79745 WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 20 2 09 Statistics for small states a supplement to the World Development Indicators 2009 Statistics for Small States A supplement to the World Development Indicators 2009 Acknowledgments This supplement to the World Development Indicators 2009 presents data for developing member countries of the Small States Forum. It is a joint product of the Development Economics Data Group and the Operations Policy and Country Services Vice-Presidency. This publication was prepared under the general direction of Shaida Badiee, Director, Development Economics Data Group. Eric Swanson and Henry Chase led the team comprising Mehdi Akhlaghi, Azita Amjadi, Uranbileg Batjargal, David Cielikowski, Richard Fix, Masako Hiraga, Kiyomi Horiuchi, Buy- ant Erdene Khaltarkhuu, Raymond Muhula, Beatriz Prieto-Oramas, Sulekha Patel, William Prince, and K.M. Vijayalakshmi. Production was managed by Richard Fix incorporating original design provided by Communications Development Incorporated and their London partner, Peter Grundy of Peter Grundy Art & Design. Staff from External Affairs oversaw printing and dissemination of the book. Symbols and data presentation conventions Symbols .. means that data are not available. 0 or 0.0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. $ means current U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. < means less than. Data presentation conventions • A blank means not applicable or, for an aggregate, not analytically meaningful. • A billion is 1,000 million. • A trillion is 1,000 billion. • Figures in italics refer to years or periods other than those specified or to growth rates calculated for less than the full period specified. • Data for years that are more than three years from the range shown are footnoted. The cutoff date for data is June 30, 2009. Preface The development community has long lacked adequate statistical information on lightly populated developing countries. International efforts to compile and disseminate statistical data tend to focus on large economies and countries with large populations, while small states with limited capacity and financing for national data collection receive scant attention. To help address this deficiency, the World Bank’s Development Data Group, with support from Operations Policy and Country Services, is inaugurating an annual small states supplement to the World Development Indicators. This volume has the immediate value of making accessible a comprehensive set of statistics on these countries in a convenient format. And it has two additional benefits: it helps to identify the remaining statistical gaps in small states, and it will serve as an accountability mechanism to spur our efforts to close those gaps. The developing small states represented here are a diverse group of some 40 sovereign countries with limited populations for which diseconomies of scale and resource constraints constitute inherent challenges. These countries vary from micro-states with fewer than 50,000 people to a few countries with populations over 2 million. Their average annual income also ranges widely—from less than $600 to more than $15,000 per person. But rich or poor, compared to countries with larger populations small states remain more vulnerable to natural disasters and environmental change, as many of them are islands, and they are also more exposed to exogenous shocks because of their economic openness and small economies. All these factors pose important challenges for their development. The combination of shared vulnerability and diverse experience highlights the importance of having reliable data to better ground and guide appropriate policies. Indeed, a prerequisite for effective development interventions and sound policy advice is a comprehensive statistical portrait of economic and financial activity, education and health systems, infrastructure and resource use, and the causes of poverty. This effort to provide such a portrait falls within the larger framework that has informed the World Bank’s work on small states since 2000, when the Development Committee accepted the Report of the Joint Commonwealth Secretariat/World Bank Task Force on Small States. That report has guided the World Bank’s active engagement with these clients through specific country and regional programs, data collection, and critical analysis. On all these fronts, much still remains to be done; but although the challenges endure, so too does the Bank’s commitment to its small state partners. Justin Yifu Lin Jeffrey S. Gutman Vice President and Chief Economist Vice President and Head of Network Development Economics Operations Policy and Country Services 2009 Small States 3 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments 2 Preface 3 Introduction 5 Tables 1. Size of the economy 6 2. Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and saving lives 8 3. Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment 10 4. People and poverty 12 5. Participation and education 14 6. Health 16 7. Labor market 18 8. Agriculture and forestry 20 9. Energy and emissions 22 10. Economic activity 24 11. Private and public sectors 26 12. Transport, communications services, and science and technology 28 13. Aid dependency 30 14. Trade 32 15. Global links 34 Small States Forum 36 4 2009 Small States Introduction In 2000 the World Bank made a corporate commitment to organize a Small States Forum each year in the context of the International Monetary Fund/World Bank Annual Meetings. The Forum is intended to raise the profile of small states issues and provide an opportunity for small state officials to bring their views and ideas to the attention of the international community. Forty-eight World Bank members comprise the Small States Forum, all but five having populations below 1.5 million. These countries are all included in the World Development Indicators database, but countries with populations of less than one million do not appear in the main tables of the print publication. To better serve this important seg- ment of the Bank’s membership and to help highlight the challenges they face, this special supplement to the World Development Indicators (WDI) has been produced, covering critical development factors. The data in this supplement cover 40 members of the Small States Forum excluding the high-income countries of Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Estonia, Iceland, Malta, Qatar, and San Marino. Tables The tables in the Statistics for Small States follow a thematic organization similar to the World Development Indicators. Indicators are shown for the most recent year or period for which data are available and, for some indicators, for an earlier year or period. As in the World Development Indicators, countries are listed alphabetically. Data are shown for countries as they were constituted in 2008, and historical data have been revised to reflect current political arrangements. Time-series data for these and 169 other economies are available from the World Development Indicators CD-ROM and the WDI Online database. Known deviations from standard definitions or breaks in comparability over time or across countries are either footnoted in the tables or noted in About the data pages that accompany each table. When available data are deemed to be too weak to provide reliable measures of levels and trends or do not adequately adhere to international standards, the data are not shown. Statistical sources Data are generally taken from official sources – national statistical offices or the statistical departments of international agencies. In compiling the data shown here, some adjustments have been made to increase comparability across countries or over time. Exceptions to standard practice are footnoted in the tables. Additional information about primary sources, census years, fiscal years, statistical methods and concepts used, and other background information is provided in the Primary data documentation section of World Development Indicators 2009. That section also summarizes national and international efforts to improve basic data collection. Data consistency, reliability, and comparability Considerable effort has been made to standardize the data, but full comparability cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting the indicators. Statistical systems in many developing economies are still weak; statistical methods, coverage, and definitions differ widely; and cross- country and intertemporal comparisons involve complex technical and conceptual problems that cannot be resolved unequivocally. Data coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances affecting the collection and reporting of data, such as problems stemming from conflicts. For these reasons, although data are drawn from the sources thought to be most authoritative, they should be construed only as indicating trends and characterizing major differences among countries rather than as offering precise quantitative measures of those differences. Data reflect updates by countries as well as revisions to historical series and changes in methodology. Therefore readers are advised not to compare data series between editions of World Development Indicators or between different World Bank publications. Consistent time-series data for 1960–2008 are available on the World Development Indicators CD-ROM and in WDI Online. Except where otherwise noted, growth rates are in real terms. (See Statistical methods in World Development Indicators 2009 for information on the methods used to calculate growth rates.) Data for some economic indicators for some countries are presented in fiscal years rather than calendar years; see the Primary data documentation section of the WDI. All dollar figures are current U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated. The methods used for converting national currencies are described in the Statistical methods section of the WDI. 2009 Small States 5 1 Size of the economy Population Surface Population Gross national Gross national income PPP gross national incomeb Gross domestic product area density incomea per capitaa Per capita Per capita thousand people per thousands sq. km sq. km $ millions Rank $ Rank $ millions $ Rank % growth % growth 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 Antigua and Barbuda 86 0.4 194 1,165 185 13,620 64 1,760 c 20,570 c 63 2.5 1.6 Bahamas, The 335 13.9 33 .. .. d .. .. 1.0 -0.2 Barbados 255 0.4 593 .. .. d .. .. .. .. Belize 311 23.0 14 1,186 184 3,820 115 1,875 c 6,040 c 121 3.0 0.9 Bhutan 687 47.0 15 1,302 182 1,900 145 3,349 4,880 131 13.8 12.0 Botswana 1,905 581.7 3 12,328 113 6,470 86 24,964 13,100 82 -1.0 -2.2 Cape Verde 499 4.0 124 1,561 178 3,130 126 1,720 3,450 149 6.0 4.5 Comoros 644 1.9 346 483 202 750 175 754 1,170 189 1.0 -1.4 Djibouti 848 23.2 37 957 189 1,130 159 1,972 2,330 162 3.9 2.1 Dominica 73 0.8 98 349 204 4,770 102 607 c 8,300 c 104 3.4 2.9 Equatorial Guinea 659 28.1 24 9,875 123 14,980 58 14,305 21,700 60 11.3 8.4 Fiji 839 18.3 46 3,300 162 3,930 112 3,578 4,270 140 0.2 -0.3 Gabon 1,448 267.7 6 10,490 120 7,240 83 17,766 12,270 86 2.1 0.2 Gambia, The 1,660 11.3 166 653 194 390 197 2,130 1,280 183 5.9 3.0 Grenada 106 0.3 310 603 196 5,710 94 850 c 8,060 c 105 2.1 2.2 Guinea-Bissau 1,575 36.1 56 386 203 250 206 832 530 206 3.3 1.0 Guyana 763 215.0 4 1,081 188 1,420 155 1,916 c 2,510 c 161 3.0 3.1 Jamaica 2,689 11.0 248 13,098 110 4,870 101 19,785 c 7,360 c 112 -1.3 -1.8 Kiribati 97 0.8 119 193 208 2,000 143 353 c 3,660 c 147 3.4 1.8 Lesotho 2,017 30.4 66 2,179 173 1,080 161 4,033 2,000 168 3.9 3.4 Maldives 310 0.3 1,035 1,126 186 3,630 118 1,639 5,280 126 5.8 4.0 Marshall Islands 60 0.2 331 195 207 3,270 124 .. .. 1.5 -0.8 Mauritius 1,269 2.0 625 8,122 129 6,400 88 15,841 12,480 85 5.3 4.7 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 111 0.7 159 260 206 2,340 138 334 c 3,000 c 154 -1.0 -1.3 Montenegro 622 14.0 45 4,008 153 6,440 87 8,661 13,920 77 7.1 6.9 Namibia 2,114 824.3 3 8,880 125 4,200 109 13,248 6,270 119 2.7 1.0 Palau 20 0.5 44 175 209 8,650 79 .. .. -1.0 -1.6 Samoa 182 2.8 64 504 201 2,780 129 789 c 4,340 c 138 -3.4 -3.6 São Tomé and Principe 161 1.0 168 164 210 1,020 164 286 1,780 174 5.8 3.9 Seychelles 86 0.5 188 889 191 10,290 73 1,707 c 19,770 c 64 2.8 1.3 Solomon Islands 507 28.9 18 598 197 1,180 156 1,309 c 2,580 c 160 7.4 4.9 St. Kitts and Nevis 49 0.3 189 539 199 10,960 71 746 c 15,170 c 73 9.7 8.8 St. Lucia 170 0.6 279 940 190 5,530 96 1,561 c 9,190 c 99 2.3 1.1 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 109 0.4 280 561 198 5,140 99 957 c 8,770 c 100 1.0 0.9 Suriname 515 163.3 3 2,570 171 4,990 100 3,674 c 7,130 c 115 7.0 6.0 Swaziland 1,168 17.4 68 2,945 164 2,520 134 5,852 5,010 129 2.5 1.1 Timor-Leste 1,098 14.9 74 2,706 166 2,460 136 5,150 c 4,690 c 134 13.2 9.6 Tonga 104 0.8 144 265 205 2,560 133 402 c 3,880 c 144 1.2 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago 1,338 5.1 261 22,123 89 16,540 55 32,033 c 23,950 c 52 3.4 3.0 Vanuatu 231 12.2 19 539 200 2,330 139 910 c 3,940 c 142 6.6 4.2 a. Calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. b. PPP is purchasing power parity; see Definitions. c. Based on regression; others are extrapolated from the 2005 International Com- parison Program benchmark estimates. d. Estimated to be high income($11,906 or more). 6 2009 Small States 1 small states Size of the economy About the data Definitions Population, land area, income, output, and growth three sources. For 45 high or upper middle income • Population is based on the de facto definition of in output are basic measures of the size of an countries, the PPP conversion factors are provided population, which counts all residents regardless economy. They also provide a broad indication of by Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees actual and potential resources. Population, land Co-operation and Development (OECD), among not permanently settled in the country of asylum, area, income (as measured by gross national income which 34 European countries’ PPP estimates who are generally considered part of the population or GNI) and output (as measured by gross domestic have incorporated some new price data collected of their country of origin. The values shown are product or GDP) are used throughout the World after 2005. For the rest of the countries that midyear estimates for 2008. • Surface area is a Development Indicators 2009 to normalize other participated in the 2005 round of price surveys, the country’s total area, including areas under inland indicators. PPP estimates are extrapolated from the 2005 ICP bodies of water and some coastal water-ways. • Population estimates are generally based on benchmark results, taking account of relative price Population density is midyear population divided extrapolations from the most recent national changes between each economy and the United by land area in square kilometers. • Gross national census. For further discussion of the measurement States. For countries that did not participate in the income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all of population and population growth, see World 2005 ICP round, the PPP estimates are imputed resident producers plus any product taxes (less Development Indicators 2009, About the data for using a statistical model. subsidies) not included in the valuation of output table 2.1 and Statistical methods. Ranks are not shown for economies for which plus net receipts of primary income (compensation The surface area of an economy includes inland numerical estimates of GNI and per capita are not of employees and property income) from abroad. bodies of water and some coastal waterways. Surface published. Data are in current U.S. dollars converted using the area thus differs from land area (see table 8), which World Bank Atlas method (see World Development excludes bodies of water, and from gross area, which Indicators 2009, Statistical methods). • GNI per may include offshore territorial waters. Innovations capita is gross national income divided by midyear in satellite mapping and computer databases have population. GNI per capita in U.S. dollars is resulted in more precise measurements of land and converted using the World Bank Atlas method. • water areas. PPP GNI is gross national income converted to GNI measures the total domestic and foreign international dollars using purchasing power parity value added claimed by residents. GNI comprises (PPP) rates. An international dollar has the same GDP plus net receipts of primary income purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has (compensation of employees and property income) in the United States. • Gross domestic product from nonresident sources. The World Bank uses (GDP) is the sum of value added by all resident GNI per capita in U.S. dollars to classify countries producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) for analytical purposes and to determine lending not included in the valuation of output. Growth eligibility. For de�nitions of the World Bank is calculated from constant price GDP data in income groups see World Development Indicators local currency. • GDP per capita is gross domestic 2009, Users guide. product divided by midyear population. When calculating GNI in U.S. dollars from GNI reported in national currencies, the World Bank follows its Atlas conversion method, using a three-year average of exchange rates to smooth the effects of transitory fluctuations in exchange rates. (For further discussion of the Atlas method, see World Development Indicators 2009, Statistical methods.) GDP and GDP per capita growth rates are calculated from data in constant prices and national currency units. Because exchange rates do not always reflect differences in price levels between countries, this table also converts GNI and GNI per capita estimates into international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates. PPP rates provide a standard measure allowing comparison of real levels of expenditure between countries, just as conventional price indexes allow comparison of real values over time. PPPs are calculated by simultaneously Data sources comparing the prices of similar goods and services among a large number of countries, and in the Population estimates are prepared by World most recent round of price surveys conducted by Bank staff from a variety of sources. Data on the International Comparison Program (ICP), 146 surface and land area are from the Food and countries and territories participated in the data Agriculture Organization. GNI, GNI per capita, collection—China for the first time, India for the GDP growth, and GDP per capita growth are first time since 1985, along with almost all African estimated by World Bank staff based on national countries. The PPP conversion factors presented in accounts data. the World Development Indicators 2009 come from 2009 Small States 7 2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and saving lives Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal Promote Reduce child primary education gender equality mortality Prevalence Employment to population ratio of malnutrition Share of poorest quintile in Ratio of girls to boys enrollments Under-five national connsumption or Underweight Total % ages 15 and older Primary completion rate in primary and secondary school mortality rate income % of children under age 5 % % per 1,000 % 1990-2007 a 2000-2007a 2007 2007 2007 2007 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. 97 95 11 Bahamas, The .. .. 67 97 101 13 Barbados .. .. 67 95 101 12 Belize .. .. 57 103 b 101 b 25 Bhutan 5.4 .. 58 83 b 98 b 84 Botswana 3.1 10.7 46 95 101 40 Cape Verde 4.5 .. 56 86 104 32 Comoros 2.6 25.0 68 50 84 66 Djibouti 6.0 .. .. 35 80 b 127 Dominica .. .. .. 96 101 11 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.6 62 67 .. 206 Fiji .. .. 56 90 104 18 Gabon 6.1 8.8 59 .. .. 91 Gambia, The 4.8 15.8 72 69 b 103 b 109 Grenada .. .. .. 81 97 19 Guinea-Bissau 7.2 21.9 66 .. .. 198 Guyana 4.5 11.9 59 116 96 60 Jamaica 5.2 3.1 58 91 103 31 Kiribati .. .. .. 125 107 63 Lesotho 3.0 16.6 56 78 104 84 Maldives .. 25.7 57 129 101 30 Marshall Islands .. .. .. 91 99 54 Mauritius .. .. 55 94 100 15 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. 102 40 Montenegro .. 2.2 42 .. 97 10 Namibia 1.5 17.5 42 77 104 68 Palau .. .. .. 119 99 10 Samoa .. .. .. 98 105 27 São Tomé and Principe .. 10.1 .. 76 b 100 b 99 Seychelles .. .. .. 114 106 13 Solomon Islands .. .. 65 .. 93 70 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. 96 97 18 St. Lucia 5.2 .. .. 116 103 18 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. .. 92 101 19 Suriname 3.0 11.4 45 84 114 29 Swaziland 4.5 9.1 51 75 92 91 Timor-Leste 6.7 40.6 67 69 95 97 Tonga .. .. .. 100 99 23 Trinidad and Tobago 5.5 4.4 62 93 101 35 Vanuatu .. .. .. 86 95 34 a. Data are for the most recent year available. b. Data are for 2008. 8 2009 Small States Millennium Development Goals: 2 small states eradicating poverty and saving lives About the data Definitions Tables 2 and 3 present indicators for 13 of the 21 this goal. Under-five mortality rates are harmonized • Share of poorest quintile in national consump- targets specified by the Millennium Development estimates produced by a weighted least squares re- tion or income is the share of the poorest 20 per- Goals. Each of the eight goals includes one or more gression model and are available at regular intervals cent of the population in consumption or, in some targets, and each target has several associated in- for most countries. cases, income. • Prevalence of malnutrition is the dicators for monitoring progress toward the target. Most of the 60 indicators relating to the Millen- percentage of children under age five whose weight Most of the targets are set as a value of a specific in- nium Development Goals and information about for age is more than two standard deviations below dicator to be attained by a certain date. In some cas- data collection methods and limitations, can be the median for the international reference popula- es the target value is set relative to a level in 1990. found in World Development Indicators database. tion ages 0–59 months. The data are based on the In others it is set at an absolute level. Some of the new international child growth standards for in- targets for goals 7 and 8 have not yet been quanti- fants and young children, called the Child Growth fied. The indicators in this table relate to goals 1–4. Standards, released in 2006 by the World Health Goal 1 has three targets between 1990 and 2015: Organization. • Employment to population ratio to halve the proportion of people whose income is is the proportion of a country’s population that is less than $1.25 a day; to achieve full and productive employed. Ages 15 and older are generally consid- employment and decent work for all; and to halve ered the working-age population. . • Primary com- the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. pletion rate is the percentage of students complet- Estimates of poverty rates are shown in table 4. ing the last year of primary school. It is calculated The indicator shown here, the share of the poor- as the total number of students in the last grade of est quintile in national consumption or income, primary school, minus the number of repeaters in is a distributional measure. Countries with more that grade, divided by the total number of children unequal distributions of consumption (or income) of official graduation age. • Ratio of girls to boys have a higher rate of poverty for a given average enrollments in primary and secondary school income. is the ratio of the female to male gross enrollment Employment to population ratio measure the rate in primary and secondary school. • Under-five distribution of employment among population mortality rate is the probability that a newborn groups. A high ratio means that a large proportion baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to of the population is employed. But a lower employ- current age-specific mortality rates. The probability ment to population ratio can be seen as a positive is expressed as a rate per 1,000. sign, especially for young people, if it is caused by an increase in their education. This indicator has a gender bias because women who do not consider their work employment or who are not perceived as working tend to be undercounted. This bias has different effects across countries. Comparability of employment ratios across countries is also affected by variations in definitions of employment and population (see World Development Indicators 2009, About the data for table 2.3). Data sources No single indicator captures the concept of suf- fering from hunger. Child malnutrition is a symp- Data on income distribution are compiled by tom of inadequate food supply, lack of essential the World Bank’s Development Research Group nutrients, illnesses that deplete these nutrients, and using primary household survey data obtained undernourished mothers who give birth to under- from government statistical agencies and World weight children. Bank country departments. Data on employ- Progress toward universal primary education is ment to population ratio are from the ILO da- measured by the primary completion rate. Because tabase Key Indicators of the Labour market, many school systems do not record school comple- 5th edition. Data on malnutrition are from the tion on a consistent basis, it is estimated from the WHO’s Global Database on Child Growth and gross enrollment rate in the final grade of primary Malnutrition (www.who.int/nutgrowthdb). Pri- school, adjusted for repetition. Official enrollments mary completion rate and ratio of girls to boys sometimes differ significantly from attendance, and enrollments are from the UNESCO Institute even school systems with high average enrollment for Statistics. Under five mortality rates are esti- ratios may have poor completion rates. mates at the Inter-agency Group for Child Mor- Eliminating gender disparities in education tality Estimation (which comprises the World would help increase the status and capabilities of Health Organization, UNICEF, United Nations women. The ratio of female to male enrollments in Population Division, World Bank, Harvard Uni- primary and secondary school provides an imper- versity, U.S. Census Bureau, Economic Com- fect measure of the relative accessibility of school- mission for Latin America and the Caribbean, ing for girls. Measure DHS, and other universities and re- The target for reducing under-five mortality rates search institutes). is among the most challenging. Fewer than 40 de- veloping countries are currently on track to achieve 2009 Small States 9 3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment Improve maternal Combat HIV/AIDS Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global health and other diseases partnership for development Proportion of species Maternal Access to improved threatened with mortality ratio HIV prevalence Incidence of tuberculosis Carbon dioxide emissions sanitation facilities extinction Modeled estimate % of population per capita Internet users per 100,000 live births ages 15-49 per 100,000 people metric tons % of population % per 100 people a 2005 2007 2007 2005 2006 2007 2008 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. 5 5.1 95 2.8 76.0 Bahamas, The 16 3.0 44 6.5 100 3.7 42.4 Barbados 16 1.2 4 4.5 99 4.3 63.2 Belize 52 2.1 40 2.8 47 2.4 10.5 Bhutan 440 0.1 246 0.6 52 0.9 5.8 Botswana 380 23.9 731 2.5 47 0.5 4.2 Cape Verde 210 .. 151 0.6 .. 2.9 20.6 Comoros 400 < 0.1 42 0.1 35 3.2 3.5 Djibouti 650 3.1 813 0.5 67 6.5 1.3 Dominica .. .. 13 1.6 84 3.4 36.6 Equatorial Guinea 680 3.4 256 9.0 51 2.8 1.8 Fiji 210 0.1 21 2.0 71 6.1 11.0 Gabon 520 5.9 406 1.2 36 2.1 6.2 Gambia, The 690 0.9 258 0.2 52 2.2 6.9 Grenada .. .. 4 2.2 97 3.0 21.8 Guinea-Bissau 1,100 1.8 220 0.2 33 2.4 2.4 Guyana 470 2.5 122 2.0 81 0.9 24.9 Jamaica 170 1.6 7 3.8 83 7.7 56.1 Kiribati .. .. 365 0.3 33 11.7 2.1 Lesotho 960 23.2 637 .. 36 0.6 3.6 Maldives 120 .. 47 2.4 59 7.2 23.1 Marshall Islands .. .. 215 1.5 .. 9.3 3.8 Mauritius 15 1.7 22 2.7 94 17.0 29.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. 97 .. 25 2.8 13.5 Montenegro .. .. 32 .. 91 .. 45.1 Namibia 210 15.3 767 1.3 35 2.1 5.4 Palau .. .. 60 5.7 67 .. .. Samoa .. .. 19 0.8 100 .. 4.7 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 101 0.7 24 6.5 15.4 Seychelles .. .. 32 7.0 .. 18.1 37.1 Solomon Islands 220 .. 128 0.4 32 6.0 1.8 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. 9 2.8 96 4.4 30.7 St. Lucia .. 0.6 14 2.2 89 3.7 58.8 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. 25 1.6 .. 2.8 60.5 Suriname 72 2.4 116 5.2 82 1.0 8.6 Swaziland 390 26.1 1,198 0.8 50 0.8 4.1 Timor-Leste 380 .. 322 0.2 41 .. 0.1 Tonga .. .. 24 1.2 96 4.1 8.1 Trinidad and Tobago 45 1.5 11 24.7 92 1.7 16.0 Vanuatu .. .. 77 0.4 .. .. 7.5 a. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication Development Report database. Please cite the ITU for third-party use of these data. 10 2009 Small States Millennium Development Goals: 3 small states protecting our common environment About the data Definitions The Millennium Development Goals address con- • Maternal mortality ratio is the number of cerns common to all economies. Diseases and en- women who die from pregnancy-related causes vironmental degradation do not respect national during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live boundaries. Epidemic diseases, wherever they oc- births. Data are from various years and adjusted to cur, pose a threat to people everywhere. And envi- a common 2005 base year. The values are modeled ronmental damage in one location may affect the estimates. • HIV prevalence is the percentage of wellbeing of plants, animals, and humans far away. people ages 15–49 who are infected with HIV. • The indicators in the table relate to goals 5, 6, and 7 Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated num- and the targets of goal 8 that address access to new ber of new tuberculosis cases (pulmonary, smear technologies. positive, and extra pulmonary). • Carbon dioxide The target of achieving universal access to repro- emissions are those stemming from the burning of ductive health has been added to goal 5 to address fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They the importance of family planning and health ser- include emissions produced during consumption of vices in improving maternal health and preventing solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. • Access maternal death. to improved sanitation facilities is the percentage Measuring disease prevalence or incidence can be of the population with at least adequate access to difficult. Most developing economies lack report- excreta disposal facilities (private or shared, but not ing systems for monitoring diseases. Estimates are public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, often derived from survey data and reports from and insect contact with excreta (facilities do not sentinel sites, extrapolated to the general popula- have to include treatment to render sewage outflows tion. Tracking diseases such as HIV/AIDS, which innocuous). Improved facilities range from simple has a long latency between contraction of the virus but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sew- and the appearance of symptoms, or malaria, which erage connection. To be effective, facilities must be has periods of dormancy, can be particularly dif- correctly constructed and properly maintained. • ficult. The table shows the estimated prevalence of Proportion of species threatened with extinction HIV among adults ages 15–49. Prevalence among is the total number of threatened mammal (exclud- older populations can be affected by life-prolonging ing whales and porpoises), bird, and higher native, treatment. The incidence of tuberculosis is based on vascular plant species as a percentage of the total case notifications and estimates of cases detected in number of known species of the same categories. • the population. Internet users are people with access to the world- Carbon dioxide emissions are the primary source wide network. of greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming, threatening human and natural habitats. In recognition of the vulnerability of animal and plant species, a new target of reducing biodiversity loss has been added to goal 7. Access to reliable sup- plies of safe drinking water and sanitary disposal of excreta are two of the most important means of improving human health and protecting the envi- ronment. Improved sanitation facilities prevent hu- man, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Data sources Internet use includes narrowband and broad- Modeled estimates for maternal mortal­ ity ratios band Internet. Narrowband is often limited to ba- are from “Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates sic applications; broadband is essential to promote Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the e-business, e-learning, e-government, and e-health. World Bank� (2007). Data on prevalence of HIV are from UNAIDS and the WHO’s 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Data on tubercu- losis are from the WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Control Report 2009. Data on species are from electronic files of the United Nations Environ- ment Program and WCMC and 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Data on access to sanita- tion are from the WHO and UNICEF’s “Prog- ress on drinking water and sanitation� (www. who.int/water sanitation health/monitoring). Data on car­ bon dioxide emissions are from the CDIAC, Envi­ ronmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in Tennessee, United States. Data on internet users are from the Inter- national Telecommunication Union’s World Tele- communication Development Report database. 2009 Small States 11 4 People and poverty Population Average annual Population Crude death Crude birth International poverty line population growth age composition rate rate Population below Poverty gap at Ages Ages Ages per 1,000 per 1,000 $1.25 a day $1.25 a day thousands % 0-14 15-64 65+ people people % % 2008 1990-2008 2008 2008 2008 2007 2007 1990-2008 a 1990-2008 a Antigua and Barbuda 86 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bahamas, The 335 1.5 26 67 7 6 17 .. .. Barbados 255 -0.1 18 72 10 8 11 .. .. Belize 311 2.8 36 60 4 4 25 .. .. Bhutan 687 1.2 31 64 5 7 22 26.2 7.0 Botswana 1,905 1.8 34 63 4 14 25 31.2 11.0 Cape Verde 499 1.9 37 59 4 5 24 20.6 5.9 Comoros 644 2.2 38 59 3 6 33 46.1 20.8 Djibouti 848 2.3 37 60 3 11 29 18.8 5.3 Dominica 73 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 659 3.1 41 56 3 15 38 .. .. Fiji 839 0.8 32 64 5 7 21 .. .. Gabon 1,448 2.5 37 59 4 10 27 4.8 0.9 Gambia, The 1,660 3.4 42 55 3 11 37 34.3 12.1 Grenada 106 0.5 28 65 7 8 18 .. .. Guinea-Bissau 1,575 2.4 43 54 3 17 41 48.8 16.5 Guyana 763 0.1 30 64 6 8 18 7.7 3.9 Jamaica 2,689 0.7 30 62 8 6 17 <2 <0.5 Kiribati 97 1.6 .. .. .. 9 27 .. .. Lesotho 2,017 1.3 39 56 5 19 29 43.4 20.8 Maldives 310 2.0 29 67 4 6 23 .. .. Marshall Islands 60 1.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 1,269 1.0 23 70 7 7 14 .. .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 111 0.8 37 59 4 6 26 .. .. Montenegro 622 0.3 20 68 13 10 12 .. .. Namibia 2,114 2.2 37 59 4 12 26 49.1 24.6 Palau 20 1.6 .. .. .. 7 13 .. .. Samoa 182 0.7 40 55 5 5 25 .. .. São Tomé and Principe 161 1.8 41 55 4 8 32 .. .. Seychelles 86 1.2 .. .. .. 7 18 .. .. Solomon Islands 507 2.7 39 57 3 7 30 .. .. St. Kitts and Nevis 49 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Lucia 170 1.3 27 66 7 7 14 20.9 7.2 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 109 0.1 27 66 7 8 18 .. .. Suriname 515 1.3 29 65 6 8 19 15.5 5.9 Swaziland 1,168 1.7 40 57 3 16 30 62.9 29.4 Timor-Leste 1,098 2.2 45 52 3 9 40 52.9 19.1 Tonga 104 0.5 37 57 6 6 28 .. .. Trinidad and Tobago 1,338 0.5 21 73 7 8 15 4.2 1.1 Vanuatu 231 2.4 39 58 3 5 29 .. .. a. Data are for the most recent year available. 12 2009 Small States 4 small states People and poverty About the data Definitions Population estimates are usually based on national reasons. Standards for the duration and purpose • Population is based on the de facto definition of population censuses, but the frequency and quality of international moves that qualify as migration population, which counts all residents regardless of vary by country. Estimates for the years before and vary, and estimates require information on flows legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not after the censuses are interpolations or extrapola- into and out of countries that is difficult to collect. permanently settled in the country of asylum, who tions based on demographic models or based on Comparing poverty estimates across countries are generally considered part of the population of population registry or vital registration systems for requires the real value of the poverty line be their country of origin. The values shown are mid- the majority of high-income countries and other held constant across countries. Poverty rates year estimates for 2008. • Average annual popula- European countries with reliable registration sys- reported here are measured at an international tion growth rate is the exponential change for the tems. Errors and undercounting in the census oc- poverty line ($1.25 a day), and based on per period indicated. See World Development Indicators cur even in high-income countries; in developing capita consumption or income using a quality 2009, Statistical methods for more information. • countries such errors may be substantial because household income and expenditure survey. The Population age composition is the percentage of of limits on transportation, communications, and welfare of people living in different countries can the total population that is in specific age groups. other resources required to conduct and analyze a be measured on a common scale by adjusting for • Crude death rate and crude birth rate are the full census. differences in the purchasing power of currencies. number of deaths and the number of live births Comparability of population indicators is lim- International poverty lines were recently occurring during the year, per 1,000 population ited by differences in the concepts, definitions, data revised using the new data on Purchasing Power estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death collection procedures, and estimation methods Parity (PPP) compiled by the 2005 round of the rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of used by national statistical agencies and other orga- International Comparison Program, along with natural increase, which is equal to the population nizations that collect population data. Population data from an expanded set of household income growth rate in the absence of migration. • Inter- estimates for developing countries that lack reliable and expenditure surveys. The new extreme poverty national poverty line, population below $1.25 vital registration systems are provided by the Unit- line is set at $1.25 a day in 2005 PPP terms, which a day, is the percentage of the population living ed Nations Population Division and other agencies. represents the mean of the poverty lines found on less than $1.25 a day. As a result of revisions in See World Development Indicators 2009, Primary in the poorest 15 countries ranked by per capita PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual data documentation for the most recent census or consumption. The new poverty line maintains countries cannot be compared with poverty rates survey year and for the completeness of registration. the same standard for extreme poverty—the reported in earlier publications. • Poverty gap is The growth rate of the total population conceals poverty line typical of the poorest countries in the the mean shortfall from the poverty line (counting the fact that different age groups may grow at very world—but updates it using the latest information the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a different rates. In many developing countries the on the cost of living in developing countries. percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects population under age 15 was previously growing A typical household income and expenditure survey the depth of poverty as well as its incidence. rapidly but is now starting to shrink. Past experi- asks detailed questions on sources of income and ence of high fertility rates and declining mortality how it is spent, which must be carefully recorded by rates are now reflected in the larger share of the trained personnel. Income is generally more difficult working age population. to measure accurately, and consumption expenditure The vital rates are based on data from birth and comes closer to the notion of living standards. death registration systems, censuses, and sample However consumption data are not always available. surveys conducted by national statistical offices and The poverty estimates are based on consumption other organizations, or on demographic analysis. data or, when unavailable, on income data. The 2007 estimates for many countries are projec- Data sources tions based on extrapolations of levels and trends measured in earlier years or interpolations based on The World Bank’s population estimates are com- population estimates and projections provided by piled and produced by its Human Development the United Nations Population Division. Vital reg- Network and Development Data Group in con- isters are the preferred source of these data, but in sultation with its operational staff and country many developing countries systems for registering offices. Important inputs to the World Bank’s births and deaths are absent or incomplete because demographic work come from the United Na- of deficiencies in the coverage of events or geo- tions Population Division’s World Population graphic areas. The United Nations Statistics Divi- Prospects: The 2006 Revision; census reports and sion monitors the completeness of vital registration other statistical publications from national sta- systems. From 2000 to 2007, on average 64 percent tistical offices; household surveys conducted by of births, 62 percent of deaths, and 45 percent of national agencies, Macro International (Measure infant deaths were registered and reported to the DHS), and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control United Nations Statistics Division. International and Prevention; Eurostat, Demographic Sta- migration is the only other factor besides birth and tistics (various years); Secretariat of the Pacific death rates that directly determines a country’s Community; and U.S. Bureau of the Census, population growth. From 1990 to 2005 the num- International Database. The poverty measures ber of migrants in high-income countries increased are prepared by the World Bank’s Development by 40 million. About 190 million people currently Research Group using nationally representative live outside their home country, accounting for primary household surveys obtained from govern- about 3 percent of the world’s population. Esti- ment statistical agencies and World Bank country mating international migration is difficult. At any departments. time many people are located outside their home country as tourists, workers, or refugees or for other 2009 Small States 13 5 Participation in education Gross enrollment ratio Ratio of girls to Primary completion rate Literacy rate Literacy rate boys enrollments in primary and Adults Youths secondary school % of relevant age group % of relevant age group % ages 15 and Primary Secondary Tertiary % Male Female older % ages 15-24 2007 2007 2007 2007 1991 2007 1991 2007 2007 2007 Antigua and Barbuda 102 105 .. 95 .. 97 .. 98 .. .. Bahamas, The 103 94 .. 101 .. 98 .. 96 .. .. Barbados 105 103 53 101 .. 94 .. 95 .. .. Belize 123 a 79 a 3 101 a .. 101 a .. 104 a .. .. Bhutan 111 a 56 a 5 98 a 33 80 a 26 86 a 53 74 Botswana 107 76 5 101 82 91 97 98 83 94 Cape Verde 101 79 9 104 57 84 51 88 84 97 Comoros 85 35 2 84 .. 52 .. 49 75 89 Djibouti 56 a 29 a 3 80 a .. 39 .. 32 .. .. Dominica 86 106 .. 101 .. 97 .. 95 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 124 .. .. .. 55 68 49 65 .. .. Fiji 94 82 15 104 .. 90 .. 90 99 99 Gabon 152 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 97 Gambia, The 83 a 49 a 1 103 a .. 67 a .. 71 a .. .. Grenada 81 99 .. 97 .. 81 .. 81 .. .. Guinea-Bissau 102 35 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guyana 112 107 12 96 .. 116 .. 116 .. .. Jamaica 91 90 .. 103 86 89 94 93 86 94 Kiribati 113 88 .. 107 .. 124 .. 126 .. .. Lesotho 114 37 4 104 42 65 76 92 .. .. Maldives 111 83 0 101 .. 131 .. 127 97 98 Marshall Islands 93 66 .. 99 .. 89 .. 92 .. .. Mauritius 101 88 14 a 100 107 92 107 95 87 96 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 110 91 .. 102 .. .. .. .. .. .. Montenegro .. .. .. 97 .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 109 59 6 104 .. 73 .. 81 88 93 Palau 99 97 .. 99 .. .. .. .. .. .. Samoa 95 81 .. 105 .. 98 .. 98 99 99 São Tomé and Principe 130 a 46 a .. 100 a .. 74 a .. 77 a 88 95 Seychelles 125 112 .. 106 .. 111 .. 118 .. .. Solomon Islands 101 30 .. 93 .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Kitts and Nevis 94 105 .. 97 .. 97 .. 95 .. .. St. Lucia 109 93 9 103 118 122 109 109 .. .. St. Vincent and the Grenadines 102 75 .. 101 .. 81 .. 104 .. .. Suriname 119 80 .. 114 .. 77 .. 91 90 95 Swaziland 113 54 4 92 57 78 63 72 .. .. Timor-Leste 91 53 .. 95 .. 69 .. 69 .. .. Tonga 113 94 6 99 105 98 98 102 99 100 Trinidad and Tobago 100 86 11 101 98 93 104 94 99 100 Vanuatu 108 40 5 95 .. 87 .. 86 78 92 a. Data are for 2008. 14 2009 Small States 5 small states Participation in education About the data Definitions School enrollment data are reported to the Unit- Increasingly used as a core indicator of an educa- • Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total en- ed Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural tion system’s performance, primary completion rate rollment, regardless of age, to the population of the Organiza­ tion (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics reflects both an education system’s coverage and age group that officially corresponds to the level of by national edu­ cation authorities and statistical the educational attainment of students. However, education shown. • Ratio of girls to boys enroll- offices. Enrollment ratios help monitor whether a because curricula and standards for school comple­ ment in primary and secondary school is the ratio country is on track to achieve the Millennium De- tion vary across countries, a high primary comple­ of the female to male gross enrollment ratio in pri- velopment Goal of univer­ sal primary education by tion rate does not necessarily mean high levels of mary and secondary school. • Primary completion 2015, which implies achiev­ ing a net primary enroll- student learning. rate is the percentage of students completing the ment ratio of 100 percent, and whether an educa- The primary completion rate reflects the primary last year of primary schoo. It is calculated by tak- tion system has the capacity to meet the needs of cycle as defined by the International Standard Clas- ing the total number of students in the last grade of universal primary education, as indicated in part by sification of Education, ranging from three or four primary school, minus the number of repeaters in its gross enrollment ratios. years (in a very small number of countries) to five or that grade, divided by the total number of children Enrollment ratios, while a useful measure of par­ six years (in most countries) and seven (in a small of official completing age. • Adult literacy rate ticipation in education, have limitations. They are number of countries). is the percentage of people ages 15 and older that based on data from annual school surveys, which The table shows the “proxy primary completion can, with understanding, both read and write a are typically conducted at the beginning of the rate�, calculated by subtracting the number of re- short, simple statement about their everyday life. school year. They do not reflect actual attendance peaters in the last grade of primary school from the • Youth literacy rate is the literacy rate among or drop­ out rates during the year. And school ad- total number of students in that grade and dividing people ages 15-24. ministrators may exaggerate enrollments, especially by the total number of children of official gradua- if there is a financial incentive to do so. tion age. Data limitations preclude adjusting for stu- Also, as international indicators, the gross and dents who drop out during the final year of primary net primary enrollment ratios have an inherent school. Thus proxy rates should be taken as an upper weakness: the length of primary education differs estimate of the actual primary completion rate. across coun­ tries, although the International Stan- The primary completion rate can exceed 100 per- dard Classifica­ tion of Education tries to minimize cent. The numerator may include late entrants and the difference. A relatively short duration for prima- overage children who have repeated one or more ry education tends to increase the ratio; a relatively grades as well as children who entered school early, long one to decrease it (in part because more older while the denominator is the number of children children drop out). of official completing age. Other data limitations Overage or underage enrollments are frequent, contribute to completion rates exceeding 100 per- par­ticularly when, for cultural or economic reasons, cent, such as the use of estimates for the popula- par­ents prefer children to start school at other than tion of varying reliability, the conduct of school the official age. Age at enrollment may be inaccu- and population surveys at different times of year, rately estimated or misstated, especially in com- and other discrepancies in the numbers used in the munities where registration of births is not strictly calculation. enforced. The literacy rate is the percentage of people who Other problems of cross-country comparison can, with understanding, both read and write a of enrollment data stem from errors in school-age short, simple statement about their everyday life. popu­ lation estimates. Age-sex structures drawn Because definitions and methodologies of data col- from cen­ suses or vital registrations, the primary lection differ across countries, data should be used data sources on school-age population, commonly cautiously. underenumer­ ate (especially young children) to cir- The reported literacy data are compiled by the cumvent laws or regulations. Errors are also intro- UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) based on duced when parents round children’s ages. While national censuses and household surveys during census data are often adjusted for age bias, adjust- 1985–2007. For countries without reported nation- ments are rarely made for inadequate vital registra- al estimates, UIS derived the modeled estimates. tion systems. Compound­ ing these problems, pre- For detailed information on sources, definitions and postcensus estimates of school-age children are and methodology, consult the original source. model interpolations or projections that may miss important demographic events). Gross enrollment ratios indicate the capacity of each level of the education system, but a high ratio may reflect a substantial number of overage chil- dren enrolled in each grade because of repetition rather than a successful education system. Eliminating gender disparities in education would help increase the status and capabilities of Data sources women. The ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school provides an imper- Data on gross enrollment ratios, primary com- fect measure of the relative accessibility of school- pletion rates and literacy rates are from the ing for girls. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2009 Small States 15 6 Health Life expectancy Total fertility Access to an Access to improved Child Prevalence of Under-five Maternal Adult mortality rate at birth rate improved water sanitation facilities immunization rate HIV mortality rate mortality ratio source % of children ages per 100,000 live 12-23 months a Total births per 1,000 births per % of population years woman % of population % of population Measles ages 15-49 per 1,000 Modeled estimates Male Female 2007 2007 2006 2006 2007 2007 1990 2007 2005 2007 2007 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. 91 95 99 .. .. 11 .. .. .. Bahamas, The 73 2.0 97 100 96 3.0 29 13 16 212 142 Barbados 77 1.5 100 99 75 1.2 17 12 16 109 60 Belize 76 2.9 91 47 96 2.1 43 25 52 149 75 Bhutan 66 2.7 81 52 95 0.1 148 84 440 219 168 Botswana 51 2.9 96 47 90 23.9 57 40 380 567 567 Cape Verde 71 2.8 .. .. 74 .. 60 32 210 172 107 Comoros 65 4.3 85 35 65 <0.1 120 66 400 233 174 Djibouti 55 3.9 92 67 74 3.1 175 127 650 359 328 Dominica .. 1.9 97 84 96 .. 18 11 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 50 5.4 43 51 51 3.4 170 206 680 389 355 Fiji 69 2.8 47 71 81 0.1 22 18 210 230 152 Gabon 60 3.4 87 36 55 5.9 92 91 520 327 280 Gambia, The 56 5.1 86 52 85 0.9 153 109 690 331 271 Grenada 69 2.3 95 97 98 0.4 37 19 .. 188 144 Guinea-Bissau 48 5.7 57 33 76 1.8 240 198 1,100 405 352 Guyana 67 2.3 93 81 96 2.5 88 60 470 242 169 Jamaica 73 2.4 93 83 76 1.6 33 31 170 220 139 Kiribati 61 3.4 65 33 93 .. 88 63 .. .. .. Lesotho 43 3.4 78 36 85 23.2 102 84 960 723 720 Maldives 68 2.6 83 59 97 .. 111 30 120 181 153 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. 94 .. 92 54 .. .. .. Mauritius 72 1.7 100 94 98 1.7 24 15 15 207 106 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 69 3.7 94 25 92 .. 58 40 .. 179 154 Montenegro 74 1.6 98 91 90 .. 16 10 .. 164 89 Namibia 53 3.6 93 35 69 15.3 87 68 210 518 512 Palau 69 .. 89 67 91 .. 21 10 .. .. .. Samoa 72 3.9 88 100 63 .. 50 27 .. 195 109 São Tomé and Principe 65 3.9 86 24 86 .. 101 99 .. 171 117 Seychelles 73 2.1 .. .. 99 .. 19 13 .. .. .. Solomon Islands 64 3.9 70 32 78 .. 121 70 220 236 204 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. 99 96 99 .. 36 18 .. .. .. St. Lucia 74 2.1 98 89 94 0.6 21 18 .. 150 120 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 72 2.1 .. .. 99 .. 22 19 .. 158 105 Suriname 69 2.4 92 82 85 2.4 51 29 72 262 144 Swaziland 46 3.6 60 50 91 26.1 96 91 390 620 639 Timor-Leste 61 6.5 62 41 63 .. 184 97 380 266 232 Tonga 72 4.0 100 96 99 .. 32 23 .. 188 111 Trinidad and Tobago 70 1.6 94 92 91 1.5 34 35 45 240 190 Vanuatu 70 3.7 .. .. 65 .. 62 34 .. 173 124 a. Based on births in the five years before the survey. 16 2009 Small States 6 small states Health About the data Definitions Mortality rates are important indicators of health many developing countries most new infections oc- • Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a status in a country and are among the indicators cur in young adults, with young women especially newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of most frequently used to compare socioeconomic vulnerable. mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same development across countries. The main sources of The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ throughout its life. • Total fertility rate is the num- mortality data are vital registration systems and es- AIDS (UNAIDS) and the WHO produce HIV ber of children that would be born to a woman if she timates based on sample surveys or censuses. prevalence estimates from sentinel surveillance, were to live to the end of her childbearing years and A “complete� vital registration system—cover- population-based surveys, and special studies. The bear children in accordance with current age-specific ing at least 90 percent of vital events in the popu- HIV estimates in the table are more reliable than fertility rates. • Access to an improved water source lation—is the best source of age-specific mortality previous estimates because sentinel surveillance has is the percentage of people with reasonable access to data. Where the reliable age-specific mortality data expanded and data quality has improved. Findings water from an improved source, such as piped water are available, life expectancy at birth is directly esti- from population-based HIV surveys, which are into a dwelling; public tap; tubewell; protected dug mated from the life table constructed based on age geographically more representative than sentinel well; and rainwater collection. Reasonable access is specific mortality data. Estimates for developing surveillance and include both men and women, the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from countries often rely on sample surveys and censuses influenced a downward adjustment to prevalence a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling. • Access applying direct and indirect methods. Total fertil- rates that were based on sentinel surveillance. to improved sanitation facilities is the percentage ity rate is based on data on registered live births Estimates of infant and under-five mortality of people with at least adequate access to excreta dis- from vital registration systems or, in the absence tend to vary by source and method for a given time posal facilities that can effectively prevent human, of such systems, from censuses or sample surveys. and place. Years of available estimates also vary by animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved The estimated rates are generally considered reliable country, making comparison across countries and facilities range from protected pit latrines to flush measures of fertility in the recent past. For coun- over time difficult. To ensure consistency across es- toilets. • Child immunization rate is the percent- tries without vital registration systems fertil­ity rates timates by different agencies, the United Nations age of children ages 12–23 months at the time of are generally based on extrapolations from trends Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank the survey who, at any time before the survey, had observed in censuses or surveys from earlier years. (now working together with other organizations as received measles vaccine. • Prevalence of HIV is the People’s health is influenced by their environ- the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Esti- percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected ment. Lack of clean water and basic sanitation is mation) developed and adopted a statistical meth- with HIV. • Under-five mortality rate is the prob- the main reason diseases transmitted by feces are od that uses all available information to reconcile ability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before so common in developing countries. Access to differences. The method uses the weighted least reaching age 5, if subject to current age-specific mor- drinking water from an improved source and ac- squares method to fit a regression line to the rela- tality rates. • Maternal mortality ratio is the num- cess to improved sanitation do not ensure safety tionship between mortality rates and their reference ber of women who die from pregnancy-related causes or adequacy, but are more likely to provide safe dates and then extrapolate the trend to the present. during pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live drinking water and to prevent contact with human (For further discussion of childhood mortality es- births. The values are modelled estimates. • Adult excreta. The data are derived by the Joint Monitor- timates, see UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, and mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 of dying ing Programme (JMP) of the World Health Orga- United Nations Population Division 2007; for a between the ages of 15 and 60—that is, the prob- nization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s graphic presentation and detailed background data, ability of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age Fund (UNICEF) based on national censuses and see www.childmortality.org/.) 60—if subject to current age specific mortality rates nationally representative household surveys. While The modeled estimates of maternal mortality ra- between those ages. the estimates are based on use, the JMP reports tio are based on an exercise by the World Health use “access�, because access is the term used in the Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Data sources Millennium Development Goal target for drinking Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Popula­ tion Fund water and sanitation. (UNFPA), and World Bank. For countries with Data on life expectancy, total fertility, and adult Governments in developing countries usually fi- complete vital registration systems with good attri- mortality are compiled and produced by the World nance immunization against measles and diphthe­ bution of cause of death information, the data are Bank’s Human Development Network and De- ria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (DTP) used as reported. For countries with national data, velopment Data Group. Important inputs come as part of the basic public health package. In many reported maternal mortality was adjusted usually from the United Nations Population Division’s developing countries lack of precise information tor of underenumeration and misclassifica- by a fac­ World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, cen- on the size of the cohort of one-year-old children tion. For countries with no empirical national data sus reports and other statistical publications from makes immunization coverage difficult to estimate (about 35 percent of countries), maternal mortality national statistical offices. Data on access to water from program statistics. The data shown here are mated with a regression model using socio- was esti­ and sanitation are from the WHO and UNICEF’s based on an assessment of national immunization economic information, including fertility, birth at- Progress on drinking water and sanitation (www. cover­a ge rates by the WHO and UNICEF, includ- tendants, and GDP per capita. who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring). ing both administrative data from service providers Rates for adult mortality come from life tables. Data on immuniza­ tion are from WHO and UNI- and household survey data on children’s immuniza- CEF estimates (www.who.int/immunizationmoni- tion histories. Based on the data available, consider- toring/). Data on prevalence of HIV are from UN- ation of potential biases, and contributions of local AIDS and the WHO’s 2008 Report on the Global experts, the most likely true level of immuni­ z ation AIDS Epidemic. Data on under-five mortality are coverage is determined for each year. estimates by the Inter-agency Group for Child Adult HIV prevalence rates reflect the rate of Mortality Estimation, supplemented by the World HIV infection in each country’s population. Low Bank’s estimates. Modeled estimates for maternal national prevalence rates can often disguise serious mortality ratios are from “Maternal Mortality in epidemics that are initially concentrated in certain 2005: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, localities or among specific population groups and UNFPA and the World Bank� (2007). threaten to spill over into the wider population. In 2009 Small States 17 7 Labor market Labor force Employment to Agriculture Industry Services Vulnerable Labor Unemployment population ratio employment productivity Participation rate Unpaid family workers and % ages 15 and own-account GDP per person Total Female older Total Youth workers employed Total % ages 15 and % ages % of total % of total % of total % of total % of total labor thousands % of labor force Male Female older 15-24 employment employment employment employment % growth force 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2007 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bahamas, The 176 48 78 67 67 43 2 18 80 .. -0.1 7.9 Barbados 152 48 79 67 67 45 3 17 70 14 1.6 9.8 Belize 123 36 81 46 57 42 20 18 62 24 -1.7 11.0 Bhutan 289 32 80 43 58 43 44 17 39 52 -2.0 3.2 Botswana 690 44 63 48 46 26 30 15 55 .. -0.7 17.6 Cape Verde 184 42 75 47 56 39 .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. Comoros 284 43 83 63 68 47 .. .. .. .. -2.5 .. Djibouti 352 43 77 58 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Dominica .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 250 33 92 43 62 61 .. .. .. .. 3.5 .. Fiji 335 33 79 39 56 40 1 31 68 39 1.3 4.6 Gabon 631 44 80 62 59 34 .. .. .. .. -0.7 .. Gambia, The 713 46 84 70 72 54 .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 631 38 90 54 66 62 .. .. .. .. 0.5 .. Guyana 348 35 82 48 59 37 .. .. .. .. 4.2 .. Jamaica 1,194 44 74 55 58 32 18 18 64 35 -0.7 9.4 Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho 861 52 75 68 56 43 .. .. .. .. 4.8 .. Maldives 140 41 76 54 57 43 12 24 60 .. 1.6 14.4 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 572 36 77 42 55 37 9 32 58 17 2.9 8.5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Montenegro .. .. 61 39 42 20 9 19 72 2 .. 30.3 Namibia 695 47 59 49 42 14 30 15 55 21 0.2 21.9 Palau 10 .. 77 60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Samoa 64 33 76 41 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 52 39 71 43 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 Solomon Islands 202 39 81 54 65 52 .. .. .. .. 4.4 .. St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Lucia 79 41 79 52 .. .. 15 16 59 .. .. 21.0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 53 40 80 54 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Suriname 184 37 65 37 45 20 8 23 64 .. 4.7 .. Swaziland 445 50 69 62 51 26 .. .. .. .. 1.3 .. Timor-Leste 410 40 83 58 67 58 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonga 40 43 71 53 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Trinidad and Tobago 692 43 77 55 62 47 4 31 64 16 2.7 6.5 Vanuatu 115 47 88 79 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 2009 Small States 7 small states Labor market About the data Definitions Data on the labor force are compiled by the Inter- ment generally refers to people above a certain age • Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older national Labour Organization (ILO) from labor who worked, or who held a job, during a reference who meet the ILO definition of the economically force surveys, censuses, establishment censuses and period. Employment data include both full-time active population. It includes both the employed surveys, and administrative records such as em- and part-time workers. There are many differences and the unemployed. • Females as a percentage of ployment exchange registers and unemployment in how countries define and measure employment the labor force show the extent to which women are insurance schemes. For some countries a combina­ status, particularly, mem­ bers of the armed forces, active in the labor force. • Labor force participation tion of these sources is used. Labor force surveys self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and are the most comprehensive source for internation­ Countries also take different approaches to the older that is eco­ nomically active: all people who ally comparable labor force data. By contrast, labor treatment of unemployed people. Because of these supply labor for the production of goods and services force data from population censuses are often based differences, the size and distribu­tion of employment or actively seek work during a specified period. • on a limited number of questions on the eco­ nomic by economic activity may not be fully comparable Employment to population ratio is the proportion characteristics of individuals, with little scope to across countries. The ILO’s Yearbook of Labour Sta- of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15 probe. The resulting data often differ from labor base Key Indicators of the Labour tistics and its data­ and older are generally considered the working-age force survey data and vary considerably by coun- Market report data by major divisions of the ISIC population. Ages 15–24 are generally considered try, depending on the census scope and coverage. revision 2 or revision 3. In the table the reported di- the youth population. •  Agriculture is employment Estab­ lishment censuses and surveys provide data visions or categories are aggregated into three broad in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. only on the employed population, not unemployed groups: agriculture, industry, and services. • Industry includes mining and quarrying (including workers, workers in small establishments, or work- The vulnerable employment is derived from infor- oil production), manufacturing, construction, and ers in the informal sector (International Labour mation on status in employment. Each status group public utilities (electricity, gas, and water). • Services Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market faces different economic risks, and unpaid fam- include whole­ sale and retail trade and restaurants 2001–2002). ily workers and own-account workers are the most and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; Differing definitions of employment age can af- vulnerable—and therefore the most likely to fall financing, insurance, real estate, and business fect comparability. For most countries the working into poverty. They are the least likely to have formal services; and community, social, and personal age is 15 and older, but in some countries chil­ dren work arrangements, are the least likely to have social services. • Vulnerable employment is unpaid family younger than 15 work full- or part-time and are in- protection and safety nets to guard against economic workers and own-account workers as a percentage of cluded in the estimates. Similarly, some countries shocks, and often are incapable of generating suffi- total employment • Labor productiv­ ity growth is have an upper age limit. As a result, calculations cient savings to offset these shocks. the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) may systematically over- or underestimate actual Labor productivity is used to assess a country’s measured in PPP terms divided by total employment rates. For further information on source, reference economic ability to create and sustain decent em- in the economy. • Unemployment is the proportion period, or definition, consult the original source. ployment opportunities with fair and equitable re- of the labor force with­ out work but available for and The labor force participation rates in the table muneration. Productivity increases do not guarantee seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and are from Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 5th improvements, but without it—and the economic unemployment may differ by country (see About edition. These harmonized estimates use strict data growth it brings—improvements are highly unlikely. the data). tion criteria and enhanced methods to ensure selec­ Data on unemployment are drawn from labor compa­ rability across countries and over time, in- force sample surveys and general household sample cluding col­ lection and tabulation methodologies surveys, censuses, and official estimates, which are and methods applied to such country-specific fac- generally based on information from different sourc- tors as military service requirements. Estimates are es and can be combined in many ways. Labor force based mainly on labor force surveys, with other surveys generally use a definition of unemployment sources (population censuses and nationally re- that follows the international recommendations more ported estimates) used only when no survey data closely than that used by other sources and generate are available. statistics that are more comparable inter­ nationally. Employment to population ratio measure the dis- For detailed infor­mation, consult the original source. tribution of emloyment among population groups. A high ratio means that a large propor­ tion of the population is employed. But a lower employment to population ratio can be seen as a positive sign, especially for young people, if it is caused by an in- crease in their education. This indicator has a gender bias because women who do not con­ sider their work employment or who are not perceived as working tend to be undercounted. This bias has different ef- fects across countries. Comparability of employment Data sources ratios across coun­ tries is also affected by variations in definitions of employment and population (see Data on labor force participation rates, World Development Indicators 2009, About the data employment to population ratio, employment for table 2.3). by economic activity, vulnerable employment, Data on employment are drawn from labor force labor productivity, and unemployment are from surveys, household surveys, official estimates, cen­ the ILO database Key Indicators of the Labour suses and administrative records of social insurance Market, 5th edition. Labor force numbers were schemes, and establishment surveys when no other calculated by World Bank staff. information is available. The concept of employ- 2009 Small States 19 8 Agriculture and forestry Land area Rural population density Land use Food production index Cereal yield Agricultural productivity Agriculture value added per % of land use kilograms worker people per sq. km of arable thousand sq. km land Forest area Arable land 1999-2001 = 100 per hectare 2000 $ 2008 2005 1990 2005 2005 2003-05 2005-07 2003-05 Antigua and Barbuda 0.4 719 21.4 21.4 18.2 107.4 1,610 2,675 Bahamas, The 10.0 683 51.4 51.4 0.8 103.5 2,192 28,961 Barbados 0.4 1,124 4.0 4.0 37.2 98.5 2,676 13,956 Belize 22.8 208 72.5 72.5 3.1 111.7 2,630 6,600 Bhutan 47.0 276 64.6 68.0 3.4 100.6 2,348 140 Botswana 566.7 208 24.2 21.1 0.7 106.2 508 390 Cape Verde 4.0 469 14.3 20.7 11.4 94.9 466 1,514 Comoros 1.9 541 6.4 3.0 43.0 104.4 1,321 432 Djibouti 23.2 11,178 0.2 0.2 0.0 127.3 1,611 64 Dominica 0.8 390 66.7 61.3 6.7 96.9 1,411 4,775 Equatorial Guinea 28.1 228 66.3 58.2 4.6 94.6 .. 1,111 Fiji 18.3 203 53.6 54.7 10.9 94.7 2,441 1,840 Gabon 257.7 65 85.1 84.5 1.3 101.8 1,648 1,592 Gambia, The 10.0 213 44.2 47.1 35.0 97.8 1,122 235 Grenada 0.3 3,652 12.4 12.1 5.9 102.6 995 2,305 Guinea-Bissau 28.1 375 78.8 73.7 10.7 105.5 1,544 238 Guyana 196.9 111 76.7 76.7 2.4 105.5 4,262 3,611 Jamaica 10.8 720 31.9 31.3 16.1 98.9 1,211 1,889 Kiribati 0.8 2,594 2.7 2.7 2.5 .. .. 62 Lesotho 30.4 460 0.2 0.3 10.9 102.8 546 423 Maldives 0.3 4,880 3.0 3.0 13.3 112.4 3,429 .. Marshall Islands 0.2 837 .. .. 11.1 92.8 .. .. Mauritius 2.0 717 19.2 18.2 49.3 106.5 7,666 5,011 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.7 2,851 .. 90.6 4.3 100.0 1,193 .. Montenegro 13.8 .. .. .. .. .. 2,975 .. Namibia 823.3 161 10.6 9.3 1.0 130.8 420 1,103 Palau 0.5 114 .. 87.6 8.7 .. .. .. Samoa 2.8 463 45.9 60.4 10.6 103.4 .. 1,701 São Tomé and Principe 1.0 711 28.5 28.5 9.4 108.9 2,300 .. Seychelles 0.5 3,905 87.0 87.0 2.2 .. .. 441 Solomon Islands 28.0 2,178 98.9 77.6 0.6 111.9 3,929 594 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.3 465 20.4 20.4 26.9 86.1 .. 2,249 St. Lucia 0.6 2,983 27.9 27.9 6.6 80.2 0 1,471 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.4 1,289 24.4 27.4 12.8 108.4 3,230 2,345 Suriname 156.0 197 94.7 94.7 0.4 103.5 3,698 3,235 Swaziland 17.2 482 27.4 31.5 10.3 104.6 1,196 1,330 Timor-Leste 14.9 591 65.0 53.7 8.2 112.0 1,230 .. Tonga 0.7 514 5.0 5.0 20.8 102.6 .. 3,421 Trinidad and Tobago 5.1 1,550 45.8 44.1 14.6 112.9 2,647 1,745 Vanuatu 12.2 824 36.1 36.1 1.6 104.5 542 1,240 20 2009 Small States 8 small states Agriculture and forestry About the data Definitions Land area and use differ among this group of coun- fer from those from other sources because of differ- • Land area is a country’s total area, excluding area tries. While forests cover around 90 percent of ences in coverage, weights, concepts, time periods, under inland water bodies and national claims to Suriname, Micronesia, Palau, and Seychelles, less calculation methods, and use of international prices the con­ tinental shelf and to exclusive economic than one percent of total land area for other coun- (see About the data in World Development Indicators zones. • Rural population density is calculated tries of Lesotho and Djibouti. The share of arable 2009, table 3.3). as the difference between the total population and land over the total land area also varies among these Data on cereal yield may be affected by a vari- the urban popula­ tion divided by arable land area. countries. It is important to note that the true com- ety of reporting and timing differences. Millet and • Land use can be broken into several categories, parability of the data is limited, however, by varia- sorghum, which are grown as feed for livestock and three of which are presented in the table (not shown tions in definitions, statistical methods, and quality poultry in Europe and North America, are used as are land used as permanent pasture and land under of data. Countries use different definitions of rural food in Africa and Asia. So some cereal crops are urban devel­ opments). • Forest area is land under and urban populations and land use. The Food and excluded from the data for some countries and in- natural or planted stands of trees, whether produc- Agriculture Organization of the United Nations cluded elsewhere, depending on their use. tive or not. • Arable land is land defined by the (FAO), the primary compiler of the data, occasion­ To smooth annual fluctuations in agricultural FAO as under temporary crops (double-cropped ally adjusts its definitions of land use categories and activity, certain indicators in the table (food pro- areas are counted once), temporary meadows revises earlier data. Because the data reflect changes duction index, cereal yield and agricultural produc- for mowing or for pasture, land under mar­ ket or in reporting procedures as well as actual changes tivity) have been averaged over three years. kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land in land use, apparent trends should be inter­ preted abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is ex- cautiously. Satellite images show land use that dif- cluded. • Food production index covers food crops fers from that of ground-based measures in area that are considered edible and that contain nutri- under cultiva­ tion and type of land use. Moreover, ents. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although land use data in some countries are based on report- edible, they have no nutritive value. • Cereal yield, ing systems designed for collecting tax rev­ enue. measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested With land taxes no longer a major source of gov- land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, ernment revenue, the quality and coverage of land millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. use data have declined. Data on forest area may be Production data on cereals refer to crops harvested particularly unreliable because of irregular surveys for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or and differences in definitions (see About the data harvested green for food, feed, or silage, and those in World Development Indicators 2009, table 3.4). used for grazing, are excluded. The FAO allocates FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assess­ ment 2005 aims production data to the calendar year in which the to address this limitation. The FAO coordinated bulk of the harvest took place. But most of a crop global forest resources assessments every 5–10 years harvested near the end of a year will be used in the since 1946. The 2005 assessment, conducted dur­ following year. • Agricultural produc­ t ivity is the ing 2003–05, covers 229 countries and territories ratio of agricultural value added, mea­sured in 2000 at three points: 1990, 2000, and 2005. The most U.S. dollars, to the number of workers in agricul- comprehensive assessment of forests, forestry, and ture. Agricultural productivity is measured by value the benefits of forest resources in both scope and added per unit of input. (For further discus­ sion of number of countries and people involved, it exam­ the calculation of value added in national accounts, ines status and trends for about 40 variables on the see World Development Indicators 2009, About the extent, condition, uses, and values of forests and data, tables 4.1 and 4.2.) Agricultural value added other wooded land. includes that from forestry and fishing. Thus in- In majority of the small states, more than 50 terpretations of land productivity should be made percent of people still live in the rural areas. The with caution. rural population is approximated as the difference between total population and urban population, calculated using the urban share reported by the United Nations Population Division. There is no universal standard for distinguishing rural from urban areas, and any urban-rural dichotomy is an oversimplification (see About the data in World De- velopment Indicators 2009, tables 3.1 and 3.11). A recent World Bank Policy Research Paper proposes Data sources an operational definition of rurality based on popu- Data on urban population shares used to esti- lation density and distance to large cities (Chomitz, mate rural population come from the United Buys, and Thomas 2005). Nations Population Division’s World Urbaniza- The agricultural production indexes in the table tion Prospects: The 2006 Revision. The total popu- are prepared by the FAO based on official and semi- lation figures are World Bank estimates. Data on official reports. If data are unavailable, the FAO land area, land agricultural production indexes, makes estimates. The indexes are calculated using cereal yield, and agricultural employment are the Laspeyres formula: production quantities of from the FAO’s electronic files. Data on agri­ each commodity are weighted by average interna- cultural value added are from the World Bank’s tional commodity prices in the base period and national accounts files. summed for each year. The FAO’s indexes may dif- 2009 Small States 21 9 Energy and emissions Energy use Electric power Carbon dioxide emissions per capita intensity consumption total per capita intensity kilogram of CO2 / 2005 PPP$ / kilogram of oil equivalent kilograms of oil equivalent kilograms of oil equivalent kWh millions thousand metric tons metric tons energy 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 Antigua and Barbuda 1,596 1,638 8.0 8.6 95 105 300 421 4.9 5.1 3.0 2.7 Bahamas, The 2,529 1,939 .. .. 950 1,886 1,949 2,107 7.6 6.5 3.0 3.0 Barbados 1,240 1,387 .. .. 468 859 1,077 1,315 4.1 5.2 3.3 3.5 Belize 562 1,040 7.4 5.5 114 189 311 817 1.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 Bhutan 102 122 16.4 22.9 172 494 128 414 0.2 0.6 2.3 5.7 Botswana 931 1,054 7.4 11.7 990 2,637 2,169 4,554 1.6 2.5 1.7 2.4 Cape Verde 82 112 20.7 21.9 36 45 88 286 0.2 0.6 3.0 4.2 Comoros 41 38 29.6 29.1 16 19 66 88 0.2 0.1 3.7 3.8 Djibouti 232 190 11.8 9.2 179 205 352 374 0.6 0.5 2.7 2.5 Dominica 293 509 19.9 13.4 30 85 59 114 0.8 1.6 2.8 3.1 Equatorial Guinea 112 116 17.6 115.8 18 26 117 4,335 0.3 7.1 2.8 4.1 Fiji 395 573 8.6 6.9 467 520 813 1,641 1.1 2.0 2.8 2.4 Gabon 1,342 1,306 11.2 9.9 873 1,420 5,991 1,502 6.5 1.1 4.8 0.8 Gambia, The 69 66 16.6 16.9 70 140 191 286 0.2 0.2 3.1 3.1 Grenada 443 758 11.3 8.6 55 153 121 234 1.3 2.2 2.8 2.9 Guinea-Bissau 73 64 9.7 9.8 40 60 209 271 0.2 0.2 2.8 3.0 Guyana 510 715 2.9 3.3 312 924 1,132 1,491 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.8 Jamaica 1,233 1,724 4.8 4.2 2,100 6,533 7,958 10,153 3.3 3.8 2.7 2.6 Kiribati 99 121 17.0 18.8 7 13 22 26 0.3 0.3 3.1 2.5 Lesotho 45 66 21.1 17.9 192 226 .. .. .. .. .. .. Maldives 236 1,111 .. 3.0 24 126 154 714 0.7 2.4 3.0 1.7 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 84 1.0 1.5 .. .. Mauritius 454 775 12.6 11.5 760 1,974 1,462 3,408 1.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Montenegro .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 443 721 9.0 7.9 1,539 3,163 7 2,554 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.8 Palau 4,858 4,008 .. .. 208 166 110 114 6.9 5.7 1.5 1.4 Samoa 268 294 10.1 11.7 50 105 125 150 0.8 0.8 2.9 2.8 São Tomé and Principe 202 206 .. 5.6 15 18 66 103 0.6 0.7 2.8 3.1 Seychelles 537 3,221 25.3 5.5 101 219 114 579 1.6 7.0 3.0 2.5 Solomon Islands 170 127 13.2 15.3 30 32 161 176 0.5 0.4 3.0 3.1 St. Kitts and Nevis 514 847 16.0 13.6 65 110 66 136 1.6 2.8 3.1 2.6 St. Lucia 417 731 16.7 10.5 104 270 161 370 1.2 2.2 2.9 3.0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 274 567 16.2 10.7 51 108 81 191 0.8 1.8 2.7 2.9 Suriname 1,367 1,557 3.9 3.3 1,534 1,921 1,810 2,374 4.5 4.8 3.3 3.1 Swaziland 357 377 9.8 10.7 735 1,154 425 956 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.0 Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 176 .. 0.2 .. .. Tonga 268 357 9.9 9.6 24 36 77 117 0.8 1.2 3.0 3.0 Trinidad and Tobago 4,934 10,768 2.1 2.0 3,278 6,650 16,913 32,657 13.8 24.7 2.8 2.6 Vanuatu 156 142 21.8 23.5 25 43 66 88 0.4 0.4 2.8 3.1 22 2009 Small States 9 small states Energy and emissions About the data Definitions Small states face the same challenges as other coun- world cement manufacturing (from the U.S. Bu- • Energy use refers to the use of primary energy tries dealing with increasing energy demand, price reau of Mines’s Cement Manufacturing Data Set). before transformation to other end-use fuels, which uncertainty, and global warming. However some Carbon dioxide emissions are often calculated and is equal to indigenous production plus imports and small states are particularly vulnerable to hurri- reported as elemental carbon. For the table these stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to canes, cyclones, droughts, and volcanic eruptions. values were converted to actual carbon dioxide ships and aircraft engaged in inter­ national trans- Sea level rise would affect the Maldives most se- mass by multiplying them by 3.664 (the ratio of the port (see About the data). • Electric power con- verely. Generally, in absence of scale economies, mass of carbon to that of carbon dioxide). Although sumption measures the production of power plants some countries could benefit from production of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions are and combined heat and power plants less transmis- energy through disseminated sources of alternative probably accurate within 10 percent (as calculated sion, distribution, and transformation losses and cleaner energy resulting in lower carbon globally from global average fuel chemistry and use), coun- own use by heat and power plants. •  Carbon di- CO2 emission and cleaner air. try estimates may have larger error bounds. Trends oxide emissions are emissions from the burning Energy data are compiled by the International estimated from a consistent time series tend to be of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement and Energy Agency (IEA) and United Nations. IEA more accurate than individual values. Each year include carbon dioxide produced during consump- data for countries that are not members of the Or- the CDIAC recalculates the entire time series since tion of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. ganization for Economic Co-operation and Devel- 1949, incorporating recent findings and corrections opment (OECD) are based on national energy data to its database. Estimates exclude fuels supplied to adjusted to conform to annual questionnaires com- ships and aircraft in international transport because pleted by OECD member governments. Although of the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among IEA data are for the latest years it is not provided for the benefiting countries. many of the small states economies and it is comple- mented by data from UN data source from earlier years in the table (shown in italic). Therfore, any cross country comparisons should be made with caution because of source and vintage differences. Total energy use refers to the use of primary en- ergy before transformation to other end-use fuels (such as electricity and refined petroleum products). It includes energy from combustible renewables and waste—solid biomass and animal products, gas and liquid from biomass, and industrial and municipal waste. Biomass is any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuel, heat, or electricity Data for combustible renewables and waste are often based on small surveys or other incomplete infor- mation and thus give only a broad impression of de- velopments and are not strictly comparable across countries. The IEA reports include country notes that explain some of these differences (see Data sources). Units of primary energy and primary elec- tricity are converted into oil equivalents. The IEA makes these estimates in consultation with national statistical offices, oil companies, electric utilities, and national energy experts. The IEA occasionally revises its time series to reflect political changes, and energy statistics undergo continual changes in coverage or methodology as more detailed en- ergy accounts become available. Breaks in series are therefore unavoidable. The UN energy consump- tion consist of primary energy use of coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas and hydro, nuclear and geo- thermal electricity in kilograms of oil equivalents per capita. Carbon dioxide emissions account for the larg- est share of greenhouse gases, which are associated with global warming. Anthropogenic carbon diox- Data sources ide emissions result primarily from fossil fuel com- bustion and cement manufacturing. In combustion Data on energy use are from IEA electronic files different fossil fuels release different amounts of and UN databases and are published in IEA’s carbon dioxide for the same level of energy use: oil releases about 50 percent more carbon dioxide than annual publications, Energy Statistics and Bal­ natural gas, and coal releases about twice as much. ances of Non-OECD Countries, Energy Statis- Cement manufacturing releases about half a metric tics of OECD Countries, and Energy Balances of ton of carbon dioxide for each metric ton of cement OECD Countries. Data on energy use are from produced. the electronic files of the International Energy The U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Diox- Agency. Data on car­ bon dioxide emissions are ide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) calcu- from the CDIAC, Envi­ ronmental Sciences Divi- lates annual anthropogenic emissions from data on sion, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in Tennes- fossil fuel consumption (from the United Nations see, United States. Statistics Division’s World Energy Data Set) and 2009 Small States 23 10 Economic activity Gross domestic product Agriculture Industry Services Household final General government Gross capital External GDP implicit value added value added value added consumption final consumption formation balance on deflator expenditure expenditure goods and services average annual % average annual $ millions growth % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth 2008 2000-08 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2000-2008 Antigua and Barbuda 1,225 6.3 4 35 61 31 19 74 -23 1.7 Bahamas, The 6,935 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Barbados 3,409 .. 4 18 78 64 21 24 -9 .. Belize 1,367 4.6 12 22 66 67 15 19 -2 1.8 Bhutan 1,359 8.6 19 46 35 45 21 47 -12 4.6 Botswana 12,969 4.4 2 47 51 31 19 45 5 9.0 Cape Verde a 1,730 5.5 8 17 75 74 18 43 -35 3.7 Comoros a 530 2.0 46 12 42 96 12 16 -24 3.8 Djibouti 875 3.5 4 17 79 56 26 39 -21 2.6 Dominica 364 2.5 18 24 59 71 19 29 -29 1.7 Equatorial Guinea 18,525 18.9 2 96 2 25 3 27 46 11.5 Fiji 3,527 1.4 13 23 64 94 16 17 -27 4.9 Gabon a 14,435 2.2 5 74 22 26 8 27 39 6.0 Gambia, The 782 5.1 29 15 56 78 16 25 -19 10.7 Grenada 638 2.7 6 19 75 65 16 53 -34 3.5 Guinea-Bissau 430 -0.9 56 13 32 81 14 25 -20 4.9 Guyana 1,158 -0.1 28 22 50 87 26 40 -22 8.1 Jamaica 15,068 1.8 5 25 69 82 14 .. -30 11.5 Kiribati 131 1.7 3 6 90 .. .. .. .. 8.3 Lesotho 1,622 3.9 7 35 58 108 27 29 -63 7.2 Maldives 1,260 7.6 .. .. .. 45 22 54 .. 2.1 Marshall Islands 158 2.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Mauritius 8,651 4.1 5 28 68 70 13 25 -8 5.6 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 247 -0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 Montenegro 4,521 5.1 9 18 73 84 20 29 -33 8.6 Namibia 8,564 5.4 8 22 70 69 18 23 -9 6.6 Palau 182 1.8 4 21 76 .. .. .. 4 3.6 Samoa 523 4.0 11 29 60 .. .. .. -25 4.4 São Tomé and Principe a 175 .. 17 21 63 .. .. .. .. 12.7 Seychelles a 833 2.0 2 22 75 79 15 28 -22 7.8 Solomon Islands 647 4.8 32 7 62 67 43 18 -28 6.1 St. Kitts and Nevis 540 4.4 3 26 71 53 18 41 -30 2.4 St. Lucia 1,011 3.4 4 21 75 68 17 30 -24 2.9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 594 5.0 8 25 67 79 20 25 -25 2.7 Suriname 2,881 5.5 5 36 59 66 24 25 -15 19.3 Swaziland 2,618 2.7 8 52 40 61 24 15 0 7.1 Timor-Leste a 498 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 Tonga 264 1.2 28 13 60 105 23 17 -44 8.2 Trinidad and Tobago 23,898 8.3 0 62 37 45 11 13 31 6.8 Vanuatu a 574 3.7 14 9 77 64 19 24 -7 3.7 a. Value added components are at producer prices. 24 2009 Small States 10 small states Economic activity About the data Definitions An economy’s gross domestic product (GDP) repre­ penditures, including those on capital outlays (with • Gross domestic product (GDP) at purchaser prices sents the sum of value added by all producers in certain excep­tions), are treated as current spending. is the sum of gross value added by all resident pro­ ducers the economy. Value added is the value of the gross Gross capital formation consists of outlays on in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) output of producers less the value of intermediate additions to the economy’s fixed assets plus net not included in the valuation of output. It is calculated goods and services consumed in production, before changes in the level of inventories. It is generally without deducting for depreciation of fabricated assets taking account of the consumption of fixed capi- obtained from reports by industry of acquisition or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. tal in the production process. The United Nations and distinguishes only the broad categories of Value added is the net output of an industry after adding Sys­tem of National Accounts calls for estimates of capital formation. Data on capital formation may up all outputs and subtract­ ing intermediate inputs. The value added to be valued at either basic prices (ex- be estimated from direct surveys of enterprises and industrial origin of value added is determined by the cluding net taxes on products) or producer prices administrative records or based on the commodity International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) (including net taxes on products paid by producers flow method using data from production, trade, revision 3. • Agricul­ ture corresponds to ISIC divisions but excluding sales or value added taxes). Both valu- and construction activi­ ties. The quality of data on 1–5 and includes forestry and fishing. • Industry ations exclude transport charges that are invoiced government fixed capital formation depends on the corresponds to ISIC divisions 10–45, which cover mining, separately by pro­ ducers. Total GDP shown in the quality of government accounting systems (which manufacturing (also reported separately), construction, table is measured at purchaser prices. Value added tend to be weak in devel­ oping countries). Measures electricity, water, and gas. • Services correspond to by industry is normally measured at basic prices. of fixed capital formation by households and corpo- ISIC divi­ sions 50–99. For some countries it includes When value added is measured at producer prices, rationsare usually unreliable. product taxes (minus subsidies) and may also include this is noted in World Development Indicators 2009, Estimates of changes in inventories are rarely statistical discrepancies. • Household final consumption Primary data documentation. complete but usually include the most important expenditure is the market value of all goods and services, Most countries now follow the 1993 revision activities or commodities. According to national including durable products (such as cars and computers), of the System of National Accounts or SNA, and accounts conventions, adjust­ ments should be made purchased by households. It excludes purchases of that terminology is used in the World Development for appreciation of the value of inventory holdings dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied Indicators. World Bank staff review the quality of due to price changes, but this is not always done. dwellings. It also includes government fees for permits national accounts data and sometimes make adjust- In highly inflationary economies this element can and licenses. Expenditures of nonpro�t institutions ments to improve consistency with international be substantial. serving households are included, even when reported guidelines. Nevertheless, significant discrepancies Growth rates of GDP are calcu­ lated using the separately. Household consumption expenditure may remain between international stan­ dards and actual least squares method and constant price data in include any statistical discrepancy in the use of resources practice. Many statistical offices, especially those the local currency. The least-squares method is also relative to the supply of resources. • General government in developing countries, face severe limitations in used to calculate growth rates of the GDP implicit final consump­ tion expenditure is all government the resources, time, training, and bud­ gets required deflator. Constant price U.S. dollar series are used current expendi­ tures for purchases of goods and services to produce reliable and comprehensive national ac- to calculate regional and income group growth (including compensation of employees). It also includes counts statistics. rates. Local currency series are converted to con- most expenditures on national defense and security but Informal economic activities pose a particular stant U.S. dollars using an exchange rate in the excludes military expenditures. • Gross capital formation measurement problem, especially in developing common reference year. The growth rates in the is outlays on addi­ tions to fixed assets of the economy, net countries, where much economic activity is unre­ table are average annual compound growth rates. changes in inventories, and net acquisitions of valuables. corded. A complete picture of the economy requires Methods of computing growth rates are described Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, estimating household outputs produced for home in World Development Indicators 2009, Sta­ tistical drains); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and use, sales in informal markets, barter exchanges, methods. construction (roads, railways, schools, buildings, and and illicit or deliberately unreported activities. so on). Inventories are goods held to meet tem­ porary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and GDP from the expenditure side is made up of “work in progress.� • External balance of goods and household final consumption expenditure, general services is exports of goods and services less imports government final consumption expenditure, gross of goods and services. Trade in goods and services capital formation (private and public investment in comprise all transactions between residents of a fixed assets, changes in inven­tories, and net acquisi- country and the rest of the world involving a change tions of valuables), and net exports (exports minus in ownership of general merchandise, goods sent imports) of goods and ser­ vices. Such expenditures for processing and repairs, non-monetary gold, and are recorded in purchaser prices and include net services. •  GDP implicit deflator measures the average taxes on products. annual rate of price change in the economy as a whole for Household final consumption expen­ diture (pri- the periods shown. vate consumption in the 1968 System of National Accounts) is often estimated as a residual, by sub- Data sources tracting all other known expendi­ tures from GDP. Data on national accounts are collected from The resulting aggregate may incor­ porate fairly large national statistical organizations and central discrepancies. World Development Indicators 2009 banks. The complete national accounts time includes in household con­ sumption the expendi- able on the World Development series is avail­ tures of nonprofit institutions serving households. Indicators 2009 CD-ROM. The United Nations General government final consumption expen- Statistics Division publishes detailed national diture (general government consumption in the accounts for UN mem­ ber countries in National 1968 SNA) includes expenditures on goods and Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and services for individual consumption as well as those Detailed Tables. on services for collective consumption. Defense ex- 2009 Small States 25 11 Private and public sectors Domestic Starting a business Employing workers Protecting Getting credit Interest rate Tax revenue Taxes payable Military credit to investors spread collected by businesses expendituresa private sector by central government Rigidity of Lending rate employment index Disclosure index Depth of credit minus deposit Number of Time required 0-100 (least to most 0-10 (least to most information index rate percentage Total tax rate % % of GDP procedures days rigid) disclosure) 0-6 (low to high) points % of GDP of profit % of GDP 2008 June 2008 June 2008 June 2008 June 2008 June 2008 2007 2007 June 2008 2007 Antigua and Barbuda 74.6 8 21 10 4 0 6.9 .. 46.8 .. Bahamas, The 94.3 7 31 17 2 0 1.8 16.4 b 47.0 0.9 Barbados 94.9 .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 31.6 b .. 0.8 Belize 62.8 9 44 14 3 0 6.0 .. 28.2 .. Bhutan 25.6 8 46 7 5 0 9.5 7.9 b 39.8 .. Botswana 22.0 10 78 20 7 4 7.6 .. 17.1 2.6 Cape Verde 54.1 12 52 54 1 3 7.3 21.0 54.0 0.5 Comoros 11.5 11 23 46 6 0 8.0 .. 48.8 .. Djibouti 27.8 11 37 46 5 1 8.1 .. 38.7 .. Dominica 61.6 5 14 17 4 0 5.9 .. 37.0 .. Equatorial Guinea 4.4 20 136 66 6 2 10.8 .. 59.5 .. Fiji 48.2 8 46 17 3 4 8.1 22.7 b 41.5 1.5 Gabon 8.6 9 58 52 6 2 10.8 .. 44.7 1.1 Gambia, The 16.2 8 27 27 2 0 15.0 .. 292.4 0.6 Grenada 90.7 6 20 21 4 0 6.6 .. 45.3 .. Guinea-Bissau 9.1 17 233 66 6 1 .. .. 45.9 4.0 Guyana 57.0 8 40 21 5 0 12.1 .. 39.4 .. Jamaica 28.3 6 8 4 4 0 10.1 25.3 b 51.3 0.6 Kiribati .. 6 21 17 6 0 .. .. 31.8 .. Lesotho 10.9 7 40 21 2 0 7.7 54.3 b 18.0 2.4 Maldives 100.7 5 9 0 0 0 6.5 21.2 b 9.1 .. Marshall Islands .. 5 17 0 2 0 .. .. 64.9 .. Mauritius 93.6 5 6 23 6 3 10.1 17.6 b 22.2 0.2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 21.1 7 16 7 0 0 11.5 .. 58.7 .. Montenegro 80.6 15 21 38 5 2 4.1 .. 31.8 1.5 Namibia 47.1 10 66 20 5 5 5.3 .. 25.3 2.6 Palau .. 8 28 4 0 0 .. .. 73.0 .. Samoa 43.7 9 35 10 5 0 6.2 .. 18.9 .. São Tomé and Principe 28.3 10 144 63 3 0 19.7 .. 47.2 .. Seychelles 38.3 9 38 38 4 0 7.8 26.3 b 46.6 1.3 Solomon Islands 30.5 7 57 10 3 0 13.4 .. 36.3 .. St. Kitts and Nevis 79.3 8 45 17 4 0 4.7 21.9 b 52.7 .. St. Lucia 126.4 6 20 7 4 0 7.0 .. 34.0 .. St. Vincent and the Grenadines 57.3 8 12 13 4 0 6.8 .. 42.6 .. Suriname 27.5 13 694 23 1 0 7.4 .. 27.9 .. Swaziland 25.6 13 61 13 0 5 6.1 .. 36.6 2.0 Timor-Leste 20.6 10 83 34 3 0 14.3 .. 28.3 .. Tonga 65.1 4 25 7 3 0 5.4 .. 27.5 1.5 Trinidad and Tobago 29.3 9 43 7 4 4 5.9 29.1 b 33.1 .. Vanuatu 56.7 8 39 24 5 0 6.8 .. 8.4 .. a. For some countries data are partial or uncertain or based on rough estimates; see SIPRI (2008). b. Data were reported on a cash basis and have been adjusted to the accrual framework. 26 2009 Small States 11 small states Private and public sectors About the data Definitions The data on domestic credit to the private sector are • Domestic credit to private sector is financial expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are taken from the banking survey of the International resources provided to the private sector—such as civil defense and current expenditures for previous Monetary Fund’s (IMF) International Financial through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, Statis­ tics or, when unavailable, from its monetary and trade credits and other accounts receivable— demobilization, and weapons conversion and de- survey. The monetary survey includes monetary that establish a claim for repay­ ment. For some struction. This definition cannot be applied for all authorities (the central bank), deposit money banks, countries these claims include credit to public en- countries, however, since that would require more and other banking institutions, such as finance terprises. • Number of procedures for starting a detailed information than is available about mili- companies, development banks, and savings and business is the number of procedures required to tary budgets and off-budget mili­ tary expenditures loan institu­ tions. Credit to the private sector may start a business, including interactions to obtain (for example, whether military bud­ gets cover civil sometimes include credit to state-owned or partially necessary permits and licenses and to complete all defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police and state-owned enterprises. inscriptions, verifications, and notifications to start paramilitary forces, and military pensions). The Doing Business indicators measure business operations. Data are for busi­ nesses with specific regulation, gauge regulatory outcomes, measure the characteristics of ownership, size, and type of pro- extent of legal protection of property, the flexibility duction. • Time required for starting a business is of employment regulation, and the tax burden on the number of calendar days to complete the proce- businesses. This table presents a subset of Doing dures for legally operating a business. If a procedure Business indicators covering five indicators: start- can be expedited at additional cost, the fast­ est pro- ing a business, employing workers, protecting in- cedure, independent of cost, is chosen. • Rigidity vestors, getting credit, and paying taxes. of employment index, a measure of employment To make the data comparable across countries, regulation, is the average of three sub­ indexes: a several assumptions are made about businesses. The difficulty of hiring index, a rigidity of hours index, main assumptions are that they are limited liabil­ ity and a difficulty of firing index. Higher values indi­ companies, they operate in the country’s most popu- cate more rigid regulations. • Extent of disclo­ sure lous city, they are domestically owned, they per­ form index measures the degree to which investors are general industrial or commercial activities, and they protected through disclosure of ownership and fi- have certain levels of start-up capital, employ­ees, and nancial information. Higher values indicate more turnover. For details about the assump­ tions, see Do- disclosure. • Depth of credit infor­ mation index ing Business 2009. measures rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and The interest rate spread—the margin between the quality of information available through public or cost of mobilizing liabilities and the earnings on as- private credit registries. Higher values indicate the sets—is a measure of the efficiency by which the fi- availability of more credit informa­ tion. • Interest nancial sector intermediates funds. A narrow interest rate spread is the interest rate charged by banks on rate spread means low transaction costs, which lowers loans to prime customers minus the interest rate the overall cost of funds for investment, crucial to paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, economic growth. time, or savings deposits. • Tax revenue collected Taxes are the main source of revenue for most by central government refers to compulsory trans- governments. Taxes influence incentives and thus fers to the central gov­ernment for public purposes. the behavior of economic actors and the economy’s Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, pen- competitiveness. The level of taxation is typically alties, and most social security contributions are measured by tax revenue as a share of gross domestic excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously product (GDP). Comparing levels of taxation across collected tax revenue are treated as negative rev- countries pro­ vides a quick overview of the fiscal ob- enue. The analytic framework of the International ligations and incentives facing the private sector. The Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Govern­ ment Finance Sta- table shows only central government data, which tistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001) is based on ac- may significantly understate the total tax burden, crual accounting and balance sheets. For countries particularly in coun­ tries where provincial and mu- still reporting government finance data on a cash nicipal governments are large or have considerable basis, the IMF adjusts reported data to the GFSM tax authority. 2001 accrual framework. • Total tax rate is the to- Comparisons of military spending between coun- tal amount of taxes payable by businesses (except tries should take into account the many fac­ tors that for consumption taxes) after accounting for deduc- influence perceptions of vulnerability and risk, in- tions and exemptions as a per­ centage of profit. For cluding historical and cultural traditions, the length further details on the method used for assessing the of borders that need defending, the quality of rela- total tax payable, see Doing Business 2009. • Mili- Data sources tions with neighbors, and the role of the armed forces tary expenditures are SIPRI data derived from the in the body politic. NATO definition, which includes all current and Data on domestic credit and interest rates are Data on military spending reported by govern- capital expenditures on the armed forces, including from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. ments are not compiled using standard definitions. peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other Data on the business environment, getting credit They are often incomplete and unreliable. The data government agencies engaged in defense projects; and taxes payable by business are from the World on military expenditures as a share of GDP are es- paramilitary forces, if judged to be trained and Bank’s Doing Business project (www.doingbusiness. timated by the Stockholm International Peace Re- equipped for military operations; and military org). Data on central government tax revenue are search Institute (SIPRI). Therefore the data in the space activities. Such expenditures include military from print and electronic editions of the IMF’s table may differ from comparable data published by and civil personnel, including retirement pensions Govern­ ment Finance Statistics Yearbook. Data on national governmetns. and social services for military personnel; operation military expenditures are from SIPRI’s Yearbook and main­ tenance; procurement; military research 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International and develop­ ment; and military aid (in the military Security. 2009 Small States 27 12 Transport, communications services, and science and technology Roads Air Electric power Telephones a Internet a High-technology exports Registered Mobile cellular carrier Mobile cellular Population covered by prepaid tariff Fixed broadband Internet Total road departures Consumption subscriptions mobile cellular network $ per month Internet users access tariff network km worldwide per capita kWh per 100 people % per 100 people $ per month $ thousands 2000-06 b 2007 2006 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2007 Antigua and Barbuda 1,165 26,175 .. 160 100 .. 76.0 .. 1.21 Bahamas, The 2,693 34,402 .. 107 100 .. 42.4 .. 0.30 Barbados 1,600 .. .. 93 100 11.0 63.2 49 12,897.42 Belize 2,872 .. .. 52 .. 14.9 10.5 90 9.62 Bhutan 8,050 2,566 .. 37 21 3.0 5.8 61 .. Botswana 25,798 7,366 1,419 78 99 8.3 4.2 30 15,986.26 Cape Verde 1,350 21,086 .. 56 87 20.0 20.6 40 0.00 Comoros 880 .. .. 6 40 14.6 3.5 450 2.17 Djibouti 3,065 .. .. 5 75 .. 1.3 .. .. Dominica 780 .. .. .. .. 11.0 36.6 48 1,196.36 Equatorial Guinea 2,880 .. .. 52 .. .. 1.8 .. .. Fiji 3,440 46,359 .. 64 65 13.9 11.0 26 6,372.80 Gabon 9,170 9,057 1,017 90 79 .. 6.2 .. 71,381.85 Gambia, The 3,742 .. .. 70 85 6.0 6.9 384 30.27 Grenada 1,127 .. .. 57 .. 7.4 21.8 29 1.18 Guinea-Bissau 3,455 .. .. 32 65 .. 2.4 .. .. Guyana 7,970 .. .. 37 95 7.4 24.9 50 258.32 Jamaica 22,056 21,133 2,453 101 95 7.0 56.1 30 2,456.47 Kiribati 670 .. .. 1 .. .. 2.1 .. .. Lesotho 5,940 .. .. 29 55 12.6 3.6 49 434.42 Maldives .. 5,108 .. 140 91 3.4 23.1 9 0.00 Marshall Islands .. 3,508 .. 1 .. .. 3.8 .. .. Mauritius 2,021 12,090 .. 81 99 4.4 29.9 51 111,608.57 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 240 .. .. 25 .. 4.9 13.5 40 .. Montenegro .. 5,560 .. 104 99 6.7 45.1 21 .. Namibia 42,237 6,942 1,546 50 95 11.5 5.4 46 82,825.37 Palau .. .. .. 53 41 .. .. .. .. Samoa 2,337 12,658 .. 47 .. 8.7 4.7 169 5,731.69 São Tomé and Principe 320 1,426 .. 30 20 8.2 15.4 273 2.43 Seychelles 458 20,727 .. 99 98 11.1 37.1 51 0.00 Solomon Islands 1,391 13,640 .. 2 .. .. 1.8 .. .. St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.7 .. 11,789.39 St. Lucia .. .. .. 100 80 11.9 58.8 55 1,844.28 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 829 .. .. 119 100 11.9 60.5 55 1.21 Suriname 4,304 5,022 .. 63 .. 8.9 8.6 95 .. Swaziland 3,594 .. .. 39 90 12.1 4.1 .. 448.09 Timor-Leste .. .. .. 7 69 .. 0.1 .. .. Tonga 680 5,255 .. 49 90 5.8 8.1 110 .. Trinidad and Tobago 8,320 14,703 5,006 113 100 7.9 16.0 13 60,218.24 Vanuatu 1,070 1,643 .. 12 50 15.1 7.5 450 2.62 a. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) World Telecommunication Development Report database. Please cite the ITU for third-party use of these data. b. Data are for the latest year available in the period shown. 28 2009 Small States Transport, communications services, 12 small states and science and technology About the data Definitions Transport infrastructure—highways, railways, ports by mobile telephony. Although access is the key to • Total road network covers motorways, highways, and waterways, and airports and air traffic control delivering telecom­ munications services to people, main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, systems—and the services that flow from it are if the service is not affordable to most people, then and all other roads in a country. • Registered car- crucial to the activities of households, producers, and goals of universal usage will not be met. rier depar­ t ures worldwide are domestic takeoffs governments. The table provides selected indicators Data on Internet users and related Internet and takeoffs abroad of air carriers registered in the of the size, extent, and produc­ tivity of roads, indicators are based on nationally reported data. country. • Electric power consumption per capita railways, and air transport systems and of the volume Some countries derive these data from surveys, but measures the production of power plants and com- of traffic in these modes as well as in ports. since survey questions and definitions differ, the bined heat and power plants less transmission, dis- Data for transport sectors are not always inter­ estimates may not be strictly comparable. Countries tribution, and transformation losses and own use by nationally comparable. Data on roads are collected without surveys generally derive their estimates by heat and power plants divided by midyear popula- by the International Road Federation (IRF), and data multiplying subscriber counts reported by Internet tion. •  Mobile cellular telephone subscribers are on air transport by the International Civil Aviation service providers by a multiplier. This method may subscribers to a public mobile telephone service us- Organization (ICAO). undercount the actual number of people using the ing cellular technology. • Population covered by a National road associations are the primary source Internet, particularly in developing countries, where mobile cellular network is the percentage of people of IRF data. In countries where a national road many commercial sub­ scribers rent out computers that live in areas served by a mobile cellular signal asso­ciation is lacking or does not respond, other connected to the Internet or prepaid cards are used irrespective of whether or not they use it. • Mobile agencies are contacted. As a result, definitions and to access the Internet. cellular prepaid tariff is based on the OECD low data collection methods and quality differ, and the Broadband refers to technologies that provide user definition which includes the cost of monthly compiled data are of uneven quality. Internet speeds of at least 256 kilobits per sec­ mobile usage for 25 outgoing calls (on-net, off-net, An economy’s production and consumption of ond of upstream and downstream capacity. These and to a fixed line) in predetermined ratios, plus 30 elec­tricity are basic indicators of its size and level technologies—including digital subscriber lines, SMS messages. • Internet users are people with ac- of development. Although a few countries export cable modems, satellite broadband Internet, fiber-to- cess to the worldwide network. • Fixed broadband elec­tric power, most production is for domestic home Internet access, ethernet local access networks, Internet access tariff is the lowest sampled cost per consump­ tion. Data on electric power consump­ and wireless area networks—improve the online 100 kilobits a second per month and are calculated tion are collected from national energy agencies experience. Reporting countries may have different from low- and high-speed monthly service charges. by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and definitions of broadband, so data are not strictly Monthly charges do not include installation fees adjusted by the IEA to meet international definitions comparable. or modem rentals. •  High-technology exports (for data on electricity production, see World The method used for determining a country’s high- are products with high R&D intensity, such as in Development Indicators 2009, table 3.10). Electricity technology exports was developed by the Organisa­ aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific consumption is equivalent to production less power tion for Economic Co-operation and Development instruments, and electrical machinery. plants’ own use and transmission, distribution, and in collaboration with Eurostat. Termed the “prod­ transformation losses less exports plus imports. It uct approach� to distinguish it from a “sectoral includes consumption by auxiliary stations, losses approach,� the method is based on R&D intensity in transformers that are considered integral parts of (R&D expenditure divided by total sales) for groups those stations, and electricity produced by pump­ of products from six countries (Germany, Italy, Japan, ing installations. Where data are available, it covers the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States). electricity generated by primary sources of energy— Because industrial sectors specializing in a few high- coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, wind, tide technology products may also produce many low- and wave, and combustible renewables. Neither pro­ technology products, the product approach is more duction nor consumption data capture the reliability appropriate than the sectoral approach for analyzing of supplies, including breakdowns, load factors, and international trade. frequency of outages. The rapid development of mobile telephony and the global expansion of the Internet, information and communication technolo­ gies are increasingly recognized as essential tools of development, contributing to global integration and enhancing Data sources public sector effectiveness, efficiency, and Data on roads are from the IRF’s World Road transparency. The table presents telecommu­ nications Statistics, supplemented by World Bank staff indicators covering access and usage, quality, and estimates. Data on electricity consumption affordability and efficiency. and losses are from the IEA’s Energy Statistics Operators have traditionally been the main and Balances of Non-OECD Countries 2008, source of telecommunica­ tions data, so information the IEA’s Energy Statistics of OECD Countries on subscribers has been widely available for 2008, and the United Nations Statistics most countries. During the past few years, more tics Yearbook. Data on Division’s Energy Statis­ information on ICT use has become available from information and telecommunications are from household and business surveys. The quality of the International Telecommunication Union’s data varies among reporting countries as a result of World Telecommunication Development Report differences in regulations covering data provision and database. Data on high-technology exports are availability of survey data. from the United Nations Statistics Division’s Globally, there have been huge improvements Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. in access to telecommunications, driven mainly 2009 Small States 29 13 Aid dependency Net official development Net bilateral aid Aid per capita Aid dependency ratios IDA Resource assistance from DAC members Allocation Index Aid as % of gross Aid as % of imports $ millions $ millions $ Aid as % of GNI capital formation of goods and services 1-6 (low to high) 2000 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Antigua and Barbuda 9.8 4.2 4.2 49 0.4 0.5 0.4 .. Bahamas, The a 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barbados 0.2 13.7 6.0 54 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1 .. Belize 14.7 23.4 14.8 77 2.0 9.5 2.4 .. Bhutan 53.1 89.2 46.9 132 8.7 20.2 .. 3.9 Botswana 30.6 104.4 101 56 0.9 2.1 2.0 .. Cape Verde 93.9 163.4 127.5 332 11.5 28.0 14.9 4.2 Comoros 18.7 44.5 33.0 71 9.5 69.4 .. 2.4 Djibouti 71.4 112.5 81.1 135 12.6 35.4 19.0 3.1 Dominica 15.2 19.4 17.2 267 6.0 21.3 7.6 3.9 Equatorial Guinea 21.3 31.4 27.7 49 0.5 0.7 .. .. Fiji 29.1 57.5 42.4 69 1.8 11.3 2.5 .. Gabon 11.7 48.4 40.3 34 0.5 1.6 1.6 .. Gambia, The 49.6 72.4 42.3 45 12.1 48.5 19.6 3.2 Grenada 16.5 22.7 5.1 215 3.9 10.1 4.8 3.7 Guinea-Bissau 80.3 123.2 88.5 80 32.9 132.7 55.3 2.6 Guyana 115.8 124 56.7 162 11.9 63.3 9.5 3.4 Jamaica 10.0 26.0 20.7 10 0.2 .. 0.3 .. Kiribati 17.9 27.1 26.1 285 13.9 .. .. 3.1 Lesotho 36.7 129.5 79.7 65 6.2 29.2 7.1 3.5 Maldives 19.2 37.4 25.3 122 3.7 18.9 2.9 3.6 Marshall Islands 57.2 52.1 52.8 894 28.3 .. .. .. Mauritius 20.4 74.6 77.3 59 1.1 4.1 1.3 .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 101.5 114.9 111.3 1,035 45.2 .. .. .. Montenegro .. 105.9 76.2 170 2.7 11.1 .. .. Namibia 152.3 205.1 159.8 99 2.4 11.2 5.1 .. Palau 39.1 22.3 22.1 1,108 13.4 .. .. .. Samoa 27.4 36.9 30.8 204 7.0 .. 12.1 3.9 São Tomé and Principe 34.9 36.0 32.1 228 23.8 .. 41.9 3.0 Seychelles 18.3 2.8 2.2 33 0.3 0.9 0.2 .. Solomon Islands 68.3 248 241.6 501 47.1 247.8 62.9 2.7 St. Kitts and Nevis 3.9 2.9 3.9 59 0.6 2.5 0.7 .. St. Lucia 11.0 23.6 16.0 141 2.7 6.8 3.0 4.0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.2 65.6 61.7 601 12.3 4.0 15.8 3.8 Suriname 34.3 150.9 145.7 296 6.2 9.9 9.8 .. Swaziland 13.1 62.8 35.9 55 2.1 16.7 2.3 .. Timor-Leste 231.3 278.3 265.8 262 16.1 .. .. 2.7 Tonga 18.8 30.5 26.3 296 11.6 54.4 16.6 3.0 Trinidad and Tobago -1.5 18.4 15.4 14 0.1 0.7 0.2 .. Vanuatu 45.8 56.7 56.6 251 11.8 49.4 18.1 3.3 a. No longer on the DAC list of eligible official development assistance recipients. Data for 2000 are official aid. 30 2009 Small States 13 small states Aid dependency About the data Definitions This table presents data on aid flows to develop- helps the poorest countries to reduce poverty by • Net official development assistance is flows ing economies, compiled by the Development As- providing concessional loans and grants for pro- (net of repayment of principal) that meet the DAC sistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation grams aimed at boosting economic growth and im- definition of ODA and are made to countries and for Economic Co-operation and Development. proving living conditions. IDA funding helps these territories on the DAC list of aid recipients. • Aid Unless otherwise noted, aid is defined as official countries deal with the complex challenges they per capita is ODA divided by midyear population. development assistance from DAC member coun- face in striving to meet the Millennium Develop- • Net bilateral aid from DAC members comprises tries, multilateral organizations, and non-DAC ment Goals. net bilateral official development assistance from donors. The data do not include aid given by re- The World Bank’s IDA Resource Allocation In- DAC members that meets the DAC definition of cipient countries to other developing countries. dex (IRAI), which is presented in the table, is based official development assistance and are made to Grants or loans to countries and territories on the on the results of the annual Country Policy and In- countries and territories on the DAC list of aid DAC list of aid recipients have to meet three cri- stitutional Assessment (CPIA) exercise, which cov- recipients. DAC members are: Australia, Austria, teria to be counted as ODA. They are undertaken ers IDA-eligible countries. Country performance Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Ger- by the official sector. They promote economic de- is assessed against a set of 16 criteria grouped into many, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, velopment and welfare as the main objective. And four clusters: economic management, structural Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, they are provided on concessional financial terms policies, policies for social inclusion and equity, and Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, (loans must have a grant element of at least 25 per- public sector management and institutions. United States, and Commission of the European cent, calculated at a discount rate of 10 percent). IDA resources are allocated to a country on Communities. • Aid dependency ratios are calcu- The table also shows net bilateral aid from mem- per capita terms based on its IDA country perfor- lated using values in U.S. dollars converted at offi- bers of the DAC, including the European Com- mance rating and, to a limited extent, based on its cial exchange rates. Imports of goods, services, and mission—a multilateral member of DAC. These per capita gross national income. This ensures that income refer to international transactions involv- data are based on donor country reports of bilateral good performers receive a higher IDA allocation in ing a change in ownership of general merchandise, programs and do not include donor country con- per capita terms. The IRAI is a key element in the goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary tributions to multilateral institutions, the flow of country performance rating. gold, services, receipts of employee compensation resources from multilateral institutions to recipi- The country teams that prepare the ratings are for nonresident workers, and investment income. • ent countries, and flows from countries that are not very familiar with the country, and their assess- IDA Resource Allocation Index is obtained by cal- members of DAC. ments are based on country diagnostic studies culating the average score for each cluster (economic Ratios of aid to gross national income (GNI), prepared by the World Bank or other development management, structural policies, policies for social gross capital formation, and imports provide mea- organizations and on their own professional judg- inclusion and equity, and public sector management sures of recipient country dependency on aid. But ment. An early consultation is conducted with and institutions) and then by averaging those scores. care must be taken in drawing policy conclusions. country authorities to make sure that the assess- For each of 16 criteria countries are rated on a scale For foreign policy reasons some countries have tra- ments are informed by up-to-date information. of 1 (low) to 6 (high). ditionally received large amounts of aid. Thus aid Country teams prepare proposals for benchmark dependency ratios may reveal as much about a do- countries that are reviewed first at the regional level nor’s interest as about a recipient’s needs. and then in a Bankwide review process. A simi- The table does not distinguish types of aid (pro- lar process is followed to assess the performance gram, project, or food aid; emergency assistance; of the remaining countries, using the benchmark postconflict peacekeeping assistance; or technical countries’ scores as guideposts. The final ratings are cooperation), which may have different effects on determined following a Bankwide review. The over- the economy. Expenditures on technical coopera- all numerical IRAI score and the separate criteria tion do not always directly benefit the economy to scores were first publicly disclosed in June 2006. the extent that they defray costs incurred outside See IDA’s website at www.worldbank.org/ida for the country on salaries and benefits of technical ex- more information. perts and overhead costs of firms supplying techni- Additional information on the indicators dis- cal services. cussed here can be found in the About the data Because the table relies on information from do- pages for table 5.8, 6.13, and 6.14 in the World De- nors, it is not necessarily consistent with informa- velopment Indicators 2009. Data sources tion recorded by recipients in the balance of pay- Data on aid flows are compiled by DAC and ments, which often excludes all or some technical published in its annual statistical report, Geo- assistance—particularly payments to expatriates graphical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid made directly by the donor. Similarly, grant com- Recipients, and in its annual Development Coop- modity aid may not always be recorded in trade eration Report. Data are available electronically data or in the balance of payments. Moreover, DAC on the OECD’s International Development Sta- statistics exclude military aid. tistics CD-ROM and at www.oecd.org/dac/stats/ The nominal values used here may overstate idsonline. Data on population, GNI, gross capi- the real value of aid to recipients. Changes in in- tal formation, imports of goods and services, and ternational prices and exchange rates can reduce central government expense used in computing the purchasing power of aid. Tying of aid to pur- the ratios are from World Bank and Interna- chases in the donor country, still prevalent though tional Monetary Fund databases. Data on IRA declining in importance, also tends to reduce its resource allocation index are from the World purchasing power. Bank Group’s CPIA database available at www. The International Development Association worldbank.org/ida. (IDA) is the part of the World Bank Group that 2009 Small States 31 14 Trade Merchandise trade Food Fuel Other Manufactures Commercial service trade Transport Travel Other Current commodities service account balance total imports total exports total imports total exports % of % of % of % of % of % of % of commercial commercial commercial merchandise merchandise merchandise merchandise service service service exports exports exports exports $ millions $ millions $ millions exports exports exports $ millions 2008 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 Antigua and Barbuda 840 90 38.0 0.0 3.1 58.9 284 485 16.9 69.6 13.5 -402 Bahamas, The 3,300 930 28.4 0.0 11.6 60.0 1,254 2,503 2.1 86.0 .. -1,002 Barbados 1,970 510 30.4 23.0 2.7 43.2 636 1,411 1.8 63.6 34.6 -385 Belize 860 310 65.6 28.2 0.6 5.0 161 358 7.0 78.5 14.5 -154 Bhutan 560 580 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana 5,180 5,040 2.8 0.2 23.4 73.1 970 922 9.0 59.2 31.7 2,434 Cape Verde 825 32 40.8 0.0 0.1 58.8 285 468 27.1 64.9 8.0 -197 Comoros 190 15 13.8 .. 0.2 6.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti 580 69 .. .. .. .. 99 92 77.5 7.4 13.9 -171 Dominica 225 44 35.2 0.0 10.7 54.1 57 98 3.8 71.7 24.5 -90 Equatorial Guinea 3,240 18,750 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Fiji 2,275 925 65.7 0.1 7.6 25.3 514 740 33.6 58.6 7.8 -715 Gabon 2,550 8,350 0.8 85.6 9.9 3.7 1,020 120 22.0 7.7 70.3 1,983 Gambia, The 329 14 81.6 .. 6.7 11.7 77 114 17.4 65.3 17.3 -53 Grenada 320 25 73.7 0.0 0.1 26.2 104 146 8.1 75.2 16.6 -222 Guinea-Bissau 160 98 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guyana 1,320 810 44.4 0.0 19.1 15.8 273 173 5.0 29.2 65.8 -166 Jamaica 7,880 2,400 15.7 15.1 64.3 4.9 2,205 2,665 16.8 71.5 11.7 -1,744 Kiribati 55 15 82.4 0.0 3.2 9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho 2,030 900 4.7 0.0 0.8 94.5 88 68 1.0 63.0 36.0 212 Maldives 1,388 335 98.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 264 622 4.6 94.2 1.2 -423 Marshall Islands 100 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 4,646 2,351 31.1 0.1 1.4 67.1 1,910 2,530 17.6 57.5 24.9 -974 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 140 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Montenegro 3,150 820 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 4,520 2,960 23.6 0.4 35.0 39.1 505 580 20.7 74.9 4.4 747 Palau 125 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Samoa 249 10 22.0 0.5 0.8 75.3 55 138 5.3 77.1 17.6 -36 São Tomé and Principe 99 7 94.5 .. 0.6 4.9 15 4 1.6 82.6 15.8 -67 Seychelles 980 380 97.8 0.0 0.0 2.2 299 446 32.7 62.4 4.8 -264 Solomon Islands 315 190 .. .. .. .. 83 51 27.4 3.2 69.4 -97 St. Kitts and Nevis 285 39 10.1 0.0 0.1 89.8 109 155 12.5 68.6 18.9 -135 St. Lucia 690 120 66.1 0.0 2.2 31.6 173 345 6.5 85.6 8.0 -320 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 360 47 86.8 0.0 0.2 13.0 91 179 7.3 66.6 26.1 -149 Suriname 1,350 1,730 .. .. .. .. 292 210 9.7 31.7 58.6 185 Swaziland 2,200 1,790 21.1 1.2 7.7 69.8 494 447 2.0 7.1 91.0 -66 Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonga 150 9 47.0 0.0 2.5 6.2 44 26 14.4 56.0 29.6 -24 Trinidad and Tobago 9,900 17,800 2.6 66.1 2.9 28.5 320 910 25.2 50.9 23.9 5,364 Vanuatu 265 35 61.5 0.5 2.1 8.2 70 177 18.0 67.1 14.9 -34 Note: Components of merchandise exports may not sum to 100 percent because of unclassified trade. Exports of gold are excluded 32 2009 Small States 14 small states Trade About the data Data on merchandise trade are from customs reports the capital and financial account, which records nitions may vary among reporting economies. • of goods moving into or out of an economy or from capital transfers, acquisition or disposal of non­ Transport services covers all transport services (sea, balance of payments records. In principle, world produced, nonfinancial assets, and transactions in air, land, internal waterway, space, and pipeline) exports and imports should be identical. Similarly, financial assets and liabilities. The table presents performed by residents of one economy for those exports from an economy should equal the sum of data from the current account. of another and involving the car­ riage of passengers, imports by the rest of the world from that economy. Discrepancies may arise in the balance of pay­ movement of goods (freight), rental of carriers with But differences in timing and definitions result in ments because there is no single source for balance crew, and related support and auxiliary services. dis­crepancies in reported values at all levels. of payments data and therefore no way to ensure Excluded are freight insurance, which is included The data on total imports and total exports of that the data are fully consistent. Sources include in insurance services; goods pro­ cured in ports by goods (merchandise) are from the World Trade Or- customs data, monetary accounts of the banking nonresident carriers and repairs of transport equip- ganization (WTO), which uses two main sources: system, external debt records, information provided ment, which are included in goods; repairs of har- national statistical offices and the IMF’s Internation- by enterprises, surveys to estimate service transac­ ties, which bors, railway facilities, and airfield facili­ al Financial Statistics. The International Monetary tions, and foreign exchange records. Differences in are included in construction services; and rental of Fund publishes estimates of total imports of goods collection methods—such as in timing, definitions carriers without crew, which is included in other in its International Finan­ cial Statistics and Direc- of residence and ownership, and the exchange rate services. • Travel services covers goods and ser­ tion of Trade Statistics, as does the United Nations used to value transactions—contribute to net errors vices acquired from an economy by travelers in that Statistics Division in its Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. and omissions. In addition, smuggling and other economy for their own use during visits of less than It supplements these with the Comtrade database gal or quasi-legal transactions may be unrecord- ille­ one year for business or personal purposes. Travel and publications or databases of regional organiza- ed or misrecorded. For further discussion of issues services include the goods and services consumed tions, specialized agencies, economic groups, and relat­ing to the recording of data on trade in goods by travelers, such as meals, lodging, and transport private sources (such as Eurostat, the Food and Ag- and services, see World Development Indicators 2009, (within the economy visited), including car rental. riculture Organization, and country reports of the About the data for tables 4.4–4.7, and 6.2 • Other service exports includes insurance and fi- Economist Intelligence Unit). Country websites and nancial services, and computer, information, com- direct con­tact through email have improved collec- munications, and other commercial services. Insur- tion of up-to-date statistics for many countries, re- ance and financial services cover freight insurance Definitions ducing the proportion of estimated figures. on goods exported and other direct insurance such The shares of exports by major commodity group • Merchandise imports are the c.i.f. value of goods as life insurance; financial intermediation services are from the United Nations Statistics Division’s purchased from the rest of the world valued in U.S. such as commissions, foreign exchange transactions, Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. The values dollars. •  Merchandise exports are the f.o.b. value and brokerage services; and auxiliary services such as of total exports reported here have not been fully rec- of goods provided to the rest of the world, valued in financial market operational and regulatory services. onciled with the estimates of exports of goods and U.S. dol­lars. • Food corresponds to the commodities Computer, information, communications, and other services from the national accounts or from the bal- in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (bever- commercial services cover such activities as inter- ance of payments. ages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils national telecommunications and postal and cou- The classification of commodity groups is based and fats) and SITC division 22 (oil seeds, oil nuts, rier servvices; computer data; news-related service on the Standard International Trade Classification and oil ker­nels). • Fuels correspond to SITC section transactions between residents and nonresidents; (SITC) revision 3. 3 (mineral fuels). • Other commocities includes ag- construction services; royalties and license fees; Data on trade in services are from the IMF’s Bal- ricultural raw materials, and ores and metal. Agri- miscellaneous business, professional, and technical ance of Payments Statistics. Trade in services differs cultural raw materials correspond to SITC section 2 services; and personal, cultural, and recreational ser- from trade in goods because services are produced (crude materials except fuels), exclding divisions 22, vices. •  Current account balance is the sum of net and consumed at the same time. Thus services to a 27 (crude fertilizers and minerals excluding coal, pe- exports of goods and services, net income, and net traveler may be consumed in the producing country troleum, and precious stones), and 28 (metalliferous current transfers. (for example, use of a hotel room) but are classified ores and scrap). Ores and metals correspond to the as imports of the traveler’s country. In other cases commodities in SITC divisions 27, 28, and 68 (non- services may be supplied from a remote location; for ferrous metals). • Manufactures exports correspond Data sources example, insurance services may be supplied from to the commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), one location and consumed in another. For further 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport Data on merchandise trade are from the WTO. discussion of the problems of measuring trade in equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured Data on shares of exports by major commodity services, see World Development Indicators 2009, goods), excluding division 68. • Commercial ser- group are from Comtrade. The WTO publishes About the data for table 4.6. vice imports are total service imports minus im- data on world trade in its Annual Report. The In- Balance of payments statistics, the main source ports of government services not included elsewhere. ternational Monetary Fund publishes estimates of information on international trade in services, International transactions in ser­ vices are defined of total total imports of goods in its International have many weaknesses. Disaggregation of important by the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (1993) Financial Statistics and Direction of Trade Statis- components may be limited and varies considerably as the economic output of intangible commodities tics, as does the United Nations Statistics Division across countries. There are inconsis­ tencies in the that may be produced, transferred, and consumed at in its Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. The United methods used to report items. These factors contrib- the same time. Definitions may vary among report- Nations Conference on Trade and Development ute to a downward bias in the value of the service ing economies. • Commercial service exports are publishes data on the structure of exports in its trade reported in the balance of payments. total service exports minus exports of government Handbook of International Trade and Development The balance of payments records an economy’s services not included elsewhere. International trans- Statistics. Tariff line records of exports are com­ transactions with the rest of the world. Balance of actions in ser­vices are defined by the IMF’s Balance piled in the United Nations Statistics Division’s payments accounts are divided into two groups: of Payments Manual (1993) as the economic output Comtrade database. Data on commercial service the current account, which records transactions in of intangible commodities that may be produced, trade are from IMF’s Balance of Payments Year- goods, services, income, and current transfers, and transferred, and consumed at the same time. Defi- book, and the IFS. 2009 Small States 33 15 Global links Trade intensity Foreign Total Total Total debt Net Workers' remittances and Inbound tourism expenditure International direct reservesa external service migration compensation of employees Internet investment debt bandwidth received merchandise services net inflows % of exports of % of GDP $ millions $ millions % of GNI goods, services thousands $ millions % of GDP $ millions % of exports bits per second and income b per capita c 2008 2008 2007 2008 2007 2007 2000-05 2008 d 2008 2007 2007 2008 Antigua and Barbuda 75.9 68.6 391 138 .. .. .. 26 2.1 338 e 58.2 37,996 Bahamas, The 61.0 56.1 713 568 .. .. 2 .. .. 2,198 64.6 1,522 Barbados 63.8 69.8 62 839 .. .. -3 168 4.1 974 49.3 2,039 Belize 85.6 40.8 112 166 91.8 69.3 -1 78f 5.7 291 e 35.3 1,578 Bhutan 83.9 .. 78 765 68.6 .. 35 .. .. 30 g .. 66 Botswana 78.8 15.5 -29 9,119 3.4 0.9 20 148 1.1 549 9.0 43 Cape Verde 49.6 54.3 130 259 43.2 3.8 -13 139 8.0 426 74.4 311 Comoros 38.7 .. 1 113 64.7 .. -10 12 2.3 27 g .. 11 Djibouti 74.2 43.6 195 132 51.8 6.4 0 29 3.3 9 3.0 56 Dominica 73.8 46.6 46 55 89.9 11.6 .. 30 8.2 71 e 50.8 .. Equatorial Guinea 118.7 .. .. 4,431 .. .. 15 .. .. .. .. 28 Fiji 90.7 41.6 269 319 11.4 1.0 -42 175 5.0 636 42.8 151 Gabon 75.5 13.7 269 1,935 56.2 1.9 10 11 0.1 13 0.2 141 Gambia, The 43.9 29.7 69 143 122.9 12.4 31 64 8.2 77 33.1 38 Grenada 54.1 42.1 140 105 116.4 7.8 -5 64 10.0 110 e 56.2 4,072 Guinea-Bissau 60.1 .. 7 125 213.6 40.2 1 30 7.0 3 e 2.6 1 Guyana 183.9 41.3 152 356 73.3 2.4 -40 279 24.0 50 e 5.9 47 Jamaica 68.2 38.0 867 1,767 101.2 17.3 -76 2,220 14.7 2,137 43.4 744 Kiribati 53.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 6.9 .. .. .. Lesotho 180.6 11.2 130 658 33.7 7.0 -36 443 27.3 43 e 4.9 2 Maldives 136.7 85.0 15 241 56.4 5.1 0 3 0.2 586 e 68.5 2,615 Marshall Islands 75.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 g .. .. Mauritius 80.9 51.6 339 1,796 62.1 4.9 0 215 2.5 1,663 37.4 315 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 63.5 .. .. 40 .. .. -10 .. .. 18 g .. 142 Montenegro 87.8 .. 876 478 33.5 .. -51 .. .. 457 g .. 1,207 Namibia 87.3 12.8 170 1,293 .. .. -1 16 0.2 542 15.4 27 Palau 73.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 g .. 499 Samoa 49.4 35.7 3 87 223.0 26.9 -19 135 25.8 107 70.4 50 São Tomé and Principe 60.4 15.8 35 39 117.1 39.2 -7 2 1.1 3 e 30.9 51 Seychelles 163.3 84.9 249 64 190.8 11.2 .. 12 1.4 366 42.4 857 Solomon Islands 78.1 33.9 42 119 46.4 2.0 0 20 3.2 8 4.4 17 St. Kitts and Nevis 60.0 53.7 143 110 55.2 17.3 .. 37 6.9 106 e 48.7 .. St. Lucia 80.1 54.8 261 143 47.6 7.6 -1 31 3.1 296 e 66.1 0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 68.6 50.4 92 84 49.2 10.7 -5 31 5.1 119 e 51.3 274,934 Suriname 106.9 23.2 -247 476 .. .. 0 140f 4.9 73 4.6 396 Swaziland 152.4 33.2 38 752 13.3 1.9 -46 101 3.8 32 1.5 1 Timor-Leste .. .. .. 210 .. .. 41 .. .. .. .. 9 Tonga 60.3 33.7 27 70 34.6 2.8 -8 100 37.7 15 36.0 116 Trinidad and Tobago 115.9 6.2 1,098 9,496 .. .. -20 109 0.5 693 4.8 675 Vanuatu 52.3 51.6 34 115 22.4 1.5 0 7 1.2 142 64.7 19 a. International reserves including gold valued at London gold price. b. Includes workers’ remittances. c. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication Development Report database. Please cite the ITU for third-party use of these data. d. World Bank estimates. e. Expenditure of travel related items only; excludes passenger transport items. f. Actuals as reported in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Statistics. g. Country estimates. 34 2009 Small States 15 small states Global links About the data Globalization has been a persistent theme of individual countries. These data, shown in the ta- migrant workers and wages and salaries earned by the past quarter century. The scope and pace of ble, include travel and passenger transport items as nonresident workers. Workers’ remittances are cur- global economic integration can be monitored defined in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual. rent private transfers from migrant workers resident along four key dimensions: trade in goods and When the IMF does not report data on passenger in the host country for more than a year, irrespec- services, financial flows, movement of people, and transport items, expenditure data for travel items tive of their immigration status, to recipients in communication. are shown. their country of origin. Compensation of employ- In conventional balance of payments accounting Well developed communications infrastruc- ees is the income of migrants who have lived in the exports are recorded as a credits and imports as a ture attracts investments and allows investors to host country for less than a year. • Inbound tour- debits. Here trade intensity measures the gross two- capitalize on benefits offered by the digital age. The ism expenditure is expenditures by international way flows of goods and services as a share of GDP. data shown here measure the capacity for Internet inbound visitors, including payments to national While some countries are net exporters and others broadband service. carriers for international transport. These receipts net importers, the gross trade measure provides For more information on the indicators dis- include any other prepayment made for goods or an aggregate measure of their role in the global cussed here, see the About the data pages of services received in the destination country. They economy. tables 4.4 and 4.5 (merchandise trade), 4.6 and may include receipts from same-day visitors, except Foreign direct investment (FDI) has three com- 4.7 (trade in services), 5.11 (information and when these are important enough to justify sepa- ponents: equity investment, reinvested earnings, communication technology), 6.9 and 6.10 (ex- rate classification. For some countries they do not and short-and long-term loans between parent ternal debt), 6.11 (investment flows), 6.13 (aid), include receipts for passenger transport items. Their firms and foreign affiliates. 6.17 (migration and remittances), and 6.19 (tour- share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports FDI may be understated in many developing ism) in the World Development Indicators 2009. of goods and services (all transactions between countries because some countries fail to report rein- residents of a country and the rest of the world vested earnings and because the definition of long- involving a change of ownership from residents to term loans differs across countries. nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for The table also shows data on total reserves ex- processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and ser- ternal assets that are readily available to and con- vices). • International Internet bandwidth is the trolled by monetary authorities for direct financing contracted capacity of international connections of payments imbalances, for indirectly regulating between countries for transmitting Internet traffic. the magnitude of such imbalances through inter- vention in exchange markets to affect the currency exchange rate, or for other purposes. A country’s external debt burden affects its cred- Data sources itworthiness and vulnerability. The table shows Definitions Data on merchandise trade are from the World total external debt relative to a country’s size mea- • Merchandise trade intensity is the sum of mer- Trade Organization’s (WTO) Annual Report. sured by gross national income (GNI). Total debt chandise exports and imports. • Service trade in- Data on trade in services are from the Interna- service is contrasted with countries’ ability to ob- tensity is the sum of service exports and imports. tional Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Balance of Pay- tain foreign exchange through exports of goods, • Foreign direct investment net inflows are net ments Statistics Yearbook and database. Data services, income, and workers’ remittances. inflows of investment to acquire a lasting interest on FDI are based on balance of payments data The United Nations Population Division esti- in or management control over an enterprise oper- reported by the IMF, supplemented by staff es- mates net migration, taking into account the past ating in economy other than that of the investor. timates. Data on total reserves are from IMF’s migration history of a country or area, the migra- They are the sum of equity capital, reinvestment International Financial Statistics and database. tion policy of a country, and the influx of refugees of earnings, and other short- and long-term capi- Data on external debt are mainly from reports in recent periods, using data from a variety of tal, as shown in the balance of payments. • Total to the World Bank through its Debtor Report- sources, including border statistics, administrative reserves are holdings of monetary gold, special ing System from member countries that have records, surveys, and censuses. drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by received IBRD loans or IDA credits, with ad- Workers’ remittances and compensation of the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange un- ditional information from the files of the World employees are World Bank staff estimates based der the control of monetary authorities. The gold Bank and other international financial institu- on data from the International Monetary Fund’s component of these reserves is valued at year-end tions. Data on net migration are from the United (IMF) Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. They (December 31) London prices ($386.75 an ounce Nations Population Division’s World Population are the sum of three items defined in the fifth edi- in 1995 and $696.70 an ounce in 2007). • Total Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Data on work- tion of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: external debt is debt owed to nonresidents and ers’ remittances are World Bank staff estimates workers’ remittances, compensation of employees, comprises public, publicly guaranteed, and private based on IMF balance of payments data. Data and migrants’ transfers. nonguaranteed long-term debt, short-term debt, on inbound international tourism expenditures Tourism is defined as the activities of people and use of IMF credit. It is presented as a share of are from the World Tourism Organization’s traveling to and staying in places outside their usual gross national income (GNI). • Total debt service Yearbook of Tourism Statistics and Compendium environment for no more than one year for leisure, is the sum of principal repayments and interest ac- of Tourism Statistics 2009. Data on international business, and other purposes not related to an activ- tually paid on total long-term debt (public and pub- Internet bandwidth are from the International ity remunerated from within the place visited. The licly guaranteed and private nonguaranteed), IMF Telecommunication Union’s International De- data in the table are from the World Tourism Orga- repurchases and charges, and interest on short-term velopment Report database. Data on GDP, GNI, nization, an agency of the United Nations. debt. • Net migration is the total number of im- and exports are from the World Bank’s national The World Tourism Organization is improv- migrants minus the total number of emigrants, in- accounts files, Organisation for Economic Co- ing its coverage of tourism expenditure data, using cluding citizens and noncitizens, for the five-year operation and Development data files, and the balance of payments data from the International period. • Workers’ remittances and compensa- IMF’s Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and Monetary Fund (IMF) supplemented by data from tion of employees received are current transfers by database. 2009 Small States 35 Small States Forum In July 1998, the World Bank and the Commonwealth Secretariat established a Joint Task Force on Small States to address the special developmental challenges these countries faced. The final report of the task force was submitted to Development Committee in April 2000, and was welcomed by Ministers. Among other things, the report identified an agenda for action that centered on (i) tackling volatility, vulnerability, and natural disasters; (ii) strengthening capacity; (iii) addressing issues of transition to the changing global trade regime; and (iv) managing new opportunities and challenges arising from globalization. From that time forward, this agenda has guided the World Bank’s active engagement with small states, in recognition of the fact that despite their diversity small states broadly share common challenges associated with small populations/economies. Small States Forum In addition, the Task Force Report led the World Bank to accept as a corporate commitment the founding and ongoing institutional sup- port for an annual Small States Forum (SSF), which is held each year as part of the IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings. The SSF brings together representatives of the 48 small states that are members of the World Bank, and it intended to raise the profile of small states issues and provide a regular opportunity for small states to bring their concerns and views to the attention of the international commu- nity. The SSF is co-sponsored by the Commonwealth Secretariat, European Union, IMF, UNCTAD, and World Trade Organization. Small States Forum Chairs Past Chairs of the SSF are Owen Arthur, Prime Minister, Barbados; Misa Telefoni Retzlaff, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Samoa; Sushil K.C. Khushiram, Minister of Economic Development, Financial Services and Corporate Affairs, Mauritius; Dr. Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister, St. Kitts and Nevis; Willie Jimmy Tapangararua, Minister for Finance and Economic Management, Vanautu. The Chair of the 2009 SSF is Peter H. Katjavivi Director General, National Planning Commission, Namibia. Member Countries The countries listed in italics are classified as high income. Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Lesotho São Tomé and Principe The Bahamas Equatorial Guinea Maldives Seychelles Bahrain Estonia Malta Solomon Islands Barbados Fiji Marshall Islands St. Kitts and Nevis Belize Gabon Mauritius St. Lucia Bhutan The Gambia Micronesia (Fed. States) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Botswana Grenada Montenegro Suriname Brunei Darussalam Guinea-Bissau Namibia Swaziland Cape Verde Guyana Palau Timor-Leste Comoros Iceland Qatar Tonga Cyprus Jamaica Samoa Trinidad and Tobago Djibouti Kiribati San Marino Vanuatu More information is available at www.worldbank.org/smallstates. 36 2009 Small States The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202 473 1000 Fax: 202 477 6391 Web site: www.worldbank.org Email: feedback@worldbank.org This supplement to the World Development Indicators • Includes over 120 indicators for small state and island economies • Provides definitions, sources, and other information about the data The countries included in this supplement are: Antigua and Barbuda Equatorial Guinea Maldives Solomon Islands The Bahamas Fiji Marshall Islands St. Kitts and Nevis Barbados Gabon Mauritius St. Lucia Belize The Gambia Micronesia (Fed. States) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Bhutan Grenada Montenegro Suriname Botswana Guinea-Bissau Namibia Swaziland Cape Verde Guyana Palau Timor-Leste Comoros Jamaica Samoa Tonga Djibouti Kiribati São Tomé and Principe Trinidad and Tobago Dominica Lesotho Seychelles Vanuatu