Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Senegal's built environment Practical Guide Senegal A practical guide for construction, inclusion, and urban development professionals © 2024 The World Bank   Acknowledgements 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433  This Practical Guidelines on Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Senegal was Téléphone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org prepared under the Programmatic Approach to Promoting Spatial, Economic, and Social Some rights reserved.   Inclusion in Cities at the World Bank in collaboration with the Saint-Louis Emergency This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, Recovery and Resilience Project for Senegal (SERRP) and external contributors. The interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily team consists of Narae Choi (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Sokhna Ba (Urban reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the Specialist), Mamani Coulibaly (Urban Consultant), Charles Newman (Consultant), Jonathan governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the Hasoloan (Urban Consultant), Marine Semichon, Ayih M. Arnold Ayih-Akakpo, Caroline accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, Boltz (Humanity & Inclusion – Handicap International), Mamadou Diagne (Affordable denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do Housing expert), Mokhtar Seck (urbaSEN) and Bea Varnai (Urbaconsulting). not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.   The work was one of the main activities under the initiative at the World Bank, Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility (UA) in the World Bank-financed urban operations. This guide is based on semi-directive interviews and participatory workshops The initiative was financed by the grant from the Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII) with stakeholders, Persons with Disabilities, and Organizations of Persons Partnership between the World Bank and the government of Japan. The initiative was with Disabilities, a review of the legal and regulatory framework for Universal composed of three interlinked activities. Accessibility in Senegal, and workshops on architectural plans for public facilities and housing built between February 2023 and March 2024. • Activity 1: Raising awareness and building a shared understanding of UA • Activity 2: Developing strategies, guidelines, and tools for UA Contributors: Marine Semichon, Ayih M. Arnold Ayih-Akakpo • Activity 3: Disseminating knowledge and lessons on UA mainstreaming widely and Caroline Boltz (Humanity & Inclusion - Handicap International -), Bea Varnai (Urbaconsulting), Mamadou Diagne (Urban planner and The team thanks the QII team for generous support throughout the process of completing affordable housing specialist), Charles Newman (World Bank) these grant activities. The team extends its special appreciation to the Agence de Graphic designer: Alexis Despierres Développement Municipal (ADM), the Senegalese state, organizations of persons with Photos: Sylvain Cherkaoui, urbaSEN, Urbaconsulting, Humanité Inclusion, disabilities and local counterparts for their support and active participation, who are the Studio Bainem main actors in this valuable engagement in Senegal. Cover photos: Sylvain Cherkaoui The team thank Angelica Nunez (Practice Manager for Urban, Resilience, Disaster Risk Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2024. Management, and Land) for her guidance and support. This guide also benefited from Guidelines for Senegal: Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Senegal’s excellent advice from peer reviewers: Alexandra Le Courtois (Senior Urban Development built environment. © World Bank.”   Specialist), Charlotte Vuyiswa McClain-Nhlapo (World Bank Disability Advisor), and Jane All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be Jamieson (QII Program Manager). Finally, the team extends its appreciation to Victoria addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 Stanley (Senior Land Administration Specialist), Yuko Arai (Senior Urban Specialist), H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: and Zheng Judy Jia (Senior Urban Specialist), who have been passionate advocates for pubrights@worldbank.org.  promoting inclusive development as part of the World Bank’s Inclusive Cities Community of Practice. 1 TABLE OF CONTENT 01 GET STARTED / Introduction - P.5 04 OPERATIONALIZE / Enhance UA in the built environment (SERRP case study) - P.27 01-1 Purpose of this guide P.7 04-1 Identified challenges P.32 01-2 Why is this guide essential? P.7 04-2 Methodological recommendations P.34 04-3 Recommendations for the design of neighborhoods, P.43 public infrastructure and public spaces 04-4 Recommendations on the built environment P.48 02 04-5 Cross-cutting issues P.60 UNDERSTAND / Definitions and concepts - P.9 02-1 Disability and Persons with Disability 02-2 Key concepts P.10 P.12 05 INFORM AND LEARN Further information - P.63 05-1 Construction code P.64 03 05-2 Social orientation law P.66 CONTEXTUALIZE / Disability and 05-3 Organizations of Persons with Disabilities P.66 disability inclusion in Senegal - P.17 05-4 World Bank Resources P.66 05-5 References P.67 03-1 Disability in Senegal P.18 03-2 Legal Framework, public policies, and stakeholders involved P.20 in the inclusion of Persons with Disabilities 2 3 GLOSSARY ADM : Municipal Development Agency ANSD : National Agency for Statistics and Demography RECU : Reach, Enter, Circulate, Use APD : Preliminary design APS : Preliminary Summary GET STARTED AU : Universal Accessibility TWSI  : Tactile walking surface indicators CRPD : Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Introduction UD : Universal Design HI : Humanity & Inclusion - Handicap International OPD : Organization of Persons with Disabilities WHO : World Health Organization SERRP : Senegal Emergency Recovery and Resilience Project in Saint-Louis 4 5 01.1 Purpose of this guide This practical guide is aimed at those involved in construction and inclusion: project owners (ministries, local authorities, landlords, private owners, etc.), project managers, town planners, architects, design offices, and Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (OPDs). ©Sylvain Cherkaoui Persons with Disabilities are particularly The guide is intended for use at all stages vulnerable, as they suffer disproportionately of a real estate and development planning This practical guide to help urban planning professionals understand from social and economic stigmatization and development project, starting with the and various forms of exclusion. Intensifying programming phase. aims the principles of Universal Accessibility inequalities affect Persons with Disabilities, After introducing the definitions and their caregivers and their families. Similarly, concepts of disability and accessibility in to help mainstream Universal Accessibility natural disasters and extreme climatic chapter 2 (Understand), the legal texts and principles into all urban infrastructure and phenomena, aggravated by climate change, issues relating to the Senegalese context planning projects in Senegal. instability, and conflict, disproportionately are presented in chapter 3 (Contextualize). affect the lives and livelihoods of Persons The heart of the guide is made up of with Disabilities and worsen their living practical recommendations in conditions. chapter 4 (Operationalize), followed by This practical guide aims to improve the useful references in chapter 5 (Inform 01.2 consideration of Universal Accessibility and learn). (UA) in the built environment. The guide was developed within the framework of Why this guide? the Saint-Louis Emergency Recovery and Accessibility regulations currently in force in Senegal only apply to public Resilience Project (SERRP), financed by buildings (see 5.1 and 5.2), and to some extent to high-rise housing. To the World Bank, with technical assistance ensure the full participation of all, including Persons with Disabilities, it is provided under the "Mainstreaming essential to ensure a continuous chain of accessibility to all places and Universal Accessibility in the World Bank's services, as illustrated in this guide, chapter 4. Operationalize. Urban Operations" initiative. The technical assistance was financed under the Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII) partnership. 6 7 UNDERSTAND Definitions and concepts “It is difficult for me to i Cherkaou ©Sylvain climb stairs, for instance, at school. Many of our classes take place on the upper floors, which are difficult for me to reach." Young woman of short stature 8 9 02.1 Disability and Persons with Disability "Persons with Disabilities are defined as 16 percent of the world's population lives those who have long-term physical, mental, with a disability1 and 80% of disabilities We can all benefit intellectual or sensory impairments and are invisible (e.g. chronic illness, chronic from accessibility! whose interaction with various barriers may fatigue, psychic disability, cognitive disability hinder their full and effective participation (DYS)2, neurodiversity, etc.). in society on an equal basis with others." (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Disability can evolve throughout a lifetime Persons with Disabilities or CRPD, article 1 and can vary according to the obstacles and Senegal's Social Orientation Law). encountered. Guaranteeing accessibility benefits everyone, including Persons with disabilities. (figure 2). People carrying heavy loads Children ©Sylvain Cherkaoui Pregnant women People with a temporary injury IMPAIRMENT IMPAIRMENT + + BARRIER ACCESSIBLE = ENVIRONMENT DISABILITY = Figure 2: Persons with INCLUSION Disabilities, who are affected? Figure 1: Inclusion can be achieved by providing an Persons Older People accessible environment and limiting barriers. ©Sylvain Cherkaoui with disabilities 1 Organisation Mondiale de la Sante (mars 2012). Disability and Health. 2 Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading and spelling. Dysgraphia: Difficulty with handwriting and some fine motor skills. 10 Dyscalculia: Difficulty with arithmetic and mathematics. Dyspraxia: Difficulty with gross and fine motor coordination. 11 02.2 Accessibility chain and the Reach-Enter-Circulate-Use (RECU) approach Key concepts To ensure accessibility, the links in the The accessibility chain, as illustrated in accessibility chain need to be designed Figure 3, must be continuous and unbroken. Accessibility and Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities as a whole, to enable people of all abilities If one link is missing, efforts to provide to access all places and services without access to the other links become irrelevant. Accessibility is one of encountering any barrier. In the built the prerequisites for the environment, whether urban or rural, this inclusion of Persons with accessibility chain applies at different scales: the conurbation, the neighborhood, Disabilities. outdoor public spaces and building approaches and the interior of buildings of More accessible environments enable Disabilities the access to places, services or all types. everyone to realize their full potential as information. The aim is to enable Persons citizens in their chosen field and to live on with Disabilities to live independently and SPORT SCHOOL an equal basis with others. Accessibility participate fully in all aspects of life, on an ADMINISTRATION concerns the built environment, equal basis with others. WORK transport, information and communication technologies, and digital technology (ICT), For more information, see article 9 of the CRPD. HOME FRIENDS in both urban and rural environments. DOCTOR Figure 3: The accessibility chain Inaccessibility is defined as the combination of disability and a barrier to access. The RECU approach (Reach, Enter, Circulate, Use) comprises four essential stages to This, to make something accessible, we guarantee the principle of a continuous accessibility chain. remove the barriers limiting Persons with Reach: get to the service or place you want to go to. Enter: enter premises and buildings. Circulate: move inside and outside premises and buildings. Use: to be able to use all the services offered on the premises and in the buildings. Universal Accessibility Universal Accessibility goes beyond Involving Persons with with disabilities. This inclusive approach to accessibility. It aims to create inclusive Disabilities as a key principle urban design will also help to ensure that solutions and environments, designed for the greatest number of people, taking into of inclusion the rights of Persons with Disabilities to To guarantee Universal Accessibility, it is participate in decision-making processes account the evolving needs of people at all essential to involve users with disabilities, are respected, as stated in the CRPD. stages of their lives3. Universal Accessibility such as Organizations of Persons with What's more, Persons with Disabilities transcends purely physical accessibility Disabilities (OPDs), in urban planning contribute their valuable knowledge and and strives to eliminate stigma and Urbaconsulting and development projects. By respecting skills to improving the living environment. broaden social perception, acceptance and the principle of "nothing about us without adaptation to the diversity of physical and Universal Accessibility, Universal Design, us", we can ensure that the solutions or mental limitations and possibilities of every Design for All, Universal Design, and developments proposed meet the needs of human being.3 Inclusive Design are all similar concepts!4 the final users, including men and women 3 USA - US Accessibility Codes and Standards. Challenges for Universal Design, P.S. Salmen (2001) 12 4 Universal Design, A methodological approach, Froyen, H., 2012 13 LIVED EXPERIENCE While the city Public transport is not always accessible, due to frequent interruptions in the of Dakar and accessibility chain (lack of ramps, audible Senegal's signals, signage signage, reserved spaces medium-sized for the disabled for disabled people, etc.) and do not do not serve all neighborhoods. towns have public Residents must therefore find alternative transport services, transportation alternatives to get around on this is not the case a daily basis. "There is free transport for Persons in all localities. with Disabilities but this is restricted to When people are out and about in the Dakar only with the national company streets street, there are safety risks Dakar Dem Dikk. But people in other involved. The road and pedestrian walkways regions don't benefit from this free are not separated by a physical demarcation aux and are therefore not safe. There are often service, which also requires following Pexels - A maury Mich no sidewalks or they are occupied by a specific adminstrative process. If businesses and people have to walk on the Persons with Disabilities are not aware road. The surfaces of outdoor walkways are of the process, they won't be able to not accessible: sandy, unpaved roads sandy, benefit from the service." unpaved roads with 'potholes'. potholes'. Lighting is often inadequate. Person with a disability representing an Organization of Persons with Disabilities 14 15 CONTEXTUALIZE Disability and disability inclusion in Senegal "Because of the difficulties associated with i Cherkaou ©Sylvain mobility, Persons with Disabilities are left behind most of the time. They don't take part in meetings, nor are they consulted. Decisions about them are made for them." Person interviewed 16 17 According to the FSAPH, (Senegalese The proportion of Persons with Disabilities 03.1 Federation of Associations of Persons varies across the country. For example, Disability with Disabilities) data on disability conditions may have underestimated the Ziguinchor and Matam regions have the highest prevalence rates, with 8.1% in Senegal the true prevalence of disability among of Persons with Disabilities each. The the population, due to limitations in data department of Oussouye, in the Ziguinchor In Senegal, the most comprehensive data on disability is collected during general collection. This may be due to the absence region, has a prevalence rate of over 10%. population and housing censuses. These censuses are organized every 10 years by the of systematic questions on disability in the The Diourbel and Kaolack regions have the Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD). According to the latest census, or to their poor understanding by lowest prevalence rates, with 5% of people census in 2013, 800,000 people, or 6.8% of the Senegalese population are disabled, 47.5% both the interviewer and the respondent. living with a disability. of whom are women. (Figure 4): Social stigmatization can also reduce the probability of positive responses regarding 800 000 the existence of a disability within a household. PEOPLE Disability is part of human life. It ARE CONSIDERED AS HAVING DISABILITIES can happen at any time in a person's According to a 2013 census, the rate of life. Every family can be faced with it disability is 5.9% of the total population from one day to the next. By gender and age The main disabilities Male Interviewee 202,600 243,000 420,000 380,000 people people WOMEN MEN Motor deficiencies Mental deficiencies affected 1.5% of the total concern 1.8% of the registered population population. 1/3 in 2013. People with 35,300 of the The regions of Matam, intellectual disability children with over 60’s Saint Louis, and Ziguinchor suffer from memory and disabilities are have some recorded the highest levels communication difficulties in education. difficulties 6.8% of persons with disabilities 81,050 people Hearing deficiencies affected less than 1% of 202,600 people Visual deficiencies affected about 1.5% of the of working age (15 years and the registered population in registered population in above) are employed. 2013. There is little regional 2013. In comparison, the rate of disparity. The regions of Dakar and employment for the total Very few people can use Ziguinchor recorded the Senegalese working-age sign language which is not highest levels. population is 48% sufficiently taught urbaSEN Figure 4 : Disability data from the 2013 population census (RGPH 2013). 18 19 Studio Bainem 03.2 Legal Framework, public policies, and stakeholders involved in the inclusion of Persons with Disabilities The country is also a signatory to the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Persons with Disabilities have fundamental rights, such Disabilities (CRPD), adopted by the United Nations on April 25, 2007, and has implemented as the right to education, health, employment, and social the 2017-2021 National Disability Action Plan, formulated the 2020 - 2024 Strategic participation. Senegalese legislation takes into account Development Plan for the Social Action sub-sector and the 2019-2028 National Health the vulnerability of Persons with Disabilities and provides and Social Development Plan. These commitments aim to operationalize the State's measures to protect their rights5. Senegal adopted the commitment to guaranteeing the rights of Persons with Disabilities. A summary of the key Social Orientation Law6 in 2010 by its National Assembly, stakeholders in the public, private, and civil society sectors is presented in the table below, enabling the introduction of the Equal Opportunity Card in enabling an appreciation of their roles and responsibilities in promoting inclusion and 2015. enhancing accessibility. 5 The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities examines Senegal's report | handicap.sn consulted on May 31, 2023: https://www.handicap.sn/le-comite-des-droits-des-personnes-handicapees-examine-le-rapport-du-senegal/ 20 6 LOS n° 2010-15 of July 6, 2010 21 INCLUSION STAKEHOLDERS RESPONSIBILITIES CONFLICTS, COMPLEMENTARITY, NEED FOR COORDINATION Direction de la Promotion et de la Protection des Personnes Promoting the social, health, and economic integration of Responsibilities in relation to the DFPGV of the Ministry of Handicapées (DPPPH) / Direction générale Action Social / disadvantaged social groups Women's Affairs Ministère Santé et Action Sociale Promote and protect the rights of Persons with Disabilities Promoting and protecting the elderly Direction de la Famille et de la Protection des Groupes Promoting gender equality and women's economic Responsibilities in relation to the DPPPH of the Ministry of Vulnérables (DFPGV) / Ministry of Women, Family and Child empowerment Health Protection Protecting the rights of women and children Combating gender-based violence Direction de l'Equité sociale/ Direction Générale du Inclusive development directly targeting the most vulnerable Responsibilities are to be exercised in relation to all other Développement communautaire et de la Promotion de l'Equité groups and regions structures involved in the socio-economic development and (DGDCPE) / Ministère du Développement Communautaire Equity and resilience aimed directly at the most vulnerable inclusion of vulnerable people, in particular the DGPSN. (MDCEST) groups and regions, Promoting fair and equitable living conditions for all men and women, so that they can satisfy their basic social needs. Délégation générale de la protection sociale et de la solidarité Mise en œuvre des politiques publiques et mise en place Responsibilities to be exercised in relation to all other Implementing public policies and setting up an effective nationale (DGPSN)/ Presidency of the Republic d’un dispositif efficace d’intervention de l’Etat en matière de structures involved in the socio-economic development system for state intervention in the field of social protection protection sociale et de solidarité nationale and inclusion of vulnerable people: DPPPH of the Ministry and national solidarity. Coordination de toutes les politiques publiques de protection of Health, DFPGV of the Ministry of Women, DGPSN of the Coordination of all public social protection policies sociales contribuant à la réduction de la pauvreté et des Ministry of Community Development. contributing to the reduction of poverty and inequality. inégalités. Local authorities (Départements and Communes) Support for the financing of productive projects for Need for involvement at all levels and coordination of local disadvantaged populations interventions alongside local populations Organization and management of relief for the needy Preparation of detailed urban plans for concerted development zones. Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (OPDs) Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities Need to provide feedback to political decision-makers and institutional stakeholders Development professionals: developers, urban planners, Designing and building structures and urban services Need to listen to Persons with Disabilities and provide architects accessible to Persons with Disabilities feedback to the above institutional stakeholders Civil society stakeholders and NGOs A plea for an inclusive, sustainable, and equitable society, Need to listen to Persons with Disabilities and provide A plea for quality of life for vulnerable people feedback to the above institutional stakeholders Table 1: Inclusion stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities 22 23 LIVED EXPERIENCE The main entrance to the buildings is People who live in apartments at the rarely at the street level, due to heavy rains upper floors require an elevator, since it and the risk of flooding. Thus, steps and is difficult, sometimes even impossible for stairs are often placed at the entrance of them to climb stairs. Most of the buildings in buildings, with no ramps nor handrails. Senegal are not equipped with elevators. These small adaptations can make it An existing elevator that is not regularly difficult for elderly people and Persons with maintained, can break down, forcing the Disabilities to reach and enter a building or person to climb the stairs, to stay at home, "The problem is the rain. facility. or turn around. The protection of buildings against Within buildings, unsuitable equipment, flooding (low walls, steps, etc.) poses UrbaSEN floor coverings or furniture can present constraints to accessibility. an obstacle to daily use, or even a risk of In the suburbs, we often find two rows falling. Space is also lacking: not just for of cinderblocks in front of housing reasons of accessibility, but also because units and steps in our courtyards; the size of the dwelling is too small for the elevations are also placed in front of number of inhabitants. For people with physical impairments, shops and businesses to protect them elderly people or pregnant women, the against the flooding..." Turkish toilet, present in many homes, is difficult to use because of the squatting position. It also presents an obstacle for the visually impaired, as there are no physical markers on the floor. Craftsman living in the city of Pikine 24 25 OPERATIONALIZE Enhance UA in the built environment (SERRP case study) "When I was pregnant, I had trouble sleeping oui Cherka ©Sylvain because my mattress is placed on the floor. When my brother had spinal surgery, he could no longer climb into his bunk bed, so he changed rooms. He still has struggles to use the toilet and to lift the bucket." Young woman interviewed 26 27 ©Sylvain Cherkaoui Figure: 5 Site visit to the SERRP relocation site. This guide is based on the technical projects. Despite the challenges posed by assistance provided by the World Bank natural disasters, these types of rehousing to the Diougop rehousing project, projects can act as a lever for coordinated implemented by the Municipal Development action by stakeholders in the urban Agency as part of the Saint Louis fabric at different scales (building and its Emergency Recovery and Resilience Project surroundings, roads, neighborhoods). In this (SERRP). Relocation projects for people way, these projects can be the driving force affected by coastal erosion represent behind greater consideration of Universal an opportunity to "build back better" Accessibility. (Build Back Better7), while integrating the principles of Universal Accessibility into the design and implementation of development 7 World Bank (2018). Building Back Better - Achieving resilience through stronger, faster and more inclusive post-disaster reconstruction. 28 29 ¹ Saint-Louis Emergency Recovery and Resilience Project (SERRP) (2018- PLAN DE SYNTHESE DU PROJET DE RELOGEMENT DE DIOUGP 2025), financed by the World Bank and CEM implemented by the Municipal Development Agency (ADM), aims to reduce the # ) 0 ® vulnerability of populations settled along the Langue de Barbarie coastal strip to the risks associated with coastal erosion, marine EC15 PO SA submersion, and river flooding, regularly ST NT EC03 EC04 E E EC14 EC12 EC02 D hitting the city of Saint Louis and particularly E the Langue de Barbarie since 2010. The G EC 01 project also aims to strengthen urban and EC13 EC09 coastal resilience planning in the city of # Elementaire Saint-Louis. Under the SERRP, populations 0 EC08 Ecole Mosquee directly impacted by coastal erosion (538 ! . concessions, 1,342 households, 15,081 Socio-collectif Centre EC07 people) will be relocated to Diougop on EC10 Nombre de logements par lot et par type EC06 a 15.71 ha site. The site is located in the Lot_DAO 1 Type_lgt RDC Total 40 ! . ! . 2 RDC 46 ge à p rojet Commune of Gandon, some ten kilometers 3 RDC 45 d'affaires EC05 éa Espace de jeux Place R+1 20 from downtown Saint Louis. The program HE 4 R+2 12 RC ou e p MA RDC 14 includes villa and collective housing (ground Total lot 4 46 Localisation des équipements EC11 tor ris # 0 ) ® CEM te floor + 2 floors), social facilities (mosque, R+1 21 ! . Centre Socio-Collectif au Emp 5 R+2 16 sports facilities, health center, market, RDC 13 # 0 Ecole Elementaire Total lot 5 50 ! . Marché college, socio-educational center), roads R+1 12 ! . Mosquée Can and public spaces, as well as wastewater 6 RDC 28 G Poste de santé Allotissement al ea u x pl Total lot 6 40 uvia R+1 36 Allotissement and stormwater treatment. According to 7 R+2 34 l Etat d'avancement de la voirie projections, by 2035, the site will be home to Total lot 7 RDC 34 104 Réalisé A réaliser es R+1 14 a population of around 17,000. 8 R+2 12 Parcelles d'habitation 0 50 100 M R+1 RDC 103 R+2 Total lot 8 129 RDC Total général 500 Figure 6: Summary plan of the Diougop The technical assistance enabled the Universal Accessibility form the core of rehousing project (SERRP) formulation of a series of recommendations this practical guide. Given the state of for improved consideration of Universal progress of the relocation project, it has Accessibility. At the time of the not been possible to implement some of stakeholders' involvement in this study, the guide's recommendations, particularly between November 2023 and March those relating to housing design. However, 2024, the construction of the villas was ADM's involvement, has helped to illustrate nearing completion, the multi-family the potential applications of Universal housing was under construction and the Accessibility principles in development and plans for the community facilities were construction projects in Senegal. being finalized. The observations and recommendations formulated to promote 30 31 04.1 Identified challenges To mainstream Universal Accessibility in To monitor our public buildings, real estate development and construction we hire a control office on a voluntary projects, we need to understand the basis, but it's often disappointing in obstacles to its implementation and identify terms of feedback. There aren't really any the levers for action and transformation that will enable it to be better taken into account suggestions for prescriptions. over the long term. Architect PARTICIPATION The participation of Persons with Disabilities in the design of public policy must be QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS strengthened. Urban professionals in the public and private sectors must have access to the CONTEXTUALIZATION necessary expertise, qualifications and Regulations and guidelines need to be skills. Monitoring and control of the adapted to local building practices and application of legislative and regulatory the way most people live, i.e. self-building provisions, as well as mechanisms for or self-promotion, which are sometimes resolving disputes and handling complaints, carried out without calling on the services must be strengthened. of architects or engineers. Self-building and self-promotion also shape the surroundings FRAGMENTATION of buildings and streets. Urban development planning in Senegal is fragmented and incremental, following APPLICATION, MONITORING AND individual development logics that make it CONTROL difficult to guarantee accessibility in the built Laws, codes and other regulatory or environment. For example, housing is often administrative texts governing equity built before roads are laid out. and social inclusion, including Universal Coordinating the actions of different Accessibility to the built environment, are stakeholders is a constant challenge that not always systematically applied. can jeopardize accessibility initiatives. 32 33 Studio Bainem 04.2 Methodological SELF-BUILD OR recommendations SELF-PROMOTION Most housing in Senegal is self-built or self- Implementing Universal Accessibility necessarily involves a series of stages, at various promoted, often without the involvement levels. These steps are essential if we are to ensure the effective inclusion of Persons with of technicians with higher training in the Disabilities and their full participation in society over the long term (2.2.1. Accessibility and building and public works sector. They inclusion of Persons with Disabilities ).The following is a non-exhaustive list of the steps and learn their savoir-faire empirically, following approaches to be taken to ensure inclusion and Universal Accessibility. orders from households or investors, ©Studio Bainem and are generally unfamiliar with the requirements of Universal Accessibility. 04.2.1. CONSTRUCTION IN FLOOD-PRONE A pragmatic, SUGGESTION : AREAS (CLIMATIC HAZARDS) Simplified design provisions and In Senegal, a country that suffers from contextualized approach additional guidelines are needed severe bad weather during the rainy Taking up the challenges mentioned in place of those requiring elevators. to improve the safety, accessibility, season, roads can be flooded, preventing above to reinforce Universal Accessibility What's more, in public buildings, gentle resilience, and ecological aspects of people from leaving their homes and in Senegalese built environment projects slopes (less than 5% incline) could be self-built or self-promoted housing. vehicles from circulating, and flooding in a sustainable and adapted way implies, used instead of steps at entrances and Craftsmen and other professionals in the threatens the stability and habitability of in particular, taking into account local inside buildings, always when there is construction sector can be sensitized their homes. Some buildings are damaged, constraints and specificities. Some sufficient space. and trained (workshops, practical others abandoned or demolished, due to examples are given below. • Given the pressure on land and exercises) in simple, cost-effective their deterioration following flooding. These the density of built-up areas in the Universal Accessibility practices. problems are exacerbated by climate CONTEXTUALIZATION country's major conurbations, high-rise change and coastal cities such as Saint- FRAGMENTATION construction is often the only viable Louis are among the hardest hit8. solution for meeting the demand for A REASONABLE APPROACH TO housing and built-up space. In such SUGGESTION : ACCESSIBILITY cases, ground-floor housing can be To limit the risk of climate-risk related More often than not, financial and resource reserved for people who have difficulty deterioration, with the consequences that constraints prevent the integration of costly climbing steps (people with reduced this can have in particular for Persons accessibility features. mobility, older people, etc.). with Disabilities, it is essential to ensure • Taking into account the topography of that development projects are not located SUGGESTION : the site to limit the number and length of in flood-prone areas, to choose climate- Prioritize pragmatic, low-cost solutions, ramps can also be a design solution. resistent (local) materials, and to train without compromising on Universal • Installing grabrails, handrails, or ramps, construction stakeholders, including Accessibility requirements and user adding tactile elements, or improving craftsmen and builders in the informal benefits. lighting or acoustic management can all sector, on good construction practices. Here are a few examples: be done at a limited cost. • In affordable housing schemes in sparsely populated areas, it would be possible to propose lower buildings ©Studio Bainem 8 GIZ, KFW, PIK. Climate Risk Profile: Senegal ; Climate Knowledge Portal World Bank https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank. 34 org/country/senegal/heat-risk 35 ACTION MONITORING AND CONTROL As part of the promotion of Universal Accessibility, the respective missions of control structures, such as the Direction de la Protection Civile (DPC), the Inspection Générale du Bâtiment (IGB), and the Direction de la Surveillance et de Contrôle de l'Occupation du Sol (DSCOS), should urbaSEN be strengthened and accompanied by sufficient human and logistical resources 04.2.2. SPECIFICATIONS to promote compliance with current Proposed policy and Accessibility-sensitive specifications regulations. OPDs can be involved in these regulatory measures for more buildings, facilities open to the public, and can make up for the shortcomings of control procedures, see section 4.2.3. inclusive buildings, applicable collective housing or buildings intended accessibility regulations. In this way, a client Involving Persons with Disabilities and to all building components to house activities (see 5.1 and 5.2). Most can impose on a project management taking their needs into account. Despite the enactment of the Social accessibility provisions are limited to people team, within the framework of a public Orientation Act 13 years ago, which with reduced mobility, such as wheelchair procurement contract, accessibility rules PROFESSIONAL TRAINING introduced the Equal Opportunity Card, users. that are more demanding than current The above-mentioned measures cannot the implementation of accessibility is still in To define UA standards adapted to the regulations. be implemented effectively and sustainably progress. Several decrees have yet to be Senegalese context, central government It may be a good idea to define these without training building professionals in signed to ensure that the objectives set out departments and local authorities specifications with the support of OPDs, Universal Accessibility. It is recommended in the spirit of the law are achieved. A series must assess the needs linked to their who will be able to share their experience. that these skills be taught to construction of recommendations are set out below to geographical context, in consultation with In addition, existing international best professionals during their university studies accelerate and support implementation. the people concerned, including OPDs. In practice standards can serve as models. so that the right reflexes are acquired early doing so, they can draw on international on. Universal Accessibility should then FRAGMENTATION best practices such as ISO 21542:20219 be taught as part of ongoing training for QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS and apply them to the Senegalese context. It is important to avoid reproducing professionals, the aim being to ensure that APPLICATION, MONITORING, AND What's more, making current regulations requirements literally, as these must be everyone involved in the project is trained. CONTROL more easily accessible to professionals in adapted to the local context, regulations To ensure quality content, these training the construction, property development, and practices. Taking into account courses must be run by professionals REGULATION and urban planning sectors, as well as to people's uses and lifestyles, by carrying (including members of OPDs) with expertise The Social Orientation Act has not yet been the general public (for example, by making out a precise survey of the needs of the in Universal Accessibility. adequately translated into the decrees and them available online and through other people affected by the project, is orders applicable to the built environment. mass distribution channels), is an effective essential for the long-term Accessibility regulations, notably set out and inexpensive way of encouraging implementation of Universal in the Construction Code and the Town compliance. Accessibility. Planning Code, apply only to public 36 ISO 21542 :2021, Building construction, Accessibility and usability of the built environment 37 developments and constructions, and the adaptation/rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing built environment. In the housing sector, the government can set targets for the proportion of housing to be designed to meet Universal Accessibility standards. As homes incorporating accessibility principles are often more spacious (and therefore more expensive), a percentage could be defined, nationally and/or for each region, to ensure that the needs of the ©Sylvain Cherkaoui local population are met. Other housing could be designed based on adaptation 04.2.3. 04.2.4. and incremental construction principles, Involving Persons with Implement a "sustainable" for Persons with Disabilities, without having Disabilities and taking their accessibility strategy to meet "wheelchair" standards. For this needs into account upstream of projects second category, standard-sized homes are The needs of Persons with Disabilities are The workshops and interviews carried out Before any construction, real estate or often suitable, but with some adaptations: not sufficiently taken into account in many as part of this technical assistance project redevelopment project, it is essential to no steps, bathroom facilities with grab bars, construction and development programs.. highlighted the importance of systematically to draft a Universal Accessibility strategy, etc. Involving Persons with Disabilities and involving the Federation and OPDs, present using a holistic, coherent and structured OPDs is key to effectively integrating at the regional, departmental, and local approach. CONTEXTUALIZATION Universal Accessibility into programs and levels, in the monitoring and control of FRAGMENTATION projects. accessibility. Some also suggested that This global approach must integrate the This participatory approach is essential at the Senegalese State should recruit staff new challenges faced by the country, such every stage of the project, from defining the (for technical control purposes) to monitor as climate change, environmental risks, program and specifications to monitoring compliance with accessibility regulations, new forms of communication, self-centered accessibility during the works, and finally to with sanctions (fines, for example) if social relations and a more segregated achieving inclusive management of the built necessary. community. heritage. See also section 4.2.5. Taking UA into account at every stage of a construction For this system to be effective, it is essential Universal Accessibility should not be limited or development project. that the State puts in place procedures to new structures being built and disregard For this approach to be fully effective, it's for monitoring and evaluating accessibility the existing built environment. Senegal's essential to involve users with different regulations and programs by trained housing stock forms a single whole, in types of disability at a very early stage in professionals (building Inspectors, for which all citizens should be able to move the project: right from the definition of the example, in coordination with members around according to their abilities and their pathways to the choice of building locations, of the Federation and OPDs), to ensure requirements in terms of comfort and safety. by making guided tours or walking audits that these rules are applied and that they This means that promoting UA, which with them, to gather their needs, difficulties perform well once implemented. affects both current and future populations, and practices, which will differ according to requires both appropriate planning of future ©Sylvain Cherkaoui the nature of their disability. PARTICIPATION 38 39 04.2.5. Taking Universal Accessibility into account at every stage of a CONTEXTUALIZATION construction or development project FRAGMENTATION To deploy a cross-functional accessibility strategy, the principles, approaches, and standards APPLICATION, MONITORING, AND CONTROL of Universal Accessibility must be integrated into all stages of a construction or development PARTICIPATION project. The following tables illustrate the stakeholders involved, their roles and responsibilities, QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS and the steps to follow. PROGRAMMING AUDIT, FEASIBILITY STUDY DESIGN, CONSULTATION AND SITE WORK UTILISATION Expression of needs (requirements), Feasibility, Preliminary design Finalized project, building permit, Finalization of work contracts (MDT), Use of premises Definition of Universal (AVP) tender documents, VISA Work and acceptance of work and services Accessibility strategy • Confirm the Accessibility • Technical, financial, social and • Design development, integrating • Site visits to check compliance with • Conduct joint assessments with standards and norms to be applied. environmental feasibility studies. Universal Accessibility Universal Accessibility facility managers, etc. requirements. requirements (specifications and • Identify Accessibility issues to be • Carry out an accessibility standards). • Implement a process for monitoring included in specifications. diagnosis (in the case of existing • Involve Federations, OPDs, etc. project accessibility during use. infrastructures) and prepare the in the analysis and validation of • Participatory site visits with OPDs • Define Universal Accessibility report. proposals. to test/validate. requirements within specifications. • Integrate Universal Accessibility • Prepare a detailed Accessibility • Involve Federations, OPDs, etc. right from the feasibility phase. report for the project (based on the in defining UA requirements. Building Permits report). • Involve Federations, OPDs, etc. in the analysis and validation of proposals. • Prepare project feasibility and accessibility report. Stakeholders: Owner, OPD, Public Stakeholders: Owner, Architect, Stakeholders: Owner, Architect, Stakeholders: Owner, Architect, Stakeholders: Facility manager, OPD, Donors, UA expert OPD, UA expert OPD, UA expert OPD, UA expert, Contractors, UA expert Building control, Deliverables: Universal Accessibility Deliverables: Accessibility audit Deliverables: Detailed accessibility Deliverables: Site visits notes/report Deliverable : Accessibility Strategy + AU specifications report, feasibility study report report + Detailed preliminary design Management Plan (APD) for construction permits and tender files + DCE Table 2 Overview of Universal Accessibility at all stages of a construction or development project 40 41 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE URBAN PLANNING, 04.3 DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR Recommendations for the design of neighborhoods, public STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Users: • Community members • Use expertise at every stage of the project infrastructure and public spaces • Residents • Other users (shopkeepers, passers-by, The city, built environment, road networks and transportation systems and public spaces customers) with and without disabilities must be organized as a continuous, obstacle-free accessibility chain for Persons with Disabilities. Project owners (MOA): • Project idea; The development of urban spaces (roads, utilities, infrastructure, and public spaces) can • Central government and local authorities ; • Description of requirements; relate to two situations: the initial development of new sites/neighborhoods and urban • National companies ; • Mobilizing financing renewal operations. The principle of Universal Accessibility must be applied to both types • Private individuals and companies of urban projects since Persons with Disabilities can find themselves in both situations. Delegated project management (MOD): • Management of the implementation Thus, most of the analyses and recommendations in this sub-chapter apply to both • National implementing agencies (AGETIP, process and relations with public services situations. ADM, AGEROUTE, etc.) ; and various private service providers. • MOD private 04.3.1 Project managers: • Concept Key features of the • Architects • Design • BET • Budgeting Inclusive City • DAO "An "inclusive city" is a city that allows its with Disabilities, etc.), this means making inhabitants unrestricted access to places, these places and services accessible, as Banks and financial institutions: • Granting financing and setting • Establishment of criteria for selecting up credits infrastructures and services. An inclusive well as providing adapted, accessible and beneficiaries/clients, granting city's range of services and infrastructures affordable transport. meets the diverse needs of its population. See section 4.3.2 Roads and Public Spaces Regulatory and standardization • Verification of regularity and compliance Consequently, it tends to reduce the social for recommendations on the layout of drop- bodies: with regulations texts and quality control exclusion of Persons with Disabilities and off points. • Agence Sénégalaise de normalisation (ASN) • Public Procurement Regulatory Agency to promote their full participation and the (ARMP); Control offices exercise of their human rights." (PSVI - Social Participation and Inclusive Cities) Municipalities and decentralized • Obtaining administrative authorizations, government technical departments: • Examination of applications and issuance (Mairie, (Town Hall, Urban Planning, Land of building permits, MOBILITY AND ADAPTED TRANSPORT Registry, Environment, etc.). • Environmental and social impact When it comes to mobility, the aim of assessment the inclusive city is to improve access to neighborhoods, places to live and work, Construction Company • Carrying out the construction works education, housing and urban amenities. For the entire population, including different Delegated contracting authorities and • Acceptance of works and handover to groups with special needs (including older prime contractors recipients people, families with children, Persons Table 3: Roles and responsibilities of actors in the urban fabric in a construction or development project 42 43 INCLUSIVE NEIGHBORHOODS The inclusive city is also achieved through and development projects, it is advisable to spatial and temporal proximity as a factor of create spaces dedicated to these practices, access to all the services that enable people anticipating future uses. to organize their daily lives, whether economic (shopping, activities, etc.), social or cultural. 04.3.2. At the neighborhood level, services need to Roads and public spaces be distributed in such a way as to facilitate Roads are the common denominator for all access for all residents. Distance is a factor to journeys, from the shortest to the longest be taken into account. For example, the daily distance, whatever the mode of transport environment of older people can be limited used. Roads are also the interface with the to a 500-meter radius and the places most other links in the accessibility and mobility easily visited are local shops10. Seating is also chain. Figure 8: Pic/Prose equipment development project at Diougop (SERRP) needed to enable everyone to take a break on a journey, as can be seen in the public space TRANSPORT STOP planning project Figure 8. Public transport must be able to provide SIDEWALKS AND PEDESTRIAN mobility for everyone in a given area, hence AREAS TAKING ALL USES AND FUNCTIONS the need to make bus and streetcar stops in An accessible roadway is one where INTO ACCOUNT public spaces accessible. everyone can walk independently: Public spaces must be designed for all users Features: Features: while adapting to the specific needs of each To do this, it is important to : • Good legibility of the entire pathway • The quality and nature of the floor and individual and every means of transport • Check that the location of the stop/ shelter ensures intuitive spatial orientation. its covering are particularly important. (walking, cycling, driving…). makes accessibility technically feasible This relies on the clarity of the layout A floor that is too loose, slippery or Urban space is home to multiple functions (size of the waiting area, difficulties in (unobstructed views, aligned street unstabilized is accident-prone and and uses travel, recreation, and meeting docking the bus, adapted roadway, etc.). furniture, etc.) and also on signage, prevents easy circulation; places, income-generating and commercial • Design vehicles and stops to meet which, although it should be used • The width must be sufficient and free activities, buffer spaces (water runoff accessibility standards (adapted vehicles, sparingly, remains a crucial element that of all obstacles to allow safe pedestrian and filtration), and spaces with a climate materialization of the stop, street furniture is often poorly exploited to help users find movement; regulation function (cool islands, etc.). This that does not encroach on the wheelchair their way around large spaces or areas • When sidewalks and pedestrian areas multifunctionality can lead to conflicts of use. rotation area, adapted signage, etc.). with dense traffic flows. include curb cuts, these are made up For example, formal or informal commerce • Signage and wayfinding: provide with chamfered edges; and the many economic activities carried out accessible signage to facilitate wayfinding • When a slope is required to overcome in public spaces and along roadways can be and orientation in public spaces. See a difference in level, it must be less a source of nuisance and hinder accessibility. also section 4.4.1.2. Buildings and than 5%. As these uses are part of the reality of the surroundings - Signage, location, and country, it is advisable to ensure compliance guidance. with the recommendations concerning the accessible design of roads and public spaces (clearance of paths, etc.), see "Accessibility". 4.3.2. Roads and public spaces with particular reference to 4.3.2.5. Street Figure 7 : L'arrêt du nouveau Bus Rapid Transit furniture . In addition, for new construction (BRT) à Guédiawaye, Dakar. 10 Pierre-Marie CHAPON (2015). International and national framework for inspiring practices. 10th Prevention and Public Health Days - 44 Mobility of the elderly: the value of a multifactorial approach. 45 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS STREET FURNITURE Pedestrian crossings are areas of potential Features : conflict between pedestrians and drivers of • Street furniture, in particular bollards vehicles (cars, trucks, motorcycles, etc.). The and posts, even when cantilevered, must safety stakes are high. Drivers must be able to be easily detectable by blind or partially understand that a pedestrian is about to cross sighted people (i.e. contrast visually with the road and stop their vehicle for the duration the surrounding landscape, be detectable of the crossing. with a walking stick, etc.); Marking out areas dedicated to pedestrian • The installation of benches and resting crossings makes it easier to see where the furniture on the pathways enables Persons crossing is and thus increases pedestrian with Disabilities to sit down and rest safety. throughout their journey; Features : • Poorly positioned benches are obstacles. • Provide visual (contrasting paint) and It is therefore essential to install them near tactile (TWSI warning strips on the pathways, without encroaching on traffic sidewalk at the right of the crossing) areas. markings to help users locate and detect • Walking can become difficult; beyond a the crossing upstream; distance of 200 meters, users may find • A physical marker can be used to cross it difficult to get around. It is therefore the crossing and guide oneself during the important for them to find benches where crossing (especially if it is long); they can rest regularly. Figure 10: Public space, playground and leisure facilities, Pic/Prose Diogop (SERRP) • Ensure good visibility between pedestrians (including people of short stature, children, RAINWATER DRAINAGE SPECIFIC LOCATIONS and wheelchair users) and drivers. Sewerage, drainage, and other rainwater Facilities and equipment designed to evacuation and management systems improve Universal Accessibility must be TREES AND PLANTATIONS can constitute obstacles or sources of adapted to each type of location, the aim Trees, planting and landscaping must be danger. They must therefore be designed being to enable all people, whatever their integrated into any urban project to improve and protected in the same way as other disability, to access all the services on offer. its appearance, provide shade, refresh the structures located in public spaces. This also applies to public spaces. These area and offer a space where people can rest Maintaining drains and networks is include outdoor sports grounds, children's and relax. also a key factor in ensuring that they playgrounds (see Figure 9), leisure areas, Features : function properly and protect habitats parks and cafés (see Figure 10), etc. • Trees and plants should be planted so that and neighborhoods from hazards such as The above recommendations must be their roots or branches do not encroach flooding, hampering accessibility for all. applied. on the footpath. If planted areas are adjacent to a footpath, care must be taken LIGHTING to ensure that no difference in level could For recommendations on lighting outdoor constitute a tripping hazard. spaces, see section 4.4.1. Buildings and Holes and slots in grilles (e.g. tree grilles) surroundings. should be no more than 2cm wide. Figure 9: Public space, playground and leisure facilities, Pic/Prose Diogop (SERRP) 46 47 SIGNAGE, WAYFINDING, AND 04.4 GUIDANCE Recommendations for the built Accessible signage is installed at the site entrance, near public parking spaces and Features : The essential rules for designing signage environment at every point along the accessible pathway accessible to all are presented in this guide where users are given a choice of itinerary. to accessible signage, aimed at decision- This signage is then applied to the entire makers and designers11. 04.4.1. route taken by visitors and staff, both Buildings and surroundings SURROUNDINGS AND EXTERNAL inside and outside buildings, to facilitate The following recommendations apply to WALKWAYS wayfinding and location. public buildings, housing, apartment buildings The main external pathway must be In addition, planting can be used to provide and facilities open to the public, including accessible. It provides access to the main visual, sensory, and tactile interest (as in the temporary infrastructures. entrance or one of the main entrances proposed landscaping of the surrounding Based on an analysis of the Saint Louis of the buildings from the access to the area in Figure 9) and to provide sound cues, Emergency Recovery and Resilience property. all of which can contribute to orientation, Project (SERRP), the recommendations are Features : particularly for visually impaired people. presented in the Reach-Enter-Circulate-Use • The surface of an accessible pathway Signage can also be useful in apartment (RECU) format, with each of these stages provides a visual and tactile contrast buildings, in communal areas. articulating with the previous one to ensure with its surroundings, enabling it to be continuity of movement and access to detected by a white cane or foot. It must services. It should be remembered that, given be horizontal, smooth, non-slippery, non- the state of progress of SERRP at the time reflective, and free of obstacles to the these recommendations were formulated, wheel (no jumps). it was not possible to integrate them in their • Holes and slots on the pathway are 2 cm entirety. Nevertheless, the project reviews or less in width or diameter. provided a valuable opportunity to formulate • When a difference in level cannot be practical recommendations that could inspire avoided, an sloping surface (ramp) with similar projects in the future. a gradient of 5% or less is provided to overcome it, up to a gradient of 8% over a Please note : length of 2 m or less. The ramp is at least • In the Saint Louis project, accessibility 1.5 m wide and equipped with handrails seems to be implemented only for on each side for independent use. members of the public. To offer the • A landing is required at the top and population public buildings accessible to bottom of each sloping surface, whatever all, it is important to ensure that all users, its length, as well as at an intermediate including staff with disabilities, can access level (minimum 1.5m long) to avoid long all services. distances. Figure 11: Socio-educational facility design in the Diogop relocation site and surroundings (SERRP) • Design based on universal standards • All exterior staircases should be equipped means taking into account not only the with handrails, contrasting stair nosings, needs of wheelchair users and those and Tactile Warning Surface Indicator with reduced mobility, but also those of (TWSI) at landings. all users who may find themselves in a disabling situation. 11 Ville de Saint Etienne (2014). Pour une signalétique accessible à tous 48 49 LIGHTING ACCESSIBLE PARKING BAYS The quality of lighting, both artificial and All parking lots must include one or more natural, in interior and exterior areas, is parking spaces adapted for visitors and such that the entire pathway is treated staff with disabilities and reserved for their without creating any visual disturbance. use. These spaces must provide step-free Parts of the pathway that may be a access to the accessible walkway. source of loss of balance for Persons with Features: Disabilities, access devices and information Accessible parking bays : provided by signage are subject to • Are such that a wheelchair user can enhanced lighting quality. leave the space once the vehicle is Ensuring that main pathways are well-lit also parked; helps to ensure natural surveillance and • Are located near an accessible entrance therefore user safety. and the path from the parking space is Features: accessible and therefore obstacle-free • The lighting and materials used must (see Figure 12); enable users to identify path areas and • These are identified by floor markings potential barriers. (contrasting colors and international • Avoid direct, overly bright lighting, "disability" pictograms) and vertical which can cause glare. Reflective or signs; mirror effects are also very disruptive • Their minimum width is 3.60 m (especially on the floor). Indirect lighting (including a 1.20 m access/transfer area on the ground, however, can serve that can be shared between 2 vehicles) as a reassuring guide (outdoors, for and their minimum length is 6.20 m example). (including a 1.20 m access/transfer • When the operating time of a lighting area at the rear of the vehicle), so that a system is timed, it switches off gradually. wheelchair user can enter or leave the • Illuminance values are at least : vehicle without difficulty. • 20 lux for accessible outdoor pathways, outdoor parking lots and accessible pedestrian walkways; • 200 lux at reception counters ; • 100 lux for interior horizontal corridors ; • 150 lux for each staircase. Figure 12: Design principles for accessible parking areas (source: Guide sur l'accessibilité des bâtiments - Québec (2022)) Studio Bainem Figure 13: Typical street in Dakar, Senegal 50 51 ACCESSIBLE ENTRANCE The main storeys of a building are accessible in continuity with the accessible external walkway. Features: Figure 14: Health • Where this cannot be avoided, a center design in the Diougop relocation site chamfered threshold is tolerated, with a (SERRP) height of 2 cm or less. • Entrance doors should be one meter wide, easy to open, not too heavy, and equipped with a handle that can be easily grasped and opened with limited dexterity (with a closed fist). • If the doors are glazed, place a window sticker (colored adhesive) at 1.10 m and 1.60 m high to prevent people from bumping into the glass. HOME All fixtures, fittings, and furniture in public areas must be easy to locate, detect, reach, and usable by a person with disabilities. INTERIOR HORIZONTAL • All doors on the circulations must be Features: CIRCULATIONS accessible to Persons with Disabilities Reception desks must meet the following Persons with Disabilities must be able to and can be operated by people with criteria: enter and leave all premises open to the reduced physical ability (90 cm door • They are designed for wheelchair users public independently. leaf). Each door must have a space for (or people of short stature) and standing. Features: maneuvering. It's also important to ensure that they are • Provide maneuvering spaces of 1.5 m by • When passageways are too small, there well-lit so that people can fill in forms and 1.5 m with the possibility of a U-turn for a may be a door conflict (as in the market's read the receptionist's lips. wheelchair user. WCs). In this case, the layout needs to be • They are equipped with a sound • A minimum circulation width of 1.40 m modified. amplification system (e.g. a magnetic for structural aisles must be provided and • Double-leaf interior doors measuring 140 induction loop) to facilitate communication maintained when furniture layouts are cm wide, so that a single leaf is only 70 with hearing-impaired people. modified (watch out for circulation spaces cm wide, should be replaced by double- • When uses such as reading, writing, and used as storage areas). leaf doors comprising a 90 cm wide leaf using a keyboard are required, at least • Make it easier for visually impaired and a narrow leaf (50 cm wide). part of the counter must have the following people to find their way around, by • When a difference in level cannot be features: providing a physical demarcation on the avoided on the same floor, an inclined • The maximum height is 0.80 m; floor (the wall along a corridor serves plane or ramp can be installed. See • The wicket has a void at the bottom of as a guide). In open spaces, it may be features in section 4.4.1. Buildings and at least 0.30 m deep, 0.60 m wide, and necessary to supplement the system with surroundings. 0.70 m high, allowing a wheelchair user to guidance strips (tactile warning surfaces). place their feet and knees. 52 53 VERTICAL INTERIOR elevator does not allow turning around • Reinforce the structure by installing grab CIRCULATIONS • The controls on the landing and in the bars on the wall. These grab bars enable Steps, staircases and elevators are physical elevator car must be accessible. people to stand, sit and/or transfer. elements that enable people to change levels • In addition to visual information, an audio Provide tonal contrast between floors, walls and move vertically, whether inside or outside message should inform visually impaired and equipment. a building. Any change of level can create a people of the floor they are on, the status • Toilets adapted for ambulant disabled physical barrier and a safety risk, particularly of the door (open or closed), and the people for people with reduced mobility or respiratory direction of travel of the elevator (up or In addition to toilets designed to Universal difficulties or who are encumbered by down). Accessibility standards, at least one luggage or with young children. • The maneuvering space in front of the standard-size toilet (minimum width 80 cm) If the building has an elevator, it should elevator entrance must be at least 1.5 m × can be provided for people with walking/ provide access to all floors open to the public. 1.5 m, and the landing must be accessible, standing difficulties: with handrails on both A lifting platform is preferable in flood-prone i.e. without steps. sides, a clear length of 75 cm in front of the areas. • An emergency communication system is bowl, and the door opening outwards. Features: provided in the elevator cab. • Urinals • Stairs Lower urinals should be provided for people • The height of the steps is 16 cm or less; SANITARY FACILITIES of short stature. Grab bars can be fitted • Tread width greater than or equal • Universal accessible toilets near some urinals. to 28 cm; Universal accessible toilets often have • Universal showers • The staircase has a continuous handrail larger interior dimensions to accommodate Where showers are provided, there should Figure 15: Internal patio of a villa on the Diougop relocation site with typical features that may on each side. The minimum width wheelchair users. In addition, they are be at least one universal shower in each constitute barriers such as steps and elevated floors. between handrails is 1.20 m; designed for all Persons with Disabilities and department, one for women and one for • Stair nosings are non-slip and visually require more space, additional supports (grab men. contrast with the rest of the staircase by at bars), etc. • Ablution areas least 3 cm horizontally; They are spaced to limit long-distance travel Washbasins used for ablutions must be • At the top and bottom of the staircase and on foot or in a wheelchair. It is generally accessible to all, including Persons with on each intermediate landing, a visual recommended to install them every 40 meters. Disabilities. Some facilities may incorporate and tactile contrast strip is installed at a Features: seats for people with standing difficulties. distance of 0.50 m from the first step. • • At least one universally accessible Floor coverings must be non-slip when wet. Elevators sanitary facility for each gender: men/ Taps and accessories, such as soap and • The minimum size required for the interior boys and women/girls. towel dispensers, must be suitable for use of elevator cabins varies according to • Where there are several accessible by people with limited dexterity. the location and use of the building and universal toilets, have a choice of must at least allow for the transportation transfer options (left or right). of a wheelchair user and an attendant. • The minimum interior dimension of 1.5 Dimensional requirements for accessible m x 2.1 m is in line with best practice elevators are specified in ISO 8100-30. standards, with a rotation space of • A handrail must be installed on the side 1.50 m that does not overlap the seat. wall where the cabin control panel is This dimension is based on European located, as well as a mirror on the wall standards and has yet to be tested with opposite the doors (to allow the person men and women in Senegal. to exit in reverse when the size of the • The door opens outwards. 54 55 EQUIPMENT/FURNITURE but also anticipate any adaptations that any CONTROL DEVICES household may need to make. All equipment, furniture and control devices must be usable by everyone, including It, therefore, seems essential to provide and women, men, and children with disabilities. train residents and craftsmen in the best • All furniture and fittings should contrast practices to be followed when adapting with the background or be in a color that and extending their homes. Technical and contrasts with the door or wall, so they social support is recommended beyond the can be easily located. handover of the homes. Figure 17 and figure 18 illustrate the spiral staircase that can be found within the villas on the • Seats should be designed with a Diougop relocation site (SERRP). backrest and armrest and seats of different heights should be available. Lessons learned for promoting • A person in a wheelchair, a person with COMMON AREAS - WITHIN Universal Accessibility in planning and a walking impairment, and/or with poor THE DWELLING construction projects: prehension must be able to operate These are spaces that are the exclusive • Provide a ramp to access the ground a lever-operated tap, a switch, etc. property of everyone in the building. In floor and outdoor areas (patio, using the flat of the hand, the closed general, these are areas within the dwelling. courtyard, etc.). fist, the elbow, or the wrist. This rule Circulation • Make staircases accessible to visually makes it easier for everyone to use • Avoid placing step(s) in passageways impaired people (handrails, contrasting equipment, in line with the principles of (entrance to dwelling, corridor, etc.); stair nosings, warning strips, etc.). Universal Accessibility. Some examples • Avoid having steps to access living areas • In general, spiral staircases should be of equipment concerned: locks (keys, and bathrooms. avoided, as triangular or trapezoidal latches, handles, etc.), taps, hand steps present a risk and can cause pumps, toilet flushes, etc. Lessons learned for promoting Universal people to fall (see figures 17 and 18). Accessibility in housing projects: 04.4.2. • Provide sufficiently large washrooms Figure 16: Street view of the villas on the to accommodate wheelchair users Housing Diougop relocation site (SERRP) and people with walking difficulties. To Accessible housing is rare in Senegal and achieve this, it may be necessary to Persons with Disabilities face many barriers COMMON/SHARED demolish the partition between the toilet in their daily lives (steps to access the These are the parts of buildings and and the shower to create an accessible building, steps within the home, sink height, grounds that all co-owners can use. These washroom. no handrails on stairs, etc.). What's more, the • Reinforce walls where support bars could generally include the ground (courtyards, size and needs of the family home change be fitted. gardens, access roads), the shell of throughout a lifetime. The home must be • Lower worktops and sinks to a maximum buildings; vaults, common service areas; able to adapt to these changes. This can height of 95 cm (see Figure 19). corridors and passageways; and common include an increase in the number of people equipment (e.g. pipes). • Widen doors to a minimum passage in the household but also changes in mobility The recommendations listed in 4.4.1. width of 80cm - remember to leave 30cm (accident, older age, etc.). Buildings and surroundings also apply to between door and wall, to allow the Incorporating the principles of universal the communal and private areas of housing person using a mobility aid to get closer design into housing design can help meet the projects. In addition, special provisions must to the door. current needs of Persons with Disabilities, be made, as indicated below. Figure 19: View of the kitchen area inside the villa on the Diougop relocation site (SERRP) 56 57 Figure 20: Ground floor plan of the villa, Diougop Figure 21: First floor plan of the villa, Diougop relocation site (SERRP) relocation site (SERRP) 58 59 evacuate or be evacuated from a building in 04.5 the event of an emergency. Cross-cutting It is therefore essential to identify the needs of people who may find themselves disabled issues in an emergency situation and to take the necessary steps to provide them with the 04.5.1. help they need. Choice of materials Evacuation and transfer must be carried Choose sustainable, locally-sourced out in complete safety, along a continuous, materials whenever possible, to limite the unobstructed path, to the exit of the costs and environmental impact (and building, and towards a clearly identified reduce carbon emissions linked to transport assembly point. in particular). This also promotes the Features: local economy and makes materials more The aim is to enable all people, regardless ©Sylvain Cherkaoui resistant, as they are better adapted to the of their disability, to: local climate conditions. • Mark emergency exits that can be used Choose materials that are easy to maintain, by wheelchair users and ambulant clean and repair. disabled people (as a reminder, elevators may not be used during 04.5.2. emergency evacuations of a building); Management and • Ensure that emergency exits are not Maintenance blocked or locked; All fixtures and fittings must be kept in good • Keep exit signs visible (specify those condition. This may involve renovations and with no physical barriers); repairs. If equipment is broken, light bulbs • Recognize alarm signals (audible and not replaced, or paint peeling, the level visual alarms). of contrast is reduced. As a result, some children and adults will no longer be able to 04.5.4. access or use these facilities properly. Feedback and Complaints Ensure that local craftsmen can carry out Mechanism the necessary maintenance and repair A users survey, particularly of men and work, or train them if this is not the case; for women with disabilities, can provide example, for special accessibility features. useful information on the effectiveness Hygiene and cleaning: All infrastructures of the facilities and equipment provided, must be cleaned regularly (garbage, leaves, and enable improvements to be made in and dirt in drains, sanitary facilities, steps, anticipation of future works. For example, etc.). before redeveloping a public space or making any changes to a facility open to the 04.5.3. public, it is strongly recommended that the Fire or emergency evacuation local population is consulted. In the case of Every effort must be made to ensure that schools, children with disabilities and their all Persons with Disabilities can quickly families should be involved in the analysis. ©Sylvain Cherkaoui 60 61 Inform and learn Further resources “The most dangerous thing is the tiles. It's a permanent ©Sylvain Cherkaoui hazard that we have to deal with. Most of the time the tiles people use as floor tiles are actually intended to be placed on walls. They are very slippery." Craftsman working in the city of Guédiawaye 62 63 To better promote and implement the The articles whose provisions make explicit that the proposed construction complies Article R 19 : All establishments or principles of Universal Accessibility, reference to reduced mobility are as follows: with the requirements laid down in Article facilities (covered by article R.23) must be it is important to disseminate the L.11 of the present code. accessible to people with reduced mobility. relevant legislation and regulations Article L.2 : For the purposes of this Code, Any establishment or facility offering such through, among other things, training the following definitions shall apply: Article L.14 : The opening of an persons the possibility, under normal and information sessions aimed at Person with reduced mobility (PMR): "any establishment receiving the public or a operating conditions, of entering, moving different groups of stakeholders. These person whose ability to interact with his or high-rise building (IGH) is subject to an around, and leaving the establishment appendices present the main regulations her environment is limited by a permanent authorization issued by the administrative or facility, and of benefiting from all the and other useful references. or temporary disability. The limitation is authority responsible for civil protection, services offered to the public for which materialized at the level of expression, after acceptance of the constructions and the establishment or facility is designed, comprehension, apprehension, but also issue of a certificate of conformity. is deemed to be accessible to people with 05.1 accessibility. It, therefore, includes motor reduced mobility." disability, blindness, pregnancy, injury, Article L.96 : Elevators installed in buildings Building transporting a child in a stroller, using a are equipped with safety devices and must Article R 14 : "Persons with reduced Code suitcase, etc." be maintained in good working order. They are subject to regular technical mobility, including wheelchair users, must be able to access collective buildings, (no. 2023-21 of December 29, 2023) Article L.11 : The architectural layout, inspections. establishments open to the public, buildings interior and exterior fittings, and equipment The installation of elevators without for professional use, housing or services of establishments open to the public, automatic opening doors is prohibited. located in these buildings, elevators or The legislative part of the new Construction installations open to the public, and at least one elevator per set of elevators, Code (Law 2023-21 of December 29, buildings used for collective housing or Article L.97 : Any tenant of a building collective premises assigned to residential 2023) makes greater reference to Persons activities must be designed to ensure equal equipped with non-compliant elevators complexes and part of the car parking with Disabilities than the previous Code. access for people with reduced mobility. may apply to the administrative authority spaces intended for residents and visitors." Although it mentions only "people with To this end, and to guarantee social equity, or the interim relief judge for an order to reduced mobility", with the exception all property developments must include a bring the elevators into compliance with Articles 15 and 16 of the draft decree deal of article L97, the definition of reduced minimum number of homes accessible to the provisions of Article L.98 of the present respectively with circulation, passageways, mobility encompasses other types of people with reduced mobility. Code. doors and elevators, and car parking disability (see article L2). The terms of application of this provision spaces. are set by decree. A decree defines the safety requirements The new law refers to reduced mobility in to be met when installing elevators and With regard to the French Urban Planning the following sections: Article L.12 : Building permits for specifies, where applicable, the conditions Code (Law no. 2023-20 of December 29, • Explanatory memorandum; establishments open to the public can only under which people with reduced mobility 2023), its draft application decree (not yet • Book One, Chapter II on definitions, in be issued if the proposed constructions and Persons with Disabilities can access validated or signed) stipulates in article R particular article L2; or works comply with the provisions of them, taking account of their situation. 188 that "Access to urban green spaces • Book One, Chapter III, specifically Article L 11 of the present code, and after is forbidden to motor vehicles and horse- devoted to provisions for people with receiving the approval of the Minister In addition, the draft decree of the drawn vehicles, with the exception of reduced mobility, notably articles L11, responsible for civil protection. Construction Code (not yet validated or children's play cars and mobility aids for L12, L13, and L14. signed) stipulates: people with reduced mobility". • Book 2, Chapter II deals with the safety Article L.13 : The construction, fitting out, of elevators, hoists, and swimming pools, or modification of an establishment open to in particular Article 97, which refers to the public is subject to the issue of a permit access for both people with reduced by the relevant authorities, who will check mobility and the disabled. 64 65 • Ziguinchor Regional Union of 05.2 05.5 Associations of Persons with Disabilities The law on social (L'Union Régionale des Associations de Personnes Handicapées de Ziguinchor) References housing • Kolda Regional Federation of Associations of Persons with Disabilities Building accessibility (Belgium) The Social Housing Orientation Law (Law (Fédération Régionale des associations Circulaire Accessibilité Annexe 8 2009 2016-31) addresses specific considerations de personnes handicapées de Kolda) (France) for people with reduced mobility in social • handicap.sn housing. Chapter III, with articles 8 on social Guide to Accessible Buildings - Quebec inclusion and 9 on accessibility, stipulates 05.4 Règlement régional d'urbanisme Belgium that "social housing projects will be adapted World Bank Brussels to allow accessibility to public spaces for Ireland - Building for Everyone: Technical people with reduced mobility, who must be able to move around and use their services resources Guidance on Accessibility. Center for Excellence in Universal Design. n.d. thanks to specific facilities provided for World Bank (2008). Design for All: this purpose, in accordance with Social ISO. n.d. Accessing My World. ISO. Implications for Bank Operations. Orientation Law n°2010-15 of July 6, 2010". National Disability Authority. n.d. Make Your Washington DC: World Bank. Buildings More Accessible. International 05.3 World Bank (2018). Non-Discrimination and Organization for S& Case Studies Disability. Good Practice Note. Environment Organizations of Standardization ISO Sightsavers (2018) La participation des & Social Framework for IPF Operations. CABE, (2006). UK - The principles of hommes et des femmes handicapés à la vie Persons with Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank (2018).10 Commitments on inclusive design (They include you.) politique du Sénégal: rapport de référence. Disabilities Disability-Inclusive Development. Eduardo Alvarez, V. C. (2007). Operational Guidelines on Accessibility in Urban Sène (2020): Rethinking disability in Senegal World Bank (2018). Disability Inclusion and Development Projects With Universal • Senegalese Federation of Associations Making a success of public space Accountability Framework. Washington DC: Design Principles, InterAmerican of Persons with Disabilities FSAPH accessibility - Cerema (2021) World Bank. Development Bank. (Fédération Sénégalaise des Associations -O 21542:2021 - Building construction de Personnes Handicapées FSAPH) World Bank (2020). World Bank Group ISO 15392:2008(E) -Sustainability in - Accessibility and usability of the built • Women’s committee of the Senegalese Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence building construction. General principles, environment, International Organization for Federation of Associations of Persons 2020–2025. Washington DC: World Bank. Geneva: ISO. International Organization for Standardization ISO (2021) with Disabilities CF/FSAPH (Comité des Standardization ISO, (2008). World Bank (2022). Technical Note on Femmes de la Fédération Sénégalaise UNICEF (2022). Toolkit on Accessibility. Accessibility. Washington, DC: World Bank UN Habitat (2014). Accessibility of Housing: des Associations de Personnes New York: United Nations. A Handbook of Inclusive Affordable Housing Handicapées CF/FSAPH) GFDRR, The World Bank (2023). Building Solutions for Persons with Disabilities and Wahba, S., Bordia, M, & Chun D. (2022). • Regional Association of Persons with Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa, A Older Persons. Building Back Stronger: Urban Resilience Disabilities in Thiès (Association status review of the building regulatory Through Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Régionale des personnes handicapées environment Handicap International (2014). Conduct Journal of International Affairs, 74(1). de Thiès) an Accessibility Audit in Low- and Middle- The World Bank, GFDRR, KPUDPR • National Association of Persons with Income Countries. France - Housing accessibility, Ministry of (2023). Indonesia - Universal Design Motor Disabilities of Senegal (Association Ecological Transition and Land Transition, Guidelines, Supporting Rehabilitation Guide to accessible signage (2014) Nationale des Personnes Handicapées Ministry of Energy Transition (2023) and reconstruction Activities in Central Motrices du Sénégal) Sulawesi, 66 67 68