72172 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond The first round of Country Status Overviews (CSO1) published in 2006 benchmarked the preparedness of sectors of 16 countries in Africa to meet the WSS MDGs based on their medium-term spending plans and a set of ‘success factors’ selected from regional experience. Combined with a process of national stakeholder consultation, this prompted countries to ask whether they had those ‘success factors’ in place and, if not, whether they should put them in place. The second round of Country Status Overviews (CSO2) has built on both the method and the process developed in CSO1. The ‘success factors’ have been supplemented with additional factors drawn from country and regional analysis to develop the CSO2 scorecard. Together these reflect the essential steps, functions and results in translating finance into services through government systems – in line with Paris Principles for aid effectiveness. The data and summary assessments have been drawn from local data sources and compared with internationally reported data, and, wherever possible, the assessments have been subject to broad-based consultations with lead government agencies and country sector stakeholders, including donor institutions. This second set of 32 Country Status Overviews (CSO2) on water supply and sanitation was commissioned by the African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW). Development of the CSO2 was led by the World Bank administered Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) in collaboration with the African Development Bank (AfDB), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). This report was produced in collaboration with the Government of Angola and other stakeholders during 2009/10. Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the collaborating institutions, their Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The collaborating institutions do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the collaborating institutions concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to wsp@worldbank.org. The collaborating institutions encourage the dissemination of this work and will normally grant permission promptly. For more information, please visit www.amcow.net or www.wsp.org. Photograph credits: Photographs published with permission from Gallo Images/Getty Images/AFP and The Bigger Picture/Reuters © 2011 Water and Sanitation Program An AMCOW Country Status Overview Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond 1 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Strategic Overview Angola is emerging from a protracted civil conflict, impressive, and if efficiently and effectively utilized is likely confronting significant challenges in the water and to result in meeting the Millennium Development Goal sanitation sector such as a need to: rebuild damaged or target for water supply, though progress in rural areas is decrepit infrastructure; establish an appropriate institutional less certain than in urban. The same applies to sanitation, framework; update policies and approaches; upgrade with likely success in urban areas, but progress lagging professional and technical skills; ensure transparent and limited investments on the horizon for rural sanitation. and equitable service delivery; strengthen planning and Reaching the targets would be a remarkable achievement performance monitoring; and bolster coordination across considering the fact that Angola’s decades-long conflict all levels, stakeholders, and regions. ended only recently in 2002. The war sparked unparalleled growth in the urban population With the current emphasis on infrastructure installation, as people migrated to the relative safety of the larger cities service quality is likely to remain unsatisfactory until new to avoid unpredictable violence in the countryside. Working institutional arrangements and service delivery models in its favor is an abundance of financial resources in striking designed to achieve sustainability can be successfully counterpoint to many of its regional neighbors. deployed, which may require upwards of a decade. So far, however, Angola shows positive signs of making up for so As to whether or not Angola is on-track to meet the MDG much lost ground. targets, the lack of reliable data on access and the limited availability of results from on-going investment programs This second AMCOW Country Status Overview (CSO2) has make it difficult to estimate both sector needs and progress. been produced in collaboration with the Government of The scale and scope of recent investments is nonetheless Angola and other stakeholders. 2 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Agreed priority actions to tackle these challenges, and ensure finance is effectively turned into services, are as follows: Sectorwide • An immediate assessment of sector needs in human resources, leading to the development of a comprehensive plan for building capacity at all levels (national, provincial, municipal/utility, and community), and within all strata (decision makers, managers, technicians, and users) in the private and public spheres. • Fast-track approval of the National Water Law Regulations. • Development of a national investment program for rural sanitation and hygiene promotion. • Increased and permanent support for a sectorwide information management system, including regular performance monitoring with targeted integration into government planning systems, and public dissemination. Rural water supply • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop a strategic plan for rural water supply, and put into place new implementation and management models to improve service delivery and sustainability. Urban water supply • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop and put into place new implementation and management models for urban water supply to improve service delivery and cost recovery. Rural sanitation and hygiene • Immediate and sustained resumption of efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan (including the development of a national investment program). Urban sanitation and hygiene • Immediate and sustained resumption of efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan. • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop and put into place new implementation and management models for urban sanitation to ensure operation and maintenance in the medium term. 3 4 Contents ........................................................................................................................... 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. ................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. ............................................................................................... 8 Sector Overview: Coverage and Finance Trends. 3. Reform Context: Introducing the CSO2 Scorecard. ........................................................................................ 11 4. Institutional Framework................................................................................................................................. 13 5. Financing and its Implementation.................................................................................................................. 16 6. Sector Monitoring and Evaluation.................................................................................................................. 18 7. Subsector: Rural Water Supply....................................................................................................................... 20 8. ..................................................................................................................... 22 Subsector: Urban Water Supply. 9. Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene........................................................................................................ 24 10. ...................................................................................................... 26 Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene. Notes and References.................................................................................................................................... 28 5 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Acronyms and Abbreviations AfDB African Development Bank MINEA Ministry of Energy and Water (Ministério da AMCOW African Ministers’ Council on Water Energia e Águas) AOA Kwanza (Angola currency) MINSA Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) PAT Water for All Program (Água para Todos) MU Municipal utility CAPEX Capital expenditure NGO Nongovernmental organization CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation O&M Operations and maintenance CSO2 Country Status Overviews (second round) ODA Official Development Assistance DNAAS National Directorate for Water Supply OPEX Operations expenditure and Sanitation (Direcção Nacional de PDISA Water Sector Institutional Development Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento) Project (Projecto Desenvolvimento ECP Poverty Reduction Strategy (Estrategia de Institucional do Sector das Águas) Combate contra à Pobreza) PDSA Water Sector Development Program ELISAL Solid Waste and Sanitation Company of (Programa de Desenvolvimento do Sector Luanda (Empresa de Limpeza e Saneamento das Águas) de Luanda) RSH Rural sanitation and hygiene EPAL Public Water Utility of Luanda (Empresa RWS Rural water supply Pública de Águas de Luanda) SEA Secretary of State of Water Affairs GNI Gross national income (Secretaria de Estado das Águas) GoA Government of Angola SIA State Implementing Agency HH Household SSA Sub-Saharan Africa IBNET International Benchmarking Network for SSIP Small-Scale Independent Providers Water and Sanitation Utilities SWAp Sector-Wide Approach JMP Joint Monitoring Programme (UNICEF/WHO) UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund LG Local government USH Urban sanitation and hygiene LIC Low-income country UTNSA National Technical Unit for Sanitation M&E Monitoring and evaluation (Unidade Técnica Nacional para MDG Millennium Development Goal Saneamento) MED Ministry of Education (Ministério de UWS Urban water supply Educação) WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene MIC Middle-income country WHO World Health Organization MICS Multiple-Indicator Cluster Survey (UNICEF) WSP Water and Sanitation Program MINAMB Ministry of the Environment (Ministério do WSS Water supply and sanitation Ambiente) Exchange rate: US$1 = AOA 91.9.1 6 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond 1. Introduction The African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) commissioned the production of a second round of Country Status Overviews (CSOs) to better understand what underpins progress in water supply and sanitation and what its member governments can do to accelerate that progress across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).2 AMCOW delegated this task to the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program and the African Development Bank who are implementing it in close partnership with UNICEF and WHO in over 30 countries across SSA. This CSO2 report has been produced in collaboration with the Government of Angola and other stakeholders during 2009/10. The analysis aims to help countries assess their own service delivery pathways for turning finance into water supply and sanitation services in each of four subsectors: rural and urban water supply, and rural and urban sanitation and hygiene. The CSO2 analysis has three main components: a review of past coverage; a costing model to assess the adequacy of future investments; and a scorecard which allows diagnosis of particular bottlenecks along the service delivery pathway. The CSO2’s contribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sector targets, but what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure finance is effectively turned into accelerated coverage in water supply and sanitation. In this spirit, specific priority actions have been identified through consultation. A synthesis report, available separately, presents best practice and shared learning to help realize these priority actions. 7 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 2. Sector Overview: Coverage and Finance Trends Coverage: Assessing Past Progress collected urban data obsolete within a few short years. However, if the JMP data are correct, then the urban shares The last national census in Angola was in 1970. It would of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) coverage be asking too much to expect the government to have targets are reportedly either already met or very close to reliable coverage figures for either urban or rural areas. being met, for sanitation and water supply, respectively. Though a national database and information management Few in Angola, however, accept this to be the case. system are currently being designed and implemented, for the time being data from the Joint Monitoring Programme On the rural side, neither water nor sanitation access (JMP)3 are referenced in sector reports along with some figures from the JMP suggest that the respective shares unofficial government estimates. of the MDG targets will be met, though it can be argued that the huge Water for All Program, if fully implemented, According to the JMP, access to improved water supplies could easily surpass the rural water access targets. Figure in Angola increased from 36 percent in 1990 to 50 percent 1 should, under these stated circumstances, be read with in 2008, disaggregated at 38 percent rural and 60 percent caution. urban. For sanitation, the JMP estimates improved access as being 25 percent in 1990, increasing to 57 percent in It bears mentioning that the recently completed Multiple- 2008, disaggregated at 18 percent rural and 86 percent Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) III survey published urban. The data used for the JMP calculations are limited, preliminary results as follows: rural water supply, 25 suggesting that the real access figures are probably not percent; urban water supply, 82 percent; rural sanitation 31 known with any degree of certainty. National censuses and percent; and urban sanitation, 85 percent. Methodological surveys have been impossible during the war years, and issues prevent these results from being fully accepted, so the urban population growth rates have been estimated the true coverage figures may have to wait for successive as being among the highest in the world, making any surveys or a national census. Figure 1 Progress in coverage Water supply Sanitation 100% 100% 80% 80% Coverage Coverage 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 JMP estimates MDG target JMP estimates MDG target Source: JMP 2010 report. 8 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Given the unreliable coverage estimates, it is consequently (OPEX, estimated in Table 2). For urban sanitation, the challenging to estimate total investment needs. The government is allocating the majority of funds for high- Government of Angola (GoA) currently operates under the cost services such as networked sewerage with wastewater rationale that massive investment is clearly justified, despite treatment, instead of lower-cost on-site options or a lack of trustworthy coverage data. Upon examination, lower-cost network solutions. Expected operations and and recognizing the uncertainty of the coverage estimates, maintenance costs for high-end sanitation services will it appears that water supply (both rural and urban) has be elevated, and the government has demonstrated its sufficient levels of funding. Required investment is US$151 willingness to provide significant operational subsidies for million per year, compared with planned investments of urban service delivery, making it unlikely that cost recovery US$358 million per year. For sanitation, the total anticipated will become a policy concern anytime soon. Similarly, a investment amount also appears to be sufficient (US$190 significant percentage of new investments in rural water million per year against requirements of US$101 million supply are directed toward piped systems which will also per year) though upon closer scrutiny rural sanitation present long-term cost recovery concerns, though not as is underfunded. Figure 2 and Table 1 demonstrate the severe as in the case of urban sanitation. Consequently, estimated funding requirements and anticipated public these OPEX requirements could dramatically increase the investments for meeting the MDG targets. strain on anticipated public finance. Contrary to nearly all other SSA countries, Angola does not Nonetheless, the overall figures suggest that investment rely significantly on donor grants or multilateral loans— funding is not the immediate concern in Angola, although approximately 97 percent of its investment funding comes some have suggested that it would be preferable to reduce from the government budget or from bilateral commercial investment levels at this time since commercial credits are lending. This has allowed the country to jumpstart being accessed for high unit cost solutions. The absorptive investments, though somewhat haphazardly given a capacity for utilizing the available funds remains deficient, lack of policy instruments and consolidated institutional though it has improved year-on-year. Furthermore, it arrangements. remains to be verified whether or not the quality of works meets both the government’s and households’ standards. Angola does not require households to contribute to the capital investment costs, and there are no clear plans to These considerations are only part of the picture. increase cost recovery for operations and maintenance Bottlenecks can, in fact, occur throughout the service Figure 2 Required vs. anticipated public investment Water Supply Sanitation Required CAPEX Required CAPEX Required OPEX Required OPEX 0 100 200 300 400 0 50 100 150 200 US$ million/year US$ million/year Public CAPEX (anticipated) Public CAPEX (anticipated) Source: CSO2 estimates. 9 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Table 1 Coverage and investment figures Coverage Target Population CAPEX Anticipated Assumed Total requiring requirements public CAPEX HH deficit access CAPEX 1990 2008 2015 Domestic External Total % % % ‘000/year US$ million/year Rural water supply 40% 38% 70% 400 86 183 2 185 0 - Urban water supply 30% 60% 65% 339 65 159 15 174 0 - Water supply total 36% 50% 67% 740 151 342 16 358 0 - Rural Sanitation 6% 18% 53% 428 20 7 1 8 0 12 Urban Sanitation 58% 86% 79% 229 80 180 2 182 0 - Sanitation total 25% 57% 68% 657 101 187 3 190 0 - Sources: For coverage, JMP 2010 report; for investments, CSO2 costing (some rounding errors introduced). Table 2 Annual OPEX requirement. Subsector O&M delivery pathway—within all the institutions, processes, US$ million/year and actors that translate sector funding into sustainable Rural water supply 19 services. Where the pathway is well developed, sector Urban water supply 30 funding should turn into services at the estimated unit Water supply total 49 costs. Where it is not, the above investment estimates may Rural sanitation 2 be grossly understated. The rest of this report evaluates Urban sanitation 40 the service delivery pathway in its entirety, locating the Sanitation total 42 bottlenecks and presenting the agreed priority actions to Source: CSO2 costing. help address them. 10 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond 3. Reform Context: Introducing the CSO2 Scorecard The sector reform history of Angola has become Development Program (PDSA) have paved the way for the synchronized with the 2002 peace accords. While several development of water and sanitation master plans in the reform actions pre-date 2002, policies from this era were provincial capitals, and promise an eventual comprehensive never fully activated. After the peace accords, however, assessment of the rural water and sanitation subsector. reforms materialized rapidly. The first milestone is approval The primary sector principles established by these reforms of the National Water Law in 2002 which introduced include: the user pays; the polluter pays; no wastewater key reform elements such as the designation of the collection without wastewater treatment; and all services water basin as the basic water resources planning unit, managed at the lowest possible level.5 However, the PDSA recognition of water as both a social and an economic has not been fully implemented. good, decentralized implementation at the provincial level, and the possibility of alternative management models for To restructure and modernize the urban water supply urban service provision. The regulations for the Water and sanitation subsector, the GoA joined with the World Law, however, have not as yet been approved. Bank in creating a Water Sector Institutional Development Project, PDISA, under which a new set of state actors is A further important aspect of the legal framework is being introduced. These include Autonomous Provincial the Law of Local State Administrative Units in 2007, Water and Sanitation Utilities, a regulatory agency complementing the 1999 Decentralization Law and for urban water supply and sanitation, and a National further extending powers and responsibilities to provincial Institute for Water Resources. An asset management unit and municipal governments, primarily through a process for urban infrastructure will be established within the of deconcentration of central power, with the eventual Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA). Nine major cities goal of political and fiscal decentralization. The country’s in two phases will eventually come under the proposed 18 provinces are now responsible for executing sector arrangement. More than a year after project approval, plans and policies. however, progress has been limited. The sector’s recent history puts the service delivery pathway Figure 3 in context, which can then be explored in detail using the Average scorecard results for enabling, CSO2 scorecard, an assessment tool providing a snapshot sustaining, and developing service delivery, and of reform progress throughout the pathway. The CSO2 peer-group comparison scorecard assesses the building blocks of service delivery Enabling in turn: three building blocks which relate to enabling services, three which relate to developing new services, and three which relate to sustaining services. Each building block is assessed against specific indicators and scored from 1 to 3 accordingly.4 Angola’s reform efforts appear to have focused on the enabling building blocks of the service delivery pathway, particularly with regard to planning. Figure 3 shows that this is where Angola registers the highest scorecard result, Sustaining Developing though it is below average for its economic peer group Angola average scores of middle-income countries (MIC) participating in the Averages, MICs CSO2. In addition to the Water Law, a 2003 Strategy for Water Sector Development and the 2004 Water Sector Source: CSO2 scorecard. 11 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Table 3 Key dates for sector reform in Angola Year Event 1999 Decentralization Law 2002 Final Peace Accords 2002 National Water Law approved (regulations pending) 2003 Strategy for Water Sector Development 2003 Poverty Reduction Strategy (ECP) 2004 Water Sector Development Program 2007 Law of Local State Organs 2007 Water for All Program 2007 Secretary of State for Water Affairs (SEA) created 2008 Ministry of the Environment (MINAMB) created Moving downstream along the service delivery pathway being piloted as a potential way of promoting rapid progress from enabling to actually developing services and in rural sanitation access and hygiene improvements. infrastructure, the most notable reform instrument on the rural side is the 2007 Water for All Program (PAT) Meanwhile, small towns in Angola have grown for the which is designed to install or upgrade 7,000 wells and same reasons urban areas have, and the decentralization boreholes with handpumps, and install or rehabilitate 265 reform effort has created a large number of bona fide piped systems in 140 of the country’s 164 municipalities— administrative centers. There are now more than 700 expected to benefit more than 5 million persons in rural local government centers, all of which are slated for piped areas by 2012. The total projected cost of the initiative water supplies, and in theory some sort of wastewater was initially estimated at US$651 million, though by 2009 elimination. In fact, the overwhelming percentage of PAT the price tag had risen to nearly US$1.3 billion.6 The funding of works (69 percent) is being allocated for these program is administered by the president’s office, with small towns. It becomes critical that appropriate models funds going directly to the provinces for project execution. be developed that ensure the long-term viability of these By the end of the program it is expected that 80 percent systems while keeping service provision affordable. One of all rural inhabitants will have improved access to water. of the primary components of the PAT Program is the The program does not, unfortunately, address or finance development of management models, though to date rural sanitation. there has been no identifiable progress on this front. The final grouping along the service delivery pathway relates For major urban areas, the PDISA project aims to create to sustaining services, where Angola scores lowest (Figure 3). autonomous water utilities and a water and sanitation Angola has made some progress in systems for supporting tariff strategy, both of which may help to increase the rural water schemes in the long term: the PAT includes the financial sustainability of the urban subsectors. development of a system for operation and maintenance (O&M) support to communities, management models for Sections 4 to 6 highlight progress and challenges across rural water supply, and training opportunities for public and three thematic areas—the institutional framework, finance, private sector professionals and entrepreneurs. For rural and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)—benchmarking sanitation, the context for sustaining services differs, with Angola against its peer countries based on a grouping a greater emphasis on ensuring the supply chain of goods by gross national income (GNI). The related indicators and services to allow households to maintain their facilities. are extracted from the scorecard and presented in charts However, lack of a national sanitation policy means that no at the beginning of each section. The scorecards for clear set of reforms is being designed and implemented, each subsector are presented in their entirety in Sections though Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is recently 7 to 10. 12 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond 4. Institutional Framework Priority actions for the institutional framework • An immediate assessment of sector needs in human resources, leading to the development of a comprehensive plan for building capacity at all levels (national, provincial, municipal/utility, and community), and within all strata (decision makers, managers, technicians, and users) in the private and public spheres. • Fast-track approval of the National Water Law Regulations. Though institutional reform has begun, and framework Figure 4 laws have been put in place, the clear delineation of roles Scorecard indicators relating to institutional and relationships, along with specific subsector policies, framework, with average of indicator scores has yet to be arranged. The average scores for related by subsector and peer-group comparison (see scorecard indicators (Figure 4) show that Angola is behind endnotes)7 its peer group in all subsectors. The lead agency for water supply in Angola is MINEA which recently re-established its RWS standing after briefly relinquishing sector leadership to the Secretary of State for Water Affairs (SEA) from 2007–09. MINEA operates primarily through its National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation (DNAAS). For sanitation, the newly designated lead agency is the Ministry of the USH UWS Environment (MINAMB), made operational through the National Technical Unit for Sanitation (UTNSA), though the Ministry of Health takes a promotional role using its local staff, while the Ministry of Education assumes these responsibilities in schools. The parastatal agency ELISAL is RSH responsible for operations of the small wastewater system Angola average scores in Luanda, and the state enterprise EPAL is responsible for Averages, MICs Luanda’s water supply. Source: CSO2 scorecard. Figure 5 outlines the existing institutional framework, though it must be recognized that game-changing sector for everything from limited space on the docks to modifications not reflected in the diagram are being consulting services. Even when works are in progress, planned in the area of urban service provision. The lax inter-agency coordination, performance monitoring, following paragraphs identify this and other key challenges and progress reporting introduce inefficiencies and make with regard to institutional reform. It must be recognized planning difficult. that the challenge of building institutions while rolling out massive new investments in infrastructure is a considerable National funding agencies: Ensuring coordination. one, especially in a postwar context where professionals The sector is still highly centralized at the national level are attracted to the burgeoning private sector, and state- (though the institutional arrangements remain in a state sponsored construction activities compete with the private of flux), with funding proposals and new sector initiatives 13 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Figure 5 Institutional roles and relationships in the water supply and sanitation sector Urban Water Urban Rural water Rural School Hygiene resources sanitation Supply sanitation sanitation promotion Policy formulation MINEA/ MINEA/ MINAMB MINAMB/UTNSA DNAAS DNAAS Regulation Service EPAL MU LGs LGs MED MINSA provision MU ELISAL UGs LGs SSIPs SIA DNAAS: National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation. Policy lead on water supply, also some service provision. ELISAL: Solid Waste and Sanitation Company of Luanda. Para-state company operating Luanda’s sewerage network. EPAL: Luanda parastatal water utility. LGs: Local governments. Includes provincial, municipal, and district authorities. MED: Ministry of Education. Provides and maintains school sanitation infrastructure. MINAMB: Ministry of the Environment. Lead agency for sanitation. MINEA: Ministry of Energy and Water. Lead agency for water supply. MINSA: Ministry of Health. Undertakes national and local hygiene promotion efforts. MU: Municipal utilities. Primarily for water supply, and a few for sanitation. SIA: State Implementing Agencies. Several ministries and presidential offices not a formal part of the water sector, but engaged in national reconstruction efforts, primarily large urban sanitation and drainage works. SSIPs: Small-Scale Independent Providers. Currently supplying a high percentage of water users from tankers, primarily in urban areas. UGs: User groups. Operate and maintain many village water supplies and some urban standpipes. UTNSA: National Technical Unit for Sanitation. Note: Additional institutions are currently being created, but not yet operational; see text for details. coming primarily from the office of the president and Local governments—18 provinces, 164 municipalities, and MINEA/DNAAS. Unfortunately, there is no inter-agency 557 comunas (the lowest tier of government)—all have coordination group which meets regularly regarding sector some level of responsibility and authority for water supply investment plans and activities. Key public policy initiatives and sanitation (WSS) activities. The provinces, through are routinely reviewed by the Council of Ministers. MINEA their Provincial Departments of Water, are responsible assumes responsibilities for policy development, strategic for provincewide sector planning and implementation. planning, and M&E, along with an increasingly large Municipal governments maintain existing public water project portfolio. Other governmental institutions play a and drainage systems. The comunas are funded under significant role in system construction, the largest of which the municipal governments’ budgets, and perform is the National Reconstruction Office managed directly by assigned tasks on behalf of the municipality, including the Executive. In addition, the Office of Special Works the management of designated piped water systems. under the Executive, the National Development Fund, Rural water points are also managed by local government, and the Ministry of Public Works also undertake large civil though community groups are increasingly expected to works, especially sewerage and drainage systems. The assume this role. Expectations that local government entities Social Support Fund is actively funding smaller scale water will provide quality services may be misplaced given the and sanitation works. current weak institutional capacities. In addition, higher- 14 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond level government agencies are limited in their own ability between municipal governments and the soon-to-be- to provide backstopping and training to lower levels. created Provincial Utilities regarding the management and operation of water systems. It is unclear at this point Urban service provision: Preparing for sweeping exactly which agencies and institutions will remain, which reforms. The PDISA project is expected to introduce a will be eliminated, and which will be significantly modified new set of state actors as a way of modernizing urban under the PDISA project. service provision. These include Autonomous Provincial Water and Sanitation Utilities, a regulatory agency Reviews and discussion: Bringing government for urban water supply and sanitation, and a National and other actors together. Other nongovernmental Institute for Water Resources, with urban infrastructure stakeholders include aid partners such as multilateral asset management coming under MINEA. There is one and bilateral funding agencies, national and international professionalized public utility in Angola, EPAL, which nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private supplies water services to Luanda. All other cities and sector. However, the Angolan state is the primary driver towns have their water and/or sewer systems managed for reform and implementation in all subsectors given by one form of local government, either provincial or its overwhelmingly large percentage of direct funding municipal. Hundreds of small independent water providers responsibility. Outside partners have key roles in limited exist, consisting almost exclusively of water tanker services and specific areas of technical assistance such as urban for the peri-urban areas of Luanda and several other cities. service provision reform, Management Information ELISAL, a parastatal agency, operates Luanda’s sewerage System (MIS) support, and CLTS piloting. Sector forums system. Some overlap and lack of clarity of responsibilities are notably absent, but are in the process of being created exists for sanitation, for example, operation of sewage at both the national and provincial levels. There is currently treatment plants. Similarly, potential conflicts exist no multistakeholder, annual review exercise in place. 15 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 5. Financing and its Implementation Priority actions for financing • Development of a national investment program for rural sanitation and hygiene promotion. As discussed in Section 2, the main financing challenges in 2007, only 25.6 percent of all projects listed in the official in Angola are not ostensibly about availability of funds, investment plan were completed (589 of 2,300), while in except perhaps for rural sanitation. However, in terms of 2008 the percentage had dropped to a mere 10 percent the quality and performance of systems for organizing (376 of 3,733). Tracking disbursement (and allocations) is those funds (indicators for which are shown in Figure 6) difficult because data are not comprehensively segregated all subsectors lag behind peers. This is partly because of by sectors, though it is stated that 58 of the 376 projects the nature of Angola’s sector: one scorecard indicator completed in 2008 were water supply or sanitation is the presence of a Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp), for projects. which the government has little incentive given the limited role of external partners. But others are clearly required Planning: Due for an overhaul. Due to a lack of in Angola’s resource-rich subsectors. This is especially the availability of detailed planning and reporting documents, case for rural sanitation which lacks any strategic, needs- assessing the sector’s financial planning and performance assessed investment plan. The 2009 budget for the water is challenging. In the case of Angola, with several large and sanitation sector amounts to nearly US$1 billion, with national programs under way through different ministries less than US$30 million (3 percent) coming from Official as well as the president’s office, consolidating data and Development Assistance (ODA) sources including grants and loans. Approximately 37 percent comes from internal government resources, with the remaining 60 percent of Figure 6 funds coming from commercial credits extended primarily Scorecard indicators relating to financing and its implementation, with average of indicator scores by China and Brazil, linked to the future sale of petroleum. by subsector and peer-group comparison (see Major challenges for effectively using these resources are endnotes)8 described here. RWS Disbursement: Absorbing massive budget outlays. The challenge of allocating and efficiently utilizing such large sums is daunting, and disbursement rates are characteristically low, but improving year-to-year. In USH UWS 2005, for example, only US$15 million was spent of the US$185 million in allocations, or around 8 percent of the total. By 2008 the amounts had risen to US$194 million and US$432 million, respectively, implying a utilization rate of nearly 45 percent. While the percentage actually RSH disbursed remains low, the nominal amount disbursed Angola average scores has experienced a 12-fold increase. However, one recent report suggests that while utilization rates are increasing, Averages, MICs actual project completion rates remain low.9 For example, Source: CSO2 scorecard. 16 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond information is unlikely to occur without specific forums link investment amounts to specific works or types of and mandates in place. works; (d) O&M costs or community contributions are not tracked in any meaningful way; and (e) subsidies for O&M Finance availability: Considering contingencies. expenses, connection fees or latrine slabs are not always Despite the uncertainty surrounding both urban and rural tracked or reported. access figures, owing to the sheer volume of funds available, Angola appears to have more than enough investment Donor involvement: Balancing transaction costs with financing to meet the MDGs—with only rural sanitation benefits. As mentioned earlier, traditional donor financing and hygiene having a funding gap due to the absence of represents less than 5 percent of all sector funding, and its a targeted funding mechanism or subsector program. If, impact comes primarily in the form of technical assistance however, government revenues were to drop unexpectedly in specific areas of need such as urban sector reform or (due to a dramatic fall in crude oil prices, for example), the MIS development (see Figure 7 for the breakdown by targets might be put in jeopardy. However, as pointed out subsectors). Interestingly, as opposed to nearly every by Mueller et al.,10 the sector would probably do better other SSA country, Angola has not subscribed to the Paris to achieve a more sustainable rate of service delivery by Declaration and is not pursuing donor harmonization or limiting the use of commercial credits, while simultaneously coordination. In effect, from the Angolan perspective, the reducing current high operational subsidies. transaction costs of harmonizing the donor organizations may exceed the sums donated and lent. One consequence Expenditure tracking: A challenge. The budget of limited donor funding is that Angola has exceptional structure, reporting system, and limited availability of freedom in the design of its sector programs. On the information make it difficult to track total water and other hand, large-scale donor participation tends to lead sanitation expenditures and results, specifically (a) it is to improvements in annual planning, reporting, and difficult to separate expenditures on water supply from information sharing, all of which are currently weak. those on sanitation; (b) detailed budget execution reports By way of comparison, Angola’s financial strength far are unavailable, either from individual projects or as surpasses that of nearly every African nation participating consolidated reports; (c) GoA reporting does not clearly in the CSO exercise. Figure 7 Overall annual and per capita investment requirements and contribution of anticipated financing by source Rural water supply: Urban water supply: Rural sanitation: Urban sanitation: Total: $86,200,000 Total: $65,000,000 Total: $20,300,000 Total: $80,200,000 Per capita: $133 Per capita: $123 Per capita: $29 Per capita: $136 Domestic anticipated investment Assumed household investment External anticipated investment Gap Source: CSO2 model. 17 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 6. Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Priority actions for sector monitoring and evaluation • Increased and permanent support for a sectorwide information management system, including regular performance monitoring with targeted integration into government planning systems, and public dissemination. Attempts to improve sector M&E, including reporting Figure 8 of expenditures and outputs, are progressing, and Scorecard indicators relating to monitoring and broadly Angola equals its peer-group average in terms of evaluation, with average of indicator scores performance against related scorecard indicators (Figure by subsector and peer-group comparison (see 8). As for financing, rural sanitation is the most neglected endnotes)11 subsector. Specific challenges with regards to sector M&E RWS are described here. Sector reporting: Driving accountability and performance. Sector financial and budget execution data made available by the GoA were incomplete, making it USH UWS difficult to fully assess whether or not the country is on track to meet its annual or longer-term targets. Similarly, annual sector plans and reports were not always made available, and in some cases may not exist. In part, this is understandable, given the recent end of hostilities, RSH the unconsolidated institutional arrangements, and the Angola average scores number of state implementing agencies with high-volume Averages, MICs investment. Nonetheless, the lack of consolidated planning and reporting tools suggests that current management Source: CSO2 scorecard. processes require significant strengthening and present a weak foundation for meaningful reform. UNICEF. To date, a geo-referenced database has been Utility benchmarking is not comprehensively practiced; established that contains basic information on water and EPAL, for example, does not provide basic information on sanitation access for both urban and rural households, its operations to IBNET, the International Benchmarking resulting from a national survey whose data points are Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities. Information still being entered into the database. The MICS III survey, from other urban utilities is not collected and collated by started in 2008 and expected to provide final results any government agency. by the end of 2010, will serve to confirm the database results. Provisional data agree with the JMP estimates for Coverage: Getting a handle on baseline data. There is urban sanitation, but differ greatly for urban water supply, a two-year-old initiative in place in the MINEA to develop rural water supply, and rural sanitation. The large jump for a national water supply and sanitation information urban water supply access may be due to methodological management system with support from the EU and concerns with the MICS III survey where obtaining water 18 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond from a neighbor’s water tank is considered access, though of 2010 with completion of the MICS III. Considering that for the JMP this is not considered to represent access. Angola has not even undertaken a national census since For this reason, the CSO report utilizes the JMP figure. 1970, reliable functioning of the database will prove to be Interestingly, the differences tend to even out for the of significant value if the sector chooses to maintain and national totals, which each differ from one another by six expand it over time. The database does not yet include or fewer percentage points. any components for subsector performance monitoring, budget and expenditure tracking, human resources Additional data on service quality (degree of functionality development, or water resources, though this is being and water quality, for example) are expected by the end contemplated for future years. Figure 9 The monitoring and evaluation cycle in the Angolan water sector Millennium Development GoA annual budget execution Goals, Strategy for Water National Five-Year reports. EPAL annual report. Water Sector Development, Poverty Plan, Annual Plans, for All Program annual report Reduction Strategy governing party platform, municipal master plans, WSS Objectives agency annual plans and budgets Reports Plans Annual budgeting process at national, provincial, and Budgets Indicators municipal levels Information Systems Poverty Reduction Strategy targets, annual workplan targets, Strategy for Water Utility data collection systems, National Water Supply and Sector Development targets Sanitation Information System (under development) 19 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 7. Subsector: Rural Water Supply Priority actions for rural water supply • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop a strategic plan for rural water supply, and put into place new implementation and management models in order to improve service delivery and sustainability. JMP data suggest that rural water coverage has declined largely in place, acting as a driver on service delivery (score slightly since 1990, from 40 percent to 38 percent, >2, green); building blocks that are a drag on service largely in response to the long-running armed conflict. delivery and require attention (score 1–2, yellow); and Complementary data on basic parameters such as building blocks that are inadequate, constituting a barrier numbers of functioning and nonfunctioning water points to service delivery and a priority for reform (score <1, are currently unavailable. The proportion of the rural red). population accessing water through piped household connections remains a fraction of the total. Maintenance, in particular, is a concern, registering a score below 1 (Figure 12, red color). Angola’s scores for enabling Anticipated investment of US$185 million per year appears building blocks are comparable to its economic peer more than sufficient for estimated CAPEX requirements, countries, but it performs below average in developing at US$86 million per year. Additionally, annual OPEX and sustaining building blocks (Figure 13). requirements of US$19 million per year would also at first glance appear to be met, should operational cost recovery With regard to enabling services, there is a need for an systems not be put in place. However, the unknown state approved rural water and sanitation strategic plan, which of existing infrastructure suggests that the real costs may would include a comprehensive set of policy instruments be much higher, and the long-term implications of state- and approaches. Angola does have a needs assessed subsidized O&M costs are unclear. investment plan (an indicator for planning in the scorecard) in the form of 2007 Water for All Program (PAT). The rural water supply scorecard results suggest a Nonetheless it is unclear from the program legislation how decline through the service delivery pathway, from the the critical software components are to be implemented. performance of enabling building blocks, to those related These include: capacity building at all levels; hygiene to sustaining systems on the ground. The scorecard uses promotion; operations and management; and monitoring a simple color code to indicate: building blocks that are and evaluation. Figure 10 Figure 11 Rural water supply coverage Rural water supply investment requirements 100% 80% 60% Required CAPEX Required OPEX 40% 20% 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0 50 100 150 200 US$ million/year JMP improved JMP, piped Public CAPEX (anticipated) Sources: JMP 2010 report. Source: CSO2 costing. 20 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Figure 12 Rural water supply scorecard Enabling Developing Sustaining Policy Planning Budget Expenditure Equity Output Maintenance Expansion Use 2 1.5 3 1.5 1.5 2 0.5 1 2 Source: CSO2 scorecard. Building blocks of the pathway relating to development of Figure 13 services include equity, which is assessed against indicators Average RWS scorecard scores for enabling, including local participation in planning and allocation sustaining, and developing service delivery, and criteria to match finance to need. Angola scores well for peer-group comparison the former, but lacks the latter, a concern given the large Enabling financial resources flowing to the sector. Output, the quantity and quality of infrastructure actually being built, also scores low: the most recent progress report suggests that since its inception PAT has provided improved access to 800,000 rural inhabitants, though it is already over 1 million people behind its ambitious target for 2009.12 Unit costs have risen dramatically such that the initial estimated program cost of US$650 million has doubled to US$1.3 billion. It is interesting to note that Angola is one of the Sustaining Developing few countries where per capita investment cost estimates for rural water service are higher than those for urban Angola average scores areas (Figure 7). This is due in part to the fact that an Averages, MICs estimated 60 percent of the rural population is expected Source: CSO2 scorecard. to be served by piped systems (though not necessarily household connections), added to the fact that rural service delivery indeed does cost more upfront than urban A prerequisite for sustaining services (and an indicator for services provided at the same level. maintenance) is the presence of systems for monitoring functionality. The PDSA provides some thin data on The downstream building blocks of the pathway, for rural water supply. There were in 2004 an estimated sustaining services, receive the lowest average score. The 3,319 functioning handpumps on wells or boreholes in preference for piped schemes returns as an issue here, Angola, with approximately 300 users per handpump, since it is also unclear whether or not rural populations can for an estimated total of 1 million persons served.13 No afford to sustain the higher service levels over time, and how information is available for small town service delivery. potentially challenging decentralized management might This amounts to access for at least 22 percent of the rural be in the short to medium terms. The PAT is finding that population, below the MICS II (39.9 percent) and JMP local and provincial governments are often unprepared to estimates, but above the provisional MICS III data.14 The manage the program and that O&M of completed works PAT 2009 annual report estimates coverage at 33 percent is already categorized as inadequate. Lack of progress taking into account all newly installed infrastructure under on the program’s major software components is one of the program, but not including any water points that went the key likely causes of both the delays and operational out of service during the reporting period.15 Final data challenges, though this was to be expected when moving from the MICS III survey and the national water supply from practically no investment in rural infrastructure and sanitation census, expected to become available by to hundreds of millions of dollars per year within a few the end of 2010, will go a long way toward solidifying short years. access figures. 21 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 8. Subsector: Urban Water Supply Priority actions for urban water supply • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop and put into place new implementation and management models for urban water supply in order to improve service delivery and cost recovery. JMP figures suggest that urban water access jumped by than might be expected: the primary reason given is the 100 percent (from 30 percent to 60 percent) between significant cost of compensation paid to urban property 1990 and 2008, despite rapid urbanization. During the owners for land ceded for the installation of sanitary long period of internal strife, people streamed out of the works, especially in Luanda where years of unregulated insecure rural areas to the safety of the cities. From 1975 construction activity and poor urban planning has led to a to 2005, the percentage of Angolans living in urban areas chaotic and over-crowded urban space. exploded from 19 percent to 54 percent. Compare this with the rest of Southern Africa, where during this same The urban water supply scorecard (Figures 16 and 17) period the percentage only increased from 22 percent follows an emerging pattern for Angola—the enabling to 35 percent.16 These coverage estimates are, however, building blocks score highest, followed by those for disputed by other sources—as discussed elsewhere in this developing and then sustaining services. Among enabling report. building blocks, further clarity on institutional roles (an indicator for policy) is expected with the progress For the urban water supply subsector to meet its share on the PDISA Project. This expects to accomplish the of the MDG coverage target would require US$65 million professionalization of nine water supply systems over per year. Anticipated investments of US$174 million per the next six years, while creating Provincial Water year again appear to be more than sufficient. However, and Sanitation Utilities, a regulatory agency, an asset the lack of confidence in the true coverage figures makes management unit, and a National Institute for Water investment planning challenging. Per capita costs are higher Resources. With a reform agenda of this magnitude it Figure 14 Figure 15 Urban water supply coverage Urban water supply investment requirements 100% 80% Coverage 60% Required CAPEX Required OPEX 40% 20% 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0 50 100 150 200 US$ million/year JMP improved JMP, piped Public CAPEX (anticipated) Source: JMP 2010 report. Source: CSO2 costing. 22 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Figure 16 Urban water supply scorecard Enabling Developing Sustaining Policy Planning Budget Expenditure Equity Output Maintenance Expansion Use 2 2 3 2.5 1.5 2 0.5 1 2 Source: CSO2 scorecard. is, however, possible that investment flows may slow in Figure 17 the short term. Budgeting (in terms of the sufficiency of Average UWS scorecard scores for enabling, finance, and clarity and comprehensiveness of the budget sustaining, and developing service delivery, and itself) is a notable strong point, receiving the maximum peer-group comparison possible score (3, green color). Enabling Equity does not score highly: local participation procedures for planning and implementation are in place, but are not consistently applied, and as for rural water supply there is a lack of allocation criteria to direct finance to areas most in need. At the downstream end of the service delivery pathway, the sustaining building blocks follow the pattern Sustaining Developing established by rural water supply. Maintenance for urban water supply is assessed against indicators including Angola average scores levels of nonrevenue water and cost recovery. Data and Averages, MICs information on nonrevenue water, nonpayment rates, Source: CSO2 scorecard. service continuity, customer complaints, system repair times, number of utility employees per 1,000 connections, and other basic urban water metrics, are difficult to areas is among the lowest in Africa on a per capita basis, come by, and the limited information available nearly at only 37 liters. At least one source estimates that up to always refers to EPAL (Luanda) alone. According to the 63 percent of the urban population obtains its water from PDSA, nonrevenue water in urban areas is estimated to lie tanker trucks, which are not recognized as an improved between 40 percent and 60 percent.17 Mueller et al. report source.19 One recent survey finds that approximately low tariff collection rates for EPAL of 51 percent in 2006, 90 percent of urban households are dissatisfied with which explains in part why EPAL received an operations their water service.20 Given the extreme levels of annual subsidy of 48 percent that year.18 population growth, this is understandable, but also suggests that true access figures may be lower than those Use is assessed in terms of the quantity and quality of currently reported. In addition, MICS III provisional data for coverage. Despite the apparent strong progress in coverage 2009 suggest that 82 percent of urban residents currently according to JMP data (resulting in a high score for one enjoy access, which appears to be an unrealistic leap from indicator), there are reasons for caution. Data suggest the estimated 60 percent coverage figure put forward by that the quantity of water available to customers in urban the JMP just last year.21 23 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 9. Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Priority actions for rural sanitation and hygiene • Immediate and sustained resumption of efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan (including the development of a national investment program). According to the JMP, rural household access to improved the outlook for the rural subsector increasing coverage sanitation has increased from an estimated 6 percent in by half a million people each year (its contribution to the 1990 to 18 percent by 2009. MICS III provisional data sanitation MDG target) is bleak. suggest that rural sanitation may have increased to 31 percent. However, the survey included traditional latrines The scorecard suggests that Angola has ample work ahead which are not always considered by the JMP as improved on each segment of the service delivery pathway, unlike access. There are currently no data on the number of the water supply subsectors which have clear upstream households sharing facilities in Angola, which although strengths (Figures 20 and 21). The rural sanitation subsector counted as unimproved can give an indication of an compares unfavorably not only with the set of countries in intermediate form of access. its grouping, but also with its urban counterpart. The estimated subsector annual funding gap of US$12 A major shortcoming in enabling building blocks is million is a tiny fraction of the current financing available the absence of even the beginnings of a policy, let for either urban or rural water supply, and could easily be alone investment plan, for the subsector. Institutional met using existing budget resources. However, as with the coordination has thus far been limited: it remains to be other subsectors, financing per se is not the key constraint. seen what the impact the newly appointed MINAMB Given the fact that Angola has no national sanitation will have. Among indicators for budget, not only are policy and no government program for rural sanitation, anticipated investments inadequate relative to need, Figure 18 Figure 19 Rural sanitation coverage Rural sanitation and hygiene investment requirements 100% 80% Coverage 60% Required CAPEX Required 40% OPEX 20% 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 US$ million/year JMP, improved Public CAPEX (anticipated) CAPEX deficit Source: JMP 2010 report. Source: CSO2 costing. 24 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Figure 20 Rural sanitation and hygiene scorecard Enabling Developing Sustaining Policy Planning Budget Expenditure Equity Output Markets Up-take Use 1.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0 1 Source: CSO2 scorecard. but the budget structure makes it hard to identify what Figure 21 resources are actually going to the subsector. Average RWS scorecard scores for enabling, sustaining, and developing service delivery, and Among developing building blocks of the service delivery peer-group comparison pathway, levels of expenditure are estimated to be low Enabling compared to other subsectors, though it is difficult to establish this because monitoring is largely absent. Equity faces the same lack of allocation criteria as the rural water supply subsector. Output for sanitation is assessed not just in terms of material works, but also the extent of software activities which form another part of the state’s responsibilities. Sustaining Developing Promotion tools are being developed: UNICEF in close Angola average scores collaboration with MINAMB/UTNSA is initiating a small Averages, MICs pilot experience with CLTS.22 This approach has been highly successful in several countries throughout the world, Source: CSO2 scorecard. though proof of long-term behavior change or continued investment by households in sanitation is not yet available. in terms of households building latrines and practicing The initiative appears to be very thoughtfully designed, hygienic behavior. Unfortunately, study of hygiene and will require close monitoring moving forward for in- behaviors and practices has been limited to urban areas country and wider regional learning. due to the armed conflict. Of concern is the observation by Mueller that hygiene and sanitation education are not Among sustaining building blocks, uptake registers a currently being implemented, with social mobilization particularly disappointing score of zero—assessed both teams only recently being formed.23 25 An AMCOW Country Status Overview 10. Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene Priority actions for urban sanitation and hygiene • Immediate and sustained resumption of efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan. • Renewed and reinvigorated efforts to develop and put into place new implementation and management models for urban sanitation to ensure operation and maintenance in the medium term. While the JMP put the access figure at 86 percent (2008), Currently, substantial subsidies are delivered for networked the MICS II (2003) reported urban sanitation access to be sewerage systems, and cost recovery mechanisms have 74 percent,24 and PDSA (2004) reported 60 percent access. not been put in place. The provisional results from the MICS III place urban sanitation access at 85 percent, suggesting that some When the urban sanitation scorecard is compared with consensus exists around the coverage figure. Considering Angola’s peer-group countries, performance is slightly the rapid urban growth of previous decades and the low below average (Figure 25). However, in light of the incomes in most peri-urban areas, this result is extremely extraordinary urban population growth of the past positive. The cholera epidemics of recent years may have decades, and the recent end of hostilities, the progress provided strong public and household incentives for made is admirable—registering intermediate scores improving sanitation behaviors and infrastructure. throughout (between 1 and 2, yellow color—Figure 24). Required capital investment for urban sanitation, at US$79 Urban sanitation in Angola is marked by a relatively high use million per year, appears to be covered by anticipated of sewerage systems. Significant progress has been made financing to the subsector, even considering an estimated in the past few years in the areas of master planning and additional US$40 million per year in OPEX requirements. engineering designs. Under the Poverty Reduction Strategy Figure 22 Figure 23 Urban sanitation coverage Urban sanitation investment requirements 100% 80% Required CAPEX Required OPEX Coverage 60% 40% 20% 0 50 100 150 200 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 US$ million/year JMP, improved Public CAPEX (anticipated) Source: JMP 2010 report. Source: CSO2 costing. 26 Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Figure 24 Urban sanitation and hygiene scorecard Enabling Developing Sustaining Policy Planning Budget Expenditure Equity Output Markets Up-take Use 1.5 1 2 2 1.5 1 1 1 2 Source: CSO2 scorecard. (ECP, 2003), Luanda and every provincial capital are to Figure 25 have an updated master plan, and all existing networks Average USH scorecard scores for enabling, are to be scheduled for rehabilitation and extension. The sustaining, and developing service delivery, and master planning process has been completed, and several peer-group comparison networks are already in the process of upgrading. Enabling On the other hand, such technologies are expensive. Of the GoA’s proposed US$3 billion in sector financing over the period, approximately half that amount is for networked sewerage.25 Currently only five Angolan cities have sewerage networks, and only two of these five actually have some level of sewage treatment. The Luanda system has been categorized as being “in a state of Developing Sustaining virtual collapse”.26 Subsidies are delivered to all the large sewerage systems, while only two, Lobito and Benguela, Angola average scores currently charge customers (though the tariffs do not meet Averages, MICs operating costs). It remains to be determined by what Sources: CSO2 scorecard. mechanisms the sewerage networks will be operated and managed, though the PDISA project is expected to address the preferred option. In this context, software activities the issues. to encourage households to build latrines and use them properly remain an important consideration. Little It is, in any case, not clear that sewerage will benefit all information is available regarding sanitary practices of urban residents, including the poorest. Other on-site urban residents. However, one study finds that over 90 technologies are likely to continue to be used: pour-flush percent of respondents report hand-washing before meals models, traditional latrines, and ventilated improved- and 86 percent report using soap and water,27 though not pit latrines are all utilized, with the pour-flush being all actually engage in the reported behaviors. 27 An AMCOW Country Status Overview Notes and References 1 2010 average, Global Economic Monitor, The World promotion and subsidy efforts; All subsectors: questions Bank. and choice options in household surveys consistent with 2 The first round of CSOs was carried out in 2006 covering 16 MDG definitions. countries and is summarized in the report, ‘Getting Africa MINEA. 2010. Relatório anual de balanço da Execução 12 On-Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation’. do programa Água para Todos referente ao exercício de 3 WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water 2009. Supply and Sanitation. 2010. Progress on Sanitation and MINEA. 2004. Programa de Desenvolvimento do Sector 13 Drinking Water, 2010 Update. JMP estimates are based on do Águas. a linear regression of nationally representative household Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas (INE). 2009. Inquérito 14 surveys. Integrado sobre o Bem Estar da População (IBEP) 2008-09 4 The CSO2 scorecard methodology and conceptual Resultados Preliminares. framework are discussed in detail in the synthesis report. MINEA. 2010. Relatório anual de balanço da Execução 15 5 República de Angola, Ministério da Energia e Águas do programa Água para Todos referente ao exercício de (MINEA). 2004. Programa de Desenvolvimento do Sector 2009. do Águas. United Nations Population Division. 16 2008. World 6 MINEA. 2010. Relatório anual de balanço da Execução Population Prospects: The 2008 Review. do programa Água para Todos referente ao exercício de MINEA. 2004. Programa de Desenvolvimento do Sector 17 2009. do Águas. 7 Scorecard indicators relating to the institutional framework Mueller, M., C. Figueiredo, and C. Santos. 2008. Angola: 18 section are as follows: All subsectors: targets in national Study of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector, Final development plans/PRSP; subsector policy agreed and Report. approved (gazetted as part of national policy or as World Bank, PPIAF. 2005. Private Solutions for Infrastructure 19 standalone policy); RWS/UWS: institutional roles defined; in Angola; MINEA would argue that nearly 90 percent of RSH/ USH: institutional lead appointed. the tanker water comes directly from utility water systems, 8 Scorecard indicators relating to the section on financing not from dubious sources. and its implementation are as follows: All subsectors: República de Angola, European Union, and UNICEF. 2007. 20 programmatic Sector-Wide Approach; investment program Seminário Nacional sobre Saneamento, 22-23 de Outubro, based on MDG needs assessment; sufficient finance 2007, Relatório do Seminário, Versão Final. to meet MDG (subsidy policy for sanitation); percent of INE. 2009. Inquérito Integrado sobre o Bem Estar da 21 official donor commitments utilized; percent of domestic População (IBEP) 2008-09 Resultados Preliminares. commitments utilized. The CSO2 investment requirement estimates do not 22 9 República de Angola. 2009. Balanço da Execução do include the cost of sanitation and hygiene promotion, or Programa Geral do Estado de 2007/2008. other software activities, relative to the targets, due to the 10 Mueller, M., C. Figueiredo, and C. Santos. 2008. Angola: difficulty of estimating such costs on a per capita basis. Study of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector, Final Mueller, M., C. Figueiredo, and C. Santos. 2008. Angola: 23 Report. Study of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector, Final 11 Scorecard indicators relating to the section on M&E are Report. as follows: All subsectors: annual review setting new INE. 2003. Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos II. 24 undertakings; subsector spend identifiable in budget (UWS: inc. recurrent subsidies); budget comprehensively covers República de Angola, European Union, and UNICEF. 2007. 25 domestic/donor finance; RWS, RSH, USH: domestic/donor Seminário Nacional sobre Saneamento, 22-23 de Outubro, expenditure reported; UWS: audited accounts and balance 2007, Relatório do Seminário, Versão Final. sheets from utilities; RWS, RSH, USH: periodic analysis of World Bank, PPIAF. 2005. Private Solutions for Infrastructure 26 equity criteria by CSOs and government; UWS: pro-poor in Angola; See note 19. plans developed and implemented by utilities; RWS/UWS: COSEP Consultoria. 2007. Relatório de Estudo da Linha 27 nationally consolidated reporting of output; RSH/USH: de Base e Pesquisa Formativa sobre Água, Saneamiento, e monitoring of quantity and quality of uptake relative to Higiene em Angola. 28 For enquiries, contact: Water and Sanitation Program–Africa Region The World Bank, Upper Hill Road P.O. Box 30577, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +(254) 20 322 6300 E-mail: wspaf@worldbank.org Web site: www.wsp.org