FEBRUARY 2025 2025/140 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen The bottom line. Synthetic fertilizers are essential to sustaining the world’s population, but their production is responsible for 1.8–2.4 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Clean hydrogen holds growing potential (amid falling costs) to decarbonize fertilizer production. Hydrogen is used to produce synthetic ammonia, a building block of most fertilizers. With the fertilizer market as a reliable offtaker, this shift could support the expansion of clean hydrogen overall even as it boosts global food security. But this transition may require adjustments, including changes in fertilizer types, and modifications to existing subsidy schemes. What is the best way to decarbonize The production of fertilizer ingredients such as urea, ammo- fertilizer production? nium nitrates, and ammonium phosphates requires ammo- nia, over 85 percent of whose production is specifically for By replacing fossil fuels with clean sources of hydrogen fertilizers. Fertilizer production can thus be made greener by in the synthesis of ammonia decarbonizing ammonia synthesis using clean hydrogen. The fertilizer industry plays a crucial role in global agriculture, ensuring food security for billions by enhancing crop yields Clean hydrogen can be generated using renewable power or and soil fertility. However, traditional fertilizer production is produced from so-called low-carbon hydrogen, which itself energy-intensive and relies on fossil fuels, particularly natural is produced from fossil fuels combined with carbon capture gas, leading to substantial greenhouse gas emissions. By and storage (CCS). Beyond shrinking the carbon footprint of replacing fossil fuels with clean hydrogen sources, the car- fertilizer production, clean hydrogen can drive innovation bon intensity of fertilizer production can be reduced, thereby and economic growth, create market opportunities, and advancing global climate change goals, such as those set make the agricultural supply chain more resilient. by the Paris Agreement, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C. Renewable hydrogen is produced using renewable elec- tricity sources like solar and wind (see examples in figure 1). This hydrogen is then combined with nitrogen, obtained This Live Wire was prepared by the Energy Sector from an electrically powered air separation process, to syn- Management Assistance Program at the World Bank in thesize ammonia using the Haber-Bosch process. Ammonia support of the Hydrogen for Development Partnership. H4D production in most Haber-Bosch plants releases significant Authorship consists of nearly 50 partner organizations around the GHG emissions since natural gas is used as a feedstock to world. It assists countries that have included low-emissions hydrogen in their long-term decarbonization strategies. Preparation of the Live Wire was coordinated by Rafael Ben, an energy specialist at ESMAP, and Dolf Gielen, ESMAP’s hydrogen lead. 2 Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen Figure 1. Basic concepts underlying renewable ammonia production Batteries Hydrogen Material flow storage Power flow Water Oxygen Solar PV Hydrogen Haber Bosch Ammonia Electrolyzer synthesis Wind Air separation unit Air Oxygen Note: Energy storage and backup power are shown in red. These are required in the absence of a grid connection or access to so-called baseload renewables—consistent, reliable energy sources like geothermal or hydropower that provide a continuous supply of electricity. PV = photovoltaic. produce hydrogen. Parts of the production process are driven kind is a promising step toward integrating ammonia syn- with steam produced as a by-product of the exothermic thesis with variable renewable energy sources (Boyles 2023; (heat-releasing) ammonia synthesis reaction. But renewable Rouwenhorst 2023a). ammonia plants will rely minimally on fossil fuels and emit significantly less because renewable hydrogen will replace Renewable ammonia production therefore requires: hydrogen derived from natural gas reforming. Also, renew- ables-based electricity will replace steam, even though 3 A stable renewable power source such as hydro, or a it will still be produced in the ammonia synthesis reaction combination of variable renewable sources, such as solar (MacFarlane et al. 2020). and wind; A major challenge in renewable ammonia production is the 3 A connection to a low-carbon electricity grid, although flexibility of the Haber-Bosch process to match the variabil- this may not be practical during periods of peak demand; ity of renewable energy sources. Ideally, plants’ operation or would be fully dynamic, matching fluctuations in resource variability through real-time adjustments. But such full flex- 3 On-site energy storage, from hydrogen storage or pipe- ibility is generally not feasible due to the high temperatures line delivery of hydrogen, or a combination of the two. and pressures involved. Nevertheless, recent efforts, particu- larly by Danish researchers and companies, are showcasing These requirements could drive up costs, given the high costs advancements in this area. For example, partial flexibility of stable renewables and hydrogen storage. But partial flex- allows plants to operate at a fraction of their design rate. ibility is a significant technological advance, the alternative The degree of flexibility possible varies depending on the being to provide a fixed, constant flow of hydrogen at very equipment design and manufacturer. An innovation of this high costs, as in the steel industry (Aagaard et al. 2023). Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen 3 Uncertainty around equipment costs, especially for new tech- carbon capture efficiency. Approximately two-thirds of nologies like electrolyzers, makes it hard to predict the costs carbon emissions can be captured relatively easily in SMR, of renewable ammonia. Current estimates are $794–$1,543 but the remaining third is more challenging and costly to per ton—significantly higher than the cost of grey ammonia, capture. By contrast, up to 99 percent of emissions can be $121–$518 per ton, depending on natural gas prices (Boyles captured in ATR, which is potentially more economical and 2023; Aagaard and others 2023). Efforts are being made to environmentally friendly for low-carbon hydrogen produc- reduce costs through government subsidies and improved tion (Salmon and Bañares-Alcántara 2021a and 2021b). production technologies, with expectations of a significant cost decline by 2050 (Fasihi and others 2020), supported The higher capture rate in ATR is achievable because partial by the falling costs of renewable hydrogen. Moving toward oxidation and steam reforming are integrated, and, thus, renewable ammonia can prevent assets from becoming external heating, which produces low-concentration flue stranded; it is also a useful option for short-term emission gases, as in SMR, is not needed. But ATR uses more energy reductions and for developing operator skills and practices. than SMR, even though it offers ease of capture and has added operational flexibility since a wider range of hydrocar- For low-carbon ammonia, hydrogen is still produced most bon feedstocks can be used. These advantages make ATR a commonly from natural gas via steam methane reforming promising alternative to SMR for low-carbon hydrogen and (SMR) with CCS. However, a newer alternative process, auto- ammonia production. The process of low-carbon ammonia thermal reforming (ATR), could make low-carbon hydrogen, production is summarized in figure 2. and thus low-carbon ammonia, less costly by improving Figure 2. Low-carbon ammonia production using autothermal reforming Material flow Power flow CO2 Heat flow transport compression CO2 air mixture and storage CO2 Autothermal Natural gas reformer Hydrogen Haber Bosch Ammonia Preheater and water separation Hydrogen synthesis gas shift Air Nitrogen separation Oxygen unit Air Power Note: Depending on the level of heat integration, the preheater may not be required. CO2 = carbon dioxide. 4 Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen ATR partially oxidizes the natural gas feed. This partial oxi- must be applied as a liquid, which can be more costly and dation means that the heat requirement for natural gas time-consuming to use (Vogl, Åhman, and Nilsson 2018). The cracking is mostly delivered inside the reactor, and only a transition will require adjusting subsidy regimes to support small amount of natural gas combustion is required outside other forms of fertilizers (Oni and others 2022). it to produce low-carbon hydrogen. Delivering heat inside the reactor in a controlled environment ensures that the What role do subsidies play in fertilizer waste stream is nearly pure carbon dioxide (CO2), which markets—and how is that likely to change? then becomes easier (and cheaper) to sequester because no Subsidies interact with natural gas prices and other separation is needed. For ammonia production, integrating factors to shape prices, supply chains, and choices of heat with the energy produced by the Haber-Bosch synthe- fertilizers sis reactor could further reduce or even eliminate the natural gas combustion required by the preheater (which produces About 200 million metric tons (MMT) of ammonia are pro- CO2 that is considerably more difficult to sequester). duced globally per year, of which 170–180 MMT go into agricultural fertilizers. The remaining 20 MMP are used in The capture of concentrated CO2 streams is already quite various industrial applications, including the production of common in the ammonia industry, regardless of the hydro- explosives, plastics, and other chemicals. Every year, about gen production process, SMR or ATR. But this cannot be 20 MMT of ammonia are shipped globally. Transporting considered a carbon abatement approach, since the carbon ammonia is feasible as well as cost-effective—and important reacts with ammonia to produce urea for agricultural use, to sustain its global supply chain—given the similarity of its and the carbon in the urea will be quickly released into the properties with liquified petroleum gas. atmosphere.1 Fertilizer types vary by region. Direct application of ammonia is common in the United States, urea is common in India, and “High-quality renewable energy enables nitrate is predominant in Europe. While renewable hydrogen will make the production of renewable ammonia affordable lower-cost ammonia production by lowering in the medium to long term, producing derivatives like urea electricity costs.” remains a challenge. As noted earlier, the prices of natural gas—a feedstock and Because using urea emits carbon, agriculture will need help energy source in the Haber-Bosch process—primarily drive switching from urea, which is simple to apply, because it is the cost of ammonia production. The high natural gas prices solid, to other low- or no-carbon fertilizers that can be pro- during the winter of 2022/23 led to the temporary closure duced from ammonia alone, often in the form of ammonium of several European ammonia production facilities (Unkovich nitrate, or with other inputs, such as ammonium phosphates and others 2020) (figure 3). Price volatility strongly influences or calcium ammonium nitrates. Some of these fertilizers the economics of ammonia production, particularly for low-carbon ammonia projects. Given these cost dynamics, 1 True abatement would require the captured carbon to be stored either the most advanced low-carbon ammonia projects are con- geologically or in a mineral deposit where it cannot enter the atmospheric centrated in regions where natural gas is affordable, such as carbon cycle in the short term. Alternatively, the carbon for urea could be the Gulf Coast of the United States. extracted from the atmosphere or from biomass (agricultural residues, for- estry by-products, dedicated energy, organic waste materials), but the costs The quality of renewable energy sources heavily influences of extracting it from the atmosphere are much too high. Direct air capture the cost of renewable ammonia. High-quality renewable and biomass with carbon capture and storage, respectively, cost $125–$335 energy enables lower-cost ammonia production by low- and $40–$120 per ton of CO2 (IEA 2020). Moreover, the availability of bio- ering electricity costs. Consistent power production, often mass is much too low given the global scale of fertilizer production. achieved by combining wind and solar resources, minimizes Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen 5 Figure 3. Fertilizer prices over time, showing a spike coincident with high natural gas prices $ per metric ton 800 DAP Urea 600 MOP 400 200 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Source: Bloomberg; World Bank. Note: Last observation is December 2022. DAP = diammonium phosphate; MOP = muriate of potash. the need for seasonal energy storage. Fertilizer production Figure 4 shows the cost structure for different types of fertiliz- costs are therefore lowest in countries with favorable renew- ers, using India as an example. The green bars represent the able energy profiles, making them ideal as fertilizer export- production cost of fertilizers; the yellow bars represent the ers. Developing countries with limited access to fertilizers estimated subsidy to make fertilizers affordable for farmers. thus have a significant opportunity to not only produce and Conventional urea benefits from heavy government subsi- consume fertilizers locally but also export the excess. For dies, which significantly reduce its costs for farmers. In con- instance, fertilizer consumption in Kenya is only a third of the trast, the predicted costs for renewable ammonia in 2030 global average per hectare, but the country has a promising are higher than the lowest-cost conventional urea (but lower profile for the renewable production of fertilizer. Renewable than the high market prices observed during price spikes in ammonia production in Kenya and other similar economies 2022). This highlights the potential for renewable ammonia therefore offers opportunities for both the domestic and to provide price stability and protection against market vol- export markets (Nayak-Luke and others 2022). atility, though it will still require subsidies to compete with conventional urea. Although ammonia’s primary use has historically been as fer- tilizer, its role is likely to change in a decarbonized economy, The figure highlights the significant role of subsidies in for example, as a marine fuel, a long-term energy storage determining fertilizer affordability in India. While renewable medium, or a hydrogen carrier. This potential for sector ammonia will likely require $500–$1,200 in subsidies per coupling may create cost-saving efficiencies but may also metric ton to compete with conventional urea in 2030, it is introduce competition that could drive up prices in some projected to offer price stability. However, widespread adop- industries (Terazono, Pickard, and Evans 2022). tion of renewable fertilizers may need additional incentives and policy measures such as support for switching from urea While switching to zero-carbon fertilizer production presents to alternative fertilizers. These measures are not considered a viable opportunity to use clean hydrogen, it is hindered by in the current analysis. a low willingness to pay unless production is supported by carbon taxation or government subsidies. 6 Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen Figure 4. Role of subsidies in determining fertilizer costs in India 1,200 1,200 Cost ($ per ton of nitrogen) Cost of urea 1,000 Subsidy range 750 800 800 600 400 400 250 200 0 0 Conventional urea Renewable fertilizer (2030) High market price urea (2022) Fertilizer type Source: NEDO 2024. Note: The green bars represent production costs and the yellow bars indicate the subsidy range required to bridge the gap between market price and subsidized price. Costs are normalized per metric ton of nitrogen to enable a fair comparison across different fertilizer types. The figure illustrates the cost of conventional urea (with subsidies), predicted costs for renewable fertilizers in 2030, and the high market price of urea observed during the 2022 price spikes. Advancements in solar and electrolysis technology are of renewable ammonia annually and projected to begin expected to lower the cost of renewable ammonia, making operations in the second half of 2026. The final investment it a viable, competitive option in agriculture by reducing fer- decision for the project, which represents a major milestone tilizer cost. However, careful regulation is necessary to avoid in India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, was reached excessive application and the associated environmental in August 2024. The project will leverage locally available risks, such as nitrogen oxides emissions. Strategic govern- renewable energy sources to help India achieve decarbon- ment policies can help balance economic gains with envi- ization and rely less on fossil-fuel based ammonia produc- ronmental protection (Müller et al. 2023). tion (NS Energy 2024). The project will provide a low-carbon alternative to conventional, carbon-intensive ammonia pro- What is the status of clean ammonia duction methods. Its renewable hydrogen will be produced production? using 640 megawatts of advanced pressurized alkaline electrolyzers capable of producing hydrogen from solar and Important projects are already operational, and many wind energy (supplied to AM Green by John Cockerill under case studies and pilot projects have begun their partnership). This renewable hydrogen will be synthe- Box 1 highlights a few of the most visible renewable and sized into renewable ammonia, which the fertilizer industry low-carbon ammonia projects in emerging markets and can utilize further. This large-scale project underlines India’s developing economies. commitment to sustainable agriculture and positions the country as a leader in global progress toward net zero (Bailey Renewable ammonia production is making significant 2024). progress in India. Major projects are spearheading the green transition in fertilizers. One of the flagship projects is Chile has initiated several renewable energy projects that a facility being developed by AM Green in Kakinada, Andhra are advancing the production of renewable ammonia for Pradesh, expected to have a production capacity of 1 MMT the fertilizer industry. One of the most notable is the HyEx Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen 7 Box 1. Selected renewable and low-carbon ammonia projects Globally, there are many renewable and low-carbon ammonia projects. Most have not announced the intended use of their product, but for many, fertilizers are an offtake case. Table B1.1 offers key statistics of four visible projects. Table B1.1 Selected renewable and low-carbon ammonia projects Approximate ammonia capacity (million metric Project name Project owners Notable for tons per year) Australian Renewable BP, InterContinental Energy, Scale 9 (Phase 2 of the project) Energy Hub and CWP Global Neom Air Products Reached final investment decision 1 and is under construction Green Energy Oman Intercontinental Energy, OU, Scale 10 EnerTech, Shell Fertiberia Fertiberia Already operational 0.017 /view.argusmedia.com/nh3-2023.html). Note: For a comprehensive list of relevant projects, see Argus Media (https:/ Project, a collaboration between Enaex and Engie. This to generate 1 MMT of renewable ammonia annually by 2027, project utilizes solar power from northern Chile to produce with plans to expand to 3 MMT by 2032 (ESG News 2024). renewable hydrogen, which is then synthesized into renew- The Tarfaya project, which integrates renewable energy into able ammonia. The renewable ammonia will be used to pro- ammonia production, aligns with Morocco’s 2040 carbon duce ammonium nitrate, a vital component in fertilizers and neutrality goals. It will help Morocco rely less on fossil fuels explosives, particularly for the mining sector (Rouwenhorst and provide a low-carbon input for the fertilizer industry. 2023b). Another such project is the HNH Project in the Magallanes region, involving AustriaEnergy, Ökowind, and Brazil’s Rio de Janeiro–based Port of Açu Blue Ammonia Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners. That project is designed Project is advancing the production of low-carbon ammonia, to produce approximately 1.35 MMT of renewable ammonia with applications in fertilizers. The $3 billion initiative, devel- annually using 3.5 gigawatts (GW) of wind power and 3 GW oped in collaboration with Toyo Engineering, will use natural of electrolyzer capacity (Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners gas with CCS to produce an estimated 1 MMT of low-carbon 2024). While primarily focused on exports, this renewable ammonia annually, for domestic use as well as for export. ammonia also has potential applications in decarbonizing Located near gas pipelines and fertilizer distribution routes, global fertilizer production. the project benefits from logistical efficiency and supports Brazil’s agricultural and industrial sectors. Future plans Morocco’s OCP Group–led Tarfaya Green Ammonia Project, include transitioning to renewable ammonia as renewable a $7 billion initiative producing renewable ammonia to sup- energy sources become more viable (H2 Bulletin 2024). port sustainable fertilizer production, was in the front-end engineering design phase with Worley as of August 2024. Nigeria’s Brass Fertilizer and Petrochemical Company project The project will harness Morocco’s solar and wind resources in Bayelsa state is a major low-carbon ammonia initiative 8 Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen focused on the fertilizer industry. This $3.5 billion facility, India’s National Hydrogen Mission, launched in 2021, targets developed in partnership with Shell, TotalEnergies, and Eni, the production of 5 MMT of renewable hydrogen by 2030; will receive 270 million cubic feet of natural gas daily and the aim is to decarbonize fertilizer and other industries. integrate CCS technology to lower emissions. The project is Similarly, Brazil’s national hydrogen strategy aims to foster expected to produce 1.66 MMT of ammonia annually. It aims a market for clean hydrogen production, despite economic to reduce Nigeria’s fertilizer imports by 30 percent, saving constraints. approximately $200 million in foreign exchange each year. The project taps into Nigeria’s 200 trillion cubic feet of gas Subsidies and incentives will play a critical role in lowering reserves, advancing sustainable fertilizer production by uti- the financial barriers to adopting clean ammonia. Today, lizing domestic resources and advanced CCS (Eboh 2024). conventional fertilizers are heavily subsidized in many coun- tries. For example, India’s budget for fertilizer subsidies was These case studies from South Asia, Latin America, and Africa $25.5 billion for the fiscal year 2023–24. A transition to clean illustrate the diverse approaches and significant potential for ammonia and hydrogen-based fertilizers will require similar renewable and low-carbon ammonia production in emerg- or higher levels of subsidies. This could include direct subsidies ing markets and developing economies. While renewable for renewable hydrogen production, tax incentives for the ammonia projects demonstrate the feasibility and sustain- purchase of hydrogen production equipment, and grants for ability of utilizing renewable resources, low-carbon ammo- research and development projects. nia projects leverage existing natural gas infrastructure. However, regulatory hurdles such as bureaucratic delays and Are policy and regulatory frameworks lack of infrastructure will have to be addressed. Streamlining conducive? regulatory processes and developing infrastructure for hydro- gen distribution and storage are critical in supporting the In developing countries, policies supporting the use of growth of a clean hydrogen economy. Further, international hydrogen and ammonia in agriculture are gradually cooperation and financial aid from donor countries can help evolving to address the need for low-carbon solutions overcome challenges. To facilitate the transition to clean hydrogen, policy changes must focus on creating an enabling environment that sup- What are the next steps? ports investment in clean technologies. Governments should Takeaways and recommendations for governments and consider implementing robust carbon pricing mechanisms international donor organizations may be grouped into to make renewable hydrogen more competitive relative to five categories conventional fossil fuels. Clear regulations and standards for the production and use of clean hydrogen will help ensure 3 Address the price gap through offtake agreements. consistency and build investors’ confidence. The transition to clean hydrogen and fertilizers requires mechanisms to address the price disparity between con- ventional fertilizers and clean alternatives. Governments “To facilitate the transition to clean and donor organizations should facilitate long-term offtake agreements in which buyers commit to pur- hydrogen, policy changes must focus on chasing clean fertilizers at a predetermined price. These creating an enabling environment that agreements reduce the financial risk for producers and signal market stability, thereby encouraging investment supports investment in clean technologies.” in clean production technologies. Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen 9 3 Consider the cost of financing and access to capital. “Decarbonizing fertilizer production Financing remains a significant barrier to the adoption of clean fertilizers. Dedicated green finance instruments, is essential for not only environmental such as low-interest loans or green bonds, can alleviate sustainability but also greater global food the up-front capital costs for producers and distributors. International financial institutions and donor organiza- security.” tions should prioritize concessional loans and risk-sharing mechanisms to encourage the private sector to invest in clean ammonia and hydrogen projects. Decarbonizing fertilizer production is essential for not only environmental sustainability but also greater global food 3 Adjust to new nitrogen fertilizers. Transitioning from security. Using clean hydrogen allows the industry to meet urea to alternative nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium the growing demand for fertilizers while significantly reduc- nitrates or ammonium phosphates, requires significant ing its climate impact. Continued commitment and pro- shifts in agricultural practices. Governments should pro- active steps to support this transition will ensure a resilient, vide farmer-focused subsidies or incentives to promote sustainable agricultural future for emerging markets and the purchase of these otherwise costlier new fertilizers. developing countries. Also, investment in farmer training and awareness cam- paigns can help ensure social acceptance and the use of Renewables-based hydrogen represents the most sus- appropriate application methods to maximize benefits. tainable long-term solution, despite the higher production costs and technological challenges. Low-carbon hydrogen, 3 Identify and develop niche markets. Clean fertilizers can produced from natural gas with CCS, provides a more imme- command a premium in sustainability-focused markets, diate, cost-effective alternative, albeit with some emissions. such as organic farming or export-oriented agriculture with stringent carbon standards. These niche markets The World Bank sees significant potential for clean hydrogen must be identified and developed. Governments and and ammonia to accelerate the clean energy transition, industry stakeholders should collaborate to establish cer- particularly in countries with substantial renewable energy tification schemes and eco-labels that differentiate clean resources. The Bank’s involvement in clean ammonia projects fertilizers so that producers can access higher price points in emerging markets highlights their strategic importance for and attract early adopters. reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable agri- cultural practices. Such projects can transform energy-in- 3 Leverage consumers’ willingness to pay higher prices. tensive industries, enhance food security, and further global While niche markets offer opportunities, the widespread climate goals. adoption of clean fertilizers hinges on consumers’ and end users’ willingness to pay higher prices. Governments The transition to decarbonized hydrogen for fertilizer pro- and international organizations should invest in public duction presents a transformative opportunity to reduce awareness campaigns highlighting the environmental greenhouse gas emissions while advancing global food and social benefits of clean fertilizers, such as reduced security. GHG emissions and improved long-term soil health. These campaigns can help build consumer demand for low-car- bon products, despite their higher costs, by highlighting that sustainable practices advance global food security goals. *** 10 Decarbonizing Ammonia and Nitrogen Fertilizers with Clean Hydrogen References and additional resources Aagaard, P., J. R. Andersen, K. Wedege, T. Nauclér, and P. Müller, L. A., A. Leonard, P. A. Trotter, and S. Hirmer. 2023. Prabhala. 2023. “From Green Ammonia to Low-Carbon Foods.” “Green Hydrogen Production and Use in Low- and Middle- McKinsey, December 11, 2023. 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Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC). 2022. “Using Ammonia as a Shipping Fuel Could Disturb the Nitrogen Cycle.” Nature Energy 7 (October): 1112–14. Get Connected to Live Wire briefs are The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes, an initiative of the World Bank Group’s designed for easy reading Energy and Extractives Global Practice, offers rich insights from project and analytical on the screen and for work done by the World Bank Group. downloading and self- Every day, Bank Group experts apply their knowledge and expertise to solve practical printing in color or black problems in client countries. 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