Gender-Responsive Tourism in Cabo Verde Ensuring better, safe, and more jobs for women March 2023 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 1 © 2023 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; email: pubrights@ worldbank.org. Photos Cover: Adobe Stock. Page iv: Shutterstock. Pages 1, 7, 17: Adobe Stock. Design Sharon Fisher 2 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS v GENDER-RELATED DEFINITIONS vi INTRODUCTION 1. 2 1.1. Project Background 2 1.2. Current State of Global Gender Equality and Tourism 3 METHODOLOGY 2. 4 1.3. Framework for the Report 4 1.4. Gender Analysis Plan 5 Data Collection 2.3 6 KEY FINDINGS 3. 8 Human Endowments 3.1. 8 3.2. Access to More and Better Jobs 8 3.3. Access, Control, and Ownership of Assets 11 3.4. Voice and Agency 12 RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 15 REFERENCES 18 APPENDIXES A. Theory of Change 21 B. Monitoring and Evaluation 22 CONTENTS iii Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Dr. Daniela Moreno Alarcón and Dalia Gomes for the Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Global Practice of the World Bank Group under the leadership of Cristina Navarrete Moreno and Louise Twining-Ward. The team would like to thank Eneida Fernandes, Resident Representative for Cabo Verde, and the Cabo Verde World Bank Group office for their support and guidance during the field mission. The team would like to express its gratitude for the excellent contributions received from stakeholders in Cabo Verde in the preparation of this report. iv GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE Abbreviations EHTCV Hotel and Tourism School of Cabo Verde (Escola de Hotelaria e Turismo de Cabo Verde) GBV gender-based violence GDP gross domestic product ICCA Cape Verde Institute for Children and Adolescents (Instituto Caboverdiano da Criança e do Adolescente) ICIEG Cape Verde Institute for Gender Equality and Equity (Instituto Cabo- verdiano para a Igualdade e Equidade de Género) INE National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estatística) ITCV Tourism Institute of Cabo Verde (Instituto do Turismo de Cabo Verde) SME small and medium enterprise UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE v Gender-Related Definitions Term Definition Agency Ability to make decisions about one’s own life and act on them to achieve desired outcomes. Gender differences in the ability to make these choices, usually to women’s disadvantage, exist in all countries and cultures. Gender The special, behavioral, and cultural attributes, expectations, and norms associated with being a male or a female. The term “gender” used throughout this note refers to this definition. Gender gaps Differences between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes. Gender norms Social norms defining acceptable and appropriate actions for women and men in a given society. They are embedded in formal and informal institutions and produced and reproduced through social interactions. Gender-responsive Tourism that is developed based on a gender analysis to show the differences and inequalities tourism between women and men in as much detail as possible, their causes, consequences, and the way in which women are visible or not. This will break down the barriers to eliminate gender gaps at the core of tourism development (Moreno 2018a). Gender roles Set of social and behavioral norms that are considered appropriate for people of a specific, perceived sex. Gender equality Reference to how the social construction of norms, rights, responsibilities, opportunities, and entitlements determines relations between women and men and the resulting gender differences in opportunities and outcomes. Gender inequality Reference to how the differences constructed by societies between women and men translate into inequalities; it is not exclusively about women. Gender-based Umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on violence (GBV) socially ascribed differences between women and men. GBV includes acts that inflict physical, mental, or sexual harm or suffering; threats of such acts; and bullying, coercion, and other deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. GBV in tourism Links between gender inequalities and violence in the sector based on GBV standards. Gender Process that systematically integrates gender perspectives into legislation, public policies, programs, mainstreaming and projects. World Bank Group Strategic document that outlines the World Bank Group’s objectives related to gender equality and Gender Strategy spells out strategies to operationalize them. (2016–23) vi GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 1 1. Introduction 1.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND a resilient and sustainable tourism recovery. Through integrated and cross-sectoral interventions, the project Tourism is the driving force of Cabo Verde’s economy seeks to support a more diversified tourism offering and and plays a significant role in creating business and increase small and medium enterprise (SME) participa- job opportunities, attracting foreign direct invest- tion in tourism value chains in the target destinations of ments, reducing poverty and inequality, and contrib- Santiago Island, the northern Islands of São Vicente and uting to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Santo Antão, and Sal Island.2 The project has three compo- (figure 1.1). Tourism development in Cabo Verde is nents: (i) develop integrated and resilient tourism and blue concentrated in terms of source market (Europe), desti- economy infrastructure; (ii) enhance inclusive and sustain- nation sites (Sal and Boa Vista Islands), product (Sun able management of tourism in blue economy; and (iii) and Sea), and model (all-inclusive). The COVID-19 support project implementation (including a Contingent crisis contracted Cabo Verde’s economic activity by Emergency Response Component). The project aligns with 14.8 percent in 2020, driven by the fall of tourism-related the World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework activities. Given the importance of the tourism sector 2020–25 for Cabo Verde. in the economy and for women’s employment in Cabo Verde, the sector needs to be supported to become more This report is the result of an assessment of the gender gender-responsive and provide a pathway for main- dimensions of current tourism development in Cabo streaming gender in other sectors. Verde. The report’s recommendations aim to ensure the project has a gender-responsive approach that positively The World Bank project, Resilient Tourism and Blue impacts gender equality in the tourism and blue economy Economy Development in Cabo Verde (FY22–27),1 sectors. The report was drawn up to understand what aims to support the economic recovery phase with constraints are preventing increased economic empow- investments, policies, and institutions that will enable erment of women in the tourism sector in selected sites, FIGURE 1.1. THE TOURISM SECTOR IS A DRIVING FORCE OF CABO VERDE’S ECONOMY 25% 23% 55% Cabo Verde gross Formal job creation Overall exports of domestic product goods and services Source: World Bank Group 2021a. 2 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE assess the nature of these constraints, and propose recom- of women working in tourism is very high (Devadas and mendations and actions that would fit under the project. Kim 2020). Domestic and international tourism may posi- tively influence the ratios of wage and salaried workers; 1.2. CURRENT STATE OF GLOBAL of female-to-male school enrollment at the primary level; GENDER EQUALITY AND TOURISM and women’s overall socioeconomic status (Nguyen 2022). Domestic and international tourism also balances the Globally, tourism has been positioned as a sector with health status ratio between women and men. Outbound the capacity to reduce poverty and foster national devel- tourism likely promotes a decrease in women’s wages, while opment. Over the past 30 years, tourism has sought to it increases gender equality in education and health condi- champion sustainable development from an economic, tions for women. social, and environmental standpoint. Including a gender perspective in tourism is a concrete action to reduce Gender mainstreaming in tourism is vital to enhance poverty and invest smartly in that reduction. Tourism sustainability and enrich economic evidence for gender models, including those that are promoted as less harmful, equality in tourism, especially amidst COVID-19 will not be sufficiently sustainable and accountable if a (Moreno 2020). COVID-19 emphasized the need to inte- gender-based approach and the empowerment of women grate gender equality in tourism and the power of gender are not incorporated in a real and sustained way (Equality equality for tourism reactivation. Thus, efforts to promote in Tourism 2017). This implies adjusting all declarations, gender mainstreaming in tourism must be grounded in planning instruments, agreements, and analyses related this, because most people working and studying tourism to tourism. are women and a high percentage of women in tourism does not mean qualitative jobs, strong career prospects, Gender mainstreaming in tourism is key to improving and equal wages (Moreno and Cañada 2018). In fact, the sector’s sustainability and also sheds light on how women working in tourism earn 14.7 percent less than important economic evidence supporting gender men (UNWTO 2019). equality is for tourism. Gender mainstreaming in tourism is a strategy that guides the integration of gender There is extreme urgency to know the situation of perspectives in all ongoing tourism programming and sets women working in the informal tourism economy, gender-targeted approaches (UNWTO 2022). This requires unpack the tourism value chain based on gender anal- including gender equality at the beginning of each process, ysis, understand how social norms affect women’s so that women are represented in tourism and constraints access to financial instruments, and open dialogue and against gender equality can be reduced (Moreno 2018b). organize actions to reduce GBV in tourism. Pursuing The economic evidence for gender equality in tourism is a gender mainstreaming in tourism will determine what is work in progress, therefore, until now, no novel informa- needed to plan a gender-integrated program that creates tion exists on the positive impact tourism gross domestic positive impact on sustainable development in tourism product (GDP) has on gender equality. What is known and enriches the economic evidence behind gender- though, is that there will be an additional US$28 trillion responsive tourism. of annual GDP in 2025 in the full-potential scenario of bridging the gender gap, a situation that could impact NOTES tourism accountability for gender equality (IFC 2017). 1. See project P176981 at projects.worldbank.org. In the Middle East and North Africa region, women 2. According to the Project Appraisal Document, “the labor force participation in tourism is 6 percent target destinations have been selected for their invest- (UNWTO 2020), and this may be one cause for average ment and diversification readiness, local community long-term per capita income losses of about 30 percent in and private sector interest, growing tourist demand and countries in the region. This figure is 9 percent potential (including from non-traditional segments), in Organization for Economic Co-operation and and environmental or social challenges that need Development (OECD) countries, where the percentage addressing.” GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 3 2. Methodology 2.1. FRAMEWORK FOR THE REPORT (table 2.1). The Gender Strategy delineates the support the World Bank Group provides client countries and compa- This report is guided by the conceptual framework of nies to achieve gender equality as a pathway to poverty the World Bank Group Gender Strategy (2016–23). It reduction and shared security and prosperity. Existing is organized around its four strategic and interconnected research on gender-responsive tourism steered the work domains: human endowments (health, education, and conducted in the field and supported the recommenda- social protection); access to more and better jobs; access, tions for the project. control, and ownership of assets; and voice and agency TABLE 2.1. HOW THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER STRATEGY ALIGNS WITH GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM Gender Strategy Description Gender-Responsive Tourism Approach Domains Human Decrease gender gaps • Conduct a gender analysis of poverty, including the feminization of poverty1 in endowments in health, education, and tourism. social protection to achieve • Consider GBV in tourism a health issue. poverty reduction and shared • Develop a tourism curriculum that challenges gender and social norms prosperity. undermining the role of education to reduce gender inequality2 and encourage gender-responsive training. Access to more Increase women´s • Promote gender analysis and data on salary gaps and sexual abuse and and better jobs participation in the labor harassment and foster female workers’ participation and decision making. force, their income-earning • Acknowledge that more and better jobs in tourism also means reconciliation opportunities, and their between work and family life. access to productive assets. • Apply a gender perspective to study countries with low levels of women working Partnering with the private formally in tourism by collecting data and research that enable the understanding sector is critical to achieve of constraints that prevent women’s participation in the formal tourism sector. this domain. • Implement measures when the tourism labor market undervalues women with high levels of training, which in turn limits female students’ professional goals. Access, control, Access to productive assets, • Examine female tourism entrepreneurs’ access to productive assets. and ownership such as land, housing, and • Increase women’s land and property ownership to enable greater access and of assets technology are fundamental control over productive resources in tourism and business ventures by women. to achieve gender equality. Access to finance and insurance services is a cross- cutting need in this domain. Voice and agency Enhance women´s • Pay attention to whether women’s economic inclusion in the tourism sector— participation and decision particularly in rural areas—has a positive impact on other dimensions of their making in service delivery. empowerment, such as voice and decision within households, family, and The mitigation of GBV is a key community. issue to address under this • Promote the participation of women's organizations in tourism development. domain. • Engage tourism stakeholders with GBV standards to improve standards of living, quality of life, and sustainable practices. Source: Authors. 4 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 2.2. GENDER ANALYSIS PLAN The Gender Matrix is organized around the Gender Strategy’s four domains (human endowments; access Building on a preliminary desk review and existing to more and better jobs; access, control, and ownership research on gender-responsive tourism, the authors of assets; and voice and agency) and supplies the main developed a Gender Analysis Plan to examine gender questions that guided quantitative and qualitative data dimensions in the tourism sector. The research started collection and analysis for this report (table 2.2). The by collecting secondary data to understand potential matrix questions also help identify the lack of quantitative constraints on women being fully embedded across the data on a particular subject. If this is the case, the project tourism value chain in selected island destinations. This covers the data gap under its three components. The team was done through a desk review analyzing Cabo Verde’s recognizes the additional challenges faced by women with main laws, policies, plans, and publications from national visual and mobility impairments and those who iden- and international organizations. At the time of the tify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and research, the National Gender Observatory was not oper- Intersex (LGBTQ+). The main reasons for not including ational, which challenged secondary data collection. To consideration of these challenges are the scarce data and address this gap, a series of complementary gender expert lack of previous work in these situations for gender- consultations were carried out. responsive tourism at the global level. TABLE 2.2. HOW THE GENDER MATRIX GUIDED DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Gender Strategy Key World Questions for Analyzing Constraints in Cabo Verde Domains Bank Areas Human Education • Is tourism education and training having an impact on reducing gender gaps in tourism? endowments Health • Is GBV considered a health issue? Access to more Labor market • What are the main challenges and opportunities for increasing women’s participation in the and better jobs participation labor force? • What are the cultural norms and beliefs about women’s and men’s roles in the tourism workforce? • What is the situation of women working in the informal economy? • What is needed to upgrade the role of women along the tourism value chain? Wages • What is the income distribution among women compared to men? • Is paid parental leave mandated by law? Care • What type of paid and unpaid work do women perform? • To what extent is time given to unpaid domestic work affecting tourism as an engine to gender equality and women’s empowerment? Access, control, Finance and • In what ways does tourism promote ownership of women-led businesses and access to and ownership assets financial resources? of assets Technology and • To what extent could women’s access to technology and digital services in tourism be digital improved? Entrepreneurship • What are the needs and priorities of women entrepreneurs in tourism? • Do policies that determine access to entrepreneurship consider gender? Voice and agency Leadership and • Does Cabo Verde have tourism policies on women’s leadership in the tourism sector? decision making • Are women’s needs included in the mechanisms and policies for tourism recovery? • What key factors contribute to women’s leadership in the tourism sector? GBV • What national standards and regulations address GBV in tourism? • Is the current data on tourism useful to capture GBV and gender inequality in a broader way? Social norms • To what extent do cultural norms and beliefs affect tourism policy? Source: Authors. GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 5 2.3. DATA COLLECTION Women). At the meetings, 37 stakeholders on the islands of Sal, Santiago, and São Vicente were approached. After the desk review and consultations, the team engaged in primary data collection to analyze the main Based on the preliminary findings, a second desk review challenges and opportunities for enhancing the role of was carried out to analyze and triangulate all the data women in tourism recovery post-COVID-19. The data collected for the report. Few sex-disaggregated data on collection occurred during the field mission on November tourism activities were easily available on open sources. 2–12, 2021. The scheme comprised one-on-one, in-depth, Sex-disaggregated data on tourism activities is a major chal- semi-structured interviews; participatory meetings; and lenge at the global scale; therefore, access to open sources bilateral meetings. Three research questions helped guide to gather the data needed was a challenge throughout the data collection during the participatory meetings. research, mostly during primary data collection. 1. What is the current situation of women in tourism amidst COVID-19? NOTES 2. What are the main challenges and opportunities for enhancing the role of women in tourism recovery? 1. A series of phenomena within poverty affect men and 3. What are the best solutions to guarantee gender- women differently, resulting in poor women outnum- responsive tourism recovery that is underscored by bering poor men, women suffering more severe poverty sustainability, diversification, and inclusiveness? than men, and female poverty displaying a more marked tendency to increase, largely because of the rise of The selection of the people met and interviewed (table women-led households. This phenomena is termed 2.3) was guided by the list of stakeholders that partici- the “feminization of poverty.” It points to the need to pated in the elaboration of the Action Plan for Gender acknowledge that poverty affects men and women in Mainstreaming in Tourism in Cabo Verde (2016–18). This different ways, and that gender influences poverty and was lead by the Cape Verdean Institute for Gender Equality increases women’s vulnerability to it (ECLAC 2004). and Equity (Instituto Cabo-verdiano para a Igualdade e 2. Even though more women than men study and teach Equidade de Género, or ICIEG) and the UN Entity for tourism, this is still a challenge in terms of more and Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN better jobs for women. TABLE 2.3. KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED AND INTERVIEWED Government and Partners Tourism and Private Sector Civil Society • Cabo Verde Institute for Children and • Chamber of Commerce Barlavento • African Women’s Association at Sal (AMASAL) Adolescents (Instituto Caboverdiano da • Chamber of Tourism • Association for the Fight Against GBV Criança e do Adolescente, or ICCA) • Kira’s Boutique Hotel • Association of Women Entrepreneurs and • Cape Verdean Institute for Gender • Melia Group Professionals of Cape Verde (Associação Equality and Equity (Instituto Cabo- • Micro Excursion Providers de Mulheres Empresárias e Profissionais de verdiano para a Igualdade e Equidade Association (Associação dos Cabo Verde, or AMEPCV) de Género, or ICIEG) Proprietários das Agências de • Cabo Verde Association for Women’s Self- • European Partnership for Democracy Turismo, or APROTUR) Advancement (MORABI) • Hotel and Tourism School of Cabo • Oasis Group • Cabo Verde Women’s Organization Verde (Escola de Hotelaria e Turismo • Sal Guide Association (Organizaçao das Mulheres de Cabo Verde, de Cabo Verde, or EHTCV) • Three woman-owned and -led or OMCV) • Ministry of Tourism and Transport businesses • National gender consultants • National Statistics Institute (Instituto • Travel agency association • São Vicente Independent League of Official Nacional de Estatística, or INE) Carnival Groups (LIGOC) • Sal Townhall • SIMILI – women-led recycling center • United Nations • Women Inspire Women (Mulheres Inspiram Mulheres, or MIM) 6 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 7 3. Key Findings The findings are grounded in research on gender- was stated that female students become mothers at an early responsive tourism and will serve as guidelines to include age; for example, in Sal the average is 14 years old (Molina gender equality in the project. The assessment shows and Gutiérrez 2015). Therefore, these major challenges that Cabo Verde has made impressive gains in gender- should be considered when it comes to improving educa- related policies and programs, yet the country continues tion. As for informal education, even though women are to face challenges in achieving gender equality and women involved in “rural tourism” in Santiago and Santo Antão, empowerment in tourism and other ocean economy they face gaps in time, resources, and visibility, since sectors. tourism workers need to access training that allows them to take advantage of this niche. 3.1. HUMAN ENDOWMENTS The scarce knowledge of business skills and digital One of the main barriers women face when trying to technology means that women often manage their busi- achieve productive participation in the tourism sector nesses in an amateur way, and this situation reduces their is the feminization of poverty.1 At the national level, participation in the tourism value chain. According to the 53 percent of people live below the poverty line, of which national women’s organization, women manage tourism women represent 61 percent (INE 2019).2 Half of Cabo businesses like an “amateur adventure” due to their lack Verdean households are headed by women, as most are of training in basic management procedures and lack of lone mothers.3 Women-led households face low salaries, networking among women-led businesses in tourism. have difficulty accessing formal education, hold precarious Another point stressed in the participatory meetings is the jobs, lack child care services, and face GBV. Inequalities need to reduce technology skills gaps to improve tourism in the tourism sector are qualitatively like those in other management and boost sales skills using digital platforms. sectors and other socioeconomic dimensions. However, During the participatory meeting in Sal, it was mentioned because tourism is a mainstream economic activity in Cabo that by promoting technology and innovation, it will be Verde, these inequalities are intensified. possible to follow the standards (or certifications) set by tour operators to guarantee a good service. Most people studying tourism are women, which is an entry point to bring gender equality to the sector 3.2. ACCESS TO MORE AND BETTER JOBS by considering the main challenges these women face. According to data on student registration at national The heavier the weight of domestic and care respon- educational and training institutes, women primarily sibilities falling on women, the more limited they chose fields such as tourism and the public sector are in participating in productive labor, namely in (73 percent), while only one-third (35 percent) enroll the tourism sector. About 90 percent of women and in technical or scientific training (UN Women 2018). 73 percent of men said they were performing household In tourism, women are leading enrollment (77 percent) chores or unpaid care work in 2017 (INE 2018b). Women (ICIEG 2016). However, findings from the two educational spend 43.7 percent of their time in paid labor versus centers interviewed show that the high number of women 68.2 percent in unpaid work; for men, those figures studying tourism require the development of a non-gender were 56.3 percent and 31.8 percent, respectively. In the biased curriculum, the provision of entrepreneurship informal sector, 58.8 percent of workers are women, skills among students, and better communication with 62.2 percent of the informal production units are managed the private sector to consolidate better and safe jobs. In by women, and 64.3 percent of women are self-employed an interview with one leading tourism education center, it (35.7 percent for men).4 During the COVID-19 pandemic, 8 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE FIGURE 3.1. TIME SPENT IN DOMESTIC AND CARE WORK DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC 70 60 50 MEN 40 PERCENT WOMEN 30 20 10 0 Clean, cook, Pay bills Go shopping Collect water, Take care Help children Assist elderly, Take care and do laundry fuel, or wood of children or teens with sick, or of animals schoolwork disabled DOMESTIC AND CARE WORK Source: ICIEG 2020. 1 in 3 women felt their partner was participating in unpaid Hotel establishments comprised 22 percent of employees care and domestic work, yet women still struggled with at the national level in 2019 (INE 2019), and women double or triple burden (figure 3.1).5 represented 60 percent of workers in the hospitality and accommodation sector (UNWTO 2019). The gender pay Extrapolating this data to the tourism sector is gap is 50.1 percent (UNWTO 2019), but due to a lack of important to understand one of the most common data it is unclear whether jobs are better and safe. The structural barriers to guarantee a better position for islands of Sal (52.9 percent) and Boa Vista (24.7 percent) women in the tourism labor market—the triple burden. account for more women in the hotel sector, but more The unfair share of unpaid care and domestic work is a data is needed to know the reasons why this happens. In main deterrent to women’s participation in the tourism Praia, the data is 9.1 percent, São Vicente 6.1 percent, and labor market, including women entrepreneurs: 74 percent Santo Antão 4.5 percent. The high proportion of women of unpaid care and domestic work carried out by women working in tourism could mean that inequalities in the is in their own homes, which in turn is decreasing female sector are more pressing than those in other sectors where labor participation rates. The paid and unpaid workload women are less predominant. This is significant in coun- sustained by women represents 26 percent of the tries where lone mothers are common and increases national workload (INE 2012). The president of a women the possibility of accessing unstable and precarious entrepreneur association stressed that all effects deriving jobs. The private sector is not obliged to provide sex- from non-paternity responsibilities curbs women’s disaggregated data regarding contracts and salaries. potential to devote their time to entrepreneurship.6 This Attempts to collect data on this matter during interviews is a concern in tourism, where competition with all- were denied based on confidentiality. inclusive companies requires a considerable amount of time and long hours. In addition, most women use Because of COVID-19, the number of operating hotel their home for their tourism business, which makes a establishments in Cabo Verde decreased by 56 percent healthy work-life balance extremely difficult. Caregiving (284 hotels in 2019 to 124 hotels in 2020), which tasks are then mainly provided by relatives or neighbors, affected women working in the sector even though they although some women reported that their children comprised most workers before COVID-19. Sal, Santo suffered physical and psychological violence from this Antão, and São Vicente suffered an immense reduction arrangement. of women working in tourism (-4,408 women versus GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 9 -3,064 men), and the consequences of this are still unknown Social and gender norms in Cabo Verde affect the due to the lack of statistical analysis and measurements of number of businesses and entrepreneurship initiatives COVID-19 impacts. These findings highlight the impor- led by women in the tourism sector. With fewer female tance of gender equality when investing in tourism recovery business owners, the pool of women who can mentor or be and the creation of employment where businesses oppor- inspired by their fellow entrepreneurs is smaller. National tunities are reduced because these businesses do connect women are the most affected, mainly because they suffer with the tourism value chain. Tourism is a cross-cutting double discrimination: they are national and black women sector, thus, it can benefit from gender-responsive actions escaping from roles and stereotypes by setting up their taken in related economic sectors, such as agribusiness, own businesses in the most important economic sector in blue economy, fisheries, and green businesses, which can the country. For example, during a participatory meeting enrich the tourism value chain. For example, regarding in Sal, participants mentioned that perhaps only seven fisheries, about 1,500 female fishmongers are registered, of women are working as tour guides in that destination and which 95 percent are heads of households (Medina 2022). even fewer are owners of excursion provider companies. Their participation in the fishing value chain is mostly in During the focus group discussions, one of the few women commercial labeling; opportunities that include women owning a local tour guide business mentioned that, even could be promoted and to expand their role in the tourism though progressively more women are working as tour value chain. guides, it is uncommon to see a tour guide company led by a national woman, as in her case. Regarding national Social and gender norms affect the tourism labor market women and foreign women, the latter feel they face even in Cabo Verde, and therefore women are keener to carry more obstacles because they are considered “outsiders,” out roles attached to domestic and care tasks with few whereas national women feel gender and social norms responsibilities and recognition. According to the are more challenging for them and they do not have the human resources director of an international hotel chain, resources to start a business. In other meetings, partic- women usually prefer gender-stereotyped jobs because it ipants remarked on the lack of inspiring role models “is easier” and allows them to plan their daily lives, mostly and incentives for women. And unlike men, women are for those women with child care responsibilities. Another unable to carve out the time needed to invest in their reason for this preference is the housekeeping department businesses and scale up. is “more stable” regarding shifts. According to the human resources director of another international hotel chain, Limited knowledge of the integration of women in the many women compared to men are afraid of taking middle tourism value chain undermines the capacity to iden- manager position responsibilities. Responding to this tify where women can benefit from more and better jobs challenge, the hotel chain put in place a parity and inclu- in tourism and where more gender equality opportuni- siveness policy to change the attitude of women within the ties can be found. Neither the private nor public sector hotel to guarantee more women in leadership positions7 stakeholders linked to tourism understood the tourism and push forward their ambition for career development. value chain. As mentioned in the participatory meet- In addition, according to interviews, women are afraid to ings, what undermines the chain is the lack of gender- take on more responsibilities due to no one helping them responsive statistics in tourism. The president of one of with unpaid care and domestic work, providing infra- the few women-friendly microfinance institutions believes structure to cope with a heavier workload and longer that data on the tourism value chain should be advocated. shifts, or guaranteeing safe transport to and from work. She mentioned that this can only happen when there is For example, in Sal, most women working in the hospi- a better understanding of the role that tourism plays for tality sector travel from Espargos to Santa Maria, a half- women by accomplishing the following: (i) advance the hour route that needs major improvements to be safer. production of data on women in tourism; (ii) fully under- Moreover, demanding shifts in tourism means that women stand the path to guarantee the inclusion of local sourcing, sometimes make this trip more than once a day, which such as fisheries; and (iii) encourage partnerships between again highlights the importance of child care services and women within tourism and with other women that work better and safer infrastructure. in supplier sectors attached to tourism. 10 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE FIGURE 3.2. SENIOR POSITIONS IN HOSPITALITY, EDUCATION, AND HEALTH SECTORS 100 90 80 70 MEN 60 WOMEN PERCENT 50 40 30 20 10 0 Wholesale and Construction Manufacturing Accommodation Education Human health retail trade; repair industries and restaurants and social action of vehicles, cars, and motorcycles SECTOR Source: INE 2021. 3.3. ACCESS, CONTROL, AND OWNERSHIP empowerment; rather, it is a consequence of the need to OF ASSETS create a business to cover an immediate poverty situa- tion. Thus, women may be the face of the businesses, but At the national level, women are being left behind in they still encounter problems when trying to access credit, senior positions in enterprises in the formal economy, education, land, networking, and inheritance. but they are the majority in the hospitality sector, which is an entrance point to catalyze gender equality Despite Cabo Verde scoring high in most Women, in tourism (figure 3.2). In 2019, 63 percent of men were Business and the Law indicators (World Bank 2021b) in senior positions versus only 38 percent of women (INE (namely assets and entrepreneurship), more insights are 2021). Nevertheless, the enterprises under the proxy hospi- needed on women’s control over financial instruments. tality and accommodation have 51.6 percent of women in More knowledge is needed on the gender impacts of the senior positions. The data does not explain the meaning of application of existing laws on entrepreneurship. Women leadership, or the type and size of the businesses lead by in Cabo Verde receive on average 60 percent of the loans women in the sector. It is unclear what it means to be in a (Dias 2022) and are the main clients of microfinance-re- senior position and where the gender gaps lie within this lated activities, but major work is needed to really capture level of responsibility. Based on the participatory meetings the positive impact of microfinance on women in tourism. and previous research, it can be extrapolated that a strong Women having a greater weight in the informal economy, reason for having a higher number of women leading and consequently along the tourism value chain, should enterprises in the hospitality and accommodation sector be considered as a barrier for them to access and control is 67.5 percent of the lone parental families are sustained financial support. In addition, lone mothers and heads of by a woman and tourism is an accessible sector (ECPAT their households with low income and education status 2018). Therefore, the position of leader is not linked to are most of the beneficiaries of the current microfinance leadership as a means of autonomy and women’s economic scheme at the national level (EU 2020). Most support given GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 11 BOX 3.1. WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND GENDER GAPS IN EMPLOYMENT AND PAY The assessment of the Institute of Employment and Vocational Training employment and entrepreneurship program (2015–17) indicates that women benefited the most from the program at 67.9 percent. However, the post-program labor market insertion rate is higher for men (72.3 percent) than for women (64.6 percent). Men who benefited from this program were already earning higher salaries before the program, and except for the entrepreneurship component part of the program, the gender pay gap between men and women remained the same once the program finished. Source: ICIEG 2021. to women is in the form of small grants to solve rapid cash support from institutions, they often do not know how flow, such as for home repair and commercial purposes, to design a tourism project. compared to men.8 No information is available on the link between these loans and small investments in tourism. The 3.4. VOICE AND AGENCY most common concern shared in interviews and participa- tory meetings was the lack of financial support for tourism. Cabo Verde is one of the first tourism destinations This urgent situation affects women-led businesses and that designed a specific Action Plan for Gender women willing to entrepreneur, and evidence is lacking Mainstreaming in Tourism (2016–18) to promote and on barriers women in tourism face in accessing finance. enhance women’s participation and decision making in tourism. The groundbreaking Action Plan (box 3.2) was Accessing bank loans is nearly impossible for women commissioned by UN Women with the support of ICIEG because of their lack of business knowledge and and had three priority strategic intervention axes: (i) institu- networks (such as banking relationships), less robust tional strengthening, (ii) training and capacity building, and financial profiles, and lack of understanding applica- (iii) women’s equality and empowerment. Due to external tion requirements. According to meetings and consul- factors, such as the closing of the UN Women office in the tations with key stakeholders, women have limited country, the Action Plan was not implemented from 2017 borrowing capacity due to their lack of assets that could onwards. GBV concerns were not considered at the time. serve as collateral for lending institutions (IDA 2020). Even though many women are heads of their households The Tourism Institute of Cabo Verde (Instituto do and the main income providers, society still thinks that Turismo de Cabo Verde, or ITCV) and ICIEG are a woman should not have privacy and be in control of joining efforts to resume the Action Plan and put in their expenses. It is assumed that businesses managed practice pending activities, such as budget and insti- by women are less successful and sustainable than those tutional arrangements. This is a strong opportunity to managed by men, and gender norms also affect how finan- use the Action Plan to support the voice and agency of cial institutions customize their products. The president women in Cabo Verde. In July 2021, a memorandum of of the women entrepreneur association stressed that many understanding between ITCV and ICIEG was signed to women working in tourism do meet bank requirements, update and restart operationalizing the Action Plan, with but they are denied loans. She stated that women find it attention to priority actions to catalyze tourism recovery difficult to access banking networks and financial pack- from COVID-19. In addition, the new National Tourism ages tailored to their needs. In addition, many women-led Operational Plan considers gender and tourism concerns businesses in tourism are experiencing problems repaying as a component to be included in any social sustainability loans asked before COVID-19, most to MORABI, the projects, such as Corporate Social Responsibility, infra- Cabo Verde Association for Women’s Self-Advancement. structure, and housing and health facilities. The National At the same time, they need loans to recover from the Tourism Operational Plan stresses the Action Plan’s role in pandemic. Further, when women do receive financial supporting the tourism sector to promote decent work for 12 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE BOX 3.2. CAPACITY-BUILDING APPROACH OF THE ACTION PLAN FOR GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN TOURISM The development of the Action Plan was in itself a capacity-building process: three workshops in Boa Vista, Praia, and Sal on gender and tourism were conducted for 49 staff from public institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector; several awareness-raising sessions were conducted; a presentation at the National Seminar on Green Jobs was held; and a 40-hour gender and self-esteem seminar was held at the Hotel and Tourism School of Cabo Verde (Escola de Hotelaria e Turismo de Cabo Verde, or EHTCV), benefiting 25 students. EHTCV trains women and men who have high employability (about 75 percent) without gender disparity (75 percent women and 74 percent men). The plan created a Unit for Gender Mainstreaming in Tourism based in Praia to guarantee its implementation by well-trained people on gender and tourism. All organizations involved received capacity-building training on gender equality in tourism. Training was also carried out on GBV among the students of the EHCTV in Praia. The unit consisted of representatives from the private sector, the public sector (including the General Directorate of Tourism and ICIEG), and civil organizations working together to guarantee its implementation. Source: CEDAW 2018. women. A specific US$205,000 is allocated for this inter- Inclusion, cases of taxi drivers helping tourists find and vention, which represents 2 percent of the overall budget transport girls were mentioned, and in many cases, family (Ministério do Turismo e Transportes 2021). members are aware and behind this crime. The number of domestic and GBV cases reported There are opportunities to work with both the private in Cabo Verde has decreased over the years, but it is and public sectors to go beyond GBV standards and still a major concern at the national level (figure 4.1), give a more realistic response through tourism and and more effort is needed to reduce GBV in tourism, spread awareness of the consequences of GBV in namely sexual exploitation of children in the context of tourism. Despite the creation of an ethics code that tourism-related activities. The high risk of sexual exploita- has been promoted by ICCA and the United Nations tion of children in tourism was stressed in all participatory Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the ICCA representative meetings and across all interviews conducted with stake- in Sal mentioned the need to ingrain the recommenda- holders. According to the Ministry of Family and Social tions of the National Plan to Combat Sexual Violence Inclusion and the Cape Verdean Institute for Children against Children and Adolescents (2017–19). These and Adolescents (Instituto Caboverdiano da Criança e do include educational strategies for children and adoles- Adolescente, or ICCA), sexual exploitation of children is a cents on sexual rights and gender, from a self-protection major concern, as well as the inter-island mobility of female perspective; empowerment projects for girls; and proj- adolescents and young people linked to transnational ects to promote positive paternal and masculinity models networks for sexual exploitation in tourism (Ministério (CEDAW 2018). The same professional also said many da Família e Inclusão Social and ICCA 2019). The reason people have difficulty identifying sexual exploitation in behind this, and as was stated in São Vicente, is the vulner- tourism as a criminal activity. A strong moral judgement able scenarios created by the mix of society inequality exists that blames the victim and not the tourist who combined with the rapid growth of tourism. As stated by commits the crime. Despite the evidence in Cabo Verde, the ICCA representative in Sal, tourism is the main driver sexual harassment is considered GBV and included in of the local economy, which eases the friendly approach the labor code to ingrain the importance of zero violence of perpetrators (tourists) to girls and boys. Women aged against women in the labor market (Wilson et al. 2020). 12–20 years are the most affected. The school holiday This is significant for tourism because the hospitality season (July to August) is a high-risk period. During an sector is one of the most affected by abuse and violence in interview conducted at the Ministry of Family and Social the workplace (Baum 2013; UNWTO 2019). GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 13 FIGURE 4.1. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE POLICY AND STATISTICS IN CABO VERDE The 2011 Law Against Gender-Based Violence has provisions for violence protection and services, punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators, and public awareness. 11% 14% Based on this law, the National Plan to Combat Gender-Based Violence 2015–18 was developed, which focuses on raising awareness, education, and measures to enforce the law. The majority of GBV victims are divorced or separated women or widows, women with paid Women aged 15–49 years Women who experienced jobs, and with a basic education level. The crime is old who suffered physical emotional marital violence in usually committed by ex-husbands and partners. violence (2018) the last 12 months (2018) Source: INE 2018a; UN Women 2018. NOTES unpaid domestic labor. It is a link to gender and social norms. 1. A series of phenomena within poverty affect men and 6. This situation is considered a major worry, mostly when women differently, resulting in poor women outnum- any paid leave is available to fathers. bering poor men, women suffering more severe poverty 7. This was also raised in the participatory meeting under- than men, and female poverty displaying a more taken in São Vicente: “Women are reluctant in assuming marked tendency to increase, largely because of the rise middle management positions because they are not sure of women-led households. This phenomena is termed they will have time to take on the extra responsibility.” the “feminization of poverty.” It points to the need to 8. Women are less likely to receive loans from banks. acknowledge that poverty affects men and women in According to the Secretary-General of the Barlavento different ways, and that gender influences poverty and Chamber of Commerce, much of the financial support increases women’s vulnerability to it (ECLAC 2004). is for real estate purposes, and there is not much money 2. The national poverty line is US$5.5 per day, in 2011 for a business incubator. purchasing power parity. 3. Lone mother refers to a mother with no husband or partner, who is bringing up a child or children (European Institute for Gender Equality). 4. Women in the informal economy are suffering more precariousness because they receive 71.5 percent of the average salary earned by men under the same working situation (INE 2015). No available representation of the tourism sector concerning this matter is avail- able; ICIEG has been unsuccessful in promoting the collection of data on informality by economy sector, including tourism. 5. The term triple burden (reproductive, productive, and community roles) describes the amount of workload among women who are not only involved in economic activities but also burdened by an unequal share of 14 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 4. Recommendations Based on these findings, the recommendations aim gender-responsive tourism policy framework and skills to achieve gender-responsive approaches in tourism capacity for its implementation; (ii) strengthened women’s recovery by ensuring better, safe, and more jobs for skills, knowledge, and confidence to seek leadership roles; women in Cabo Verde (table 4.1). The recommenda- and (iii) expanded accessible, gender-responsive financial tions are organized around the World Bank Group Gender services for women-led initiatives in the tourism and blue Strategy four domains. The major outcomes expected to economy sectors. result from the suggested interventions are: (i) an improved TABLE 4.1. RECOMMENDATIONS TO ACHIEVE A GENDER-RESPONSIVE APPROACH IN TOURISM RECOVERY Gender Strategy Gender Gaps Recommendations Priority Domains Human The lack of gender-responsive Provide technical assistance to create an empowerment and endowments knowledge and training covering leadership development program for female business leaders in basic business procedures (such tourism and the blue economy sector with training, fellowship, as standards, sale skills, and use mentoring, and networking opportunities. Consider a focus on High of digital platforms) affect women larger enterprise to stress gender-responsive Corporate Social in tourism. Responsibility strategies. Develop an awareness raising, knowledge enhancement, and hard/soft skills capacity-building course focused on women-led SMEs. The course should improve communication channels and show best practices from women entrepreneurs in tourism. Medium This could be considered a venue to start a network for women in tourism. The World Bank could help promote the course. Access to more Roles and stereotypes keep To improve working conditions for women in tourism, support and better jobs women working in traditional a public-private dialogue for the full implementation of the positions in tourism as workers or Women Empowerment and Gender Equality axis in the Action entrepreneurs. More efforts are Plan for Gender Mainstreaming in Tourism in Cabo Verde. Urgent needed to promote women-led businesses that challenge gender norms and enhance women’s presence in safe and more productive jobs. Support for women is lacking in Support a national dialogue to establish a hospitality employer- balancing paid labor work with supported child care center. Advocacy work must be conducted unpaid care work. The scarcity of to ensure this task is included in the National Care Plan 2021– child care facilities near tourism 25 and National Plan for Gender Equality 2021–25. Dialogue High sites prevents women from between the private and public sectors could help identify gaps accessing better jobs. This is and opportunities and set up a working plan. important in Cabo Verde given the high percentage of lone mothers. GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 15 TABLE 4.1. RECOMMENDATIONS, CONTINUED Gender Strategy Gender Gaps Recommendations Priority Domains Access, control, Women face constraints on Find and share adequate financial instruments based on the and ownership accessing bank loans due to their needs of women-led businesses in tourism and across other of assets lack of business knowledge and chains, such as the blue economy. Interviews with bank service networks. Financial instruments providers, microfinance organizations, and SMEs will be needed Medium are not fully designed to meet for recommendations on financial products and alternatives women’s needs in tourism or in for women. related sectors, such as fisheries. Voice and agency An updated implementation Update the Action Plan and include GBV due to the high risk of of the Action Plan for Gender sexual exploitation of children and teens and sexual harassment Mainstreaming in Tourism is in the workplace. This task will entail public consultations needed to address challenges and roundtables to identify limitations and opportunities in Urgent post-COVID-19 for women in implementation and monitoring. The creation of an inter-island tourism and to consider GBV steering committee is required. as a major concern. For a new axis on GBV and tourism, consult with key GBV institutions and ensure the task is undertaken based on GBV laws at the national level and international GBV standards signed by Cabo Verde. Take a human rights approach to Sustainable Development Goal 5 (which focuses on GBV) in tourism. A 25-hour gender and tourism programming capacity building course should be designed to guarantee implementation of the Action Plan. The course should be delivered at each selected site of the project. The lack of sex-disaggregated Consolidate existing SME databases in tourism and across data decelerates the possibilities different tourism-related sectors into one national sex- of tourism to reduce gender disaggregated file. Support INE to structure a compendium gaps and a targeted response to of statistics on this matter. Conduct a survey to obtain data of Urgent women’s needs across the tourism women in the tourism value chain. value chain. Sustainable tourism needs to be Support the Sustainability Tourism Guidance promoted by the more accountable for women´s government by suggesting inclusion of women’s voice and voice and agency. agency. Outline key principles and guidance on the importance of gender equality for sustainable tourism. Urgent 16 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 17 References Baum, T. 2013. International Perspectives on Women and Work in Hotels, Catering and Tourism. 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Silva. 2020. “Estudo sobre o femicídio, as práticas sociais e institucionais na abordagem dos casos de VBG em Cabo Verde.” World Bank. 2015. World Bank Group Gender Strategy (FY16–23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. ———. 2019. Cabo Verde - Country Partnership Framework for the Period FY20–25. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. ———. 2021a. Cabo Verde Economic Update, April 2021: Rebounding from the Crisis - Restoring Fiscal Sustainability and Leveraging the Private Sector for a more Resilient and Sustainable Recovery. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. 2021b. Cabo Verde - Economy Data. wbl.worldbank.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/cabo-verde/2021 20 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE Appendix A. Theory of Change A theory of change (figure A.1) was designed for the organized into three areas: (i) policy framework, (ii) insti- project that shows gender-responsive project pathways tutional capacity, and (iii) agency. In this report, the local based on the project’s components and highlights the value capture in tourism describes the ability of regional importance of women-led SMEs in tourism. Considering institutional actors to integrate gender equality and retain the context and priorities of the project and available infor- the value created from tourism for the benefit of Cabo mation on gender equality and tourism, the constraints are Verde’s population. FIGURE A.1. THEORY OF CHANGE FOR THE PROJECT IMPACT Better, safe, and more jobs for women in tourism PRIMARY Strengthening of women’s Expanded and accessible gender-responsive Greater integration of gender OUTCOMES skills, knowledge, and confidence financial services for women-led equality in tourism policies to seek leadership roles in tourism initiatives in tourism • Increased support for financial products • Improved capacity of National Tourism • Positive shift in decision making and and property with positive impact on the and Gender Authorities to integrate INTERMEDIATE technical skills of women along the participation of women along the tourism gender equality in tourism policies OUTCOMES tourism value chain value chain • Increased participation of women in • Expanded access to affordable childcare • Improved knowledge about the tourism tourism governance amidst economy services for women value chain, women-led SMEs, and recovery financial support • Awareness-raising, knowledge • Updated Action Plan for Gender Main- enhancement, and hard/soft skills • Adequate financial instruments based streaming in Tourism that considers GBV capacity-building course focused on on the needs of women-led businesses standards women-led SMEs in tourism and women linked to other OUTPUTS • Support for Sustainability Tourism • Empowerment and leadership devel- chains, such as the blue economy Guidance that is being promoted by the opment program created for female value chain government, by suggesting inclusion of business leaders in tourism technical • Existing SME databases in tourism women´s voice and agency assistance and across tourism-related sectors • Support for dialogue for the full implemen- • Public-private dialogue established to consolidated into one national sex- tation of the Action Plan axis on Women discuss the creation of a hospitality disaggregated file Empowerment and Gender Equality employer-supported childcare center ACTIVITIES Technical Analytics and Public-private Capacity Policy assistance diagnostics dialogue building dialogue INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AGENCY POLICY FRAMEWORK Unequal share of unpaid domestic Current financial scheme and business CONSTRAINTS The current tourism policy does not include and care work, coupled with scarcity environment does not allow women gender or GBV concerns, and the Action of childcare services entrepreneurs and women-led businesses Plan for Gender Mainstreaming in Insufficient tailormade entrepreneurship and to make decisions in tourism and Tourism is still not fully implemented gender-responsive business skills training participate along the value chain CHALLENGE Lack of a gender-responsive tourism local value capture GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 21 Appendix B. Monitoring and Evaluation TABLE B.1. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MATRIX1 Outputs Gender-Responsive Indicators2 Source Frequency 1. Greater integration of gender equality in tourism policies Updated Action Plan for Gender • Existence of the updated Action Plan • Monitoring through • During and at Mainstreaming in Tourism that • Percentage of budget allocation to initiatives participatory the end of the considers GBV standards on gender and tourism meetings intervention Support for Sustainability Tourism Guidance that is being promoted by the government Full implementation of the Action Plan • Percentage of men and women with improved • Interviews and • During and at for Gender Mainstreaming’s axis on knowledge of and attitude toward gender participatory the end of the Women Empowerment and Gender equality in tourism meetings intervention Equality • Percentage of activities implemented under the Action Plan’s axis on Women Empowerment and Gender Equality 2. Strengthened women’s skills, knowledge, and confidence to seek leadership roles in tourism Awareness raising, knowledge • Number of women-led SMEs that finished the • Case reports • Before and after enhancement, and hard/soft skills capacity-building course • Pre- and post- the training capacity-building course focused on • Percentage of women who feel they can make training test • At the end of the women-led SMEs informed decisions as women-led SMEs intervention Empowerment and leadership • Number of women in managerial positions development program created for across hospitality and tourism businesses female business leaders in tourism Creation of a hospitality employer- • Number of child care services in hotel settings • Monitoring through • During and at supported child care center or funded by tourism stakeholders participatory the end of the • Percentage of workers (men and women) group activities intervention using child care services in hotel settings and facilitators • Percentage of women currently using the new report child care services whose decision to use it • Service satisfaction was made independently or jointly with her survey husband or partner 3. Expanded and accessible gender-responsive financial services for women-led initiatives in tourism Financial instruments based on the • Percentage of financial institutions’ policies • Interviews and • At the end of the needs of women-led businesses in and programs that were reported participatory intervention tourism and women linked to other • Number of meetings or encounters between meetings value chains, such as blue economy national financial institutions and women- led business in tourism where the financial instruments found are presented, explained, and discussed for improvements 22 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE TABLE B.1. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MATRIX, CONTINUED1 Outputs Gender-Responsive Indicators2 Source Frequency 3. Expanded and accessible gender-responsive financial services for women-led initiatives in tourism, continued Gender-responsive concerns • Percentage of government policies and • Interviews and • At the end of the integrated in infrastructure and programs that include the analysis and participatory intervention infrastructure upgrades that consider recommendations of both outputs meetings women’s needs • Number of women with expanded access to Consolidation of existing SME information on SME and financial issues databases in tourism and across • Existence of SME database tourism-related sectors into one national sex-disaggregated file NOTES 1. The monitoring and evaluation matrix is organized under the Methods Note for Measuring Women and Girl’s Empowerment, gatesgenderequalitytoolbox.org/ measuring-empowerment/ 2. These gender-responsive indicators are based on the report findings and go beyond the scope of the project. GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE 23 24 GENDER-RESPONSIVE TOURISM IN CABO VERDE