I> F ESMAP TECHNICAL PAPER f 077 Renewable Energy ToolkitNeeds Assessment , Energy August 2005 Sector Management Assistance Programme Papers in the ESMAP Technical Series are discussion documents, not final project reports. They are subject to the same copyrights as other ESMAP publications. ESMAP TECHNICAL PAPER 077 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment August 2005 Papers in the ESMAP Technical Series are discussion documents, not final project reports. They are subject to the same copyrights as other ESMAP publications. JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance partnership sponsored by the UNDP, the World Bank and bi-lateral official donors. Established with the support of UNDP and bilateral official donors in 1983, ESMAP is managed by the World Bank. ESMAP's mission is to promote the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, emerging, and transition economies and contributes to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. ESMAP interventions are knowledge products including free technical assistance, specific studies, advisory services, pilot projects, knowledge generation and dissemination, trainings, workshops and seminars, conferences and roundtables, and publications. ESMAP work is focused on three priority areas: access to modern energy for the poorest, the development of sustainable energy markets, and the promotion of environmentally sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (the ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions which benefit from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank, and from the energy and development community at large, to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP. FUNDING ESMAP is a knowledge partnership supported by the World Bank, the UNDP and official donors from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESMAP has also enjoyed the support of private donors as well as in-kind support from a number of partners in the energy and development community. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information on a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report or copies of project reports, please visit the ESMAP website: www.esmap.org. ESMAP can also be reached by email at esmap@worldbank.org or by mail at: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water Department The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Tel.: 202.458.2321 Fax: 202.522.3018 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment August 2005 R. Anil Cabraal Xiaodong Wang Grayson Heffner Yabei Zhang Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Copyright 2005 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2005 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP's work to the development community. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Papers in the ESMAP Technical Series are discussion documents, not final project reports. They are subject to the same copyrights as other ESMAP publications. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. vii 1. Background and Rationale.................................................................................. 1 2. Need Assessment with Bank Task Managers ................................................... 3 Objectives........................................................................................................ 3 Methods........................................................................................................... 3 Results ............................................................................................................ 3 3. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions .............. 7 Objectives........................................................................................................ 7 Survey Organization and Selection of Respondents....................................... 7 Survey Method ................................................................................................ 8 Results ............................................................................................................ 9 4. Inventory Research............................................................................................ 21 Objectives...................................................................................................... 21 Options for Delivery Formats......................................................................... 21 Toolkits on Rural Electrification and RE........................................................ 21 5. Conceptual Framework for Phase II................................................................. 25 Gap Analysis ................................................................................................. 25 Project Scope under Phase II........................................................................ 25 Framework for Phase II................................................................................. 26 Proposed Activities for Phase II .................................................................... 28 Expected Outputs for Phase II ...................................................................... 28 Implementation Arrangement........................................................................ 29 Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire ...................................................................... 31 Part I: Basic information ................................................................................ 31 Part II: Needs Assessment............................................................................ 31 Appendix 2: Renewable Energy Business Survey Respondents...................... 35 iii Europe and North America............................................................................ 36 Africa (Kenya and Tanzania)......................................................................... 37 Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry ................................ 39 European Solar PV Industry.......................................................................... 39 North American Solar PV Industry ................................................................ 44 European Wind Power Industry..................................................................... 50 North American Wind Power Industry ........................................................... 51 European Biomass Industry .......................................................................... 54 North American Biomass Industry................................................................. 56 European Hydropower Industry..................................................................... 57 North American Hydropower Industry ........................................................... 61 North American Solar Thermal Industry........................................................ 64 European Geothermal Industry ..................................................................... 66 North American Geothermal Industry............................................................ 67 European Financial Institutions ..................................................................... 68 North American Financial Institutions............................................................ 73 Other (European) Institutions ........................................................................ 74 African Individual Responses ( Kenya and Tanzania)................................... 77 Tanzania Individual Respondent Detail......................................................... 83 Appendix 4: List of Existing Toolkits on Renewable Energy............................. 95 Appendix 5: List on Reviewed Toolkits on Rural Energy................................. 101 List of Tables Table 3.1: Structure of Survey Respondents ..................................................8 Table 3.2: Frequency of Cited Barriers--European and North American Responses ............................................................................................9 Table 3.3: Frequency of Cited Barriers--African Responses........................10 Table 3.4: Frequency of Cited Business Strategies--European and North American Responses..........................................................................12 Table 3.5: Frequency of Cited Business Strategies--African Responses.....13 iv Table 3.6: Frequency of Citations of the World Bank's Role--European and North American Responses ................................................................14 Table 3.7: Frequency of Citations of the World Bank's Role--African Responses ..........................................................................................16 Table 3.8: Frequency of Cited Content the Toolkit--European and North American Responses..........................................................................17 Table 3.9: Frequency of Cited Content of the Toolkit--African Responses ..18 Table 4.1: Toolkits' Categorization: Renewable Energy.................................23 Table 4.2: Toolkits' Categorization: Rural Energy.........................................24 v Acknowledgments This report was prepared and written by Anil Cabraal, Grayson Heffner, Xiaodong Wang, and Yabei Zhang of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). We would like to thank Malcolm Cosgrove-Davies, Xiaodong Wang, and Sachin Agarwal for the interviews with the World Bank task managers; Grayson Heffner for conducting the Northern American survey; Robert van der Plas for conducting the European survey; Lugard Majoro and Waeni Kithyoma from African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) for conducting the African survey in Kenya and Tanzania; and Sachin Agarwal and Yabei Zhang for the literature research. Anil Cabraal provided valuable guidance and comments to this project, and Doug Barnes reviewed the report. Editorial support was provided by The Grammarians, Inc.; Matthew Gardner formatted this report and Marjorie Araya (ESMAP) coordinated the production and dissemination process. vii 1 Background and Rationale 1.1 Over the next 20 years, more than 450 million people will join the 1.6 billion currently without electricity unless the pace of electrification is substantially accelerated. Expanding access to modern energy, including electricity, has been a World Bank Group (WBG) priority since 1976, and over the past three decades the Bank has supported more than 50 projects totaling US$4 billion in loans and credits for rural electrification projects. Over the past decade, the Bank has supported more than 25 rural electrification projects with renewable energy (RE) components in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean (LCR), as well as International Finance Corporation (IFC) global programs, with a total investment cost of more than US$700 million. 1.2 In 2003 the Bank's Executive Directors and senior management called for an expansion of infrastructure lending, as reflected in the Infrastructure Action Plan now being implemented.1 Scaling up rural energy access is essential if particularly disadvantaged majorities in developing countries are to benefit from this new emphasis on infrastructure.2 1.3 RE is playing an increasingly important role in improving energy security and increasing access to modern energy services. The WBG has been a leader in RE as well, having supported US$2.7 billion in RE direct investment via the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Development Association, IFC, and Global Environment Facility (GEF) plus leveraged financing using Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency guarantees and RE-based carbon emissions reduction purchases through the Carbon Finance Business. 1.4 The International Conference on Renewable Energies in Bonn in June 2004 generated tremendous interest and commitments for scaling up RE from governments in both developed and developing countries, multilateral agencies, civil society, and the private sector. The WBG committed to a target of at least 20 percent 1. http://www.worldbank.org/infrastructure. 2. In many countries, minorities are marginalized not only by language or culture but also by lack of access to infrastructure, especially electricity. Off-grid electrification projects, many of them utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, and small hydro, have proven an effective means of providing access to electricity for these minority groups 1 2 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment average growth annually in both RE and energy efficiency lending over the next five years. To achieve this commitment, the WBG must increase its capacity to assist client countries in developing and implementing RE and energy efficiency projects, as well as more rapidly transfer best practice across sectors and regions. 1.5 There is now a strong foundation of good practice emerging from past and ongoing RE projects, whether supported by the WBG or others, making it possible to develop and implement future projects faster, at lower costs, and with greater confidence in their overall sustainability.3 To further this process, the World Bank plans to develop an "Operational Guide to Design and Implement Renewable Energy," which will provide the necessary tools to assist Bank staff and member country personnel in improving the design and implementation of RE projects. In a parallel development, the RE industry requested that the Bank take the lead in preparing a "Business Handbook for Renewable Energy," which may incorporate some or similar practical content as the operational guide. 1.6 A key difference between this operational guide and previously issued reports is that this toolkit will be operationally oriented and provide specific guidance, case studies, lessons learned, and sample documents on various design features of RE projects. It builds on past experience to help develop and implement rapidly scalable models that have the potential to increase RE in client countries by several orders of magnitude. This operational guide will help to significantly reduce project preparation cost and preparation time and increase project success rate. 1.7 Developing the RE toolkit consists of two phases: phase I, a scoping study and need assessments, and phase II, developing the RE toolkit. This report summarizes the findings from phase I. It consists of the following four sections, which are the major activities undertaken under phase I: 1. Need assessment with the World Bank Group task managers 2. Need assessment with RE industries and financial institutions 3. Inventory research of previous work on toolkits related to rural energy and renewable energy 4. Development of a conceptual framework and a proposal for phase II. 3. The value of building on prior experience and knowledge was clearly demonstrated in the Sri Lanka Energy Services Delivery and the follow-on Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development Projects, where the cost of preparation of the second project was only US$120,000, an order of magnitude smaller; the preparation time of the second project was under six months, compared to about two years for the first project; and the implementation pace is demonstrably faster. 2 Needs Assessment with World Bank Group Task Managers Objectives 2.1 One of the key lessons learned from the previously developed toolkits and handbooks is that the audience found them not useful because they were not tailored to and did not fully address the needs of the audience. Therefore, the first task of this project is to assess the needs of Bank task managers on the scope, content, and format of the toolkit to better serve the audience. Methods 2.2 The project team prepared a short PowerPoint presentation outlining the issues and conducted in-person interviews with regional task managers in the Sub- Saharan Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South Asia Regions within the Bank. These interviews focused on three key issues: 1. Who are the audience? 2. What are the critical needs to assist the Bank staff in designing and implementing energy access and renewable energy projects? 3. What most effective delivery mechanisms should be used to meet such needs? Results 2.3 All interviewed task managers showed great interest in and support for developing an RE toolkit and provided constructive inputs for the scope of the toolkit. The results of the interviews are summarized below. Audience 2.4 The targeted audience for phase II of this project should primarily be World Bank (Bank) staff, then the project can expand its scope to cover an external audience of RE business and financing communities at a later phase. However, the Bank task managers also have different levels of proficiency in rural electrification and renewable energy projects, including (a) those who are generally familiar with this 3 4 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment subject, (b) those who are proficient in this area, and (c) expert practitioners of RE issues. The design of the toolkit, therefore, should be tailored to address the different needs of task managers at each level, with various detail levels provided in the toolkit. Local stakeholders in the Bank client countries and other donor agencies who design and implement RE projects can also benefit from the toolkit. Contents 2.5 Most task managers expressed the needs for: · Rationale of rural access and renewable energy: Supporting materials to convince decision makers such as ministers and country directors of the importance of energy access and renewable energy and inclusion of such materials in the Country Assistance Strategy and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). · Options and tools to address key issues encountered in energy access and renewable energy projects: Policy, regulatory, legal, financing, risk mitigation, business models, institutional arrangement, and technology issues related to energy access and renewable energy projects. These options and tools should be based on experience and lessons learned from a list of best practice projects in different countries. The questions that are most asked concern: (a) Rural electrification planning--how to select communities to be electrified, how to determine grid versus off-grid service areas (b) Policy and regulatory framework--policy options to promote renewable energy, regulatory frameworks for rural electrification, how to determine tariffs, etc. (c) Business models for rural electrification and renewable energy--ownership of distribution companies, how to ensure financial sustainability of distribution companies, successful business models for rural electrification and renewable energy (d) Financing mechanisms--how to set up a rural electrification fund (where the funds come from, who administers the fund, how to determine the level of subsidy, whom to subsidize, what to subsidize, how to select service providers to receive the funds), how to provide subsidies for rural electrification and renewable energy (rationalization, fund mobilization, options of subsidy, who, what, how to subsidize), financing mechanisms for renewable energy. · Case studies: short (two to four pages), real-world case studies to demonstrate what works versus what does not of both successful and failed projects. · Sample documents: Sample Terms of References (TORs), sample Project Appraisal Documents (PADs), PowerPoint presentations, survey questionnaires, legal and contract documents (power purchase agreement, legal documents for a rural electrification fund), economic and financial analysis, cash flow analysis, technical specifications, and other useful reports. · A list of resource people: Task managers, peer reviewers, and consultants. Needs Assessment with World Bank Group Task Managers 5 Delivery format 2.6 The project team spent a fair amount of time on what forms of delivery are most helpful to task managers. Although there was no consensus, the following formats are recommended by interviewed task managers: · Interactive Web-based toolkits · Conventional printed reports · A set of PowerPoint slides: Most of the staff expressed the need for a set of PowerPoint slides that summarize the best practice around the world in these issues, so that these messages can be delivered to clients and other decision makers. · One-on-one mentoring program and expert hotline: Some staff stressed that these formats would be very useful, but they should be flexible and have built-in incentives for the mentors and experts. · Training seminars and practitioners exchange programs. 3 Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions Objectives 3.1 To meet the RE industry's request that the Bank take the lead in preparing the "Business Handbook for Renewable Energy," project team conducted an in-depth survey as part of a needs assessment conducted among the RE business communities and affiliated financial institutions in Africa, Europe, and North America to ascertain priorities and issues that should be addressed and included in such a handbook.4 3.2 A project team was fielded consisting of local consultants based in North America, Europe, Kenya, and Tanzania, respectively, each with RE as well as private sector experience. The project team has undertaken an in-depth needs assessment with the RE industry and financial institutions active in both the developing world and selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. This report is a compilation and summary of separate papers describing the inputs received from the African, European, and North American RE business communities. To facilitate comparability, the same questionnaire (provided in annex 1) was used in all of the survey efforts. Survey Organization and Selection of Respondents 3.3 The RE business community is made up of several business groupings roughly organized around their technology and application focus. To be comprehensive and reflective of differing perspectives, it was necessary to disaggregate the RE business community according to these business groups. This was important because the business and policy issues facing an RE business can vary considerably across markets and technologies. The following RE subsectors were selected to organize the survey effort and ensure broad representation across the sector: (a) solar photovoltaic (PV), (b) wind power, (c) biomass, (d) hydro power, (e) solar thermal applications, (f) geothermal, and 4. Separate surveys were carried out in Europe, North America and Africa (Kenya and Tanzania). All detailed results are shown in annex 2. 7 8 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment (g) project financing. Suggestions for specific respondents were obtained from WBG staff, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and European Union Directorates-General (DG) XVII, and industry associations, including the Solar Energy Industries Association, the American Wind Energy Association, the US Hydropower Council for International Development, and the International Hydro Industries Association. Both the European and North American industries are quite international, and some of the interviewed staff were located in Asia rather than Europe or North America. Many actors are functioning in more than one RE field simultaneously; they were therefore asked to respond from the point of view of their main field of interest. Most of the interviewees are senior staff in the companies such as Vice President, Managing Director or CEO. The structure of survey respondents is presented in table 3.1. A full list of the respondents, organized by region and including their main field of renewable technology interest, is included in annex 2. 3.4 The survey process was successful in capturing a broad cross-section of the RE business community, with 39 for-profit companies, 9 financial institutions (including commercial banks with active RE and carbon business lines), and an additional 3 industrial associations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) represented in the results. The companies are large and small, include both manufacturers and distributors, and reflect commercial experience working in both developed and developing countries, including grid and off-grid RE applications. Table 3.1: Structure of Survey Respondents Number of respondents Number of respondents Total in North America and in Africa (Kenya and Europe Tanzania) Solar PV 8 4 12 Financial institutions 5 4 9 Biomass 3 5 8 Wind power 4 2 6 Hydro power 5 1 6 Geothermal 2 2 4 Othersa 3 1 4 Solar thermal application 2 0 2 Total 32 19 51 a. Others are private utilities and NGOs. Survey Method 3.5 Respondents were sent an e-mail requesting their assistance in the survey effort, along with a simple, two-page format listing the questions for which input was sought and an explanatory note. Telephone interviews and in-person interviews were then conducted, with some respondents also filling out and returning the survey formats. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 9 3.6 The survey questionnaire format is provided in annex 2. The surveys focused on four major questions: 1. What are the major barriers to scaling up RE in the developing world? 2. What business models and strategies do you employ or can you suggest that would assist in scaling up RE in developing countries? 3. How can the World Bank assist in scaling up RE ? 4. What issues and content should the Renewable Energy Business Handbook address? Results 3.7 A summary of the detailed responses for each respondent is provided in annex 3. The next section summarizes the responses to the major questions listed above. Because the European and North American respondents provided similar responses, but the African responses differed somewhat, this section separates the European and North American responses from the African ones. Major barriers to scaling up RE European and North American responses 3.8 The most frequently cited barriers fell into four categories: regulatory risks, financing, institutional capacity, and infrastructure. The frequency of cited barriers is shown in table 3.2. Table 3.2: Frequency of Cited Barriers--European and North American Responses Number of responses Percentage of responses High regulatory risks 23 72 Lack of financing 19 59 Weak local capacity 17 53 Weak infrastructure 9 28 3.9 Lack of favorable regulatory framework and enabling environment: Respondents perceived regulatory risks, notably uncertain or unfavorable regulatory environments and lack of a level playing field between renewable and conventional energy supply. Regulatory risks and availability of financing were closely linked, usually because of a lack of the long-term contractual instruments (power purchase agreements) essential to project financing. Procedures to select partners in large projects were also cited as often unclear, too complex, and too lengthy. 10 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 3.10 Lack of financing: Lack of financing is a perennial problem, both in the form of project financing at affordable terms and in the lack of consumer credit institutions in the case of household-level RE systems. Other barriers specific to local financial institutions included projects deemed too small to be bankable and a lack of well-defined standard procedures, such as how to conduct or evaluate feasibility studies. 3.11 Weak capacity of governments and local stakeholders: Respondents frequently cited barriers in the form of weak, unstable, or overly bureaucratic government agencies and onerous or overly bureaucratic licensing, permitting, and project evaluation procedures. Barriers caused by lack of capacity extended to the private sector as well, with respondents citing difficulties in finding local partners or creating local distribution networks. 3.12 Weak infrastructure: Weak or ill-suited infrastructure, both power grids and transport, were mentioned as impediments to project development. 3.13 There was no consensus among the respondents as to whether direct capital subsidies, subsidized loans, or both are a barrier or a benefit. Some claim that RE programs with a subsidy scheme (soft loan or grant), as often financed through multilateral development banks, are a serious barrier to market development, but others claim that subsidies are clearly needed to become competitive with conventional energy.5 African (Kenya and Tanzania) responses 3.14 Local business people in Kenya and Tanzania provided a similar list of barriers to RE scale up (see table 3.3). Table 3.3: Frequency of Cited Barriers--African Responses Number of responses Percentage of responses Lack of financing 11 58 Lack of favorable RE policy 11 58 Weak local capacity 10 53 High first costs 9 47 Low awareness 9 47 Remoteness and social or cultural 2 11 limitations 3.15 Lack of financing: Interviews with RE entrepreneurs reveal a lack of funding from local banks for small-scale businesses. Most of the local commercial banks provide only short-term funds and therefore are not interested in providing long-term 5. At least two respondents noted that big projects financed by soft loans through the World Bank were in fact a barrier to scaling up, because they tended to "freeze" the market while potential buyers waited for softer credit or subsidized prices to take hold. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 11 loans for RE projects. In addition, most lenders are not familiar with the viability of RE technologies. Furthermore, the banks have strict requirements for loan applicants. The Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (KUSCCO), one of the leading credit providers in Kenya, concedes that the procedure followed by lenders is too laborious and time consuming.6 Another concern raised was the imposition of import duty and value added tax on most solar equipment and accessories. 3.16 Lack of a favorable RE policy: Government support, crucial to the early development and uptake of RE equipment, is weak. Respondents cited a pattern of bias, with governments tending to support conventional (grid-based) energy supplies at the expense of RE. 3.17 Weak local capacity: Respondents cited a lack of high-level expertise to develop, operate, and maintain the equipment, as well as a lack of technical support on the ground to ensure effective installation of equipment and maintenance. This lack of capacity often results in poor installation outcomes. In addition, private sector participation in the RE sector is insufficient. 3.18 High first costs: Because of high first cost and lack of flexible financing terms, RE systems are not affordable for most applications, especially for poor people 3.19 Low awareness: The public, including end users, has not been informed of the availability, usage, and benefits of RE systems. 3.20 Remoteness and social or cultural limitations: For rural applications, the remoteness of potential clients and poor understanding of local needs were cited as barriers to establishing and growing RE markets. Business models and strategies that can be used in scaling up RE European and North American responses 3.21 The most commonly cited business strategies fell into four categories, as presented in table 3.4. 6. Business models adopted by microfinance institutions (MFIs) that provide consumer lending target clients with regular income to ensure that they can recover their money through check-off systems. Therefore, one of the reasons advanced by the MFIs interviewed is that energy systems such as solar PV do not generate income for clients and the systems do not pay for themselves. Targeting individuals with regular incomes minimizes risks and ensures repayments. Therefore, there are continuing problems in access to energy equipment by clients who do not have regular income. The interviewee from KUSCCO gave an example of loan processing from the IFC's Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative (PVMTI), revealing that it takes too long for loan applications to be reviewed and approved and for disbursements to be made to beneficiary institutions to invest in RE systems. This leads to delay in implementing RE programs funded under this initiative. 12 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Table 3.4: Frequency of Cited Business Strategies--European and North American Responses Number of responses Percentage of responses Government policy engagement 20 63 Public-private partnership strategy 15 47 Grassroots engagement 11 34 Selective targeting of RE markets 10 31 3.22 Government policy engagement: In this strategy, the company engages with the government or regulators to help influence the rules and procedures for rural electrification or power sector planning. A favored approach is to seek guaranteed markets for RE, notably through RE portfolio standards requirements for resource additions that include RE set-asides.7 3.23 Public-private partnership strategy: In this strategy, the company pursues partnerships with government agencies, usually on a programmatic level (such as rural electrification). The company can identify niche applications where subsidies are available or seek cofinancing or grant assistance to help plug gaps between affordability and project cost. 3.24 Grassroots engagement: In this strategy, the company develops clusters of business activities that are organized from the bottom up, based on and responding to existing and potential local markets, and realized with partners such as locally operated distributor networks, community groups, and small businesses.8 3.25 Selective targeting of RE markets: Several respondents acknowledged selective targeting of markets, in which companies preferentially operate in those countries where the local policy and regulatory environment favors the use of RE and where there are clear advocates for RE. 3.26 Most respondents noted that mechanisms for supporting implementation of these business strategies do not exist at present. Some form of financial support, especially for the initial country engagement (which may take some time) is needed. Other forms of support for early market creation and subsequent scaling up are also appropriate, including (cross) subsidies, long-term financing, guarantees, or a combination of these supports. The rules for using these mechanisms should be transparent, clear, and uniformly applied. African (Kenya and Tanzania) responses 3.27 The business strategies put forward by the African RE business leaders were more focused and targeted specifically toward addressing perceived market barriers. 7. This top-down market creation strategy was cited as applicable to both developed and developing economies. 8. Although this activity is time consuming, some respondents see this grassroots development process as ultimately more efficient and more sustainable. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 13 More tactical than strategic, the respondents put forward the following six approaches shown in table 3.5. Table 3.5: Frequency of Cited Business Strategies--African Responses Number of Percentage of responses responses Addressing affordability 11 58 Capacity building for both buyers and sellers of RE 10 53 Reducing perceived risk to lenders and purchasers 10 53 Demonstration and dissemination of RE 8 42 Private-public partnership models 7 37 Inclusion of RE in poverty alleviation and sectoral plans 2 11 3.28 Addressing affordability: Several arrangements are under trial, including hiring, leasing, hire-purchase schemes, providing credit and repayment terms in cooperation with MFIs, and design of financing schemes targeting clients without a regular income. 3.29 Capacity building for both buyers and sellers of RE: Respondents identified the need for building technical capacity and understanding. Suggested approaches included providing advisory services to groups buying the equipment for use and establishing RE dealership networks with qualified field personnel. 3.30 Reducing perceived risk to lenders and purchasers: Mentioned activities included seminars for lenders, helping lenders develop risk mitigation instruments, improved after-sales service, and integration of financial and technical training for lenders and RE businesses. 3.31 Demonstration and dissemination of RE: Numerous ideas for increasing consumer awareness and government recognition of RE were being tried, including demonstration sites in rural areas and exhibitions, trade shows, symposiums, company journals, and other newsletters.9 One specific initiative is the use of savings and credit cooperative organizations (SACCOs) to promote installation and usage of solar home- lighting systems.10 3.32 Private-public partnership models: This approach focuses on building partnerships with government (through collaboration on planning and interventions), schools (through curriculum and training), and energy utilities (through technology development) with the aim of establishing a broad-based coalition of RE partners. 9. The Kenyan respondents noted the need to overcome some stigma attached to RE because of previous failures of poorly designed projects. 10. The cooperative movement in Kenya is large, with hundreds of thousands in membership. 14 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 3.33 Inclusion of RE in poverty alleviation and sectoral plans: Respondents recommended inclusion of RE in poverty alleviation interventions and strategies and sectoral plans and policies, as well as encouragement of private sector participation. The World Bank's role in scaling up RE European and North American responses 3.34 The European and North American respondents held several distinct views as to the World Bank's role in scaling up RE use, as shown in table 3.6. Table 3.6: Frequency of Citations of the World Bank's Role--European and North American Responses Number of Percentage of responses responses Facilitating the enabling environment 22 69 Working closely with local banks and MFIs 19 59 Mitigating risks for private sector investment 14 44 Piloting innovative mechanisms 7 22 Advocating integrated and cross-sectoral approaches 4 13 Coordinating different players 3 9 3.35 Facilitating the enabling environment of policy and regulatory framework for RE investment: Several respondents urged the World Bank to "stop being a bank" for now and focus on creating sector conditions and institutional frameworks necessary for scaled-up investment in RE. According to these respondents, the Bank's main focus should be to: · clarify and promote clear rules for the use and application of subsidies · help develop appropriate regulatory frameworks · facilitate long-term price stability, especially through introduction of power purchase agreements or other long-term guarantees · improve institutional arrangements and sector conditions · support information exchange, training, and capacity building among the private RE industry, government, and policy makers. 3.36 Working closely with local banks and MFIs: Most of the respondents felt that the Bank should continue supporting increased investment in RE through soft loans, grant assistance, or other forms of financial remediation. In doing so, the World Bank should pay particular attention to assisting local banks and MFIs in including RE in their lending portfolios. In fact, one respondent indicated that the Bank's measure of success would be when the local banks do not need Bank financing anymore. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 15 3.37 Mitigating risks for private sector investment: A particular hurdle to investment is perceived as real project and sector risk. Respondents singled out the role the Bank could play in reducing risk to levels acceptable to other investors by: · providing financial guarantees · aggregating smaller projects into large ones that can be more easily appraised and administered · creating a stable and uniform project development process that is resilient in the face of political or economic instability · creating a transparent and predictable prefeasibility and feasibility study regime · increasing certainty and predictability as to carbon credits and levels and carbon finance eligibility and administrative procedures. 3.38 Piloting innovative mechanisms: Some respondents saw the Bank as having a unique capacity to engage in innovation in both technology and institutional and policy frameworks. In this role, the Bank would overcome awareness or first-cost hurdles through direct support of pilot projects and experiment with a large variety of financing and subsidy mechanisms. Successful pilots would pave the way for scalable RE applications. 3.39 Advocating integrated and cross-sectoral approaches: In this role, the Bank would provide leadership in identifying and valuing the key linkages between energy access and development, including linking the credit sector with the energy sector and linking the energy sector with other consuming sectors (such as the health, education, and rural sectors). 3.40 Coordinating different players: Finally, the Bank was seen as an institution that could increase coordination and reduce conflicting policies or objectives among national government agencies and between donors. This role would require the Bank to proactively coordinate and harmonize development objectives, approaches, and strategies. African (Kenya and Tanzania) responses 3.41 African RE business community respondents provided numerous specific suggestions as to what the World Bank could do to improve access to RE. According to the respondents, the Bank has a key role to play in provision of investment funding, building capacities and creating awareness, facilitating knowledge transfer, and promoting policy dialogues with the governments. The specific recommendations and their frequency are presented in table 3.7. 16 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Table 3.7: Frequency of Citations of the World Bank's Role--African Responses Number of Percentage of responses responses Providing funding 14 74 Providing technical assistance and building local 10 53 capacities Conducting education and public awareness 10 53 campaigns Facilitating knowledge transfer 8 42 Supporting governments in developing favorable 6 32 policy and regulatory frameworks Supporting local manufacture of RE equipment 3 16 3.42 Providing funding: The Bank should directly support scaling up of RE through an array of mechanisms, including concessionary financing to support projects, grant assistance to help address up-front investment cost and limited availability of long- term capital, direct funding of research on RE and training of RE specialists, financial guarantees to enable more affordable credit for RE development, and creation and support of MFIs providing credit to low-income groups. 3.43 Providing technical assistance and building local capacities: The Bank can play a worthwhile technical facilitation role by identifying viable projects (such as solar water pumping), supporting development of appropriate technology commensurate with national energy needs, and promoting technology transfer programs. In addition, the Bank should support local capacity building and training on RE technologies for investors, lenders, service providers, communities, and consumers. 3.44 Conducting education and public awareness campaigns: The Bank could participate in educating the public about correct and effective use of RE, including implementing pilot projects to demonstrate RE systems in schools, hospitals, and markets. 3.45 Facilitating knowledge transfer: The Bank should disseminate successful models, information on RE technological innovation, and information on best practices among countries and regions, as well as develop handbooks and training kits, to RE companies, which will assist them in learning how to develop RE projects and improve the quality of services and products. 3.46 Supporting governments in developing favorable policy and regulatory frameworks: The Bank should assist governments in adopting and implementing legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks and developing strategies and actions to promote RE development. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 17 3.47 Supporting local manufacture of RE equipment: To reduce cost, the Bank should support client countries in promoting local manufacture of RE equipment and developing product standards that support sustainability of RE investments. Content of the RE Business Handbook European and North American responses 3.48 Most respondents welcomed the idea of a Handbook, although there were differing views on its content or its usefulness to their company in particular. Large companies often have their own manuals and toolkits, and some of them are even willing to share their materials with the Bank. Generally, local companies, governments, and MFIs were thought to benefit most from a handbook. The suggestions for the handbook content revolved around three central parts--procedures; templates and data, and case studies (see table 3.8). Table 3.8: Frequency of Cited Content the Handbook--European and North American Responses Number of responses Percentage of responses Templates and data 24 75 Case studies 19 59 Procedures 13 41 3.49 Templates and data: · Country-specific market assessments, country-specific reviews of the RE resource base, or the national power development or rural electrification plans are needed. · Templates would include examples of project proposals, legal documents used in the various countries (for example, renewable energy law and power purchase agreements), guidelines for specific tasks, and minimum qualifications for local partners. · The subject of long-term data on energy resources (wind, water) was mentioned several times, as well as socioeconomic, legal, and policy data for the various countries. · Matchmaking--how to find the right partners (both a technical partner and a local financial institution) and ascertain their minimum qualifications, is an important consideration, particularly in the recipient countries, but to a certain extent also in Western countries (technology provider, source of soft finance). This database of potential partners should be updated regularly. · Tools or other forms of assistance on applying for a financial contribution under a green mechanism (for example, the GEF and Clean Development Mechanism [CDM]) are needed because the current rules are perceived to be 18 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment incomprehensible. The handbook could be a vehicle to ensure that all partners speak the same technical, financial, and legal language. However, care would need to be taken in representing and comparing the several distinct RE technologies.11 3.50 Case studies: Several respondents suggested that a compendium or an atlas showing projects and RE companies by country and technology would be useful. Several respondents suggested a primer on technologies and planning and design methods and a guide to institutional arrangements supporting sustainability. Two respondents also specifically suggested inclusion of a longitudinal project evaluation study that would track and report on the actual outcomes of projects 5, 10, or even 20 years after commissioning. 3.51 Procedures: Most respondents expressed interest in an "expandable checklist" for guidance on the RE project development process from conception to realization. This would provide them with both a list of necessary checkpoints for further evaluation and the details they may be currently lacking but need to address in project development. African (Kenya and Tanzania) responses 3.52 Almost all respondents felt a handbook would be useful. The handbook will help reduce misinformation or incomplete information for end users, installers, policy makers, and lenders. Issues to be addressed by the handbook include technical and quality issues, case studies and business models, alternative energy sources and systems, and available support and resources (see table 3.9). Table 3.9: Frequency of Cited Content of the Toolkit--African Responses Number of responses Percentage of responses Technical and quality issues 12 63 Case studies and business models 11 58 Alternative energy sources and systems 8 42 Available support and resources 6 32 3.53 Technical and quality issues: This section would treat technical and practical aspects of RE systems in more detail, including: · system sizing and costing for different RE applications · review of RE system design approaches, especially advantages and disadvantages · quality guidelines and purchasing advice (what people should be looking for while purchasing RE equipment) 11. The North American RE community is characterized by "stove-piping", where one RE technology provider perceives itself as in zero-sum competition for resources and markets with other RE technology providers. Survey with Renewable Energy Industry and Financial Institutions 19 · simple guidelines on maintaining RE systems · Illustrations and simple pictorial guides to RE systems · World Bank standards and codes of practice on renewable energy equipment · instructions on how to prevent theft. 3.54 Case studies and business models: This section would provide detailed discussion of successfully implemented RE projects as well as some case studies of failed projects (with descriptions of the reasons for failure). This section could also provide examples of RE business models and options. 3.55 Alternative energy sources and systems: This portion of the handbook would include a general description of the various uses of RE systems, including some discussion of merits and demerits of conventional energy systems. Useful detail on the most common applications and configurations of RE systems would also be included. 3.56 Available support and resources: Most important from the standpoint of RE businesses in developing economies, this section would provide practical information on available training opportunities; a list of institutions financing RE systems and development worldwide; basic standards and major financing facilities; information on the major manufacturers, suppliers, and dealers, including a list of solar companies and NGOs; and World Bank standards and codes of practice on RE equipment and project development Medium of the handbook and toolkit 3.57 Respondents in all three regions preferred a website, a CD-ROM, or both, although a printed report might be more appropriate for the actors in developing countries. The Web site should be updated regularly and should include downloadable pdf files. Training was also mentioned: this should take place in recipient countries as a way to increase capacity among potential partners and assist in developing good projects. Case study or example of best practice 3.58 In responding to the question about what case study or example of best practice should be included in the handbook and toolkit, almost every respondent had a suggested case study either of their own doing or one they had admired. These are included in the respondents' summaries provided in annex 3. 4 Inventory Research Objectives 4.1 The objective of the inventory research is twofold: The first part is to find out what kind of delivery formats are often used for toolkits, and the second is to find out what kind of information is available on rural energy access and RE. To meet this objective, the project team reviewed prior work on (a) toolkits and handbooks that cover a wide range of topics focusing on delivery formats and (b) toolkits and material on rural electrification and renewable energy. Options for Delivery Formats 4.2 The project team found nearly 150 different toolkits and handbooks on various topics. Of these, about 90 were related to rural energy and renewable energy. These toolkits came in various media, such as books, brochures, policy papers, web sites, portals, CD-ROMs, workshops, seminars, courses, training, retreats, mentoring programs, working lunches, demonstration kits, and so forth. These toolkits provided information that covered a wide range of functions, such as spreadsheet-based computations, data management and analysis, interactive financial models, case studies, step-by-step guides, comprehensive handbooks, decision support tools, road maps, sample documents, survey questionnaires, best international practices, and assessments and diagnostic reviews. Toolkits on Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy 4.3 Among the 90 toolkits related to rural energy access and renewable energy, about 60 focused on renewable energy, and the rest covered both rural energy access and renewable energy. The developers and sponsors of these toolkits include bilateral donors, multilateral banks and agencies, development organizations, NGOs, research centers, and private entities. Of the 90 toolkits, 14 are World Bank publications (10 are publications of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). About 88 percent of the 90 toolkits are more than 2 years old, and some of toolkits are more than 10 years old. 21 22 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 4.4 These toolkits can be roughly classified into the following categories: (a) technical handbooks that focus on RE technologies; (b) theoretical analysis of economic costs, principles, and issues related to rural electrification, RE, and climate change; (c) practical experience of best practice and case studies; (d) step-by-step guidelines for project development and implementation; and (e) training manuals. The toolkits' categorizations on RE and rural energy are shown in tables 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. Lists of reviewed toolkits on rural and renewable energy, with category, are provided in annexes 4 and 5. 4.5 The project team is conducting a more in-depth and wider literature review on RE as part of the phase II efforts. This project will be coordinated with and build on ongoing work documenting lessons learned from RE. Inventory Research 23 Table 4.1: Toolkits' Categorization: Renewable Energy Renewable Technical handbook focusing on General analysis of economic costs, Best practices and case Step-by-step project development Training energy technologies principles, and issues related to rural studies and implementation manual development and climate change General RE · Catalogue of small-scale energy · Climate change: incremental costs, the · Project opportunities · Households' and communities' · Househo equipment role of the GEF, lessons from the GEF, and barriers energy needs assessment ld energy · Introduction to small-scale RE and GEF projects" impacts · Decentralized energy · Monitoring and evaluation technolo technologies · Cost-effective policy · Household energy use (M&E) of climate change projects gy · Mini-grid design · Cost reduction of grid extension for · Policy lessons for the · PRSP sourcebook for energy develop · Decentralized energy technologies rural electrification advancement and · Financing instruments ment · Rural development: market analysis, diffusion of RE · Reference guide on climate · Corporat impacts, financing, rural enterprise · RE on small islands change e guide development, and so on · Integrated resource to green · Global renewables market, planning for electricity power technologies, and policies markets · Benefits from investments in RE and future consumer gains · Financing instruments · Tax policy (green fees) · Capacity building Wind Wind pumping · Global wind strategy · Assessment of wind energy's · Technical status and trends, potential economics, social considerations, and · Small wind system for rural incentive mechanisms energy services · Wind power projects in the CDM Solar · Solar heating in cold regions · PV application in rural areas · Best practices for a PV · German Agency for Technical household Cooperation (Deutsche electrification program Gesellschaft für Technische · Experience with PV Zusammenarbeit [GTZ]) solar systems in Africa cooker manual · Lessons learned from · Small solar batteries for lighting World Bank­GEF solar services PV projects Hydro · Microhydro design manual · The role of the private sector · Development of · Guidelines for attracting · Motors as generators for microhydro power. developers microhydro power · Social evaluation Biomass Small-scale biomass gasifiers for heat · Modernize biomass (perspectives, · Bioenergy primer and power technologies, policy recommendations) 24 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Table 4.2: Toolkits' Categorization: Rural Energy Rural Technical handbook General analysis of economic costs, principles, Best practices and case Step-by-step project Training manual energy focusing on technologies and issues related to RE studies development and implementation Grid-based Cost reduction of grid · Subsidies and sustainable rural energy · Best Practices for · Lending for electric extension for rural services Grid Electrification power in Sub-Saharan electrification · Tariffs for rural grid electrification Africa · Financial evaluation (Rural Electrification: · Energy needs and A Hard Look at Costs and Benefits--see energy options annex 5). assessment · Generators, distribution system, and · M&E in rural connection policy electrification projects · Options for rural electrification Mini-grid · Catalogue of small- Promoting decentralized Small wind system for Energy scale energy electrification rural energy services technology equipment investment development for · Mini-grid design households and · Decentralized energy microenterprises technologies Stand-alone· Low-cost Renewable energy for rural infrastructure Household energy use Off-grid rural electrification: development electrification (options, affordable electricity financing, institution, and installation for low- so on) income households · Small solar batteries for rural lighting services 5 Conceptual Framework for Phase II Gap Analysis 5.1 Based on the above needs assessment and inventory research of the existing toolkits, a gap analysis was conducted to identify the information gaps between what is needed and what is available. 5.2 The inventory research demonstrated that there is a lot of existing information available. However, as shown in tables 4.1 and 4.2, most of the existing toolkits are technical handbooks and focus on general analysis, with few available for practical project guidance. In addition, most toolkits are more than several years old, and none of them is able to provide a comprehensive operational guide for the Bank's task managers. The needs assessment, however, demonstrated a strong demand for such an operational guide to assist Bank task managers in designing and implementing energy access and renewable projects. 5.3 Therefore, a comprehensive operational guide to scale up RE is urgently needed for the WBG. This operational guide will fill in the gaps by (a) distilling and synthesizing existing information in an operationally oriented way, (b) incorporating new approaches and models from more recent years, (c) being produced in a user-friendly and easy-to-use format for design and implementation of rural electrification and RE projects, and (d) disseminating it to a wide range of stakeholders. Project Scope under Phase II 5.4 Scaling up rural electrification and RE are both priorities for the WBG. Although there are overlapping areas between the two--for example, off-grid or mini- grid RE can offer least-cost solutions to energy access, particularly in remote rural areas--the implementation strategies for scaling up rural electrification and RE are different. Given the Bank's recent priority to scale up RE, as well as the time and resource constraints, phase II of this project will focus only on RE for electricity services, including grid-connected, mini-grid, and stand-alone systems. An operational guide to energy access will be expanded in a later phase. 25 26 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 5.5 As mentioned before, the targeted audience of the phase II project will be primarily the Bank task managers who design and implement RE projects. Local stakeholders in the Bank's client countries and other donor agencies who design and implement RE projects can also benefit from the toolkit. Framework for Phase II 5.6 Phase II will provide Bank task managers with an RE toolkit, based on global experience, to better design and implement RE projects. Based on the results of the task managers' survey, the framework for the toolkit is shown in figure 1. It consists of the following five modules. Figure 1. Proposed Framework for RE ToolKit A Renewable Energy Operational Guide for Electric Services (five modules and seven tools) Rationale for RE On-Grid RE Mini-Grid RE Stand-Alone RE Project Cycle · Rural · Identification electrification · Preparation planning · Supervision · Economic & · Overview · M&E financial assessment · Key issues (working with the · Diversification · Policies and regulations GEF and CFB) value · Environmental · Business models benefits · Financing mechanisms · RE and MDG · Concessional · Technical requirements funding for RE · Institutional arrangement 1. Case Studies 3. Technical Specifications 6. List of Experts 2. Economic and Financial Analysis 4. Terms of Reference 7. Web Resources 3. Knowledge Documents (1) Rationale for RE 5.7 This module will address the linkage between RE and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through a brief summary and examples of how RE can contribute to other development sectors, such as agriculture, education, health, cottage industry, telecommunications, and so forth. It will also demonstrate the roles of RE in rural electrification--for example, how to determine grid versus off-grid service areas. This module will also illustrate the economic rationale, environmental benefits, and diversification values of RE. Finally, it will list concessional funding sources for RE from the GEF, Prototype Carbon Fund, multilateral and bilateral donors, and the private sector. Conceptual Framework for Phase II 27 (2) Grid-connected RE (wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal) 5.8 This module will introduce policy and regulatory options to encourage large-scale RE development such as mandated market policies, financial incentive policies, power purchase agreements, and incorporation of RE into sector reform. It will also discuss financing mechanisms for grid-connected RE to address issues such as whom and how to pay for the incremental costs between renewable energy and conventional energy sources, as well as options for risk mitigation and credit enhancement for private sector investment. (3) Mini-grid RE (microhydro, biomass, and hybrid) 5.9 This module will first discuss the regulatory framework for mini-grid systems, with a focus on how to set up a cost-recovery tariff structure and provide subsidies. It will then introduce a series of business models to deliver mini-grid system services, including the community cooperative model, utility model, private operator model, and concession model. It will also discuss opportunities for and lessons learned on productive use applications from RE. It will then address financing mechanisms from both the supply and demand sides and how to increase access to financing for both service providers and consumers. Finally, it will describe technical specifications for micro-hydro. (4) Stand-alone RE systems (solar home systems, picohydro, and microwind) 5.10 This module will first address policy and regulatory options for stand- alone systems, such as rural electrification planning, how to set up subsidies, and so forth. It will then introduce a few business models to deliver stand-alone RE services, including dealer model (cash sale, credit sale, and leasing), fee-for-service, and concession models. This module will also discuss a series of financing mechanisms for stand-alone RE systems from both the supply side, with a focus on financing service providers, and the demand side, with a focus on consumer financing. Finally, it will provide technical descriptions and specifications for solar home systems. (5) Bank operational cycle 5.11 This module will provide a checklist for task managers to address when they are designing and implementing RE projects along the Bank project cycle: project identification, preparation, supervision, and M&E. 5.12 The content for each module includes (a) a list of key issues for task managers to consider; (b) for each key issue (policy and regulations, business models, financing mechanisms, and technical descriptions), a list of models and options to choose, with advantages and disadvantages of each model, conditions for success, where it worked, and so on; (c) case studies and best practices with lessons learned in design and implementation; (d) sample documents for Bank task managers, including TORs, PADs, power purchase agreements (PPAs), survey questionnaires, economic and financial analysis, technical specifications, PowerPoint presentations, and so on; and (e) a list of resource people, such as consultants, task managers, and reviewers. 28 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Proposed Activities for Phase II 5.13 Phase II will consist of four tasks: 5.14 Task 1 will finalize the conceptual framework and methodology, including (a) the outline of the operational guide, (b) the content for each module, (c) the framework along which each project cycle will proceed, and (d) output formats through reviews and discussions with knowledge management experts in this area. 5.15 Task 2 will collect information for the RE toolkit. This task will first take stock of the Bank's existing renewable energy projects in each region over the past decade through literature review and interviews with task managers and implementing counterparts in client countries. It will collect data and information on existing toolkits, case studies, and best practices outside the Bank. It will also conduct extensive consultations with a wide range of stakeholders, including the client country's government, the private sector, NGOs, MFIs, donors, and others. This process is targeted to identify best practices as well as innovative approaches. 5.16 Based on collection of existing information through these channels, task 2 will then select, synthesize, and analyze the approaches, models, issues, lessons learned, and case studies. The best practice case studies should be based on successful experience inside and outside the Bank that have been implemented for at least 5 to 10 years, so that these examples can clearly demonstrate what works versus what does not. In addition to the successful case studies, the guide should also include some new initiatives that have tested or are currently testing innovative approaches. A set of detailed selection criteria of case studies will be developed. Finally, this task will collect sample documents for Bank task managers, including TORs, PADs, PPAs, survey questionnaires, and so on, and provide a list of resource people, such as consultants, task managers, and reviewers. 5.17 Task 3 will draft and produce the RE toolkit, based on the information collected and involve writing the content for each module, preparing PowerPoint presentations for each module, and writing brief descriptions of each case study. It will also sort sample documents by categories. A Web design company will be selected to convert the RE toolkit to an interactive and user-friendly web-based toolkit. Then, a workshop will be held to get feedback from Bank task managers and their counterparts in the client country, and the revised toolkit will be sent to peer reviewers. Finally, the final product will be placed on the World Bank and ESMAP web site and on a CD-ROM. Expected Outputs for Phase II 5.18 The specific outputs of phase II will be an interactive web site for the RE toolkit, a report, and a CD-ROM. The outcomes of the project will be that task managers find the toolkit useful when designing and implementing RE projects, less project preparation time and cost will be needed, and more successful design and implementation of RE projects will be implemented. The ultimate outcome of the project will be Conceptual Framework for Phase II 29 increased lending, by several orders of magnitude, by the WBG for RE projects in client countries. Implementation Arrangement 5.19 The project will be managed by Xiaodong Wang, supervised by Anil Cabraal, and advised by Pablo Rosenthal-Brendel from Energy and Water Department Energy Unit (EWDEN). The team is composed of Pat DeLaquil, Joh Exel, and Yabei Zhang, and 9th insight has been selected to be responsible for the web design of the RE toolkits. 5.20 In addition, the project will draw on Bank operations staff with substantial knowledge of the RE fields--particularly those who have designed, appraised, and supervised previous or ongoing projects--to provide information. Preliminary identification of other staff include ESMAP: Barnes; Latin America and the Caribbean Region: Reiche, Feinstein; Sub-Saharan Africa Region: Cosgrove-Davies, Sanghvi; and East Asia and the Pacific Region: Spencer;. 5.21 The project will also involve coordinating with other ongoing efforts and related Bank staff to avoid duplicating efforts, share results, and build on each other's work. Furthermore, the Bank will need to work closely with a broad base of partners, including the bilateral donors, other international financial institutions, investors, and the academic community. Appendix 1 Survey Questionnaire Part I: Basic information 1.1 Name of respondent 1.2 Position of Respondent 1.3 Organization Name Contact Information 1.4 Type of Organization (Check only one box) European organizational designations: N. American organizational designations: Industry Association 1Government utility 1 Research institute 2Government research institution 2 Government 3Other government institution 3 Financial Institution 4Independent research institution 4 Manufacturer 5Private energy company 5 Project Developer/ESCO 6Other, specify 6 7 Consultancy 9 NGO 1.5 Areas of specialisation (Technology) 1.6 Nature of renewable energy activities undertaken 1.7 Renewable energy activities institution plans to expand in the future Part II: Needs Assessment 2.1 From your institution's point of view, what are the major barriers to the scale-up of renewable energy use? 1. 31 32 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 2. 3. 4. 2.2 What business models and strategies can you propose which would assist in scaling up renewable energy use? 1. 2. 3. 4. 2.3 What are your views and recommendations on how the World Bank can assist its client countries in improving access to renewable energy? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2.4 Would a handbook/toolkit that provides guidelines and case studies illustrating project design and implementation for renewable energy be useful? (Please tick only one box) Very Useful Useful Not Useful Not Sure 1 2 3 4 Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire 33 2.5 To me most useful from your perspective, what issues should the handbook/toolkit address? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2.6 What case examples should we include in the handbook/toolkit? 1. 2. 3. 4. 2.7 What medium of the handbook/toolkit would be most useful for you? Detailed Training Web-based CD format Powerpoint Others Report Course Package Presentation (Please fill below) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. 2. Appendix 2 Renewable Energy Business Survey Respondents 35 36 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Europe and North America Subsector Region Company Name Contact Person Title Website Solar PV N. America PowerLight Corp Greg Rosen VP - Mktg www.powerlight.com Sharp Solar Chris O'Brien VP - Mktg solar.sharpusa.com SELCO Neville Williams Founder www.selco-intl.com Spire Corp Roger Little Founder www.spirecorp.com Unisolar Dick Blieden VP Technology www.uni-solar.com Europe BP Solar Arun Vora MD Tata BP Solar www.tata.com/tata_bp_solar Free Energy Europe Frank Van der Vleuten GM www.free-energy.net Shell Solar Marinus Boogert Off-Grid Global Sales www.shell.com Wind N. America Bergey Wind Power Mike Bergey Owner www.bergey.com GE Wind Energy Jim Lyons VP Technology www.gewindenergy.com Northern Power Systems Jito Coleman CEO www.northernpower.com ENEL-International Roberto Vigotti VP-International www.enel.it Biomass N. America Community Power Corp Rob Walt Founder www.gocpc.com Europe Bioener APS Hans Jorn Clausen Sales Manager www.bioener.dk Eta Renewable Energies Silvia Vivarelli Biomass Expert www.etaflorence.it Hydro N. America DLI Industries Balrhaj Barma VP Marketing www.dlzcorp.com Hydro West Paul Berkshire President www.hydrowest.com Europe Gugler GMBH Gerhard Gugler Managing Director www.gugler.com Hydro Tasmania Andrew Scanlon Chair, Sustainable Hydro Assoc. Int'l Hydropower Assoc. Richard Taylor Executive Director www.hydropower.org Solar Thermal N America Solargenix Gilbert Cohen VP Marketing www.solargenix.com Solel David Sole VP Marketing www.solel.com Geothermal N. America Ormat David Citrin VP Marketing www.ormat.com Europe ABB Ltd Christian Komevall Director. Sustainable Energy www.abb.com Financial N America Free-Stream Capital Michael Davis Founder www.freestreamcapital.com Europe Fortisbank Nick Gartner Energy Finance Group Director www.fortisbank.com Hypovereinsbank Reiks Atvar VP-Power & Environment www.hpv.de Rabo Bank N.V. Caroline van Tilborg Head, Carbon Procurement Dept. www.rabo.nl Triodos Bank N.V. Rene Magamans Sr. Investment Officer www.triodos.nl Others Europe EREC Oliver Schaefer Policy Advisor www.erec-renewables.org EdF Guy Barboeuf Rural Electrification Expert www.edf.fr Nuon Ingrid Plag Sustainability Advisor www.nuon.nl Appendix 2: Renewable Energy Business Survey Respondents 37 Africa (Kenya and Tanzania) Subsector Company Name Location Contact Person Title Website/E-mail Solar PV Davis & Shirtliff, Ltd. Kenya John Rostorm Solar Engineer Solagen Ltd. Kenya Erick Muhanji MD www.solagen.com Rex Investments Tanzania Francis Kabbisa MD solarenergy@cats-net.com Solar Electric 2000 Tanzania Howard Eaton MD solarelectric2000@yahoo.com Wind Kenital Ltd Kenya David Mburu Asst. Mgr. www.kenital.com Craftskills Kenya Simon Mwacharo Guyo Director www.craftskills.com Hydro Philafe Engineering Kenya Charles Nyagilo Engineer Cogen/Gensets Rift Valley Machinery Kenya Marjuice Mulinge Engineer rivamas@alphanet.co.ke Imico Company Kenya Jinal B. Singh Mktg Mgr Electrocom Systems Kenya Noah Odhiambo Tech Mgr Tanganyika Wattle Co Tanzania Omari Athmani Engineer Mtibwa Sugar Co Tanzania Bernard Kihulla Manager bkihula@mtibwa-sugar.co.tz Financial Institutions K-Rep Bank Ltd Kenya Fidelis Kiomonya Ops Mgr Kenya Union of Savings Kenya Edward Mudibo MD kuscco@net2000.ke.com Savings & Credit Coop Tanzania Peter Temu Mashigia Manager sccult@covision2000.com CRDB Bank Ltd Tanzania Anderson Mlabwa Credit Dir www.crdb.com Geothermal Olkaria Geothermal Kenya Dr. Silas Simiyu Development Mgr comms@kengen.co.ke First Energy Company Tanzania George Kibakaya Director kibakaya@yahoo.com Other TaTEDO Tanzania Estomih Ngaya Sawe Director www.tatedo.org Appendix 3 Detailed Responses by Region and Industry European Solar PV Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Arun Vora, Managing Director Tata BP Solar and Vice President of BP Solar; BP Solar Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Project developer; sale and manufacture of PV and solar thermal modules Indicative Project: PV market development and projects throughout the world Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Capital costs are 1. include PV in loan 1.Insist that 1. For BP not too high; end-user costs portfolio of banks governments useful; has own should be reduced; mandate of each 1 handbooks, toolkits, absence of appropriate MW new capacity procedures; maybe capital subsidy 5% is renewable for local commercial mechanisms that are banks would be time-bound (5 yr useful max) and with reducing levels over time 2. No short-term 2. assure level playing 2. funding for grid- 2. Financial financing mechanisms field renewables ­ connected systems, engineering available to end-users conventional energy rooftop programs, examples, models and integrated PV in could be useful commercial buildings 3. Regular 3. cross subsidies (from 3. stop current line of 3. Reliable data on commercial banks conventional to project financing for costs in conventional (decentralized) do not renewable, to create a renewables; there are energy area would include PV in their Renewable Energy fund many other possible also be useful portfolio for financing subsidy mechanisms that mechanism and develop cannot be used today 39 40 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment loan fund 4. Technical 4. PV kits socially 4. Simplify it 4. Grid ­ Off-grid infrastructure lacks relevant, but too limited procedures, too analysis would be until a larger market in scale; need for grid- complex, useful too. develops; the service connected systems, cumbersome, and notion of energy rooftop programs, and theoretical. companies does not integrated PV in exist. commercial buildings 5. Conventional 5. hybrid diesel/PV 5. WB in the role of energy enjoys large plants at 10 MW scale advisor should use subsidies for isolated grids. more industry experts with hands- on experience rather than academics and consultants. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 41 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Frank van der Vleuten, General Manager, Free Energy Europe, The Netherlands Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Project developer and PV module manufacturer (amorphous silicon, modules of <20 Watts) Indicative Project: Market development in Africa Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Lack of qualified 1. Business model 1. Stop being a 1. Must address the rural people; the PV should be bottom up, "Bank" for now, but rural business man distribution capacity supporting the rural focus on creating the and technician; needs to build up from businesses throughout right conditions should not be for the the bottom, using rural the supply chain, with (regulatory government or people; how to identify training and possibly framework, technical university educated; qualified people, to some limited financial and financial capacity a practical train them, and how to support. at rural level, knowledge base is work with them. awareness among what is needed, all potential end-users); abstraction (such as only when there is CO2 emissions) sufficient capacity should be left out. you may act as a Concentrate on how Bank by providing the rural PV the funds for scaling business could up. work. 2. Most PV programs 2. Be patient. It takes 2. Stop believing in 2. Standard only pay attention to time to create rural "trickle down contracts, standard financing and TA, capacity; expect the theory". Installing project proposals, whereas education of first few years not too PV systems in sample business the rural end-user is much business; it will institutions does plans, again with a more important. This pick up later. Most NOT automatically focus on the small must change for GEF supported projects develop the market rural businesses accelerated uptake of intended to develop the for household PV systems. market in 3 years, systems. which is not possible. 3. Multinational PV 3. Start small, build up 3. Search for internal 3. Finding the right manufacturers spoil the gradually. Search for solutions how to partners is more local markets; they solutions at the rural better support small- important than using only offer large level, and scale up only scale rural the right project systems that need a when these solutions businesses. proposal format. subsidy as they are not are fully tested and affordable to most end- adapted. users; smaller systems can be sold without subsidies, but now 42 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment people expect subsidies. 4. Most PV programs build capacity for the wrong clients - large importers with offices in the capital rather than local providers in rural areas. Most programs are too conservative, are not flexible, and do not support the right stakeholders. In fact, these programs become a barrier to market development. Respondent Name, Title & Company: Marius Boogert, Global Sales Director Off-Grid, Shell Solar, Germany Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Project developer; sale and manufacture of PV modules Indicative Project: Fee for Service rural electrification project in South Africa; World's largest solar park - Leipzig, Germany Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. There is a lack of 1. There should be 1. Have a more 1. We already have a local finance; back-up better tender neutral view towards Design Engineering for local banks would procedures; such as solar electricity; let Practice manual and be useful open procedures which the results count, don't need more lead to a selection of don't pre-select the toolkits. three companies that can technology implement activities they proposed 2. Lack of capable 2. More support for 2. Ensure a 2. Risk of generally local partners; market-based initiatives supportive applied toolkit is that governments are regulatory they become a unreliable and are framework bureaucratic burden. prone to change the (governments that Toolkit should not be rules halfway have a consistent a burden to implementation of a policies; no import implementation project duties, etc) 3. Tender procedures 3. More support for 3. More support for 3. One reason for a are poorly organized: local companies and micro-finance; assist toolkit could be to contracts are awarded their initiatives local banks in verify/check Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 43 but not implemented; setting up and minimum conditions there is too much maintaining micro- to be satisfied by emphasis on price finance mechanisms local businesses in instead of quality; this field when poor equipment is chosen, project fail due to lack of quality and this has negative impact on companies that provide good equipment; because of the expectations around a large tender, new companies are created without any experience ­ who often obtain a contract but fail to deliver; markets are sometimes disturbed by large tenders. 4. Better quality control for tender procedures; they should be correctly implemented and completely followed through. 5. Support for local structure 44 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment North American Solar PV Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Greg Rosen, VP Marketing, PowerLight Corporation Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and project developer of integrated building and stand-alone PV systems Indicative Project: 10 MW tracking PV array in Bavaria (largest in the EU) Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Overcoming start-up costs in getting in the PV business Major Successful Business What should Suggested Barriers to Models/Strategies be the WB Content for Scaling-Up of Role in the RE in assisting RE Handbook developing scale-up economies? 1. Steady 1. Portfolio approach to generation 1. Table setting: 1. Financing sources of expansion with "carve-outs" for creating the sources and incentives or renewables including PV sector how to access subsidies environment them. necessary to conducive to offset higher equal first cost of PV consideration of renewables 2.Incentives/encouragement/recognition 2. Help to lower 2. Business of extra benefits of distributed market entry listings that will generation solutions costs help identify institutions and organizations helpful in finding opportunities & structuring deals 3. Encourage 3. A guide to private sector market entry for capacity building businesses & SME creation. interested in the This would RE market include active outreach and encouragement to RE start-up companies. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 45 4. Compendium of project including identification of key project players (lending institute, local partner, etc) 5. Overview of market opportunities, Assessment of the developing world market country-by- country. 46 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Christopher O'Brien, VP Strategy and Government Relations, Sharp Solar Systems Division Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and project developer for solar PV components and systems Indicative Project: Developing new PV products (e.g. thin film amorphous silicon) Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the WB Suggested Content for Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies Role in assisting RE the Handbook in developing scale-up economies? 1. Capital cost and 1. For small-scale 1. Facilitating Country 1. The handbook should financing systems (SHLK), Development Plans. is to increase awareness create critical mass for Providing training for of potential PV and other manufacturers ­ those officials and renewable technology standard design across consultants who are solutions for specific regional programs, responsible for PV and development sectors, and system-level other renewable energy to provide sufficient certification to assure technologies that are substance (e.g. financial quality, marketing available for applications analysis) to make it support to promote use in each of the easier for PV /renewable development sectors (e.g. applications to be health, identified and funded. . telecommunications, etc). 2. Marketing and 2. For larger-scale 2. Procurement consumer awareness systems, establish a opportunities. "standard offer" power Encourage adoption of purchase agreement standardized PV systems designed to motivate designs across regions to PV project developers. keep costs down and PPA should be long- achieve economies of term (commensurate scale. Make readily with the expected PV available to PV industry system) and the energy a monthly or quarterly rate will need to reflect report on procurement a premium over be opportunities in World wholesale electricity Bank (and other prices that is justified multilateral) funded by the zero fuel supply projects risk and zero emissions for PV systems. 3. Assurance of performance and reliability Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 47 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Neville Williams, Founder, SELCO Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and "solar services company", specializing in solar PV applications Indicative Project/Product: Established SELCO India, a manufacturer and distributor of solar PV systems all over India. Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: India PV business development (35,000 HHs, 25 solar centers in small rural towns. Contact selco-india.com for more information. Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Susidies/soft loans 1. Locally owned but 1. Work with Gov't 1. Technology info on for delivery of grid foreign invested to mainstream PV is not needed. power. commercial solar svcs support & funding Stress importance of companies of Renewables institutional arrangements & delivery mechanisms 2. Large WB 2. Rural-based 2. Support consumer 2. Examples of RE projects w/ soft loans distributor networks that financing enterprises & sometimes freeze the build credibility & mechanisms so compendium/atlas of marketplace as allow grassroots people can finance RE projects & buyers delay marketing efforts PV purchases REDCOs (Renewable anticipating cheaper Energy Delivery access Companies) around the world. 3. Lack of consumer 3. Branding of solar as 3. Encourage power 3. Examples of public- credit systems reliable, affordable, sector reform, esp. private partnerships credible rural electrification that allows off-grid solutions 4. Primer on other technology options for grid and off-grid rural power 5. Consider teaming with IFC to put together a joint RE handbook. This could include case studies of RE business models that have worked. 48 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Roger Little, President, The Spire Corporation Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer of assembly line equipment for PV modules, PV factory construction Indicative Project: Established PV manufacturing facilities in China, Katmandu, and Ulan Bator Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Inner Mongolia ­ WB-supported $250 million PV project for nomadic tribes Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Financing 1. Accessing soft loans 1. Continue 1. Review of the and grant assistance providing access to commercial readiness financing for and performance of procurement of RE various solar PV goods and services schemes (ie. Crystalline silicon vs. thin film). Present what works, what has been approved/certified, what is the status of advanced technologies. 2. Local technical 2. Stimulating the and business market ­ creating the capacity building demand for local manufacture 3. Technology IP and 3. Providing resources leakage issues to local entrepreneurs Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 49 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Richard Blieden, Senior VP, United Solar Ovonics, LLC Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer of solar PV systems Indicative Project/Product: Unikit 32 and 64 W packaged solar house lighting kits Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Uganda solar village project. See paper by John Ssemanda of Solar Energy Uganda (http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/prsea/pdf/newslet10.pdf) Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Financing. Need is 1. Identifying and 1. Uganda village 1. How to design in there, technology overcoming gaps program a good sustainability available ­ 0nly between affordability & example; WB/GEF (supporting, financing is lacking. project costs via provided subsidies maintaining systems) cofinancing or subsidies. of $2.50/W 2. Institutional arrangements and local capacity requirements 3. Anti-theft and anti- vandalism 4. Integrated in- building systems 5. Descriptions of applications, primer on typical project parameters (cost, performance, size) 50 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment European Wind Power Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Roberto Vigotti, Responsible International Relations, ENEL International, Italy Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Developer of power plants (wind, hydro, geothermal) Indicative Project: Take-over mergers of (conventional and renewable energy) power plants in South America, currently in Slovakia Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Lack of good 1. Merger position, take 1. provide easier 1. Policy measures, policy for efficient over; develop strategic risk guarantees examples functioning of opportunities for markets gradually taking over geothermal, hydro, wind plants in various neighboring countries 2. Lack of capacity in 2. Greenfield operation 2. be a credible 2. clear update on countries (financial broker, particularly base line situation, infrastructure, with respect to chances for success governance) CDM mechanism with CDM 3. Kyoto mechanisms 3. in close collaboration 3. Push policy 3. Case studies too complex; need for with local partners, reform simplification choosing technology really well 4. lack of hard 4. provide local 4. regular updates on resource data capacity building mechanisms and technologies Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 51 North American Wind Power Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Mike Bergey, Owner, Bergey Wind Power Business and Technology Specialty: Small wind power manufacturer and consultancy. Indicative Project: Bergey subsidiary in China manufacturing wind turbines; tech transfer license in Australia Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: CNE in Chile and DOE did a windpower scheme on Islay Tac in the Chiloe Islands. See project listings on www.bergey.com or http://www.rsvp.nrel.gov/pdfs/briefs_2000/chile.pdf Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the in developing assisting RE scale- Handbook economies? up 1. Imbalance in 1. Recognize that all 1. Help accelerate 1. General guidance provision of subsidies rural electrification consideration of DG on technology in favor of requires subsidies: issue by providing for selection. Simple conventional, grid- is to how to equitably some early entry decision trees to help connected approaches consider all points through pilot guide the planning electrification options projects etc process. 2. Stovepipe approach 2. Adaptation of least- 2. Help rationalize 2. Rural power to renewable energy cost principles to rural the electrification project preparation electrification planning process, primer. Checklist or introduce new template for project methods that can development. embrace DG, RE 3. Assumption that 3. Recognize that RE is 3. Planning models, infrastructure leads to disadvantaged because it such as the Hybrid II development of doesn't electrify as model from NREL. markets, when in fact many HHs per Compendium of the reverse is more expenditure as diesel. planning models and nearly true Take a levelized analysis tools for approach to quantifying rural power delivered energy that planning. reflects the higher operating costs of diesel. 52 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Jim Lyons, Advanced Technology Lead Engineer, GE Energy Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and project developer of utility-scale wind turbines Indicative Project: Inner Mongolia, China and India utility-scale wind installations Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the in developing assisting RE scale- Handbook economies? up 1. Institutional 1. Renewable Portfolio 1. Help levelize the 1. Market arrangements ­ Power Standards playing field with assessments of the Purchase Agreements, diesel sets, which several wind streamlined permitting often undercut RE on markets by country procedures first cost but have ­ village power, much higher life utility scale wind, cycle cost remote 2. Financing ­ how to 2. Creating the markets 2. Help create get the necessary through demonstration enabling conditions ROR projects and products for RE participation suited to country in power sector conditions development, especially transparency, availability of off- taker contracts and agreements allowing bankable projects 3. Building national 3. Pilots of both supply and distribution technologies and networks to support delivery mechanisms market development Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 53 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Jito Coleman, President, Northern Power Systems Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer of wind and PV remote power systems, technology licensing Indicative Project: Provided renewable (PV) systems for valve operation, communications, cathodic protection for the last four large pipelines (Azerbaijan, Boliva- Brazil, Kazakhstan) built in the world. Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: E-7-sponsored rural power program in Chile. Also: Larry Flowers of NREL has a project listing of all the PV and wind projects implemented between 1995 and 2002. Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the in developing assisting RE Handbook economies? scale-up Entrenched grid Identifying niche Look at smaller Actual examples of mentality on rural applications that are tailor- projects or allow for arrangements that electrification. Any made for RE and DG, such smaller sub-projects worked and didn't developing economy as the high-value end-uses within large, lumpy work within projects. without an existing large on remote pipelines. WB electrification Real-live, nitty-gritty central grid should projects. systems descriptions consider leapfrogging to and diagnosis. electrification via distributed generation. Access to financing. Allowing for human Build local capacity Longitudinal review of infrastructure needed for through encouraging project operations (i.e. infrastructure sustainability formation of local over time). How does practicioner companies the project perform 5 and provision of or 10 years later? training. Awareness of the Finding Commercial Provide subsidies to Social, institutional, potential of DG and RE. clients. Village power RE solutions for technical lessons applications tend to have village power or DG. learned. poorer economics, while still costing a lot to design & build. Piloting models and arrangements that provide for more sustainable projects. Integrated, cross- sectoral programs, esp. with forestry 54 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment European Biomass Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Hans Jørn Clausen, Sales Manager; Bioener APS, Denmark Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacture, design, implementation of biomass power plants; Indicative Project: Biomass power in Eastern Europe Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: see their website for examples in Europe; also, Biopower report by WWF Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Governments are 1. There should be a 1. Address 1. Above all case behind in terms of local driving force legislative studies from different legislation and promoting renewable framework, make countries and guidelines promoting energy; mainly a sure it is in favour different the use of renewable government institution of renewable energy technologies, energy with the task to promote demonstrating the and facilitate the use of possibilities for renewable energy and replication provide information 2. Subsidies 2. Subsidies are needed 2. Provide 2. NO technical promoting renewable to close the gap in information about information, that is energy use are economic performance the possibilities and known already; the lacking between renewables and justification of WWF recently issued fossil fuels, as is renewable energy a very good Biopower regularly done in report. European countries. 3. Technical 3. Make guarantees and 3. Easier access to 3. Propose standards, infrastructure is often long-term loans more guarantees and long- related to the quality weak easily accessible. term loans. of different biomass fuels Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 55 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Silvia Vivarelli, Biomass Expert; ETA Renewable Energies, Italy Type of company: Private energy & research company Business and Technology Specialty: Biomass, PV, wind projects, both project implementation and development & research; Indicative Project: Transnational renewable energy projects in Eastern Europe Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting for the Handbook developing RE scale-up economies? 1. renewable energy 1. Inform & influence 1. Provide reliable 1. how to obtain technologies are decision makers about data on energy financing for complex and more the advantages of resources and on renewables expensive; lack of renewables (environment, appropriate energy support mechanisms local resource, security, technology choices; to over come this etc), over come political (both in terms of problems research as in terms of buy down the incremental costs) 2. Lack of data on 2. Better involve local 2. Better involving 2. how to chose the available renewable people local communities best technology energy resources 3. Lack of knowledge 3. Distributed generation, 3. Provide micro- 3. where to find among decision using smaller plants (10 finance experts makers and investors MW range) 4. Not conducive 4. Improve policy & 4. economic analysis legislative regulatory framework framework in client countries 5. only support 5. how to involve proven technology local actors (private, public) 56 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment North American Biomass Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Rob Walt, Founder, Community Power Corp. Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and project developer of modular biomass-power devices Indicative Project: China rural power projects, Philippines rural enterprises power infrastructure Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Philippines village power project Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Financing, either 1. Enterprise-driven 1. Create a 1. Technology through grants or rural electrification, in competitive information on the full loans which emphasis is on environment and RE portfolio, including income-generating end- manage sector risks small modular biopower uses. HH electrification so that you attract comes later. large private sector players 2. Very rarely is the 2. In the US, combined 2. Address policies 2. Designing sustainable user able to finance; power and and restrictions, esp. projects. Evaluations of therefore, third party heat/community those that actual projects, with financing needed cogeneration schemes discriminate against lessons learned and DG or RE scoring. Revisits to projects after 5, 10, 15 years with reports on sustainability. Tips on minimizing project risk and building in sustainability incentives. 3. Credibility of RE, 3. Seek out high-value 3. Create 3. Market intelligence especially biomass, as rural applications, such opportunities to on specific countries - there have not been as referigeration access financing size of the RE resource, that many successful status of Gov't projects. programs, WB projects, etc. 4. Useful business information: contacts, NGOs, RE company listings, networking opportunities. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 57 European Hydropower Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: S. K. SHARMA, Director India, Guggler Ltd. Type of company: Private energy company Business and Technology Specialty: Hydro projects; Indicative Project: several small (10 MW range) and larger plants in India and Latin America Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting for the Handbook developing RE scale-up economies? 1. Abnormal delays 1. Streamlining 1. Only financial 1. Surveys & in obtaining statutory formalities in institutions with a Investigations ­ clearances from sanctioning and presence in hydel nature and extent to Govt. agencies disbursement of loan by potential areas should be specified. the financial institutions be selected to administer the programme. Looking to the magnitude of programme there is need for many such financial institutions in each country. 2. Absence of 2. Allow developers to 2. The prevailing 2. Design standards competent civil do civil works procedure observed by for civil & E& M contractors with departmentally with the financial Works appropriate to financial, managerial their own engineers, institutions needs to be SHP. and plant & plant and machinery stream lined and time machinery resources and contract labour. table fixed in for SHP works in This will ensure quality sanctioning and India. work, and no time and disbursement of loan cost over-runs. to developers. Presently it takes years after loan sanction to disburse the loan. 3.Too few turbine 3. Encourage new 3. The moratorium 3. Selection of power manufacturers ( turbine and SHP should be reckoned house equipment. about three only) equipment from the date of first having out-dated manufacturers through disbursement and not technology and financial incentives. from the date of loan monopolistic sanction. attitudes. Developers are at their mercy. No after sales services. 4. Imported E & M 4. Encourage erection, 4. Liberal and cheap 4. Appropriate package much commissioning, financial assistance to construction costlier. operation and all sectors of SHP practices and 58 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment maintenance groups in development techniques SHP through liberal financial incentives. 5. Independent 5. Erection, appraisal of potential commissioning, sites, present operation and equipment maintenance aspects manufacturing and know-how. facilities, and availability of trained manpower and new facilities required by World bank through national and international consultants and institutions. Respondent Name, Title & Company: Andrew Scanlon; Chairman Sustainability Committee Hydropower Association; Hydro Tasmania Type of company: Private not for profit association representing and promoting the interests of hydro industries globally. Business and Technology Specialty: Hydro projects; Indicative Project: developed a sustainability handbook for the hydro industry association Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting Content for the developing economies? RE scale-up Handbook 1. Inertia to embrace 1. Understanding the 1. Since 1. Three issues renewables; lack of framework that is in Johannesburg, Kyoto, should be covered: vision place, and if the model and Bonn: for hydro, (i) principles fits the framework there is mainly talk (quantity, quality), about quality, not balance of risk size; but the World (public, private), bank limits its ensuring highest intervention domestic according to size. component, This should change maximize value); into good quality only, size being determined by the local circumstances 2. Perception of those 2. Building into a 2. Prioritize; analysis 2. (ii) templates on the ground may be model: maximizing of options, life cycle (how to structure different from what is local partnerships, analysis, ensure level the project), proposed under large- strong commitments playing field; options Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 59 scale programs. from the public sector maximizing local assessment, Political selectivity; components and analysis of national or regional benefits, nurture local contracts (what to priorities may differ stewardship; ongoing expect from a based on political commitment to Guarantee, Power realities operate and maintain Purchase systems Agreement, Carbon Credits, etc), impact assessment, sustainability management plan 3. Lack of framework 3. Clearly define 3. Create fund for 3.Case studies on for development; need benefits, impacts & uncertainty. clarify key issues and for streamlining management plans; and resource potential, lessons learnt; procedures, simplified contracts. Clarify clarify life-cycle financing processes carbon credits; cross- emissions of large- examples; currency agreements. scale hydro maintenance Each project should experience; actual pave the way for the returns on next proposed project. investment 4. Lack of investment 4. guarantee that interest because of risks back-up technologies (political and economic are integrated and stability, high upfront issues are well costs, uncertainty about understood (storage, carbon credits/financial wind, etc). models used) 5. information about: hydro resources; level of service; data lack confidence 6. infighting between technologies and in certain countries, strong case is being made for nuclear 60 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Richard Taylor; Executive Director, International Hydropower Association; Type of company: Private not for profit association representing and promoting the interests of hydro industries globally. Business and Technology Specialty: Hydro, wind energy projects; Indicative Project Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Environmental 1. Overcome regulatory 1. Provide several 1. Hydro and wind issues risks mechanisms to ease are already funding sufficiently covered arrangements and elsewhere, same for reduce risks sustainability guidelines. 2. Social impacts 2. Provide good policy 2. Recognize long- 2. Toolkit for (resettlement) framework for the use of term benefits of governments; to renewables sustainability, green emphasize energy environmental and social requirements 3. Financial risks 3. Better use of 3. Working with 3. Toolkit to include (delays, cost overruns international trade of governments to financial aspects; with implementation) carbon improve and clarify how governments policies, regulatory can assist developers framework and vice-versa 4. Legal and 4. Make better use of 4. Working with 4. How to avoid and regulatory framework multipurpose benefits governments to deal with bribery in country; absence of identify good good strategic opportunities for assessment of energy renewables sector priorities and strategy for development 5. Unreliable 5. Issue reliable 5. Financing of small governments long-term resource projects (corruption) assessments (wind, hydro) Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 61 North American Hydropower Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Balraj Varma, Vice President, Dodson- Lindblom International, Inc. Business and Technology Specialty: Project developer and operator of hydropower projects Indicative Project: 12 MW project in Maharashtra, 2 MW project in Madhra Pradesh, many other projects in India Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the in developing assisting RE scale- Handbook economies? up 1. Financing 1. Tailoring the 1. Build capacity, 1. Include a guide to generally. Strict evaluations and esp. on the public the FS and project financing criteria financing criteria to side. evaluation steps. reflect project diversity. Help developers and others understand how projects are evaluated and appraised. 2. Lack of sufficient 2. No single entity can 2. Increase awareness 2. Model procedures technical information take on all the project of small hydro and rules for or hydrological data to risk. Need to develop benefits and issues adoption by make good investment streamlined procedures for both officials and bureaucrats. This decisions. and model project lenders. would include parameters. Public- PPAs, license terms, private partnerships are etc. essential for this to happen. 3. Gov't not used to 3. Provide small hydro 3. Develop integrated 3. Model contracts doing small projects. with the same terms and projects whereby and terms for loans subsidies afforded to national or local and lending wind and solar PV. government can institutions, with undertake the variations for each investment in non- technology. project related infrastructure. 3. Lack of or poor PPAs make financing difficult. 4. Sometimes the licensing requires develops to invest in 62 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment non-related infrastructure, such as roads, that is not essential to the project. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 63 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Paul Berkshire, President Hydro West Business and Technology Specialty: Project developer for small hydropower Indicative Project: Guatemala - several 10-50 MW projects under development. Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Rio Hondo II privately-funded merchant power plant (1000 m head), made possible by the recently-enacted Guatemala Renewable Energy Law encouraging privately-financed hydro schemes (http://www.us- hydropower.org/Documents/Guatemala.pdf) Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Lack of financing 1. Accessed venture 1. Create conditions 1. Hydropower capital markets to that minimize risk, awareness: undertake first-ever maximize emphasize that hydro merchant hydro plant in transparency, help comes in all shapes Latin America convince and sizes and forms ­ management to make not just large hydro investments. with social impacts. 2. Lack of financial, 2. Overseas Private 2. How to anticipate price, or off-take Investment Corp and minimize "soft volume guarantees costs" ­ safeguards via PPAs or other and social impacts instruments assessment, etc. 3. Diesel is too-often 3. Encourage utilities 3. Fundamentals of selected because it is or gov't to hydrology and dam a quick, dirty, & accommodate PPAs, design. Catchment fungible energy as they are needed to vs. run of the river. source support long-term Reservoir size vs. lending. impact. 4. How to monetize 4. Describe ideal or the secondary or necessary regulatory ancillary benefits regimes and enabling (flood control, conditions for irrigation, recreation) hydropower project of hydropower development. How schemes in a private have the public investment setting. benefits accruing to Creating public- private sector private sector schemes been partnerships to accomodated? accommodate this. 64 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment North American Solar Thermal Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Gilbert Cohen, VP Marketing, Solargenix Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and Project Developer of Solar Thermal Electric & Process Heat Applications Indicative Project/Product: Qualified bidder on a GEF-financed combined cycled STEC project in Morocco Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: State of Nevada, USA ­ negotiated renewable resource portfolio requirement with utility supplier Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Overspecified & 1. Mobilizing grant 1. Basic data needed burdensome assistance through to understand RE procurement GEF or other CDM market opportunities documents in different countries 2. Creditworthy off- 2. Creating 2. Power takers conditions development plans conducive to for each country lending 3. Lack of financial 3. Market guarantees in the form assessments of PPAs or other long- term instrument 4. Business development aids, such as lists of local specialist companies Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 65 Respondent Name, Title & Company: David Saul, COO, Solel Inc (Tel Aviv) Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and Project Developer of Solar Thermal Electrric & Process Heat Applications Indicative Project/Product: They produce 85% of the Solar Thermal Electric Power in California Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the developing assisting RE Handbook economies? scale-up 1. Ability to get long- 1. Help in creating term PPA conditions for long- term, stable revenue stream that makes for bankable projects 2. Economies of scale 2. Subsidized pilot 2. Help identify, needed to bring down projects to help bring manage, allocate unit costs down costs and prove- project risk out technology 3. Provide initial project pipeline 66 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment European Geothermal Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: Christian Kornevall; Director Sustainability Affairs, ABB, Switzerland Type of company: Private engineering company Business and Technology Specialty: Conventional energy, hydro projects, geothermal; Indicative Project: wind power Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting for the Handbook developing RE scale-up economies? 1. price 1. basic investment 1. finance 1. kitchen stoves need to be developed for India 2. customer 2. enter into 2. pricing models 2. a case for each demand partnerships (i.e. technology ­ wind, ABB's access to solar, biomass, tide electricity project) power, etc 3. lack of grid 3. support with 3. framework connections planning of project agreements development 4. access to aid 4. fair and controlled 4. project budgets bidding in LDCs development 5. CDM and other mechanisms Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 67 North American Geothermal Industry Respondent Name, Title & Company: David Citrin, VP-Business Development, Ormat Business and Technology Specialty: Manufacturer and developer of BOT, BOO, and BOOT geothermal IPP projects Indicative Project: Geothermal projects in Kenya, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Philippines, Ethiopia, Thailand, Uganda Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Fast-tracked BOT projects undertaken in the Philippines in the mid-1990s with a private-public partnership approach. Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting Content for the in developing RE scale-up Handbook economies? 1. There are only a 1. Private-public 1. Multi-laterals should 1. Include few countries in partnerships that build work with Gov't to information useful which geothermal is local capacity for the develop long-term to utilizes the least-cost option. preliminary exploration solutions, esp. as regards considering grid- Need mechanisms to and prospecting first-cost hurdles of RE. connected RE make RE affordable necessary to identify options. compared with economical geothermal conventional resources. sources. 2. Other short term 2. Renewable portfolio 2. Create streamlined 2. Examples, priorities ­ keeping standards as a powerful procedures for especially of prices low, keeping market entry permitting, licensing, etc. successful private- up with demand mechanism, either public growth ­ tend to through price subsidies partnerships. outrank scale-up of or a quota system. RE. 3. Lack of 3. For a given country, institutional capacity harmonize/coordinate the and political will on energy strategies across the part of IFIs and donors (in some Governments instances IFC may promote one strategy and WB another...) 4. TA and capacity building to support the up-front work required to prove out geothermal resources. 5. Methods to support private sector projects, 68 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment perhaps through on- lending or creation of revolving funds. European Financial Institutions Respondent Name, Title & Company: Nick Gardiner; Director Energy Finance Group; Fortisbank, UK Type of company: Private Bank Business and Technology Specialty: provide financing; Indicative Project wind energy projects, mainly in Europe Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. standardization 1. Fortisbank comes in 1. overall grid 1. standardized (approach, the picture only when development, procedures, documents) the project is ready to be infrastructure standards, examples financed; they would like: 2. regulatory 2. standardization of 2. support 2. examples of framework, procedures underpinning projects, confidence in stable regulatory understanding the situation framework; reduce regulatory issues risks for investors 3. lack of finance (not 3. pooling of projects 3. grants and cash 3. contact enough liquidity, (10 projects each size of only; development information of result of lack of Euro 5m) grants; different actors (and understanding of the update this regularly) real risks) 4. good infrastructure 4. more long-term 4. be a conduit for 4. organize (electricity grid) financing information, an conferences ambassador for (training, capacity renewables building), depending on purpose, in developing countries (develop activities) or financial centres (raise financing) 5. size of transactions 5. get export credit too small agencies (ECAs) involved Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 69 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Relks Atvars; Vice President Power and Environment; Hypovereinsbank, Germany Type of company: Private Bank Business and Technology Specialty: Financing of mostly wind technology; hydro, biomass, waste to energy; Indicative Project: wind energy projects in Europe (80% of portfolio) and in Eastern European countries Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Legislative and 1. Start small, generate 1. Focus on 1. For the currently Regulatory stability interest and incentives stabilizing energy covered technologies in developing for scaling up through markets, making no hand book is countries both farmers and sure that legislation needed; HVB businesses includes incentives internally knows the for green, issues and only works sustainable energy with trustworthy beneficiaries with whom it already has experience. 2. Additional 2. Renew the business 2. Make sure Kyoto 2. A handbook for incentives are needed regulatory environment, protocol is emerging so that renewables ensuring that incentives implemented also in technologies would obtain a good such as tax credits, agric developing be welcome; even economic incentives are available. countries, directly as then it would be performance; well as indirectly; careful to undertake make it a condition projects. Other, for WB assistance smaller (development) banks may effectively need a handbook for existing technologies. 3. The grid infrastructure is often not sufficiently developed to easily absorb large-scale renewables 4. Stability of energy markets in developing countries 70 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Caroline van Tilborg; Head of Carbon Procurement Department, Rabo Bank NV, The Netherlands Type of company: Private Bank Business and Technology Specialty: Hydro, wind, biomass, energy efficiency, transport, and HFC; all CDM countries; Indicative Project: CO2 reductions in the Sugar industries in Brazil and India Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content for the Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies the WB Role in Handbook in developing assisting RE economies? scale-up 1. Regulatory 1. More and different 1. Ascertain 1. Minimum criteria for framework not financing mechanisms correctness of activity selection should be conducive; legal should be available, regulatory included, not as evaluation system particularly longer- environment tool but as guidelines dysfunctions term (more than 2-3 year) and for lower amounts appropriate to the level of rural businesses 2. Financial 2. Provide seed 2. How local project markets poorly capital to local developers/entrepreneurs developed, no banks; provide can successfully approach a liquidity, and lack training to create local bank for financing of substantial own better capacity to contributions supply rural credit for small-scale activities (and entirely locally arranged) 3. Risks cannot or 3. The measure of 3. Credit analyst should be only marginally be success is when brought up to speed on insured. there is no more renewable energy activities need for financial support to the local banks, which have included renewable energy in their regular portfolio. 4. Often track 4. Must be willing record of supplier to descend to or technology not problem solving at reliable the small-scale rural business level Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 71 Respondent Name, Title & Company: René Magermans; Sr. Investment Officer; Triodos Bank NV, The Netherlands Type of company: Private Green Bank Business and Technology Specialty: Financing of renewable energy and green projects; Indicative Project: Manages the Solar Development Fund Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies the WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Lack of rural 1. Create specific local 1. World Bank to 1. Sample contracts; entrepreneurial business councils work more closely full texts of important capacity; either we (energy, finance) and with smaller legal, financial and may expect too much organize capacity development banks other papers, with from rural businesses building, training and as equal partners explanations why or we may want them exchange of information some of these clauses to act too much in for their members are important for the western ways rural business 2. Lack of long-term 2. Specifically address 2. Clarify the role 2. Instead of a policies the needs for small rural of subsidies (target handbook, maybe a (macroeconomic, SME, particularly how groups; entry, exit, checklist of all energy, subsidies) they can be assisted by duration, exact start, aspects that need local MFI etc), and ensure that coverage during they do not distort project preparation the market. and implementation 3. Lack of mechanisms 3. Have more local 3. Exchange of to assist small-scale representation, experience and rural businesses, rural throughout the supply- information for real MFI, and rural project distribution chain practitioners developers including small- scale rural businesses (and not just intelligentsia as is often the case); awareness raising, training for the same group. PV businesses often remain "hobbyists" and they should become professionals 4. Renewable energy 4. Better and more risk programs often distort sharing for all partners, the market for credit in-line with carrying (not market-conform, capacity; too high subsidies, assisting only part of 72 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment the actors and not others) 5. Market conform loans only; value added to be provided through the intrinsic network function & services of the Development Bank Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 73 North American Financial Institutions Respondent Name, Title & Company: Mike Davies, Managing Director, Free-Stream Capital, Ltd. (London) Business and Technology Specialty: Arranging/brokering financing for wind power projects Indicative Project: Suggested Case Study for Handbook Inclusion: Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be Suggested Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies the WB Role in Content for the developing assisting RE Handbook economies? scale-up 1. For grid-connected 1. They stay away from 1. Upgrade the grid 1. Market projects, the quality of developing economies! assessment of the grid is a major individual countries, issue. especially grid conditions, power development plans, programs on offer. Etc. 2. Creditworthiness of 2. Work with donors 2. Establish the off-takers and government to markets, encourage overcome project risk emergence of credit- and project financing worthy customers barriers. 3. Support mechanisms 3. Provide financial generally guarantees 4. Long term price 4. Provide an anchor stability, incl. indexing for development of private sector projects 74 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Other (European) Institutions Respondent Name, Title & Company: Olivier Schäfer; Policy Advisor; European Renewable Energy Council Type of company: Not for profit private organization Business and Technology Specialty: Representing and promoting European renewable energy industries; Indicative Project Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Large development 1. Finance institutions 1. Change the loan 1. export credit banks (WB, EIB, etc) should change the focus portfolio to include agencies and mainly finance of their intervention: clustering of smaller international banks' conventional energy, clustering of smaller (Renewable Energy) rules are too and big projects only. projects, provide more projects, complicated; small It is the SME that knowledge information companies do not would allow the best exchange, and more make use of the scale-up, and they are capacity building mechanisms but interested in smaller large companies projects. benefit most. The toolkit should address guidance on applying the rules from the point of view of SME 2. Lack of knowledge 2. A favourable policy 2. arrange for better 2. Country about renewable framework in developing knowledge toolboxes, to assess energy; the notion countries would attract information risks that it is too private renewable energy exchange, expensive e.g., there players are many circumstances that this is not so. 3. SME are important 3. Better knowledge 3. provide more players for exchange, awareness local capacity renewables, but they raising in western building, cannot afford the countries same level of risks as large enterprises 4. Export Credit 4. ensure that policy Agencies could play a frameworks support large role but are not the use of renewable aware of the energy opportunities Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 75 Respondent Name, Title & Company: Ingrid Plag; Sustainability Advisor; Board Member NURA (South Africa) and YEELEN KURA (Mali), the implementing agencies for Nuon's rural electricity activities; Nuon, The Netherlands Type of company: Private energy utility Business and Technology Specialty: Electricity, gas, and heat supplier Indicative Project: Mali and South Africa PV electrification schemes Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content Scaling-Up of RE Models/Strategies WB Role in for the Handbook in developing assisting RE scale- economies? up 1. Subsidies are 1. Reliable governments 1. Assist 1. mainly for needed for governments: good governments, a profitable activities regulatory checklist what to do, framework; capacity and minimum criteria to deal with these (contracts, subsidies, issues technical, organizational, legislation, regulation, etc). 2. Regulatory 2. Good policy 2. Better cross- 2. not very useful for framework is environment + fertilization than Nuon; inadequate regulatory framework exist now (GVEP is not enough or not effectice) 3. Logistical 3. WB should problems for rural determine for itself activities how important Renewables are, and act on that 4. WB should also assist Western Governments (like DGIS) to see the light and carry out more activities on renewables (to satisfy the Millennium goals) 76 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Respondent Name, Title & Company: Guy Marboeuf; Expert rural electrification, developing countries, Electricité de France (EdF) Type of company: Corporation with one share holder (French Government; private shareholders will be invited to join soon) Business and Technology Specialty: In developing countries: assistance to utilities, and village electrification (PV) Indicative Project: Mali village electrification Major Barriers to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for the Scaling-Up of RE in Models/Strategies WB Role in Handbook developing economies? assisting RE scale- up 1. PV equipment is too 1. Electricity sales is 1. ensure a solid 1. The handbook should expensive; limited not the answer, but regulatory facilitate that all actors availability; competition delivery of services. framework understand the issues at with other technologies (electricity code; stake and are able to talk energy laws, no the same language monopolies, etc) 2. Subsidies are needed to 2. No dogmatic 2. Advice to 2. sizing of the equipment become financially viable. choices, but full governments about (technical) menu of options. the approach to rural Clear rules, applied electrification to all. 3. Local conditions 3. Use external 3. Implement more 3. economic analysis of the determine which of the financial assistance, appropriate rules options, incl. lifecycle options is the best grants; to be used (procurement, analysis for investments and subsidies) not recurrent/operational costs 4. There is no level playing 4. Financing to 4. energy planning, models field (conventional vs make renewables for village electrification, renewables; different competitive with etc. actors/financing conventional mechanism) electricity supply 5. regulatory framework 5. EdF has it's own not favourable to promote handbook and toolkits and renewables; governments is willing to demonstrate set the rules, and we just these follow; rules are often unclear, and do not apply to all actors equally . 6. Donor programs should be technology neutral and not eliminate certain technologies (or parts of technologies) on forehand. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 77 African Individual Responses ( Kenya and Tanzania) Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS Specialize in wind power. Based in Kibera and · Lack of funding from · Availability of · By educating the · System sizing and scaling Simon Mwacharo Guyo Manufacturer and sale has made and local banks for small- renewable energy public to create for different categories of Wind power generators, installed wind scale entrepreneurs. The equipment to small awareness about renewable energy Director, Craftskills wind-solar hybrid systems generators for banks have strict business people, available funding and applications Enterprises, P.O. Box 57357 households electricity requirements to qualify especially in rural procedures expected · The handbook should 00200 Nairobi. areas for such a funding in Ngong, Ongata for the loans address examples of · Demonstration sites · By setting up pilot Rongai, Marsabit, successful renewable · Lack of education on the Windcruiser@craftskills.com for the renewable projects e.g. in energy applications, Nakuru and parts of maintenance of energy in rural areas schools, hospitals, photos and places Taita. The business is renewable energy to counter the market centers etc for http://www.craftskills.com picking up and is systems to the local stigma on renewable people to witness expected to serve citizens energy and previous · By funding more in other parts of the · High prices pegged on failures research on country. The the renewable energy, · Price reduction by renewable energy company was also reducing the with the goal of thus equipment are middleman effect on making renewable featured in the unaffordable to most renewable energy affordable to the Horizon Magazine of people · Encourage hiring, masses Daily Nation, 16th · Lack of or bad leasing and September 2004. government policy on acquisition of alternative energy equipment through installations at per with hire purchase the national grid David N Mburu Specialists in Solar energy · Renewable energy · Training · Promote local · Levels of technology Assistant Technical Manager equipment and wind technologies are not · Advertising manufacturing · Basic training Kenital (K) limited systems, advanced · Seminars, forums, · Zero rating renewable · Dealership- Ngong Rd, · Equipment are too costly exhibitions, trade energy equipment organisations dealing P .O. Box 55517, Nairobi, and there is no financing fares etc with renewable energy Kenya · Lack of trained · Creation of Tel/Fax: 2715960, 2713487, purchasing power- manpower in some areas, 2718959, 2719603, 2725269, through loans, hire are too far and not well purchase, check off 78 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up 2723600 trained systems etc Email: info@kenital.com SOLAR ENERGY COMPANIES John R.S. Rostom Dealers in water related Want to move into · Lack of public education · The need for more · Target more viable · General basic theories on Solar Engineer equipment. They are also solar water heating on availability, usage and solar exhibitions projects that the renewable energy Davis & Shirtliff Ltd involved in the sales of business in future. importance of renewable and symposiums country is desperately technologies P.O. Box solar power equipments energy technology · Introduction of solar in need of such as · Technical sizing · Lack of vigorous technology solar water pumping guidelines awareness in · Generally to invest · Availability of various advertising and academic more money into solar components in the awareness by government curriculums, and grants that will ensure country bodies and the private training institutes sustainable · List of solar companies sector · Use of saccos to development in rural and NGOs for reference · Current imposition of promote installation diversification and sample purposes import duty and value and usage of solar projects which benefit · Economic viability of added tax on most solar home lighting communities as well renewable energy usage as being equipment and systems vis-a vis other forms of economically viable accessories power generation Eric Muhanji Dealers in solar energy · Availability of credit · Government support Pressurize government to - Managing director equipment · Lack of standards consider for renewable Solagen Limited · Lack of training energy portfolio in its P .O. Box 45679, Nairobi, · Lack of government support energy mix Kenya Tel: 441160/1 Fax: 444182 Email: info@solagen.com Website: www.solagen.com MICRO-HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 79 Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up Charles Nyagilo Specialize in electrical · Lack of awareness and · Proper · Introducing · Make the information and Projects Engineer engineering for solar limited information establishment of successful models technology available to Philafe Engineering Limited systems, wind and micro · Expensive technology that is dealership with from other parts of those interested hydropower systems unaffordable to most people qualified field the world · Hand book will help by personnel · Introducing some of pass some middle men · Exhibitions and the information to with incomplete promotion of the schools and other information, help reduce products institutions around misinformation · Introduction of the country · Very useful to students affordable and and enthusiasts effective or practical alternatives GENSETS Maurice Mulinge Specialize in Generators, Aspire to be a leader · Lack of training personnel ­ · Renewables should · Support or train the · Cost savings on the Sales Enginneer water pumps, solar in Renewable Energy trainers of trainers has to be be introduced to few renewable energy organisations who are on Rift Valley Machinery equipment Technologies carried out; selection should people through specialists with have renewables Services given a keen exhibitions, trade to cope with the · Various designs for · End-user have not been shows, company current situation, different types of RETs enlightened on the use of journals and other especially in the field by outlining all renewables newsletters on the installation and advantages and · Lack or little interest from · Seminars for the after sales service disadvantages of each. the governments companies dealing · Fund/ supplement · Expected support from departments to support use in renewables some of the implementers of renewables should be renewable we are · Technicians in the field are introduced currently running in not competent, resulting to · Competitive pricing the country poor installations (sizing and on renewables advice to the final consumer) should be considered, e.g. Consider tax free importation for the products Jinal B. Singh Specialize in selling Aspire to go into · Prices of most equipment are · Organizing · Funding of projects Marketing generators. solar energy business exorbitant exhibitions, trade that put in use Imico Co. Ltd soon · Lack of awareness fares renewable energy e.g. · Training of solar PVs, small 80 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up technicians on how hydros to use various · Funding training renewable energy or programmes at gensets community levels in · Offering loans or areas of renewable credit for the energy purchase of these equipments · Provide advisory services to groups buying the equipment for use Noah Odhiambo Ombogo Specialize in the · Proper publicity · Funding renewable Technical Manager installation of generators · Use of exhibitions energy projects Electrocom Systems and construction of power · Also organizing · Funding of training of Services Ltd. lines ­11 kv and 33kv educative seminars technicians P.O. Box 49329, Nairobi FINANCING INSTITUTIONS Edward Mudibo KUSCCO is an umbrella KUSCCO partner · Renewable energy systems · Institutions that · Need to vet products · The handbook should Managing Director body of all saccos in the with relevant energy such as solar are capital provide enterprise to ensure quality, make members KUSCCO Ltd country. Besides offering businesses in offering intensive and consumer otherwise poor understand business sacco products to their energy technical · Getting installers who can financing for products will increase models and a portfolio of members, they provide options to its maintain renewable energy renewable energy failure rates of energy equipment systems should have financing schemes consumer financing to members and recover equipment due to low level · Should address quality of training of technicians. risk management · The need for and what should people their member to purchase the money through · The equipments also have to programmes education to sacco be looking for while LPG equipments and check off system. So be right standards. The · While dealing with members to use purchasing such Solar PV. far the most World Bank has helped them SACCOs, products correctly equipment successful model. identify the right renewable energy and effectively · Uses of renewable energy specifications and standards providers should not · International systems, e.g. up to what in the PVMTI initiative. target members financing levels and wattage. The · Failure of equipment to directly but do so organisations such as consumers need to know perform to the requirements through World Bank should other uses of the systems, · The procedures followed by intermediaries use reputable e.g. opportunities for IFC in processing loan institutions that will institutions with a employment, income application to beneficiary help them recover good track record in generation potential etc. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 81 Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up institutions to invest in the loans e.g. RE. · Kinds of institutions renewable energy systems through check off · Provision of financing renewable takes a long time, thus systems. Though the affordable credit for energy systems and leading to delay of level of renewable energy development worldwide, implementing RE intermediary development in sub-Sahara and programmes institutions should · Funding for education specifically Kenya also be reduced to to members for · How to maintain various enhance cheaper capacity building renewable energy loans and minimize · Help in dissemination systems, e.g. what delays in approval of standard energy customers need to do, of loans. products trouble shooting etc · Partnership with · The handbook should energy businesses is provide a menu of all good to help bring renewable energy down the costs of systems, all possible transactions making sources, their merits and renewable energy demerits vis-a vis other cheaper. conventional energy systems. This will help consumers as they make informed choices. · Address various skill needs of renewable energy systems Fidelis Kimonyi Have financed renewable The solar programme · Remoteness of potential · Promoters of · The worldbank · The handbook should Deputy Chief Operations energy systems such as so far failed. He clients due to poor renewable energy should carry out summarize renewable manager, solar equipment through shared the lessons infrastructure systems should piloting phases to energy systems in general K-REP Development saccos in Bungoma. learnt and how to · Recovery of money from consider use of demonstrate various · How to access renewable Agency scale RETs. clients who have taken solar check off systems renewable energy energy to both systems on loans, for for clients on systems. The pilot enterprenours and end instance the solar regular income. phase has to be users programme in Bungoma · They should also participatory as · How to get the qualified failed since the Teacher design financing possible with the people to do renewable Service Commission to programmes that target groups. energy. Ened users should provide the code for the target clients not on · Use Micro-Financing know the right technical check off system regular incomes e.g. institutions that lend people · Lack of technical support on through subsidies, to low income people · Where to train and how the ground to ensure soften terms etc, effective installation of Group lending 82 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up equipment and maintenance methodology (self · The solar programme failed selecting of because it did not have a individuals to supplier of solar equipment address the and after sales support collateral and select · Failure of solar equipment reliable clients to · The problem of accessing benefit. solar equipment to clients · Need to integrate who have no regular income training of system · Energy systems do not with financing and generate income for clients, technical support thus do not pay for itself.. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY COMPANIES Dr. Silas M. Simiyu Geothermal development · Geothermal equipment are · Private public sector · Mobilization of · A comparative analysis Geothermal Development too costly and there is partnership models finance of the various energy Manager limited finance ­ increase public · Support for training sources Olkaria geothermal, · There is lack of high level awareness of · Technology transfer · Guidelines, benefits KENGEN expertise to develop and potential renewable programmes and implementation energy, public P.O. Box 785, Naivasha utilize the equipment · Support for procedure of the Kyoto education, protocol Tel. 254 ­05020 21359/605, · There is lack of equipment collaboration research introduction into programmes that are · Success stories (case 5037-9 · There are no appropriate policies to govern school curriculum focused on the local studies ) of Ssimiyu@kengen.co.ke geothermal development and courses at energy need implemented university, situations renewable energy collaboration with · Support in the projects KenGen; educate development of · Proper project politicians and appropriate management legislators to technology guidelines understand commensurate with · Relationship between importance of the national energy world bank funding renewable; sponsor needs and political conferences, public · Strengthening the circumstances fora where energy local capacity on · A hand book should issues are discussed project management address a list of models and options · Case studies to be included in the Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 83 Kenya Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution and Future plans to Successful Business What should be the Suggested Content for area of specialization expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Models/Strategies WB Role in assisting the Handbook energy energy RE scale-up handbook include · A case study of successful changeover to renewable energy stories e.g. German cases · A case study of failed projects and reasons for failure Tanzania Individual Respondent Detail Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS Estomih. N. Sawe TaTedo is an NGO Plan to carry out · Policy framework · Local level · Support · Proven Executive Director concerned with capacity that lacks data base development framework on TaTedo woodfuel stoves, solar development in implementation acquisition, and design and PV, solar driers, micro- provision of off- capacity, inadequate participatory implementation implementation wind turbines, grid electricity legal and regulatory needs and of appropriate improved charcoal from renewable framework, lack of priorities macro- policies, · Critical factors for production, ovens and energy sources. strategy and clear assessment. legal and success small hydro power. programme regulatory · Demonstration framework, · Criteria for - Promotes the uptake · Financial limitations, s, awareness strategies and selecting/prioritisi and use of modern limited financing raising and programmes ng areas for energy for productive schemes i.e. grants, technologies introducing and consumptive needs credits, low adaptation · Support local specific RE 84 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up for households, SMEs affordability. capacity technologies and institutions and · Capacity building of agro-processing. This is · Technical constraints building for individuals, and · Roles of key done through i.e. inadequate dissemination, institutions that stakeholders, implementation of knowledge, skills, entrepreneursh would enhance programmes and prevalence of low ip, market greater macro · Basic standards projects. quality technologies, development and micro and major limited local and participation at financing - Also involved in RE production, and institutional all stages of RE facilities and enterprise support and limited reliable data. development development. donors. Applied research. · Social and cultural · Close · Support efforts limitations: low monitoring, to overcome understanding of evaluation, initial high local situations, RE learning and costs of RE needs and replication technologies i.e. development is area credit schemes, specific, low level of tax and pricing awareness at local incentives that levels. should promote local markets and promote in­ expensive but improved RE technology products. · Assist adaptation and scale up of technologies and best practices that Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 85 Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up have worked elsewhere in the world. · Use existing local capacities and experiences where available the Bank may not know everything especially at local level. SOLAR ENERGY COMPANIES Francis Kibbisa PV Solar Energy Mass rural · Lack of awareness of · Advocacy for · Support client · World Bank Managing Director electrification technologies by the tax-free countries to Standards of Rex Investments ltd through branches public renewable produce equipment / energy renewable renewable energy · Unaffordable initial equipment energy generally. which would cost of equipment make the equipment equipment locally so that · Proper design · Low per capita cheaper. the cost of procedures and a income of people to importation and simple illustration whom the · Accessibility the procurement of relevant technologies are of small-scale logistics is software for aimed at credit facilities minimised. equipment design. through micro · Taxation on finance · Should · Project subsidise management of 86 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up renewable energy institutions to renewable renewable energy; equipment the low- energy income earners industries/comp · Safety precautions that will anies such that while on site; increase their they can cope purchasing with the costs · How to power. of prevent theft of manufacturing, installed · Mass marketing and equipment. sensitisation selling to the on the use of end-user renewable cheaply, since energy through its an important demonstrations technology to and training in the rural areas a way people of third world will get to countries. know the importance of · Provision of this handbooks and technology training kits to and its impact specialised on society and renewable environment. energy companies will improve the quality of services offered to clients and thus prolong the system's life cycle. Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 87 Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up · Mass sensitisation in the rural areas of client countries shall increase awareness on the use of systems and this will have a positive impact on society/client countries. · Fund and/or identify key sectors of the economy in order to increase use of renewable energy in off- grid areas. Mr. Howard Eaton It is a private energy Awareness · Financing · Proper · Advertising RE · System sizing of Executive Director company dealing in Projects, Training, arrangements to training for (including Solar renewable energy Solar Electric 2000 solar PV installation, Expanding Markets enable end users sales PV) best systems Company sales and training Opportunities in afford RE personnel practices from Tanzania technologies developing · Battery · Supplying countries like maintenance of · Awareness useful China, India, renewable energy 88 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up especially to rural products such etc. systems areas as phone · Advertising the chargers, cold cost · Rational use · Training/Capacit coolers etc. effectiveness of (efficiency) of y building in the investing in renewable energy Renewable Energy · Rental solar complete solar systems home systems home systems · Business including the · Simple renewable development and · Introduction of long run (5-10 energy systems' management home solar years) benefits operation and including systems with maintenance salesmanship in payment plans · Promoting procedures Renewable Energy small-scale renewable · Overall energy advantages of companies who renewable energy have better systems including contacts with solar PV use targeted (rural) communities COGENERATION Omari Athumani Electric power 15 MW wood-fired· Funding to increase Tanwat · Through the · Instruction Chief Engineer generation using forest power station generation capacity cogeneration plant proposed Rural manuals Tanganyika Wattle products (biomass Energy Agency Company cogeneration plant) · Tariff levels under the · Good practise on Ministry of safety and health Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 89 Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up · Customer demand Energy and (S&H) (uncertainty over Minerals Makambako interconnection to the national grid) Bernard J. D. Kihula Private cane growing Co7777generate · The factory · Incentives for · Assist in · Renewable Factory Manager and sugar production electricity for operations are clean power acquiring resources Mtibwa Sugar Estates company. Also generate export to the grid seasonal, ie. 6-8 producers appropriate Ltd. electricity from bagasse months per year and technologies for· Renewable energy this is the only period· Motivating efficient power business when cogeneration power generation. development activities can take purchase place. agreements · Subsidise the · Policy and purchase of planning · Power purchase · Government power agreements with should support cogeneration · Rural energy TANESCO efforts by the equipment. development private sector · The 100km line from on · Training of Morogoro to Mtibwa cogeneration local staff. has to be up-graded if activities. for high scale · Assist in the cogeneration to take planning and place designing of appropriate power cogeneration plants. FINANCING INSTITUTIONS 90 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up Peter Temu Mashinga SCCULT (1992) Ltd is Work with RE's · Lack of · Synchroni · Support · Information on Planning and Research a cooperative micro- service providers financing avenues for se financing community RE technologies Manager finance institution that procurement of RE arrangements initiatives in Savings and Credit provides loans for RE products and services. with RE dealing with RE · Directory on RE Cooperative Union products. development development providers League of Tanzania · Lack of (SCCULT) 1992 Ltd awareness on RE · Encourage · Strengthen · Simple RE opportunities available private sector community pictorial RE participation micro-finance technology · Non- initiatives in applications involvement of the · Include collaboration private sector in RE RE in poverty with national, · RE training development interventions/str association ategies. programmes · Inappropriate dissemination of RE · Include · Support technologies to the RE in awareness public particularly in environmental campaigns for rural areas council promoting RE activities and policies · Support training with respect to RE at community level Anderson Mlabwa Financial Institution Lending to those · Lack of capital to · A · Provide either a · Simple Director of Credit who need loan invest in renewable development guarantee fund instructions on Cooperative and Rural capital for energy fund should be to lenders in how to operate the Development Bank renewable energy established by this area or soft equipment (CRDB) Ltd investments · Inadequate the Government loans to information to or Donor investors · Advantages of lenders on the Agencies, renewable energy Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 91 Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up viability of such a which can be · Facilitate (economic, social, business given that accessed by awareness environmental) within the banking investors training to over the sector end users through bank in investors, alternatives they (mainly rural a form of a loan. lenders and are using population) are Alternatively consumers on currently. economically poor to this can be in the viability of pay for the services at form of a renewable a rate which can pay guarantee fund energy. for all bank costs and that can be leave some profit. accessed by banks as · Lack of loans protection investments due to against the risk long-term nature of non-repayment the payback period. of loans. Most of the banks in Tanzania are · Workshops/se commercial banks minars/forums that mobilize short- should be term funds and conducted to therefore cannot lenders and afford to provide investors to long-term loans for clear some of investments. their worries. · Inadequate information of the existence of such technologies to the end-users. 92 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up GEOTHERMAL ENERGY George Kibakaya It is a private energy Geothermal Power· Availability of risk Introduce Introduce incentive · Steam field Director company concerned Generation fund on steam field subsidy/grant for for participation of development First Energy Company with GEOTECH (Earth development steam field private operational Ltd Science) or Geothermal development and entrepreneurs by: manuals on Exploration · Availability of cheap cheap capital for a) Assisting in i) Drilling, investment facilities project overcoming ii.) Surface such as grants or low development and barriers facilities and interest rate on as a result: through iii) safety development capital introduction of funds a) The risk funds in · Corrosion project pay the exploration prevention back period stage. will be · Silica control and reduced b) Availability of management cheap capital b) Geoth for project · Non-compressible ermal project development in gas management will be the initial competitive project stages with other alternative c) Introduction source of /availability of energy such infrastructure as natural gas facilities' funds c) The especially for final the rural electricity electrification. tariff to the This is very consumer will important in Appendix 3: Detailed Responses by Region and Industry 93 Name and address Type of institution Future plans to Successful What should be the Suggested Content and area of expand renewable Barriers to Renewable Business WB Role in for the Handbook specialization energy energy Models/Strategies assisting RE scale- up low and meeting hence more project sponsor energy use. obligations in the early stages of the project d) Assisting in the infrastructure development eg. funding construction of mini-grids in rural areas as well as interconnection of the generation units to the main grid. Appendix 4 List of Existing Toolkits on Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Title Date Sponsor/Author Category Appropriate Household Energy Technology 1General Development-Training manual 1999ITDG Training manual 2General Electricity in Households and Microenterprises 2001ITDG Training manual Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets (Installment 5): Renewable energy certificates: An attractive means for corporate customers to World Resources 3General purchase renewable energy 2003Institute Training manual Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets (Installment 4): Introducing the Green Power World Resources 4General Analysis Tool 2003Institute Training manual Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets (Installment 3): Corporate greenhouse gas emissions inventories: Accounting for the climate benefits of World Resources 5General green power 2003Institute Training manual Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets World Resources 6General (Installment 2): Opportunities with landfill gas 2003Institute Training manual Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets (Installment 1): Business case, challenges, and steps World Resources 7General forward 2003Institute Training manual World Bank & Intermediate Technology Renewable Energy for Rural Infrastructure Consultants Theoretical 8General Development Sep-01(ITC), Ltd. analysis Implementing the Framework Convention on Climate Change: Incremental Costs and the Role of Theoretical 9General the GEF 1993GEF analysis Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Theoretical 10General Energy: GEF Climate Change Projects and Impacts 2000GEF analysis 95 96 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development Development Theoretical 11General and Climate Protection 1999(BMZ) analysis Electricity, Renewables, and Climate Change: Resources for the Theoretical 12General Searching for a Cost-Effective Policy May-04Future analysis Grid-based renewable energy in developing countries: policies, strategies, and lessons from the Eric Martinot, et Theoretical 13General GEF 2002al analysis Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Theoretical 14General Electrification Feb-00ESMAP 227/00 analysis Eric Martinot, et Theoretical 15General Renewable energy markets in developing countries 2002al analysis Eric Martinot, et Theoretical 16General Global renewable energy markets and policies 2004al analysis Renewable Energy Policies and Market Theoretical 17General Developments 2003REMAC 2000 analysis Eric Martinot, et Theoretical 18General Renewable energy policies and barriers 2004al analysis Measuring the Contribution to the Economy of Investments in Renewable Energy: Estimates of Resources for the Theoretical 19General Future Consumer Gains Feb-02Future analysis German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Theoretical 20General Renewable Energies - Innovation for the future May-04(BMU) -Brochureanalysis Perspectives Climate Change and Hamburg Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Institute of Implementation-New Instruments for Financing International Theoretical 21General Renewable Energy Technologies Jan-04Economics analysis Basel Agency for Sustainable Theoretical 22General Mobilising Finance For Renewable Energies Jan-04Energy analysis Clean Energy for Development and Economic Growth: Biomass and other renewable energy options to meet energy and development needs in Theoretical 23General poor nations 2002UNDP analysis Appendix 4: List of Existing Toolkits on Renewable Energy 97 Theoretical 24General Renewable Energy... into the Mainstream 2003IEA analysis Theoretical 25General Renewables Information 2003 2003IEA analysis Theoretical 26General Renewable energy technologies 1994World Bank analysis The world of renewable energy: wind energy, solarly energy, hydraulic power, bio energy, geo Theoretical 27General energy 2004IWR, web-based analysis Global Network on Energy for Capacity Development, Education & Training- Sustainable Theoretical 28General Integrated and sustained action is the key Jan-04Development analysis Green fees: How a tax shift can work for the World Resources Theoretical 29General environment and the economy 1992Institute analysis Technical 30General Guide to Decentralized Energy Technologies Dec-03WADE handbook The Power Guide: An international catalogue of Technical 31General small-scale energy equipment 1994ITDG handbook Technical 32General Mini-Grid Design Manual Sep-00007/00 handbook Energy Options: An introduction to small-scale Technical 33General renewable energy technologies 2002ITDG handbook People Approach: A guide to participatory Step-by-step 34General household energy needs assessment 1999ITDG guideline Step-by-step 35General PRSP Sourcebook Energy Chapter World Bank guideline Stakeholder Involvement in Options Assessment: Promoting Dialogue in Meeting Water and Energy Step-by-step 36General Needs: A Sourcebook Jul-03ESMAP 264/03 guideline Reference Guide on Climate Change & Rural SNV, CD-ROM, Step-by-step 37General Energy 2003web based guideline Household energy handbook : an interim guide and World Bank Step-by-step 38General reference manual Vol. 1 (English) Jul-87WTP67 guideline Financing Renewable Energy Projects Step-by-step 39General A guide for development workers 1997ITDG guideline Consulting Communities: A renewable energy Awel Aman Step-by-step 40General toolkit 2001Tawe guideline Slippery Rock University of Step-by-step 41General Renewable Energy Tool Kit Pennsylvania guideline Step-by-step 42General Renewable Energy for Rural Schools Nov-00USAID guideline 98 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation of Market Development in World Bank/GEF Climate-Change Projects: Eric Martinot, et Step-by-step 43General Framework and Guidelines 1998al guideline Best Practice Manual: Promoting Decentralized Best Practice/ case 44General Electrification Investment Oct-01248/01 studies Household Energy Use in Developing Countries: A Best Practice/ case 45General Multicountry Study Oct-03042/03 studies Best practices guide : integrated resource planning USAID, Tellus Best Practice/ case 46General for electricity Jun-00Institute studies UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Implementation of Renewable Energy Sustainable Technologies: Project Opportunities and Barriers, Development Best Practice/ case 47General Summary of Country Studies 2002(URC) studies National Policy Instruments: Policy Lessons for the Advancement & Diffusion of Renewable Energy Worldwatch Best Practice/ case 48General Technologies Around the World Jan-04Institute studies Forum for Energy and Development Best Practice/ case 49General Renewable Energy on Small Islands Aug-00(FED) studies Theoretical 50Wind A global strategy for wind energy 2002WWEA analysis Renewable sources of energy, with special emphasis Theoretical 51Wind on wind energy 1998 analysis World Bank Technical 52Wind Wind pumping : a handbook Vol. 1 (English) Jul-89WTP101 handbook Windpumps: Technical 53Wind A guide for development workers 2003ITDG handbook Step-by-step 54Wind Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Services 2003ITDG guideline UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Wind Power Projects in the CDM: Methodologies Sustainable and Tools for Baselines, Carbon Financing and Development Step-by-step 55Wind Substainability Analysis 2002(URC) guideline Guidelines for assessing wind energy potential Vol. World Bank Step-by-step 56Wind 1 (English) Sep-9111333 guideline Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of the Theoretical 57Solar Developing World Nov-00ESMAP 009/00 analysis Photo-voltaic applications in rural areas of the Theoretical 58Solar developing world 1995World Bank analysis Appendix 4: List of Existing Toolkits on Renewable Energy 99 Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Technical 59Solar Electrification Purposes Aug-99ESMAP 220/99 handbook New Prospects in Solar Cooking-The GTZ Solar Technical 60Solar Cooker manual Nov-95GTZ handbook Solar Heating in Cold Regions: A technical guide to developing country Technical 61Solar applications 1996ITDG handbook Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Best Practice/ case 62Solar Electrification Programs 1996World Bank studies World Bank/GEF solar home system projects: Eric Martinot, et Best Practice/ case 63Solar experiences and lessons learned 1993-2000 2001al studies World Bank solar home system projects: Eric Martinot, et Best Practice/ case 64Solar experiences and lessons learned 1993-2000 2000al studies The GEF Solar PV Portfolio: Emerging Experience Eric Martinot, et Best Practice/ case 65Solar and Lessons 2000al studies Risø National Best Practice/ case 66Solar Experience with PV systems in Africa 2001Laboratory studies SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in The Role of the Private Sector in the Small-Scale Technology and Theoretical 67Hydro Hydropower Field 1995Management analysis Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A guide to small- Technical 68Hydro scale water power schemes 2002ITDG handbook Technical 69Hydro Motors as Generators for Micro-Hydro Power 2003ITDG handbook The Micro-hydro Pelton Turbine Manual "Design, manufacture and installation for small- Technical 70Hydro scale hydropower" 2000ITDG handbook Evaluating electrification experience : a guide to the social evaluation of small hydroelectric units in Step-by-step 71Hydro lesser developed countries 1982USAID guideline Guidelines for attracting developers of hydropower World Bank Step-by-step 72Hydro independent power projects Vol. 1 (English) Apr-9617625 guideline Best Practices for Sustainable Development of Best Practice/ case 73Hydro Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries Aug-00ESMAP 006/00 studies SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Best Practice/ case 74Hydro Local Experience With Micro-Hydro Technology 1985Management studies 100 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Traditional Biomass Energy: African Energy Improving its Use and Moving to Modern Energy Policy Research Theoretical 75Biomass Use Jan-04Network, et al analysis Small-scale biomass gasifiers for heat and power : a global review Vol. 1 (English) 1995/10/31 World Bank Technical 76Biomass WTP296 Publication Order Oct-95WTP296 handbook Bioenergy Primer: Modernised Biomass Energy for Step-by-step 77Biomass Sustainable Development 2000UNDP guideline Step-by-step 78Biogas Running a Biogas Programme: A handbook 1988ITDG guideline Identifying the basic conditions for economic generation of public electricity from surplus bagasse World Bank Step-by-step 79Bagasse in sugar mills Vol. 1 (English) Apr-9111343 guideline Appendix 5 List on Reviewed Toolkits on Rural Energy Rural Energy Title Date Sponsor/Author Category World Bank & Intermediate Technology Renewable Energy for Rural Infrastructure Consultants (ITC), 1Renewable Development Sep-01Ltd. Theoretical analysis Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for 2Renewable Rural Electrification Purposes Aug-99ESMAP 220/99 Technical handbook Step-by-step 3Renewable Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Services 2003ITDG guideline 4General Mini-Grid Design Manual Sep-00ESMAP 007/00 Technical handbook Appropriate Household Energy Technology 5General Development-Training manual 1999ITDG Training manual 6General Electricity in Households and Microenterprises 2001ITDG Training manual 7General Guide to Decentralized Energy Technologies Dec-03WADE Technical handbook Rural electrification : a hard look at costs and 8General benefits Vol. 1 of 1 (English) May-95World Bank 28516Theoretical analysis Subsidies and Sustainable Rural Energy Services: Can we Create Incentives Without 9General Distorting Markets? Dec-00ESMAP 010/00 Theoretical analysis 10General Tariffs for rural grid electrification ITDG Theoretical analysis Development in practice - Rural energy and 11General development 1996World Bank Theoretical analysis The Power Guide: An international catalogue of 12General small-scale energy equipment 1994ITDG Technical handbook 101 102 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment Low-cost Electrification Affordable electricity installation for low-income 13General households in developing countries 1998ITDG Technical handbook People Approach: A guide to participatory Step-by-step 14General household energy needs assessment 1999ITDG guideline Step-by-step 15General PRSP Sourcebook Energy Chapter World Bank guideline Reference Guide on Climate Change & Rural SNV, CD-ROM, Step-by-step 16General Energy 2003web based guideline Household energy handbook : an interim guide World Bank Step-by-step 17General and reference manual Vol. 1 (English) Jul-87WTP67 guideline Energy For Rural Livelihoods: A framework for Step-by-step 18General sustainable decision making Sep-03ITDG guideline Lending for electric power in Sub-Saharan Africa Step-by-step 19General Vol. 1 (English) May-96World Bank 15780guideline Monitoring and Evaluation in Rural Electrification Step-by-step 20General Projects: A Demand-Oriented Approach Jul-03ESMAP 037/03 guideline The Energy Dimension: A practical guide to energy in rural development Step-by-step 21General programmes 1990ITDG guideline SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Step-by-step 22General Village Electrification 1992Management guideline Rural Energy Services: A handbook for Step-by-step 23General sustainable energy development 1999ITDG guideline Expanding electricity access to remote areas: off- Step-by-step 24General grid rural electrification in developing countries 2000Eric Martinot, et al guideline Best Practice Manual: Promoting Decentralized Best practices/ case 25General Electrification Investment Oct-01ESMAP 248/01 studies Best practices guide : integrated resource USAID, Tellus Best practices/ case 26General planning for electricity Jun-00Institute studies Household Energy Use in Developing Countries: Best practices/ case 27General A Multicountry Study Oct-03ESMAP 042/03 studies Guideline for diesel generating plant specification Step-by-step 28Diesel and bid evaluation Vol. 1 (English) Sep-91World Bank 11335guideline Joint UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Power Trade in Nile Basin Initiative Phase II (CD Only): 04/05 067/05 Part I: Minutes of the High-level Power Experts Meeting; and Part II: Minutes of the First Meeting of the Nile Basin Ministers Responsible for Electricity Chad Revenue Management Seminar. Oslo, June 25-26, 2003. (CD Only) 06/05 075/05 Côte d'Ivoire Workshop on Rural Energy and Sustainable Development, 04/05 068/05 January 30-31, 2002. (French Only) Ethiopia Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 038/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ethiopia - Action Plan. Sub-Saharan Petroleum Products Transportation Corridor: Analysis 03/03 033/03 And Case Studies Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa 04/02 028/02 Energy and Poverty: How can Modern Energy Services Contribute to Poverty Reduction 03/03 032/03 East Africa Sub-Regional Conference on the Phase-out Leaded Gasoline in 11/03 044/03 East Africa. June 5-7, 2002. Kenya Field Performance Evaluation of Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Photovoltaic Systems in Kenya: Methods and Measurement in Support of a Sustainable Commercial Solar Energy Industry 08/00 005/00 The Kenya Portable Battery Pack Experience: Test Marketing an Alternative for Low-Income Rural Household Electrification 12/01 05/01 Malawi Rural Energy and Institutional Development 04/05 069/05 Mali Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 041/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Mali - Action Plan. (French) Mauritania Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 040/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Mauritania - Action Plan. (French) Nigeria Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Nigeria 11/02 029/02 Nigerian LP Gas Sector Improvement Study 03/04 056/04 Taxation and State Participation in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Sector 08/04 057/04 Regional Second Steering Committee: The Road Ahead. Clean Air Initiative In Sub-Saharan African Cities. Paris, March 13-14, 2003. 12/03 045/03 Lead Elimination from Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-regional Conference of the West-Africa group. Dakar, Senegal March 26-27, 2002 (French only) 12/03 046/03 1998-2002 Progress Report. The World Bank Clean Air Initiative 02/02 048/04 in Sub-Saharan African Cities. Working Paper #10 (Clean Air Initiative/ESMAP) Landfill Gas Capture Opportunity in Sub Saharan Africa 06/05 074/05 Senegal Regional Conference on the Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa 03/02 022/02 Elimination du Plomb dans I'Essence en Afrique Sub-Saharienne Conference Sous Regionales du Groupe Afrique de I'Quest. Dakar, Senegal. March 26-27, 2002. 12/03 046/03 South Africa South Africa Workshop: People's Power Workshop. 12/04 064/04 Swaziland Solar Electrification Program 20012010: Phase 1: 20012002 (Solar Energy in the Pilot Area) 12/01 019/01 - 2 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Tanzania Mini Hydropower Development Case Studies on the Malagarasi, Muhuwesi, and Kikuletwa Rivers Volumes I, II, and III 04/02 024/02 Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 039/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania - Action Plan. Uganda Report on the Uganda Power Sector Reform and Regulation Strategy Workshop 08/00 004/00 WEST AFRICA (AFR) Regional Market Development 12/01 017/01 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Cambodia Efficiency Improvement for Commercialization of the Power Sector 10/02 031/02 China Assessing Markets for Renewable Energy in Rural Areas of Northwestern China 08/00 003/00 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume I--Electric Power Production 05/01 011/01 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume II--Environmental and Energy Efficiency Improvements for Non-power Uses of Coal 05/01 011/01 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume III--Environmental Compliance in the Energy Sector: Methodological Approach and Least-Cost Strategies 12/01 011/01 Thailand DSM in Thailand: A Case Study 10/00 008/00 Development of a Regional Power Market in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS) 12/01 015/01 Vietnam Options for Renewable Energy in Vietnam 07/00 001/00 Renewable Energy Action Plan 03/02 021/02 Vietnam's Petroleum Sector: Technical Assistance for the Revision 03/04 053/04 of the Existing Legal and Regulatory Framework SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Workshop on Bangladesh Power Sector Reform 12/01 018/01 Integrating Gender in Energy Provision: The Case of Bangladesh 04/04 054/04 Opportunities for Women in Renewable Energy Technology Use 04/04 055/04 In Bangladesh, Phase I EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Russia Russia Pipeline Oil Spill Study 03/03 034/03 - 3 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICA REGION (MENA) Regional Roundtable on Opportunities and Challenges in the Water, Sanitation 02/04 049/04 And Power Sectors in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Summary Proceedings. May 26-28, 2003. Beit Mary, Lebanon. (CD) LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION (LCR) Brazil Background Study for a National Rural Electrification Strategy: 03/05 066/05 Aiming for Universal Access Bolivia Country Program Phase II: Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency 05/05 072/05 Report on Operational Activities Ecuador Programa de Entrenamiento a Representantes de Nacionalidades Amazónicas en Temas Hidrocarburíferos 08/02 025/02 Guatemala Evaluation of Improved Stove Programs: Final Report of Project 12/04 060/04 Case Studies Mexico Energy Policies and the Mexican Economy 01/04 047/04 Nicaragua Aid-Memoir from the Rural Electrification Workshop (Spanish only) 03/03 030/04 Sustainable Charcoal Production in the Chinandega Region 04/05 071/05 Regional Regional Electricity Markets Interconnections -- Phase I Identification of Issues for the Development of Regional Power Markets in South America 12/01 016/01 Regional Electricity Markets Interconnections -- Phase II Proposals to Facilitate Increased Energy Exchanges in South America 04/02 016/01 Population, Energy and Environment Program (PEA) Comparative Analysis on the Distribution of Oil Rents (English and Spanish) 02/02 020/02 Estudio Comparativo sobre la Distribución de la Renta Petrolera Estudio de Casos: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú 03/02 023/02 Latin American and Caribbean Refinery Sector Development Report ­ Volumes I and II 08/02 026/02 The Population, Energy and Environmental Program (EAP) (English and Spanish) 08/02 027/02 Bank Experience in Non-energy Projects with Rural Electrification 02/04 052/04 Components: A Review of Integration Issues in LCR Supporting Gender and Sustainable Energy Initiatives in 12/04 061/04 Central America Energy from Landfill Gas for the LCR Region: Best Practice and 01/05 065/05 Social Issues (CD Only) GLOBAL Impact of Power Sector Reform on the Poor: A Review of Issues and the Literature 07/00 002/00 Best Practices for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries 08/00 006/00 Mini-Grid Design Manual 09/00 007/00 Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of the Developing World 11/00 009/00 - 4 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Subsidies and Sustainable Rural Energy Services: Can we Create Incentives Without Distorting Markets? 12/00 010/00 Sustainable Woodfuel Supplies from the Dry Tropical Woodlands 06/01 013/01 Key Factors for Private Sector Investment in Power Distribution 08/01 014/01 Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines: Problems and Prospects 06/03 035/03 Monitoring and Evaluation in Rural Electrification Projects: 07/03 037/03 A Demand-Oriented Approach Household Energy Use in Developing Countries: A Multicountry 10/03 042/03 Study Knowledge Exchange: Online Consultation and Project Profile 12/03 043/03 from South Asia Practitioners Workshop. Colombo, Sri Lanka, June 2-4, 2003 Energy & Environmental Health: A Literature Review and 03/04 050/04 Recommendations. Petroleum Revenue Management Workshop 03/04 051/04 Developing Financial Intermediation Mechanisms for Energy 08/04 058/04 Efficiency Projects ­ Focus on Banking Windows for Energy Efficiency Evaluation of ESMAP Regional Power Trade Portfolio 12/04 059/04 (TAG Report) Gender in Sustainable Energy Regional Workshop Series: 12/04 062/04 Mesoamerican Network on Gender in Sustainable Energy (GENES) Winrock and ESMAP Women in Mining Voices for a Change Conference (CD Only) 12/04 063/04 Renewable Energy Potential in Selected Countries: Volume I: 04/05 070/05 North Africa, Central Europe, and the Former Soviet Union, Volume II: Latin America Energy Efficiency Operational Exchange Program (CD Only) 06/05 076/05 Renewable Energy Toolkit Needs Assessment 08/05 077/05 Last report added to this list: ESMAP Technical Paper 077/05.