp kyat deprecation in August and September 2022. Of these firms, almost all experienced increased input costs. Moreover, the share of firms experiencing increased operational costs due to the kyat deprecation also rose—which may have implications for implementing cost reduction measures (including labor costs) in the period ahead. Power outages remained a concern for firm performance and operations. Disruptive impacts of power outages on firms' operations remained; most firms have responded by investing in generators (Figure 11). Forty-seven percent of firms reported that these outages were disruptive to their business operations in September 2022, a modest decline from earlier in the year. Given their relatively higher electricity consumption, manufacturing and service firms reported more disruptive impacts of power outages than other firms. Consistent with findings from the previous survey rounds, firms in Yangon continued to experience more disruptive power outages than firms in other regions, given that there is a higher concentration of firms in the manufacturing and service sectors in Yangon. Of the firms experiencing power outages, 76 percent managed to address the issue by investing primarily in diesel-based generators. This has further increased costs for firms' business operations, given the significant increase in local diesel prices. Figure 11: Share of firms reporting power outages as a disruption to business operations 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Agriculture Manufacturing Retail and Service Total wholesale Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Firms' business expectations remained weak, and recovery to 2020 levels in the short term remains unlikely for most firms. Firms' short-term business expectations have worsened, and their expectations for the long run remain weak (Figure 12). In September 2022, 66 percent of firms reported confidence that they would stay in business for the next month—a decline from June and a reversal of the previous positive trend. Also, the share of firms expecting to fall into arrears doubled compared to June 2022 while remaining below 2021 levels. Firms' longer-term expectations also remained weak in September 2022. Less than a quarter of firms expect a recovery in the next six months to levels before February 2021. In addition, 42 percent of firms expressed uncertainty about whether they would recover to their pre-February 2021 levels. Reflecting the uncertainty in the business and regulatory environment and ongoing supply- and demand-side constraints, the top three challenges for firms' operations in the next three months include kyat volatility, lack of demand, and conflict escalation. These challenges have affected firms' investment and business expansion decisions. Only 34 percent of firms had plans to invest and expand their businesses at the beginning of 2022. Of those firms, only 19 percent (about 7 percent of all firms) have been able to implement their investment plans accordingly as of September. Figure 12: Firms' business expectations 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% -25% Confident to remain Fall in arrears in the Expecting to recover Average sales in business for the next 3 months within 6 months expectation in the next month next 3 months Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) The share of firms paying taxes declined in September 2022. After rising in June, the share of firms reporting paying tax declined sharply in September (Error! Reference source not found.). Only 26 percent of firms reported paying any taxes owed to the authorities in the past three months to September 2022—well below the 41 percent recorded in June and the pre-coup levels of almost 50 percent. Among those firms paying taxes, 20 percent paid more than they did in the same period last year, while the payments remained the same for 76 percent of firms. As a result, the average tax payment increased by 5 percent in the past three months among those firms that paid. Registration tax remained the most paid tax, reported by 69 percent of firms, followed by corporate income tax (41 percent) and commercial tax (31 percent). Figure 13: Tax payments 75% 50% 25% 0% -25% Share of firms paying taxes Share of firms paying taxes Among the firms paying to the authorities in three to the authorities in the past taxes in the past three months before Feb 2021 three months months, average tax payment change Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Source: World Bank Firm Survey (Round 13) Appendix 1: Methodology The World Bank contracted Thura Swiss, a research and consulting firm, to conduct High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) for the impacts of recent developments on firms in Myanmar. The HFPS for firms is a multi- topic and multi-round survey designed to collect information on operational impacts, sales impacts, financial impacts, resilience, and adjustment mechanisms. The questionnaire will be adapted as the situation in Myanmar evolves. In this survey, the sample frame is all firms in Myanmar, and this survey used the sample frame based on two sources. The first source is Myanmar Business Survey (MBS) 2015, which included 14,331 businesses representing 126,928 businesses nationally. However, the MBS survey did not cover agriculture and financial firms. Since the HFPS intends to cover all sectors across Myanmar, the firm list provided by Thura Swiss is used to have a sampling frame for agricultural and financial firms. Combining these two sources, the sampling frame used in this survey covered 169,964 firms. From this frame, 500 firms were randomly selected based on three stratum – geographical zone3, industry, and firm size. The distribution of samples by sector, firm size, industry, and zone are in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. To allow interference from sample to population, the responses are weighted using inverse probability weights. The design of the questionnaire was based on existing enterprise surveys such as the World Bank Enterprise Survey (ES), FCI's Business Pulse Survey, the ES COVID-19 survey, and the experience of the World Bank team. The questions were designed to assess operational, sales, and financial impacts that firms experienced due to recent developments. The questionnaire also explored the resilience of firms, the adjustment mechanisms that they have taken, and governance-related issues such as tax payments and access to certain government services. Table 1: Sample distribution by sector Sector Number of firms Share of firms Agriculture 86 17% Manufacturing 169 34% Retail and wholesale 82 16% Service 163 33% Total 500 100% Table 2: Sample distribution by firm size Firm size Number of firms Share of firms Micro (1-4) 193 39% Small (5-19) 207 41% Medium (20-99) 76 15% Large (>99) 24 5% Total 500 100% 3 States and regions are grouped into zones based on their economic and geographic characteristics. Two of the five zones are single regions, Yangon and Mandalay. The Hilly Zone includes the states of Kachin, Kayah, and Shan. The Delta and Coastal Lowland Zone includes Ayeyarwaddy region, Rakhine region, Mon state, Bago region, Tanintharyi region, and Kayin state. Chin and the Dry Zone includes Chin state, Sagaing region, Magwe region, and Nay Pyi Taw. Table 3: Sample distribution by industry Industry Number of firms Share of firms Agriculture and aquaculture 86 17% Food and beverage products 80 16% Textiles and garments 31 6% Other manufacturing 58 12% Retail and wholesale 82 16% Construction 12 2% Accommodation 15 3% Food and beverage services 59 12% Financial services 11 2% Information technology and communication 10 2% Health and pharmaceutical services 11 2% Other services 45 9% Total 500 100% Table 4: Sample distribution by ecological zone Geographical zone Number of firms Share of firms Yangon 135 27% Mandalay 104 21% Chin and Dry Zone 81 16% Delta and Coastal Lowland 91 18% Hilly Zone 89 18% Total 500 100% Appendix 2: Operational Status Table 5: Current operational status of firms – by share of firms Sector Open Temporarily closed Agriculture 86% 14% Manufacturing 94% 6% Retail and wholesale 98% 2% Service 95% 5% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 86% 14% Food and beverage products 91% 9% Textiles and garments 100% 0% Other manufacturing 99% 1% Retail and wholesale 98% 2% Construction 88% 12% Accommodation 100% 0% Food and beverage services 93% 7% Financial services 100% 0% Information technology and communication 98% 2% Health and pharmaceutical services 100% 0% Other services 98% 2% Firm size Micro (1-4) 94% 6% Small (5-19) 91% 9% Medium (20-99) 98% 2% Large (>99) 100% 0% Ecological zone Yangon 96% 4% Mandalay 87% 13% Chin and Dry Zone 89% 11% Delta and Coastal Lowland 97% 3% Hilly Zone 95% 5% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 94% 6% Fully male-owned 96% 4% Partially female-owned 87% 13% Total 93% 7% Sample Size 465 25 Table 6: Share of firms operating at the full capacity and average operating capacity of all firms Share of firms operating at full Average operating Sector capacity capacity Agriculture 42% 57% Manufacturing 15% 52% Retail and wholesale 27% 61% Service 34% 64% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 42% 57% Food and beverage products 19% 55% Textiles and garments 15% 63% Other manufacturing 10% 47% Retail and wholesale 27% 61% Construction 7% 47% Accommodation 0% 41% Food and beverage services 18% 57% Financial services 87% 92% Information technology and communication 45% 58% Health and pharmaceutical services 77% 91% Other services 56% 77% Firm size Micro (1-4) 32% 59% Small (5-19) 22% 55% Medium (20-99) 12% 61% Large (>99) 44% 75% Ecological zone Yangon 28% 64% Mandalay 23% 51% Chin and Dry Zone 25% 58% Delta and Coastal Lowland 30% 57% Hilly Zone 35% 60% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 26% 56% Fully male-owned 33% 61% Partially female-owned 18% 53% Total 28% 58% Sample size 123 493 Table 7: Operational challenges for the firms that were not able to operate at the full capacity – by share of firms Sector Safety Security concerns for Sales Unavailability of Power Limited internet access concerns for business assets or reducti intermediate outage impacting the business employees location on inputs s operation Agriculture 12% 6% 42% 43% 18% 4% Manufacturing 2% 2% 74% 33% 23% 0% Retail and wholesale 4% 3% 78% 28% 10% 2% Service 18% 12% 60% 35% 23% 6% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 12% 6% 42% 43% 18% 4% Food and beverage products 1% 1% 84% 28% 15% 0% Textiles and garments 1% 1% 73% 66% 45% 0% Other manufacturing 4% 3% 63% 36% 30% 0% Retail and wholesale 4% 3% 78% 28% 10% 2% Construction 17% 18% 38% 64% 62% 0% Accommodation 0% 0% 64% 6% 28% 0% Food and beverage services 26% 17% 69% 34% 29% 7% Financial services 0% 0% 70% 13% 13% 0% Information technology and communication 81% 11% 11% 81% 3% 3% Health and pharmaceutical services 7% 0% 50% 18% 18% 0% Other services 2% 4% 37% 44% 9% 4% Firm size Micro (1-4) 5% 1% 63% 31% 11% 1% Small (5-19) 11% 11% 71% 40% 28% 4% Medium (20-99) 12% 9% 58% 36% 49% 0% Large (>99) 8% 8% 67% 74% 46% 0% Ecological zone Yangon 8% 7% 72% 36% 36% 2% Mandalay 7% 5% 70% 39% 12% 2% Chin and Dry Zone 8% 5% 65% 41% 13% 5% Delta and Coastal Lowland 4% 1% 67% 28% 18% 0% Hilly Zone 17% 12% 53% 31% 21% 5% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 3% 3% 87% 21% 14% 0% Fully male-owned 10% 6% 63% 39% 19% 4% Partially female- owned 7% 4% 49% 40% 23% 1% Total 7% 5% 66% 34% 19% 2% Sample Size 29 20 215 114 84 9 Table 8: The biggest operational challenge for all firms – by share of firms Sector Conflict Power Myanmar Sales Did not experience escalation outages kyat volatility reduction any challenges Agriculture 25% 6% 44% 11% 14% Manufacturing 6% 21% 44% 22% 7% Retail and wholesale 9% 11% 46% 22% 12% Service 4% 11% 51% 25% 9% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 25% 6% 44% 11% 14% Food and beverage products 2% 24% 45% 21% 9% Textiles and garments 8% 12% 47% 34% 0% Other manufacturing 11% 19% 43% 22% 5% Retail and wholesale 9% 11% 46% 22% 12% Construction 2% 0% 9% 63% 26% Accommodation 6% 41% 32% 8% 13% Food and beverage services 5% 13% 44% 30% 9% Financial services 0% 7% 10% 2% 81% Information technology and communication 2% 0% 96% 0% 2% Health and pharmaceutical services 25% 2% 34% 19% 20% Other services 3% 6% 63% 19% 9% Firm size Micro (1-4) 10% 10% 46% 22% 12% Small (5-19) 15% 17% 46% 15% 8% Medium (20-99) 2% 18% 47% 27% 7% Large (>99) 4% 42% 27% 26% 0% Ecological zone Yangon 6% 15% 49% 16% 14% Mandalay 12% 15% 38% 20% 15% Chin and Dry Zone 16% 12% 43% 19% 10% Delta and Coastal Lowland 9% 11% 53% 19% 7% Hilly Zone 13% 16% 36% 24% 12% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 5% 13% 48% 22% 12% Fully male-owned 10% 12% 49% 18% 11% Partially female-owned 21% 14% 35% 21% 8% Total 11% 13% 46% 20% 10% Sample Size 39 79 214 108 50 Table 9: Share of firms reporting the labor-related activities Reducing Laying Granting salary, Reducing Sector Hiring off unpaid wages, or hours leave benefits Agriculture 3% 4% 2% 3% 0% Manufacturing 8% 4% 1% 1% 3% Retail and wholesale 9% 7% 2% 2% 1% Service 14% 17% 1% 2% 4% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 3% 4% 2% 3% 0% Food and beverage products 11% 4% 0% 0% 0% Textiles and garments 10% 0% 2% 4% 7% Other manufacturing 2% 5% 2% 1% 7% Retail and wholesale 9% 7% 2% 2% 1% Construction 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Accommodation 7% 20% 0% 0% 12% Food and beverage services 21% 2% 0% 2% 4% Financial services 78% 0% 0% 0% 0% Information technology and communication 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% Other services 3% 39% 3% 2% 4% Firm size Micro (1-4) 6% 8% 1% 0% 1% Small (5-19) 9% 6% 2% 5% 3% Medium (20-99) 26% 3% 0% 2% 9% Large (>99) 40% 7% 10% 0% 4% Ecological zone Yangon 10% 12% 2% 5% 4% Mandalay 8% 6% 0% 3% 4% Chin and Dry Zone 8% 6% 3% 1% 3% Delta and Coastal Lowland 7% 9% 0% 1% 1% Hilly Zone 8% 2% 3% 0% 0% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 7% 5% 0% 1% 1% Fully male-owned 10% 10% 1% 2% 3% Partially female-owned 3% 3% 4% 2% 2% Total 8% 7% 1% 2% 2% Sample Size 56 28 15 10 21 Appendix 3: Business Performance Table 10: Sales in the last completed month compared to the same period last year – by share of firms Sector Don't know Increase Remain the same Decrease Agriculture 13% 27% 30% 30% Manufacturing 7% 11% 19% 63% Retail and wholesale 4% 13% 28% 55% Service 11% 10% 17% 62% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 13% 27% 30% 30% Food and beverage products 9% 10% 17% 64% Textiles and garments 12% 34% 9% 45% Other manufacturing 4% 9% 22% 65% Retail and wholesale 4% 13% 28% 55% Construction 15% 6% 16% 63% Accommodation 10% 15% 30% 46% Food and beverage services 16% 12% 19% 53% Financial services 78% 4% 4% 14% Information technology and communication 2% 44% 0% 53% Health and pharmaceutical services 5% 20% 27% 48% Other services 2% 7% 12% 79% Firm size Micro (1-4) 9% 15% 23% 53% Small (5-19) 7% 16% 26% 51% Medium (20-99) 8% 13% 9% 69% Large (>99) 9% 14% 35% 43% Ecological zone Yangon 9% 13% 17% 61% Mandalay 10% 14% 32% 44% Chin and Dry Zone 10% 11% 25% 54% Delta and Coastal Lowland 8% 17% 19% 56% Hilly Zone 7% 22% 30% 41% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 9% 21% 18% 52% Fully male-owned 9% 17% 19% 55% Partially female-owned 7% 7% 39% 47% Total 9% 16% 23% 52% Sample Size 47 73 107 263 Table 11: Share of firms reporting a price increase in the past three months and average price change across all firms Sector Share of firms reporting a Average price price increase change Agriculture 51% 21% Manufacturing 70% 22% Retail and wholesale 66% 26% Service 63% 18% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 51% 21% Food and beverage products 64% 20% Textiles and garments 55% 23% Other manufacturing 80% 24% Retail and wholesale 66% 26% Construction 58% 33% Accommodation 30% 7% Food and beverage services 80% 20% Financial services 12% 3% Information technology and communication 56% 33% Health and pharmaceutical services 67% 15% Other services 41% 16% Firm size Micro (1-4) 58% 20% Small (5-19) 70% 26% Medium (20-99) 82% 19% Large (>99) 29% 8% Ecological zone Yangon 71% 25% Mandalay 48% 12% Chin and Dry Zone 66% 21% Delta and Coastal Lowland 63% 23% Hilly Zone 63% 28% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 63% 24% Fully male-owned 68% 23% Partially female-owned 49% 15% Total 63% 22% Sample Size 325 450 Table 12: Major decisions to increase prices among the firms that increased prices – by share of firms To cover higher costs due to To cover higher costs due to an increase in supply, an increase in operation cost Sector intermediate and input prices Agriculture 91% 6% Manufacturing 88% 5% Retail and wholesale 89% 10% Service 80% 18% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 91% 6% Food and beverage products 86% 6% Textiles and garments 87% 13% Other manufacturing 92% 4% Retail and wholesale 89% 10% Construction 69% 7% Accommodation 77% 23% Food and beverage services 89% 9% Financial services 21% 29% Information technology and communication 97% 3% Health and pharmaceutical services 100% 0% Other services 54% 46% Firm size Micro (1-4) 87% 10% Small (5-19) 87% 10% Medium (20-99) 99% 1% Large (>99) 85% 15% Ecological zone Yangon 85% 10% Mandalay 89% 11% Chin and Dry Zone 85% 10% Delta and Coastal Lowland 91% 4% Hilly Zone 82% 18% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 93% 7% Fully male-owned 83% 12% Partially female-owned 95% 3% Total 87% 9% Sample Size 289 27 Table 13: Average sales and profit change in the last completed month compared to the same period last year Sector Average sales change Average profit change Agriculture -2% -11% Manufacturing -28% -34% Retail and wholesale -25% -30% Service -30% -29% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture -2% -11% Food and beverage products -29% -35% Textiles and garments -16% -9% Other manufacturing -28% -35% Retail and wholesale -25% -30% Construction -42% -47% Accommodation -25% -33% Food and beverage services -19% -21% Financial services -25% -24% Information technology and communication 5% -40% Health and pharmaceutical services -20% 13% Other services -43% -38% Firm size Micro (1-4) -22% -29% Small (5-19) -19% -20% Medium (20-99) -22% -31% Large (>99) -15% -25% Ecological zone Yangon -24% -27% Mandalay -19% -19% Chin and Dry Zone -20% -18% Delta and Coastal Lowland -28% -36% Hilly Zone -6% -17% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned -23% -32% Fully male-owned -21% -25% Partially female-owned -20% -20% Total -21% -26% Sample Size 409 389 Table 14: Among the firms that did not increase prices in the past three months, the share of firms reporting a plan to increase prices in the next three months Sector Plan to increase prices Agriculture 28% Manufacturing 26% Retail and wholesale 17% Service 24% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 28% Food and beverage products 19% Textiles and garments 38% Other manufacturing 33% Retail and wholesale 17% Construction 0% Accommodation 21% Food and beverage services 35% Financial services 4% Information technology and communication 44% Health and pharmaceutical services 13% Other services 8% Firm size Micro (1-4) 24% Small (5-19) 24% Medium (20-99) 23% Large (>99) 9% Ecological zone Yangon 20% Mandalay 24% Chin and Dry Zone 28% Delta and Coastal Lowland 22% Hilly Zone 24% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 30% Fully male-owned 24% Partially female-owned 18% Total 24% Sample Size 115 Table 15: Reasons for input shortages among the firms experiencing supply disruptions – by share of firms Sector Not available Cost increased Lower quality Agriculture 62% 97% 15% Manufacturing 63% 87% 18% Retail and wholesale 72% 92% 5% Service 81% 93% 17% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 62% 97% 15% Food and beverage products 90% 83% 30% Textiles and garments 52% 99% 3% Other manufacturing 46% 89% 12% Retail and wholesale 72% 92% 5% Construction 96% 100% 0% Accommodation 55% 100% 0% Food and beverage services 84% 95% 15% Financial services 0% 100% 0% Information technology and communication 51% 100% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 46% 100% 46% Other services 75% 83% 30% Firm size Micro (1-4) 65% 91% 11% Small (5-19) 72% 94% 18% Medium (20-99) 67% 97% 21% Large (>99) 71% 96% 13% Ecological zone Yangon 63% 98% 21% Mandalay 72% 89% 8% Chin and Dry Zone 79% 80% 19% Delta and Coastal Lowland 61% 96% 9% Hilly Zone 73% 98% 14% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 65% 92% 6% Fully male-owned 62% 97% 17% Partially female-owned 85% 80% 17% Total 68% 92% 14% Sample Size 128 178 32 Table 16: Share of reporting foreign exchange issues impacting their business performance and operations Sector MMK Limited MMK deprecation Limited access to depreciation access to against other other currencies against USD USD currencies Agriculture 74% 14% 60% 15% Manufacturing 80% 19% 47% 23% Retail and wholesale 75% 16% 41% 26% Service 71% 28% 52% 28% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 74% 14% 60% 15% Food and beverage products 76% 22% 47% 18% Textiles and garments 90% 49% 77% 54% Other manufacturing 83% 11% 41% 25% Retail and wholesale 75% 16% 41% 26% Construction 74% 18% 74% 17% Accommodation 69% 5% 52% 21% Food and beverage services 84% 33% 67% 34% Financial services 95% 4% 4% 2% Information technology and communication 100% 100% 8% 8% Health and pharmaceutical services 89% 11% 74% 11% Other services 52% 23% 32% 21% Firm size Micro (1-4) 69% 15% 42% 21% Small (5-19) 87% 26% 63% 26% Medium (20-99) 88% 32% 75% 32% Large (>99) 51% 33% 51% 29% Ecological zone Yangon 76% 33% 53% 29% Mandalay 71% 27% 47% 27% Chin and Dry Zone 73% 15% 48% 16% Delta and Coastal Lowland 77% 17% 51% 29% Hilly Zone 78% 11% 49% 10% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 79% 11% 40% 23% Fully male-owned 75% 22% 53% 23% Partially female-owned 70% 19% 53% 24% Total 75% 19% 50% 23% Sample Size 297 78 199 78 Table 17: Among the firms experiencing the kyat depreciation against the US dollar, major impacts are – by share of firms Sector Increased raw material or input Increased operational cost cost Agriculture 96% 88% Manufacturing 98% 88% Retail and wholesale 95% 89% Service 93% 86% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 96% 88% Food and beverage products 100% 93% Textiles and garments 100% 100% Other manufacturing 96% 81% Retail and wholesale 95% 89% Construction 100% 100% Accommodation 87% 65% Food and beverage services 98% 88% Financial services 66% 100% Information technology and communication 98% 98% Health and pharmaceutical services 100% 40% Other services 82% 84% Firm size Micro (1-4) 98% 85% Small (5-19) 91% 93% Medium (20-99) 99% 92% Large (>99) 100% 100% Ecological zone Yangon 91% 91% Mandalay 100% 79% Chin and Dry Zone 90% 91% Delta and Coastal Lowland 98% 91% Hilly Zone 99% 80% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 99% 92% Fully male-owned 96% 89% Partially female-owned 91% 79% Total 96% 88% Sample Size 279 253 Table 18: Outstanding loans from commercial banks, non-banking financial institutions, friends, and family – by share of firms Commercial Non-banking Friends or Sector banks financial institutions family Agriculture 21% 12% 31% Manufacturing 11% 7% 35% Retail and wholesale 5% 18% 27% Service 7% 7% 24% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 21% 12% 31% Food and beverage products 16% 5% 30% Textiles and garments 1% 0% 36% Other manufacturing 5% 9% 43% Retail and wholesale 5% 18% 27% Construction 12% 1% 3% Accommodation 12% 0% 12% Food and beverage services 10% 11% 26% Financial services 0% 0% 3% Information technology and communication 44% 0% 46% Health and pharmaceutical services 0% 0% 7% Other services 2% 1% 22% Firm size Micro (1-4) 9% 14% 32% Small (5-19) 16% 6% 25% Medium (20-99) 14% 1% 38% Large (>99) 4% 0% 14% Ecological zone Yangon 5% 3% 21% Mandalay 8% 20% 29% Chin and Dry Zone 17% 13% 28% Delta and Coastal Lowland 15% 7% 36% Hilly Zone 3% 17% 27% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 9% 16% 21% Fully male-owned 9% 9% 37% Partially female-owned 19% 10% 23% Total 11% 11% 30% Sample Size 51 43 148 Table 19: Delaying payments for more than one week to suppliers, tax authorities, banks, and non-bank institutions and employees– by share of firms Tax Banks and Sector Suppliers Employees authorities non-bank Agriculture 8% 0% 4% 3% Manufacturing 18% 1% 2% 3% Retail and wholesale 19% 3% 3% 4% Service 6% 7% 4% 2% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 8% 0% 4% 3% Food and beverage products 14% 1% 0% 0% Textiles and garments 23% 6% 7% 22% Other manufacturing 24% 1% 3% 5% Retail and wholesale 19% 3% 3% 4% Construction 39% 1% 0% 36% Accommodation 6% 15% 0% 6% Food and beverage services 7% 10% 5% 0% Financial services 0% 0% 0% 2% Information technology and communication 2% 0% 0% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 0% 0% 0% 0% Other services 4% 1% 3% 4% Firm size Micro (1-4) 13% 1% 2% 2% Small (5-19) 13% 5% 5% 6% Medium (20-99) 27% 15% 5% 8% Large (>99) 22% 0% 2% 2% Ecological zone Yangon 19% 3% 4% 3% Mandalay 5% 2% 4% 5% Chin and Dry Zone 11% 4% 5% 5% Delta and Coastal Lowland 18% 3% 3% 2% Hilly Zone 7% 1% 1% 0% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 14% 3% 3% 2% Fully male-owned 15% 3% 3% 5% Partially female-owned 9% 1% 4% 0% Total 13% 2% 3% 3% Sample Size 76 19 23 22 Table 20: Major mechanisms to deal with cash flow shortages among the firms experiencing cash flow shortages - by the share of firms Sector Loans from Loans from Loans from Delaying non-banking commercial friends or payments to financial banks family payees institutions Agriculture 0% 3% 93% 4% Manufacturing 1% 2% 93% 4% Retail and wholesale 3% 30% 64% 4% Service 5% 3% 88% 4% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 0% 3% 93% 4% Food and beverage products 2% 0% 98% 0% Textiles and garments 0% 0% 84% 16% Other manufacturing 0% 5% 88% 6% Retail and wholesale 3% 30% 64% 4% Construction 18% 2% 29% 52% Accommodation 0% 0% 100% 0% Food and beverage services 8% 5% 87% 0% Financial services 0% 0% 100% 0% Information technology 0% and communication 0% 100% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services Other services 0% 0% 89% 11% Firm size Micro (1-4) 1% 13% 84% 2% Small (5-19) 3% 5% 86% 6% Medium (20-99) 0% 0% 87% 13% Large (>99) 0% 0% 76% 24% Ecological zone Yangon 3% 2% 83% 12% Mandalay 7% 27% 67% 0% Chin and Dry Zone 0% 8% 91% 1% Delta and Coastal Lowland 2% 11% 85% 2% Hilly Zone 0% 0% 90% 10% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 4% 21% 71% 5% Fully male-owned 1% 5% 90% 4% Partially female-owned 1% 11% 85% 3% Total 2% 10% 85% 4% Sample Size 6 10 138 9 Appendix 4: Business Expectations Table 21: Firms' confidence to remain open in next month, with the current level of cash flow – by share of firms Not very Not Neutr Confide Very Sector confident confident al nt confident Agriculture 1% 8% 18% 29% 44% Manufacturing 2% 10% 36% 29% 24% Retail and wholesale 0% 5% 33% 22% 39% Service 1% 5% 13% 26% 55% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 1% 8% 18% 29% 44% Food and beverage products 0% 10% 34% 31% 25% Textiles and garments 0% 4% 44% 32% 20% Other manufacturing 4% 9% 37% 27% 23% Retail and wholesale 0% 5% 33% 22% 39% Construction 12% 0% 50% 16% 21% Accommodation 0% 0% 33% 26% 40% Food and beverage services 0% 6% 11% 25% 57% Financial services 0% 0% 5% 3% 93% Information technology and communication 44% 0% 0% 48% 8% Health and pharmaceutical services 0% 0% 29% 2% 69% Other services 2% 4% 15% 27% 52% Firm size Micro (1-4) 0% 6% 26% 30% 38% Small (5-19) 2% 11% 26% 21% 41% Medium (20-99) 0% 5% 29% 23% 42% Large (>99) 0% 0% 44% 19% 37% Ecological zone Yangon 0% 8% 25% 21% 46% Mandalay 2% 15% 23% 36% 24% Chin and Dry Zone 1% 11% 27% 36% 26% Delta and Coastal Lowland 1% 4% 31% 23% 41% Hilly Zone 0% 2% 17% 19% 61% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 0% 6% 38% 35% 21% Fully male-owned 2% 6% 22% 27% 43% Partially female-owned 0% 12% 23% 17% 49% Total 1% 7% 26% 27% 39% Sample Size 6 29 114 132 209 Table 22: Likelihood to shut down business in the next three months – by share of firms Not very Not Very Sector Neutral Likely likely likely likely Agriculture 38% 32% 27% 2% 1% Manufacturing 30% 37% 27% 6% 0% Retail and wholesale 29% 35% 20% 16% 0% Service 46% 28% 23% 3% 0% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 38% 32% 27% 2% 1% Food and beverage products 33% 42% 21% 5% 0% Textiles and garments 16% 32% 45% 7% 0% Other manufacturing 28% 32% 32% 8% 0% Retail and wholesale 29% 35% 20% 16% 0% Construction 15% 19% 66% 0% 0% Accommodation 24% 59% 7% 10% 0% Food and beverage services 41% 24% 31% 4% 0% Financial services 90% 10% 0% 0% 0% Information technology and communication 6% 47% 3% 44% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 76% 20% 4% 0% 0% Other services 53% 31% 14% 2% 0% Firm size Micro (1-4) 32% 34% 25% 8% 0% Small (5-19) 41% 32% 22% 5% 0% Medium (20-99) 30% 32% 33% 2% 2% Large (>99) 29% 43% 26% 2% 0% Ecological zone Yangon 34% 35% 24% 8% 0% Mandalay 27% 47% 18% 6% 2% Chin and Dry Zone 24% 38% 36% 2% 0% Delta and Coastal Lowland 35% 27% 25% 13% 0% Hilly Zone 58% 30% 11% 0% 0% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 24% 42% 26% 8% 0% Fully male-owned 42% 31% 21% 5% 0% Partially female-owned 31% 29% 31% 9% 0% Total 35% 33% 24% 7% 0% Sample Size 194 165 109 20 2 Table 23: Share of firms expecting to fall into arrears in outstanding liabilities in the next three months and recover to levels before February 2021 in the next six months Sector Fall in arrears Expecting to recover Agriculture 28% 39% Manufacturing 41% 15% Retail and wholesale 12% 19% Service 27% 21% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 28% 39% Food and beverage products 49% 11% Textiles and garments 9% 26% Other manufacturing 34% 19% Retail and wholesale 12% 19% Construction 18% 15% Accommodation 9% 42% Food and beverage services 31% 21% Financial services 0% 8% Information technology and communication 99% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 0% 8% Other services 17% 21% Firm size Micro (1-4) 33% 21% Small (5-19) 20% 29% Medium (20-99) 23% 14% Large (>99) 6% 11% Ecological zone Yangon 25% 22% Mandalay 23% 23% Chin and Dry Zone 25% 23% Delta and Coastal Lowland 35% 20% Hilly Zone 19% 35% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 6% 22% Fully male-owned 46% 24% Partially female-owned 14% 23% Total 28% 23% Sample Size 29 109 Table 24: Share of firms reporting a plan to invest and expand business in the beginning of 2022 Sector Plan to invest and expand business Agriculture 25% Manufacturing 15% Retail and wholesale 17% Service 19% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 25% Food and beverage products 12% Textiles and garments 26% Other manufacturing 19% Retail and wholesale 17% Construction 3% Accommodation 9% Food and beverage services 28% Financial services 0% Information technology and communication 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 12% Other Services 7% Firm size Micro (1-4) 16% Small (5-19) 24% Medium (20-99) 25% Large (>99) 10% Ecological zone Yangon 14% Mandalay 12% Chin and Dry Zone 27% Delta and Coastal Lowland 17% Hilly Zone 23% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 17% Fully male-owned 20% Partially female-owned 19% Total 19% Sample Size 93 Table 25: Operational challenges in the next three months – by share of firms Uncertain Conflict Supply chain Power The kyat Lack of business escalation disruptions outages volatility demand environme Sector nt Agriculture 45% 41% 11% 55% 34% 35% Manufacturing 32% 39% 28% 77% 46% 23% Retail and wholesale 58% 27% 9% 83% 52% 14% Service 40% 23% 33% 71% 46% 33% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 45% 41% 11% 55% 34% 35% Food and beverage products 26% 41% 25% 74% 48% 17% Textiles and garments 37% 47% 32% 83% 25% 34% Other manufacturing 41% 35% 32% 79% 45% 29% Retail and wholesale 58% 27% 9% 83% 52% 14% Construction 44% 50% 0% 95% 48% 31% Accommodation 36% 21% 23% 37% 14% 13% Food and beverage services 46% 29% 23% 67% 39% 45% Financial services 6% 3% 83% 98% 14% 5% Information technology and communication 56% 6% 46% 96% 46% 47% Health and pharmaceutical services 77% 10% 28% 67% 41% 8% Other services 33% 16% 47% 79% 60% 19% Firm size Micro (1-4) 40% 35% 17% 74% 47% 25% Small (5-19) 50% 31% 23% 67% 39% 29% Medium (20-99) 48% 35% 48% 71% 40% 19% Large (>99) 28% 32% 58% 62% 26% 4% Ecological zone Yangon 47% 32% 37% 85% 30% 23% Mandalay 45% 43% 13% 59% 41% 21% Chin and Dry Zone 39% 42% 12% 57% 48% 25% Delta and Coastal Lowland 48% 24% 20% 82% 55% 25% Hilly Zone 36% 38% 22% 65% 26% 38% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 60% 36% 13% 75% 47% 22% Fully male-owned 41% 33% 25% 76% 47% 23% Partially female-owned 34% 32% 15% 57% 35% 36% Total 44% 34% 20% 72% 44% 26% Sample Size 216 158 118 350 187 117 Appendix 5: Power outage – impacts and responses Table 26: Share of firms experiencing power outages disruptive to business operations, and of which, the share of firms that have managed power outages Share of firms experiencing Of which: Share of firms that have Sector power outages managed power outages Agriculture 32% 66% Manufacturing 57% 79% Retail and wholesale 39% 91% Service 62% 65% Industry Agriculture and Aquaculture 32% 66% Food and Beverage Products 57% 78% Textiles and Garments 67% 70% Other Manufacturing 54% 81% Retail and Wholesale 39% 91% Construction 69% 100% Accommodation 76% 92% Food and Beverage Services 48% 89% Financial Services 83% 100% Information Technology and Communication 94% 4% Health and Pharmaceutical Services 32% 100% Other Services 82% 42% Firm size Micro (1-4) 44% 70% Small (5-19) 50% 82% Medium (20-99) 90% 94% Large (>99) 75% 98% Ecological zone Yangon 63% 81% Mandalay 40% 85% Chin and Dry Zone 36% 56% Delta and Coastal Lowland 52% 74% Hilly Zone 41% 88% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 49% 86% Fully male-owned 52% 71% Partially female-owned 33% 74% Total 47% 76% Sample Size 242 207 Table 27: Share of firms that have invested in diesel generators and off-grid power systems among the firms that have managed power outages Invested in off- Reduced Invested in diesel grid power operation hours generators Sector systems Agriculture 83% 20% 19% Manufacturing 88% 5% 24% Retail and wholesale 72% 10% 47% Service 91% 12% 12% Industry Agriculture and Aquaculture 83% 20% 19% Food and Beverage Products 92% 5% 18% Textiles and Garments 100% 26% 20% Other Manufacturing 81% 3% 32% Retail and Wholesale 72% 10% 47% Construction 100% 0% 0% Accommodation 100% 19% 17% Food and Beverage Services 85% 8% 12% Financial Services 100% 0% 3% Information Technology and Communication 100% 0% 0% Health and Pharmaceutical Services 100% 0% 0% Other Services 99% 18% 13% Firm size Micro (1-4) 76% 6% 36% Small (5-19) 93% 13% 16% Medium (20-99) 94% 24% 15% Large (>99) 87% 13% 6% Ecological zone Yangon 89% 12% 17% Mandalay 81% 30% 6% Chin and Dry Zone 100% 2% 4% Delta and Coastal Lowland 81% 5% 51% Hilly Zone 75% 11% 10% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 79% 8% 53% Fully male-owned 86% 12% 15% Partially female-owned 82% 9% 23% Total 84% 10% 27% Sample Size 180 25 36 Appendix 5: Tax payments Table 28: Share of firms reporting any types of taxes owed to the authorities in the past three months and the average tax payment change compared with the same period last year The average tax Sector Paid taxes in the past 3 months payment change Agriculture 9% 1% Manufacturing 28% 4% Retail and wholesale 34% 12% Service 33% 0% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 9% 1% Food and beverage products 30% 2% Textiles and garments 39% 19% Other manufacturing 24% 4% Retail and wholesale 34% 12% Construction 14% 0% Accommodation 32% 7% Food and beverage services 38% -1% Financial services 9% 3% Information technology and communication 1% 50% Health and pharmaceutical services 4% 0% Other Services 26% 1% Firm size Micro (1-4) 20% 5% Small (5-19) 34% 4% Medium (20-99) 45% 12% Large (>99) 56% 0% Ecological zone Yangon 36% 12% Mandalay 27% 5% Chin and Dry Zone 29% 3% Delta and Coastal Lowland 21% 2% Hilly Zone 22% 1% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 32% 7% Fully male-owned 24% 3% Partially female-owned 23% 8% Total 26% 5% Sample Size 143 128 Table 29: Share of firms reporting that major types of taxes paid in the past three months Sector Corporate income Commercial Registration tax tax tax Agriculture 43% 21% 57% Manufacturing 47% 42% 68% Retail and wholesale 33% 22% 89% Service 44% 31% 48% Industry Agriculture and aquaculture 43% 21% 57% Food and beverage products 51% 32% 90% Textiles and garments 73% 63% 72% Other manufacturing 34% 54% 31% Retail and wholesale 33% 22% 89% Construction 0% 0% 0% Accommodation 34% 34% 73% Food and beverage services 53% 29% 54% Financial services 71% 59% 59% Information technology and communication 100% 100% 0% Health and pharmaceutical services 0% 0% 0% Other Services 27% 34% 32% Firm size Micro (1-4) 28% 25% 68% Small (5-19) 54% 36% 69% Medium (20-99) 62% 37% 78% Large (>99) 62% 62% 79% Ecological zone Yangon 46% 37% 63% Mandalay 26% 20% 77% Chin and Dry Zone 50% 38% 75% Delta and Coastal Lowland 28% 23% 63% Hilly Zone 64% 38% 73% Ownership by gender Fully female-owned 28% 29% 73% Fully male-owned 38% 31% 65% Partially female-owned 65% 32% 72% Total 41% 31% 69% Sample Size 67 49 91 Appendix 7: Questionnaire for Myanmar Firm Monitoring Survey Round 12 Phone interview introduction and consent form Good morning/afternoon/evening. I am calling from [insert implementing contractor] on behalf of the World Bank. This establishment was randomly selected to participate in a survey, and the purpose of this survey is to better understand the current situation of businesses in Myanmar. I anticipate that this survey/interview will take less than [insert number of minutes] minutes to complete. The World Bank will use the survey results to monitor private sector development and assess the impacts of the recent events on businesses. The findings from the survey will be available to the public via the World Bank Myanmar website and Facebook page and will also be used in the World Bank's Myanmar Economic Monitor - a biannual publication assessing the latest developments in Myanmar's economy. All information and opinions you provide will be anonymized and kept confidential. Your name, the name of your establishment, and detailed contact information will not be used in any document based on this survey. Participating in this survey is completely voluntary, and you can stop participating in this survey at any time. Please call [Insert number of the supervisor] if you have any further questions or want to withdraw from the survey. 0. Do you agree to participate in this survey? Yes 1 Continue with survey questions No 2 Thank them for their time 1. Date and time of the interview (start) [Instruction: To be completed by interviewer/supervisor) Date (start_01) Time (start_02) A. Screener and General Characteristics 1. What is the name of the establishment? (a1) [Instruction: To be completed before the interview] Name of the establishment 2. Location of the establishment [Instruction: To be completed before the interview. For street address (a2a), please check with respondents if they are comfortable with their street address being included in the survey. If respondents are uncomfortable, insert “Not Applicable” (-5). Name Not Applicable Street address (a2a) -5 Township (a2b) State/region (a2c) 3. Is this establishment located in the industry zone? (a3) [Instruction: To be completed before the interview] Yes – Headquarters is in the zone 1 Yes – Branches, factories, and warehouses are in 2 the zone No 3 4. What type of product or service represents this establishment’s largest share of annual sales? (a4) Product or service with the largest share of annual sales 5. What is the main industry of activity of your establishment? (a5) [Instruction: To be filled out by enumerator based on question a4]. Sector Industry Name Code Agriculture Agriculture and Aquaculture 1 Food and Beverage Products 3 Manufacturing Textiles and Garments 4 Other Manufacturing 5 Retail and wholesale Retail and Wholesale 6 Construction 7 Accommodation 8 Restaurants or Food and Beverage services 9 Services Financial Services 10 Information Technology and Communication 12 Health and Pharmaceutical Services 13 Other Services 14 6. Is this establishment formally registered with any level of government authority at present with a business registration certificate/license and other necessary certificates/licenses/permits to operate a business? (a6) Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 7. What is the firm’s ownership status? (a7) Private owned by a national(s) 1 Private owned by a foreigner(s) 2 A joint venture owned by a national and foreign company(s) 3 Other (specify) 4 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 8. When was this establishment established? (a8) Year this establishment was established Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 9. Amongst the owners of this establishment, are there any females? (a9) Yes 1 No 2 Go to a10 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Number What percentage of the establishment is owned by a female(s) (a9a) % owned by a female(s) 10. How many employees did this establishment have in January 2021? (a10) Number Number of full-time employees (a10a) Number of part-time employees (a10b) 11. What was the total share of female employees in January 2021? (a11) Number Female full-time employees (a11a) Share (%) Female part-time employees (a11b) Share (%) 12. What was the value of the total sales of this establishment in January 2021? (a12) Number Value of sales Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 13. Does this establishment usually export any of its products overseas? (a13) Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 14. Does this establishment have an official business bank account? (a18) Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 15. Is this establishment located in an urban or rural area? (a19) Urban 1 Rural 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 16. Does this establishment use online services and digital financial services? (a20) Yes 1 No 2 Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 17. Does this establishment need any foreign currencies for business operations? (a21) Yes 1 Go to question a22 No 2 Go to the next section Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 18. Which of the following applies to the need for foreign currencies? (a22) [Instruction: Ask only if a21=1] Yes No Not applicable We import finished products directly 1 2 -5 and distribute them to the local market (a22a) We import supply and raw materials 1 2 -5 directly (a22b) We pay suppliers in foreign 1 2 -5 currencies (payment for services or any indirect imports) (a22c) We have loans from foreign banks 1 2 -5 (a22d) 19. Did this establishment pay any taxes to the authorities in the past three months before February 2021? (a23) Yes 1 Go to the next question No 2 Go to the next section Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 20. Which of the following taxes did you pay in the past three months before February 2021? (a24) Select all that applies [Instruction: Ask only if a23=1] Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Corporate income taxes (a24a) 1 2 -9 -5 Commercial tax (a24b) 1 2 -9 -5 Specific good tax (a24c) 1 2 -9 -5 Customs duties (a24d) 1 2 -9 -5 Registration tax (a24e) 1 2 -9 -5 Payroll tax (a24f) 1 2 -9 -5 Stamp duties (a24g) 1 2 -9 -5 Others (a24h) Please specify 21. Does this establishment arrange transportation for employees to come to the workplace or office? (a25) Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 B. Impacts on the overall operation 1. How many days did this establishment operate in the last completed month? (b1) Days the establishment operated (insert number of days) Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 2. What is the current status of this establishment? (Instruction: If the business is closed to the public but operates, it should be considered open) (b2) Open 1 Go to question (b2a) Temporary closed 2 Go to question (b3) Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Go to question (b5) What percent of capacity for production or service did this establishment operate in the last completed month? (b2a) (Instruction: Only ask this question if b2=1, then go to question b5) Percent (insert percent) Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 What were the challenges of not being able to operate at full capacity? (b2b) (Instruction: Only ask this question if b2a<100%, and select all that applies) Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Safety concerns for employees (b2b_a) 1 2 -9 -5 Security concerns for business assets or 1 2 -9 -5 location (b2b_b) Sales reduction (b2b_c) 1 2 -9 -5 Unavailability of intermediate inputs 1 2 -9 -5 (b2b_d) Power outage (b2b_e) 1 2 -9 -5 Limited internet access impacting 1 2 -9 -5 business operation (b2b_f) Others (b2b_g) Please specify 3. How many weeks has this establishment been closed since the most recent closure? (b3) Weeks the establishment has been closed (insert number of weeks) Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 4. How many weeks do you expect this establishment to resume full operations? (b4) Number of weeks that the establishment (insert number of weeks) Don’t know (uncertain) -9 5. Did this establishment experience any of the following in the last completed month? (b6) Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) applicable Reduction of sales (b6b) 1 2 -9 -5 Disruption of the supply of inputs 1 2 -9 -5 and raw materials (b6c) Cash flow shortages (b6d) 1 2 -9 -5 Reduction in access to credit (b6e) 1 2 -9 -5 Reduction in the workforce due to 1 2 -9 -5 layoff (b6f) Filed for insolvency or bankruptcy 1 2 -9 -5 (b6g) Having difficulty making payments 1 2 -9 -5 on loans and other business credits (b6h) Having difficulty making payments 1 2 -9 -5 to suppliers and employees due to reduced revenue (b6j) Having difficulty making payments 1 2 -9 -5 to suppliers and employees due to limited banking access (b6k) Limited internet access impacting 1 2 -9 -5 business operation (b6l) Damage to any business assets or 1 2 -9 -5 location (b6m) Reduction in tax payments to the 1 2 -9 -5 current administration (b6n) 6. What was the main reason for the disruption in intermediate materials or inputs? (b7) [Select all that applies] [Instruction: Only ask if b6c=1] Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) Not available (b7a) 1 2 -9 Go to question b9 Cost increased (b7b) 1 2 -9 Go to question b7ba Lower quality (b7c) 1 2 -9 Go to question b9 Others (specify) (b7d) How much did intermediate materials or input prices increase compared to ____? (b7ba) [Instruction: Ask only if b7b=1] January 2021 (b7ba1) Past three months (b7ba2) The percentage of intermediate or (insert percent) (insert percent) input prices increased Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 -9 7. Why did you not experience a cash flow shortage? (b9) Select all that apply. [Instruction: Only ask this question if b6d=2, and select all that apply] Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) Sales has been going well (b9a) 1 2 -9 This establishment can still have access to 1 2 -9 commercial banks (b9b) This establishment can still have access to non- 1 2 -9 banking financial institutions (b9c) This establishment has enough savings to 1 2 -9 manage cash flow (b9d) Others (b9e) Please specify 8. Does any of the following impact the performance and operation of this establishment? (b12) Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) Depreciation of Myanmar Kyat against US 1 2 -9 dollar (b12a) Limited access to US dollar (b12b) 1 2 -9 Depreciation of Myanmar Kyat against other 1 2 -9 foreign currencies (b12c) Limited access to foreign currencies other than 1 2 -9 US Dollars (b12d) 9. Which of the following impacts did this establishment experience? (b13) Select all that apply. [Instruction: Ask only if any of the above in b12=1]. Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) applicable Delayed payments to suppliers quoting 1 2 -9 -5 payments in US dollars (b13a) Inability to make payments to supplier quoting 1 2 -9 -5 payments in US dollars (b13b) Delayed payments to suppliers quoting 1 2 -9 -5 payments in other foreign currencies (b13c) Inability to make payments to suppliers 1 2 -9 -5 quoting payments in other foreign currencies (b13d) Increase in raw material or input cost (b13e) 1 2 -9 -5 Increase in operational costs (b13f) 1 2 -9 -5 Increase in kyat-equivalent income from 1 2 -9 -5 export sales (b13g) Others (b13h) Please specify 10. Which of the following was the biggest challenge for business operations in the last completed month? (b14) Only select one option. Conflict escalation 1 Power outages 2 Myanmar kyat volatility 3 Sales reduction 4 Did not experience any challenges 5 C. Impacts on Sales 1. Comparing this establishment’s sales for the last completed month with the same period last year, did the sales? (c2) Increase 1 Remain the same 2 Go to question c3 Decrease 3 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Go to question c3 Percent Increased by how much? (c2a) Percent Decreased by how much? (c2b) 2. Comparing this establishment’s profit for the last completed month with the same period last year, did profit? (c3) Profit Increase 1 Remain the same 2 Go to question c4 Decrease 3 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Go to question c4 Percent Increased by how much? (c3a) Decreased by how much? (c3b) 3. Did this establishment increase the prices of products or services in the past three months? (c4) Yes 1 No 2 Skip subsequent questions and go to question c7 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Percent Increased by how much? (c4a) 4. What was the major decision to increase prices? (c6) [Instruction: Ask only if c4=1]. Code To cover higher costs due to an increase in 1 supply, intermediate and input prices To cover higher costs due to an increase in 2 operation cost To follow industry trends as competitors 3 increased prices To boost revenue 4 Others (Specify) 5. Does this establishment plan to increase the prices of products or services in the next three months? [Instruction: Ask only if c4=2] Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 6. Which of the following is the sales method used most often by this establishment for sales in the last completed month? (c8) [Select top 3 methods] Yes No Sales at your business premises or based on in- 1 2 person or face-to-face visits (c8a) Sales through SMS and phone calls (c8b) 1 2 Sales through email orders (c8c) 1 2 Sales through social media platforms (c8d) 1 2 Sales through external digital platforms such as 1 2 shop.com.mm or e-commerce applications (c8e) Sales through an internal e-commerce platform 1 2 (or the establishment’s owned website) (c8f) Others (c8g) Please specify 7. Which of the following is the payment method for transactions most often used by this establishment in the last completed month? (c8) [Select top 3 methods] Yes No Exchange of goods or services (c9a) 1 2 Cash (c9b) 1 2 Bank transfer in person at a bank (c9c) 1 2 Bank transfer through mobile or internet banking 1 2 (c9d) Prepaid card, Debit card, or Credit card (c9e) 1 2 Money transfer through mobile money apps such 1 2 as KBZPay, WavePay, etc. (c9f) Money transfer through platforms such as 1 2 Western Union (c9g) Others (c9h) Please specify D. Impacts on labor 1. How many employees did this establishment have in the last completed month? (d1) Number Number of full-time employees (d1a) Number of part-time employees (d1b) 2. What was the total share of female employees in the last completed month? (d2) Share Female full-time employees (d2a) Female part-time employees (d2b) 3. In the last completed month, how many full-time workers were: (d3) [Instruction: Insert 0 if none of the following activities happen] Number Don’t know (spontaneous) Hired (male) (d3a) -9 Hired (female) (d3b) -9 Laid-off (male) (d3c) -9 Laid-off (female) (d3d) -9 Granted unpaid leave of absence (male) (d3e) -9 Granted unpaid leave of absence (female) (d3f) Had their salary, wages, or benefits reduced -9 (male) (d3g) Had their salary, wages, or benefits reduced -9 (female) (d3h) Had their hours reduced (male) (d3i) -9 Had their hours reduced (female) (d3j) -9 4. Does this establishment experience that employees arrive late due to poor public transport? (d4) [Instruction: Ask only if a25=2] Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Not applicable -5 5. Does the establishment subsidize transportation expenses to employees for the increased rates in public transport? (d4) [Instruction: Ask only if a25=2] Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Not applicable -5 E. Impacts on finance 1. Does this establishment have any outstanding loans from the following institutions/individuals? (e2) Yes No Don’t know (Spontaneous) Commercial banks (e2a) 1 2 -9 Non-banking financial institutions 1 2 -9 (microfinance institutions, credit cooperatives, credit unions, or finance companies) (e2b) Friends or family members (e2c) 1 2 -9 2. In the last completed month, did this establishment delay payment for more than one week? (e3) Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) Suppliers (e3a) 1 2 -9 Tax authorities (e3b) 1 2 -9 Banks and non-bank financial institutions (e3c) 1 2 -9 Employees (for salary) (e3d) 1 2 -9 3. What was the main mechanism to deal with cash flow shortages in the last completed month? [Instruction: Ask only if b6d=2] (e4) Loans from commercial banks 1 Loans from non-banking financial institutions (microfinance 2 institutions, credit cooperatives, credit unions, or finance companies Loans from friends or family 4 Delaying payments to suppliers/workers/authorities 5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 4. How long (in months) will your establishment be able to service its debt/s in the current situation? [Instruction: Ask only if b6d=2] (e5) Number Months Don’t know (Spontaneous) -9 5. Why did this establishment not have outstanding loans? [instruction: Ask only if e2a=2, e2b=2 and e2c=2, and select all that apply] Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) This establishment can pay all outstanding 1 2 -9 loans on time (e6a) This establishment has enough savings to 1 2 -9 finance expenses (e6b) This establishment has never had access to 1 2 -9 finance through formal and informal channels (e6c) This establishment no longer needs loans due 1 2 -9 to reduced production (e6d) This establishment cannot access any new loans 1 2 -9 (e6e) Others (specify) (e6f) 1 2 -9 F. Response and resilience for business continuity 1. How confident are you that this establishment can remain open for the next month with your current cash flow? (g1) Not very confident 1 Not confident 2 Neutral 3 Confident 4 Very confident 5 2. If the current situation does not improve, how likely is it that this establishment will need to close business permanently in the next three months? (g2) Not very likely 1 Not likely 2 Neutral 3 Likely 4 Very likely 5 3. Do you anticipate that this establishment will fall in arrears in its outstanding liabilities in the next three months? (g3) Yes 1 No 2 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 4. Do you expect this establishment’s business to recover back to levels before Feb 2021 in the next six months? (g4) Yes 1 No 2 Go to question g6 Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 5. Looking ahead to the next three months, what is the expected change in sales that you anticipate for this establishment compared to the same period last year? (g5) Sales change (%) Don’t know -9 6. Looking ahead to the next three months, what is the expected change in employment that you anticipate for this establishment compared to the same period last year? (g6) Employment change (%) Don’t know -9 7. Looking ahead to the next three months, what is the expected change in investment that you anticipate for this establishment compared to the same period last year? (g7) Investment change (%) Don’t know -9 8. Which of the following would be the three most significant challenges for business operations in the next three months? (g8) Select only the top 3 challenges. Yes No Don’t know (spontaneous) Conflict escalation (g8a) 1 2 -9 Supply chain disruptions (g8b) 1 2 -9 Banking disruptions (g8c) 1 2 -9 Internet restrictions (g8d) 1 2 -9 Power outages (g8e) 1 2 -9 Myanmar kyat volatility (g8f) 1 2 -9 Limited marketing and advertising opportunities 1 2 -9 (g8g) Lack of demand (g8h) 1 2 -9 Uncertain business environment (g8i) 1 2 -9 Others Please specify G. Adjustment mechanisms 1. What adjustments did this establishment make for better business performance in the last completed month? (i1) Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Increased marketing and advertising 1 2 -9 -5 activities (i1a) Provided discounts and promotions (i1b) 1 2 -9 -5 Sourced cheaper intermediate inputs (i1c) 1 2 -9 -5 Invested in new machinery or equipment 1 2 -9 -5 (i1d) Shifted to new business activities unrelated 1 2 -9 -5 to my core business (i1e) Did not need any adjustments for 1 2 -9 -5 improvement (i1f) Other (i1g) Please specify 2. Have power outages been disruptive to business operations in the past three months? (i2) Yes 1 No 2 Skip the following question and Not applicable -5 go to question i4 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Did this establishment already manage power outages for business operations? (i2a) [Ask only if i2=1] Yes 1 No 2 Skip the following question Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 and go to question i3 How did this establishment manage power outages for business operations? (i2b) [Ask only if i2a=1] [Select all that applies] Yes No Not Applicable Invested in generators (i2ba) 1 2 -5 Invested in off-grid power systems such as solar, wind, or micro-hydro (i2bb) Moved to a location with better access to 1 2 -5 electricity (i2bc) Reduced operation hours (i2bd) 1 2 -5 Others (i2be) Please specify 3. How does this establishment plan to manage power outages for business operations if any adjustments have not been made? (i3) [Ask only if i2a=2] [Select all that applies] Yes No Not Applicable Invest in electric generators (i3a) 1 2 -5 Invest in off-grid power systems such as solar, wind, or micro-hydro (i3b) Move to a location with better access to 1 2 -5 electricity (i3c) Reduce operation hours (i3d) 1 2 -5 No plan yet (i3e) 1 2 -5 Others (i3f) Please specify 4. In the beginning of 2022, did this establishment plan to invest and expand its business? (i4) Yes 1 Continue to question i4a No 2 Go to question i5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Is this establishment able to implement planned business expansion and investment activities between the beginning of 2022 and now? (i4a) [Ask only if i4=1] Yes 1 Go to question i5 No 2 Continue to question i4b Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 What are the challenges of not being able to implement the planned activities? (i4b) [Ask only if i4a=2] [Select all that applies] Yes No Not Applicable The kyat volatility (i4b_a) 1 2 -5 Sales reduction (i4b_b) 1 2 -5 Conflict escalation (i4b_c) 1 2 -5 Limited access to finance (i4b_d) 1 2 -5 Power outages (i4b_e) 1 2 -5 Labor shortages (i4b_f) 1 2 -5 Raw material shortages (i4b_g) 1 2 -5 Others (i4b_h) Please specify 5. Has this establishment experienced any of the following challenges with online and digital financial services in the last completed month? (i5) [instruction: Ask only if a20=1, and select all that applies] Yes No Not Applicable Lack of IT capacity, skills, or technology within 1 2 -5 the business (i5a) High prices charged by online platforms, 1 2 -5 marketplaces, or sellers (i5b) High prices for online advertising (i5c) 1 2 -5 Did not experience any challenges selling goods 1 2 -5 or services online (i5d) Limited internet access (i5e) 1 2 -5 Disrupted electronic banking services (i5f) 1 2 -5 Others (i5g) Please specify 6. Does this establishment plan to make any of the following adjustments if the situation does not improve in the next three months? (i6) Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Reduce the number of staff (i6a) 1 2 -9 -5 Reduce salaries (i6b) 1 2 -9 -5 Reduce operation hours (i6c) 1 2 -9 -5 Source cheaper inputs or raw materials 1 2 -9 -5 (i6d) Borrow money to cover the cost (i6e) 1 2 -9 -5 Temporarily close the business (i6f) 1 2 -9 -5 Permanently close the business (i6g) 1 2 -9 -5 Shift to new business activities unrelated to 1 2 -9 -5 my core business (i6h) Others (i6i) Please specify H. Tax payment and regulatory environment 1. Did this establishment pay any taxes to the authorities in the past three months? (j1) Yes 1 Go to the next question No 2 Go to question j4 Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 2. Which of the following taxes did you pay in the past three months? (j2) [Instruction: Ask only if j1=1] Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Corporate income taxes (j2a) 1 2 -9 -5 Commercial tax (j2b) 1 2 -9 -5 Specific good tax (j2c) 1 2 -9 -5 Customs duties (j2d) 1 2 -9 -5 Registration tax (j2e) 1 2 -9 -5 Payroll tax (j2f) 1 2 -9 -5 Stamp duties (j2g) 1 2 -9 -5 Others (j2h) Please specify 3. Compared to the same period last year, did this establishment’s estimated tax payments to the authorities _____ in the past three months? (j3) [Instruction: Ask only if j1=1] Increase 1 Go to question (j3b) Remain the same 2 Go to question (j4) Decrease 3 Go to question (j3a) Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 Go to question (j4) Not applicable -5 Go to question (j4) Percent Decreased by how much? (j3a) Increased by how much? (j3b) 4. Did this establishment file taxes in the past three months? (j4) Yes 1 Go to the next question No 2 Go to question j6 Not applicable -5 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 5. How was the ease of filing and paying taxes in the past three months? (j5) [Instruction: Ask only if j1=1 or j4=1] Improved 1 Worsened 2 Remained the same 3 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 What are the reasons for worsened ease of filing and paying taxes? (j5a) [Instruction: Ask only if j5=2, and select all that applies] Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Increased fees/charges (j5aa) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased informal cost (j5ab) 1 2 -9 -5 Slower service (j5ac) 1 2 -9 -5 Unresponsive service (j5ad) 1 2 -9 -5 More paperwork (j5ae) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased security concerns (j5af) 1 2 -9 -5 Others (j5ag) Please specify Approximately how much did the cost increase in the past three months – compared to the same period last year? (j5b) [Instruction: Ask only if j5aa=1 or j5ab=1] Percent (%) Don’t know (Spontaneous) -9 6. Did this establishment require any customs clearance in the past three months?4 (j6) Yes 1 Go to the next question No 2 Go to question j8 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 7. How was the ease of customs clearances and making customs payments in the past three months? (j7) Improved 1 Go to question j8 Worsened 2 Go to the next question Remained the same 3 Go to question j8 Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 What are the reasons for worsened ease of customs clearance and making customs payments? (j7a) [Instruction: Ask only if j7=2, and select all that applies] Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Increased fees/charges (j7aa) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased informal cost (j7ab) 1 2 -9 -5 Slower service (j7ac) 1 2 -9 -5 Unresponsive service (j7ad) 1 2 -9 -5 More paperwork (j7ae) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased security concerned (j7af) 1 2 -9 -5 Others (j7a_g) Please specify Approximately how much did the cost increase in the past three months – compared to the same period last year? (j7b) [Instruction: Ask only if j7a_a=1 or j7a_b=1] Percent (%) Don’t know (Spontaneous) -9 8. Did your establishment acquire any business-related license in the past three months? (j8) Yes 1 Go to the next question No 2 Skip the next question, and Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 the survey ends here 9. How was the ease of acquiring any business-related license in the past three months?5 (j9) 4 This applies not only to firms that export or import but also those firms that imports parts, equipment, machineries, or anything required for their own business operation – even if it is occasionally. 5 License implies to all sorts of license such as imports/exports license, alcohol license for restaurants (that sells alcohol) or license from municipal government such as YCDC, not just business or company registration license. Improved 1 Skip the next question, and the survey ends here Worsened 2 Go to the next question Remained the same 3 Skip the next question, and the Don’t know (spontaneous) -9 survey ends here What are the reasons for worsened ease of acquiring a business license? (j9a) [Instruction: Ask only if j9=2, and select all that applies] Yes No Don’t know Not (spontaneous) Applicable Increased fees/charge (j9aa) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased informal cost (j9ab) 1 2 -9 -5 Slower service (j9ac) 1 2 -9 -5 Unresponsive service (j9ad) 1 2 -9 -5 More paperwork (j9ae) 1 2 -9 -5 Increased security concerned (j9af) 1 2 -9 -5 Others (j9ag) Please specify Approximately how much did the cost increase in the past three months – compared to the same period last year? (j9b) [Instruction: Ask only if j9a_a=1 or j9a_b=1] Percent (%) Don’t know (Spontaneous) -9 The survey ends here. I would like to gather a few final details. Thank you for your time and cooperation. I. Control Questions 1. The name of the respondent (k1) [Instruction: Select “Not applicable” if respondents do not feel comfortable providing their names] Name Not applicable -5 2. What option best reflects your main occupation in this establishment? (k2) [Instruction: Select “Not applicable” if respondents do not feel comfortable providing their titles] Owner, CEO, or CFO 1 Manager 2 Accountant or lawyer 3 Other Please specify Not applicable -5 3. Contact information (k3) [Instruction: Select “Not applicable” if respondents do not feel comfortable providing contact info details] Email/Phone number Not applicable Email (k3a) Insert email address -5 Phone number (k3b) Insert phone number -5 4. Would you like to participate in future rounds of the survey? (k4) Yes 1 No 2 5. Number of calls attempted (k5) [Instruction: To be completed by interviewer/supervisor) Number of calls attempted 6. Date and time of the interview (end) [Instruction: To be completed by interviewer/supervisor) Date (End_01) Time (End_02)