NOTE NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 11 Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1. Why is integrating resilience into the Agriculture Sector so critical to food security? Agriculture is one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, particularly affecting the most vulnerable populations: small-scale producers in low- and middle-income countries. Agriculture is also the largest engine of economic growth in Africa, representing 15 percent of the continent’s total gross domestic product (GDP) (World Bank 2021a), and is the principal livelihood for most Africans. Ensuring resilient food security and rural economies is critical to Sub-Saharan Africa’s socioeconomic development. The impacts of more frequent extreme weather events such as droughts and floods are felt across the region. Climate change and variability have reduced crop yields and livestock productivity. In the medium term, regional climate models consistently predict fewer days of rainfall and shorter wet spells over 70 percent of the region, coupled with a higher intensity of rainfall on wet days (Trisos et al. 2022). Water availability for food production and other uses is projected to decrease, and competition for resources among populations may intensify. Climate The Africa Climate Resilience governments, planners, and private of projects that received catalytic Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) is developers in integrating climate funds from AFRI-RES. It draws a partnership between the Africa resilience in project planning and from application of the Resilience Union, African Development Bank, design, thereby attracting funding Booster Tool to specific projects, the United Nations Economic from both development and climate as relevant, Compendium Volume on Commission for Africa (UNECA), finance sources.​ Climate Resilient Investment in Sub- and the World Bank Group, Saharan Africa (World Bank (2023a) established with support from the This note summarizes lessons and and Guidance, Standards, and Good Nordic Development Fund (NDF). practices deployed in embedding Practice Notes developed under The partnership seeks to assist climate resilience into the design the program. Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 1 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 change has reduced total agricultural productivity has stagnated for several decades at 10–20 percent growth in Africa by 34 percent since 1961, more (World Bank 2022b). A spending shift to agricultural than in any other region (Trisos et al. 2022). Africa’s research and development (R&D) and improved agriculture is especially vulnerable to future climate extension services could result in higher returns to change in part because 90–95 percent of African poverty alleviation and greater resilience to climate food production is rainfed. A recent meta-analysis of change. These projects could focus on supporting 56 studies indicates that compared to 1995–2005, climate-resilient crop varieties, with market studies economic welfare in the agriculture sector is projected on how to make these commercially viable in the to decline in Sub-Saharan Africa by 5 percent for 2°C region, and developing local climate forecasting and global warming and 10 percent for 3°C global warming early warning system capacities, including for tailored scenarios (Trisos et al. 2022). Climate change already agricultural forecasting. affects pest and disease vectors that harm crops and animals, as demonstrated by the higher probability of major locust outbreaks, such as in the Horn of Africa in 2020 (Trisos et al. 2022). Integration of Climate Resilience into the Agricultural Sector Other factors interact with climate change to exacerbate the food security crisis, including the Three mutually reinforcing areas of intervention degradation of the natural resource base needed for can enhance food system resilience in Sub-Saharan food production, such as water, soil, and vegetation Africa. Embodying perspectives from the Next cover. In West Africa, for example, while the area Generation Africa Climate Business Plan (World covered by crops doubled between 1975 and 2013, vast Bank 2023b), the three intervention areas are (a) areas of forest, savanna, and woodland were lost or sustaining the productive base of the food system fragmented. More than one-third of the region’s dense by investing in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) forest cover has been cleared since 1975 for farms and at the farm and landscape level; (b) promoting an settlements. In savanna and steppe landscapes, bare, enabling environment for national and intraregional sandy areas increased by 47 percent as drought and value chain development and trade, and integrating unsustainable land use practices degraded vegetative climate resilience measures; and (c) building national cover (World Bank 2022b). Soil erosion is widespread, and regional capacity to manage agricultural risk. mainly caused by recurring droughts, deforestation, and Figure 1 illustrates how these three priority areas are unsustainable agricultural practices such as intensive interconnected and mutually reinforcing in achieving tillage. For this reason, integrated land management food system resilience in West Africa. A similar solutions are essential in addition to targeted climate- scheme can be applied at the national or regional smart agricultural technologies to increase the climate levels in other African regions. resilience of food production. Another factor harming agriculture is that the Climate-Smart Agriculture region’s poorly integrated food markets cannot and Integrated Farm and accommodate large yearly fluctuations in food crop production, such as those resulting from climate Landscape Management impacts, by directing surplus food to areas with shortages. In West Africa, commodities imported from At the landscape level, the region needs to move outside the region account for about 80–90 percent toward an integrated CSA approach to manage of all food traded by volume; yet intraregional trade competing demands for land, water, and other Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 2 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 Figure 1. Intervention Areas to Achieve Food Security Resilience. Source: World Bank 2022b. natural resources (see figure 2). Traditional sectoral Integrating Resilience along approaches to agricultural productivity, water, and land management have never systematically adopted Agricultural Value Chains an integrated ecosystem development vision. This failure has contributed to the disruption or even It is critical to adopt end-to-end integration of climate collapse of functional ecosystems, with a loss of resilience into the value chain perspective, effectively ecosystem goods and services, and it explains why connecting smallholders to agricultural value chains traditional approaches are ill-prepared to meet while addressing the rising urban demand for higher- the challenges of land degradation, biodiversity value and more processed agricultural products amid a conservation, and food production. The complex changing climate. Actions to strengthen the agriculture linkages among the natural capital components can be value chain include (a) value addition, aggregation, managed only through integrated approaches applied and certification of agriculture products, including at the landscape level. For example, conserving natural applying and certifying climate-smart approaches, forested areas adjacent to cultivated fields helps with and use of climate-resilient storage and distribution evapotranspiration, water conservation and filtration, infrastructure; (b) financial instruments to leverage the wind protection, and pest mitigation. In the context private sector participation and incentivize investment of a changing climate, a landscape view of productive in climate-friendly approaches; (c) e-commerce activities and natural resources will also lead to better logistical approaches to agricultural commercialization, risk management (see figure 3). Thus, opportunities market access, and trade, which result in system for income diversification and risk pooling between resilience; (d) market information systems empowered stakeholders become more visible, feasible, and likely by information and communication technology to to lead to the triple win of increased productivity, facilitate regional trade and promote climate-positive climate adaptation, and climate mitigation. actions integrated into the agricultural value chain; Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 3 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 Figure 2. Climate-Smart Agricultural Techniques. Source: Branca and Pirelli 2010. Figure 3. Resilient Value Chains and Integrated Landscape Management Links. Value chain Landscape thinking thinking Source: Dekker 2018. Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 4 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 and (e) capacity building and awareness for value Saharan Africa are implemented optimally at a regional chain actors on use of climate-resilient approaches. level to mitigate, diversify, and transfer production risks In watershed management projects, the value chain and allow for economies of scale. Because agriculture extends to the water capture, storage, and input end relies on regionally shared natural resources, cross- to ensure water security for agricultural production border coordination can reverse resource degradation. under a changing climate (see figure 3). Most land and water degradation and their impacts— water scarcity, floods, droughts, soil fertility loss, erosion, and sedimentation—occur in transboundary valleys and Strengthening national and regional watersheds and cannot be addressed effectively without coordinated interventions between upstream and institutional capacity to provide downstream riparian countries or regions. Supply-side demand-driven risk forecasting challenges of climate change are manifested in agro- digital services and financial risk ecosystems, which are not circumscribed by national or mitigating instruments regional borders. Promoting interregional trade allows food to better flow from surplus to food deficit areas, Risk forecasting and risk management mechanisms can which will balance fluctuations in national production increase resilience in the agriculture sector. Providing and create opportunities for economies of scale. hydrometeorological and early warning systems Returns to R&D increase with scale, but financial and information to farmers and pastoralists allow for human resources in individual countries are extremely planning and decision-making based on risk probabilities. limited. Regional cross-border collaboration to provide Agricultural insurance as a risk management mechanism hydromet and early warning information generates can contribute to increased productivity in agriculture positive spillovers. Countries with less capacity learn and other related sectors by (a) managing climate- from leaders to build effective climate hazard and flood/ related risks; (b) improving access to credit for farmers drought forecasting capacity and advisory services. and small and medium enterprises; and (c) contributing to macroeconomic stability. The following examples show how food crisis prevention and management in Sub- Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 5 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 Action Areas for Integrating Climate Resilience into the Agricultural Sector Area of Intervention Purpose Examples of Actions Maintain or increase crop Use of drought-resistant crops productivity during drought periods Agricultural water retention, Construction of water storage/retention structures management, irrigation, and like charco dams, wells, floodable field sections; storage techniques systems for irrigation and drainage; watershed management and monitoring measures; development of water infrastructure for livestock. Climate-Smart Prevention of soil erosion due to Planting trees for shade and wind protection; Agriculture and increased wind, strong precipitation, agroforestry can also provide complementary Integrated Farm/ and increased evatotranspiration marketable crops Landscape Management Use of soil-conservation techniques like no-till agriculture, manure incorporation in the soil, replenishment of soil nutrients Livestock resilience investments Investments in improved breeds, feed/fodder production for livestock, infrastructure for managing livestock waste, livestock production facilities and shelters, providing water and shade for the animals, and health and veterinary service facilities.   Increase value/income and resilience Value addition, aggregation, and certification of for agricultural products through agriculture products processing/marketing and use of Use of resilient storage facilities, materials for the organic/environmentally friendly safe storage of crops, processing facilities related to crops and agricultural techniques; agricultural, livestock and fisheries products, and local use of resilient storage and processing machinery for all the agricultural products Integrating Resilience processing facilities noted above along Agricultural Use of financial instruments to leverage private sector Value Chains participation Facilitating and promoting Use of e-commerce logistic approaches to agricultural commercialization of agricultural commercialization, market access, and trade products through climate-friendly Use of information and communication technology digital tools. (ICT)-empowered market information systems to facilitate regional trade Planning and decision making Hydro-met and early warning information to farmers according to climatic vulnerabilities and pastoralists Strengthening national and Risk managing mechanism and Agricultural insurance regional institutional improving access to credit for capacity to provide farmers and small and medium demand-driven risk- enterprizes (SMEs) forecasting digital services and financial Improving flow from surplus to food Promotion of interregional trade risk-mitigating deficit areas balancing fluctuations instruments. in national production while creating opportunities for economies of scale, thus increasing system resilience Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 6 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 2. How are agriculture sector projects integrating climate resilience into their design? This section describes projects1 supported by the climate-smart practices on replanted areas; improved AFRI-RES fund. Some also used the Resilience soil fertility management; and other good agricultural Booster tool to aid in their project design. The practices, including the reestablishment of optimum- Resilience Booster is an interactive, step-by-step shade cultivation practices for cocoa agroforestry. tool for development practitioners to embed climate resilience into project designs by using a set of resilience The project will pilot and scale up, if successful, attributes. It helps teams to think through, specify, a payment for environmental services scheme to and design project activities that build resilience by encourage farmers to keep shade trees on their farm. integrating resilience attributes. We report the results Separately, the project will support market-oriented of the application of the Resilience Booster at the end diversification into (a) profitable alternative tree crops of the project description if available.2 that are resilient to climate change in locations not suitable for cocoa; or (b) off-farm, climate-resilient income opportunities along innovating financial models. The latter activities will be in areas such as green Ghana Cocoa Sector enterprises (postharvest quality management, organic Development Project cocoa and cocoa byproduct value chain development), agroforestry, and high-value, shade-loving crops, such The Ghana Cocoa Sector Development Project seeks as ginger and alligator pepper. The project will finance to improve cocoa farmers’ livelihoods while ensuring climate-proof infrastructure to improve communities’ the environmental and social sustainability of cocoa- living conditions and access to market and services, based production systems. In It will adapt crops such as access roads, transport equipment, storage to a changing climate through CSA, integrated land facilities, power and green energy, and water supply. management, and agri-climate forecasting services. In Applying the Resilience Booster tool suggests Ghana, average annual and decadal precipitation since that adopting climate-smart practices such the 1960s has been declining, while temperatures have as optimum-shade cultivation practices and been increasing in the cocoa growing areas. The project advisory and early warning systems increases the engages in activities to increase the climate resilience robustness of the system. Market-oriented, climate- of the smallholder farmers engaged in cocoa cultivation resilient diversification of activities will ensure for their livelihoods. It implements climate change desk robustness. Improving skills and increasing income monitoring deforestation and the greening of the cocoa of the communities result in adaptive actions. landscape through remote sensing technology for And developing green enterprises will result in a (a) detecting land use changes and (b) measuring the transformative change regarding resilience (see figure carbon footprint and impact of climate change. The 4 for explanation of Resilience tool attributes). project will provide advisory services targeting disease (including climate-sensitive) surveillance and early detection, management, and reporting; the adoption of 1 Cameroon Valorization of Investments in the Valley of the Benue Project, Ethiopia Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project, Guinea Commercial Agriculture Development Project, Nigeria Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support Project, and the West Africa Food Resilience Program. 2 See also Rigaud, Arora, and Singh (2023). Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 7 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 Figure 4. Resilience Booster Tool Attributes. Source: World Bank AFRI-RES webpage, https://resiliencetool.worldbank.org/#/home. Guinea Commercial Agriculture the risks related to agricultural productivity, water Development Project scarcity, and storage losses if no proper storage facilities. Increased incidence of pests (including insects) and disease outbreaks are expected, too. A The Guinea Commercial Agriculture Development predicted more intense rainy season would increase Project is a primary example of climate action being flooding, harming crops and roads, which are mainly integrated along the production and market chain. In unpaved, reducing the mobility of produce and goods, Guinea, the potential for accelerating the development increasing travel times, and raising transport costs. of commercial agriculture as a critical engine of growth requires a comprehensive public-private The Guinea Commercial Agriculture Development partnership. The government will need to invest Project is committed to integrating climate actions heavily in infrastructure and make continued reforms. into its investments along the value chain. These These efforts will enable investors to deliver the include (a) adapting rural roads to all-weather capital, expertise, knowledge of markets, and credit use to counteract the adverse effects of flooding for inputs, technology, logistics, and commercialization and precipitation; (b) building resilient market to modernize agriculture. Guinea’s rising average infrastructure, particularly storage facilities designed temperatures and diminishing annual rainfall increase for climate adaptation (with cooling facilities to Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 8 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 adapt to increased temperatures) and mitigation (with energy-efficient equipment and efficient waste Ethiopia Lowlands Livelihood management systems); (c) ensuring a sustainable Resilience Project financing mechanism to maintain improved road and market infrastructure for long-term resilience, The Ethiopia Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project including covering the costs of repairing damage (LLRP) applies the sustainable and holistic IGAD caused by climate change; (d) mainstreaming climate Drought Disaster Resilience Sustainable Initiative resilience in the private investments to be supported in its logical design framework to address the root under the program, such as through the adoption causes and impacts of climate change–induced of CSA practices, climate-resilient technology, and recurrent droughts and related shocks. Most of the energy efficient equipment; (e) working with value people (14 percent of the total population) in Ethiopia’s chain actors to improve their understanding of climate arid and semiarid lowlands rely on pastoralism and change and its impact on commercial agriculture; and agropastoralism, based on the seasonal movement (f) building capacity to use tools and techniques of livestock and traditional rangeland management, for designing and implementing adaptation and as the most suitable way to use scarce resources. mitigation approaches. Pastoralists and agropastoralists have been severely affected by the changing climate and frequent droughts. The resulting large-scale livestock mortality Cameroon Valorization of Investments and morbidity have caused households to lose assets. in the Valley of the Benue Project Among the climate resilience activities, the project The Cameroon Valorization of Investments will collate local knowledge on adaptation, finance in the Valley of the Benue Project focuses on adaptive research to enhance resilience, and finance integrating end-to-end climate action into river policy action to support adaption goals. The research basin management to ensure water security for will support the agenda of drought-tolerant livestock agricultural food production. The project aims to and crop varieties and research on livestock and enhance water security and governance of water crop management practices to adapt to a changing resources by addressing water infrastructure safety climate. It also introduces innovative pilots that will and operations, construction and rehabilitation of deliver improved information on, for instance, market, irrigation and drainage infrastructure, and support to weather, and conflict, through mobile phones and water users’ institutions. The project includes flood contribute to improved decision-making. Rangeland preparedness and transboundary cooperation in the monitoring through remote sensing will enhance Benue Valley, which is part of the regionally significant rangeland management. The project supports improved Niger Basin. In addition, it supports technical access and integration into the market system to interventions to increase the resilience of agricultural reduce vulnerability of pastoral and agropastoral food production through introducing CSA techniques. communities to a changing climate. A readily available Interventions along the river basin management chain livestock market will improve the efficiency of their will build resilience against several climate risks facing production system and reduce pressure on rangelands, the north of Cameroon, especially drought, extreme both of which contribute to enhanced resilience. The precipitation, and flooding, which would ultimately project supports policy reform toward sustainable affect food production and security in the region. and resilient rangeland management, and it supports livelihood diversification to ensure climate-resilient alternatives to livestock management are available to the local communities. Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 9 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 Applying the Resilience Booster tool, the introduction improving the resilience of livestock and livestock- of soil, livestock and crop drought-tolerant and based livelihoods to climate shocks, including diseases conservation practices will introduce robustness induced by climate change. into the system. These changes will lead to increased absorptive capacity. Education about diversified The project will finance investments to improve livelihoods and rangeland and weather monitoring the quantity and quality of water and rangeland— instruments will increase the adaptive capacity of resources that are critical for productive pastoral the system. And the introduction of policy reforms systems with increased climate resilience and carbon and watershed management plans will result in a sequestration. It uses remote sensing technologies and transformative effort in terms of resilience. tools such as the Food and Agriculture Organization feed balance methodology to assess the status of water and feed (including forage and fodder). The Nigeria Livestock Productivity and information will be disseminated to guide decisions Resilience Support Project Project on improved feed and water management, use, and access. The project will finance the establishment and The Nigeria Livestock Productivity and Resilience implementation of an inclusive, community-driven Support Project will introduce climate resilience process for climate-smart, sustainable rangeland measures to livestock systems. It will (a) strengthen and landscape management. All key users of grazing sector policy and institutional foundations for reserves and water will be involved, which will establish improved sector productivity and resilience to climate clear conditions for accessing these natural resources change that are tailored to various production systems; and develop sound governance mechanisms to manage (b) improve value chain performance for increased them. Support will be available for constructing and smallholder market orientation and private sector rehabilitating stock routes and water points, with investment; and (c) mitigate farmer-herder conflict the goal of improving this network and including in selected areas, which is mainly driven by climate areas that offer new rangeland/pasture. Committees change. A set of activities will support the development will be established and supported to manage and implementation of a genetic resource management investments sustainably. The project will also finance strategy, with large ruminants as a priority. Aside from the development of cultivated pasture, including traits preferred by producers (increased productivity, facilities for irrigation in water-scarce environments. early maturity) and markets, breed improvement and selection will emphasize traits that confer resilience The project will support the creation of early warning to climate-induced stresses, enabling livestock systems using remote sensing and spatial analysis performance to improve as the climate changes. Another to forecast forage conditions and water availability. activity will finance the development of user-friendly, These efforts will help reduce the risk of conflict due comprehensive extension training materials, including to increasing land use and resource scarcity. With digital guides. These materials will cover ruminant the support of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, production systems and incorporate approaches for pastoralists and the government can take preemptive climate change adaptation and mitigation. Farmer field action to prevent conflicts. schools will be supported to facilitate applied research and learning for groups of herders. Additionally, the Climate change resilience measures will be project will support improved grazing and rangeland mainstreamed into the market value chain. They will management practices (individual or community- enhance and modernize the value chain for livestock based) that increase soil carbon stocks, biodiversity, products, promoting a stronger commercial/market and reduce erosion. Improvements in the delivery of orientation among small and medium producers. These animal health services will increase productivity by efforts should encourage increased private investment reducing livestock morbidity and mortality, in turn in priority segments of the value chain. Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 10 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 West Africa Food System The FSRP provides tailored services to better inform Resilience Program the development of agriculture and risk financing instruments (emergency funds, insurance, derivatives, West Africa is one of the world’s most vulnerable contingency loans). It also supports the timely delivery regions due to its climatic, institutional, livelihood, and use of essential agro-hydromet information economic, and environmental context. Agriculture to key users, including farmers and pastoralists, contributes 29 percent of the region’s GDP and is the by building their capacity, developing multimodal principal livelihood for more than 60 percent of West communication channels, and supporting the co- Africans. Because the region is highly exposed to major development of services by engaging users. These climate, agricultural, and market risks, the performance investments will target the geographical intervention of agriculture has historically been volatile, unleashing areas under the project and agricultural products more frequent and worsening food crises. from selected value chains. It also will strengthen the financial and institutional sustainability of regional The West Africa Food System Resilience Program and national institutions providing climate, hydromet, (FSRP) promotes the adoption of improved technologies and agromet information. leading to increased productivity and to enhance the climate resilience of agricultural production systems. Other components of the program support regional Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Togo, Chad, Ghana, and Sierra and national research and agricultural extension Leone will receive demand-driven digital advisory support services, as well as the financial and services, including agro-advisory and impact-based institutional sustainability of regional institutions hydromet/climate information and warning services. providing climate, hydromet, and agromet information. he project will promote their use in agriculture and food The program supports planning and implementation crisis prevention, management, and response; digital of integrated land management approaches across the agriculture; climate-smart, nutrition-sensitive, and region, as well as the preparation and implementation gender- and youth-sensitive technologies; and policies to of regional policies and regulations to increase strengthen the regional food input and output markets. regional flows of agricultural goods and inputs produced under climate adaptation strategies The FSRP improves the production of climate, adopted to increase food security. hydromet, agromet, and impact-based information for use by decision-makers, farmers, pastoralists, Applying the Resilience Booster tool, the project and other actors in the food system. Goals include design increases the system’s robustness and (a) augmenting regional and national hydromet absorptive capacity through the application of infrastructure and technical capacity to observe and integrated land management practices across the forecast hydromet phenomena and provide demand- region. It increases the adaptive capacity of the driven information services to end users, including system through its support for the development impact-based forecasting, warning, and advisory of climate, hydromet, and agromet information services; (b) streamlining the chain of information systems. It is transformative through its support for across regional, national, and subnational levels to the development of regional institutions providing develop cost-effective regional information systems; financial and information services and by supporting (c) ensuring maximum leverage of available global and the legislating of regional policies supporting flows regional products and services across timescales, with of climate-smart agricultural goods and inputs emphasis on the subseasonal to seasonal timescale; across the region. (d) enhancing cooperation between public and private hydromet and agromet service providers; and (e) supporting targeted capacity building. Embedding Climate Resilience into Agriculture Projects 11 NOTE The Africa Climate Resilience Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Learning Note 1 References Branca, G., and C. 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