Gender-Based Violence Country Profile BRAZIL Contents INTRODUCTION 3 PREVALENCE OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: PRE- AND POST-COVID 4 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 6 GBV RESPONSE MECHANISMS AND SERVICES 10 APPENDIX 1 – UN WOMEN: MEASURES AGAINST VIOLENCE AGAINST 14 WOMEN (BRAZIL) GLOSSARY 15 REFERENCES 17 World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 3 INTRODUCTION Violence against women and girls (VAWG), which is The COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 added new a manifestation of gender-based violence (GBV), is layers of complexity to the already unsettling GBV a major concern in Brazil. Despite the approval of one situation in the country. Social distancing measures of the most progressive laws on domestic violence in adopted by national authorities to refrain the virus the region (i.e., Maria da Penha Law, No. 11.340/2006), transmission, although effective to this end, led women data shows that Brazil is ranked fifth among the and girls to be confined with perpetrators in a stressful countries with higher prevalence of VAWG according to environment, exponentially increasing their exposure to the Violence Map 2015 of the United Nations. Between domestic violence. Mobility constraints imposed by the 1980 and 2013, more than 106,000 women were quarantine and lack of privacy to seek for help in the murdered in the country, and the number of femicides presence of the perpetrator also increased women’s per year increased from 1,353 to 4,762 – an increment and girls’ vulnerability. At the same time, services of 252 percent in the period.1 that are part of the national network to end violence against women, including health, social assistance, Intimate partner violence is the most common form public security and justice services, were stalled during of violence. In Brazil, 33.4 per cent of women aged 16 critical transmission peaks, and faced budget cuts, as or over have experienced some form of physical and/ resources were redirected to fund emergency response or sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner actions related to the pandemic. and/or ex-partner in their lifetime. This result is higher than the world average, estimated in 27 per cent according to the World Health Organization.2 When also considering psychological violence (physical, psychological and sexual), this number reaches 43 per cent, the equivalent of 27.6 million women 16 years or older subjected to violence in their lifetime.3 1 Waiselfisz, Julio Jacobo. (2015). Mapa da Violência 2015: Homicídio de Mulheres no Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Sangari. Available at: http://www.onumulheres. org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MapaViolencia_2015_mulheres.pdf 2 World Health Organization. Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redi- rect/9789240022256 3 Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Visível e Invisível: a Vitimização de Mulheres no Brasil. 4ª edição, 2023. Available at: https://forumseguranca.org.br/ wp-content/uploads/2023/03/visiveleinvisivel-2023-relatorio.pdf World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 4 PREVALENCE OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: PRE- AND POST-COVID Femicide and/or ex-partner, and 65.6 per cent of the victims were killed at home, demonstrating the high level of Since the promulgation of the Femicide Law vulnerability women and girls are exposed to at the (13.104/15) in 2015, Brazil saw an uninterrupted domestic environment. increase of femicide rates every year. In 2019, prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19, the country registered Even though GBV is a global concern, in Brazil it 1,328 femicide cases. In 2020, when strict quarantine affects disproportionately specific groups of women measures were adopted, 1,351 femicides were officially exposed to higher level of vulnerability due to their registered in the country, while in 2021, numbers race/color, place of residence, age, among other slightly decreased, reaching 1,319 cases, an average of markers. Afro descendent women are the most one femicide every 7 hours. In 2022 only, 1,410 women affected group, representing 62 per cent of victims were victims of femicide – one woman murdered every of femicides registered in 2021, against 37.5 per cent 6 hours - the highest rate for the period. of white victims. The North and Midwest regions concentrate the states with the highest femicide Data from 2021 also show that 81.7 per cent of rates4, such as Tocantins (2,7), Acre (2,7), Mato Grosso femicides were perpetrated by intimate partner do Sul (2,6) and Mato Grosso (2,5), Graphic 1. Femicide rate(1). Brazil and states, 2021 Source: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. 2022. Violência contra mulheres em 2021. (1) Rate per 100,000 women 7 1.22 femicides for every 100,000 women. World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 5 Domestic violence first years of the pandemic, especially in 2020, when quarantine measures were severer and women felt Domestic violence – understood by the Brazilian insecure to leave home to seek for help. legislation as physical injury perpetrated in a Graphic 2. Intentional bodily harm domestic context – presents a different pattern (domestic violence). Brazil 2019-2021 when compared to femicides. Pre-COVID-19 data (2019) indicate higher domestic violence rates when compared to 2020 and 2021, periods when social distancing measures were stricter, posing mobility and privacy constraints for women to report the violence suffered and/or seek for help either by phone or in-person services. That can explain the 6 per cent Source: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. 2022. 16 Anuário Brasi- leiro de Segurança Pública. decrease in domestic violence reporting during the two Sexual harassment in public education system. According to a 2015 survey by spaces Instituto Avon/Data Popular, 56 per cent of female interviewees reported having suffered sexual According to a survey conducted by Instituto Patrícia harassment at the university, and 28 per cent said Galvão and Instituto Locomotiva in 2019, 97 per cent of they had suffered some form of sexual assault in this the 1,081 women interviewed reported having suffered context. Additionally, 42 per cent said they were afraid sexual harassment in public transportation, and 46 per of suffering sexual violence, and 36 per cent reported cent stated they did not feel safe using this service. that fear of sexual violence prevented them from Still according to the survey, 3 in 4 women reported doing some activity.6 A recent study – a panorama feeling safer using app-based means of transportation of VAW in Brazilian and Latin American universities – due to the fact that it is easier to report incidents of showed that while the majority of perpetrators were sexual harassment. Only 21 per cent said that public male students, a significant percentage was lecturers/ transportation was the easiest mean of transportation fellows.7 There is no data available on sexual violence to report sexual harassment.5 in primary and secondary education in Brazil, and no guidelines by the Ministry of Education on the definition Sexual harassment is also a major concern in the of harassment and how educational institutions should respond to it. 5 Instituto Patrícia Galvão/Locomotiva (2019). Segurança das Mulheres no Transporte. Available at: https://dossies.agenciapatriciagalvao.org.br/dados-e-fontes/ pesquisa/seguranca-das-mulheres-no-transporte-instituto-patricia-galvao-locomotiva-2019/ 6 Data Popular/Instituto Avon (2015). Violência contra a mulher no ambiente universitário. Available at: https://dossies.agenciapatriciagalvao.org.br/dados-e-fon- tes/pesquisa/violencia-contra-a-mulher-no-ambiente-universitario-data-popularinstituto-avon-2015/ 7 Almeida, T.; Zanello V. (2022). Panoramas da Violência Contra Mulheres nas Universidades Brasileiras e Latino-Americanas. Available at: https://www.oab.org. br/publicacoes/pesquisa?termoPesquisa=panoramas# World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 6 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK Legal framework for gender equality. With regards to capacity to starting and running a business, and the overall legal framework for gender equality, according size of a woman’s pension.9 to the World Bank’s 2023 Women, Business and the Graphic 3. Brazil - Scores for Women, Law study, Brazil scores 85 out of 100 over 8 indicators Business and the Law 2023 related to the existence of laws and regulations that promote and guarantee basic rights for women during their working cycle. The overall score for Brazil is higher than the regional average observed across Latin America and the Caribbean (80.9). The country’s main strengthens refer to women’s freedom of movement, decisions to work, marriage, and gender differences in property and inheritance. However, improvements are needed when it comes to laws that affect women’s Source: World Bank (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2023. pay8, women’s work after having children, women’s National policy and legal framework for GBV. – known as Maria da Penha Law10– alters the Penal Although Brazil ranks among the countries with the Code and makes it possible to arrest aggressors in highest rates of violence against women and girls in the act, or to have them arrested preventively when the world, the country has progressively advanced in woman’s physical integrity is threatened. It also building a strong policy and legal framework targeted provides protective measures for woman under life at preventing and responding to the phenomenon threat, facilitating the issuing of temporary restraining along the last two decades. orders and removal of the aggressor from home. In February 2012, the Brazilian Supreme Court upheld In 2006, Brazil approved one of the most the constitutionality of the Maria da Penha law, ruling comprehensive and progressive law aimed at that prosecutors “may bring domestic violence cases tackling domestic violence. Besides typifying the regardless of whether the victim presses charges or different forms of domestic violence, Law 11.340/2006 not.” 11 8 On 8 March 2023, the Federal Government submitted a bill to the National Congress establishing equal payment between men and women performing the same duties and/or occupying similar positions. The bill provides measures to hold companies accountable for promoting equal pay by strengthening oversight mechanis- ms and penalties to end wage discrimination. 9 World Bank (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2023. Available at: https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/brazil/2023 10 Law 11.340 from 7 August 2006. Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11340.htm 11 Human Rights Watch (2013). World report 2013. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/brazil World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 7 Another important legal piece was approved in 2015. cases in public transportation gained media Law 13.104/2015 – known as the Femicide Law - 12 attention in 2017. Before the law was approved, amends the Brazilian Penal Code to establish femicide sexual harassment was considered a misdemeanor as a qualifying circumstance for homicide crimes, and punishable by fine only. classifies it as a heinous crime. V. Decree 11.430/202317, which determines a minimum percentage of eight per cent of Some other relevant legislations targeted at GBV workforce to be made up by VAWG survivors and prevention and response are: the adoption, by the bidder, of actions to promote I. Law 10.778/2003 , 13 that establishes the equality between women and men in the workplace compulsory notification by public or private health as a tiebreaker in bids. services of cases of violence against women and girls who are assisted in their facilities. At the policy level, along the last decades, Brazil has built a comprehensive framework to combat and end II. Law 14.164/202114, which made it mandatory to VAWG (see graphic 4). include the prevention of violence against women in primary and secondary education curricula, and creates the School Week for Tackling Violence against Women, to be held in March every year. III. Law 14.316/202215, which assigns five per cent of the funds from the National Fund of Public Safety (FNSP) to actions to tackle violence against women and girls. IV. Law 13718/201816, that modified the Brazilian Penal Code to make sexual harassment a crime punishable with 1 to 5 years of prison. Although the law refers to sexual harassment in broad terms, it was approved after a series of sexual harassment 12 Available at https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2015/lei/l13104.htm 13 Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2003/L10.778.htm 14 Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/Lei/L14164.htm 15 Available at https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/2022/lei-14316-29-marco-2022-792428-norma-pl.html 16 Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/L13718.htm#:~:text=%E2%80%9C%20Importuna%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20 sexual&text=Praticar%20contra%20algu%C3%A9m%20e%20sem,n%C3%A3o%20constitui%20crime%20mais%20grave.%E2%80%9D 17 Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2023/decreto/D11430.htm World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 8 While the Government inaugurated in early 2023 factors. The plan also stresses the need of adopting might revise the national plan, policy and pact, a multisectoral approach to tackle violence against in March 2023 it announced the resuming of the women and assist survivors, and built integrated and Programme Mulher Viver sem Violência (Woman: effective management tools and models between Living Free of Violence), which had been revoked different levels of government (Federal, States and in 2019. Created in 2013, the programme aims Municipalities). at integrating and expanding the existing public It is also worth highlighting the establishment, in service network targeted at GBV survivors through 2018, of the National System of Policies for Women the articulation of specialized services in the field of and the National Plan to End Domestic Violence health, justice, public security, social assistance and (PNaViD) as a set of principles to guide the strategy the promotion of women’s financial autonomy. More to tackle domestic violence in the three levels of information on the programme structure and actions government. In that same line, in 2021, the National can be found in section “GBV Response Mechanisms Plan to End Femicide18 was created with the objective and Services” below. of tackling femicide increasing rates through integrated Aligned with the programme, a National Plan to and intersectoral government actions. In 2022, the End Femicide was launched in 2021, built based National Plan to Prevent and End Violence against on the recognition of violence against women as a Women19 was included as a means and mechanism multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon of implementation of the National Policy for Public related to individual, community and sociocultural Security and Social Defense. 18 Created by Decree 10.906 from 20 December 2021. Available at https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/decreto/d10906.htm#:~:tex- t=D10906&text=Institui%20o%20Plano%20Nacional%20de%20Enfrentamento%20ao%20Feminic%C3%ADdio.&text=Disposi%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20 gerais-,Art.,a%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20governamentais%20integradas%20e%20intersetoriais 19 Created by Law 14.330, from 4 May 2022. Available at https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2022/Lei/L14330.htm World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 9 Another relevant landmark was the creation, in been marked by a continuous defunding of policies 2021, of the National Policy on Data and Information and actions targeted at preventing and responding to (PNAINFO)20 related to violence against women, GBV. In addition to the progressive budget cuts, the that establishes the systematization and regular government demonstrated low execution capacity. In dissemination of VAWG statistics, which is key to 2020, during the most critical period of the pandemic, inform the design and implementation of effective the federal government executed only 30 per cent of the measures to tackle the increasing violence risks faced resource targeted at tackling violence against women by women and girls in the country. and girls.21 This means BRL 93.6 million (approximately USD 18 million) did not reach states nor municipalities Despite the robust policy and legal framework built to finance the women’s service network (see graphic 4). in the last decades, most of the legal pieces and policies listed above face severe enforcement and implementation constraints. The last years have Graphic 4. Financial execution of actions to end violence, promotion of women’s equality and autonomy. Brazil, 2019-2022 Source: INESC 2023. Nota Técnica Análise do Orçamento de Políticas de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres (de 2019 a 2023). International treaties on violence against women Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and girls. Brazil is signatory of all international the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, treaties that guarantee equality, non-discrimination, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against and freedom from violence for women and girls, Women “Convention of Belem do Para,” and the Beijing including the Convention on the Elimination of all Declaration and Platform of Action. 20 Created by Law 14.232, from 28 October 2021. Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/lei/L14232.htm 21 INESC (2023) Nota Técnica Análise do Orçamento de Políticas de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres (de 2019 a 2023). Available at https://www. inesc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NT-Orcamento-de-Politicas-para-Mulheres-v2_0703.pdf World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 10 GBV RESPONSE MECHANISMS AND SERVICES In 2011, the Federal Government launched the women and families in situations of vulnerability are National Network to End Violence against Women22 provided with continuous assistance, ensuring access with the objective of strengthening the coordination to shelters and life protection services; registration in of governmental and non-governmental institutions/ social programs for food, education, employment and services and the community, aiming at developing income support; violence prevention programs and effective prevention strategies and policies that guidance. On the other hand, the CREAS (Specialized guarantee the empowerment and building of women’s Social Assistance Reference Centers) units – also agency, their human rights and the accountability of part of the SUAS – provide services to women and perpetrators. individuals who already live in a situation of threat or violation of rights, offering specialized and continuous The Service Network for Women in Situation of psychosocial care, in addition to referrals to other local Violence23, on the other hand, establishes a set of services, including education, health and legal support. actions and services from different sectors aimed at expanding and humanizing the services and at Public Security. Public security is a constitutional role identifying and appropriately referring women in of states, in coordination with the National Security situations of violence. It is part of the “assistance axis” Policy, established by the Ministry of Justice at the of the National Policy to End Violence against Women. national level. With the creation and expansion of the Municipal Guards, especially from the 1990s onwards, As illustrated in Diagram 1, the service network municipalities also began to become more actively is divided into four main sectors/areas - health, involved in this system. Police, military or civil forces justice, public security and social assistance – with the are also responsible for protecting women in situations following roles: of violence. No police authority can refuse to register the police report (B.O.), nor can discourage women in Social Assistance. Through the Social Assistance situations of violence from doing so, under penalty of Reference Centers (CRAS) – a key service provided disciplinary measures. by the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) - 24 Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência Contra as Mulheres. For more information, access https://www12.senado.leg.br/institucional/omv/entenda-a-violencia/ pdfs/rede-de-enfrentamento-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres 23 Rede de Atendimento às Mulheres em situação de Violência. For more information, access https://www12.senado.leg.br/institucional/omv/entenda-a-violencia/ pdfs/rede-de-enfrentamento-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 11 Justice. The Brazilian Justice System also Two categories of services are provided across the encompasses different services targeted at women abovementioned sectors: in situation of violence, such as the Public Defender’s — Non-specialized women’s care services, which, in Office, Public Prosecutor’s Office and the Judiciary. As general, constitute the woman’s entry point into per the Brazilian legislation, every survivor of domestic the network (namely, general hospitals, basic care violence has the right to get legal assistance from the services, family health program, common police Public Defender’s Office, regardless the income level. stations, military police, federal police, Reference On the other hand, the Public Prosecutor’s Office is Centers for Social Assistance/CRAS, Specialized responsible for representing society in denouncing and Reference Centers for Social Assistance/CREAS, seeking civil and criminal liability for the aggressor, Public Ministry, public defenders); requesting protective measures in defense of women, requesting police force and public health, education, — Specialized services for women, which includes social assistance and security services, among others. those that exclusively assist women and have It is the responsibility of the Judiciary to ensure access expertise on violence against women. to justice for survivors under the terms of the Maria da Penha Law. To this end, since 2006, the implementation of specialized courts and Coordination Offices for Domestic and Family Violence against Women in the Courts of Justice at state level has been consolidating. Health. The Unified Health System (SUS) offers, through its diverse facilities, medical, nursing, psychological and social care for women victims of sexual violence and/ or domestic violence. Health workers are trained to pay special attention to women who seek for health care more often than the average, have complaints of non- specific pain and have symptoms related to depression and other psychological disorders. It is mandatory to proceed with the notification and registration of cases of violence against women assisted in public or private health establishments (Law 10.778/2003). World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 12 Diagram 1. Service Network for Women in Situation of Violence. Source: SPM (2010). Pacto Nacional pelo Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres. Available at: http://portal.mec.gov.br/docman/mar- co-2012-pdf/10182-14-pacto-enfrentamento-violencia-contra-mulheres/file CRAS: Centro de Referência da Assistência Social (Social Assistance Reference Center) CREAS: Centro de Referência Especializado da Assistência Social (Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance) DEAM: Delegacia Especializada de Atendimento à Mulher (Specialized Police Office for Women) UBS: Unidade Básica de Saúde (Health Basic Unit) CRAM: Centro de Referência e Atendimento à Mulher em Situação de Violência (Reference Center for Women in Situation of Violence) As of March 2023, the main measure announced by facilities dedicated to VAWG survivors aimed the Government inaugurated in January 2023 to providing, in a sole venue, the main services to assist address the increasing GBV rates is the resuming of women and girls in an coordinated way, preventing the Programme Mulher Viver sem Violência (Woman: their revictimization. After being revoked in 2019, Living Free of Violence), based on six pillars of action: the initiative was re-launched in 2023, when the government announced the delivery of 40 new I. Implementation of units of the Casa da Mulher units, expanding assistance to women in small- Brasileira (Brazilian Woman’s House): launched scale municipalities. in 2013, the units consist of multisectoral public World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 13 II. Restructuring of hotline Ligue 180. In early 2023, and Quilombola communities and settlements. the national hotline dedicated to women – the Ligue Itinerary services include prevention, assistance, 180 - started being restructured, strengthened and crime investigation and legal framing. The units expanded to assist and guide survivors through the also play an educational role by promoting lectures public utility number 180. Calls can be made free about the Maria da Penha Law and its application. of charge from any part of the national territory. It also refers woman to the nearest service facility, as V. Expansion and strengthening of measures to well as provides information about other services prevent and tackle femicide. Launched in 2021, available. the implementation of the National Plan to End Femicide presented little progress due to budget III. Organization, integration and humanization cuts. As of March 2023, the new Government had of the assistance provided to sexual violence not yet detailed the concrete actions that will be survivors, under a non-revictimization adopted to implement the plan and prevent and perspective. Forensic medicine facilities and health respond to femicide. services will be adequate for providing care and assistance to women who are victims of sexual VI. Development of educational actions and violence. The following measures will be put in place: continuous awareness raising campaigns to improvement of evidence collection methods; tackle all forms of violence against women . expansion of care flows and protocols; integration The Program foresees the development and wide of health reference services; articulation of flows dissemination of awareness campaigns aligned and care protocols between health and forensic with the National Policy to End Violence against medicine; building capacity of professionals Women, which, in its preventive axis, aims to that are part of the service network; and, finally, implement educational initiatives that challenge renovating and expanding facilities and acquiring harmful gender norms and stereotypes and modify equipment for reference hospitals that provides sexist patterns that perpetrate power inequalities care for sexually abused women. between men and women and lead to violence against women. IV. Implementation of itinerary service units to assist and provide guidance to women in situation of violence in places where no services are available or in remote areas. The itinerary units provide specialized services that are part of the Assistance Network to Women in Situations of Violence using adapted buses and boats to reach remote areas of the country, such as rural, indigenous World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 14 APPENDIX 1 – UN WOMEN: MEASURES AGAINST VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (BRAZIL)24 https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/americas/brazil 24 UN Women Global Database on Violence Against Women. (n.d.). Brazil. https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/americas/brazil World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 15 GLOSSARY Gender Roles that are determined socially, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women. These roles are contextual and influenced by a society’s culture and traditions, as well as by prevailing religious beliefs. Gender-Based Any act of violence that results in, or the nature of which causes, physical, sexual, or Violence (GBV) psychological harm or suffering to someone because of his or her sex. This including threats through similar acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether in public or private life (UN, 1993). Intimate Partner Any behavior within the scope of an intimate relationship that causes physical, Violence (IPV) sexual and psychological harm and controlling behaviors, during or after the end of a relationship (WHO, 2012). Psychological Any conduct that causes emotional harm and undermines women’s self-esteem or violence that harms and disturbs their full development. Any conduct that degrade or control women’s actions, behaviors, beliefs and decisions, through threat, embarrassment, humiliation, manipulation, isolation, constant surveillance, persistent persecution, insult, blackmail, ridicule, exploration and limitation of the right to go and come or any other means that causes you damage psychological health and self-determination (National Policy to End Violence against Women, 2011). Physical violence Any conduct that offends the woman’s bodily integrity or health. Includes acts such as slapping, punching, kicking, and beating (National Policy to End Violence against Women, 2011). Sexual violence Any conduct that forces a person to maintain sexual, physical or verbal contact or participate in sexual relations with the use of force, intimidation, coercion, blackmail, bribery, manipulation, threat or any other mechanism that annuls the limit of personal will. Constitute sexual violence any forced sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual coercion (National Policy to End Violence against Women, 2011). World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 16 Violence against Violence against women and girls is defined as any act of gender-based violence Women and Girls that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering (VAWG) to women and girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. Violence against women and girls encompasses, but is not limited to, physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family or within the general community, and perpetrated or condoned by the State. World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 17 REFERENCES — Almeida, T.; Zanello V. (2022). Panoramas da Violência Contra Mulheres nas Universidades Brasileiras e Lati- no-Americanas. Available at: https://www.oab.org.br/publicacoes/pesquisa?termoPesquisa=panoramas# — Data Popular/Instituto Avon (2015). Violência contra a mulher no ambiente universitário. Available at: https:// dossies.agenciapatriciagalvao.org.br/dados-e-fontes/pesquisa/violencia-contra-a-mulher-no-ambiente-universita- rio-data-popularinstituto-avon-2015/ — Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Visível e Invisível: a Vitimização de Mulheres no Brasil. 4ª edição, 2023. Available at: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/visiveleinvisivel-2023-relatorio.pdf — Human Rights Watch (2013). World report 2013. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/coun- try-chapters/brazil — INESC (2023). Nota Técnica Análise do Orçamento de Políticas de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres (de 2019 a 2023). Available at https://www.inesc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NT-Orcamento-de-Politi- cas-para-Mulheres-v2_0703.pdf — Instituto Patrícia Galvão/Locomotiva (2019). Segurança das Mulheres no Transporte. Available at: https://dos- sies.agenciapatriciagalvao.org.br/dados-e-fontes/pesquisa/seguranca-das-mulheres-no-transporte-instituto-pa- tricia-galvao-locomotiva-2019/ — SPM (2010). Pacto Nacional pelo Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres. Available at: http://portal.mec. gov.br/docman/marco-2012-pdf/10182-14-pacto-enfrentamento-violencia-contra-mulheres/file — SPM (2011). Política Nacional de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres. Available at: https://www12. senado.leg.br/institucional/omv/hp/acervo/outras-referencias/copy2_of_entenda-a-violencia/pdfs/politica-nacio- nal-de-enfrentamento-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres — SPM (2011). Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres. Available at: https://www12.senado.leg. br/institucional/omv/hp/acervo/outras-referencias/copy2_of_entenda-a-violencia/pdfs/rede-de-enfrentamen- to-a-violencia-contra-as-mulheres World Bank GBV Country Profile: BRAZIL Page 18 — Waiselfisz, Julio Jacobo (2015). Mapa da Violência 2015: Homicídio de Mulheres no Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Sangari. Available at: http://www.onumulheres.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MapaViolencia_2015_mulhe- res.pdf — World Bank (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2023. Available at: https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/data/explo- reeconomies/brazil/2023 Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice, Latin America and the Caribbean Region Published: June 2023