Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized of Third Edition w with a no Atlas n on Development Global line inte r A visual guide to the world's greatest challenges ac 60058 tive atlas Atlas oF Global development third edition Washington, D.C. © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. Design © HarperCollins Publishers Published for the World Bank by Collins Geo. An imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Westerhill Road Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2QT www.collinsbartholomew.com First Published 2007 Second edition 2009 Third edition 2011 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8583-8 E-ISBN: 978-0-8213-8664-4 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8583-8 Printed in China by South China Printing Co Ltd. Contents 4 Acknowledgments 5 Foreword 6 Guide to the online atlas 8 Classification of economies 10 The Millennium Development Goals 14 Rich and poor Measuring income | Growth and opportunity | How poor is poor? 28 People Population growth and transition 34 Education Children at work | Education opens doors Gender and development--the role of infrastructure 48 Health Children under 5--struggling to survive Improving the health of mothers Communicable diseases 62 Economy Structure of the world's economy | Governance Infrastructure for development | Investment for growth The integrating world | People on the move Aid for development | External debt 100 Environment The urban environment Feeding a growing world | A thirsty planet gets thirstier Protecting the environment | Energy security and climate change | Where is the wealth of nations? 128 Statistics Key indicators of development Ranking of economies by GNI per capita Definitions, sources, notes, and abbreviations 143 Index Acknowledgments The text and data for the third edition of the Atlas of Global Development were prepared by the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank under the management of Shaida Badiee. The team consisted of Mehdi Akhlaghi, Uranbileg Batjargal, Lopamudra Chakraborti, David Cieslikowski, Mayhar Eshragh-Tabary, Richard Fix, Masako Hiraga, Buyant Khaltarkhuu, Soong Sup Lee, Ibrahim Levent, Sulekha Patek, Beatriz Prieto-Oramas, William Prince, Evis Rucaj, and Giovanni Ruta. Eric Swanson was the general editor. Jeff Lecksell made valuable contributions. Aziz Gökdemir, Stephen McGroarty, Santiago Pombo, Stuart Tucker, and Shana Wagger from the World Bank's Office of the Publisher managed the development and dissemination of the book and its online companion. The Publishing, Design, Editorial, Creative Services, and Database teams at Collins Geo, HarperCollins Publishers, provided overall design direction, editorial control, mapping, and typesetting. Picture credits Curt Carnemark/World Bank 32, 40, 52, 63 (bottom), 76, 114; David A. Cieslikowski 26, 119; Emilio Flores/Corbis 90; Michael Foley/World Bank 16, 20, 30, 56, 113 (top); Greg Girard/IFC 84; Aziz Gökdemir 98; Louise Gubb/Corbis 106; Tran Thi Hoa/World Bank 36; Yosef Hadar/World Bank 120; Henry Huffman/World Bank 92; Anvar Ilyasov/World Bank 24; Ed Kashi/Corbis 68; Frans Lanting/Corbis 116; Bill Lyons/World Bank 44, 71; Jamie Martin/World Bank 35; Simone D. McCourtie/World Bank 72; Eric Miller/World Bank 46, 78; Viviane Moos/Corbis 102; Anatoliy Rakhimbayev/World Bank 105, 109; Trevor Samson/World Bank 60, 66; Dominic Sansoni/World Bank 50, 82; Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/ Corbis 88; Eberhard Streichan/Zefa/Corbis 122; William Taufic/Corbis 63 (top); UNCHR/T. Irwin 94; UNEP 113 (bottom); Ami Vitale/World Bank 39; Scott Wallace/World Bank 64, 101; Ray Witlin/World Bank 49, 110. Foreword Human and economic development are closely The mission of the World Bank Group is to assist linked to geography. Throughout history natural countries to overcome poverty and establish a resources, landscapes, climate, and natural routes sustainable path for their development. Providing have shaped the development of political and reliable information about the state of the economic institutions, nation-states, and markets. world and its people is an important part of that People, in turn, have reshaped their economic mission. Recognizing the formidable challenges and social geography, through communication and great successes that have been achieved and transport infrastructure, trade and migration, should strengthen our resolve to work together innovation, and conflicts and cooperation. And to fight poverty and increase human welfare. their activities increasingly influence the global To that end the World Bank has published an climate, through deforestation, urbanization, atlas for over 40 years. This edition of the Atlas water use, and the release of greenhouse gases. of Global Development draws on a global database compiled from the work of the World Bank, other Location is an important predictor of a person's international agencies, and national statistical welfare, with one's prospects in life being decided offices of member countries. Now, as part of the in good measure by one's place of birth. But the World Bank's Open Data Initiative, this database diversity of outcomes across countries is great and is available to every reader of the Atlas for free cannot be explained by one or even a few factors. and without restriction. I encourage you to go to Landlocked states, for example, have a harder our data website at data.worldbank.org to explore time participating in the global markets, and the wealth of information available. There is also their development is often retarded, but Botswana an electronic companion to the Atlas, available at has consistently grown faster than the rest of data.worldbank.org/atlas-global, which provides Sub-Saharan Africa. Small, island economies and additional tools for mapping and charting the data those in tropical regions face other obstacles to and comparing country outcomes. By sharing our development, but Mauritius has overcome those data, tools, and research findings, we hope to enlist challenges and prospered. Although people's many more people and their ideas from around welfare and prospects depend on the location and the globe in creating a better world for all. size of their economies, economic success also depends on the dynamism and openness of their political and economic institutions, the degree of social and political cohesion, and the effectiveness of their education and health services. Justin Yifu Lin Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, Development Economics The World Bank Guide to the online atlas Figure 1 USER'S GUIDE TO THE WORLD BANK eATLAS OF · The ranking table (bottom right-hand panel), which GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT shows indicator data, toggles from table to chart. data.worldbank.org/atlas-global Easy navigation from the home page (accessible via · A time series chart (across the bottom) is created; data.worldbank.org/atlas-global) clicking on any country adds data to the chart. · Use the right-hand panel to select a main topic and · View (top left, red toolbar) lets you launch a second see related indicators for mapping. (When you make map alongside the first, providing a Comparative View. a selection, a description appears, and the panel refreshes with the indicators [figure 1]) Changing and viewing countries (figure 2) · Use the search box (top right) to search for any word in · View and zoom to countries: an indicator title or description (e.g., "malnutrition"). · Click any country on the map or in the · Use indicator (top left, gray toolbar) to drill quickly ranking table to zoom, or from topic to indicator. · Use countries (above the map, gray toolbar) · However you start, selecting a specific indicator to select a country, or launches a world map that shows the latest available · Use locations (above the map, gray toolbar) data per country, with many other visualizations and to select a country. options. · Restore the full view by clicking the map area or by using the inset map at the top. Mapping basics (figure 2) · Each time you zoom to a country, it is Once you have selected your indicator, the mapping · Added to the time series chart (bottom). application launches. · Given more context (top right-hand panel) · The world map shows your indicator with the latest available data for each country. Mouse over the map · Highlighted in the ranking table (bottom right- to see country names, details, and indicator data. hand panel) · The indicator name (above the map, gray toolbar) is 6 linked to the definition and source information. Figure 2 Changing years, colors, intervals, and more (figure 2) · Use the play button below the chart to dynamically · Use periods (above the map, gray toolbar) to select map the time series for your indicator. As the map different years and "latest available" data. changes for each year, the ranking table and other information refresh. · Use options (above the map, gray toolbar) to change colors, intervals, and analysis methods. · Use locations (above the map, gray toolbar) to select Exporting, importing, bookmarking, and more with a country. login (figure 2) · Create a login (top right, red toolbar) to use the following features: Comparing maps and data · Use export (top left, red toolbar) to export your · Use view (top left, red toolbar) to select Comparative selections as various image or data files. View and see two maps. · Use import (top left, red toolbar) to bring · Use indicators, periods, options, and locations your own data into the eAtlas for mapping (above each map, gray toolbar) to select what you and graphing. want to compare, including any combination of indicators and years. · Use bookmark and share (top left, red toolbar) to retrieve and share your maps and graphs. · Select the tabs below each map to see the ranking table, the time series chart, and more. · Use view (top left, red toolbar) to select Standard View and return to one map with all the features. Using the time series chart (figure 2) · When you select a country (up to five), related time series data appear on the chart (bottom); country name and data are shown when you mouse over. 7 Classification of economies Low- and middle-income economies Greenland (Den.) East Asia & Pacific Faeroe Europe & Central Asia Islands Iceland (Den) Latin America & Caribbean The Netherlands Middle East & North Africa C a n a d a United South Asia Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland Sub-Saharan Africa Channel Islands (UK) High-income economies Luxembourg Fra OECD Liechtenstein Andorra Other Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) no data Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Former Dominican Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina The World Bank classifies economies as low- imply that all economies in the group are income, middle-income (subdivided into experiencing similar development or that lower-middle and upper-middle), or high- other economies have reached a preferred or income based on gross national income (GNI) final stage of development. per capita. Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as The regions used in this atlas are based on developing economies. This is not intended to the regions defined by the World Bank for 8 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October 10, 2010. Curaçao and St. Maarten became autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands. analytical and operational purposes. These Data are shown for economies as they were regions may differ from common geographic constituted in 2009. Additional information usage or from the regions defined by other about the data is provided in World Development organizations. Regional groupings and the Indicators 2010 or on the World Bank website aggregate measures for regions include only (data.worldbank.org). low- and middle-income economies. 9 1.8 billion people lived on less than $1.25 a In 2000 the Millennium Declaration, day. Since then, the poverty rate in developing The Millennium Development Goals ratified by the 189 member states of countries has fallen from 42 percent to 25 percent in 2005--largely due to progress the United Nations, committed rich in China and India. Even in Sub-Saharan and developing countries to work in Africa, which stagnated in most of the 1990s, partnership to achieve a set of critical poverty rates have started to fall. By 2015 the development outcomes. Those global rate for extreme poverty is expected commitments are embodied in the to be 15 percent and the number of people living in poverty will fall to 900 million. eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for 2015, supported by Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 18 quantified targets and 60 indicators More than 20 years ago the world measuring progress since 1990. community committed itself to providing Progress has been uneven and many at least a primary school education to every child. Ensuring that all children receive a countries will not reach the targets good-quality education is the foundation set for 2015, but others have met of sustainable development and poverty or exceeded the targets, improving alleviation. In 2007 the primary school the lives of hundreds of millions completion rate reached 87 percent for of people. developing countries: 92 percent for middle- income countries but just 67 percent for Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger low-income ones. That means that some Defined as average daily consumption of 70 million children worldwide were not $1.25 or less, extreme poverty means living enrolled in primary school--and about on the edge of subsistence. In 1990 more than half will receive no formal education. All regions but Sub-Saharan Africa are on track to To reach the goal of universal primary education, reach the poverty reduction target children must remain in school East Asia & Latin America & South Asia East Asia & Latin America & South Asia Pacific Caribbean Pacific Caribbean Europe & Middle East & Sub-Saharan Europe & Middle East & Sub-Saharan Central Asia North Africa Africa Central Asia North Africa Africa People living on less than $1.25 a day (%) Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/life last grade of primary education (%) See pp. 6­7 for more information 80 110 70 100 60 90 50 80 40 70 30 60 20 10 50 0 40 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2015 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: World Bank calculations Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 10 Gender parity in enrollment has improved, but the gender gap remains large for some regions Primary education Secondary education Ratio of girls to boys in enrollment (%) 1991 2008 Ratio of girls to boys in enrollment (%) 1991 2008 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 a ran e a e sia & e& a& st & Asi om sia & e& a& st & Asi ran om t A cific rop sia mericbean le Ea frica outh aha ica inc t A cific rop sia mericbean le Ea frica outh aha ica inc Eas Pa Eu ral A A b idd rth A S b-S Afr igh- Eas Pa Eu ral A n A Carib Middorth A S b-S Afr igh- n t in Cari Su H t i Su H Ce Lat M No Ce n Lat N Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Measles is the leading cause of vaccine- Promoting gender equality and empowering women preventable deaths in children are important in their own right and because they foster East Asia & Latin America & South Asia Pacific Caribbean progress toward other MDG targets, such as those for Europe & Middle East & Sub-Saharan Central Asia North Africa Africa reducing poverty, hunger, and disease and improving Measles, immunization High-income (% of children ages 12­23 months) access to education. When women make decisions, 100 household resources tend to be shared more equitably. 90 And educated women are better able to care for children 80 and more likely to send their children to school. 70 Education opportunities for girls have expanded since 60 1990. Enrollment patterns in upper-middle-income 50 countries now resemble those in high-income countries, 40 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 and those in lower-middle-income countries are nearing Source: UNICEF/WHO equity. But gender gaps remain large in low-income countries, especially at the primary and secondary levels. rates, improved nutrition, increasing female literacy, disease prevention, access to Goal 4: Reduce child mortality medicine and health facilities, and safe water Deaths of children under age 5 have been declining and sanitation. Immunizations for measles-- since 1990. In 2006, for the first time, the number of a leading cause of vaccine-preventable children who died before their fifth birthday fell below deaths among children--continue to expand 10 million. Child mortality in developing countries worldwide. Coverage in all regions now dropped more than 25 percent between 1990 and 2008, exceeds 70 percent, markedly improving from 101 per 1,000 live births to 73. Though this progress child survival rates. is impressive, it will be insufficient to meet the fourth MDG of reducing under-5 child mortality by two-thirds. For more information about the Success in reducing infant and child mortality is a Millennium Development Goals, see general indicator of progress on human development the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs outcomes under the MDGs, reflecting falling poverty data.worldbank.org/mdg-atlas. 11 Goal 5: Improve maternal health Care before delivery reduces risks for Every year hundreds of thousands of women mothers and children The Millennium Development Goals die from complications related to pregnancy or Pregnant women receiving prenatal care at least four times (%) childbirth. Some 99 percent of these deaths 100 2000 occur in developing countries. And for every 80 2008 woman who dies, about 20 suffer injuries, 60 infections, or diseases. In developing countries pregnancy-related complications are among 40 the leading causes of death and disability for 20 women between 15 and 49. 0 a ran sia & pe & ica & ast & Asi Prenatal care and the presence of skilled t A cific Euro l Asia mer bean le E Africa outh aha ica Eas Pa tra tin A Carib Midd rth S b-S Afr n Su Ce La No health workers at delivery are critical to reducing Source: UNICEF maternal mortality. In developing countries the share of births attended by skilled health been eliminated or largely contained in staff rose from about half in 1990 to two-thirds high-income countries, yet continue to kill in 2008 and the proportion of pregnant women millions a year in developing countries, and receiving prenatal care is rising. Countries in HIV/AIDS remains a global pandemic. Europe and Central Asia have made the most Worldwide, 33.4 million people were living progress in ensuring safe deliveries. Most have with HIV/AIDS in 2008. Sub-Saharan Africa achieved universal coverage, and the rest are on contains just over one-tenth of the world's track to achieve it by 2015. population but is home to two-thirds of people living with HIV/AIDS, with women far Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other more likely to be infected than men. In 2008 diseases there were 2.7 million new HIV infections For many reasons--including poverty, worldwide--a 17 percent decline over eight climate, bad policies, and inadequate services-- years--and 2 million AIDS-related deaths. people in developing countries are highly susceptible to life-threatening diseases. Some The World Health Organization estimates of these, such as malaria and tuberculosis, have that in 2008 there were 250 million cases of malaria, leading to nearly 1 million deaths. Two-thirds of young people living with HIV/AIDS are Though malaria is endemic in most tropical in Sub-Saharan Africa, most of them women and subtropical regions, 90 percent of data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/life See pp. 6­7 for more information HIV prevalence among population ages 15­24, 2007 (%) malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa-- 4 Males Females and most are among children under 5. 3 The number of new tuberculosis cases peaked globally in 2004 and is leveling off, 2 but prevalence is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa, and some South Asian countries 1 appear to have returned to 1990 levels. 0 In 2008 there were 11 million cases of a ran e sia & e& a& Asi om t A cific rop sia mericbean outh aha ica inc tuberculosis globally--down from 14 million Eas Pa Eu ral A A rib S b-S Afr igh- nt in a Su H Ce Lat C Source: UNAIDS; WHO in 2007. 12 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Aid efforts by DAC donors have increased since The 1992 Earth Summit adopted comprehensive 2000, but most still fall short of their commitments global, national, and local responses for every area where All DAC donors Netherlands United Kingdom humans affect the environment. This agenda was Japan Sweden United States Official development assistance as share of GNI (%) incorporated into the Millennium Declaration along 1.2 with commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, 1.0 protect biodiversity, and prevent desertification. 0.8 Also included among the MDGs targets are 0.6 commitments to reduce the number of people lacking 0.4 access to improved water and sanitation facilities. An 0.2 improved water source meets basic standards for access 0.0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 to a protected water supply, but water from improved Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) sources--such as public taps or hand pumps--may not meet standards set by the World Health Organization and Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for may require considerable fetching and carrying. In 1990 development more than 1 billion people in developing countries lacked Prospects for sustaining the current access to such a minimal convenience. In 2008, 884 million economic recovery will be enhanced if people--37 percent of whom live in Sub-Saharan advanced and developing countries Africa--still lacked access to improved sources for continue to cooperate in implementing drinking-water, but most regions made progress. policies aimed at increasing growth, Around the world, 2.6 billion people lack access to protecting the poor and vulnerable, toilets, latrines, and other forms of improved sanitation, maintaining infrastructure investment, and and more than 40 percent of these people practice open sustaining private sector growth. defecation. In developing countries the share of people Private investment and remittances with access to improved sanitation rose from 43 percent from migrants have become increasingly in 1990 to 54 percent in 2008. To halve the proportion important sources of financing for of people without basic sanitation by 2015, more than developing countries. However, official 1.3 billion people would have to gain access to an development assistance--grants and loans improved facility--so the global target will be missed. made at low interest rates--remains an important source of support for development Most regions will achieve the 2015 target for access to an programs in the poorest countries. In 2005 improved water source the leaders of the richest industrial countries East Asia & Latin America & South Asia High-income Pacific Caribbean made specific commitments to increase aid Europe & Middle East & Sub-Saharan Central Asia North Africa Africa to Africa. Aid received by all developing Population without access to improved drinking water source (millions) countries has increased substantially in 1,200 1,000 real terms--from $73 billion in 2000 to 800 $129 billion in 2008. Aid to Africa increased 600 to $40 billion in 2008, but it has fallen far 400 short of the commitments made in 2005. 200 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Source: WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program 13 What is a developing country? Because Standards of living vary substantially development encompasses many factors-- Measuring income across the globe. Comparing income economic, environmental, cultural, educational, and institutional--no single or consumption or poverty levels measure gives a complete picture. However, among countries requires a common the total earnings of the residents of an unit of measurement. Exchange economy, measured by its gross national rates reflect the relative value of income (GNI), is a good measure of its capacity currencies as traded in the market. to provide for the wellbeing of its people. The World Bank classifies countries according to Purchasing power parities (PPPs) their average income, or GNI per capita, take into account differences in converted to U.S. dollars using three-year price levels. Both have important average market exchange rates (commonly roles in measuring the size of called the World Bank Atlas method). Countries economies. with average incomes of less than $12,196 in 2009 are classified as low- and middle-income Even measured at purchasing power parity, large (often referred to as developing economies). differences remain Countries with average incomes of $12,196 or GDP per capita measured at PPP (constant 2005 international $) more in 2009 are classified as high-income or 35,000 developed economies. In 2009, the 1 billion Low- & middle-income 30,000 people in high-income economies had an High-income 25,000 average income of $38,139 a person; the 4.8 billion residents in middle-income 20,000 economies had average incomes of $3,385; 15,000 and the 1 billion people in low-income 10,000 economies earned only $504, with some as 5,000 low as $150. 0 1980 1990 2000 2009 To measure differences in welfare, Note: GDP in constant prices measures the total volume of goods and services produced in the global economy. comparisons of income among economies Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database should take into account differences in data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/income Comparing incomes: The share of developing economies is higher when measured using purchasing power parity See pp. 6­7 for more information GNI, PPP (current international $), 2009 GNI, Atlas method (current US$), 2009 East Asia & Pacific 16% East Asia & Pacific 10% Europe & Central Asia 5% Latin America & Europe & Caribbean 7% Central Asia 7% Middle East & North Africa 2% Latin America & Caribbean 8% South Asia 3% High- Middle East & North Africa 4% Sub-Saharan Africa 1% income 56% High- South Asia 7% income 72% Sub-Saharan Africa 2% Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 14 domestic price levels. This is done using PPPs. As the most comprehensive measure of living Using PPPs instead of market exchange rates, standards, GNI per capita is closely related to the standard of living among countries can other--nonmonetary--measures of the quality of be compared in real terms, as if the people life, such as life expectancy at birth, the mortality rate purchased goods and services at the same of children, and enrollment rates in school. Low prices. Measured using PPPs, developing incomes are both a cause and effect of low levels of economies receive 44 percent of world income. health, education, and other human development But when measured using the Atlas method outcomes. Poor people have a hard time obtaining they receive only 28 percent. The difference is good healthcare and education, while poor health due to the lower cost of services and nontraded and poor education leave them less able to improve goods in developing economies, a fact that their incomes. travelers frequently observe. Countries with higher GNI per capita often have higher life expectancy at birth .... Life expectancy at birth (years), 2008 Each square represents one country 90 United Kingdom 80 Norway United States 70 60 Sub-Saharan countries with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS: Angola, Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, 50 South Africa Gabon, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. Angola 40 30 20 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 GNI per capita (PPP $), 2008 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database .... and higher net school enrollment rates in secondary education Net enrollment rate for secondary school (%), 2007­2008 Each square represents one country 100 Norway Uzbekistan 90 United States 80 United Kingdom 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Niger 0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 GNI per capita (PPP $), 2008 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Rich and poor 15 Income GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method, 2009 Greenland (Den) Low-income countries ($995 or less) Faeroe Lower-middle-income countries ($996­$3,945) Islands Iceland (Den) Upper-middle-income countries ($3,946­$12,195) The Netherlands High-income countries ($12,196 or more) C a n a d a United no data Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco The Bahamas Islands (UK) Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic $3,594 Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe $6,971 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay $8,070 Uruguay Chile Argentina Fishing in rural Bangladesh to earn a living Largest economies, 2009 Gross national income, PPP current Rank Country international $ (billions) 1 United States 14,345 2 China 8,940 3 Japan 4,246 4 India 3,736 5 Germany 3,027 6 Russian Federation 2,609 7 United Kingdom 2,310 8 France 2,193 9 Brazil 1,988 10 Italy 1,887 16 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia $9,370 $6,793 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab China Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar $3,620 Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen India Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti $1,170 Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) $3,163 Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) $1,079 Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa $1,096 New Zealand Facts Internet links Of the 40 economies classified as low-income in 2009, 29 are in World Development data.worldbank.org/indicator Sub-Saharan Africa, 8 are in Asia, 2 are in Europe, and 1 is in Indicators database Latin America and the Caribbean. Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org/statistics Most economies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and Co-operation and North Africa, and Europe and Central Asia are middle-income economies. Development Statistics Portal Variations of income within each region can be large. For example, in International Monetary Fund dsbb.imf.org 2009 Botswana's GNI per capita surpassed $6,260, while GNI per capita Dissemination Standards in neighboring Mozambique was only $440. Bulletin Board Average GNI per capita in the low- and middle-income countries was United Nations Statistics unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama $2,956 in 2009, while in high-income economies it was $38,139. Division, National Accounts Main Aggregates database As of 2009, 26 economies had moved from developing to high-income International Comparison www.worldbank.org/data/icp status, 13 of them in the last three years. Program Rich and poor 17 Sustained growth is essential to reduce Economic growth reduces poverty poverty, but few developing countries-- Growth and opportunity and, among fast-growing developing especially low-income countries--have seen strong and steady growth in the past. Only countries, is closing the income one out of five low-income countries has gap with high-income economies. increased per capita income by 3.0 percent a But growth must be sustained over year or more since 1980. For many countries the long term and the gains from in Sub-Saharan Africa the 1990s brought economic growth must be shared to little or no growth. Growth accelerated in the following decade, however; since 2000 make lasting improvements in the more than half of all developing countries wellbeing of all people. The recent achieved an average growth of per capita financial crisis has interrupted that income of 3.2 percent a year or more. In process. Sub-Saharan Africa 13 countries grew faster than 3.2 percent a year and more than half The global recession in 2009 reversed years of grew by 2.1 percent or more, despite record economic growth formidable development challenges such High-income Low- & middle-income World as conflict and epidemic disease. GDP growth (annual %) The financial crisis, which began in 2007 10 and spread from high-income to low- and 8 middle-income economies in 2008, became 6 in 2009 the most severe global recession in 4 50 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) fell 2 by 3.3 percent in high-income economies 0 and grew by only 1.6 percent in developing -2 countries. The crisis was transmitted from -4 high-income countries to developing 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database countries as exports, private capital flows, Some developing country regions maintained growth data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/growth GDP growth, by region (%) See pp. 6­7 for more information 14 2007 12 2008 10 2009 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High-income Caribbean North Africa Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 18 commodity prices, and workers' remittances all exporters were hurt by dropping commodity declined. Many developing countries entered the prices. The region also suffered from falling crisis in better shape than in previous recessions, but remittances, lower tourism revenues, and for countries with large portions of their populations declines in private capital flows. Sub-Saharan clustered around the poverty line, even brief periods of Africa is particularly vulnerable to the economic slowdown can have severe effects. As a result severest consequences of the crisis because of the current crisis, 89 million more people are it includes 29 of the 40 poorest countries expected to end up living in extreme poverty by end-2010. in the world. In the poorest developing countries, health and education Although higher growth rates help outcomes move with the economic cycle; they deteriorate reduce global poverty, rising income during economic crisis and take a long time to recover. inequality weakens the poverty reduction World Bank research estimates that the current impact of economic growth. Even in fast- downturn could have resulted in 30,000 to 50,000 growing economies, poor people may additional infant deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2009. not share fully in the benefits of growth. Different parts of the world were hit differently by A country with high initial inequality will the crisis. Among developing regions, Europe and need to grow faster than a country with Central Asia fared the worst as GDP fell by 5.9 percent. more equal income distribution to achieve Latin America and the Caribbean economies contracted the same poverty reduction. If inequality by 1.8 percent. Mexico, which relies heavily on the U.S. increases, poverty reduction will be slower. market for its exports, saw output fall by 6.5 percent, the Since the mid-1990s, income inequality, as sharpest decline among major Latin America and the measured by the Gini coefficient, has Caribbean countries. China, with 8.7 percent rate of increased in slightly more than half of growth, managed to continue growing at nearly the same developing countries with available data. rate as before, while India did even better with a growth To achieve broad-based economic growth, rate of 7.7 percent in 2009 compared with 5.1 in 2008. all people must have equal opportunity to Growth in the Middle East and North Africa dropped participate. There are many ways to increase to 3.4 percent because of oil price declines and lower the opportunities for poor people. Access to exports to Europe. Sub-Saharan Africa barely grew as education, health services, and water and sanitation systems increases productivity. Inequality has increased in some countries, decreased in others Improvements to transportation and communication systems help improve Annual change in Gini coefficient in 71 developing countries, 1995­2008 Percentage point access to markets. Secure tenure to property 6 increases incentives for new investment. 4 Finally, protection through the rule of law Less equal 2 reduces risks and uncertainties that 0 undermine growth. -2 -4 More equal -6 -8 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Rich and poor 19 Economic growth average annual growth of GDP per capita, 2000­2009 Greenland (Den) less than 0.0% Faeroe 0.0­1.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 2.0­3.9% The Netherlands 4.0­5.9% C a n a d a United 6.0% or more Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin The Bahamas Islands (UK) Alg Turks and Caicos US Virgin Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Islands (US) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Small businesses, such as the one run by this dressmaker, Recent growth of GDP per capita contribute to economic growth Average annual growth Rank Country rate (%), 2000­2009 1 Azerbaijan 16.7 2 Vanuatu 14.3 3 Equatorial Guinea 13.6 4 Turkmenistan 12.3 5 Armenia 10.5 6 Angola 9.9 7 China 9.7 8 Belarus 8.7 9 Kazakhstan 7.9 10 Cambodia 7.3 20 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Sudan Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links The last 17 years saw a surge of growth, especially among countries World Development data.worldbank.org/indicator that opened their economies to trade and investment, maintained Indicators database sound monetary and fiscal policies, and strengthened the rule of law. In contrast to record economic growth from 2000 to 2007, the global economy fell by 2 percent in 2009 as a result of the 2008 World Bank www.worldbank.org/prospects financial crisis. Prospects for Development Among 10 developing countries with the highest GDP per capita growth in 2000­2009, 2 are from low-income economies and 1 is IMF World Economic Outlook www.imf.org/weo from Sub-Saharan Africa. GDP per capita growth varied substantially across the regions. OECD statistics www.oecd.org/statistics Whereas GDP per capita more than tripled in East Asia and Pacific between 1990 and 2008, it was still less than the GDP per capita in The Commission on www.growthcommission.org Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, and the Growth and Development Middle East and North Africa. Rich and poor 21 Inequality share of income going to the poorest quintile, Greenland (Den) 1992­2008, most recent year available Faeroe less than 4.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 4.0­5.9% The Netherlands 6.0­6.9% C a n a d a United 7.0­7.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 8.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin Islands (UK) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos Dominican US Virgin Mexico Islands (UK) Islands (US) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Ten countries with high inequality ratios Country, Income or Inequality population over 1 million Year consumption shares ratio One commonly used measure of income inequality is the Namibia 1993 income 53 inequality ratio, calculated as the ratio of income or Angola 2000 consumption 31 consumption shares of the richest 20 percent to the poorest Colombia 2006 income 27 20 percent of the population. A ratio of 10 means that the top 20 percent of the population earns (or spends) 10 times Haiti 2001 income 25 as much as the bottom 20 percent of the population. Honduras 2006 income 24 Generally the higher this ratio, the more unequal the income Panama 2006 income 23 distribution. Countries with high inequality ratios are mostly in Latin America and Africa. The highest inequality ratio Bolivia 2007 consumption 22 among Asian countries is 12. Botswana 1994 consumption 21 South Africa 2000 consumption 20 Brazil 2007 income 19 22 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Income inequalities between high-income countries and developing countries have improved compared with a decade ago. Still, in 2009 World Bank www.worldbank.org/wdr2006 an average high-income country's gross national income per capita World Development Report 2006 measured in purchasing power parity terms was 30 times that of an average low-income country and 6 times that of an average United Nations hdr.undp.org middle-income country. Development Programme Human Development Report Inequality within countries has significantly increased in many parts of the world, including Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Honduras, FYR Macedonia, and Peru. World Bank data.worldbank.org/indicator World Development Inequality ratios have improved significantly in some countries, Indicators database including Bolivia, Central African Republic, Lesotho, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. World Bank www.worldbank.org/poverty Inequality in access to schooling has fallen as school participation Poverty Reduction and Equity rates have risen in most countries. Rich and poor 23 Women sorting through freshly picked Poverty and deprivation remain, grains during harvest in Uzbekistan How poor is poor? but there has been progress. The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme poverty has fallen from about 42 percent in 1990 to slightly more than 25 percent in 2005, with about 1.4 billion people living on less than $1.25 a day. With rapid economic growth in many success, but greater effort will be required developing countries, poverty rates to further reduce poverty. have continued to fall, but progress For hundreds of millions of people, has been slowed by the recent poverty is a consequence of circumstances beyond their control. Poor health and lack economic and financial crisis. of education deprive people of productive The number of people living in extreme employment. People living in poverty poverty has been falling since the 1980s, perhaps are often unable to obtain sufficient for the first time in human history. A poverty nourishment to meet their daily needs, line set at $1.25 a day in 2005 purchasing power costing billions of dollars in lost productivity (revised from the previous $1.08 a day in 1993 and increasing their susceptibility to prices) is used as the working definition of disease. As many as 1 billion people, or extreme poverty. Based on this, the number of 14 percent of the world's population, were people living in extreme poverty fell from undernourished in 2008. But poverty is also 1.9 billion in 1981 to 1.8 billion in 1990 and to a cause of ill health and lack of education. about 1.4 billion in 2005. This is an important Poor people lack financial resources and are While the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day has fallen, the number living on between $1.25 and $2.00 a day has increased People living in poverty (millions) People living on more than $1.25 data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/poor a day, and less than $2.00 a day See pp. 6­7 for more information 3,000 All developing regions 2,500 People living on less than $1.25 a day 2,000 Other developing economies 1,500 East Asia & Pacific 1,000 South Asia 500 Sub-Saharan Africa 0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 Source: World Bank, PovcalNet 24 Purchasing power parity (PPP) and the international poverty line Children from poor households are more likely to be underweight To measure poverty in the world as a whole, a common standard is required. Because market exchange rates tend to understate the real incomes of developing countries and overstate the Prevalence of child malnutrition, underweight extent of poverty, PPPs are used to compare income and consumption levels between (% of underweight children under 5) countries. PPPs are calculated to compensate for differences in the price of goods and services 60 between countries. The result is a conversion factor that can be used like an exchange rate to convert values in one currency into those of a reference currency (such as the U.S. dollar). In 2008, new PPP estimates for 2005 became available from the International Comparison Poorest Program. The World Bank's original "$1 a day" international poverty line was based on the 50 poverty lines in the world's poorest countries. By focusing on the standards of the poorest Richest countries, the $1 a day line gave the global poverty measure a salience in focusing on the world's poorest. Using the new 2005 PPP rates, the international poverty line was revised to $1.25 a day, which is the average poverty line of the 15 poorest countries in the world. 40 further disadvantaged by lack of knowledge about how to access 30 basic social services. Compounded by weak social institutions, lack of adequate infrastructure, and environmental resources 20 that have been depleted or spoiled, they may become caught in poverty traps. A multidimensional development strategy, 10 coupled with good governance, is required to escape. The significant reduction in extreme poverty over the past 0 quarter century disguises large regional differences. The Bangladesh Jordan Congo, 2007 2007 Dem. Rep. 2007 greatest decline occurred in East Asia and the Pacific, led by Source: Demographic and Health Surveys China, where the poverty rate fell from 78 percent in 1981 to 17 percent in 2005 and the number of people living on less Average daily incomes of the extremely poor than $1.25 a day dropped more than 750 million. Over the same have stagnated in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean period, the poverty rate in South Asia fell from 59 percent to 41 percent. In contrast, the poverty rate has fallen only slightly Average daily income of the population below $1.25 poverty line ($,PPP) in Sub-Saharan Africa rising from 53 percent in 1981 to Latin America & Caribbean 59 percent in 1999, then dropping to 51 percent in 2005, while 1.0 Sub-Saharan Africa the number of people living in poverty nearly doubled. The Other developing economies Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) call for 1990 poverty 0.8 rates to be cut in half by 2015. At present many countries are falling short of that goal. The average daily income of those living on less than 0.6 $1.25 a day increased slightly in most regions during the 1990s. A marked exception is Sub-Saharan Africa, where 0.4 average income of the poor did not increase--remaining at a meager $0.73 a day--pointing to the severity and depth of poverty in this region. The number of people living on less 0.2 than $1.25 a day is expected to fall to less than 1 billion by 2015, but the number living on between $1.25 and $2.00 a day 0.0 will remain constant at about 1.1 billion for the next decade. 1981 1990 2005 Source: Chen and Ravallion, 2008, "The Developing World Is Poorer than These are still very poor people whose prospects will improve We Thought, but No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty" only through continued growth. Rich and poor 25 Poverty share of population living on less than Greenland (Den) $1.25 a day, 2005 Faeroe 50.0% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 25.0­49.9% 10.0­24.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 2.0­9.9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) less than 2.0% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Monaco Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) Portugal (UK) US Virgin Middle East & North Africa Morocco Islands (US) The Bahamas 1990: 10 million Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican 2005: 11 million Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Guinea Benin Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 1990: 50 million 2005: 45 million Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Public services are lacking in slum areas People living on less than $1.25 a day Number of people (millions, most recent data Developing country 2002­2008) India 475 China 211 Nigeria 97 Bangladesh 79 Indonesia 67 Congo, Dem. Rep. 38 Pakistan 38 Ethiopia 32 Philippines 20 Vietnam 18 26 Europe & Central Asia 1990: 9 million 2005: 17 million Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Lao Niger Oman P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) 1990: 873 million Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 2005: 316 million Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 1990: 579 million Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 2005: 596 million Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 1990: 297 million 2005: 388 million New Zealand Population living on less than $1.25 a day, 1990, 2005 Facts Internet links Africa has more countries with high poverty rates than any other World Bank PovcalNet iresearch.worldbank.org/ developing region, but Asia has the most people living in extreme Online Poverty Analysis Tool PovcalNet poverty. In China the number of people living in extreme poverty fell from World Bank: Country poverty www-wds.worldbank.org (go to By Doc Type in left hand bar and 835 million in 1981 to 208 million in 2005. assessment select Poverty Assessment from Economic and Sector Work) Although extreme poverty occurs mostly in rural areas, urban slums also have high poverty rates. United Nations Millennium www.unmillenniumproject.org Project If economic growth rates in developing countries are sustained, the poverty target of the Millennium Development Goal of halving Oxford Poverty and Human www.ophi.org.uk poverty by 2015 is likely to be achieved at the global level. Development Initiative Rich and poor 27 In developing countries, life expectancy We live in a world of unprecedented at birth increased steadily, from 47 years in Population growth and transition demographic change, which will 1960 to 67 years in 2008. Fertility rates declined, but at 2.7 births per woman, they shape the lives of our children remain well above those in high-income and grandchildren. We also live countries, fueling population growth as in a world of unprecedented births exceed deaths. Fertility rates are demographic diversity, resulting particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa from different changes in the key at five births per woman in 2008. determinants of population growth In high-income countries life expectancy and structure: fertility, mortality, has reached 80 years, 11 years longer than in 1960. The increase in life expectancy and migration. This diversity has coincided with income growth. With presents countries with different a fertility rate of 1.8 births per woman-- opportunities and challenges. well below replacement level--the average age of the population will rise, and The 20th century witnessed extraordinary population size may fall in the absence of growth of world population--from 1.6 billion immigration. A majority of international in 1900 to 6.1 billion in 2000, reaching migrants are from developing countries, 6.7 billion in 2008. Eighty-four percent of the and these migrants make up a significant world's people live in developing countries. part of population growth in industrial East and South Asia, with half the world's countries. However, the total number of population in 1960, added 2 billion people over migrants is too small to have much impact 50 years. Sub-Saharan Africa, whose population on population growth in most developing more than tripled in the same time period, countries. from 230 million to 820 million, had the The world's population is expected to highest population growth rate. grow to 7.2 billion in 2015 and 8.0 billion East and South Asia hold half the world's population, but population growth is the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/population Population (millions) 8,000 East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia South Asia See pp. 6­7 for more information 7,000 High-income Sub-Saharan Africa 6,000 Latin America & Caribbean 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 Source: World Bank estimates 28 Total fertility rate in Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be higher than Ninety percent of population growth occurs other regions in developing countries, particularly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Total fertility rate (births per woman) 2000 6 East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa 2008 Europe & Central Asia South Asia 5 High-income Sub-Saharan Africa 4 Latin America & Caribbean 3 Additional population (millions) 2 800 1 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan 700 Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: World Development Indicators database 600 in 2025, with 90 percent of the growth in developing countries. 500 Urbanization will intensify. About 90 percent of the additional population will be in urban areas. A third of people in urban 400 areas will live in slums that lack basic social services such as 300 clean water and sanitation and decent housing. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 60 percent of urban dwellers will be in slums. 200 The average age of the population will increase as fertility 100 slows down and people live longer. About 20 percent of the population will be 65 years and older in high-income countries 0 2008­2015 2015­2025 in 2025. The population will age at a higher rate in developing Source: World Bank estimates countries, although the share of elderly will remain lower than in high-income countries. In 2025, 9 percent of the Population is aging in both developing and high-income countries population in developing countries will be 65 and older, Population ages 65 and older a 45 percent increase since 2008. Population ages 15­64 Population ages 0­14 Future population growth, mainly concentrated in urban Age structure (% of total population) areas, poses challenges for many countries. Those which 100 6 7 9 cannot meet the needs of their current populations will 90 15 17 21 be hard pressed to provide more schools, healthcare, 80 employment opportunities, and infrastructure for growing populations. Although cities offer more favorable settings 70 to deliver services because of their advantages of scale and 60 65 66 66 proximity, the challenge is how to take advantage of their 67 50 66 possibilities. Aging populations bring their own burden 63 40 of chronic and non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and stroke, cancer, and diabetes. Such diseases 30 currently account for 60 percent of all deaths, and they 20 are rapidly increasing in developing countries, putting 29 27 25 10 18 17 additional pressure on health budgets. 16 0 2008 2015 2025 2008 2015 2025 Developing countries High-income Source: UN World Population Prospects, 2008 revision People 29 Population growth annual average growth rate, 2000­2009 Greenland (Den) 3.0% or more Faeroe 2.0­2.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0­1.9% The Netherlands 0.0­0.9% C a n a d a United less than 0.0% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) US Virgin Morocco Islands (US) The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 1.8% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Sahara Cuba Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 1.2% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Father and son in Bhutan Countries with the largest population in 2015 Projected population Rank Country (millions) 1 China 1,378 2 India 1,247 3 United States 323 4 Indonesia 248 5 Brazil 202 6 Pakistan 194 7 Nigeria 179 8 Bangladesh 176 9 Russian Federation 139 10 Japan 125 30 Europe & Central Asia 0.1% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 0.8% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 1.6% Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5% New Zealand Facts Internet links It took human history up to the early 1800s to reach 1 billion people; UN Population Information www.un.org/popin today the world gains 1 billion people every 12 to 14 years. Network UN Population Fund www.unfpa.org The world's population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, with virtually all population growth occurring in developing countries. Demographic and Health www.measuredhs.com Surveys Sub-Saharan Africa will experience the largest proportional increase in population, from 13 percent of the world's population today to World Bank HNPStats data.worldbank.org/data- 20 percent by 2050, while East Asia and Pacific's share, which stands catalog/health-nutrition-and- at 30 percent today, is expected to fall to 24 percent by 2050. population-statistics Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org 97 percent of population growth between 2008 and 2025 will occur in urban areas, the vast majority of them in developing countries. U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov People 31 Life expectancy life expectancy at birth, 2008 Greenland (Den) less than 50 years Faeroe Islands 50­59 years Iceland (Den) 60­69 years The Netherlands 70­74 years C a n a d a United Kingdom 75 years or more Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) US Virgin Morocco Islands (US) The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican 71 years Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 73 years Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina A child in Sub-Saharan Africa can only expect to reach, Economies with the longest and shortest life expectancies, 2008 on average, the age of 52 Longest years Japan 83 Hong Kong SAR, China 82 Switzerland 82 Italy 82 France 82 Shortest Swaziland 46 Zambia 45 Lesotho 45 Zimbabwe 44 Afghanistan 44 32 Europe & Central Asia 69 years Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 72 years Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 64 years Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 52 years New Zealand Facts Internet links Life expectancy at birth has reached 80 years in high-income UN Population Information www.un.org/popin countries, 11 years longer compared with 1960. South Asia and Network Sub-Saharan Africa have always had the shortest life expectancy. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa started at about the same level UN Population Fund www.unfpa.org of life expectancy in 1960, at 43 years and 41 years respectively, but today there is a 12-year gap between South Asia (64 years) and Demographic and Health www.measuredhs.com Sub-Saharan Africa (52 years). Surveys Life expectancy for Zimbabwe and Swaziland is over 15 years shorter today than in 1990, the result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. World Bank HNPStats data.worldbank.org/data- catalog/health-nutrition-and- Male life expectancy in Europe and Central Asia was shortened from population-statistics 65 years to 61 years between 1988 and 1994. Life expectancy started to recover and was back to 65 years in 2008. Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org In 8 countries, 5 of them in Europe and Central Asia, female life expectancy is longer by over 10 years. U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov People 33 The number of working children ages Across the developing world 5­17 has fallen by 30 million since 2000, Children at work 215 million children work as child down from 11 percent of the world's children to 7 percent. But in Sub-Saharan laborers. Some perform simple Africa, where the incidence of child labor tasks within the family; others is the highest at 25 percent, the number of endure long hours in harsh and child laborers increased to 65 million in damaging conditions. Children's 2008. Sixty percent of child laborers are work interferes with their education found in agriculture, and about 70 percent work for their own families without pay. and can affect normal physical and The number of children in hazardous work mental development, reducing has declined by 30 percent since 2000, but their prospects for leading healthy there are still 115 million children, more and productive lives. than half of all working children, engaged in hazardous occupations. Exposure to A quarter of children in Sub-Saharan Africa work as workplace hazards at an early age has child laborers consequences for children's immediate Child laborers by region, 2008 (% of children ages 5­17) safety and long-term health. 30 A substantial proportion of working 25 children manage to attend school, at least 20 some of the time. But children cannot 15 benefit from their time in the classroom if they are tired or stressed by work or 10 made ill by hazardous conditions at work. 5 And many drop out early to devote more 0 time to work. In the little time available to East Asia & Latin America & Sub-Saharan Other region Pacific Caribbean Africa them, children balancing school and work Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating Action against Child Labour, Geneva are unable to fully enjoy their rights to The largest sector for child labor is agriculture while the majority of children work as unpaid family members data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/children Child labor by sector (% of child laborers ages 5­17) Child labor by status in employment (% of child laborers ages 5­17) See pp. 6­7 for more information Not defined 7% Not defined 6% Self-employment 5% Unpaid family Industry 7% Agriculture 60% workers 68% Paid employment 21% Service 26% Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating Action against Child Labour, Geneva 34 As education level goes up, paid employment increases Brazil has rapidly reduced children's employment and raised school attendance Occupational type and level of education, ages 15­24, Senegal 2005­2006, (%) 100 Children's employment rate by age (%), Brazil 50 80 1992 40 1999 60 2008 30 40 20 20 0 10 No schooling Primary Secondary Higher Self-employment Unpaid family employment Paid employment 0 Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW) calculations based on Senegal Poverty Survey 2005­2006 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Age (years) leisure and rest. Girls are particularly disadvantaged because Children's school attendance by age (%), Brazil they often undertake household chores after work. 100 The effects of child labor extend into adulthood. Lacking 90 adequate education, young people are likely to wind up in low-paid, insecure work, or to be unemployed. They are 80 more likely to be self-employed or in unpaid family work 70 rather than paid employment. They also suffer from lower 1992 productivity, stigma, and lower job aspirations. 60 1999 2008 Child labor is not only a serious violation of the rights 50 of children, it has broader consequences for national 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Age (years) development. For too long, child labor has been seen as Source: UCW calculations based on Brazilian Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) surveys, 1992, 1999, and 2008 an isolated issue. Because it cuts across many development issues, including schooling, healthcare, labor market conditions, labor standards and legislation, and social Child laborers are often exposed to hazardous conditions protection, child labor requires action by governments, employers, labor organizations, schools, and by families Number of children exposed to specific work hazards, thousands, Mali 2005 themselves. Work underground Child carrying bricks in El Salvador Insufficient lighting Radiation Noisy environment Exposure to chemicals Dangerous tools Excessive hours Extreme temperatures Dust, fumes, gas 0 150 300 450 600 750 900 Source: UCW calculations based on l'Enquet nationale sur le travail des enfants au Mali 2005 Education 35 Children at work economically active children as a share of children Greenland (Den) ages 7­14, 1994­2007, most recent year available Faeroe 40% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 25­39% The Netherlands 15­24% C a n a d a United 5­14% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland less than 5% Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos Dominican Mexico Islands (UK) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 10% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Children on their way home from farmwork, Highest proportion of working children Son La province, northern Vietnam. Children at work (% of children ages 7­14, Rank Country MRY 2005­2009) 1 Benin 74 2 Sierra Leone 63 3 Ethiopia 56 4 Guinea-Bissau 51 5 Mali 50 6 Ghana 49 7 Zambia 48 8 Niger 47 9 Côte d'Ivoire 46 10 Cameroon 44 36 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 13% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 25% New Zealand Facts Internet links In Sub-Saharan Africa, 25 percent of the children work, compared with 10 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Understanding Children's www.ucw-project.org Work Project Slightly more boys are engaged in child labor than girls in all regions. But there are wide variations among countries. In Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, and Guatemala, the gender UNICEF Childinfo-- www.childinfo.org/labour.html difference is more than 10 percentage points. Child Labor More than half the child laborers work less than 24 hours per week. In Mongolia, Zambia, and Uganda, more than 90 percent of International Labour www.ilo.org/global/Themes/ children work in the agricultural sector. By contrast, in Mexico and Organization-- Child_Labour/lang--en/ R.B. Venezuela about half the children work in the service sector, Child Labor index.htm and less than 40 percent in the agriculture sector. Education 37 Progress has been made toward universal Since 1990, the world has primary education since 1990. In 2008, Education opens doors promised that by 2015 all children 88 percent of school-age children in the world were enrolled in primary schools. would be able to complete a full Primary completion rates--the proportion course of primary education. of children completing the last year of School enrollment rates are rising, primary school--directly measure progress but many children still do not toward this goal. Three regions--East Asia enroll, attend, or complete and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean--are close primary schooling. A good quality to enrolling all their primary-school-age education is the foundation of children. But South Asia and Sub-Saharan sustainable development and Africa, with primary completion rates of just poverty alleviation. Education 80 and 60 percent, respectively, are in danger accelerates improvement in of falling short. There are inequalities across and within countries. Children in poor other areas as well. families and those living in rural areas are less likely to enroll and attend school and Primary completion rates have improved, but regional differences remain more likely to drop out earlier. There are many reasons children drop out or never Primary completion rate (% of relevant age group) 120 attend school. Schools may be inaccessible or inadequate; teachers may be absent or 100 indifferent, especially in rural areas; parents 80 may not be able to afford school-related 60 costs; or there may be demands for 40 children's labor and their income. 20 Worldwide, some 70 million primary 1991 2008 1991 2008 1991 2008 1991 2008 1991 2008 1991 2008 0 school-age children remained out of school a an sia & pe & ica & ast & Asi har ca t A cific Euro l Asia mer bean le E Africa outh -Sa Afri in 2008. About 70 percent of these were in Eas Pa tra tin A Carib Midd rth S S ub n Ce La No Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/education Children from poor families and those living in rural areas are less likely to complete schooling See pp. 6­7 for more information Primary completion rate by wealth quintile Poorest quintile Year of schooling by urban-rural residence, Urban (% of relevant age group), 2007 Richest quintile ages 15­19, Zambia 2007 (%) Rural 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Dominican Rep. Yemen, Rep. Zambia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Years of schooling Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey Source: World Bank Edstats database 38 Community school in Macaci, a suburb of Abidjan-- Beyond primary schooling Centre d'Action Communautaire, Côte d'Ivoire To compete in today's knowledge- driven economy and shifting global markets, countries need a flexible, skilled work force, able to create and apply knowledge. This is usually achieved through strong secondary and tertiary education systems. While all regions have made progress in expanding secondary and tertiary enrollments between 1991 and 2008, there are disparities. Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean have enrollment rates Enrollment is an important measure of school participation, of about 90 percent in secondary but it does not always indicate successful education. Many education. In Sub-Saharan Africa, students who are enrolled on the first day of school do not where primary enrollment is lower actually attend during some or part of the year, or unenrolled than all other regions, the secondary children might attend schools during the school year. Hence enrollment ratio is even lower, about there is an increased focus on measuring and monitoring school 35 percent. Only Europe and Central attendance. But attendance alone does not guarantee that Asia has tertiary enrollment reaching children receive quality education, and despite an obvious 50 percent. interest in what education achieves, it is not easy to systematically Achievements in secondary and tertiary monitor learning outcomes and achievement. But it is enrollment vary among regions important to go beyond enrollment to understand whether Gross enrollment ratio, 2008 (% of relevant age group) children actually attend and stay in schools, and learn what 100 they are taught. Secondary Enrollment does not always mean attendance 80 Tertiary Primary school Primary school net enrollment ratio net attendance ratio MRY 2003­2008 MRY 2003­2008 60 male female male female East Asia & Pacific * 98 97 88 88 40 Europe & Central Asia 92 90 94 92 Latin America & Caribbean 95 95 92 93 20 Middle East & North Africa 92 88 85 81 0 South Asia 87 82 83 79 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E b-S Am Eas So Sub-Saharan Africa 76 70 65 63 dd Su in Mi Lat * Excludes China Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Source: UNICEF, 2010, State of the World's Children Education 39 Education for all primary completion rate, 2005­2009, Greenland (Den) most recent year available Faeroe less than 50% Islands Iceland (Den) 50­69% The Netherlands 70­84% C a n a d a United 85­94% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 95% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco Islands (UK) The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 95% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 101% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Children on the way to school looking out on Lowest primary completion rates, MRY 2005­2008 terraced fields in Bhutan Completion rate Rank Country (%, MRY 2005­2008) 1 Chad 31 2 Central African Republic 33 3 Burkina Faso 38 4 Afghanistan 39 5 Niger 40 6 Burundi 45 7 Eritrea 47 8 Côte d'Ivoire 48 9 Ethiopia 52 10 Congo, Dem. Rep. 53 40 Europe & Central Asia 96% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 99% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 79% Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 64% New Zealand Facts Internet links There are 70 million children of primary school age who are out of UNESCO www.unesco.org school. About 50 percent of them are in Sub-Saharan Africa. UNESCO Institute for Statistics www.uis.unesco.org Latin America and the Caribbean has one of the highest primary World Bank Edstats data.worldbank.org/ net enrollment rates at 94 percent, but also one of the highest data-catalog/ed-stats percentage of repeaters at 10 percent--the same level as that of Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest net enrollment ratio. Demographic and www.measuredhs.com Health Surveys In the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, the adult literacy gap between men and women is more UNICEF Childinfo--Education www.childinfo.org/ than 20 percentage points. The gap is much smaller among young education.html people ages 15­24, reflecting the recent improvement in education participation. UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg Education 41 health facility, combined with ready access to Empowering women through other levels of care. When childbirth-related Gender and development--the role of infrastructure education and labor market complications occur, there is a need for timely and safe transport of the mother to a opportunities leads to faster and healthcare center with the necessary drugs, more equitable development. equipment, and other supplies for effective Women allocate more time than management of the problem. men to household chores such as Transport plays a critical role in access to fetching water and collecting fuel services and in the overall effectiveness of wood, often at the expense of their the referral process for maternal health. In health and more productive work. effect, transport and road infrastructure act as a key link between potential accessibility Roads, water systems, and other and actual utilization of health and obstetric types of infrastructure can reduce services. Transport services are particularly the conflict between women's important in sparsely populated rural areas productive and reproductive roles of most developing countries, where health and thus increase their economic facilities that provide maternal services tend to be widely dispersed. In many countries, empowerment. women living in rural and remote areas have Transport and Reproductive Health less easy access to health services than women Access to appropriate healthcare can have living close to urban centers. And these a tremendous impact on maternal mortality distances are aggravated if the quality and rates. Three-quarters of the current maternal efficiency of road infrastructure is poor. deaths could be averted if the full range of The majority of women in Mali and Haiti, services and interventions were provided to for example, live in communities accessible all women. These include antenatal care and a only by seasonal roads, which can become skilled attendant during delivery, preferably in a impassable during the rainy season. Women in urban areas are more likely to deliver at a Distance to a health facility is an obstacle for many health facility than women in rural areas women in rural areas when accessing healthcare Births at health facility (% of total) Percentage of women who said distance to health facility is a problem when accessing healthcare data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/gender 100 Urban 100 Urban See pp. 6­7 for more information Rural Rural 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Bangladesh Kenya Philippines Congo, Honduras Liberia Nepal Nigeria Philippines 2007 2008­2009 2008 Dem. Rep. 2005­2006 2007 2006 2008 2008 2007 Source: Demographic and Health Surveys Source: Demographic and Health Surveys 42 In many countries women shoulder the burden in collecting water Percentage of households reporting adult women and men as the usual person collecting water, 2005­2006 100 Women Men 80 60 40 20 0 Kazakhstan Mongolia Kyrgyz Rep. Belarus Vietnam Thailand Ghana Yemen, Rep. Bangladesh Source: Nishta Sinha, 2010, "Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence," World Bank Water activities and work longer hours than The availability of safe and adequate quantities of drinking men. The savings in time and drudgery water nearby reduces the physical burden of carrying water of collecting water are not only and lowers the risk of waterborne infections. In 1990, almost important on their own merit but are 1 billion people in developing countries lacked convenient also instrumental in increasing women's access to a safe water source. participation in economic and socially Among developing-country households that have to collect beneficial activities. water from a source outside their home, the task of fetching While there is considerable evidence water is mostly carried out by women and girls. Recent surveys of time savings from improved show that in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Nepal, infrastructure in poor households, for example, women are the primary water carriers in the "tradeoff " between income-earning 85 percent of the households. In most parts of the world activities and household chores may women spend more time than men on water collection mean increased health risks for women, or using girls' labor to substitute for mothers. Girls' schooling is often In most parts of the world women spend more time than men on water collection activities jeopardized by mothers using them to collect water and fuel wood. In addition, Time spent on fetching water (minutes per day) providing improved and safe water Women Men facilities does not necessarily lead to Benin (1998) 45 12 changes in women's practices; for the South Africa (2000) 8 3 benefits to be realized, additional Madagascar (2001) 27 9 institutional support, such as access Ghana (1998­1999) 41 33 to credit, to markets for income India (2000) 43 30 generating activities, or to education, Source: Nishta Sinha, 2010, "Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence," World Bank may be required. Education 43 Gender equity ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary Greenland (Den) education, 2005­2009, most recent year available Faeroe less than 80% Islands Iceland (Den) 80­89% The Netherlands 90­97% C a n a d a United 98­100% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 101% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 96% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 102% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Students taking year-end exams at Martyr Kardi School Countries with lowest girls to boys ratio in in Sana'a, Yemen primary and secondary schools, MRY 2005­2008 Ratio (%, MRY Rank Developing country 2005­2006) 1 Afghanistan 58 2 Chad 64 3 Yemen, Rep. 66 4 Benin 73 5 Niger 74 6 Togo 75 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. 76 8 Guinea 77 9 Eritrea 77 10 Mali 78 44 Europe & Central Asia 97% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 102% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 91% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 88% New Zealand Facts Internet links In 2008, 64 percent of 800 million people who were illiterate were World Bank www.worldbank.org/genderstats women--a share that has remained unchanged since 1990. Genderstats In 2008, there were 96 girls for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school in developing countries compared with 87 girls per 100 boys UNESCO Institute www.uis.unesco.org in 1991. Despite this progress, schools are still out of reach for many for Statistics girls. In Afghanistan and Somalia, less than 70 girls per 100 boys were in primary school. UNICEF Childinfo-- www.childinfo.org/education.html Education In Sub-Saharan Africa, where secondary enrollment rates are the lowest, the median ratio of girl's to boy's enrollment rates UN Development www.unifem.org is 81 percent. Fund for Women Women's political participation remains low in both developed and developing countries. Only 19 percent of parliament seats were Inter-Parliamentary www.ipu.org occupied by women globally in 2009. Union Education 45 Women in employment share of women in total employment, 2008 Greenland (Den) less than 25% Faeroe Islands 25­34% (Den) Iceland 35­39% The Netherlands 40­44% C a n a d a United Kingdom 45% or more Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 25% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 40% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Maputo-Fapel, paper mill and paper recycling factory; Economies with lowest share of women working in the recycling section female employment Share of women Rank Economy (%, 2008) 1 Qatar 10 2 United Arab Emirates 14 3 Saudi Arabia 15 4 Iraq 17 5 Jordan 17 6 Oman 18 7 Pakistan 19 8 West Bank and Gaza 19 9 Syrian Arab Republic 19 10 Afghanistan 22 46 Europe & Central Asia 44% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 45% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 29% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 42% New Zealand Facts Internet links Women are more likely than men to be vulnerable workers--that is, World Bank www.worldbank.org/genderstats less likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against Genderstats economic shocks. In developing countries, 65 percent of women were in vulnerable jobs compared with 57 percent for men. UN Development www.unifem.org Fund for Women Only 26 percent of women in the Middle East and North Africa were in the labor force--the lowest among all the regions. More than half of the employed women in this region were vulnerable workers. Inter-Parliamentary www.ipu.org Union Women's share in nonagricultural paid employment has risen slowly since 1990. It remains below 20 percent in the Middle East and North Africa and in South Asia. OECD Wikigender www.wikigender.org Education 47 antiretroviral drugs, safe drinking water, and In 2008, 9 million children died sanitation have all contributed to this decline. Children under 5--struggling to survive before their fifth birthday. Of these, Child mortality is increasingly the vast majority died from causes concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and that are preventable through a South Asia, where under-5 mortality rates are 144 and 76 per 1,000, respectively. combination of good care, nutrition, In high-income countries the mortality rate and simple medical treatment. is less than one-tenth that. Half of all child Child mortality is closely linked deaths occurred in only five countries-- to poverty, and poor children are India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the twice as likely to die before their Congo, Pakistan, and China. India and Nigeria together account for nearly one-third of the fifth birthday compared with total number of under-5 deaths worldwide. children from rich families. Under-5 mortality is higher among children Child mortality has improved in every living in rural areas and in poorer region since 1970, when one in six children households. These children are less likely died before the age of 5. By 2008, this rate had to have access to good-quality healthcare fallen to 1 in 14 children. Latin America and or to avail themselves of these services. the Caribbean and the Middle East and North Good childcare practices, such as early Africa made the greatest progress: child and exclusive breastfeeding, and low-cost mortality in 2008 was less than one-fifth the treatment and interventions, such as level of 1970. Much of the decline in these antibiotics for respiratory infections, oral two regions in recent years was fueled by rehydration for diarrhea, immunization, improvements among the poorest segments and the use of treated bednets and of the population. Improved healthcare and appropriate drugs in malarial regions, can public health measures such as immunization, prevent many unnecessary deaths. However, use of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria only 16 percent of children sleep under prevention, prevention of mother-child HIV treated bednets in Sub-Saharan Africa, transmission, and increased access to where 90 percent of malaria deaths occur. data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/children5 Great progress has been made in reducing child mortality, but Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind See pp. 6­7 for more information Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia 250 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 200 150 100 50 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality estimation 48 Children of a slum-dwelling family have a high risk of dying Every region reduced the number of child before the age of 5 deaths except Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia South Asia High-income Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean Number of under-5 deaths (millions) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1990 2000 2008 Source: Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality estimation About 40 percent of children with respiratory infections are Children in poor households are more likely to die compared with the children in rich not taken to health providers and 20 percent of children in households developing countries lack immunization against measles. Poorest Richest Improved public services, such as safe water and sanitation Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000) by quintile 200 and education, especially for girls and mothers, can help 160 save children's lives. Greater effort is needed to make sure the services reach poor families and people in rural areas 120 because they suffer the most and are the hardest to reach. 80 40 Nutrition and child mortality 0 Malnutrition is implicated in one-third of all child deaths Dominican Republic Congo, Dem. Rep. 2007 2007 worldwide. Malnutrition weakens children's immune Source: Demographic and Health Surveys systems and reduces resistance to diseases. The process often begins at birth, when poorly nourished mothers give Children living in rural areas are more likely to die compared with the children in urban birth to underweight babies. Improper feeding and areas childcare practices contribute to worsen malnutrition. Urban Rural In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, over 40 percent of Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000) 120 children under 5 are stunted, or too short for their age, as a 100 result of chronic malnutrition. Breast milk alone is the ideal 80 nourishment for infants for the first six months, providing 60 all of the nutrients as well as antibodies that help to prevent 40 disease. However, exclusive breastfeeding is often stopped 20 in favor of commercial breast milk substitutes or early 0 introduction of solid or soft foods. Less than 40 percent of Philippines Senegal 2008 2008­2009 infants under six months in developing countries enjoy the Source: Demographic and Health Surveys benefit of exclusive breastfeeding. Health 49 Child mortality under-5 mortality rate per 1,000, 2008 Greenland (Den.) 100 or more Faeroe 35­99 Islands (Den) Iceland 20­34 The Netherlands 10­19 C a n a d a United less than 10 Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 34 Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 23 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Nurse in Sri Lanka treating a young boy Highest prevalence of under-5 mortality rate Prevalence Rank Country (per 1,000, 2008) 1 Afghanistan 257 2 Angola 220 3 Chad 209 4 Somalia 200 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 199 6 Guinea-Bissau 195 7 Mali 194 8 Sierra Leone 194 9 Nigeria 186 10 Central African Republic 173 50 Europe & Central Asia 22 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 29 Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 76 Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 144 New Zealand Facts Internet links 8.8 million children a year die before their fifth birthday, more than UNICEF Childinfo-- www.childinfo.org/ 40 percent of them during their first four weeks of life. At least Child Mortality mortality.html two-thirds of all child deaths are preventable. World Health Organization-- www.who.int/child_adolescent_ Child and Adolescent health/data/child/en Substantial progress has been made toward reducing child mortality. Health and Development In 2008, 10,000 fewer children under age 5 died every day compared World Bank HNPstats data.worldbank.org/data- with 1990, and the rate of decline in under-5 mortality increased catalog/health-nutrition-and- between 2000 and 2008. population-statistics Four diseases--pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and AIDS--accounted Demographic and Health www.measuredhs.com for 43 percent of all deaths in children under 5 worldwide in 2008. Surveys UN MDG unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg Child deaths have decreased since 1990 in all regions except Sub-Saharan Inter-agency Group for www.who.int/child_adolescent_ Africa, where they increased from 4.2 million to 4.5 million by 2008. Child Mortality Estimation health/data/child/en Health 51 Malnourished children proportion of children under 5 Greenland (Den) who are underweight, 2000­2008, most recent year available Faeroe Islands 30% or more Iceland (Den) 20­29% The Netherlands 10­19% C a n a d a United Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 5­9% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) less than 5% Luxembourg Fra no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 12% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Dominica Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 4% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Malnourished children are vulnerable to diseases Highest rates of malnutrition Children under 5 Rank Country (%, 2003­2008) 1 India 44 2 Yemen, Rep. 43 3 Bangladesh 41 4 Timor-Leste 41 5 Niger 40 6 Nepal 39 7 Burkina Faso 37 8 Madagascar 37 9 Ethiopia 35 10 Eritrea 35 52 Turkey Kazakhstan 4% 5% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates Bangladesh India Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 12% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Singapore Dem. Rep. Rwanda of Congo Indonesia Nauru Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 41% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 25% New Zealand Facts Internet links Malnutrition is an underlying cause for one-third of all child deaths worldwide. WHO Global Database on www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en Child Growth and Nutrition One-quarter of children under 5 (about 130 million) in developing countries are underweight. Ten percent of them are severely underweight. UNICEF Childinfo-- www.childinfo.org/ Undernutrition undernutrition.html South Asia has the highest prevalence of underweight children, with more than 40 percent of children under 5 underweight. In contrast, Latin America and the Caribbean has the lowest prevalence of UNICEF Health Statistics www.unicef.org/health/index_ underweight children at 4 percent. statistics.html Children in rural areas are nearly twice as likely to be underweight as those in urban areas, and poor children are more than twice as FAO Food Security Statistics www.fao.org/faostat/ likely to be underweight as rich children. foodsecurity Health 53 The risk of maternal death is often Having a baby is a happy event. seeded early in a poor childhood. When Improving the health of mothers But for many mothers, it is also malnourished girls become mothers, they are more vulnerable to complications or life-threatening. More than 350,000 death during delivery. These mothers often women die each year from pregnancy- do not have adequate access to healthcare related causes, although most of before, during, and after pregnancy, them are avoidable with access to resulting in untreated complications and healthcare and prompt medical higher risk of death. Three-quarters of all maternal deaths occur during and procedures. Ninety-nine percent immediately after delivery. Care by skilled of all maternal deaths occur in health staff is crucial for handling normal developing countries, the majority in deliveries safely, recognizing the onset of poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa complications, and referring the mother and South Asia. for emergency care as needed. Less than half of births were attended by skilled Women are at a much higher risk of dying during health staff in South Asia and Sub-Saharan childbirth in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Africa, compared to 99 percent in high- Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) income countries. 1,000 Prenatal care during pregnancy presents 800 important opportunities to provide 600 pregnant women with interventions that 400 may be vital to their health and wellbeing 1990 2005 1990 2005 and that of their infants. Eighty-two percent 1990 2005 200 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 0 of pregnant women had at least one prenatal rib a & a Afr ran e Pac ia & al A & Afr & Asi om visit in developing countries. But in any n ica ific sia ica rth ast ntr pe bea ha Ca eric s c uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in -Sa Am Eas So country poor women are much less likely gh dd b Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: WHO; UNICEF; UNFPA; World Bank, 2007, Maternal Mortality in 2005. to receive care by skilled health staff. A mother's death is not just a human Mothers in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa still tragedy but also an economic and social lack adequate healthcare during childbirth data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/mothers catastrophe for the family. Her children Births attended by skilled health staff (%) lose an opportunity of mother's nurture See pp. 6­7 for more information 100 and too often the chance of education, 80 leading the family even further into poverty. 60 Maternal deaths are both caused by poverty 40 and a cause of it. 20 Compounding the risks of poor 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 0 reproductive healthcare are poorly timed rib a & a Afr ran e Pac ia & al A & Afr & Asi om and inadequately spaced births, which n ica ific sia ica rth ast ntr pe bea ha Ca eric s c uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in -Sa Am Eas So gh expose women to frequent pregnancies dd b Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: UNICEF; Macro International in short intervals. Although cheap and 54 easy methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies are become a form of social contraception available, every year more than 100 million couples, or for women. A woman's education 17 percent of married women, wanting to avoid pregnancy provides knowledge and skills to do not use contraception. As a result, 40 percent of improve the nutritional and health pregnancies are unintended, and a quarter of pregnant status of the family and build job skills women seek abortions; over a third of these abortions are that allow her to join the workforce and performed by untrained providers and 70,000 women die marry later in life, and gives her the every year because of them. Contraceptive use among women power to say how many children she in developing countries has risen, from less than 10 percent wants and when. These are enduring in 1960 to 61 percent in 2008. But there is much variation. qualities she will hand down to her In Sub-Saharan Africa, only about 23 percent of women daughters as well. plan their pregnancies. Teenage pregnancies are high risk for both mother and Contraceptive use is particularly low in Sub-Saharan Africa child. They are more likely to result in premature delivery, Contraceptive prevalence (% of married women low birthweight, delivery complications, and death. About ages 15­49) 14 million girls ages 15­19 give birth each year, accounting 100 for more than 10 percent of all births. In addition to the risk 80 of death during pregnancy and childbirth, which is twice as 60 high as for older pregnant women, adolescent mothers often give up opportunities for education and future employment 40 and earnings. 20 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 In the long run, promoting girls' and women's education 0 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast and offering them opportunities for success are just as ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA le E b-S Am Eas So dd important in reducing birth rates as promoting contraception Su No in Mi Lat and family planning. Education and greater gender equity Source: UNICEF; Macro International Adolescent fertility rate is decreasing everywhere, but with large Poor women receive less care during variation among regions pregnancy East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Poorest Richest Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Pregnant women receiving prenatal care Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15­19) by quintile (%) 100 140 80 120 100 60 80 40 60 20 40 0 Bangladesh Indonesia Liberia 20 2007 2007 2007 Source: Demographic and Health Surveys 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: UN World Population Prospects, 2008 Health 55 Total fertility rate births per woman, 2008 Greenland (Den) 5.0 or more Faeroe Islands 3.5­4.9 (Den) Iceland 2.2­3.4 The Netherlands 1.5­2.1 C a n a d a United Kingdom less than 1.5 Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 2.8 Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 2.2 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Women's education and gender equality has Countries with low levels of helped reduce total fertility in South Asia contraceptive use, 2005­2008 Contraceptive use (% of married women Rank Country 15­49, 2005­2008 MRY) 1 Sudan 8 2 Mali 8 3 Sierra Leone 8 4 Burundi 9 5 Guinea 9 6 Mauritania 9 7 Guinea-Bissau 10 8 Niger 11 9 Liberia 11 10 Senegal 12 56 Europe & Central Asia 1.8 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 1.9 Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 2.9 Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 5.1 New Zealand Facts Internet links Half a million women die each year because of pregnancy-related UNICEF--Maternal and www.unicef.org/health/index_ causes. For every woman who dies, at least 20 others suffer injuries, Newborn Health maternalhealth.html infection, and disability. Almost all maternal deaths are preventable. UNICEF Childinfo-- www.childinfo.org/health.html Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which bear the greatest burden Maternal Health of maternal mortality, also have the lowest levels of skilled birth World Health Organization-- www.who.int/topics/maternal_ attendance, at 46 percent and 42 percent respectively. Maternal Health health/en Eighty percent of women in the developing world receive antenatal World Bank HNPstats data.worldbank.org/data- care from a skilled health provider at least once during pregnancy. catalog/health-nutrition-and- But less than half of all pregnant women benefit from four population-statistics antenatal visits. Inter-agency Group on www.safemotherhood.org Safe Motherhood Of 50 million abortions performed every year, about 18 million are unsafe. Seventy thousand of them result in death. UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg Health 57 Almost 70 percent of people living with Communicable diseases Communicable diseases such as HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria women and children are especially vulnerable to the disease. Women constitute kill millions of people each year. 60 percent of adults ages 15 to 49 living with They exact a terrible toll on society HIV, and 86 percent of all HIV-positive and the economies of developing children live in the region. Infants are often countries. Although international at high risk of infection through mother-to- awareness and funding to fight child transmission. epidemic diseases have increased, Tuberculosis, still a major cause of illness much remains to be done. and death worldwide, is becoming more dangerous with the spread of drug-resistant Every day, over 7,400 people are infected strains. Fifteen countries with the highest with HIV, and more than 5,500 die from AIDS. tuberculosis incidence rates are located in The number of people living with HIV reached Asia and Africa. Together they account for 33.4 million in 2008, even though the global 85 percent of all tuberculosis cases. Poor spread of HIV appeared to have leveled off in people are especially vulnerable to the disease the mid-1990s. The number continues to rise due to underlying health problems and because better care and antiretroviral therapy, limited access to treatment. Tuberculosis is which suppresses the HIV virus and stops the the leading cause of death among people who progression of HIV to AIDS, have kept more are HIV-positive, accounting for up to half people alive for longer. Antiretroviral therapy of all AIDS deaths worldwide. Drug-resistant expanded by a factor of 10 over the past five tuberculosis strains are caused by inconsistent years. In 2008, 4 million people in developing or partial treatment, wrong treatment countries received antiretroviral therapy. regimens, or unavailability of drugs. HIV prevalence is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Antiretroviral therapy expanded by 10 times Africa over the past 5 years HIV prevalence rate, adults ages 15­49 (%) East, South & Southeast Asia Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 6 Latin America & Caribbean data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/HIV See pp. 6­7 for more information 5 Number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries, by region, 2002­2008 (thousands) 4 5,000 3 4,000 2 3,000 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 1 2,000 2000 2008 2000 2008 2000 2008 0 1,000 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea ha Ca eric s th Ce Euro tA No dle E -Sa u Am Eas So 0 b d Su End End End End End End End in Mi Lat 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: UNAIDS and WHO Source: WHO 58 Tuberculosis deaths are leveling off, but remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa Many more children are sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Children sleeping under ITN (% of children under age 5) Tuberculosis death rate including HIV (per 100,000 people) Rwanda 2007­2008 120 2000 2006 Gambia, The 2000 100 São Tomé and 2006 Príncipe 2000 80 2008 Zambia 1999 60 2006 Guinea-Bissau 2000 40 2006 Togo 2000 20 2007 Ethiopia 2005 2008­2009 0 Senegal 2000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Ghana Source: WHO 2003 2008 Sierra Leone 2000 Malaria causes nearly 1 million deaths each year, primarily 2007­2008 Tanzania among children below age 5 and pregnant women. Ninety percent 1999 2006 of all malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insecticide- Malawi 2000 treated nets are one of the most effective ways to prevent 2006 Benin 2001­2002 malaria transmission as these nets provide a physical barrier Central African 2006 Republic 2000 against the bite of an infected mosquito. In addition, a net 2006 Cameroon 2000 treated with insecticide provides additional protection by 2006 Burkina Faso repelling or killing mosquitoes that rest on the net--an 2003 2006 Uganda important protective effect that extends beyond the individual 2000­2001 2005 to the community. The use of treated bednets among children Burundi 2000 in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased rapidly, from 2 percent in Niger 2006 2000 2000 to 16 percent in 2008, although it is still too low to cover 2008 Nigeria 2003 everybody who is at risk. In addition to the use of treated Congo, 2007 Dem. Rep. 2001 bednets, malaria control depends on surveillance, efficient 2006 Côte d'Ivoire public health measures, education, and access to medications. 2000 Swaziland 2006­2007 2000 Increase in non-communicable diseases 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Source: UNICEF Urbanization, aging populations, and a globalized lifestyle combine to make chronic and non-communicable diseases, comes on top of an unfinished agenda such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and injuries, on communicable diseases. This shift increasingly important causes of mortality and morbidity in of epidemiological burden of diseases developing countries. The increase in non-communicable will result in many developing diseases, accompanied by a shift in the distribution of death countries, especially low-income and disease from younger to older people as the population countries, struggling to allocate their ages, will affect service delivery and the allocation of health health budgets among old and new budgets. The rise of chronic, non-communicable diseases priorities. Health 59 HIV/AIDS adult HIV prevalence, 2007 Greenland (Den) 15.0% or more Faeroe 5.0­14.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0­4.9% The Netherlands 0.5­0.9% C a n a d a United less than 0.5% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 0.1% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 0.5% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Campaign to fight HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa Countries with the highest prevalence rates, 2007 Prevalence of HIV (% of population Rank Country ages 15­49) 1 Swaziland 26.1 2 Botswana 23.9 3 Lesotho 23.2 4 South Africa 18.1 5 Namibia 15.3 6 Zimbabwe 15.3 7 Zambia 15.2 8 Mozambique 12.5 9 Malawi 11.9 10 Kenya 7.8 60 Europe & Central Asia 0.6% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Serbia Hungary Moldova Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 0.2% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 0.3% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 5.0% New Zealand Facts Internet links 33.4 million people were living with HIV in 2008; 2.1 million of World Health Organization www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis them were children under 15 years, and 16 million were women. on Tuberculosis, Malaria, www.who.int/topics/malaria Every day, over 7,400 persons become infected with HIV and about and HIV/AIDS www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids 5,500 persons die from AIDS. UNAIDS www.unaids.org Almost 90 percent of children living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank HNPstats data.worldbank.org/data- 90 percent of all malaria deaths currently occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, catalog/health-nutrition-and- and most of these deaths are among children under 5. population-statistics One-third of the world's total population has latent tuberculosis infections. One in every 10 of those people will become sick with UNICEF Childinfo on www.childinfo.org/malaria.html active TB in his or her lifetime. Malaria and HIV/AIDS www.childinfo.org/hiv_aids.html Chronic and non-communicable diseases such as heart disease UNICEF on Malaria and www.unicef.org/health/index_ and stroke, cancer, and diabetes are increasing due to aging and HIV/AIDS malaria.html unhealthy lifestyle including, unhealthy food, lack of exercise, and www.unicef.org/aids/index_ smoking, and account for 60 percent of all deaths. documents.html Health 61 Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the Structure of the world's economy Services, the most rapidly growing overall output of an economy. It is the sum of sector of the global economy, now value added in agriculture (including forestry and fisheries), industry (including mining account for almost 70 percent of and manufacturing), and the service sector world output. Developing (including government and private services). economies are becoming As economies develop, they typically shift from important producers of the production and export of agricultural and manufactured goods; for many, mining commodities to manufactured goods, and later to services. In many high-income however, the natural resource economies more than 70 percent of GDP sectors, especially agriculture is produced in the service sector. and mining, continue to be the Services now account for 53 percent of the main sources of income. output of middle-income economies, although some countries--such as Jordan, Panama, and South Africa--have maintained large service sectors for some time. In low-income Services now account for two-thirds of global output Value added in services (% of GDP) High-income Middle-income Low-income 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/economy Service sectors are growing rapidly in both East Asia and Pacific, and South Asia See pp. 6­7 for more information Value added in services (1990=100) 500 East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean 450 Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 62 Many countries are still dependent on agricultural employment Although the service sector can contribute more than 70 percent of Agricultural employment as a share of total employment, 2005­2007 (%) GDP in high-income economies... Madagascar Ethiopia Tanzania Albania Georgia Bangladesh Armenia Pakistan Morocco Thailand 0 20 40 60 80 100 Source: International Labour Office, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, Sixth edition economies, the service sectors are growing and now produce almost 50 percent of the output. East Asia and the Pacific, led by China, and South Asia, led by India, have increased their service output in real terms by more than threefold since 1990. Although the service sector is growing everywhere, agriculture remains of great importance to developing economies. Agriculture not only feeds a growing population, it produces raw materials for industries such as rubber and timber. Increases in oil prices have resulted in additional demand for food crops, such as corn and sugar cane, used to produce biofuels. Higher prices for agricultural products will raise the incomes of producers, but higher food prices ...agriculture is still of major also reduce the welfare of consumers. importance in developing countries In 2008, value added in agriculture as a share of GDP was over 40 percent in seven low-income economies, all of them in Africa. Agriculture is also an important source of employment, accounting for over 40 percent of the labor force in 24 countries, over 50 percent in 8 countries, and as much as 82 percent in Madagascar. Not only low-income economies but also some middle-income economies remain dependent on agriculture. In Ethiopia and Tanzania, agriculture accounts for 80 and 75 percent, respectively, of total employment. In comparison, agricultural employment made up 4 percent of total employment in Japan, 2 percent in Germany, 1 percent in the United States and the United Kingdom, and less than 1 percent in Argentina. Economy 63 Agricultural output share of value added in agriculture in GDP, Greenland (Den) 2004­2009, most recent year available Faeroe 25% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 15­24% 10­14% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 3­9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland less than 3% Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 11% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 7% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay 7% Uruguay Chile Argentina Woman cultivating rice on TASAF/World Bank­financed Agricultural value added, 2008 agricultural project, Bukoba District, Lake Victoria, Tanzania Rank Country % of GDP 1 Liberia 61 2 Guinea-Bissau 55 3 Central African Republic 53 4 Sierra Leone 50 5 Myanmar 48 6 Comoros 46 7 Tanzania 45 8 Ethiopia 44 9 Togo 44 10 Congo, Dem. Rep. 40 64 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia 5% 7% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab China Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar 11% Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen India Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti 17% Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 12% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 18% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 12% New Zealand Facts Internet links The world agricultural sector grew by 2.5 percent from 2000 to 2008. World Bank: World Development data.worldbank.org/ The service sector grew by 3.2 percent and the industrial sector by Indicators database indicator 3.0 percent over the same period. Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org In Sub-Saharan Africa the agricultural sector grew by 3.2 percent a year Co-operation and Development from 2000 to 2008, while the service sector grew by 5.3 percent and the industrial sector by 5.1 percent. IMF Data and Statistics www.imf.org/external/ data.htm In East Asia and Pacific the industrial sector was the fastest growing with 10.2 percent annual growth over the period 2000 to 2008. Services were United Nations Statistics unstats.un.org/ second, with 9.4 percent growth. Agriculture grew by 4.1 percent. Division, National Accounts unsd/snaama In South Asia the dominant sectors were services, with growth of Main Aggregates database 8.7 percent, and industry, with 8.2 percent, while agriculture grew by International Labour www.ilo.org/KILM.net 3.2 percent over the same period. Organization On average, services have grown faster than other parts of the economy, Key indicators of the except in East Asia and Pacific, and Europe and Central Asia. Labor Market Economy 65 well-informed and effective legislative Governance describes the way structures--all contribute to strong and Governance public officials and institutions capable institutions of the state. acquire and exercise authority to Although bad governance is often provide public goods and services equated with corruption, the two concepts, while related, are different. Corruption--the including education, healthcare, abuse of public office for private gain--is infrastructure, and a sound an outcome of poor governance, reflecting investment climate. Good the breakdown of accountability. A capable governance is associated with and accountable state creates opportunities citizen participation and improved for poor people, provides better services, and improves development outcomes-- accountability of public officials. which is why the World Bank includes It is fundamental to development a governance and anticorruption strategy and economic growth. as part of its effort to reduce poverty. There are now several global collaborative Governance has several dimensions: governance initiatives, such as the Stolen Asset · the process by which governments are Recovery (StAR) Initiative, the Extractive selected, monitored, and replaced; Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), · the capacity of government to effectively the Construction Sector Transparency formulate and implement sound policies; Initiative (CoST), and the Business · the respect of citizens and the state for Fighting Corruption Through Collective the institutions that govern interactions Action Initiative. between them. The links among weak institutions, Features of good governance--such as poor development outcomes, and the risk free and fair elections, respect for individual of conflict are often evident in countries liberties and property rights, a free and vibrant that are in fragile situations. These countries press, an open and impartial judiciary, and are ill-equipped to handle economic shocks, Countries of the former Soviet Union rank as the South African parliamentary data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/governance worst in controlling corruption committee at work Control of corruption, percentile rank (0­100), 2008 See pp. 6­7 for more information 100 80 60 40 20 0 Un oviet CD eri in ia Afr n rop ern Afr t & Pa ia & ara ca ica ion As Ba e & ica ic Am Lat rth as OE cif ltic Eu East As ah uth S No dle E er b-S st So rm Ea d Su Mi Fo Source: Kaufmann D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi, 2009, Governance Matters VIII: Governance Indicators for 1996-2008 66 Although governance worsened in many low-income, IDA­eligible Ninety-eight percent of firms in Egypt countries, there was improvement in others make informal payments to public officials "to get things done" Decline in performance, 2006­2008 Percentage of firms expected to make informal payments Public sector and institutions cluster scores (1­6, low to high) to public officials 6 100 2006 2007 2008 5 80 4 60 3 40 2 1 20 0 Tanzania Sri Lanka Nepal Chad Zimbabwe 0 (20 Rep. ) ) ) ) 9) ) 9) ) 07 07 09 09 09 09 ) 08 00 00 (20 20 20 (20 (20 20 r (2 l (2 ab Improvement in performance, 2006­2008 a( n( d( sh .R. nia Ar azi sca ny lan roo de .D pt, me Br Ke ga Public sector and institutions cluster scores (1­6, low to high) Po oP me gla y Ar da Eg n La Ca 6 Ma Ba 2006 2007 2008 Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys 2009 5 4 The World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) is 3 an annual staff effort to measure the 2 extent to which a country's policy and 1 institutional framework supports 0 Lao P.D.R. Tonga Moldova Madagascar Armenia sustainable growth and poverty Source: World Bank, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment reduction. Scores of these assessments are disclosed only for low-income natural disasters, and illegal trade or to resist conflict, which countries that are eligible for lending increasingly spills across borders. Organized violence, by the World Bank's International including violent crime, interrupts economic and social Development Association (IDA). CPIA development through lost human and social capital, disrupted indicators examine policies and services, displaced populations, and reduced confidence for institutions, not development outcomes, future investment. As a result, countries in fragile situations which can depend on forces outside a and conflict achieve lower development outcomes and make country's control. There are 16 criteria slower progress toward the Millennium Development Goals. grouped into four clusters; one of the Measuring the quality of institutions and governance clusters (shown in the top left chart) is outcomes is difficult and often subject to large margins of the public sector management and error. Data for one dimension of governance--control of institutions cluster. This cluster corruption--are presented in the map on pages 68­69. The includes five criteria: property rights data are aggregate measures derived from several sources of and rule-based governance; quality of informed views of individuals in both the private and public budgetary and financial management; sectors. The map represents data on control of corruption efficiency of revenue mobilization; by percentile ranges, from the best performing (90th to 100th quality of public administration; and percentile) to the poorest performing (0 to 9th percentile). transparency, accountability, and Some developing countries have better scores on some corruption in the public sector. governance measures than developed countries. Economy 67 Controlling corruption control of corruption from the Worldwide Governance Greenland (Den) Indicators, percentile rank, June 2008 Faeroe 90th­100th percentile Islands Iceland (Den) 75th­89th percentile 50th­74th percentile The Netherlands C a n a d a United 25th­49th percentile Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 10th­24th percentile Ireland Channel Islands (UK) 0­9th percentile Luxembourg Fra no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin Islands (UK) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos US Virgin Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Islands (US) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina People in many countries are fighting against corruption Control of corruption Developing country, Lower Approximate population over Percentile Percentile rank 1 million rank, 2008 range 1 Chile 87 83 2 Uruguay 84 78 3 Namibia 73 65 4 Costa Rica 70 63 5 Jordan 68 63 6 Poland 68 63 7 South Africa 65 60 8 Latvia 65 60 9 Lithuania 63 59 10 Malaysia 63 56 68 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Nine Sub-Saharan African countries rank in the 50th World Bank: Worldwide www.govindicators.org Upper Percentile percentile or higher in the Worldwide Governance Governance Indicators range Indicators measure of control of corruption. World Bank: Enterprise Surveys www.enterprisesurveys.org 91 Research shows a relationship between low levels of 91 income and higher levels of corruption. But some World Bank: Doing Business www.doingbusiness.org 78 middle-income countries, such as Botswana, Chile, 75 and Uruguay, perform as well as some high-income United Nations Development www.undp.org/governance 74 countries on measures of governance. Programme (UNDP): 73 Democratic Governance Three key principles for promoting good governance 72 include transparency, accountability, and participation. Transparency International www.transparency.org 71 Participation implies that people have rights that need 67 to be recognized and that they should have a voice in World Bank: Public Sector www.worldbank.org/ 66 the decisions that affect them. Governance publicsector Economy 69 refrigerators for vaccines. Roads in rural Infrastructure--the basic areas boost school attendance and use of Infrastructure for development framework for delivering energy, medical clinics. And information and communication technologies can improve transport, water and sanitation, teacher training and promote better and information and health practices. communications services to people, Physical isolation is a strong contributor directly or indirectly--affects to poverty. People living in remote places people's lives everywhere. Increased have reduced access to health and education productivity and incomes and services, employment opportunities, and improvements in health and markets. Problems are particularly severe in rural areas that lack good transportation education outcomes require facilities. Transport infrastructure--the investment in infrastructure. roads, bridges, railroads, waterways, Infrastructure services play a key role ports, and the services they provide--can in the most important development eliminate growth-constraining bottlenecks objective--reducing poverty and improving and shortages, increase agricultural the lives of billions of people in developing productivity, improve poor rural farmers' countries. These services affect people in many incomes and nutrition, and expand ways--what they consume and produce; how nonfarm employment. they heat and light their homes; how they Despite global efforts, improvements travel to work, to school, or to visit family and in water and sanitation infrastructure have friends; and how they communicate. Access barely kept pace with population growth and to clean water and sanitation reduces infant migration in the developing world and will mortality. Electricity powers hospitals and require more public and private investment. Private investment in water and sanitation was only People in Sub-Saharan Africa have less access to about 2­3 percent of the total in 2005­2008 clean water and sanitation than other regions Energy Telecommunications Transport Water and sewerage Access to improved water Access to improved sanitation data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/infrastructure Share of total (%) % of population, 2006 100 100 See pp. 6­7 for more information 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean Africa Africa 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: World Bank, Private Participation in Infrastructure database Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 70 South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the fewest mobile phone Yemeni man using a mobile phone subscriptions, but South Asia's annual increase between 2004 and 2008 was almost 70 percent, while Sub-Saharan Africa's was about 40 percent Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 people, 2004 and 2008 125 100 75 50 2004 25 2004 2004 2004 2008 2004 2008 2004 2008 2008 2008 2008 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: International Telecommunication Union Developing countries of Europe and Central Asia have the best access to broadband Internet Fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 people, 2008 7 6 provide market information for farmers 5 and businesspeople. According to the 4 International Telecommunication 3 Union, by the end of 2009 there 2 were over 4.6 billion mobile cellular 1 subscriptions in the world, or about 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan 67 per 100 people. The Internet delivers Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: International Telecommunication Union information to schools and hospitals, Measured in 2008 constant price dollars, investment and computers improve public and commitments in water and sanitation projects with private private services as well as increase participation from 2000 to 2008 were $33 billion compared productivity and participation. with $517 billion in investments in telecommunications. The global supply of infrastructure Globally, approximately 1.1 billion people remain without services is not able to meet the needs of access to safe water and 2.6 billion without adequate sanitation. today. Developing countries need about Infrastructure is typically an enabler, but rarely the sole solution $900 billion (7­9 percent of GDP) to to development challenges. Reducing disease transmission, maintain existing infrastructure and to for example, requires better water and sanitation facilities, build new infrastructure, but only half but it also requires good hygiene practices such as routine that amount is available. The global hand washing. financial and economic crisis is expected Information and communication technology has vast to severely curtail investment in and potential for fostering growth in developing countries by maintenance of infrastructure as helping to increase productivity in a wide range of economic governments face shrinking budgets activities from agriculture to manufacturing and services. and declining private financial flows. Mobile phones keep families and communities in contact and Economy 71 Internet users Internet users per 100 people, Greenland (Den) 2008 or latest available data Faeroe less than 2 Islands (Den) Iceland 2­9 The Netherlands 10­24 C a n a d a United 25­49 Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland 50 or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 19 Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 29 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Students take language lessons in the Internet users computer laboratory at Hanoi University, Vietnam Country with population Users per Rank of more than 1 million 100 people, 2008 1 Sweden 88 2 Netherlands 87 3 Denmark 83 4 Norway 83 5 Finland 82 6 Korea, Rep. 76 7 Switzerland 76 8 United Kingdom 76 9 United States 76 10 Canada, Germany, Japan 75 72 Europe & Central Asia 26 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 19 Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros 5 Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 7 New Zealand High-income 68 Facts Internet links In 2009 there were 1.7 billion people, or 26 percent of the world's International www.itu.int population, using the Internet. The average for developing countries Telecommunication Union was about 18 percent. International Road Federation www.irfnet.org There are still wide gaps in the use of the Internet in different regions in World Resources Institute-- earthtrends.wri.org the world: Latin America and the Caribbean has about 29 Internet users (click on Energy and Resources) EarthTrends per 100 people; East Asia and Pacific has about 19; and Sub-Saharan Africa has about 7 users per 100 people. The average for high-income World Bank-- data.worldbank.org/topic/ countries is almost 70. Infrastructure infrastructure (click on Topics, then select The cost of fixed broadband Internet service is about $36 a month in Sustainable Development) developing countries. The tariff ranges from under $10 in the Arab Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org Republic of Egypt and India to more than $500 a month in countries Co-operation and Development (click on By Topic, then select Information such as Burkina Faso, Guinea, Malawi, and Nigeria. and Communications Technologies) In 2007 broadband Internet services reached just 2 percent of the WHO--Water, www.who.int/water_ population in low-income economies, mostly in urban centers. Sanitation, and Health sanitation_health/en Economy 73 and investment rates are likely to have high Investment replenishes assets rates of economic growth. Growth is also Investment for growth used up in production and spurred by improved efficiency brought on by technological advances and investments increases the total capital stock; in people, such as through better education without it there would not be and healthcare. To sustain growth, sustainable economic growth. government policies must create a climate However, high rates of investment that encourages productive investment. alone do not ensure rapid economic In most recent years, East Asia and the growth. A good investment climate Pacific has had the highest investment rate, is one in which government policies averaging 40 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). South Asia invested encourage firms and entrepreneurs 38 percent of its output. Even Sub-Saharan to invest productively, create jobs, Africa at 23 percent, the lowest investment and contribute to growth and rate among developing regions, exceeded poverty reduction. On average, the rate of 21 percent in high-income 22 percent of the world output is economies. Total investment in developing regions in 2008 was $5.2 trillion, about invested for production purposes. two-thirds that in high-income economies. Physical investment (gross capital formation) Government policies play a key role takes many forms: buildings, machinery, and in shaping the investment climate. They equipment; improvements to property; and influence the security of property rights, additions to inventories. Investment is the effectiveness of regulation, the impact financed out of domestic savings or external of taxation, the quality and accessibility of savings--the latter is limited and generally infrastructure, and the functioning of more volatile. Countries that have high savings financial and labor markets. The quality of Investment has grown rapidly in the East Asia and Pacific region Gross capital formation, 2000 $ (billions) data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/investment 1,400 East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean 1,200 See pp. 6­7 for more information Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 74 Although China and some of the Europe and Central Asia had the highest percentage of countries with positive business reforms in 2008­2009 other "tigers" in East Asia and Pacific have attained spectacular growth Countries in region that made at least one positive reform (%) 100 rates, high levels of investment do 90 not guarantee high growth rates. 80 Investment produces growth. 70 60 Investment may also chase growth. 50 More investment is likely in places 40 where high returns are possible. 30 20 Over the period 1995 through 2008, 10 most developing regions invested an 0 average of 19 to 36 percent of their a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica ntr pe rth ast bea ha Ca eric GDP each year. The results have varied, s uth Ce Euro tA No dle E -Sa Am Eas So b Su d from Latin America and the Caribbean, in Mi Lat Source: World Bank, Doing Business database where an investment ratio of 20 percent the investment climate also contributes strongly to increased produced growth of only 3.2 percent, productivity and employment creation, both necessary for to South Asia, where an investment poverty reduction. Poor governance increases transaction costs, ratio of 28 percent resulted in annual encourages unproductive activities such as lobbying, and growth of 6.4 percent. Sub-Saharan reduces transparency. Hence, it leads to misallocation of Africa is an interesting exception: an resources and discourages new investment. investment ratio of 19 percent led to Economies in Europe and Central Asia were the most active an annual growth rate of 4.3 percent, reformers for the sixth year in a row. Between 2008 and 2009, on par with or better than several 96 percent of countries in the region made at least one positive regions with higher investment ratios. reform to make doing business easier, while 75 percent reformed in South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa performs as well as or even better than some other regions with higher levels of investment GDP growth rate, annual average 1995­2008 (%) 9 East Asia & Pacific 8 7 South Asia 6 Europe & 5 Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 4 Latin America & Caribbean 3 High-income 2 1 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Gross capital formation, average 1995­2008 (% of GDP) Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Economy 75 Investment for growth gross capital formation as share of GDP, Greenland (Den) 2004­2008, most recent year available Faeroe less than 15% Islands Iceland (Den) 15­19% 20­24% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 25­29% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 30% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein United States Andorra 18% U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Spain Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco Islands (UK) The Bahamas US Virgin Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Islands (US) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay 19% Uruguay Chile Argentina China's rapidly growing economy has benefited from Highest average gross capital formation foreign investment Country greater than % of GDP Rank 1 million in population 1995­2008 1 China 41 2 Lesotho 39 3 Mongolia 34 4 Vietnam 34 5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 33 6 Botswana 33 7 Estonia 31 8 Azerbaijan 31 9 Korea, Rep. 31 10 Honduras 30 76 Russian Federation 26% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt Qatar United Arab Emirates India Bangladesh China Oman Myanmar Lao 44% P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Djibouti India Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia 40% Marshall Islands African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand World 22% Low-income 27% Middle-income 30% Low- & middle-income 30% High-income 21% Facts Internet links Investment has grown fastest in South Asia. Between 2000 and 2008 it has been increasing at an average rate of 13.8 percent per year. World Bank Data and Statistics data.worldbank.org Investment has been the slowest in Latin America and the Caribbean, averaging 5.7 percent a year between 2000 and 2008. Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org Co-operation and Development Investment declined in 11 countries between 2000 and 2008. United Nations www.data.un.org Among the top 10 countries with the highest average investment Statistics Division rate between 1995 and 2008, 2 were from Sub-Saharan Africa. In China investment grew at an average of 12 percent a year IMF--World Economic Outlook www.imf.org/weo between 2000 and 2008. Economy 77 Starting a business time required to start a new business, June 2009 Greenland (Den) 45 days or more Faeroe Islands 30­44 days (Den) Iceland 15­29 days The Netherlands 10­14 days C a n a d a United Kingdom less than 10 days Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal High-income countries Bermuda (UK) Gibraltar (UK) 19 days British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 23 days Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 67 days Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Business meeting, Mozambique Best performers--days to start a business in developing countries Rank Country Days (June 2009) 1 Georgia 3 2 Rwanda 3 3 Macedonia, FYR 4 4 Albania 5 5 Belarus 6 6 Mauritius 6 7 Turkey 6 8 Afghanistan 7 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7 10 Madagascar 7 78 Europe & Central Asia 17 days Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 42 days Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 28 days Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 44 days New Zealand Facts Internet links Sixty-one economies made it easier to start a business between 2008 and 2009. World Bank-- www.doingbusiness.org Doing Business database Samoa's new company act allows entrepreneurs to choose the amount of capital for their company. In 2008­2009, Belarus shortened business startup time by almost World Bank-- www.enterprisesurveys.org 4 weeks by simplifying registration formalities, abolishing the Enterprise Surveys minimum capital requirements, making use of a notary optional, and removing the need for a company seal. World Bank-- ppi.worldbank.org Between 2008 and 2009, Slovenia automated company registration, Private Participation in cutting the time to register a business by 13 days. Infrastructure database In South Asia, Afghanistan established a new one-stop shop and introduced a flat registration fee. World Bank-- rru.worldbank.org/Privatization Botswana simplified business licensing and tax registration as part Privatization database of an ongoing computerization effort. Economy 79 production and distribution, which are Economies have become more often spread over multiple locations. The integrating world dependent on each other for goods, Developing economies offering higher returns are attracting foreign investment services, labor, and capital. Advances in manufacturing. Skilled as well as in information and communications unskilled labor is seeking employment technology, expanding financial in economies that offer higher wages. markets, and cheaper transportation High-income economies are looking at systems enable easier movement the developing world to meet the increasing demand for service and technology workers. of inputs and outputs among economies, accelerating global International trade is a critical channel for integration. Goods equivalent to integration, although many barriers 53 percent of global gross domestic remain. Global integration creates product (GDP) were traded in 2008, up many opportunities, but the benefits from 32 percent in 1990. Over the same need to be shared equitably both period, trade in services increased from among and within economies. 8 percent to 12 percent of global GDP. The financial crisis, which originated in Traditional patterns of production and high-income economies, slowed global employment have given way to new modes of trade. Trade in goods decreased to In 2009 global trade experienced its largest decline in two decades Merchandise trade high-income Merchandise trade middle-income Merchandise trade low-income Share of GDP (%) Trade in services high-income Trade in services middle-income Trade in services low-income 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/trade See pp. 6­7 for more information Developing economies are trading more with other developing economies Exports to developing economies outside region Exports to developing economies within region Exports to high-income economies Middle-income economies Low-income economies Share of exports (%) Share of exports (%) 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Source: World Bank calculation based on data from IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics database 80 Agricultural and textile products are subject to higher trade restrictions Foreign direct investment flows to developing economies have increased Agriculture 1998 2008 Manufacturing 1998 2008 Textiles 1998 2008 Simple mean applied tariff (%) Net inflows to developing economies ($ billions) 25 200 1995 2000 20 150 2008 15 100 10 50 5 0 0 On imports from On imports from On imports from On imports from high-income economies developing economies high-income economies developing economies -50 Foreign direct Portfolio equity External Imposed by high-income economies Imposed by developing economies investment flows debt Source: World Bank estimates, based on data from the UN Conference on Trade and Development's Source: World Bank's Global Development Finance and Trade Analysis and Information System database and UN Statistics Division's Comtrade database World Development Indicators database 41 percent of global GDP in 2009, and trade in services fell Effective global integration requires to 11 percent of GDP. the free flow of goods, services, High-income economies remain the principal source and investment, labor, and technology, not destination of international trade, but more developing economies merely the reduction of tariffs and are participating, and trade with other developing economies import quotas. An open and equitable is growing. Developing economies now account for almost trading system enhances growth 30 percent of world trade. Some, such as China, Mexico, and opportunities and encourages domestic Thailand, are specializing in manufactured goods, but many and foreign investment. During the last are still dependent on exports of food, fuel, and raw materials. decade there have been increasing flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) The international service sector has grown rapidly in toward developing economies. It has the new century. Between 2005 and 2009, trade in services long been recognized that the benefits by developing economies grew at an annual average rate of of FDI for these countries can be 20 percent (in nominal terms)--14 percentage points higher significant, including knowledge and than that of high-income economies. South Asia led the way, technology transfer to domestic firms growing at an average annual rate of 22 percent. But agricultural and the labor force, productivity and industrial goods still dominate world trade, accounting spillover, enhanced competition, and for 78 percent of total trade in 2009. improved access for exports abroad. Reductions in tariff and nontariff barriers have helped to spur Although slowed by the financial crisis, trade, but many trade barriers remain. The poorest countries net FDI received by developing impose higher barriers across a broad range of goods to protect economies increased by 12.3 percent their producers and raise revenues for their governments. in 2008 to a total of $587 billion. Rich countries often impose their highest barriers selectively on East Asia and the Pacific received the the exports of developing countries, especially agricultural and highest inflow of FDI ($187.1 billion). textile products. In addition to tariff protection, they provide China received 79 percent of the subsidies and other forms of support to their farmers, enabling regional inflows and commanded them to sell agricultural products at very low prices that developing one-quarter of all FDI inflows in the country producers cannot match. Total agricultural support in developing economies. OECD countries exceeded $376 billion in 2008, representing a 3.2 percent increase from 2007, in nominal terms. Economy 81 Merchandise trade exports and imports as a share of GDP, Greenland (Den) 2009 or latest available data Faeroe less than 40% Islands Iceland (Den) 40­59% 60­74% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 75­99% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 100% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda (UK) Middle East & North Africa Portugal British Virgin 1995: 45% Gibraltar (UK) Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas 2008: 66% Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 2009: 53% Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Former Spanish Sahara Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Colombia Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 1995: 26% Ecuador 2008: 41% 2009: 34% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Quay cranes on dock, Sri Lanka Merchandise trade Largest merchandise exporters, 2009 Largest merchandise importers, 2009 $ $ Rank Developing country billions Rank Developing country billions 1 China 1,202 1 China 1,006 2 Russian Federation 304 2 India 244 3 Mexico 230 3 Mexico 242 4 Malaysia 157 4 Russian Federation 192 5 India 155 5 Turkey 141 82 Europe & Central Asia 1995: 41% 2008: 56% 2009: 48% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar East Asia & Pacific Oman Lao P.D.R. 1995: 55% Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) 2008: 66% Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 2009: 52% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 1995: 23% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Zambia Malawi Mayotte (Fr) 2008: 43% 2009: 32% Vanuatu Fiji Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 1995: 48% 2008: 65% New Zealand 2009: 53% Facts Internet links The five largest exporters in 2009 accounted for more than half the OECD--Trade www.oecd.org/trade merchandise exports of developing economies. World exports of services grew from $861 billion in 1990 to more IMF--Statistics www.imfstatistics.org/dot than $3.9 trillion in 2008, but declined to $3.4 trillion in 2009 www.imfstatistics.org/bop because of the global financial crisis. WTO Trade and Tariff Data www.wto.org Average tariffs imposed by high-income economies have declined, (go to Resources, select Trade and but averaging tariffs across thousands of products can mask high Tariff Statistics) tariffs on certain commodities that are particularly important for developing economies. For some high-income economies the United Nations Conference on www.unctad.org Trade and Development-- (go to Statistics and select UNCTADstat) maximum applied tariff rate can be as high as 887 percent. Statistics The United States imports more goods than any other country, followed by China and Germany. United Nations Trade Statistics unstats.un.org/unsd/trade Following the global financial crisis, world merchandise exports unstats.un.org/unsd/ declined by 16 percent between 2008 and 2009. servicetrade Economy 83 Foreign direct investment foreign direct investment net inflows as a share of Greenland (Den) GDP, 2008 or latest available data Faeroe less than 1.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0­1.9% 2.0­3.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 4.0­5.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 6.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 5% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Kitts and Nevis Islands (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 3% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina China received almost 80 percent of the regional inflows in Developing countries that attracted the East Asia and the Pacific in 2008 largest FDI net inflows, 2008 Rank Developing country $ billions 1 China 147.8 2 Russian Federation 75.5 3 Brazil 45.1 4 India 41.2 5 Mexico 23.2 6 Turkey 18.3 7 Kazakhstan 15.8 8 Chile 15.2 9 Romania 13.9 10 Ukraine 10.9 84 Europe & Central Asia 4% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 3% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 3% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 4% New Zealand High-income 3% Facts Internet links Luxembourg's net outward direct investment in foreign economies in 2008 was nearly 3.8 times its GDP. Iceland's was 63 percent of International Monetary Fund www.imfstatistics.org/bop its GDP. Balance of Payments Statistics Risk perceptions in international credit markets during the second half of 2008 affected all the developing regions resulting in negative World Bank data.worldbank.org/topic/ portfolio investment flows of $53 billion. financial-sector Notably, China continued to moderately record a positive net flow of portfolio equity by $8.7 billion. United Nations Conference on www.unctad.org For the first time in the last five years, foreign investors reduced Trade and Development-- (go to Statistics and select UNCTADstat) portfolio investments in Russian corporate securities by $15.3 billion Statistics because of the global liquidity crisis. FDI net flows to high-income countries accounted for nearly Multilateral Investment www.fdi.net 68.2 percent of the world total in 2008. Among developing regions, Guarantee Agency, Europe and Central Asia received the highest amount in 2008 World Bank Group ($186.6 billion), having quadrupled in value since 2000. Economy 85 while in many developing countries the The movement of people across population is young and growing rapidly. People on the move national borders is a visible and This imbalance creates a strong demand for developing-economy workers, especially increasingly important aspect of to provide services that can be supplied global integration. Three percent only locally. Immigrants in high-income of the world's population--more economies have increased to 11 percent than 213 million people--now live of the population, up from 8 percent in countries in which they were not two decades before. There can be other reasons for immigration. After the breakup born. The forces driving the flow of the Soviet Union in 1991, many people of migrants from poor economies moved between the newly independent to rich economies are likely to states, raising the number of migrants grow stronger in the future. recorded in middle-income economies. Migration is often accompanied by a Migration is on the rise, especially from flow of remittances--transfers of gifts and poor economies to rich economies. Wage wages and salaries earned abroad--from differences and demographic trends encourage migrants to their countries of origin. Over migration. In many high-income economies the past decade remittances flows have the population is aging and growing slowly, increased rapidly, emerging as an important source of external finance for developing Most migrants now reside in high-income economies economies. Unlike other kinds of financial International migrant stock, millions 150 flows, remittances do not create liabilities High-income 125 Middle-income and are often received by people who need Low-income 100 financing the most. From 2000 to 2009 75 remittances inflows to developing 50 economies more than tripled. Global 25 remittances flows exceeded $415 billion 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 in 2009, with 74 percent going to developing Source: World Bank estimates based on data from UN Population Division economies. data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/migration The largest share of remittances flows are now going to developing economies See pp. 6­7 for more information Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received East Asia & Pacific World 4% Europe & Central Asia World East Asia & Pacific $68.4 billion 5% Latin America & $415.3 billion 20% Caribbean 8% High-income 26% Europe & High-income Middle East & Central Asia 55% 1990 North Africa 2009 9% 17% Sub-Saharan Africa 5% Latin America & South Asia Caribbean 8% South Asia 14% Sub-Saharan Africa 18% 3% Middle East & North Africa Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 8% 86 Remittances now exceed official development assistance, but go Small island economies and Sub-Saharan African mostly to middle-income economies economies lose highly educated people through emigration Remittances and net aid received, current US$, billions 350 Emigration rates of people with tertiary education from selected Remittances received, middle-income economies developing countries to OECD countries (%) 300 Remittances received, low-income economies Guyana 250 Net aid received, low- and middle-income economies * Jamaica 200 St. Vincent & the Gren. Grenada 150 Haiti Cape Verde 100 Palau Trinidad & Tobago 50 St. Kitts & Nevis 0 Seychelles 0 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Tonga 199 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Samoa Source: World Bank estimates based on IMF's Balance of Payment Statistics and St. Lucia OECD DAC's International Development Statistics Antigua & Barbuda Gambia * Data for 2009 are not available Suriname Belize Tuvalu Dominica Immigrants in OECD countries are more likely to be overqualified Fiji for their job, compared to the native-born Barbados 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 Source: Docquier, Marfouk, and Lowell, 2007, `A Gendered Assessment of 40 Immigrants more Foreign-born holding a job for which they are overqualified (%), circa 2000 the Brain Drain' overqualified than the native-born Greece 30 Canada Migration may also have negative effects. Denmark Finland Slovak 20 Spain Austria Australia Ireland Republic Among international migrants are millions United Sweden Kingdom New Luxembourg Italy France United States Zealand Mexico of highly educated people who have moved Portugal 10 Czech Rep. Hungary Poland Switzerland Native-born more to developed countries from developing overqualified than 0 immigrants countries. By migrating they improve their 0 10 20 30 40 Native-born holding a job for which they are overqualified (%), circa 2000 own prospects and provide valuable services Source: OECD Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries in high-income economies, but the loss of In 2009 the largest share of remittances went to Asia: human capital, the so-called brain drain, East Asia and the Pacific received $85 billion in from developing countries, may increase remittances and South Asia received $75 billion. The top the concentration of poverty and reduce remittance-receiving developing economies in 2009 the social benefits of migration. The were India ($49.3 billion), China ($47.6 billion), Mexico regions most affected by brain drain are ($22.2 billion), and the Philippines ($19.8 billion). Among Sub-Saharan Africa and small island the high-income economies, France ($15.6 billion), economies. For example, between 1995 and Germany ($10.9 billion), Spain ($9.9 billion), and Poland 2002, an estimated 69 percent of medical ($8.8 billion) received the largest amount of remittances officers trained in Ghana emigrated, causing in the form of compensation of employees. health services in the country to deteriorate. Empirical studies have found that remittances can Furthermore, highly skilled emigrants do raise income levels, especially among the poor. Evidence not always find jobs that match their skills from some countries suggests that a large proportion of in the destination country. Immigrants in remittances received are invested, which should lead to most OECD countries are more likely to be improvements in the overall economy. Migration overqualified--working in occupations for opportunities may also encourage higher levels of which their skills are too high--compared educational attainment. And increases in income from with the native-born population. remittances along with the transfer of knowledge through migrants result in better health outcomes for other household members. Economy 87 Migration international migrants as a share of population, 2010 Greenland (Den) less than 1.0% Faeroe 1.0­2.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 3.0­5.9% The Netherlands 6.0­14.9% C a n a d a United 15.0% or more Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco The United States is the host of Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) Portugal the largest number of migrants-- US Virgin Islands (US) (UK) Morocco 43 million people--accounting for The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg 14 percent of its total population Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican hosts the largest number of Former Spanish Republic Cayman Islands (UK) Cuba Puerto Rico (US) the world's refugees Sahara Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti St. Kitts and Nevis Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Antigua and Barbuda Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Guadeloupe (Fr) The Gambia Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Martinique (Fr) Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad Barbados and Tobago Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire St. Vincent and the Grenadines Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana Grenada Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador was the largest net sender of migrants for 2005­2010 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Immigrants becoming U.S. citizens at a naturalization Countries with highest migrations, 2005­2010 oath ceremony Rank Country Net in-migration (thousands) 1 United States 5,052 2 Spain 1,750 3 Italy 1,650 4 Canada 1,050 5 Afghanistan 1,000 Rank Country Net out-migration (thousands) 1 Mexico 2,430 2 China 1,731 3 Pakistan 1,416 4 India 1,000 5 Philippines 900 88 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Jordan Kuwait East Asia & Pacific has the smallest Pakistan eria West Bank and Gaza Libya Bahrain Nepal Bhutan number of migrants--5.4 million Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt Qatar United Arab Emirates India Bangladesh people--accounting for only Oman Myanmar Lao 0.3 percent of its population P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Nauru of Congo Burundi 87 percent of Qatar's Indonesia Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Tanzania Seychelles population was born Guinea American Samoa (US) Comoros Mayotte in another country Timor-Leste Angola Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa 62 percent of the world's migrants New Zealand live in high-income economies Facts Internet links In the 1960s the majority of migrants lived in developing countries. United Nations www.un.org/esa/ Today, nearly two-thirds reside in high-income countries. Population Division-- population/migration The number of migrants in the world grew from about 72 million in 1960 International Migration to more than 213 million in 2010. But this remained about 3 percent of the world's population. United Nations Refugee www.unhcr.org/ As of 2010, 81 million migrants live in developing countries (about 1.4 percent Agency--Statistics statistics.html of their population), compared to 132 million in high-income countries (about 12 percent of their population). OECD--Migration www.oecd.org/migration Refugees are an important component of the migrant stock. At the end of 2009, International Organization www.iom.int the number of refugees, including Palestinian refugees under the mandate of for Migration UNRWA, stood at 15.2 million, accounting for approximately 7 percent of the migrants in the world. International Labour www.ilo.org Out of 179 countries with migration estimates for 2005­2010, 76 are net Organization-- (go to Themes, select migrant recipients and 103 are net migrant senders. Labour Migration Labour Migration) Economy 89 Remittances remittances received as a share of GDP, Greenland (Den) 2009 or latest available data Faeroe Islands 5.0% or more (Den) Iceland 2.5­4.9% The Netherlands 1.0­2.4% C a n a d a United Kingdom 0.5­0.9% Isle of Man (UK) Ireland less than 0.5% Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Former Islands (UK) Dominican Spanish Republic Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Barbados The Gambia Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Guinea Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Benin Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands d'Ivoire R.B. de Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati (Fr) Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Immigrant workers gather strawberries on a farm in Top recipients, 2009 California, the United States Workers' remittances and compensation of employees Rank Developing country US$ billions 1 India 49.3 2 China 47.6 3 Mexico 22.2 4 Philippines 19.8 5 Bangladesh 10.5 6 Nigeria 9.6 7 Pakistan 8.7 8 Lebanon 7.6 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7.1 10 Vietnam 6.8 90 Outflows of remittances from high-income economies was $212 billion in 2009, up from $58 billion in 1990 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan eria West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Nepal Bhutan East Asia & Pacific receives the Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab largest amount of remittances Qatar India Bangladesh Emirates Myanmar ($85 billion in 2009) Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros South Asia receives the largest Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) workers' remittances as a share Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique of its GDP (4.6% in 2009) Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa receives the smallest amount of remittances ($20.8 billion in 2009), accounting for 2.5 percent of its GDP New Zealand In 2009, Ukraine received remittances more than 150 times the value in 2000. Kyrgyz Republic and Slovak Republic received remittances 100 and 93 times the value in 2000 Facts Internet links As a share of GDP, countries such as Tajikistan (35 percent), Tonga (29 percent), Lesotho (28 percent), and Samoa (27 percent) had the largest receipt of World Bank-- www.worldbank.org/prospects/ remittances in 2009. Chile (0.003 percent), Lao PDR (0.02 percent), Malawi Migration and Remittances migrationandremittances (0.02 percent), United States (0.02 percent), and Libya (0.03 percent) had the smallest. OECD--Migration www.oecd.org/migration At the beginning of the 1990s, more than half of remittances went to high-income countries. In 2009, middle-income countries received nearly 68 percent of all International Monetary Fund, www.imfstatistics.org/bop remittances, and low-income countries received 5.4 percent. Balance of Payments Statistics Remittances to developing countries increased from 1.1 percent of GDP in 1990 to 1.9 percent in 2009. In high-income countries it remained constant Development Research Centre www.migrationdrc.org at 0.3 percent. on Migration, Globalisation High-income countries are the principal source of outward remittance flows. and Poverty The United States is the largest, with $48.3 billion in outward flows in 2009. Saudi Arabia ($26.0 billion) is the second largest, followed by Switzerland ($19.2 billion), Russian Federation ($18.6 billion), and Germany ($15.9 billion). Migration Information Source www.migrationinformation.org Economy 91 Dock workers moving cargo in The global economy has become Ecuadorean port Aid for development more integrated than ever before. More people are on the move. Countries are exchanging more goods and services, and international financial flows have increased. But even in an expanding world economy, many countries cannot finance their own development. Aid helps to fill the gap. Development is a partnership between developing and donor countries. Donor countries help recipient countries build the Who were the largest donors? According capacity to foster change; recipient countries to the Organisation for Economic invest in their people and create an environment Co-operation and Development's that sustains growth. Countries that have Development Assistance Committee (DAC), difficulty tapping financial markets must the top 10 donors in 2009 contributed rely on aid flows from wealthier countries 85 percent of all aid provided by DAC to fund development programs. Net official members. The top four--the United States, development assistance (ODA) to developing the European Commission, the United countries reached $128.6 billion in 2008, the Kingdom, and Germany--contributed highest ever in nominal terms--representing more than 65 percent. a 13.7 percent increase in real terms from Aid increased sharply in 2005, as donor the 2007 level. countries followed through on promises made at the 2002 United Nations Net ODA received in per capita terms has increased International Conference on Financing for for most regions Development, in Monterrey, Mexico, and Net ODA per capita ($) 1990 2000 2008 80 reinforced at the 2005 Group of Eight (G8) summit at Gleneagles, Scotland. But a large data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/aid 70 See pp. 6­7 for more information part of this came as debt relief, not new aid 60 flows. Aid in absolute terms and measured 50 as a share of donors' gross national income 40 declined between 2005 and 2007, but has 30 increased since then. Still, a significant 20 increase in donor commitment is required 10 to meet the targets set at Gleneagles. 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- The form and purpose for which aid is & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean Africa Africa given makes a difference. Debt-related aid Source: OECD, DAC provides relief from liabilities that recipient 92 Who were the largest donors in 2009? The social sector received 39 percent of DAC donors' bilateral aid in 2008 Top 10 DAC donors Net bilateral ODA disbursements in 2009 Aid by sector as a share of donors' bilateral commitments, 2008 $ millions % of total Other 1 United States 25,112 25.6 Administrative costs 5% 5% 2 European Commission 14,616 14.9 Humanitarian 8% Social 39% 3 United Kingdom 7,769 7.9 4 Germany 6,999 7.1 5 France 6,854 7.0 Debt-related 6 Japan 5,998 6.1 9% 7 Netherlands 4,794 4.9 8 Spain 4,299 4.4 General program 9 Norway 3,163 3.2 aid 5% 10 Canada 3,147 3.2 Multi-sector 6% Other DAC members 15,209 15.5 Production 6% All DAC members 97,961 100.0 Economic 17% Source: OECD, DAC Source: OECD, DAC countries have difficulty servicing and can free up public Sources of finance for developing countries resources for other purposes, but it may not result in an FDI & portfolio Aid Workers' equivalent expansion of development activities. Humanitarian equity inflows remittances received assistance provides relief for sudden disasters and emergency Sources of net financial flows, 2008 (US$ billions) situations, but it does not generally contribute to financing long-term development. Furthermore, the administrative costs Sub-Saharan Africa of providing aid are mainly spent in the donor economy. Aid is not the only source of development finance or, for many countries, the most important. Remittances and South Asia private capital flows are a growing source of financing for some. But extremely poor countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, still require substantial increases in aid to reach their Middle East & development goals. North Africa More aid from DAC members is required to meet their target for 2010 Total net ODA from DAC members Net ODA as a share of Latin America & constant 2008 $, (billions) donors' GNI Caribbean 2008 $ (billions) % of GNI 160 0.40 Increase required to meet 140 current 2010 targets 0.35 Europe & 120 0.30 Central Asia 100 0.25 80 0.20 60 0.15 East Asia & Pacific 40 0.10 20 0.05 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 0 Source: World Bank's Global Development Finance; World Bank estimates based on data from IMF's Balance of Payment Statistics; 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 OECD DAC's International Development Statistics 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Source: OECD, DAC Economy 93 Aid aid per capita, 2008 Greenland (Den) received donated Faeroe $100 or more $250 or more Islands Iceland (Den) $50­99 $150­249 $10­49 $50­149 The Netherlands C a n a d a United less than $10 less than $50 Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data net donor Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein U n i t e d S t a t e s Luxembourg gives the Monaco Andorra Spain Bermuda (UK) largest amount of aid Gibraltar (UK) Portugal The United States is the per capita Morocco British Virgin largest donor of total aid Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Islands (UK) US Virgin Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Islands (US) Former Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina In 2008, aid per capita received by developing countries was $23, up from $13 in 1990 A British Chinook helicopter takes UNHCR relief items to the Net ODA received as a share of GNI, 2008 Leepa Valley, in Pakistan-administered Kashmir Rank Developing country % 1 Liberia 186 2 Afghanistan 46 3 Burundi 44 4 Solomon Islands 41 5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 35 6 Marshall Islands 29 7 São Tomé and Príncipe 26 8 Palau 23 9 Malawi 23 10 Mozambique 22 94 Sweden leads all donors in the share of gross national income provided as aid Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan eria West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Nepal Bhutan East Asia and Pacific received the Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab smallest amount of aid per capita Qatar India Bangladesh Emirates Myanmar of any region Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa received the largest amount of net aid of any region New Zealand Facts Internet links Many donor countries pledged to provide aid equivalent to at least Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org/dac 0.7 percent of GNI, but the average remains below 0.31 percent. In Co-operation and Development 2009, only five countries--Sweden, Norway, Luxembourg, Denmark, (OECD), Development Assistance and the Netherlands--have fulfilled their pledge. Committee (DAC) Since 1990, aid per capita increased by $14 in Sub-Saharan Africa, from $35 to $49. Aid per capita to the Middle East and North Africa Statistics on aid from OECD DAC www.oecd.org/dac/stats increased by $28, from $45 in 1990 to $73 in 2008. Tying arrangements, which limit where aid can be spent, may prevent European Commission--Aid ec.europa.eu/europeaid aid recipients from obtaining the best value for their money. On average, 87 percent of the aid provided by DAC members was untied World Bank Group, International www.worldbank.org/ida in 2008, compared with 81 percent in 2000. Development Association Aid received by low-income countries in 2008 constituted 9.2 percent of their GNI. In middle-income countries aid was only 0.3 percent International Monetary Fund, www.imf.org Poverty Reduction Growth Facility (search for What the IMF Does) of GNI. Economy 95 A country's external debt burden affects Many countries borrow from its creditworthiness and vulnerability to External debt abroad to finance development, financial shocks. In 2008, developing countries' external debt was $3.7 trillion, but when debt exceeds the capacity with the 10 largest debtors owing 63 percent of a country to service it, the debt of the total. The global financial crisis has burden becomes unsustainable had a pronounced impact on capital flows to and hinders development. Making developing economies. The long-term debt debt manageable for poor countries flows from private creditors to developing countries dropped from $315 billion in 2007 frees up resources that can be used to $228 billion in 2008. Another sign of the to support social programs. vulnerability of developing countries to financial uncertainty was the outflow of $12.7 billion of short-term debt. This was partially offset by an increase in financing from official creditors that stepped in with Debt service has declined significantly for emergency financing to developing countries countries receiving debt relief most affected by the global financial crisis. Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services, and income) In 2008 there were net debt inflows from 40 official creditors of $28 billion after five 1995 2000 2008 years in a row in which repayments exceeded 30 new borrowing. 20 All developing regions have experienced improvements in their external debt ratios. 10 Measured against developing countries' gross national income (GNI), the stock of 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- external obligations is now 22.1 percent, & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean Africa Africa compared with 37.2 percent in 2000. The Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database ratio of debt service (principal and interest World Bank Group's exposure to developing countries The World Bank Group's exposure in 2008-- in 2008 regional distribution data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/debt See pp. 6­7 for more information Multilateral Investment $ billions IBRD IDA IFC MIGA International Financial Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 60 Corporation (IFC) 2% 10% 50 40 30 20 International International Bank for 10 Development Reconstruction and Association (IDA) Development (IBRD) 44% 44% 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean Africa Africa Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database 96 payments) to exports has fallen by half, to 9.5 percent. And the Net debt flows by creditor type ratio of total external debt outstanding to exports has fallen from 90.2 percent in 2000 to 58.7 percent in 2008. East Asia Net debt flows ($ billions) 400 and the Pacific and the Middle East and North Africa have the Official creditors Private creditors lowest external debt ratios. Europe and Central Asia is the 300 Short term most indebted region: the ratios of external debt outstanding 200 to GNI (37.3 percent) and to export earnings (93.3 percent) 100 were three times those of the East Asian countries. The debt to export ratio in Sub-Saharan African countries declined to 0 48 percent at the end of 2008, compared with 180.6 percent in -100 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000, and the debt service to export ratio fell to 3.3 percent, less than one-third its 2000 level. Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Debt relief Poor countries unable to borrow from private sources have Debt to GNI borrowed from official creditors. In 1996 the World Bank and External debt stocks (% of GNI) 2000 2008 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily 70 60 Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative to provide relief to a 50 group of mostly African countries with recurring debt repayment 40 problems. The initiative aimed to provide permanent relief 30 from unsustainable debt and to redirect the resources going to 20 debt service to social expenditures aimed at poverty reduction. 10 By June 2010, 36 countries had participated in the initiative 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- and received debt relief of $72.3 billion. Since 2005 the World & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean Africa Africa Bank, IMF, African Development Fund, and Inter-American Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Development Bank have provided additional debt relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). As of June 2010, other regions--East Asia and the Pacific, 29 HIPC countries, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, had Europe and Central Asia, and Latin received additional assistance of $45.2 billion under the MDRI. America and the Caribbean-- accounted for between 18 and 19 percent each. World Bank Group Financing The World Bank Group through its member institutions-- IDA provides concessional financing International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), to the world's poorest countries. Its International Development Association (IDA), International operations are concentrated in South Financial Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Together Guarantee Agency (MIGA)--committed over $40 billion in these regions account for 72 percent of 2008 to help countries struggling with the global economic the outstanding IDA portfolio. IFC and crisis, a record for the institution. The World Bank Group's MIGA are active in all regions but with exposure to developing countries at end-2008 (defined a concentration in Latin America and as disbursed and undisbursed commitments) totaled the countries of Europe and Central $324 billion: IBRD and IDA each had exposure of approximately Asia. These two regions combined $143 billion; IFC exposure was $32 billion; and that of MIGA accounted for 53 and 67 percent of the $7 billion. The countries of South Asia accounted for almost IFC's and MIGA's portfolios, respectively. 24 percent of the total owed to the World Bank Group. Three Economy 97 External debt external debt as a share of GNI, 2008 Greenland (Den) 60% or more Faeroe 45­59% Islands Iceland (Den) 30­44% The Netherlands 15­29% C a n a d a United less than 15% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Former Dominican Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Jamaica Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad Sierra and Tobago Grenada Côte Ghana Leone d'Ivoire Netherlands R.B. de French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname Guinea-Bissau São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 274% Peru B r a z i l Liberia French Polynesia (Fr) 515% Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Turkey is one of the top 10 debtor countries Highest debtors Developing Total external debt ($ billions) Rank country [Total debt service (% of GNI)] 1 Russian Federation 402 [26%] 2 China 378 [9%] 3 Turkey 277 [35%] 4 Brazil 256 [16%] 5 India 230 [19%] 6 Poland 218 [42%] 7 Mexico 203 [19%] 8 Indonesia 150 [30%] 9 Argentina 128 [40%] 10 Kazakhstan 107 [95%] 98 Uzbekistan Russian Federation Latvia Romania 14% 26% 127% 55% Sweden Finland Norway R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand 1995 2008 Low- & middle-income 38% 22% Low-income 88% 30% Middle-income 36% 22% Facts Internet links In Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of debt to GNI fell from an average World Bank data.worldbank.org/topic/ 65 percent in 2000 to 21 percent in 2008. economic-policy-and- external-debt Out of 120 developing countries with available estimates, 99 have lowered Bank for International www.bis.org their external debt to GNI ratio between 2000 and 2008. Settlements External (go to Statistics, then select Debt Statistics External Debt) The ratio of debt service to exports fell from 20 percent in 2000 to 9.5 percent in 2008. World Bank--Quarterly www.worldbank.org/qeds External Debt Statistics The global financial crisis has squeezed credit from the private sector. OECD--External Debt www.oecd.org Short-term debt together with the flows from private creditors to (go to Statistics, then select developing countries fell 66 percent in 2008 from 2007. External Debt) IMF--External Debt www.imf.org/external/ The World Bank committed over $40 billion in 2008 to help countries np/sta/ed/ed.htm struggling with the global economic crisis. Joint External Debt Hub www.jedh.org Economy 99 2050, the world's urban population is Cities will continue to grow. expected to almost double, from 3.4 billion The urban environment Cities can be tremendously in 2009 to 6.3 billion. Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a drastic increase in its efficient in many ways--such urban population, from 298 million to as easier provision of water and more than a billion over the next four sanitation services, and better decades. access to healthcare, education, Among developing regions, urbanization and other social and cultural has gone farthest in Latin America and the services--but they also face Caribbean, where 79 percent of the people increases in congestion, pollution, now live in urban areas; this number is expected to increase to 89 percent by costs of meeting basic needs and 2050. By 2050, 70 percent of the world's make demands on the environment population will live in urban areas, in and natural resources. some countries placing tremendous pressure on the capacity of the natural Cities, now home to almost half of the and human-made environment to support world's people, are growing rapidly in size and them. The consequences are deteriorating number, especially in developing countries. living conditions, the growth of slums, People flock to cities for work, access to public the destruction of habitat, and air and services, and a higher standard of living. By water pollution. East Asia now has the largest number of people living in cities Population living in urban areas (millions) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia 1,000 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa High-income countries 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 9 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 200 Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2007 Revision; World Bank estimates data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/urban See pp. 6­7 for more information Pollution from particulate matter in cities is decreasing Urban-population-weighted particulate matter (PM10 per cubic meter) 150 120 90 60 30 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan High-income Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: World Bank estimates based on the study Ambient Particulate Matter Concentration in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of the World Cities: New Estimates Based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS), 2006 100 Cities house half the world's population, but basic services are The proportion of people living in slums often lacking in poor areas is falling, but remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa Proportion of urban population living in slum areas (% of urban population) 100 75 50 25 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 0 Eastern Latin Northern South Sub- Western Asia America & Africa Eastern Saharan Asia Caribbean Asia Africa Source: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: 2007 Revision UN Habitat defines a slum dwelling as a household that Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia have the lowest lacks one or more of the following: access to improved sanitation in urban areas · Durable housing of a permanent nature Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation facilties (%) · Sufficient living space East Asia & 1990 · Easy access to safe water Pacific 2008 · Access to adequate sanitation Europe & 1990 · Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. Central Asia 2008 By this definition more than 900 million people in developing Latin America & 1990 Caribbean 2008 regions live in slums--about one in three people living in urban areas or one of every six people worldwide. To achieve significant Middle East & 1990 North Africa 2008 improvements in the lives of slum dwellers, public and private 1990 investment in durable, affordable housing is required. South Asia 2008 Urbanization and the environment Sub-Saharan 1990 Africa 2008 The cost of urbanization to human health comes from a variety of sources. Diarrheal diseases from inadequate 1990 High-income sanitation account for an estimated 4 percent of the global 2008 0 20 40 60 80 100 burden of disease. The proximity to industrial works and Source: WHO; World Bank estimates roadways and the use of inefficient and polluting sources of energy can result in exposure to high levels of soot and small, pollution has the biggest impact in airborne particles (PM10--fine, suspended particles less than China, Latin America and the Caribbean, 10 microns in diameter) that contribute to lung cancer, other and Eastern Europe. Not only are the respiratory diseases, and heart disease. human and financial costs of pollution Air and water pollution in many of the world's major cities high, they tend to fall disproportionately cause moderate to severe sickness and death, and cost billions on poor people. So addressing pollution of dollars in lost productivity and damages. Although all the is justified on equity, economic, and world's large cities share these problems, water pollution tends environmental grounds. to be most serious in South, Southeast, and Central Asia. Air Environment 101 Urbanization urban population as a share of total population, 2009 Greenland (Den) less than 35% Faeroe 35­49% Islands (Den) Iceland 50­64% The Netherlands 65­79% C a n a d a United 80% or more Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 58% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 79% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Mumbai, India, is one of the fastest growing cities Highest urban populations in slums (2005­2007) in the developing world Urban population living in slum areas Rank Country (% of urban population) 1 Sierra Leone 97i 2 Central African Republic 95i 3 Sudan 94 4 Chad 90 5 Angola 87i 6 Guinea-Bissau 83i 7 Niger 82 8 Mozambique 80 9 Ethiopia 79 10 Madagascar 78 i indicates data are for 2005 102 Europe & Central Asia 64% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 45% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros 30% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 37% New Zealand Facts Internet links Latin America and the Caribbean has the highest share of people United Nations Population www.un.org/popin living in urban areas. Information Network Urban areas cover only 3 percent of the world's land area. Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org The urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at 3.8 percent, faster than any other region. World Bank Urban Development www.worldbank.org/urban In 1800, 3 percent of the world's people lived in urban areas; by 1900 14 percent did; and today more than 50 percent do. United Nations, World esa.un.org/unup Urbanization Prospects, Almost 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from cities. 2007 Revision Environment 103 of farmers and their land. Agricultural output The world is producing enough has grown more rapidly than population, but Feeding a growing world food to feed all, but 1 billion so has the demand for agricultural products. Since 2000 the world's food production per people lack adequate nutrition capita has grown by 1.3 percent annually. to meet their daily needs. Lack Production in the developing regions of of food--along with poor quality Asia and South America has grown even food that does not supply vital faster, around 2 percent. But in Africa, nutrients--takes a pervasive toll with some of the highest rates of undernourishment, food production has on health and productivity in barely kept pace with population increase. developing countries, especially Food consumption patterns in in Sub-Saharan Africa. developing countries are changing as The demand for food will continue to grow incomes rise. Traditional meals, based on because of population growth, income growth, cereals and vegetables, are being replaced accelerating changes in dietary habits, and by more input-intensive and higher-priced industrial demand for commodities such as meat products. corn (maize) and soybeans. By 2050 there will Producing more food requires more be 9 billion people living on Earth, almost efficient use of the agricultural inputs-- 3 billion more than today. Most will live in land, water, and soil fertility. Intensified cities, but all will depend on rural areas to cultivation through the use of fertilizers, feed them. pesticides, irrigation, and new plant Meeting the growing demand for food and varieties can make limited land more improving the quality of life of those who productive. Such practices, however, produce it require increasing the productivity may also cause further environmental Food production per capita in Southeast Asia and World food prices rose sharply from 2006 to South America has risen steadily 2008 Food production per capita index, 1999­2001=100 Food Price Index 2002­2004 base prices 130 300 World Food Price Index Africa 120 Meat data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/food South America 250 See pp. 6­7 for more information Dairy Southeast Asia Cereal 110 200 100 150 90 100 80 70 50 * 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 09 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 009 010 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 2 Source: FAO Source: FAO * June 2010 104 Overgrazing is one of many causes of Food consumption is expected to continue to rise land degradation Average food consumption per person (kcal per capita per day) 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1964­1966 1997­1999 1964­1966 1997­1999 1964­1966 1997­1999 2015 2030 2015 2030 2015 2030 0 Sub-Saharan Developing High-income Africa countries countries Source: FAO degradation. The effects of climate change represent a further challenge to efforts to raise the productivity of plants and animals. Cereal production per capita has fallen in Sub-Saharan Africa Many poor farmers subsist on fragile lands, Cereal production per capita (kilograms) poorly suited to intensive farming. They lack access 800 to fertilizers, farm equipment, irrigation systems, high-yielding plant varieties, and markets for their 600 produce. Overgrazing, deforestation, improper crop 400 rotation, and poor soil and water management 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 contribute to land degradation. The degradation of 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 200 land reduces its productivity, encouraging growing populations to move on to new and poorer land, 0 Sub-Saharan Developing High-income converting forests and fragile, semi-arid areas into Africa countries countries low-productivity cultivated areas. Source: FAO In 2002, almost 1.4 billion people were living on Sub-Saharan Africa cereal yields remain low fragile lands, more than three-quarters of them in Asia and Africa. On these lands, yields are low, the Cereal yield (metric tons per hectare) risks of crop failure are high, and a large portion of 6 the population is undernourished. Many, especially 5 in Africa, are vulnerable to climate variability and 4 associated floods and droughts that are likely to become more pronounced as a result of climate 3 change, leading to local famines and increased 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 2 levels of malnutrition. Sustainable production 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 1979­1981 1989­1991 2006­2008 methods, based on environmentally sound 1 practices, along with the development of more 0 Sub-Saharan Developing High-income efficient markets for farm inputs and outputs and Africa countries countries off-farm activities, are the keys to improving rural Source: FAO livelihoods and expanding the global food supply. Environment 105 Undernourishment prevalence of undernourishment, Greenland (Den) share of population, average, 2004­2006 Faeroe 40% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 25­39% 10­24% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 5­9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom less than 5% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 7% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 9% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Feeding centers are important in preventing Countries with the highest levels of undernourishment undernourishment in many countries % of population Rank Country 2004­2006 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 75 2 Eritrea 66 3 Burundi 63 4 Haiti 58 5 Comoros 51 6 Sierra Leone 46 7 Zambia 45 8 Angola 44 9 Ethiopia 44 10 Central African Republic 41 106 Europe & Central Asia 6% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 12% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 22% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 28% New Zealand Facts Internet links Worldwide 1.02 billion people were estimated to be undernourished FAO--Hunger www.fao.org (click on Hunger) in 2009. World Health www.who.org More than 100 million people were deprived of access to adequate food Organization because of the food crises in 2006­2008. World Food Programme www.wfp.org According to FAO, about 642 million people in East Asia and Pacific and Consultative Group on www.cgiar.org 265 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa are suffering from chronic hunger. International Agricultural Research About 30 percent of people in developing countries are affected by vitamin International Fund for www.ifad.org and mineral deficiencies. Agricultural Development Environment 107 With the projected growth in population Water is crucial to economic and economic activity, the share of the A thirsty planet gets thirstier growth and development--and world's population facing water shortages will increase more than fivefold by 2050. to the survival of terrestrial and Human needs for water in daily life aquatic ecosystems. Demand for compete with demands from agriculture, water is increasing for food energy production, and other industrial production, for industrial uses, uses. Urbanization and changes in lifestyle and for human consumption. have led to higher per capita use. Climate change is also expected to influence the Meanwhile, nearly 900 million availability and distribution of freshwater people lack convenient access supplies. These trends pose a significant to safe drinking water. challenge for meeting the Millennium Development Goals and sustaining the South Asia and Middle East and North Africa face severe water conditions growth of developing countries. Although the Earth's water resources Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, 2007 (1,000 cubic meters) are estimated at about 1.4 billion cubic 25 kilometers, only a fraction is available for 20 human needs. Freshwater makes up only 2.5 percent of total water resources, or 15 about 35 million cubic kilometers. Most 10 freshwater occurs in the form of permanent 5 ice or snow, locked up in Antarctica and Greenland, or in deep groundwater aquifers. 0 a& e& a& t& sia ica e The principal sources of water for human Asi fic rop sia eric an Eas ica th A Afr com ast Paci Eu ral A Am ribbe iddle h Afr Sou ran -in E aha gh nt atin Ca M ort Hi Ce L N Su b-S use are lakes, rivers, soil moisture, and Source: Based on data from World Resources Institute; FAO's AQUASTAT relatively shallow groundwater basins. The Most freshwater in developing countries is used for Irrigated lands are increasing, putting more agriculture pressure on water resources Share of freshwater withdrawals, MRY 1999­2007 (%) Irrigated land (million hectares) d domestic i industry a agriculture 100 90 data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/water d d d d d i d See pp. 6­7 for more information d i i i i 75 80 i i 60 60 2005­2007 45 2005­2007 a a 2005­2007 1989­1991 1989­1991 40 a a 30 1989­1991 a 2005­2007 a 1989­1991 1989­1991 2005­2007 1989­1991 2005­2007 a 20 15 0 0 a ica e a a sia & pe & ica & ast & Asi Afr com sia & pe & ica & ast & Asi fric t A cific Euro l Asia mer bean le E Africa outh ran -in t A cific Euro l Asia mer bean le E Africa outh nA Eas Pa a A ib d S gh Eas Pa a in A arib d h S ara ntr atin Car Mid orth aha Hi ntr at C d Mi Nort ah Ce L N b-S Ce L b-S Su Su Source: Based on data from World Resources Institute; FAO's AQUASTAT Source: World Development Indicators 2010 based on data from FAO 108 The diversion of water for irrigation has resulted in the Despite progress, more than 40 percent of Aral Sea shrinking, causing health problems and the population of Sub-Saharan Africa lacks destroying the fishing industry access to an improved water source Access to an improved water source (% of population) East Asia & 1990 Pacific 2008 Europe & 1990 Central Asia 2008 Latin America & 1990 Caribbean 2008 Middle East & 1990 North Africa 2008 1990 South Asia 2008 Sub-Saharan 1990 Africa 2008 usable portion is less than 1 percent of all freshwater and only 1990 0.03 percent of all water on Earth. Much of that is located far High-income 2008 from human populations. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Humans compete with ecosystems in the use of freshwater. Source: WHO and World Bank estimates Extraction of water for human needs diminishes the amount available to maintain the integrity of terrestrial and marine People in rural areas are more likely to lack ecosystems. The three major factors leading to increased access to improved water sources water demand over the past century have been population People without access to improved water, 2008 growth, industrial development, and the expansion of (millions) irrigated land in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for more East Asia & Rural than 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals--90 percent in Pacific Urban low-income countries. Most of this water is used for irrigation Europe & Rural to provide about 40 percent of world food production. Central Asia Urban Pollution of water bodies causes further degradation of Latin America & Rural natural systems and reduces the supply fit for human Caribbean Urban consumption. Rural Middle East & North Africa Urban Although domestic use of water for drinking and washing is the smallest part of the demand for water--usually less South Asia Rural Urban than 5 percent of the total--providing safe water for human consumption is of great importance for health and wellbeing. Sub-Saharan Rural Africa Urban Water supplies should be free of chemical and biological contaminants and delivered in such a way that their High-income Rural Urban cleanliness is protected. They should also be regularly and 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 conveniently available. Source: WHO and World Bank estimates Environment 109 Access to water share of population with access to an improved Greenland (Den) water source, 2008 Faeroe less than 50% Islands Iceland (Den) 50­69% 70­89% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 90­99% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 100% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 87% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Haiti Cape Verde Belize Jamaica Mali Guadeloupe (Fr) Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 92% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Many people still lack access to a convenient and Lowest access to clean water sources, 2008 reliable water source Access to an improved water source Rank Country (% of total population) 1 Somalia 30 2 Ethiopia 38 3 Papua New Guinea 40 4 Madagascar 41 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 46 6 Mozambique 47 7 Afghanistan 48 8 Niger 48 9 Mauritania 49 10 Sierra Leone 49 110 Europe & Central Asia 95% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Iraq Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 86% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Tanzania Comoros 84% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Mayotte Angola (Fr) Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 58% New Zealand Facts Internet links While population has increased from 1.6 billion to 6 billion, water withdrawals have increased from about 500 cubic kilometers to AQUASTAT, Food and www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/ 3,830 cubic kilometers during 1900­2000. Agriculture Organization main/index.stm (click on Statistical Databases) By 2050 the world's water will have to support the agricultural systems that will feed and create livelihoods for an additional 2.7 billion people. UN Environment Programme www.unep.org Latin America, with 31 percent, and East Asia, with 22 percent, have more than half of the world's freshwater resources. South Asia uses 90 percent of total freshwater withdrawals for World Resources Institute www.wri.org agricultural use. Environment 111 Forest loss is taking a terrible toll on Forests contribute to the both the natural and economic resources Protecting the environment livelihood of poor people and of many countries. Forests meet many people's basic, everyday needs, providing nourish the natural systems on food, fuel, building materials, and clean which many more people depend. water. Forests also provide essential public About 30 percent of global land goods of global value. They facilitate the area is forest, which accounts hydrological and nutrient cycles and act for as much as 90 percent of as carbon sinks, reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. terrestrial biodiversity. In most countries, however, forests are Deforestation is the main cause of biodiversity loss. Biodiversity refers to the shrinking. variety of plants and animal species on earth, the genetic variability within each Forests cover about 30 percent of all land Among developing regions, Latin America and the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa have the Forest coverage, 1990 and 2007 (% of land area) largest protected land area 50 Regional distribution of protected area, 2008 (1,000 sq. km) 40 South Asia Middle East & North Africa 283 334 Europe & Central Asia 30 1,775 High-income East Asia & Pacific 20 6,819 2,390 10 2007 1990 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 Sub-Saharan Africa 0 3,010 Afr ran a e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & d Asi com ica ific sia n ica rl rth ast ntr pe bea Wo aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in b-S Am Eas Latin America & Caribbean So gh dd Su 4,651 Hi in Mi Lat Source: United Nations Environment Programme; WCMC; and Source: FAO and World Bank estimates World Bank estimates Protected areas conserve habitat for plants and Latin America and the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/environment animals Africa contained about 40 percent of world forest area in 2007 Nationally protected land area, 2008 (% of total area) See pp. 6­7 for more information 25 Regional forest coverage, 2007 (1,000 sq. km) Middle East & North Africa South Asia 20 212 799 East Asia & Pacific High-income 4,525 15 9,811 10 Sub-Saharan Africa 6,165 5 0 a ran me sia & pe & ica & ast & Asi t A cific Euro l Asia mer bean le E Africa outh aha ica inco Latin America & Eas Pa a in A arib idd th S b-S Afr igh- ntr t C M Nor Su H Caribbean Europe & Central Asia Ce La 9,052 8,720 Source: United Nations Environment Programme; WCMC; and World Bank estimates Source: FAO and World Bank estimates 112 A bend in the Ganga River, India species, and the variety of ecosystems in which Rainforest protected from destruction within they live. Tropical forests are particularly rich in the Argentinian sector of Iguazú National Park diversity of life. In addition, forest loss in the tropics is responsible for 10 to 30 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation is largely driven by human action. Because many services provided by forests are not valued, they are subject to destructive and unsustainable exploitation that is not economically or environmentally justified. Forests are cleared to expand agricultural land or allow the exploitation of minerals. Timber is used to provide fuel and raw material for manufacturing and construction. In many cases, a proper accounting would show that forests are more valuable than these destructible uses. Global deforestation is proceeding at 13 million hectares a year, but because of reforestation the net forest loss will add up to about 5 million hectares between 2000 and 2010. New incentives and careful regulation are needed to stop deforestation. Forest areas may be designated as protected areas to prevent illegal and unsustainable exploitation. About 13 percent, including some lower density forest areas, of global forest area is under protection. Generally the least well protected forests are located in Africa. Environment 113 Forest lost and gained average annual change in forest area, Greenland (Den) between 1990 and 2007 Faeroe decrease of 1.0% or more Islands Iceland (Den) decrease of 0.1­0.9% no significant change The Netherlands C a n a d a United increase of 0.1­0.9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) increase of 1.0% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Former Dominican Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Jamaica Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Indonesia is among the top 10 countries with the Countries with the largest forest area, 2007 largest forest area Rank Country Sq. km (1,000) 1 Russian Federation 8,086 2 Brazil 4,715 3 Canada 3,101 4 United States 3,034 5 China 2,054 6 Australia 1,633 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,330 8 Indonesia 848 9 Peru 686 10 India 678 114 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Between 1990 and 2007, the world lost about 140 million hectares of forest, more than 8 million hectares per year. Food and Agriculture www.fao.org Organization--Forestry (click on Forestry) China added an average of about 2.9 million hectares of forest each year from 1990 to 2007. International Union for www.iucn.org The forest area in Brazil decreased by more than 48 million hectares, Conservation of Nature about 35 percent of the world's forest loss, between 1990 and 2007. At the global level, deforestation seems to be slowing: the estimate of Food and Agriculture www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010 forest cover change indicates an annual loss of 7.3 million hectares Organization's Global Forest during the years 2000 to 2007, compared with 8.9 million hectares Resources Assessment 2010 annually between 1990 and 2007. Environment 115 Protected areas nationally protected areas as a share of Greenland (Den) total land area, 2008 Faeroe less than 2% Islands Iceland (Den) 2­4% 5­9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 10­19% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom 20% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 3.8% Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 22.8% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Virgin tropical rainforest, northern Brazil Highest number of nationally protected land areas, 2008 Rank Country Number of areas 1 Germany 14,388 2 Russian Federation 11,181 3 Estonia 9,617 4 United States 6,770 5 Finland 6,046 6 Australia 5,485 7 Ukraine 5,197 8 Canada 5,122 9 Sweden 4,622 10 New Zealand 3,878 116 Europe & Central Asia 7.8% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 14.7% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros 5.5% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 12.4% New Zealand Facts Internet links The world's nationally protected areas were about 19 million square United Nations Environment www.unep-wcmc.org/ kilometers or 14 percent of the total surface area in 2008. Programme World Conservation protected_areas Monitoring Centre Marine surface areas were about 2.2 million square kilometers or 1.7 percent of the world's total surface area in 2008. International Union for www.iucn.org Conservation of Nature About 112,000 terrestrial areas were registered with the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2008, an increase from 1,000 in World Wildlife Fund for Nature www.wwf.org 1962. Food and Agriculture www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010 About 10 percent, or about 400 million hectares, of the world's forest Organization's Global Forest area has been declared protected. Resources Assessment 2010 Environment 117 Developing countries contain five-sixths World demand for energy is surging. of the world's population and use about Energy security and climate change The share of energy production from half the world's energy, but their demand is growing faster than richer countries'. Global alternative sources has increased energy use increased by about 2.6 percent slightly since 1990, but fossil fuels from 2006 to 2007, but in fast-growing supplied more than 80 percent of East Asia and the Pacific, energy use grew the world's total energy production by 5.6 percent. in 2007. Fossil fuels are the primary As economies develop, technological source of carbon dioxide emissions, progress and a shift away from energy- which, along with the other intensive activities help to increase energy efficiency, but rising incomes and growing greenhouse gases, are believed to be populations increase the demand for the principal cause of global climate energy. As a result, between 1990 and 2007 change. Producing the energy worldwide energy use increased by about needed for growth while mitigating 36 percent, while the population rose by its effects on the world's climate is only 25 percent. a global challenge for everyone. Carbon dioxide emissions are highest in high-income economies, and still growing Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 0 cifi c Asi a & & Asi a ica le- ies a l ca eri ean ast a Afr dd s ntr &P tra le E fric uth an mi trie ou sia en Am ribb dd rth A So har - & coun ec tA &C in a Lat C Mi No -Sa w Loome com Eas rop e Su b -in Eu inc Hi gh Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/energy The four largest emitters account for about half of all carbon dioxide emissions produced in 2007, but average See pp. 6­7 for more information emissions per person in China and India are still quite low Carbon dioxide emissions (billion metric tons) Carbon emissions per capita (metric tons) 7 20 6 15 5 4 10 3 2007 2007 2 5 1990 1990 2007 1990 1 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 1990 2007 0 0 United China Russian India United China Russian India States Federation States Federation Source: CDIAC and World Bank estimates 118 The way energy is generated determines its Solar panel powering telecommunications environmental consequences. The extensive use of satellite dish on a remote island in Fiji fossil fuels in recent decades has boosted emissions of carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. Burning coal releases twice as much carbon dioxide as burning the equivalent amount of natural gas. It is estimated that half the amount of carbon released each year by human activities stays in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change; half of the remaining carbon is being dissolved in the ocean and the other half is absorbed on land by vegetation and soils. Clearing of forests has reduced their ability to trap carbon dioxide. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by more than 30 percent since the High-income economies use almost 50 percent of the beginning of the industrial revolution. According world's energy, but developing countries' demand is rising to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Energy use (million kilotons of oil equivalent) the rate and duration of global warming in the 12 20th century are unprecedented in the past thousand 10 years. The global average surface temperature has 8 increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1861, 6 4 the year instrument records became available, and 2 the 1990s were the warmest decade yet recorded. 0 Increases in the maximum temperature and the 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 number of hot days have been observed in nearly High- Upper-middle- Lower-middle- Low- income income income income all regions. Warming is expected to continue, with Source: International Energy Agency and World Bank estimates increases in the range of 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius over the next 100 years. Fossil fuels are the source of more than 80 percent of the world's energy supply Global warming shrinks glaciers, changes the frequency and intensity of rainfall, shifts growing Global primary energy supply by source, 2007 Other Hydro seasons, advances the flowering of trees and 1% 2% Nuclear emergence of insects, and causes the sea level to 6% Combustible renewables and waste rise. The magnitude and effect of climate change Crude oil 34% 10% vary across regions, but developing countries are likely to suffer most because of their dependence Natural gas on climate-sensitive activities such as agriculture 21% and fishing. They also have more limited capacity to respond to the effects of climate change. Coal 26% Source: International Energy Agency Environment 119 Energy use energy use per capita, kilograms of oil equivalent, 2007 Greenland (Den) Faeroe 5,000 or more Islands Iceland (Den) 2,500­4,999 1,000­2,499 The Netherlands 500­999 C a n a d a United Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom less than 500 Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Former Dominican Republic Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Puerto Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Jamaica Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Hydropower plant in Thailand Countries with highest energy consumption, 2007 Million metric tons Rank Country of oil equivalent 1 United States 2,340 2 China 1,956 3 Russian Federation 672 4 India 595 5 Japan 514 6 Germany 331 7 Canada 269 8 France 264 9 Brazil 236 10 Korea, Rep. 222 120 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Sudan Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links In 2007, petroleum, coal, and natural gas were the top sources Intergovernmental Panel on www.ipcc.ch of the world's energy consumption, accounting for 34, 26, and Climate Change 21 percent, respectively. Renewable energy from nuclear, hydro, and solar sources constituted less than 10 percent of the world's energy consumption in 2007. International Energy Agency www.iea.org Sub-Saharan Africa still gets more than half of its energy from traditional combustible renewable sources and waste. United Nations Statistics unstats.un.org/unsd China, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and the Russian Federation Division produced more than half of the world's hydropower energy in 2007. Latin America and the Caribbean produces more than 55 percent of The World Bank Group www.worldbank.org/energy its electricity from hydropower. Energy Program About 1.5 billion people in the world lived without access to electricity in 2008. In Sub-Saharan Africa, more than 70 percent of people live without U.S. Energy Information www.eia.doe.gov access to electricity. Administration Environment 121 Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide emissions per capita, 2007 Greenland (Den) 15.0 metric tons or more Faeroe 10.0­14.9 metric tons Islands Iceland (Den) 5.0­9.9 metric tons The Netherlands 1.0­4.9 metric tons C a n a d a United less than 1.0 metric ton Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) US Virgin Islands (US) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 3.7 metric tons Former Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Kitts and Nevis Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Cape Verde Jamaica Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Barbados Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama St. Vincent and the Grenadines Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 2.7 metric tons Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Coal-fired power stations are major contributors Greatest increase in emissions between 1990 and 2007 to atmospheric pollution Increase in carbon dioxide emissions Rank Country (million metric tons of oil equivalent) 1 China 4,074 2 United States 971 3 India 921 4 Germany 787 5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 269 6 Korea, Rep. 261 7 Indonesia 247 8 Saudi Arabia 187 9 Thailand 182 10 Brazil 159 122 Europe & Central Asia 7.2 metric tons Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 4.0 metric tons Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 1.2 metric tons Guinea American Samoa (US) Timor-Leste Mayotte Angola (Fr) Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 metric tons New Zealand Facts Internet links Between 1990 and 2007, the world's carbon dioxide energy-related Intergovernmental Panel on www.ipcc.ch emissions rose by 36 percent to 30 billion metric tons. Climate Change High-income economies emit more than four times as much carbon dioxide per person as developing economies. Carbon Dioxide Information cdiac.ornl.gov Developing countries emitted more than half the world's 30 billion Analysis Center metric tons of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2007. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased World Resources Institute www.wri.org from 280 parts per million in preindustrial times to 382 in 2006-- an increase of 36 percent. Carbon dioxide constitutes about 75 percent of global greenhouse The IEA Greenhouse Gas www.ieaghg.org gas emissions. R&D Programme Environment 123 such as oil deposits, forests and crop Economic wellbeing is derived from land, and human and social capital. Where is the wealth of nations? a country's assets. Development can The capacity of a country to sustain and increase wellbeing depends on how well be seen as a process of building these assets are managed. Adjusted net and managing this diversified saving (ANS) provides a measure of portfolio of assets. For wellbeing net change in wealth. It is defined as to be sustainable, the total value gross saving plus investment in human of assets must be maintained at a capital (education expenditures), minus depreciation of produced capital, depletion constant level over time or growing. of natural capital (subsoil assets, forest, Adjusted net saving is a measure and land), and damage from global and of the net change in a country's local pollution. If ANS is negative, it total wealth and thus a powerful means that the country is exhausting its indicator of sustainability. resources at the cost of future generations; hence it is on a path of unsustainable A country's wealth includes not only development. physical capital such as buildings and Countries rich in natural resources have machinery. It also includes natural capital, an advantage over others in financing Adjusted net saving for a resource-rich country is negative despite high gross saving Adjusted net saving in Uzbekistan, 2008 (% of GNI) 50 Educational 40 expenditures Depreciation Depletion of 30 of fixed natural capital resources 20 10 0 Pollution damages -10 -20 Gross saving Net saving Net saving plus Adjusted net Adjusted educational saving excluding net saving expenditures pollution damages Source: World Bank estimates data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/wealth See pp. 6­7 for more information Adjusted net saving is low in countries with high exhaustible resource rents Adjusted net saving, 2008 (% of GNI) Adjusted net saving (% of GNI) 40 China Vietnam 20 0 Uzbekistan -20 Equatorial Guinea -40 Angola Congo, Rep. -60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Energy and mineral rents, (% of GNI), 2008 Source: World Bank estimates 124 Asia emerges as sustaining positive adjusted net saving rates over more than three decades East Asia & Pacific South Asia Adjusted net saving (% of GNI) Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa 40 30 20 10 0 -10 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 197 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Source: World Bank estimates development. Natural resource rents can be effectively have declining trends in ANS. These deployed for this purpose, but it is important to reinvest such two regions are on an unsustainable rents in other types of capital, notably human capital and development path. But if we look more institutions. The data show that natural resource abundance closely, distinct stories emerge. In often leads to low or negative ANS. This is true for many Sub-Saharan Africa, a relatively small resource-rich countries in the developing world. Adjusted net handful of countries has dragged down saving as a percent of GNI often has a negative relationship performance for the entire region, with the share of energy and mineral resource rents in GNI. relative to the rest of the world. But Countries such as Angola, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial nearly two-thirds of African countries Guinea, and Uzbekistan with resource rents greater than have had positive saving rates over the 80 percent of GNI have negative ANS rates of ­20 to ­60 percent decade. This group was led by the of GNI. With relatively fewer natural resource endowments, largest African economy, South Africa, China has achieved a high ANS rate by investing in produced and includes others such as Botswana, and human capital. But natural resource abundance need not Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, be a curse. At the other end of the spectrum are countries such and Uganda. Other resource-rich as Botswana and Vietnam, rich in mineral wealth and energy regions, such as Latin America and the resources but with positive ANS rates. They are good examples Caribbean, and the Middle East and of how reinvesting resource rents can go a long way in North Africa, do not show a clear trend. boosting social and institutional capital with positive results Asian regions stand out as achieving on growth. Among the low-income countries, Vietnam's GDP almost steadily increasing ANS rates grew by 7.51 percent per year during 1990­2008 and per capita generated mostly via their high gross income increased by 6.0 percent per year. Botswana has been saving rates in recent years. the fastest-growing economy in Sub-Saharan Africa during the last 18 years, with an average annual per capita growth rate of 3.9 percent. Adjusted net saving trends across regions have varied widely over time. Sub-Saharan Africa, and Europe and Central Asia Environment 125 Wealth of nations adjusted net saving, including particulate Greenland (Den) emission damage, as a share of GNI, 2008 or latest available data Faeroe Islands (Den) less than -5.0% Iceland -5.0­0.0% The Netherlands 0.1­4.9% C a n a d a United Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 5.0­9.9% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) 10% or more Luxembourg Fra no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) Morocco US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Former Republic St. Kitts and Nevis Spanish Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Sahara Cuba Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Guadeloupe (Fr) Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Martinique (Fr) Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Barbados Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guinea Benin Panama Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Netherlands R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia Antilles (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 6.3% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries with the highest share of natural capital on total wealth Country, population Natural capital as share Adjusted net saving Rank over 30 million of wealth (2005) (% of GNI, 2008) 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 69% -2.5 2 Sudan 56% -13.1 Natural capital as a share of comprehensive 3 Nigeria 55% .. wealth is most important in low- and lower- 4 Iran, Islamic Rep. 53% 7.5* middle-income countries. But countries differ 5 Algeria 52% 21.4 substantially in terms of adjusted net saving. 6 Russian Federation 43% 1.5 7 Vietnam 39% 9.7 8 Tanzania 35% 5.1** 9 Ethiopia 32% 8.9 10 Pakistan 28% 6.1 * 2007 **2006 126 Europe & Central Asia 3.2% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Dem. People's Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 28.6% Nigeria Central Ethiopia African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros 21.6% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa -6.2% New Zealand Facts Internet links Natural capital constitutes a major component of wealth and is a principal source of income in developing countries. Where Is the Wealth of Nations? go.worldbank.org/ 2QTH26ULQ0 If Trinidad and Tobago had reinvested all resource rents from oil and gas into manufactured capital, it would have accumulated more than three times as much manufactured capital as it did. Report of the Commission on the www.stiglitz-sen- Measurement of Economic and fitoussi.fr In 2008 resource-rich Kazakhstan had a gross saving rate of Social Progress 46 percent of GNI and an adjusted net saving rate of 3 percent of GNI. In 2008 the adjusted net savings was 7 percent of GNI for the world Environmental Economics at the www.worldbank.org/ as a whole, 13 percent for low- and middle-income countries, and World Bank environmentaleconomics 6.8 percent for high-income countries. Environment 127 Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source per capita millions years per 1,000 % of population $ billions $ Economy 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 Key indicators of development Afghanistan 29.80 44 257 48 10.6 370 Albania 3.16 77 14 97 12.5 3,950 Algeria 34.90 72 41 83 154.2 4,420 American Samoa 0.07 .. .. .. .. .. d Andorra 0.09 .. 4 100 3.4 41,130 Angola 18.50 47 220 50 64.5 3,490 Antigua and Barbuda 0.09 .. 12 .. 1.1 12,070 Argentina 40.28 75 16 97 304.7 7,570 Armenia 3.08 74 23 96 9.5 3,100 Aruba 0.11 75 .. 100 .. .. e Australia 21.87 81 6 100 957.5 43,770 Austria 8.36 80 4 100 391.8 46,850 Azerbaijan 8.78 70 36 80 42.5 4,840 Bahamas, The 0.34 73 13 .. 7.1 21,390 Bahrain 0.79 76 12 .. 19.7 25,420 Bangladesh 162.22 66 54 80 95.4 590 Barbados 0.26 77 11 100 .. .. e Belarus 9.66 71 13 100 53.5 5,540 Belgium 10.79 80 5 100 488.8 45,310 Belize 0.33 76 19 99 1.2 3,740 Benin 8.93 61 121 75 6.7 750 Bermuda 0.06 79 .. .. .. .. e Bhutan 0.70 66 81 92 1.4 2,020 Bolivia 9.86 66 54 86 16.0 1,620 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.77 75 15 99 17.7 4,700 Botswana 1.95 54 31 95 12.2 6,240 Brazil 193.73 72 22 97 1,557.2 8,040 Brunei Darussalam 0.40 77 7 .. 10.2 27,050 Bulgaria 7.59 73 11 100 43.7 5,770 Burkina Faso 15.76 53 169 76 8.0 510 Burundi 8.30 50 168 72 1.2 150 Cambodia 14.81 61 90 61 9.7 650 Cameroon 19.52 51 131 74 22.8 1,170 Canada 33.74 81 6 100 1,423.0 42,170 Cape Verde 0.51 71 29 84 1.5 3,010 Cayman Islands 0.05 .. .. 95 .. .. e Central African Republic 4.42 47 173 67 2.0 450 Chad 11.21 49 209 50 6.9 610 Channel Islands 0.15 79 .. .. 10.2 68,610 Chile 16.97 79 9 96 159.9 9,420 China 1,331.46 73 21 89 4,815.8 3,620 Hong Kong SAR, China 7.00 82 .. .. 219.2 31,420 Macao SAR, China 0.54 81 .. .. 18.1 35,360 Colombia 45.66 73 20 92 225.2 4,930 Comoros 0.66 65 105 95 0.6 870 Congo, Dem. Rep. 66.02 48 199 46 10.7 160 Congo, Rep. 3.68 54 127 71 6.7 1,830 Costa Rica 4.58 79 11 97 28.5 6,230 Côte d'Ivoire 21.08 57 114 80 22.4 1,060 Croatia 4.43 76 6 99 61.2 13,810 Cuba 11.20 79 6 94 .. .. d Cyprus 0.87 80 4 100 21.4 f 26,940 f Czech Republic 10.49 77 4 100 181.5 17,310 Denmark 5.53 79 4 100 325.8 58,930 Djibouti 0.86 55 95 92 1.1 1,280 Dominica 0.07 .. 11 95 0.4 4,870 Dominican Republic 10.09 73 33 86 45.5 4,510 Ecuador 13.63 75 25 94 53.4 3,920 Egypt, Arab Rep. 83.00 70 23 99 172.0 2,070 El Salvador 6.16 71 18 87 20.8 3,370 Equatorial Guinea 0.68 50 148 43 8.4 12,420 Eritrea 5.07 59 58 61 1.5 300 Estonia 1.34 74 6 98 18.8 14,060 Ethiopia 82.82 55 109 38 27.0 330 Faeroe Islands 0.05 79 .. .. .. .. e Fiji 0.85 69 18 .. 3.4 3,950 Finland 5.34 80 3 100 243.9 45,680 France 62.62 82 4 100 2,754.6 43,990 French Polynesia 0.27 74 .. 100 .. .. e Gabon 1.47 60 77 87 10.9 7,370 Gambia, The 1.71 56 106 92 0.7 440 Georgia 4.26 72 30 98 11.1 g 2,530 g Germany 81.88 80 4 100 3,484.7 42,560 Ghana 23.84 57 76 82 16.6 700 Gibraltar 0.03 .. .. .. .. .. e Greece 11.28 80 4 100 323.1 28,630 Greenland 0.06 68 .. .. 1.9 32,960 Grenada 0.10 75 15 .. 0.6 5,550 Guam 0.18 76 .. 100 .. .. e 128 Total debt service Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business Internet usersc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2008 2009 2008 June 2009 2008 2007 Economy .. 35.3 2.8 7 1.7 0.0 Afghanistan 3.0 47.6 7.3 5 23.9 1.4 Albania .. 58.9 1.5 24 11.9 4.1 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. American Samoa .. .. .. .. 70.5 6.6 Andorra 2.5 81.1 2.0 68 3.1 1.4 Angola .. 64.0 21.1 21 75.0 5.1 Antigua and Barbuda 10.7 30.6 3.0 27 28.1 4.6 Argentina 12.7 45.9 7.8 15 6.2 1.6 Armenia .. .. .. .. 22.8 23.0 Aruba .. 34.5 4.5 2 70.8 17.7 Australia .. 72.9 2.9 28 71.2 8.3 Austria 0.9 65.2 0.0 10 28.2 3.7 Azerbaijan .. 52.0 9.9 31 31.5 6.4 Bahamas, The .. 126.3 8.2 9 51.9 29.6 Bahrain 3.9 41.3 1.3 44 0.3 0.3 Bangladesh .. 63.8 6.8 .. 73.7 5.3 Barbados 3.1 101.8 3.6 6 32.1 6.9 Belarus .. 153.8 20.8 4 68.1 9.7 Belgium 10.5 84.4 14.0 44 10.6 1.4 Belize .. 42.1 1.8 31 1.8 0.5 Benin .. 19.4 .. .. 79.4 8.0 Bermuda .. 65.0 2.4 46 6.6 0.9 Bhutan 11.3 53.4 3.1 50 10.8 1.4 Bolivia 4.4 74.5 5.7 60 34.7 7.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. 72.6 0.8 61 6.2 2.6 Botswana 22.7 18.2 2.7 120 37.5 1.9 Brazil .. 81.2 0.8 116 55.3 19.7 Brunei Darussalam 14.7 84.4 18.4 18 34.7 6.8 Bulgaria .. 33.2 1.7 14 0.9 0.1 Burkina Faso 28.1 35.8 0.3 32 0.8 0.0 Burundi 0.6 99.1 7.9 85 0.5 0.3 Cambodia .. 31.6 0.2 34 3.8 0.3 Cameroon .. 48.3 3.7 5 75.3 16.9 Canada 3.5 48.1 13.8 24 20.6 0.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 42.4 10.1 Cayman Islands .. 20.4 6.1 22 0.4 0.1 Central African Republic .. 71.9 10.0 75 1.2 0.0 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Channel Islands 18.2 58.3 8.9 27 32.5 4.3 Chile 2.0 45.0 3.3 37 22.5 5.0 China .. 354.4 27.7 6 67.0 5.8 Hong Kong SAR, China .. 42.5 27.1 .. 49.2 3.0 Macao SAR, China 16.2 28.5 4.4 20 38.5 1.4 Colombia .. 29.7 1.5 24 3.6 0.2 Comoros .. 60.3 8.6 149 .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 96.6 24.5 37 4.3 0.4 Congo, Rep. 10.5 69.0 6.8 60 32.3 1.8 Costa Rica 9.2 68.6 1.7 40 3.2 0.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 50.3 8.6 22 50.5 5.6 Croatia .. .. .. .. 12.9 2.4 Cuba .. 49.3 15.5 8 38.8 9.6 Cyprus .. 114.7 3.0 15 57.8 12.1 Czech Republic .. 56.8 0.9 6 83.3 9.1 Denmark 6.3 46.2 25.7 37 2.3 0.6 Djibouti .. 66.2 13.9 14 37.6 1.7 Dominica .. 38.0 6.3 19 21.6 2.1 Dominican Republic .. 50.3 1.8 64 28.8 2.2 Ecuador 4.7 35.1 5.8 7 16.6 2.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9.9 49.8 3.5 17 10.6 1.1 El Salvador .. 129.6 .. 136 1.8 7.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 33.0 2.2 84 4.1 0.1 Eritrea .. 100.7 8.3 7 66.2 15.2 Estonia 2.8 30.8 0.4 9 0.4 0.1 Ethiopia .. 69.5 .. .. .. 14.4 Faeroe Islands .. 69.9 8.7 46 12.2 1.7 Fiji .. 51.6 -1.1 14 82.5 12.1 Finland .. 38.7 3.5 7 67.9 6.0 France .. .. .. .. .. 3.1 French Polynesia .. 66.0 0.1 58 6.2 1.4 Gabon .. 44.3 8.8 27 6.9 0.2 Gambia, The 4.2 51.4 12.2 3 23.8 1.4 Georgia .. 61.3 0.7 18 75.5 9.6 Germany 3.2 87.5 12.7 33 4.3 0.4 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. 13.1 Gibraltar .. 24.0 1.5 19 43.1 8.8 Greece .. 77.8 .. .. 63.9 9.2 Greenland .. 47.8 23.8 20 23.2 2.3 Grenada .. .. .. .. 48.4 .. Guam Statistics 129 Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source per capita millions years per 1,000 % of population $ billions $ Economy 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 Key indicators of development Guatemala 14.03 70 35 94 36.8 2,620 Guinea 10.07 58 146 71 3.8 370 Guinea-Bissau 1.61 48 195 61 0.8 510 Guyana 0.76 67 61 94 1.1 1,450 Haiti 10.03 61 72 63 .. .. h Honduras 7.47 72 31 86 13.6 1,820 Hungary 10.02 74 7 100 130.1 12,980 Iceland 0.32 82 3 100 13.8 43,220 India 1,155.35 64 69 88 1,368.7 1,180 Indonesia 229.96 71 41 80 513.4 2,230 Iran, Islamic Rep. 72.90 71 32 .. 330.6 4,530 Iraq 31.49 68 44 79 69.7 2,210 Ireland 4.45 80 4 100 197.2 44,310 Isle of Man 0.08 .. .. .. 4.0 49,310 Israel 7.44 81 5 100 191.6 25,740 Italy 60.22 82 4 100 2,112.5 35,080 Jamaica 2.70 72 31 94 13.5 4,990 Japan 127.56 83 4 100 4,830.3 37,870 Jordan 5.95 73 20 96 22.3 3,740 Kazakhstan 15.89 66 30 95 107.1 6,740 Kenya 39.80 54 128 59 30.7 770 Kiribati 0.10 61 48 61 0.2 1,890 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 23.91 67 55 100 .. .. h Korea, Rep. 48.75 80 5 98 966.6 19,830 Kosovo 1.81 69 .. .. 5.8 3,240 Kuwait 2.79 78 11 99 117.0 43,930 Kyrgyz Republic 5.32 67 38 90 4.6 870 Lao P.D.R. 6.32 65 61 57 5.6 880 Latvia 2.26 72 9 99 27.9 12,390 Lebanon 4.22 72 13 100 33.6 7,970 Lesotho 2.07 45 79 85 2.1 1,030 Liberia 3.95 58 145 68 0.6 160 Libya 6.42 74 17 .. 77.2 12,020 Liechtenstein 0.04 83 2 .. 4.0 113,210 Lithuania 3.34 72 7 .. 38.1 11,410 Luxembourg 0.50 81 3 100 37.1 74,430 Macedonia, FYR 2.04 74 11 100 9.0 4,400 Madagascar 19.63 60 106 41 7.9 420 Malawi 15.26 53 100 80 4.2 280 Malaysia 27.47 74 6 100 198.7 7,230 Maldives 0.31 72 28 91 1.2 3,870 Mali 13.01 48 194 56 8.9 680 Malta 0.41 80 6 100 6.8 16,690 Marshall Islands 0.06 .. 36 94 0.2 3,060 Mauritania 3.29 57 118 49 3.2 960 Mauritius 1.28 73 17 99 9.2 7,240 Mayotte 0.20 76 .. .. .. .. d Mexico 107.43 75 17 94 958.8 8,920 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.11 69 39 94 0.2 2,220 Moldova 3.60 68 17 90 5.7 i 1,590 i Monaco 0.03 .. 4 100 6.7 203,900 Mongolia 2.67 67 41 76 4.4 1,630 Montenegro 0.62 74 8 98 4.1 6,550 Morocco 31.99 71 36 81 90.7 j 2,790 j Mozambique 22.89 48 130 47 10.0 440 Myanmar 50.02 62 98 71 .. .. h Namibia 2.17 61 42 92 9.3 4,290 Nepal 29.33 67 51 88 13.0 440 Netherlands 16.53 80 5 100 815.8 49,350 Netherlands Antilles 0.20 76 .. .. .. .. e New Caledonia 0.25 76 .. .. .. .. e New Zealand 4.32 80 6 100 114.5 26,830 Nicaragua 5.74 73 27 85 5.8 1,000 Niger 15.29 51 167 48 5.2 340 Nigeria 154.73 48 186 58 175.8 1,140 Northern Mariana Islands 0.09 .. .. 98 .. .. e Norway 4.83 81 4 100 417.3 86,440 Oman 2.85 76 12 88 49.8 17,890 Pakistan 169.71 67 89 90 172.9 1,020 Palau 0.02 69 15 84 0.2 8,940 Panama 3.45 76 23 93 23.2 6,710 Papua New Guinea 6.73 61 69 40 7.9 1,180 Paraguay 6.35 72 28 86 14.4 2,270 Peru 29.16 73 24 82 120.9 4,150 Philippines 91.98 72 32 91 164.5 1,790 Poland 38.15 76 7 100 467.5 12,260 Portugal 10.63 79 4 99 222.6 20,940 Puerto Rico 3.97 79 .. .. .. .. e Qatar 1.41 76 10 100 .. .. e 130 Total debt service Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business Internet usersc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2008 2009 2008 June 2009 2008 2007 Economy 12.2 51.3 1.9 29 14.3 1.0 Guatemala 9.6 58.0 10.1 41 0.9 0.1 Guinea .. 41.8 1.8 213 2.4 0.2 Guinea-Bissau 2.0 179.5 14.5 34 26.9 2.0 Guyana 1.9 40.2 0.5 195 10.1 0.2 Haiti .. 89.3 6.2 14 13.1 1.2 Honduras .. 125.2 41.0 4 58.5 5.6 Hungary .. 62.8 7.2 5 90.0 7.5 Iceland 8.7 30.4 3.4 30 4.5 1.4 India 13.4 39.1 1.8 60 7.9 1.8 Indonesia .. 39.1 0.4 9 32.0 7.0 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. 116.2 .. 77 1.0 3.3 Iraq .. 77.7 -7.5 13 62.7 10.2 Ireland .. .. .. .. .. .. Isle of Man .. 49.7 5.4 34 47.9 9.3 Israel .. 38.6 0.7 10 41.8 7.7 Italy 14.2 43.0 9.8 8 57.3 5.2 Jamaica .. 22.3 0.5 23 75.2 9.8 Japan 16.0 89.7 9.3 13 27.4 3.8 Jordan 41.8 65.6 11.8 20 10.9 14.7 Kazakhstan 4.5 46.4 0.3 34 8.7 0.3 Kenya .. 53.1 .. 21 2.1 0.3 Kiribati .. .. .. .. 0.0 3.0 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. .. 82.5 0.4 14 75.8 10.4 Korea, Rep. .. .. .. 52 .. .. Kosovo .. 75.9 0.0 35 36.7 32.3 Kuwait 8.2 97.8 4.5 11 16.1 1.2 Kyrgyz Republic .. 42.1 4.2 100 8.5 0.3 Lao P.D.R. 37.7 65.8 4.0 16 60.4 3.4 Latvia 14.0 60.3 12.1 9 22.5 3.2 Lebanon 2.5 145.0 13.4 40 3.6 .. Lesotho 131.3 91.9 17.1 20 0.5 0.2 Liberia .. 72.9 4.4 .. 5.1 9.3 Libya .. .. .. .. 66.0 .. Liechtenstein 30.6 92.7 3.8 26 54.4 4.5 Lithuania .. 86.2 170.9 24 79.2 22.6 Luxembourg 8.7 83.9 6.3 4 41.5 5.5 Macedonia, FYR .. 44.7 15.6 7 1.7 0.1 Madagascar .. 51.5 0.9 39 2.1 0.1 Malawi .. 146.8 3.3 11 55.8 7.3 Malaysia 6.2 82.7 1.2 9 23.5 3.0 Maldives .. 52.2 2.1 15 1.6 0.0 Mali .. 105.2 13.6 .. 48.3 6.7 Malta .. 72.6 .. 17 3.7 1.7 Marshall Islands .. 91.4 2.9 19 1.9 0.6 Mauritania 2.8 65.5 4.1 6 22.2 3.1 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. Mayotte 12.1 53.9 2.1 13 22.2 4.5 Mexico .. 61.1 .. 16 14.5 0.6 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 11.3 84.7 11.7 10 23.4 1.3 Moldova .. .. .. .. .. .. Monaco .. 96.0 13.0 13 12.5 4.0 Mongolia .. 60.1 19.3 13 47.2 .. Montenegro 10.3 51.3 2.8 12 33.0 1.5 Morocco 1.2 58.2 6.0 26 1.6 0.1 Mozambique .. .. .. .. 0.2 0.3 Myanmar .. 87.2 6.1 66 5.3 1.5 Namibia 3.6 33.8 0.0 31 1.7 0.1 Nepal .. 119.2 -0.3 10 87.0 10.6 Netherlands .. .. .. .. .. 32.4 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. 34.5 11.7 New Caledonia .. 40.4 4.7 1 71.4 7.7 New Zealand 7.3 76.9 9.8 39 3.3 0.8 Nicaragua .. 45.5 2.7 17 0.5 0.1 Niger .. 54.1 2.4 31 15.9 0.6 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Northern Mariana Islands .. 49.6 -0.3 7 82.5 9.1 Norway .. 100.9 4.9 12 20.0 13.7 Oman 8.7 29.7 3.3 20 11.1 1.0 Pakistan .. 65.6 .. 28 .. 10.5 Palau 9.2 35.1 10.4 12 27.5 2.2 Panama .. 101.5 -0.4 56 1.8 0.5 Papua New Guinea 4.8 67.5 1.1 35 14.3 0.7 Paraguay 12.5 38.3 3.2 41 24.7 1.5 Peru 15.5 52.4 0.9 52 6.2 0.8 Philippines 25.0 65.4 2.8 32 49.0 8.3 Poland .. 49.4 1.9 6 42.1 5.5 Portugal .. .. .. 7 25.3 .. Puerto Rico .. 92.1 .. 6 34.0 55.4 Qatar Statistics 131 Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source per capita millions years per 1,000 % of population $ billions $ Economy 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 Key indicators of development Romania 21.48 73 14 .. 178.9 8,330 Russian Federation 141.85 68 13 96 1,329.7 9,370 Rwanda 10.00 50 112 65 4.6 460 Samoa 0.18 72 26 88 0.5 2,840 San Marino 0.03 82 2 .. 1.6 50,670 São Tomé and Principe 0.16 66 98 89 0.2 1,140 Saudi Arabia 25.39 73 21 .. 439.0 17,700 Senegal 12.53 56 108 69 12.9 1,030 Serbia 7.32 74 7 99 43.8 5,990 Seychelles 0.09 73 12 .. 0.7 8,480 Sierra Leone 5.70 48 194 49 1.9 340 Singapore 4.99 81 3 100 185.7 37,220 Slovak Republic 5.42 75 8 100 87.4 16,130 Slovenia 2.04 79 4 99 48.1 23,520 Solomon Islands 0.52 66 36 69 0.5 910 Somalia 9.13 50 200 30 .. .. h South Africa 49.32 51 67 91 284.5 5,770 Spain 45.96 81 4 100 1,464.7 31,870 Sri Lanka 20.30 74 15 90 40.4 1,990 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.05 .. 16 99 0.5 10,100 St. Lucia 0.17 73 13 98 0.9 5,170 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11 72 13 .. 0.6 5,110 Sudan 42.27 58 109 57 51.6 1,220 Suriname 0.52 69 27 93 2.5 4,760 Swaziland 1.18 46 83 69 2.8 2,350 Sweden 9.30 81 3 100 455.2 48,930 Switzerland 7.73 82 5 100 431.1 56,370 Syrian Arab Republic 21.09 74 16 89 50.9 2,410 Tajikistan 6.95 67 64 70 4.8 700 Tanzania 43.74 56 104 54 21.3 k 500 k Thailand 67.76 69 14 98 254.7 3,760 Timor-Leste 1.13 61 93 69 2.7 2,460 Togo 6.62 63 98 60 2.9 440 Tonga 0.10 72 19 100 0.3 3,260 Trinidad and Tobago 1.34 69 35 94 22.1 16,490 Tunisia 10.43 74 21 94 38.8 3,720 Turkey 74.82 72 22 99 653.1 8,730 Turkmenistan 5.11 65 48 .. 17.5 3,420 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.03 .. 23 100 .. .. e Tuvalu .. .. 36 97 .. .. l Uganda 32.71 53 135 67 15.0 460 Ukraine 46.01 68 16 98 128.8 2,800 United Arab Emirates 4.60 78 8 100 .. .. e United Kingdom 61.84 80 6 100 2,567.5 41,520 United States 307.01 78 8 99 14,502.6 47,240 Uruguay 3.34 76 14 100 31.3 9,360 Uzbekistan 27.77 68 38 87 30.5 1,100 Vanuatu 0.24 70 33 83 0.6 2,620 Venezuela, R.B. de 28.38 74 18 93 288.1 10,150 Vietnam 87.28 74 14 94 88.0 1,010 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.11 79 .. .. .. .. e West Bank and Gaza 4.04 73 27 91 .. .. l Yemen, Rep. 23.58 63 69 62 25.0 1,060 Zambia 12.94 45 148 60 12.6 970 Zimbabwe 12.52 44 96 82 .. .. h World 6,775.24 s 69 w 67 w 87 w 59,257.7 t 8,746 w Low-income 846.14 57 127 64 425.1 502 Middle-income 4,812.54 69 57 88 16,269.1 3,381 Lower-middle-income 3,810.80 68 64 86 8,795.9 2,308 Upper-middle-income 1,001.74 71 24 95 7,483.6 7,471 Low- and middle-income 5,658.68 67 73 84 16,709.3 2,953 East Asia & Pacific 1,943.76 72 29 88 6,147.7 3,163 Europe & Central Asia 404.22 69 23 95 2,746.1 6,793 Latin America & Caribbean 572.47 73 23 93 3,970.9 6,936 Middle East & North Africa 330.89 71 34 87 1,189.2 3,594 South Asia 1,567.72 64 76 87 1,704.9 1,088 Sub-Saharan Africa 839.62 52 144 60 919.4 1,095 High-income 1,116.55 80 7 100 42,583.9 38,139 Euro area 327.31 81 4 100 12,701.1 38,805 See page 142 for explanation of symbols. Notes: Figures in italics are for years other than those specified. a. Calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. b. Exports include workers' remittances. c. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. Please cite ITU for third-party use of these data. d. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($3,946­$12,195). 132 e. Estimated to be high-income ($12,196 or more). Total debt service Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business Internet usersc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2008 2009 2008 June 2009 2008 2007 Economy 25.3 58.7 6.9 10 28.8 4.4 Romania 11.5 40.3 4.5 30 31.9 10.8 Russian Federation .. 38.6 2.3 3 3.1 0.1 Rwanda .. 41.5 1.0 9 5.0 0.9 Samoa .. .. .. .. 54.8 .. San Marino .. 67.5 19.0 144 15.5 0.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 76.0 8.3 5 31.3 16.6 Saudi Arabia .. 56.6 5.3 8 8.4 0.5 Senegal 13.9 56.2 6.1 13 44.9 .. Serbia .. 163.5 39.3 38 39.0 7.3 Seychelles .. 36.6 -0.2 12 0.3 0.2 Sierra Leone .. 282.9 11.8 3 69.6 11.8 Singapore .. 126.8 3.3 16 66.0 6.8 Slovak Republic .. 108.3 3.5 6 55.7 7.5 Slovenia .. 63.1 11.8 57 2.0 0.4 Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. 1.1 0.1 Somalia 4.4 47.1 3.5 22 8.6 9.0 South Africa .. 34.8 4.7 47 55.4 8.0 Spain 9.3 41.1 1.8 38 5.8 0.6 Sri Lanka .. 45.5 15.4 45 32.5 5.1 St. Kitts and Nevis .. 69.1 10.6 14 58.8 2.3 St. Lucia St. Vincent and the .. 68.0 20.5 11 60.5 1.8 Grenadines 2.5 29.3 4.5 36 10.2 0.3 Sudan .. 100.5 -7.7 694 9.7 4.8 Suriname .. 100.5 0.4 61 6.9 0.9 Swaziland .. 61.4 7.0 15 87.7 5.4 Sweden .. 76.7 1.3 20 75.9 5.0 Switzerland .. 51.2 3.9 17 17.3 3.5 Syrian Arab Republic 3.1 71.9 7.3 25 8.8 1.1 Tajikistan 1.2 43.1 3.6 29 1.2 0.1 Tanzania 7.7 108.5 3.1 32 23.9 4.1 Thailand .. .. .. 83 .. 0.2 Timor-Leste .. 76.4 2.3 75 5.4 0.2 Togo .. 53.7 1.7 25 8.1 1.7 Tonga .. 91.1 4.0 43 17.0 27.9 Trinidad and Tobago .. 84.8 6.5 11 27.1 2.3 Tunisia 29.5 39.4 2.5 6 34.4 4.0 Turkey .. 66.9 4.8 .. 1.5 9.2 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. 4.9 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. Tuvalu 1.7 50.6 5.6 25 7.9 0.1 Uganda 19.4 75.1 6.1 27 10.5 6.8 Ukraine .. 159.2 .. 15 65.2 31.0 United Arab Emirates .. 38.2 3.5 13 76.0 8.8 United Kingdom .. 18.7 2.2 6 75.8 19.3 United States 14.6 34.1 7.1 65 40.2 1.9 Uruguay .. 53.2 3.3 15 9.0 4.3 Uzbekistan .. 50.5 5.5 39 7.3 0.4 Vanuatu 5.6 30.6 0.1 141 25.7 6.0 Venezuela, R.B. de 1.9 136.6 10.6 50 24.2 1.3 Vietnam .. .. .. .. 27.3 .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. 49 9.0 0.6 West Bank and Gaza 2.4 69.0 5.8 12 1.6 1.0 Yemen, Rep. 3.2 63.0 6.4 18 5.5 0.2 Zambia .. .. .. 96 11.4 0.8 Zimbabwe .. w 40.9 w 3.1 w 36 u 23.9 w 4.6 w World 4.4 49.7 3.8 44 2.3 0.3 Low-income 9.0 45.0 3.5 40 17.0 3.3 Middle-income 5.3 47.2 3.4 34 13.7 2.8 Lower-middle-income 13.6 42.4 3.5 47 29.9 5.3 Upper-middle-income 8.9 45.1 3.5 41 15.0 2.9 Low- and middle-income 3.9 52.1 3.2 42 19.4 4.0 East Asia & Pacific 17.2 48.4 4.8 19 26.4 7.2 Europe & Central Asia Latin America & 14.0 33.8 2.9 67 29.0 2.7 Caribbean Middle East & 5.3 53.3 3.1 23 18.9 3.7 North Africa 8.4 31.3 3.2 28 4.7 1.2 South Asia 3.3 53.1 3.6 44 6.5 0.8 Sub-Saharan Africa .. 39.2 2.9 19 68.3 12.5 High-income .. 56.7 3.1 15 62.6 8.2 Euro area f. Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. g. Data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia. h. Estimated to be low-income ($995 or less). i. Data exclude Transnistria. j. Data include Former Spanish Sahara. k. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. l. Estimated to be lower-middle-income ($996­$3,945). Statistics 133 Rank Economy Atlas Purchasing PPP Rank Economy Atlas Purchasing PPP methodology power parity rank methodology power parity rank $ international $ $ international $ 1 Monaco 203,900 a .. .. 77 Uruguay 9,360 12,910 85 Ranking of economies by GNI per capita 2 Liechtenstein 113,210 a .. .. 78 Palau 8,940 .. .. 3 Norway 86,440 56,050 7 79 Mexico 8,920 14,110 77 4 Luxembourg 74,430 57,640 3 80 Turkey 8,730 13,730 78 5 Channel Islands 68,610 a .. .. 81 Seychelles 8,480 16,820 b 71 6 Qatar .. a .. .. 82 Romania 8,330 14,460 75 7 Bermuda .. a .. .. 84 Brazil 8,040 10,260 99 8 Denmark 58,930 37,720 26 85 Lebanon 7,970 13,230 83 9 Switzerland 56,370 a 41,830 a 19 86 Argentina 7,570 14,120 76 10 Kuwait 43,930 a 53,590 a 6 87 Gabon 7,370 12,460 88 11 Isle of Man 49,310 a .. .. 88 Mauritius 7,240 13,270 82 12 San Marino 50,670 a .. .. 89 Malaysia 7,230 13,530 80 13 United Arab Emirates .. a .. .. 90 Kazakhstan 6,740 10,270 98 14 Netherlands 49,350 40,510 22 91 Panama 6,710 12,530 b 87 15 Sweden 48,930 38,560 23 92 Montenegro 6,550 13,130 84 16 Cayman Islands .. a .. .. 93 Botswana 6,240 12,860 86 17 United States 47,240 46,730 14 94 Costa Rica 6,230 10,940 b 96 18 Austria 46,850 38,550 24 95 Serbia 5,990 11,420 95 19 Finland 45,680 34,430 36 96 Bulgaria 5,770 12,290 92 20 Macao SAR, China 35,360 a 52,410 a 8 96 South Africa 5,770 10,060 100 21 Belgium 45,310 36,520 34 99 Grenada 5,550 7,720 b 114 23 Ireland 44,310 33,280 39 100 Belarus 5,540 12,380 90 24 France 43,990 35,020 35 101 St. Lucia 5,170 8,880 b 103 25 Australia 43,770 38,210 25 102 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 5,110 8,840 b 104 26 Iceland 43,220 33,390 38 103 Jamaica 4,990 7,320 b 117 27 Germany 42,560 36,960 32 104 Colombia 4,930 8,500 106 28 Canada 42,170 37,590 28 105 Suriname 4,760 a 6,690 a,b 119 29 Andorra 41,130 a .. .. 106 Dominica 4,870 8,470 b 107 30 United Kingdom 41,520 37,360 29 107 Azerbaijan 4,840 9,030 102 32 Japan 37,870 33,280 39 108 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,700 8,740 105 33 Singapore 37,220 49,850 11 110 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4,530 11,490 94 35 Italy 35,080 31,330 42 111 Dominican Republic 4,510 8,100 b 111 37 Brunei Darussalam 27,050 a 50,920 a 10 112 Algeria 4,420 8,130 b 110 38 Greenland 32,960 a .. .. 113 Macedonia, FYR 4,400 10,550 97 40 Hong Kong SAR, China 31,420 a 44,070 a 16 114 Namibia 4,290 6,410 121 41 Spain 31,870 31,630 41 115 Peru 4,150 8,140 109 42 Greece 28,630 28,440 46 116 Albania 3,950 8,170 108 43 Cyprus 26,940 a,c 28,050 a,c 45 116 Fiji 3,950 4,570 141 44 New Zealand 26,830 a 26,430 a 50 118 Ecuador 3,920 8,040 112 45 Bahrain 25,420 a 33,480 a 37 119 Maldives 3,870 5,230 130 46 Israel 25,740 27,040 51 120 Belize 3,740 a 5,950 a,b 124 49 Slovenia 23,520 26,340 53 121 Thailand 3,760 7,640 115 50 Bahamas, The 21,390 a .. .. 122 Jordan 3,740 5,840 125 51 Portugal 20,940 22,870 60 123 Tunisia 3,720 7,820 113 54 Korea, Rep. 19,830 27,310 48 124 China 3,620 6,710 120 55 Malta 16,690 a 22,640 a 57 125 Angola 3,490 4,970 131 56 Oman 17,890 a 24,370 a 55 126 Turkmenistan 3,420 6,990 b 118 57 Saudi Arabia 17,700 a 24,000 a 56 127 El Salvador 3,370 6,360 b 122 58 Czech Republic 17,310 23,610 59 128 Tonga 3,260 4,580 b 139 59 Trinidad and Tobago 16,490 25,100 b 54 129 Kosovo 3,240 .. .. 60 Slovak Republic 16,130 21,600 63 131 Armenia 3,100 5,420 128 63 Estonia 14,060 18,890 66 132 Marshall Islands 3,060 .. .. 65 Croatia 13,810 19,170 65 133 Cape Verde 3,010 3,530 150 66 Hungary 12,980 18,570 67 134 Samoa 2,840 4,270 b 145 67 Equatorial Guinea 12,420 19,350 64 135 Ukraine 2,800 6,190 123 68 Latvia 12,390 16,510 73 136 Morocco 2,790 d 4,450 d 142 69 Poland 12,260 18,440 68 137 Guatemala 2,620 4,590 b 138 70 Antigua and Barbuda 12,070 17,690 b 70 137 Vanuatu 2,620 4,280 b 144 71 Libya 12,020 16,430 b 74 139 Georgia 2,530 e 4,700 e 136 72 Lithuania 11,410 16,740 72 140 Timor-Leste 2,460 a 4,700 a,b 134 73 Venezuela, R.B. de 10,150 12,370 91 141 Syrian Arab Republic 2,410 4,620 137 74 St. Kitts and Nevis 10,100 13,660 b 79 142 Swaziland 2,350 4,580 139 75 Chile 9,420 13,430 81 143 Paraguay 2,270 4,430 143 76 Russian Federation 9,370 18,390 69 144 Indonesia 2,230 4,060 147 134 Rank Economy Atlas Purchasing PPP methodology power parity rank $ international $ Note: Rankings include all 213 economies presented in the key 145 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,220 2,810 b 161 indicators table, but only those that have confirmed World Bank 146 Iraq 2,210 3,340 152 Atlas GNI per capita estimates or rank in the top 20 are shown. 147 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,070 5,690 126 148 Bhutan 2,020 5,300 129 Estimated ranges for economies that do not have confirmed 149 Sri Lanka 1,990 4,720 135 World Bank Atlas GNI per capita figures are: 150 Kiribati 1,890 3,350 b 151 High-income ($12,196 or more): 151 Congo, Rep. 1,830 2,940 157 Aruba 152 Honduras 1,820 3,730 148 Barbados 153 Philippines 1,790 3,540 149 Faeroe Islands 154 Mongolia 1,630 3,330 153 French Polynesia 155 Bolivia 1,620 4,260 146 Gibraltar 156 Moldova 1,590 f 3,060 f 156 Guam 157 Guyana 1,450 a 3,030 a,b 155 Netherlands Antilles 159 Djibouti 1,280 2,480 163 New Caledonia 160 Sudan 1,220 2,000 170 Northern Mariana Islands 161 India 1,180 3,270 154 Puerto Rico 161 Papua New Guinea 1,180 2,270 b 166 Turks and Caicos Islands 163 Cameroon 1,170 2,200 168 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 164 Nigeria 1,140 1,980 171 Upper-middle-income ($3,946­$12,195): 164 São Tomé and Principe 1,140 1,850 176 American Samoa 166 Uzbekistan 1,100 2,890 b 158 Cuba 167 Côte d'Ivoire 1,060 1,640 179 Mayotte 167 Yemen, Rep. 1,060 2,340 165 Lower-middle-income ($996­$3,945): 169 Lesotho 1,030 1,960 172 Tuvalu 169 Senegal 1,030 1,790 178 West Bank and Gaza 171 Pakistan 1,020 2,710 162 Low-income ($995 or less): 172 Vietnam 1,010 2,850 160 Haiti 173 Nicaragua 1,000 2,450 b 164 Korea, Dem. Rep. 174 Zambia 970 1,280 189 Myanmar 175 Mauritania 960 1,960 172 Somalia 176 Solomon Islands 910 1,860 b 175 Zimbabwe 177 Lao P.D.R. 880 2,210 167 178 Comoros 870 1,300 187 .. Not available. Figures in italics are for an earlier year. 178 Kyrgyz Republic 870 2,200 168 a. 2009 data are not available; ranking is approximate. 180 Kenya 770 1,570 181 b. Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are 181 Benin 750 1,510 182 extrapolated from the 2005 International Comparison 182 Ghana 700 1,480 183 Program benchmark estimates. 182 Tajikistan 700 1,950 174 c. Data are for the area controlled by the Government of 184 Mali 680 1,190 191 the Republic of Cyprus. 185 Cambodia 650 1,850 176 d. Data include Former Spanish Sahara. 187 Chad 610 1,230 190 e. Data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia. 188 Bangladesh 590 1,580 180 f. Data exclude Transnistria. 190 Burkina Faso 510 1,170 194 g. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. 190 Guinea-Bissau 510 1,060 197 192 Tanzania 500 g 1,350 g 185 193 Rwanda 460 1,060 197 193 Uganda 460 1,190 191 195 Central African Republic 450 750 206 196 Gambia, The 440 1,330 186 196 Mozambique 440 880 202 196 Nepal 440 1,180 193 196 Togo 440 850 203 200 Madagascar 420 a 1,050 a 196 202 Afghanistan 370 a 1,110 a,b 195 203 Guinea 370 940 200 204 Niger 340 660 208 204 Sierra Leone 340 790 204 206 Ethiopia 330 930 201 207 Eritrea 300 a 640 a,b 208 209 Malawi 280 760 205 211 Congo, Dem. Rep. 160 300 212 211 Liberia 160 290 213 213 Burundi 150 390 211 Statistics 135 Definitions, sources, notes, and abbreviations Adjusted net saving Net saving plus education Cereal yield The production of wheat, rice, maize, barley, expenditure minus energy depletion, mineral oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains, depletion, net of forest depletion, and carbon dioxide measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested land. and particulate emissions damage. (World Bank) Refers to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal Agricultural support, total The value of gross transfers crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, from taxpayers and consumers arising from policy feed, or silage, and those used for grazing, are excluded. measures, net of associated budgetary receipts, The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year regardless of the objectives and impacts on farm in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a production and income or production of farm crop harvested near the end of the year will be used in products. (OECD) the following year. (FAO) Agricultural products Commodities classified in SITC Child labor Children ages 7­14 who are involved in revision 2, sections 0,1, 2, excluding 27, 28, and 4. economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. (UCW) Aid, net Aid flows classified as official development assistance, net of repayments. (OECD DAC) Child labor, Agriculture Children ages 7­14 who are involved in economic activity in the agricultural sector. Aid, untied Bilateral official development assistance Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision commitment not subject to restrictions by donors on 2) or categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes procurement sources. (OECD) agriculture and hunting, forestry and logging, and Attendance ratio, net Number of children attending fishing. (UCW) school who are of official primary school age, expressed Child labor, Manufacturing Children ages 7­14 who are as a percentage of the total number of children of involved in economic activity in the manufacturing official primary school age. (UNICEF) sector. Manufacturing corresponds to division 3 (ISIC Bilateral ODA commitments Firm obligations, revision 2) or category D (ISIC revision 3). (UCW) expressed in writing and backed by the necessary Child labor, Service Children ages 7­14 who are funds, undertaken by official bilateral donors to involved in economic activity in the service sector. provide specified assistance to a recipient country or Services correspond to divisions 6­9 (ISIC revision a multilateral organization. Bilateral commitments 2) or categories G­P (ISIC revision 3) and include are recorded in the full amount of expected transfer, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, irrespective of the time required for completing transport, financial intermediation, real estate, public disbursements. (OECD DAC) administration, education, health and social work, Birth at health facility Percentage of live births that other community services, and private household took place at a health facility in the three years activity. (UCW) preceding the survey. (Household surveys) Child labor, paid workers Children ages 7­14 who are Births attended by skilled health staff The proportion involved in economic activity and hold the type of of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give jobs defined as "paid employment jobs." (UCW) the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women Child labor, self-employed workers Children ages 7­14 during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; who are involved in economic activity and hold the type to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for of jobs defined as "self-employment jobs," working on newborns. (Household surveys) their own account or with one or a few partners. (UCW) Bonds Securities issued with a fixed rate of interest for Child labor, unpaid family workers Children ages a period of more than one year. They include net flows 7­14 who are involved in economic activity and work through cross-border public and publicly guaranteed without pay in a market-oriented establishment or and private nonguaranteed bond issues. (World Bank) activity operated by a related person living in the same Business, time to start up The time, in calendar days, household. (UCW) needed to complete all the procedures required Children out of school, primary school age children to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be The number of children of primary school age who speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. (UIS) regardless of cost, is chosen. Time spent gathering information about the registration process is Commercial bank and other lending Net flows of excluded. (World Bank) commercial bank lending (public and publicly guaranteed and private nonguaranteed) and other Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions from the private credits. (World Bank) burning of fossil fuels (including the consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring) and the Contraceptive prevalence rate The percentage of women manufacture of cement. (CDIAC) married or in-union ages 15­49 who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. (Household surveys) 136 Corruption The abuse of public office for private gain, OECD country other than that in which they were born, which is an outcome of poor governance reflecting with at least one year of tertiary education. (Docquier, the breakdown of accountability. (World Bank) Marfouk, and Lowell, 2007, "A Gendered Assessment of the Brain Drain") Debt, private nonguaranteed The long-term external Energy and minerals rents The product of unit resource obligations of private debtors that are not guaranteed rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. for repayment by a public entity. (World Bank) Energy covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas and Debt, public and publicly guaranteed The long-term minerals including bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, external obligations of public debtors, including the phosphate, tin, gold, silver, and zinc. (World Bank) national governments and political subdivisions Energy use The use of primary energy before (or an agency of either) and autonomous public transformation to other end-use fuels, which is bodies, and the external obligations of private debtors equal to indigenous production plus imports and that are guaranteed for repayment by a public entity. stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied (World Bank) to ships and aircraft engaged in international Debt, short term All debt having an original maturity of transport. (IEA) one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term Enrollment rate, gross The ratio of children who are debt. (World Bank) enrolled in an education level, regardless of age, to the Debt, total external Debt owed to nonresidents repayable population of the corresponding official school age, as in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of defined by the International Standard Classification of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed Education 1997 (ISCED97). (UIS) long-term debt, use of International Monetary Fund Enrollment rate, net The ratio of children of official credit, and short-term debt. (World Bank) school age, as defined by the International Standard Debt service, public The sum of principal repayments Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED97), who and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or are enrolled in school, to the population of the services for long-term public and publicly guaranteed corresponding official school age. (UIS) debt and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the Exchange rate, official The exchange rate (local International Monetary Fund. (World Bank) currency units relative to the U.S. dollar) determined Debt service, total The sum of principal repayments and by national authorities or the rate determined in the interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term as an annual average based on monthly averages. (IMF) debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the Exports of goods, services, and income International International Monetary Fund. (World Bank) transactions involving a change in ownership of Deforestation The permanent conversion of natural general merchandise, goods sent for processing forest area to other uses, including shifting cultivation, and repairs, nonmonetary gold, services, receipts of permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and employee compensation for nonresident workers, infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not and investment income. (IMF) include areas logged but intended for regeneration Exports to developing economies outside region or areas degraded by fuel wood gathering, acid The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting precipitation, or forest fires. Negative numbers economy to other developing economies in other indicate an increase in forest area. (FAO) World Bank regions as a percentage of total Education, primary The level of education that provides merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics Exports to developing economies within region skills along with an elementary understanding of such The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting subjects as history, geography, natural science, social economy to other developing economies in the science, art, and music. (UIS) same World Bank region as a percentage of total Education, secondary The level of education that merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) completes the provision of basic education aimed Exports to high-income economies The sum of at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and merchandise exports from the reporting economy human development by offering more subject- or to high-income economies as a percentage of total skill-oriented instruction using more specialized merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) teachers. (UIS) Female-to-male enrollments in primary and secondary Education, tertiary The level of education, leading to schools The ratio of female-to-male gross enrollment an advanced research qualification that normally rates in primary and secondary schools. (UIS) requires, as a minimum condition of admission, Fertility rate, total The number of children that the successful completion of education at the would be born to a woman if she were to live to secondary level. (UIS) the end of her childbearing years and bear children Emigration of people with tertiary education to OECD in accordance with current age-specific fertility countries Adults ages 25 and older, residing in an rates. (World Bank) Statistics 137 Financing from abroad (obtained from nonresidents) production and for direct industrial use (including and domestic financing (obtained from residents) for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for The means by which a government provides financial domestic uses include drinking water; municipal use resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial or supply; and use for public services, commercial resources arising from a budget surplus. Includes all establishments, and home. (FAO) government liabilities--other than those for currency Gross capital formation (commonly called investment) issues or demand, time, or savings deposits with Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the government--or claims on others held by government, economy, net of changes in the level of inventories, and changes in government holdings of cash and and net acquisitions of valuables. Fixed assets include deposits. Excludes government guarantees of the land improvements (such as fences, ditches, and debt of others. (IMF) drains); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; Food consumption per person The amount of food, in and the construction of roads, railways, and dwellings. terms of quantity, expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per (World Bank, OECD, UN) capita per day. It is estimated as the amount of food Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value available for human consumption. The actual food added by all resident producers in the economy plus consumption may be lower because of food waste any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the and losses during storage, preparation, and cooking; value of the products. It is calculated using purchaser quantities fed to domestic animals; and food thrown prices and without deductions for the depreciation of or given away. (FAO) fabricated assets or for the depletion and degradation Food price index Includes the average of six commodity of natural resources. (World Bank) group price indexes of meat, dairy, cereals, oil and Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Gross fats, and sugar. These commodities are weighted with domestic product divided by midyear population. the average export shares of each of the groups for (World Bank) 2002­2004. (FAO) Gross national income (GNI) Gross domestic product Food production per capita Covers food crops that plus net receipts of primary income (compensation are considered edible and that contain nutrients. of employees and property income) from abroad. To construct the index, production quantities of each Data are converted to dollars using the World Bank commodity are weighted by international prices with Atlas method. (World Bank) the base period of 1999­2001. This method assigns a Gross national income (GNI) per capita Gross national single price to each commodity so that, for example, income divided by midyear population. (World Bank) 1 metric ton of wheat has the same price, regardless of where it is produced. Coffee and tea are excluded Gross national income (GNI), PPP Gross national because, although edible, they have no nutritive income converted to international dollars using value. (FAO) purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as Foreign direct investment, net inflows Net inflows a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (World Bank) of investment to acquire a lasting interest in or a management control over (10 percent or more of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy A program of official creditors designed to relieve the other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity poorest, most heavily indebted countries of their debt capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term to certain multilateral creditors, including the World capital, and short-term capital as shown in the Bank and International Monetary Fund. (World Bank) balance of payments. (IMF) High-income economies Those with a gross national Forest area Land under natural or planted stands of income (GNI) per capita of $12,196 or more in 2009. trees of at least 5 meters in height in situ, whether HIV, adult prevalence of The proportion of people productive or not, and excludes tree stands in ages 15­49 who are infected with HIV. (UNAIDS) agriculture production systems (for example, in Households reporting adult women and men as the fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and usual person collecting water Proportion of trees in urban parks and gardens. (FAO) households reporting adult women and men as Freshwater resources, internal renewable resources the usual person collecting water. (Nishta Sinha, 2010, The average annual flows of river and groundwater "Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence") from rainfall. (FAO) Immunization rate, measles, child Percentage of children Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total water withdrawals, aged 12­23 months who received a vaccination for not counting evaporation losses from storage measles before 12 months of age or at any time before basins but including water from desalination plants the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized in countries where they are a significant source. against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. Withdrawals also include water from desalination (WHO and UNICEF) sources. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry Industry The output of the industrial sector are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock corresponding to International Standard Industrial 138 Classification (ISIC) divisions 2­5 (ISIC revision 2) or Mortality rate, infant The number of infants dying tabulation categories C­F (ISIC revision 3). (ILO) before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births Interest payments Payments of interest on government in a given year. (Harmonized estimates of WHO, UNICEF, and debt--including long-term bonds, long-term loans, World Bank) and other debt instruments--to both domestic and Mortality rate, under-5 The probability that a newborn foreign residents. (World Bank) baby will die before reaching age 5, if subject to International migrant, stock The number of people born current age-specific mortality rates. The probability in a country other than that in which they live; this is expressed as a rate per 1,000. (Harmonized estimates by includes refugees. (UNPD) WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNPD, and World Bank) Internet users Proportion of people with access to the Mortality ratio, maternal The number of women who World Wide Web. (ITU) die from pregnancy-related causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births. (Modeled estimates Irrigated land Refers to areas purposely provided with by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank) water, including land irrigated by controlled flooding. (FAO) Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) Further reduces the debt of heavily indebted poor countries Labor force participation rate The proportion of the and provides resources for meeting the Millennium population ages 15 and older that is economically Development Goals. Under the MDRI the International active: all people who supply labor for the production Development Association, International Monetary of goods and services during a specified period. (ILO) Fund, African Development Fund, and Inter-American Life expectancy at birth The number of years a newborn Development Bank provide 100 percent debt relief infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at on eligible debts due to them from countries that the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout completed the HIPC Initiative process. (World Bank) its life. (World Bank) Nationally protected areas Totally or partially protected Lifetime risk of maternal death The probability that a areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated as 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or cause assuming that current levels of fertility and wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes or seascapes, mortality (including maternal mortality) do not change or scientific reserves with limited public access. The in the future, taking into account competing causes of terrestrial protected areas exclude marine areas, death. (WHO; UNICEF; UNFPA; World Bank) unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites Low-income economies Those with a gross national protected under local or provincial law. (UNEP; WCMC) income (GNI) per capita of $995 or less in 2009. Net migration The total number of immigrants less the (World Bank) total number of emigrants, including both citizens and Malnutrition, underweight children, prevalence of noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates. (UNDP) The percentage of children under-5 whose weight Number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy for age is more than two standard deviations below The number of people who received antiretroviral the median for the international reference population drugs to suppress the HIV virus and stop the aged 0­59 months. The data are based on the new progression of HIV disease. (WHO) international child growth standards for infants and Official development assistance (ODA) Disbursement of young children, called the Child Growth Standards, loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments) released in 2006 by the World Health Organization. and grants by official agencies of the members of (WHO) the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by Manufacturing The output of industries corresponding multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to International Standard Industrial Classification to promote economic development and welfare in (ISIC) divisions 15­37. countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA Manufactured products Commodities classified in recipients. (OECD DAC) SITC revision 2, sections 5­8, excluding division 68. Overqualification rate The share of people working in Merchandise trade The sum of merchandise exports and jobs or occupations for which their skills are too high. imports measured in current U.S. dollars. Also referred Education and job qualification levels are grouped to as trade in goods. (WTO) into three categories: low, intermediate, and high. An Middle-income economies Those with a gross national overqualified individual is one who holds a job that income (GNI) per capita of more than $995 but less requires lesser qualifications than one that would than $12,196 in 2009. (World Bank) theoretically be available at his or her education level. Overqualification rates are calculated for individuals Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Subscriptions with an intermediate or higher education. (OECD) to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provide access to the public switched People receiving antiretroviral therapy People living telephone network. Postpaid and prepaid subscriptions with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy are included. (ITU) treatment. (UNSD) Statistics 139 Particulate matter concentration Fine suspended by taking the total number of students in the last grade particulates less than 10 microns in diameter of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the that grade, divided by the total number of children of respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. official graduation age. (UIS) Data are urban-population-weighted PM10 levels Private participation in infrastructure Investment in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 commitments in infrastructure projects in residents. The estimates represent the average annual telecommunications, energy, transport, and water exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor and sanitation with private participation that have particulate matter. (World Bank) reached financial closure and directly or indirectly Percent of repeaters, primary The number of students serve the public. All investment (public and private) enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year as a in projects in which a private company assumes the percentage of all students enrolled in primary school. operating risk is included. (World Bank) (UIS) Public sector management and institutions A proxy Population ages 0­14 The percentage of total population measure of governance that includes assessments of between ages 0 and 14. (United Nations, World Population Prospects, property rights and rule-based governance; quality of 2008 Revision) budgetary and financial management; efficiency of Population ages 15­64 The percentage of total revenue mobilization; quality of public administration; population between ages 15 and 64. (United Nations, and transparency, accountability, and corruption in World Population Prospects, 2008 Revision) the public sector. (World Bank) Population ages 65+ The percentage of total population Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor aged 65 and older. (United Nations, World Population Prospects, The number of units of a country's currency required 2008 Revision) to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the Population, average annual growth rate The exponential United States. (World Bank) rate of change in population for the period indicated. (World Bank) Ratio of female-to-male hourly wage The ratio of the female hourly wage to male hourly wage. Population, total Midyear population that includes all (Household surveys) residents regardless of legal status or citizenship-- except for refugees not permanently settled in the Refugees People recognized as refugees under the 1951 country of asylum, who are generally considered part Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its of the population of their country of origin. (World Bank) 1967 Protocol; the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Population below $1 a day The proportion of the Problems in Africa; people recognized as refugees in population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 accordance with the UNHCR statute; people granted a purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank) refugee-like humanitarian status; and people provided Population below $2 a day The proportion of the with temporary protection. Palestinian refugees are population living on less than $2 a day at 2005 people (and their descendants) whose residence was purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank) Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who Population density Midyear population divided by lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result land area in square kilometers. (World Bank) of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. (UNHCR; UNRWA) Population, rural Calculated as the difference between Sanitation, access to an improved facility The share of the total population and the urban population. the urban population with access to at least adequate (World Bank) excreta disposal facilities (private or shared but not Population, urban The midyear population of areas public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and defined as urban in each country and reported to the insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range United Nations. (UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2007 Revision; from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets World Bank estimates) with a sewage connection. (WHO; UNICEF) Portfolio equity flow Net inflows from equity securities Services Corresponds to International Standard other than those recorded as direct investment, Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 6­9 (ISIC including shares, stocks, depository receipts, and direct revision 2) or tabulation categories G­P (ISIC purchases of shares in local stock markets by foreign revision 3). (ILO) investors. (World Bank) Slum dwellers People living in areas lacking one or Pregnant women receiving prenatal care The proportion more of the following conditions: durable housing of of women attended at least once during pregnancy a permanent nature, sufficient living space, easy access by skilled health personnel for reasons related to to safe water, access to adequate sanitation, and security pregnancy. (Household surveys) of tenure that prevents forced evictions. (UN Habitat) Primary completion rate The proportion of students Tariff, simple mean The unweighted average of the completing the last year of primary school, calculated effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs. (World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO) 140 Teenage mothers The percentage of women ages 15­19 World Bank Atlas method A conversion factor to convert who already have children or are currently pregnant. national currency units to U.S. dollars at prevailing (Household surveys) exchange rates, adjusted for inflation and averaged Textiles Commodities classified in SITC revision 2, over three years. The purpose is to reduce the effect divisions 26, 65, and 84. of exchange rate fluctuations in the cross-country comparison of national incomes. (World Bank) Time spent fetching water Minutes per day that people spent fetching water. (Nishta Sinha, 2010, "Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence") Trade The two-way flow of exports and imports of goods (merchandise trade) and services (service trade). Trade in services The sum of services exports and imports. (IMF) Treated bednets, use of The proportion of children ages 0­59 months who slept under an insecticide-treated bednet the night before the survey. (UNICEF) Tuberculosis, death rate The number of deaths due to tuberculosis per 100,000 people. Deaths from all forms of tuberculosis, including HIV-positive people with tuberculosis, are included. (WHO) Undernourishment, prevalence of The percentage of the population that is undernourished--whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. (FAO) Unofficial payments to public officials The percentage of firms expected to make unofficial or informal payments to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, and services. (World Bank) Value added The net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. Water source, access to an improved The share of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling. (WHO; UNICEF) Women in parliament The percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber occupied by women. (IPU) Women who said distance to health facility is a problem Data sources when accessing healthcare Percentage of women who The indicators presented in this Atlas are compiled by international reported having big problems with the distance to a agencies and by public and private organizations, usually on the basis of survey data or administrative statistics obtained from health facility in accessing healthcare for themselves national governments. The principal source of each indicator is when they are sick. (Household surveys) given in parentheses following the definition. Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, The World Bank publishes these and many other statistical series in the World Development Indicators, available in print, as a CD-ROM, received and paid Current transfers by migrant and online. Excerpts from this Atlas; additional information about workers and wages and salaries earned by nonresident sources, definitions, and statistical methods; and suggestions for workers. (World Bank; IMF) further reading are available at data.worldbank.org. Statistics 141 Data notes and symbols The data in this book are for the most recent year, unless otherwise noted. · Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year. · Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. · Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than those specified. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000, or less if they are members of the World Bank. The term country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank, but refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The regional groupings of countries include only low- and middle-income economies. For the income groups, every economy is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. · Low-income economies are those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $995 or less in 2009. · Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $996 or more but less than $12,195. · Lower-middle-income economies and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3,945. · High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,196 or more. Symbols used in the data tables .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data. 0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown. $ stands for current U.S. dollars. The methods used to calculate regional and income group aggregates are denoted by: s (simple total), t (total including estimates for missing data), u (unweighted average), and w (weighted average). Abbreviations CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center PPP Purchasing Power Parity CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment SAR Special Administrative Region DAC Development Assistance Committee of the UCW Understanding Children's Work Organisation for Economic Co-operation and UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Development UN United Nations DHS Demographic and Health Surveys UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNDP United Nations Development Programme United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme FDI Foreign Direct Investment UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and GDP Gross Domestic Product Cultural Organization GNI Gross National Income UNFPA United Nations Population Fund HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries UN Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Program ICT Information and Communications Technology UNHCR The Office of the United Nations IDA International Development Association High Commissioner for Refugees IEA International Energy Agency UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund ILO International Labour Organization UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women IMF International Monetary Fund UNPD United Nations Population Division IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union UNSD United Nations Statistics Division ITU International Telecommunication Union UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for MDGs Millennium Development Goals Palestine Refugees in the Near East MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre MRY Most recent year WDI World Development Indicators ODA Official Development Assistance WHO World Health Organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and WRI World Resources Institute Development WTO World Trade Organization PPI Private Participation in Infrastructure For more information · World Development Indicators (WDI) and the WDI database are the World Bank's premier compilation of data about development. This Atlas complements the World Development Indicators by providing a geographical view of pertinent data. World Development Indicators and the WDI database are available at: data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators · Global Development Finance and the GDF database are the World Bank's comprehensive compilation of data on external debt and financial flows. They are available at: data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/global-development-finance · Africa Development Indicators, the World Bank's most detailed collection of data on Africa, is available in one volume at: www.worldbank.org/adi · The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the data and indicators required to track progress toward them are available at: www.developmentgoals.org · The PARIS21 Consortium and information about how it promotes evidence-based policy making and monitoring are available at: www.paris21.org · The Statistical Capacity Building Program, which offers tools and advice for statistical capacity building in developing countries, can be accessed at: www.worldbank.org/data/bbsc · The International Comparison Program (ICP) and information about the ICP and the final results from the 2005 round can be found at: www.worldbank.org/data/icp 142 Index Note: Page numbers in bold refer to maps; page numbers in italics refer to information presented in graphs and tables. abortion 55, 57 debt service 129, 131, 133 food production 104­7, 104­7, 106­7 accountability 66, 69 ratios 96­7, 96, 99 foreign direct investment (FDI) 81, 81, 84­5, adjusted net saving (ANS) 124­5, 124­5, deforestation 112­13, 114­15, 115 84­5, 129, 131, 133 126­7, 127 developing (low/middle income) economies forests 112, 117, 119 African Development Fund 97 8­9, 8­9, 14 loss 112­13, 114­15, 115 agriculture 62, 63, 63­5, 64­5 diarrhea 48, 51, 101 tropical 113, 113 and child labor 34, 34, 37 disease fossil fuels 118, 119, 119, 121 and deforestation 113 chronic/non-communicable 29, 59, 61 fragile lands 105 and environmental degradation 104­5 combating 12, 12 freshwater supplies 108­9, 108, 111 intensive methods 104­5 communicable 58­61, 58­61, 60­1 and international trade 81, 81 deaths from 12 gas 119, 119, 121 productivity 104 domestic labor 25, 42­3, 43 GDP see gross domestic product sustainability 105 donor countries 92­3, 93, 95 gender 42­7 and trade barriers 81 and education 11, 41, 43, 44­5, 44­5, 55 and water supplies 108, 109, 111 Earth Summit 1992 13 and employment 46­7, 46­7 aid 13, 13, 92­5, 92­5, 94­5 eAtlas 6­7 equity 11, 11, 44­5, 44­5, 55 debt relief 92­3, 96, 97 economic growth 18­23, 18­21, 20­1 see also women humanitarian 93 investment for 74­7, 74­7, 76­7 Gini coefficient 19, 19 net 92, 92, 94 economic integration, global 80­5, 80­5, global economic structure 62­5, 62­5, 64­5 AIDS 12, 12, 51, 58, 60­1 82­5 global integration 80­5, 80­5, 82­5 see also HIV economic wellbeing 124 global partnership for development 13, 13 ANS see adjusted net saving economies global warming 119 antenatal care 12, 12, 42, 54, 55, 57 classification 8­9, 8­9 goods 80­1 antiretroviral therapy 58, 58 global structure 62­5, 62­5, 64­5 governance 66­9, 66­9, 68­9, 75 assets 124 gross national income ranking 128, 130, government policy, and investment 74 132 greenhouse gas emissions 103, 112, 118­19, bednets, insecticide-impregnated 48, 59, 59 ecosystems 109, 113 118, 122­3, 122­3, 129, 131, 133 biodiversity 112­13 education 38­41, 38­41, 40­1 gross capital formation 74­7, 74­7, 76­7 brain drain 87, 87 attendance 39, 39 gross domestic product (GDP) 18, 19, 20, breastfeeding 48, 49 and child labor 34­5 20­1, 62­3 business and employment 34­5, 35 gross national income (GNI) 14, 128, 130, 132 reform 75 enrollment in 15, 15, 39, 39, 41, 45 per capita 8, 14­15, 15­17, 16­17, 128, 130, start-ups 78­9, 78­9, 129, 131, 133 female 11, 41, 43, 44­5, 44­5, 55 132, 134 Business Fighting Corruption Through non-attendance 38 Group of Eight (G8) summit 2005 92 Collective Action Initiative 66 primary 10, 10, 38­9, 38­41, 44­5, 44­5 primary completion rates 38, 38, 40, hazards, workplace 34, 35 capital 40­1 health, and urbanization 101 human 124, 125 and remittances 87 health care natural 124­5, 124, 126­7 secondary 15, 15, 39, 39, 44­5, 44­5 budgets 59 physical 124 tertiary 39, 39 child 48­9 carbon dioxide emissions 118­19, 118, 122­3, universal primary 10, 10, 38 HIV 58, 58 122­3, 129, 131, 133 EITI see Extractive Industries Transparency maternal 42, 42, 54, 54, 55, 57 carbon sinks 112 Initiative health facilities 42, 42 cereals 104, 105 electricity supplies 70, 121 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) 97 child labor 34­7, 34­7, 36­7, 38 employment high-income (developed) economies 8, 8­9, 14 agricultural 34, 34, 37 paid 35 HIV and education 34­5, 35 vulnerable 47 antiretroviral therapy 58, 58 girls 25, 43 see also child labor; labor and children 58, 61 unpaid 34, 34 energy and the Millennium Development Goals child mortality 11, 11, 19, 48­51, 48­51, 50­1, renewable sources 121 12, 12 128, 130, 132 security 118­23, 119, 120­1, 120­1 mother-to-child transmission 48, 58 childbirth 12, 42, 42, 54, 54 environment prevalence 58, 58, 60­1, 60­1 childcare practices 48, 49 deforestation 112­13, 114­15, 115 and women 12, 12, 48, 58, 61 children degradation 104­5, 109 see also AIDS health care for 48­9 exploitation 113 hunger, eradication 10 and HIV 58, 61 protection 112­17, 112­17, 114­17 hydropower 121 and nutrition 49, 52­3, 52­3 sustainability issues 13, 13 rights of 25 and urbanization 100, 101 IBRD see International Bank for underweight 25, 53 exchange rates 14, 15 Reconstruction and Development cities 29, 100­3, 100­3, 102­3 exports 80­1, 82­3, 82­3 IFC see International Financial Corporation climate change 105, 108, 118­23, 118­19, external debt 96­9, 96­9, 98­9 illiteracy 45 122­3, 122­3 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative IMF see International Monetary Fund coal 119, 119, 121 (EITI) 66 immigration 28, 86, 87 communicable diseases 58­61, 58­61, 60­1 immunizations 11, 11 Construction Sector Transparency Initiative fertility rate 28, 29, 56­7, 56­7 imports 82­3, 82­3 (CoST) 66 adolescent 55, 55 income contraception 55, 55, 56 fetilizers 104, 105 and eating habits 104 corruption 66, 66­9, 67, 68­9 financial crisis 2007-9 18­19, 21 gap 18 and external debt 96, 99 inequality 19, 19, 22­3, 22­3 debt, external 96­9, 96­9, 98­9 and international trade 80­1, 80, 83 measures 14­17, 14­15, 16­17 debt relief 92­3, 96, 97 food prices 104 of the poor 24­5, 25 Index 143 and remittances 87 improving maternal health 12, 12 refugees 89 see also high-income economies; universal primary education 10, 10 regional groupings 8­9 low-income economies; middle-income mobile phones 71, 71 remittances 86­7, 86­7, 90­1, 90­1, 93 economies mortality renewable energy 121 indicators of development, key 128­33 child 11, 11, 19, 48­51, 48­51, 50­1, 128, reproductive health 12, 12, 42, 42, 54­7 industry 62, 65 130, 132 roads 42, 70 inequality and disease 12 rural areas gender 11, 11, 44­5, 44­5, 55 maternal 12, 42, 54­5, 54, 57 and child mortality 49 income 19, 19, 22­3, 22­3 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) 97 and infrastructure 70 of opportunity 19 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and maternal health care 42, 42 inequality ratio 22 (MIGA) 97 and underweight children 53 information and communication technology and water supplies 109 70, 71, 71­3, 72­3 nationally protected areas 112, 113, 115­16, see also Internet 115­16 sanitation 13, 70­1, 70, 101, 101 infrastructure 42, 70­3, 70­3, 72­3 natural resources 124­5, 126­7 savings 74 institutions 66­7 rents 124, 125, 127 see also adjusted net saving integration, global 80­5, 80­5, 82­5 nutrition 54 service sector 62­3, 62, 65, 80­1, 83 Inter-American Development Bank 97 child 49, 52­3, 52­3 slum dwellings 29, 100­1, 101 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change food prices 104 Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative 66 (IPCC) 119 food production 104­7, 104­7, 106­7 sustainability 13, 13, 105 International Bank for Reconstruction and malnutrition 49, 52­3, 52­3, 105, 107 Development (IBRD) 97 undernourishment 24, 104, 105, 106­7, tariffs 81, 81, 83 International Comparison Program 25 106­7 teenage mothers 55, 55 International Financial Corporation (IFC) 97 underweight 25, 52­3, 52­3 textiles 81 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 97 timber industry 113 international poverty line 24­7, 25, 26­7 official development assistance (ODA) 92, trade international trade 80­1, 80­1 92, 94 barriers to 81, 81, 83 Internet 71, 71­3, 72­3, 129, 131, 133 online atlas 6­7 international 80­1, 80­1 investment 80 opportunity 19 merchandise 82­3, 82­3, 129, 131, 133 foreign direct 81, 81, 84­5, 84­5, 129, Organisation for Economic Co-operation transport infrastructure 42, 70 131, 133 and Development (OECD), Development tuberculosis 12, 58, 59, 61 for growth 74­9, 74­7, 76­7 Assistance Committee (DAC) 92, 93, 95 tying arrangements 95 in infrastructure 70­1, 70 overgrazing 105 physical (gross capital formation) 74­7, overqualification rate 87, 87 undernourishment 24, 104, 105, 106­7, 106­7 74­7, 76­7 underweight 25, 52­3, 52­3 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on pandemics 12 United Nations International Conference on Climate Change particulate matter concentration 100, 101 Financing for Development 2002 92 irrigation 104, 105, 108, 109 pesticides 104 urban environment 42, 42, 100­3, 100­3, isolation 70 pneumonia 51 102­3 political participation 45, 69 urbanization 29, 31, 100­3, 100­3, 102­3, 108 labor pollution domestic 25, 42­3, 43 air 100, 101 violence, organized 67 see also child labor; employment and urbanization 100, 100, 101, 103 land water 100, 101, 109 water pollution 100, 101, 109 degradation 104­5 see also greenhouse gas emissions water supplies 108­11, 108­11, 110­11 fragile 105 population by country 128, 130, 132 protected 112, 113, 115­16, 115­16 aging 28­9, 29, 59, 86 infrastructure 42­3, 70­1, 70 life expectancy at birth 28, 32­3, 32­3 figures by country 128, 130, 132 Millennium Development Goals by country 128, 130, 132 population growth regarding 13, 13 and GNI per capita 15, 15 and energy use 118 women and 42, 43, 43 living standards 14, 15 and food production 104 wealth 124­7, 124­7, 124­7 low-income economies 8­9, 8­9, 14 and transition 28­33, 28­31, 30­1 women 42­7, 42­7 and water supplies 109, 111 and education 11, 41, 43, 44­5, 44­5, 55 malaria 12, 48, 51, 58­9, 61 poverty 24­7, 24­7, 26­7 in employment 46­7, 46­7 malnutrition 49, 52­3, 52­3, 105, 107 and child mortality 48, 49 empowerment 11, 11, 42 manufacturing 81 and communicable disease 58 and HIV/AIDS 12, 12, 48, 58, 61 market exchange rates 14, 15 and economic growth 19 maternal health 12, 12, 42, 42, 54­7 maternal health 12, 12, 42, 42, 54­7 eradication 10, 10 water collection duties 42, 43, 43 maternal health care 42, 42, 54, 54, 55, 57 extreme 10, 10, 19, 24­5, 27 see also pregnancy maternal mortality rates 12, 42, 54­5, 54, 57 and global recession 19 workplace hazards 34, 35 MDRI see Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and infrastructure 70 World Bank 99 measles 11, 11, 49 and maternal health care 54, 55 classification of economies 8­9, 8­9 merchandise trade 82­3, 82­3, 129, 131, 133 and pollution 101 Country Policy and Institutional middle-income economies 8­9, 8­9, 14 poverty line, international 24­7, 25, 26­7 Assessment 67 MIGA see Multilateral Investment Guarantee pregnancy 12, 12, 54­5, 55, 57 and debt relief 97 Agency antenatal care 12, 12, 42, 54, 55, 57 International Development Association migration 28, 86­91, 86­9, 88­9 complications 54, 57 67, 97 Millennium Development Goals 10­13, 10­13, teenage 55, 55 and poverty 19 67, 108 prenatal care 12, 12 web site 9 child mortality reduction 11, 11 protected areas 112, 113, 115­16, 115­16 World Bank Group 96, 97 combating disease 12, 12 purchasing power parities (PPPs) 14, 14, 15, 25 World Health Organization (WHO) 12, 13 environmental sustainability 13, 13 eradication of extreme poverty and rainforests 113, 113 hunger 10, 10, 25 ratios, external debt 96­7 gender equality and female empowerment recession 71 11, 11 global 2009 18­19, 18, 71 global partnership for development 13, 13 reforestation 113, 114­15, 115 144 completely revised and updated The Atlas of Global Development is a comprehensive guide to the most critical issues facing our changing world A visual guide to global issues ­ easy-to-read graphical presentation with every topic presented by colorful world maps, tables, graphs, and photographs Topics that are shaping our world ­ key development indicators, from poverty, population growth, and food production to climate change, foreign direct investment, and international trade The latest, authoritative statistics ­ from the World Bank's World Development Indicators database New! Interactive Companion Online Atlas. For the first time, the Atlas comes with the new World Bank e-Atlas of Global Development. Map and graph 179 indicators from the World Bank's development database. Features include worldwide mapping, timeline graphing, ranking tables, easy navigation, comparative mode, and exporting and sharing of graphics. Visit data.worldbank.org/atlas-global. "This is an excellent, up-to-date source book which will be invaluable for students of, and staff teaching, higher levels of geography ... a clear, concise, easily-accessible, and well-illustrated volume." g e o g r a p h i c a l a s s o c i at i o n , u n i t e d k i n g d o m ISBN 978-0-8213-8583-8 9 780821 385838 Cover images: Planetary Visions Ltd/Science Photo Library; John Lund/Getty Images