FOOD SYSTEMS, KNOWLEDGE SESSIONS SERIES Food and Agriculture FOODSYSTEMS THE WORLD BANK Organization of the 2030 I WORLDBANKGROUP United Nations FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk F @ 2023 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of The World Bank and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank, FAO or the governments they represent. The World Bank and FAO do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Practical Solutions for Addressing the Nexus of Food Systems, Nutrition and Climate Change 2023. @ World Bank." Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202- 522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk F Background To effectively address the interrelated crises of food insecurity, malnutrition, climate change and ecosystem degradation, there is growing recognition that we need to transform our agrifood systems to deliver safe and nutritious foods as part of healthy diets for all, while conserving and restoring our ecosystems and natural resources. Understanding what practical and replicable solutions currently exist to address these intertwined and mutually reinforcing crises is essential to support the transformation of agrifood systems to maximize food security, nutrition gains, and environmental sustainability. The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) co-developed and organized a Knowledge Exchange Series (KES) on the 'Nexus of Food Systems, Nutrition, and Climate Change' to find practical solutions to the above-mentioned challenges. The KES is a platform to leverage the existing body of practical and tacit knowledge to drive impact at scale and deliver replicable solutionsto address the nexus of the three global crises. Experiential Product This experiential product encapsulates key insights, discussions and practical solutions presented during the second season of the Knowledge Exchange Series (KES 2.0) which was held from December 2022 to June 2023. Drawing on the experiences and knowledge of subject matter experts, practitioners and participants, KES 2.0 showcased practical knowledge and best practices from several states in India on innovative and sustainable approaches to simultaneously improve human and planetary health and transform agrifood systems. The product follows the structure and sub-topics addressed during KES 2.0, which were: (a) the agrifood systems - nutrition - climate change nexus, (b) synergies between private and public sector solutions; (c) urban food systems; (d) gender, youth, and social inclusion; and (e) measuring the nexus of food systems, nutrition, and climate change. A list of subject matter experts and speakers is provided in Annex-1. Use of Experiential Product While designing projects/programs and developing policies, planners and policymakers can use this experiential product to learn lessons and incorporate relevant practical and replicable solutions into programs, projects and policies aimed at addressing the challenges of food systems, nutrition, and climate change. The key value that this product provides is practical, synergistic approaches rather than single-issue solutions to the three regional and international crises. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:- 'NFk F Practical Solutions For each session, practitioners and participants identified and prioritized practical solutions across the five KES 2.0 topics identified. The solutions, ranked in order from first to last for each session, are presented below; explaining the solution, why it addresses the three topics of the nexus simultaneously and offering an example of its applicability if mentioned during the expert's sessions or presentation. Links to the recordings of the sessions and presentations created by the experts for KES 2.0 for each topic are also provided below. * Engage local communities more actively to ensure that community perceptions and needs are considered in promoting effective behaviour change. Behaviour change refers to the process of adopting, adapting or abandoning behaviours to achieve desired goals. In the context of food and nutrition, it recognises that simply providing knowledge and information does not automatically lead to effective behaviour changes for better human and planetary health'. To promote healthy diets tailored to individual preferences, it is crucial to understand and address the factors that influence food choices and dietary patterns, such as cultural, social, and environmental influences. By actively involving local communities and considering their perceptions and needs in behaviour change efforts, policies, and programs can effectively improve nutritional outcomes while reducing their environmental footprint of agrifood systems. This includes raising awareness about issues such as seasonality, locality, and food waste. * Tailor consumer education for women and mothers to improve child and household nutrition while improving environmental sustainability. Consumer education provides individuals with the information, knowledge, and skills to make informed decisions about their food choices and consumption. Consumer education and nutrition education enables consumers to understand the nutritional content of different products and follow dietary guidelines for healthy and sustainable consumption patterns2. By promoting consumer education, individuals can become more aware of the environmental and social impacts of food production and consumption, including the effects on climate change. Consumer education can also play a role in tackling issues such as food waste, central when addressing the nexus, by providing consumers with practical tools to reduce food waste at household level and helping them make informed choices. FAO. 2022a. The future of food and agriculture - Drivers and triggers for transformation. The Future ofFood andAgriculture, no. 3. Rome. htps://doi.org/10.4060/ccO959en 2 Herrero, M., Hugas, M., Lele, U., Wirakartakusumah, A. & Torero, M. 2023. A shift to healthy and sustainable consumption patterns. Science and Innovations for food systems transformation. pp 59-85. FOOD SYSTEMS, * Mainstream technology at farm level to complement extension services to improve information flow and better inform policy using real time data. Technology integration on farms enhances decision-making for smallholder farmers by providing timely and accurate information on various aspects, such as pest outbreaks, weather conditions, and market prices'. This is particularly important in remote areas, as it helps to broaden the reach to a larger and different audience who may not be reached by extension services and complements the latter by providing new channels of communication and knowledge sharing. With improved access to information and tools, farmers can adopt sustainable farming practices including optimal crop sowing, and pest management, leading to increased productivity and better nutrition4. Furthermore, the integration of technology enables farmers to gain market insights, including price fluctuations and demand trends, which can help them make informed decisions about which crops to select and align with market preferences, thereby enhancing both nutrition and income for smallholder farmers. Illustration: Using Digital Climate Advisory Services (DCAS), we can have technology- based, solution-oriented approaches to the nexus of food systems, nutrition, and climate change and reach the last mile farmers faster, more efficiently and cheaper. DCAS are climate-related advisories and services delivered via digital tools and platforms, which include online portals, mobile applications, more traditional, digitally enabled formats like radio and interactive voice response systems. These services help last mile farmers build resilience, grow nutrition-smart high-value crops, and adapt to climate change. * Support the development of biofortification to jointly address nutrition and environmental considerations. Biofortified crop varieties are "those that have been nutritionally improved using conventional plant breeding or modern technology'. Biofortification seeks to increase the amounts of nutrients in food crops during growth, resulting in crops with high levels of micronutrients6. By consuming biofortified crops, individuals can obtain higher levels of valuable nutrients such as iron, zinc, and others, helping to improve nutrient intakes, particularly in areas where access to healthy diets is limited. In addition, biofortification can be tailored to overcome specific nutrient Javid, M., Haleem, A., Haleem Khan, I. & Suman, R. 2023. Understanding the potential applications of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture Sector. Advanced Agrochem. Vol. 2(1): 15-30 Javid, M., Haleem, A., Haleem Khan, I. & Suman, R. 2023. Understanding the potential applications of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture Sector. Advanced Agrochem. Vol. 2(1): 15-30. HarvestPlus 8 FAO. 2019. Biofortification: a food-systems solution to help end hidden hunger. Rome 6 Kiran, A., Wakeel, A, Mahmood, K, Mubaraka, R, Hafsa, Haefele, S.M. 2022. Biofortification of staple crops to alleviate human malnutrition: contributions and potential in developing countries. Agronomy. Vol. 12: 452. FOOD SYSTEMS, l(.Vl Fl- MF:T _ NS ' FRIFS deficiencies prevalent in specific regions, thereby addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Biofortification can also have a positive impact on the environment by improving the nutrient content of existing crop varieties rather than introducing new varieties, thereby safeguarding both traditional crop varieties and biodiversity. Biofortification can also enhance crop resilience, with biofortified crop varieties developed to be more drought tolerant or disease resistant. As a result, and in addition to improving resilience, farmers can reduce their reliance on agricultural inputs to address some of these challenges Illustration: CGIAR Centers World Fish and International Potato Center (CIP) partnered with USAID and the Government of Odisha in India to launch a project that promoted nutritious mola and carp polyculture fish farming along with cultivation of nutritious orange sweet potato and vegetables on dykes, household backyard ponds, and village tanks. Close to 65,000 orange sweet potato vines were distributed to over 430 backyard pond farmers and community tank beneficiaries. The result was locally cultivated, readily available nutritious and affordable fruits and vegetables for sale and consumption by the participating households, which also had the added benefit of lower carbon-footprint. Consider gender transformative strategies to address the nexus to provide effective, targeted support according to gender norms. Gender transformative strategies aim to challenge and change unequal gender norms, roles, and relations, while promoting fairer distribution of resources, opportunities, and benefits. These strategies have a positive effect on nutrition and the environment by addressing the gender-related barriers faced by women in agriculture through improved access to resources, training, and credit7. In addition, gender-based agricultural strategies address land rights and ownership inequalities, ensuring women's secure access to land and resources. This security encourages sustainable agricultural investments, often linked to the adoption of agricultural practices such as agroforestry and sustainable soil management, which ultimately help to safeguard natural resources'. Additionally, gender transformative strategies also address inequalities in education and information, providing women with the knowledge and skills they need to make more informed decisions about farming practices, food preparation and nutrition. Nyasimi, M. & Huyer, S. 2017. Closing the gender gap in agriculture under climate change. Agriculture for Development. WHO. 2022. Food marketing exposure and power and their associations with food-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviors: a narrative review. Akram, N., Akram, M.,W., Wang, H., Mehmood, A. 2019. Does land tenure systems affect sustainable agricultural development. Sustainability. Vol. 11(14): 3925 FOOD SYSTEMS, Recognize and promote indigenous peoples' knowledge and tribal practices to explore how to add more value to existing products. Indigenous Peoples' knowledge refers to the knowledge, practices and experiences preserved and nurtured by communities with a long history of interaction with their natural environment'. This knowledge often encompasses valuable insights into local food resources, including neglected and underutilized species, which can contribute to achieving a healthy diet. Similarly, Indigenous Peoples' knowledge is often linked to a deep understanding of local ecosystems and biodiversity, supporting the recognition, conservation and sustainable use of native crop varieties and wild species. By recognising, promoting, and integrating indigenous knowledge into policies and programs for agrifood systems transformation to foster economic opportunities, enhance the food sovereignty, improve nutrition outcomes, and preserve traditional practices adapted to specific ecosystems and environments.. Additional resources: * Collaboration and innovation deliver positive impact at state level in India by Temina Lalani- Shariff, Regional Director, International Agricultural Research Centers (CG/AR). https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32346343 * "The nexus of food systems, nutrition, and climate change in India" by Ulag Demirag, Country Director & Head of South Asia Hub, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132346340 * "The linkages between food systems, nutrition, and climate change" by Srivali Krishnan, Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://video.ibm.com/ recorded! 132377627 * Session recording. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132670313 FAO, Alliance for Bioversity Ft CIAT. 2021. Indigenous Peoples'food systems - Insights on sustainability and resilience from the front line of climate change. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5131en FOOD SYSTEMS, JCO SSCOLTON * Build participatory design and community leadership to increase the acceptability of new regenerative farming techniques among smailholderproducers. Participatory design actively involves target communities in policy and program development. It entails close collaboration with key stakeholders to understand their unique needs, resources, and limitations, allowing regenerative farming techniques to be tailored and adapted to local contexts to meet local realities"o. By incorporating local knowledge and considering their challenges and objectives, interventions can be better tailored and facilitated to enhance acceptability, adoption, and longevity of these new farming techniques among smallholder producers. Illustration: The Slurrp Farm, a SME in India, exemplifies partnership incorporating local knowledge to find practical solutions. Slurrp Farm's products include nutritious toddler cereals, kids' cereals, pancakes, dosas and upmas, noodles and pasta, and super foods (nut powder, natural whole rolled oats). The SME has committed to partner with two millet farmer cooperatives and 10,000 farmers by 2025, and ensure farmers are able to earn a living wage and not just subsistence wage. In the long-term the SMEis committed to reach producers through the right Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and partnerships with organizations to provide income stability to farmers. The Slurrp Farm is keen for farmers to have ownership and agency in private limited company structure and benefit from growth in enterprise value. * Support the regulation of addictive and junk foods to make healthy and nutritious foods more affordable than unhealthy food options. Regulating addictive and unhealthy junk foods, often high in saturated and trans fats, added sugars and sodium, can help reduce the availability of foods that contribute to diet-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease". Implementing restrictions and regulations on such products encourages food and beverage companies to reformulate products and seek healthier alternatives. These regulations also raise consumer awareness about the impact of these products on human and planetary health, fostering an environment that values healthier and more nutritious food choices. 1 Bergez, J.E., Audouin, E. & Therond, 0. 2019. Agroecological transitions: from theory to practice in local participatory design. Springer Nature. Mytton, O.T., Clarke, D. & Rayner, M. 2012. Taxing unhealthy food and drinks to improve health. BMJ. pp. 344. FOOD SYSTEMS, * Reintegrate seasonality and locality into food production and choices to reduce the impact of agrifood systems on natural resources and climate. Consuming local and seasonal foods provides fresh, nutrient-rich options for a healthy diet. Reintegrating seasonality and locality into food production and choices also helps to shorten supply chains, reduce transportation and storage needs, thus lowering the environmental impact of agrifood systems. This change can play a significant role in reducing the environmental footprint of agrifood systems, particularly that associated with post-production greenhouse gas emissionsl2. Promoting seasonality and locality in food choices supports native species, preserves genetic diversity and biodiversity, and can help to safeguard local knowledge and culinary traditions associated with specific ecosystems. * Introduce food loss and waste initiatives among smallholder farmers, such as the adoption of biogas systems, to improve human and planetary health jointly. Efforts to reduce food loss and waste atfarm level have significant benefits. They minimise post-harvest losses, improve storage and handling practices, and increase the availability of food for consumption, enhancing food security and nutrition. Additionally, these initiatives lower the environmental footprint of agrifood systems by reducing pressure on natural resources, freeing up vast quantities of land, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste disposal13. Implementing measures to reduce food loss and improve storage practices also optimises resource utilization, increases marketable yields, and generates higher income for farmers, leading to more efficient, sustainable, and resilient agrifood systems. * Create multi-sector collaborations between development agencies, government officials and SMEs to leverage specialized skills and expertise for mutual benefit. Collaboration among development agencies, government officials and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is essential for shaping and implementing policies, regulations and programs that support the transformation of agrifood systems. This collaboration ensures that these systems become more inclusive, efficient, sustainable, and resilient, while also ensuring food security and nutrition. Through collaboration, best practices in nutrition- sensitive and climate-smart agriculture can be shared along with important considerations regarding food processing, distribution, and consumption. Knowledge dissemination improves nutritional and environmental outcomes across the entire agrifood system. Additionally, collaboration fosters innovation and research partnerships, bringing together specific skills and expertise to stimulate the development of new solutions that improve nutrition outcomes while reducing the environmental footprint of agrifood systems. 12 ISO 690 Bui, T.N., Nguyen, A.H., Huong Le, T.T. et al. 2021. Can a Short Food Supply Chain Create Sustainable Benefits for Small Farmers in Developing Countries? An Exploratory Study of Vietnam. Sustainability. Vol. 13(5): 2443. Diagne, M.L., Nagano, A. & Bernoux, M. 2023. Climate change mitigation options in agrifood systems. Summary of the Working Group l/ contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Rome, FAD. FOOD SYSTEMS, I(.Vl Fl-r F :,_ 'NFk F Illustration: Partnerships with government, private sector, international finance institutions (IFIs), and farmer organizations are very important in designing projects and programs; however, itis important to understand what the key incentives for these partnerships are. In the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (JEEViA) it was important to create an incentive system for value chain actors including input providers, extension workers, buyers and tradesmen, logistics and transportation providers, and financial institutions, and holistically look at the impact driven model. Attractive incentive structure was put in place for community skill extension workers and village resource persons for convincing the farmers to sell their produce to the producer groups, conduct quality checks, aggregate the produce, package it, and then finally transport the produce or send it for storage in warehouses. Streamline the certification process for smallholder farmers, enabling greater participation in public procurement, with a specific focus on neglected and underutilized species and native crops. The certification process involves a series of steps and requirements that smallholder farmers need to obtain certification to specific standards and labels. This certification serves as a recognition and acknowledgement of meeting a set of pre-determined standards of sustainable production. By documenting and maintaining compliance with the certification standards, smallholder farmers can improve their chances of participating in public procurement programs. By addressing key elements such as competition challenges in public procurement processes through preferential treatment schemes policymakers can help smallholder farmers' benefit from government-led procurement initiatives seeking to support sustainable agriculture, biodiversity conservation and the preservation of neglected and under-utilised species and indigenous crops4. Illustration: : Indigenous seeds are more climate resilient and more resistant to pest Giving more power to indigenous seeds has been empowering for the farmers in the State of Manipur, India. Indigenous farming systems also balance nature. The indigenous fermented food is prepared using different raw material and friendly micro-organisms, which is value addition while reducing post-harvest losses. 14 Miranda, A. 2018. Public food procurement from smalIholder farmers: Literature review and best practices. InternationalPolicy Centre for Inclusive Growth. Working Paper, No. 176. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk FI Additional resources: * Synergies between private and public sector solutions by Shauravi Malik, Founder, Slurrp Farm. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132474567 * Experience sharing on public procurement and inclusive social entrepreneurship in millets by Dinesh Balam, Associate Director, Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN). https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132474566 * Building a resilient food system in Manipur by Zeinorin Angkang, Founder, Hill Wild. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32474568 * Session Recording. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32670315 * Integrate greater diversity of foods from sustainable agrifood systems into public food procurement to increase diet diversity. By using public purchasing power as a tool to enable healthy diets, public food procurement can increase the diversity and environmental sustainability of nutrient-rich foods in public programs for which food is purchased, such as schools, hospitals, prisons, and universities, amongst others. Research shows that enhancing the diversity of foods in public food procurement is not only an effective but also an equitable approach to improving consumer behavior and dietary intake". Moreover, this solution serves as an effective demand mechanism that not only reduces biodiversity loss but also encourages the adoption of regenerative agricultural practices. By doing so, it benefits not only the recipients of the food but also the producers and the wider community. Illustration: The importance of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in Indian cities was emphasized to supply affordable, safe, healthy, and adequate food to urban populations. The integration of millet into Odisha's PDS supports both the diversification of diets and of production systems, creating a win-win solution for nutrition and the environment6. 1 Langfield, T., Marty, L., Inns, M., Jones, A. ft Robinson, E. 2023. Healthier diets for all? A systematic review and meta-analysis examining socioeconomic equity of the effect of increasing availability of healthier foods on food choice and energy intake. Obesity Reviews, 24:6: 13565. Tata Cornell Institute Policy Brief, 2023. Promoting Millets in the Public Distribution System, TCI-Policy-Brief Promotinq-Millets-in-the-PDS.pdf (cornell.edu) FOOD SYSTEMS, * Utilize food-based dietary guidelines that prioritize sustainability dimensions and incorporate evidence-based health recommendations, while safeguarding them against industry influence. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are a useful tool to recognize a nationally agreed definition of what constitutes a healthy diet relative to the country- specific culture, eating habits and available foods. Increasingly, countries are incorporating indicators of environmental sustainability into their guidelines to acknowledge the environmental tradeoffs involved in the consumption of a healthy diet and mitigate against these. FBDGs not only educate consumers but also influence their preferences and increase demand for healthy, nutritious, and sustainable food items, leading to improved nutrition outcomes. By incorporating sustainability considerations, FBDGs can also serve as a valuable tool for promoting climate adaptability and mitigation in agrifood systems. Illustration: India is one of the few countries to have climate-compatible dietary guidelines due to its diet typically high in pulses, fruits, and vegetables. Therefore, India's Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) " could be a useful tool to promote a healthy diet in the current context of nutritional transition, marked by increased consumption of ultra- processed foods. * Support research on the links between food outlets and consumption patterns. The food environment, encompassing factors such as food proximity, affordability, and promotion, plays a significant role in shaping consumer behavior and food choices within agrifood systems. The prevalence of food outlets and advertisements can strongly influence individuals towards purchasing unhealthy and environmentally unsustainable foods". To improve climate and nutrition outcomes, policymakers can benefit from research that examines the connection between food environments and consumption patterns. Illustration: The results of a recent study on the food environment in Pune, India, found the most common food items advertised were ice cream (29 percent), soft drinks (22 percent) and biscuits (14 percent)f. The importance of mapping and layering food accessibility indicators with socioeconomic data to implement effective interventions was stressed to address current accessibility limitations and support demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich foods. National Institute of Nutrition, 2011. "Dietary Guidelines for Indian -A Manual", Indian Council of Medical Research, Second Edition. 1WHO. 2022. Food marketing exposure and power and their associations with food-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviors: a narrative review. "FAO. 2022. Urban food system and nutrition assessment in Pune, Maharashtra, India - Project report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8610en FOOD SYSTEMS, * Collaborate with the private sector to further integrate food loss and waste reduction efforts into their operations. Promoting and implementing innovative practices to reduce food loss and waste can simultaneously improve nutrition and environmental outcomes. Not only can reducing food loss and waste increase the number of nutritious foods available for consumption and reduce pressure on natural resources, but it can also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems20. Incentives for businesses and consumers to reduce food waste, mandatory reporting on food loss and waste, and reduction targets for large companies are all possible solutions for further integrating the reduction of food loss and waste into private sector operations. Illustration: The local authorities in the city of Pune have embraced informal recycling efforts to address municipal solid waste management. Pune Municipal Corporation", for example, supports the collection of food leftovers from registered restaurants and hotels and runs campaigns to raise awareness of food waste at the retail and consumer level, thereby supporting the reduction andmanagement of the city's waste. * Foster supply chain diversification and the circular economy to improve resilience in urban foodsystems. A key lesson learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of integrating a diverse set of producers and processors in supply chains to improve the resilience of urban food systems. Climate disasters and weather fluctuations can cause significant crop yield losses which threatens farmers' incomes and the availability and accessibility of nutritious food. Employing supply chain diversification is recognized as an effective way to improve the resilience of food systems to climate shocks and ensure the mitigation of risks to food security and nutrition. Illustration: Several successful activities taking place in India were highlighted that enable improved collaboration between supply chain stakeholders to facilitate diversification, including the establishment of farmer cooperatives, such as farmer- producer organizations, and the development of rural-urban market linkages through increased engagement with SMEs. This is particularly relevant as 72% to 83% of the food consumed in India is handled by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises22 20 Diagne, M.L., Nagano, A. & Bernoux, M. 2023. Climate change mitigation options in agrifood systems. Summary of the Working Group l contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Rome, FAO. 21 Pune Municipal Corporation website: www.pmc.gov.in/en/biogas-initiative 22 Nordhagen, S., Igbeka, U., Rowlands, H., Shine, R.S., Heneghan, E. & Tench, J. 2021. COVID-19 and small enterprises in the food supply chain: Early impacts and implications for longer-term food system resilience in low- and middle-income countries. World Development 141 FOOD SYSTEMS, Preserve the healthful and sustainable aspects of the pre-existing traditional Indian diet. The traditional Indian diet, characterised by a variety of plant-based foods such as wholegrain cereals, pulses, fruits, and vegetables, with minimal consumption of animal- sourced foods, emphasises a balanced and diversified diet. However, the current global nutrition transition, characterised by increasingly homogenous food landscapes dominated by a few staple products, and the preponderance of ultra-processed foods and beverages, often heavily promoted by advertising, are threatening both ecosystems, through unsustainable production practices, and traditional diets. Therefore, making local, nutritious foods desirable to consumers is essential to preserving traditional diets. Illustration: The importance of street vendors was emphasized in preserving culinary diversity, and it was suggested that leveraging them to achieve food safety, security, and nutrition goals. The success of the 2014 Street Vendors Act was highlighted in integrating street vendors into policymaking, which establishes legitimate hawking zones in urban town planning and promotes self-compliance'. Additional resources: * The role of urban policy by Emilie Cassou, Sustainable Food Systems Specialist, World Bank. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132624022 * Climate change resilience and urban food systems by PS Vijay Shankar, Co-founder and Director, Nature-Positive Farming & Wholesome Foods Foundation (N+3F). https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132624024 * Urban food systems for better diets: Setting up Pune's multi-stakeholder group by Ganesh Sonune, Pune Municipal Corporation and Nodal Officer for Urban Food Pilot of the World Bank SMART Project, Maharashtra. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132624023 * Session Recording. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32670316 Acharya, G., Cassou, E., Jaffee, S., Ludher, E.K.. 2021. RICH Food, Smart City: How Building Reliable, Inclusive, Competitive, and Healthy Food Systems is Smart Policy for Urban Asia. World Bank, Washington, DC. FOOD SYSTEMS, S SS O 4 ,i YU AN OA * Support the creation of farmer/producer organisations to facilitate improved market access for vulnerable communities. Farmer and producer organizations provide a platform to women, youth, and other communities in situations of vulnerability for increasing capacity, encouraging value addition, and improving access to markets, and inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, and land to generate income and diversify yield in a sustainable way. Climate-smart technologies and regenerative agricultural practices24 can be shared via training provided by these organizations to help producers adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change25. Recent analysis has also found that women who were part of collectives were less likely to report negative impacts from shocks and stresses such as the COVID-19 pandemic on food security and nutrition26 Illustration: The Centre for Sustainable Agriculture highlighted that the organization promotes and strengthens farmer collectives by linking them to markets and encouraging members to adopt more sustainable agricultural production systems through increased crop diversification andimproving soilfertility using locally made bio inputs. * Promote household production to offset the unequal access to land which women often lack. Homestead production can serve as a valuable source of food for rural households by enhancing nutrition security and providing additional income. By utilizing the land in the homestead, legislative restrictions in India can be overcome which limit women's ownership of publicly owned land and hence their ability to produce crops. By implementing climate-smart agricultural practices and crop diversification, homestead production can also contribute to improved environmental outcomes and support diet diversification for better nutrition. Illustration: The Bihar Rural Livelihood Promotion Society highlighted one of their programs, known as Nutri-gardens, which supports women in producing a diverse range of nutrient-rich foods close to the homestead. These foods are incorporated into localbehavior change communication efforts to enable healthy diets in addition to the recycling of household wastewater andkitchen waste for climate adaptation and mitigation. 24 CARE. 2021. The Role of Agricultural Collectives in Gender Transformative Food and Water Systems. Atlanta 25 HLPE. 2021. Promoting youth engagement and employment in agriculture and food systems. A report by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome. FAO. 2023. The status of women in agrifood systems. Rome. httPs://doi.orq/10.4060/cc5343en FOOD SYSTEMS, * Support the use of and access to digital tools to increase the knowledge and capacity of vulnerable communities. Digital technologies have the potential to enhance farmers' adaptive capacity and resilience to climate shocks by facilitating better communication among farmers, enabling emissions measurement, and providing timely warnings about extreme weather events. Additionally, mobile technology has been proven effective in improving dietary intake through behavior change communication in low-resource areas of India27. However, the successful adoption of these technologies depends on their adaptation to the specific context and their introduction through familiar channels, such as collaboration with local extension officers who are already known to farmers28. Illustration: The Bihar Rural Livelihood Promotion Society' highlighted how their use of digital tools has helped marginalized groups share climate-smart techniques and practices with each other. With support from the Society, agricultural producers are collaborating to create videos and short films which are shared widely online promoting diversified and sustainable production. * Integrate information and activities into school curricula to raise awareness among future generations of the significance of food in relation to climate change and the environment. To address the interconnected challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and malnutrition, raising awareness about the link between food and the environment is crucial. Early sensitization plays a key role in equipping individuals, communities, and governments with the necessary tools to tackle these issues effectively. Given that a significant percentage of India's youth are employed in the agricultural sectoro, integrating climate-smart and nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices into school curricula can enhance their adoption and implementation. Strategies for this include using locally relevant information, addressing misconceptions, and applying engaging and active methods of teaching have been shown to increase the impact of education on climate change". 27 Carmichael, S.L., Mehta, K., Srikantiah, S. Mahapatra, T., et al 2019. Use of mobile technology by frontline health workers to promote reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition: a cluster randomized controlled Trial in Bihar, India. Journal of Global Health. 9(2). 28 Dittmer, K.M., Wollenberg, E., Burns, S., Shelton, S.W. 2022. Digital tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Agroecological TRANSITIONS: Inclusive Digital Tools to Enable Climate-informedAgroecological Transitions (ATDT). Cali, Colombia: Alliance of Diversity & CIAT. 29 Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society website: www.brips.in 30ASER. 2017. Annual Status of Education Report: The 12th Annual Status of Education Report. Annual Status of Education Report. New Delhi Monroe M., Plate R., Oxarart A., Bowers A. & Chaves W. 2019. Identifying effective climate change education strategies: a systematic review of the research; Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 791-812. FOOD SYSTEMS, * Provide social support services to support women and vulnerable communities who face time constraints in their production activities. Group-based intervention approaches are employed in India to support rural women engaged in agriculture who face increased time constraints and marginalization. These approaches aimed at empowering women through group participation, have been widely acknowledged for improving household food security, nutrition, and children's dietary diversity. Moreover, women's empowerment in such groups demonstrated improved access to climate information and higher adoption rates of climate-smart agricultural practices in India32. Illustration: The Centre for Sustainable Agriculture highlighted the effectiveness of implementing women's self-help groups in the Andhra Pradesh Natural Farming Program in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, to promote regenerative agriculture to improve the sustainability of local agrifood systems and nutritional outcomes. Specifically, the groups have provided women with financing inputs, created a support network, and disseminated knowledge and best practices. * Promote and share local knowledge to highlight the pivotal role of communities in driving transformative change. Drawing upon long-standing local and indigenous knowledge can inform context-specific strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation, enhancing their acceptance and alignment with local communities and ecosystems. Additionally, promoting the consumption of diverse, locally sourced food, rich in micronutrients, can enhance food security, nutrition, biodiversity, and the resilience of ecosystems and livelihoods, reducing dependence on staple crops which are often more susceptible to pests". Illustration: An initiative entitled'Sustainable Seed Systems, promoted by the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture was highlighted which strengthens and revives the knowledge and cultivation of local seeds. These diverse varieties are adapted to the local environmental context and are consumed locally to facilitate the increased diversification of diets alongside environmental benefits. FAO. 2023a. The status of women in agrifood systems. Rome. https://doi.orq/10.4060/cc5343en FAO, 2021. Climate change, Biodiversity and Nutrition Nexus - Evidence and emerging policy and programming opportunities. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6701en FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk F Additional resources: * Role of Bihar rural livelihood promotion society in the nexus of food systems, nutrition and climate change in India by Mahua Choudhury, Program Coordinator, Governance and Knowledge Management, JEEViKA, Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society, Government of Bihar, India. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132729658 * Nutritional and Livelihood security with Natural Farming by GV. Ramanjaneyulu, Executive Director, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132729659 * Youth and Agriculture in India by Divya Veluguri, PhD candidate, Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh. https://video.ibm.com/recorded /132729660 * Session Recording. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32747043 * Facilitate access to finance to support innovations that reduce food loss and waste to improve nutrition and reduce the environmental impact of food systems. Food loss and waste disproportionately affect nutritious food due to its high perishability which is impacted by several components within the agrifood system such as inadequate storage and infrastructure, poor handling practices and underdeveloped value chains. According to FAOSTAT estimations, over 400 g/day of food is wasted in India, which is above the average of around 300 g/day in low- and middle-income countries34. Addressing food loss and waste can increase the availability of nutritious foods, and promote more efficient and sustainable use of resources, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To address this, investments could be made in small businesses that champion innovative solutions to reduce food loss and waste from production all the way to consumption. Illustration: The Shamba Centre for Food & Climate' shared an example from Nigeria where a young entrepreneur developed decentralized cold storage units powered by solar panels to preserve nutritious, perishable foods in markets. FAO. 2023b. Food loss and waste database. Rome. Cited 30 June 2023. https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/flw-data/en/ Shamba Centre for Food Ft Climate website: www.shambacentre.org FOOD SYSTEMS, * Promote consumer education, and FBDGs that integrate cultural and socialpreferences, particularly in children to increase dietary diversity and ensure that this transition is feasible. Empowering consumers with knowledge, skills, and awareness, through consumer education enables them to make informed and healthier food choices, while understanding the importance of balanced and nutritious diets for human and planetary health. Integrating cultural and social preferences of target communities further facilitates the adoption of healthier and more sustainable food options. Access to Nutrition Initiative" emphasized the importance of influencing the food preferences of today's youth to ensure that they maintain health-promoting food choices throughout their lives as future consumers. Illustration: The Odisha Millets Mission" in the State of Odisha, India, promoted high consumption of Raji finger millet among children through a cartoon campaign called "Mili the Millet Girl." The campaign, launched in Sundargarh and Keonjhar, received an enthusiastic response from children and gained widespread recognition amongst professionals in Odisha. Research suggests that cartoon media character branding can positively influence children's dietary intake of desired foods compared with no character branding38. * Create synergies between crops and livestock to make agricultural production more efficient and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Promoting an integrated approach, such as agroecology, maximizes the benefits of livestock - crop interactions. Livestock, for example, contribute to nutrient cycling by using crop residues and agricultural by-products as feed, while their manure serves as a valuable source of nutrients for crops, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and improving soil fertility. Integrating livestock into cropping systems diversifies farmers' income and enhances resilience. However, sustainable planning and management are crucial to prevent the risks of disease transmission and resource competition between livestock and crop production. Access to Nutrition Initiative website: www.accesstonutrition.org Odisha Millets Mission website: www.milletsodisha.com 38 Kraak, V.I. & Story, M. 2014. Influence of food companies brand mascots and entertainment companies' cartoon media characters on children's diet and health: a systematic review and research needs. Obesity Reviews. 16(2): 107-126. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl-r 'NFk F Illustration: The Shamba Centre for Food & Climate highlighted the knowledge gap in leveraging crop residues to create synergies between crop and livestock production activities, aiming to enhance overall efficiency. Specifically, she underlined the unexplored potential of using crop residues as livestock feed to improve small-scale ruminant productivity. The possibility of enhancing nutritive value of crop residues through physical and chemical treatments or by adopting nutrient-dense varieties was also mentioned. * Leverage aquatic food systems to meet both nutritional and environmental objectives. Aquatic food systems, including a wide variety of finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, vascular and non-vascular plants, play a vital role in achieving food security and nutrition, and climate change adaptation and mitigation40. Aquatic food systems offer a variety of nutrient- rich foods made up of proteins, fatty acids, and micronutrients, to promote diversified and healthy diets. However, the significance of fish in addressing hunger and malnutrition has often been overlooked in favour of discussions centred on biological sustainability, as noted by the High-Level Panel of Experts41. Illustration: The Shamba Centre for Food & Climate emphasized the benefits of promoting small fish production and consumption in homesteads, highlighting potential nutrition and environmental co-benefits. For example, the small-sized fish species mola is consumed whole including the bones, head, and internal organs, which are rich in vitamins and minerals, minimizing food waste. In Odisha, WorldFish, USAID and the Government of Odisha launched a project promoting carp-mola polyculture in rural villages to enhance diet diversity in a sustainable way. As a result, 2,300 children in local schools received regular meals that included small fish once a week, and 264 backyard ponds were constructed alongside sensitization and training programs for men and women on farming practices. 9 Baltenweck, I., Cherney, D., Duncan, A., Eldermire, E., Lwoga, T., Labarta, R., Rao, E.J., Staal, S. & Teufel, N. 2020. A scoping review of feed interventions and livelihoods of small-scale livestock keepers. Nature Plants. 40 FAO. 2019. The State of the Worlds Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture assessments. Rome. https:/doi.orq/10.4060/CA5256EN 41 HLPE. 2014. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome. 119 pp. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk F Influence investors to transform business models of food and beverage companies to improve their operational practices for improved nutrition and climate outcomes. Investors in food and beverage companies hold considerable leverage and influence over the activities of the companies they invest in by establishing clear expectations regarding nutrition and environmental sustainability, investors can motivate companies to align their practices to secure financing. This mechanism serves as an effective strategy to shape the food environment through private sector action. It encourages activities such as enhanced micronutrient fortification, increased sales of healthy food products over unhealthy ones, and improved food waste management practices, promoting healthy and sustainable diets. Illustration: ATNI emphasized their efforts to enhance private sector accountability, which includes the development of country-specific indexes. These indexes aim to assess the nutrition and environmental sustainabiity commitments, practices, and performance of leading food and beverage companies. Improve the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions at retail and consumer level to better understand the impact of our food on the environment. To assess the environmental impact of food consumption, a range of indicators and tools can be utilized to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions throughout the agrifood system, spanning production to consumption. By improving our understanding of the environmental footprint, especially at the retail and consumer levels, policymakers can be informed about which foods to prioritize for promoting nutritious consumption and climate change mitigation. This knowledge supports the transformation of agrifood systems to achieve better nutritional outcomes while addressing challenges posed by climate change. Such information can empower consumers to make informed choices by favoring food products with lower greenhouse gas emissions. Integrating this data into Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and food labeling can encourage consumers to optfor lower GHG-emitting food products, thereby promoting sustainable dietary choices. The need for robust methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas emissions was emphasized, particularly in the post-production stages. It was highlighted that the existing literature's focus is on emissions during production, with limited information available on emissions associated with the food environment and consumer behavior. This points to the need for further research and understanding of emissions throughout the food value chain, including transportation and household food preparation. By acknowledging these gaps and working towards more comprehensive methodologies, our understanding of the environmental impact of food can be improved and develop targeted strategies to reduce emissions throughout the entire agrifood system. FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Fl- S:_ 'NFk F Additional resources: * Using consumption survey to measure the nutritional content and emission intensity of diets by Chris Jackson, Senior Economist, Agriculture and Food Global Practice, World Bank. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132812818 * ATNI tools to increase private sector accountability within sustainable food systems by Annoek van den Wijngaart, Senior Partnerships Manager and Marije Boomsma, Director, Strategic Alli-ances & External Affairs, Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNI). https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132812817 * Lesson learned on the nexus of food systems, nutrition and climate change by Carin Smaller, Executive Director & Co-founder, Shamba Centre for Food & Climate. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/132812814 * Session Recording. https://video.ibm.com/recorded/1 32836483 Conclusion Addressing food insecurity, malnutrition, climate crisis, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation necessitates a synergistic and systemic approach that brings about meaningful transformation. Through dialogues with subject-matter experts and practitioners, practical and replicable solutions were identified to transform agrifood systems for improving nutritional and environmental outcomes. The five sessions of KES 2.0 highlighted practical examples related to several areas in the nexus of food systems, nutrition, and climate change, including public- private partnerships, urban agrifood systems, social inclusion, and measuring impact to ensure positive and sustainable results. Initially centered on India, the Knowledge Exchange Series drew enthusiastic participants eager to learn and share their respective countries' efforts in addressing these interrelated crises. In response to the growing demand and the need for agrifood systems transformation, the World Bank-FAG Knowledge Exchange Series has expanded (KES 3.0 - March to June 2024) to encompass the entire South Asia region. KES 3.0 will shine a spotlight on innovative, practical, and replicable solutions implemented in countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, fostering dialogue and knowledge sharing across disciplines, regions, and countries. This collaborative approach aims to support the transformation of agrifood systems throughout the South Asia region and beyond, creating a more sustainable and resilient future. FOOD SYSTEMS, I(.Vl Fl-r F :,_ 'NFk F Annex-1 KES 2.0: List of Speakers and Subject-Matter Experts The Food systems, nutrition, * Martien van Nieuwkoop*, Global Director for the and climate change nexus Agriculture and Food Global Practice, World Bank * Nancy Aburto*, Deputy-Director, Food and Nutrition Division, FAO * Ulac Demirag, Country Director & Head of South Asia Hub, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) * Temina Lalani-Shariff, Regional Director for Soth Asia, CGIAR * Srivalli Krishnan, Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Synergies between private and * Oliver Braedt*, Practice Manager, Agriculture and public sector solutions Food, South Asia Region, World Bank * Zeinorin Angkang, Founder, Hill Wild, Manipur, India * Dinesh Balam, Associate Director, Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN), Hyderabad, Telangana, India * Shauravi Malik, Founder, Slurrp Farm, New Delhi, India Climate and nutrition considerations * Gayatri Acharya*, Practice Manager, Agriculture in urban food systems and Food, South Asia Region, World Bank * Emilie Cassou, Sustainable Food Systems Specialist, World Bank * PS Vijay Shankar, Co-Founder and Director, Nature Positive Farming and Wholesome Foods Foundation (N+3F), Bangalore, India FOOD SYSTEMS, FF4Tl Ff- S:- 'NFk F * Ganesh Sonune, Disaster Management Officer, Pune Municipal Corporation and Nodal Officer, Urban Food Pilot of the World Bank SMART Project, Maharashtra, India Gender, youth, and social inclusion * Hana Brixi*, Global Director, Gender, World Bank * Divya Veluguri, PhD candidate, Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh * GV. Ramanjaneyulu, Executive Director Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Telangana, India * Mahua Choudhury, Program Coordinator, Governance and Knowledge Management, Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society, Government of Bihar Measuring the nexus of food systems, * Lynnette Neufeld*, Director, Food and Nutrition nutrition, and climate change Division, FAO * Carin Smaller, Executive Director & Co-founder Shamba Centre for Food & Climate, Geneva, Switzerland * Chris Jackson, Senior Economist, Agriculture and Food Global Practice World Bank * Annoek van den Wijngaart, Senior Partnerships Manager, Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNI), Utrecht, The Netherlands