Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note 25 October 2022 Update to the Global Database of Shared Prosperity What’s New Carlos Sabatino Carolina Diaz-Bonilla Minh Cong Nguyen Haoyu Wu October 2022 Keywords: Global Database of Shared Prosperity; October 2022. Development Data Group Development Research Group Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group GLOBAL POVERTY MONITORING TECHNICAL NOTE 25 Abstract The October 2022 update introduces the 10th edition of the Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP). Shared prosperity, defined as the growth in per capita household income or consumption of the poorest 40 percent of the population, is the World Bank’s second Twin Goal, alongside ending extreme poverty. The new edition of the GDSP revises the figures released in April 2022 to the 2017 PPPs and includes estimates for India. Indicator coverage is also revised to include 81 of the world’s economies in 2019. This technical note describes the GDSP, documents the available data in this edition, and highlights the main differences with the 9th edition. All authors are with the World Bank Group. Corresponding author: Carolina Diaz-Bonilla (cdiazbonilla@worldbank.org). This work could not be completed without the contributions from the Data for Goals (D4G), regional, and country teams. Regional: Diana Sanchez Castro, Elizabeth Foster, Ifeanyi Nzegwu Edochie, Ikuko Uochi, Jose Montes, Minh Cong Nguyen, Laura Moreno Herrera, Nobuo Yoshida, Reno Dewina, Rose Mungai, Sergio Olivieri. Additional D4G: Daniel Gerszon Mahler. This note has been cleared by Benu Bidani. The Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note Series publishes short papers that document methodological aspects of the World Bank’s global poverty estimates. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Notes are available at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. What is Shared Prosperity? ............................................................................................. 2 2. The 10th edition of the GDSP: What’s New .......................................................................... 2 2.1. Data source and coverage ............................................................................................... 2 2.2. Key Results ..................................................................................................................... 6 3. Shared prosperity estimates in the Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report (PSPR) 2022 ....... 9 4. References ............................................................................................................................. 11 5. Annex .................................................................................................................................... 12 1 1. Introduction 1.1. What is Shared Prosperity? Shared prosperity is defined as the annualized growth rate of the mean household per capita income or consumption of the poorest 40 percent of the population (the bottom 40) in each country. It is the World Bank’s second Twin Goal, introduced in 2013 alongside ending extreme poverty. The indicator aims to shine a spotlight on the poorest segments of the population and on the distributional impacts of economic growth. Because this indicator monitors the progress of the bottom 40 and how the less well-off can benefit from growth, it is relevant even in higher-income countries where extreme poverty is much lower. The monitoring of this goal is reported in the semi-annual update of the Global Database of Shared Prosperity.1 The October 2022 update of the Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) is the 10th edition since 2015. The shared prosperity indicator is available for 81 economies circa 2014-2019, compared to 80 countries in the 9th edition released in April 2022 (see Sabatino and Diaz-Bonilla, 2022). Approximately 5.5 billion people are now represented in the GDSP, or 71 percent of the world’s population in 2019. 2. The 10th edition of the GDSP: What’s New 2.1. Data source and coverage The number of economies2 included in the GDSP depends on the availability of household surveys in the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database, October 2022.3 Despite its relevance, shared 1 The GDSP is updated in line with the updates to the poverty estimates. A major update to the GDSP happens around March of every year with a possibility of an update in September on some years. 2 The term country, used interchangeably with economy, does not imply political independence but refers to any territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. 3 The Global Monitoring Database (GMD) is the World Bank’s repository of multitopic income and expenditure household surveys used to monitor global poverty and shared prosperity. The household survey data are typically collected by national statistical offices in each country, and then compiled, processed, and harmonized. The process is coordinated by the Data for Goals (D4G) team and supported by the six regional statistics teams in the Poverty and Equity Global Practice. The Global Poverty & Inequality Data Team (GPID) in the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) also contributed historical data from before 1990 and recent survey data from the Luxemburg Income Study (LIS). Selected variables have been harmonized to the extent possible such that levels and trends in poverty and other key sociodemographic attributes can be reasonably compared across and within countries over time. The GMD’s harmonized microdata are currently used in the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP), the World Bank’s Multidimensional Poverty Measure (WB MPM), the Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP), and Poverty and Shared Prosperity Reports. Additional information on the latest country data can be found in Castaneda et al., 2022. 2 prosperity is more challenging to monitor than global poverty. Whereas one household survey is needed to compute poverty, two comparable household surveys are needed to compute shared prosperity. Moreover, these surveys must be conducted around the same years to ensure that shared prosperity can be measured for roughly the same period in all economies. Although 169 countries have an international poverty estimate in the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP), significantly fewer have a shared prosperity estimate due to the stricter requirements referenced above. Economies are included in the GDSP if the following requirements have been met: • Two relevant household surveys have been conducted and have yielded comparable data. • Among comparable surveys, one must be conducted within two years of 2014, and the other within two years of 2019. • The period between the selected initial and end years should range between three and seven years. • In cases where multiple surveys can fulfill these criteria, the most recent survey years are typically chosen. Given the restrictions mentioned, GDSP coverage can vary between updates (see Table 1 below).4 Despite high coverage of the global population, underrepresentation of the poorest and most vulnerable populations continues to be a challenge for monitoring shared prosperity. In more developed economies, survey coverage has been relatively stable. However, in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), coverage has dropped by almost half, with only 5 of the 48 countries represented in the 10th edition of the GDSP, after reaching as many as 15 in the 7th edition. The decline in the number of countries with available data in SSA is due to the infrequent collections of household surveys in this region. However, part of the decline is based on a positive effort undertaken to improve the welfare measurement in ten countries in West Africa. The changes applied in 2018 improved the measurement of household welfare and the comparability across these countries but made the new estimates incomparable to previously available surveys. 4 The largest number of economies covered was in the fourth edition in 2017 (which was used in World Bank, 2020), with 93 economies. 3 Data collection is also a challenge in fragile and conflict-affected economies, where violence, instability, or poor infrastructure hinder the implementation of representative household surveys. As a result, shared prosperity data is available only for three of 39 fragile and conflict-affected economies, or around 5.4 percent of people living in such situations. Table 1. Country coverage across editions of the GDSP, by region Number of Economies Edition Release date Circa EAP ECA LAC MNA OHI SAR SSA Total 1 AM2014 2006-2011 3 23 14 4 0 6 15 65 2 AM2015 2007-2012 4 23 14 4 19 6 15 85 3 AM2016 2008-2013 7 24 16 2 20 4 9 82 4 AM2017 2009-2014 7 26 16 5 20 4 15 93 5 SM2018 2010-2015 6 27 16 4 20 3 12 88 6 AM2018 2010-2015 8 26 16 3 22 4 12 91 7 SM2020 2012-2017 7 24 14 4 23 4 15 91 8 SM2021 2013-2018 8 25 14 3 27 3 8 88 9 SM2022 2014-2019 8 26 14 2 23 2 5 80 10 AM2022 2014-2019 8 26 14 2 23 3 5 81 Source: World Bank compilation based on data of GDSP (Global Database of Shared Prosperity), World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022 http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity Note: AM=Annual meetings in October; SM=Spring meetings in April. EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; OHI=Other High- Income countries; SAR = South Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa. The 10th edition of the GDSP presents income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population in 81 economies circa 2014–19 (Table 2). It includes coverage of around 95 percent of populations residing in the Europe and Central Asia and East Asia and Pacific regions, and 86 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean. With India’s inclusion in the GDSP (the only new economy added in the 10th edition), the database now covers about 86 percent of South Asia’s population, or roughly 1.6 billion people. In the Middle East and North Africa, data is available for 46 percent of the population. In Sub-Saharan Africa, shared prosperity data only covers 11 percent of the entire region’s population. Overall, the GDSP now includes coverage for approximately 5.7 billion people, or 74 percent of the world’s population in 2019. However, for regions outside of Europe and Central Asia, the share 4 of countries with available shared prosperity indicators is low relative to the total number of countries in each region (Table 2). Table 2. Data coverage, Global Database of Shared Prosperity 10th edition, circa 2014–2019 Population, Millions Number of economies Country group Economies All Economies All Economies Economies with a poverty economies with a poverty economies with SP with SP rate rate East Asia & 2,103.8 2,051.40 2,017.0 26 16 8 Pacific Eastern Europe 495.0 494.8 443.4 31 26 25 and Central Asia Latin America and 642.2 597.9 550.3 31 19 14 the Caribbean Middle East and 394.4 382.7 183.3 14 8 2 North Africa South Asia 1,835.8 1,797.70 1,583.7 8 5 3 Sub-Saharan 1,107.0 1,102.10 122.3 48 44 5 Africa Rest of the world 1,105.3 1,037.80 799.9 60 28 24 Fragile and 908.7 831.9 58.8 39 26 3 conflict-affected IDA and blend 1,670.7 1,612.30 200.9 74 58 9 Low income 647.9 580.7 62.9 27 22 2 Lower middle 3,285.4 3,268.90 2,443.3 55 46 17 income Upper middle 2,510.8 2,477.10 2,260.9 55 38 24 income High income 1,210.8 1,137.80 932.8 80 40 38 Total 7,683.4 7,464.50 5,699.9 218 118 81 Sources: 10th edition of the GDSP Global Database of Shared Prosperity); World Development Indicators (WDI); http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi Note: Population data are from 2019. The list of IDA countries and economies in fragile and conflict-affected situations is from fiscal year (FY) 2022. Venezuela is not included in the breakdown by income group, because its income group classification for FY22 is pending. Number of economies with poverty rate counts economies that reported poverty estimates in 2012 or later. SP = shared prosperity indicator. Averages across economies are simple averages, not population weighted. 5 2.2. Key Results There was meaningful progress in shared prosperity for a majority of economies measured during the 2014–19 circa period. Overall, shared prosperity was positive for 65 of the 81 economies present in the 10th edition. Average shared prosperity, calculated as an unweighted average of annualized income growth rates of the bottom 40 across all countries, stands at 2.67 percent. Twenty-one countries achieved shared prosperity rates of 5.0 percent or more. At the regional level, the East Asia and Pacific and Europe and Central Asia regions recorded the highest shared prosperity, measuring 4.2 percent and 4.8 percent respectively, on average. Meanwhile, shared prosperity was negative in the two countries that represent the Middle East and North Africa, and in two of the five countries with data in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the performance was mixed, with six of the fourteen economies recording negative shared prosperity, and an average shared prosperity of 2.1 in the remaining eight countries. Due to the variation within survey periods, comparisons across regions should be made with caution. Figure 1 shows the wide range of periods represented for shared prosperity circa 2014– 19. For example, growth of the bottom 40 percent is measured from 2012-17 for Egypt and Kosovo, but 2016–20 for Mexico and Argentina. In addition, countries with 2020 data present shared prosperity indicators that incorporate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and corresponding policy response. The Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2022 (World Bank, 2022) contains a separate discussion of trends for 13 countries with data collected in 2020 to provide an estimate of the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on shared prosperity. 6 Figure 1. Periods of Measurement for Shared Prosperity, circa 2014-2019 Source: 10th edition of Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP). World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022. EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; OHI=Other High-Income countries; SAR = South Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity. As shown in Figure 1, shared prosperity spells in the SSA and SAR regions are the most dated, while those in Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the rest of the world are the most consistent and up to date. Economies in SSA have the most variation in the period over which shared prosperity is measured because of the varied and infrequent collection of household surveys. In recent years, the lack of comparable data is also the positive result of an effort to implement new household survey instruments and methods to improve poverty measurement, following current international best practices and improving comparability among West African countries. The first round of data was collected in 2018/19, and comparability will improve going forward as the program continues. Coverage and survey periods between the 9th and the 10th editions of the GDSP remain the same, except for India, which had no data available in the 9th edition (Table 3). With the inclusion of 7 India, the database now covers 3 out of 5 countries in South Asia, or about 88 percent of the region’s population. A full list of 81 countries with available Shared Prosperity data is available to visualize and download on the shared prosperity dashboard, along with historical data for previous editions. Users will also be able to visualize and explore the shared prosperity data and shared prosperity premium through an interactive dashboard (Figure 2). Table 3. Changing economy coverage in previous (9th) and current (10th) GDSP Editions Number of economies Total GDSP, 8th GDSP, 9th Countries in Countries with Countries with Region economies edition edition both 8th and updated SP, 9th updated SP, 9th edition edition 10th edition East Asia & 25 9 8 7 4 0 Pacific Eastern Europe 30 25 26 26 17 0 and Central Asia Latin America and 31 14 14 13 9 0 the Caribbean Middle East and 14 3 2 2 2 0 North Africa South Asia 8 3 2 2 0 1 Sub-Saharan 48 9 5 5 2 0 Africa Rest of the world 62 25 23 23 17 0 World 218 88 80 78 52 1 Source: Global Database of Shared Prosperity. Note: GDSP = Global Database of Shared Prosperity; SP = shared prosperity indicator. The number of economies is based on the set used to calculate global poverty in the 2019 lineup. 8 Figure 2. Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) Dashboard 3. Shared prosperity estimates in the Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report (PSPR) 2022 As mentioned above, the number of economies included in the GDSP depends on the availability of household surveys. Economies must have two comparable surveys conducted between circa 2014–19 to be included in the 10th edition of the GDSP. However, other reports and publications by the World Bank may use a different set of countries to estimate regional and global shared prosperity. The recent Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2022 (World Bank), supplements data from the 81 economies included in the 10th edition of GDSP with surveys from circa 2013– 18 in 10 economies to compensate for falling data coverage.5 With the addition of these 10 countries, regional and global estimates of shared prosperity change slightly, see Table 4. 5 The ten economies are: Burkina Faso; Democratic Republic of Congo; Ghana; Malaysia; Rwanda; Sri Lanka; West Bank and Gaza; Nicaragua; Tanzania; South Africa. 9 Table 4. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022, Data coverage summary, shared prosperity Population, Millions Number of economies Country group Economies All Economies All Economies Economies with a poverty economies with a poverty economies with SP with SP rate rate East Asia & Pacific 2,103.8 2,051.4 2,049.0 26 16 9 Eastern Europe and 495.0 494.8 432.6 31 26 25 Central Asia Latin America and 642.2 597.9 561.0 31 19 15 the Caribbean Middle East and 394.4 382.7 188.0 14 8 3 North Africa South Asia 1,835.8 1,797.7 1,605.5 8 5 4 Sub-Saharan Africa 1,107.0 1,102.1 187.8 48 44 9 Rest of the world 1,105.3 1,037.8 886.0 60 28 26 Fragile and 908.7 831.9 78.1 39 26 5 conflict-affected IDA and blend 1,670.7 1,612.3 482.9 74 58 14 Low income 647.9 580.7 83.3 27 22 4 Lower middle 3,285.4 3,268.9 2,514.8 55 46 21 income Upper middle 2,510.8 2,477.1 2,327.2 55 38 28 income High income 1,210.8 1,137.8 984.5 80 40 38 Total 7,683.4 7,464.5 5,909.9 218 118 91 Sources: 10th edition of the GDSP Global Database of Shared Prosperity); World Development Indicators (WDI); http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi 10 4. References Jolliffe, Dean Mitchell; Mahler, Daniel Gerszon; Lakner, Christoph; Atamanov, Aziz; Tetteh Baah, Samuel Kofi. 2022. Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty (English). Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9941. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/353811645450974574/Assessing-the-Impact- of-the-2017-PPPs-on-the-International-Poverty-Line-and-Global-Poverty Castaneda, R. Andres, Reno Dewina, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Tony Fujs, Dean Jolliffe, Christoph Lakner, Daniel G. Mahler, Minh C. Nguyen, Marta Schoch, Samuel K. Tetteh-Baah, Martha C. Viveros Mendoza, Haoyu Wu, Nishant Yonzan. 2022. "September 2022 Update to the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP): What's New," Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note Series, no. 24 (September), World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- reports/documentdetail/099700509122212929/idu05b43a261041c504a5f0bb3405d0ef310 b9e1 Yang, Judy; Nguyen, Minh Cong. 2021. March 2021 Update to the Global Database of Shared Prosperity: What’s New. Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note; No. 16. World Bank, Washington, DC https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35389 Sabatino, Carlos; Diaz-Bonilla, Carolina. 2022. April 2022 Update to the Global Database of Shared Prosperity: What’s New. Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note; No. 23. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37492 World Bank. 2018. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2018 World Bank. 2020. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34496 World Bank. 2022. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity 11 5. Annex The mean of the bottom 40 percent within each country refers to the average household per capita consumption or income among this segment of the population. The choice of income or consumption depends on the data available for each economy, and in most cases is consistent with the welfare aggregate used to measure poverty. For China, shared prosperity is estimated by the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) using grouped data. Because grouped data are provided separately for urban and rural populations, the national bottom 40 must be estimated. PIP uses a parametric Lorenz curve fitted on grouped data, an adjustment for differences in price levels between urban and rural areas, and urban-rural population shares from the WDI. Because shared prosperity is estimated using grouped data, it is approximate and may differ from using official microdata. For the countries that use EU-SILC data and household income per capita as the welfare aggregate (in Europe and Central Asia and Rest of the world), the estimates for shared prosperity include negative incomes. The global poverty measures reported in PIP exclude observations with negative income. The GDSP includes a range of indicators (see Table 4 below). For example, it includes the means of the bottom 40 percent in the two time periods, from which shared prosperity, the annualized growth rate of the bottom 40 percent of the population, can be calculated using the following formula: 1 402 2 − 1 ℎ (ℎ40) = ( ) 401 The annualized growth rates of the median and total population can be computed using similar formulas. 12 Table 4. Indicators in the GDSP Variable Definition sequence Sequence of the data release round Release round of the data (For example, SM2021 refers to the 2021 Spring Meetings). circayear Each round of the GDSP has a benchmark or circa period, but often the survey years do not match this benchmark period exactly. region Region code WB three-digit country code countryname Country name period Shared Prosperity period welftype Welfare type (household income or consumption) growthb40 Shared Prosperity: Annualized growth in mean consumption or income per capita of bottom 40 percent population growthm50 Annualized growth in median consumption or income per capita of all population growthtotal Annualized growth in mean consumption or income per capita of all population meanb401 Mean consumption or income per capita of bottom 40 percent population for initial year ($ a day/PPP) median1 Median consumption or income per capita of all population for initial year ($ a day/PPP) meantotal1 Mean consumption or income per capita of all population for baseline year ($ a day/PPP) meanb402 Mean consumption or income per capita of bottom 40 percent population for most recent year ($ a day/PPP) median2 Median consumption or income per capita of all population for most recent year ($ a day/PPP) meantotal2 Mean consumption or income per capita of all population for most recent year ($ a day/PPP) surveyt1 Survey year (initial year) surveyt2 Survey year (most recent year) 13 Table 5. Historical Shared Prosperity Spells, All Editions of the GDSP Region Economy Code Edition #2 Edition #3 Edition #4 Edition #5 Edition #6 Edition #7 Edition #8 Edition #9 Edition #10 East Asia and Pacific China CHN 2005-2010 2005-2010 2008-2012 2008-2012 2008-2012 2013-2015 2013-2016 2013-2016 2014-2019 East Asia and Pacific Fiji FJI 2008-2013 2008-2013 2008-2013 East Asia and Pacific Indonesia IDN 2011-2014 2011-2014 2011-2014 2011-2014 2015-2017 2014-2018 2015-2019 2015-2019 East Asia and Pacific Lao People's Democratic Republic LAO 2007-2012 2007-2012 2007-2012 2007-2012 2012-2018 2012-2018 East Asia and Pacific Malaysia MYS 2011-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 East Asia and Pacific Mongolia MNG 2010-2014 2010-2014 2011-2016 2010-2016 2011-2018 2011-2018 2014-2018 East Asia and Pacific Myanmar MMR 2015-2017 East Asia and Pacific Philippines PHL 2006-2012 2006-2012 2006-2012 2009-2015 2009-2015 2009-2015 2012-2015 2015-2018 2015-2018 East Asia and Pacific Taiwan, China TWN 2013-2016 East Asia and Pacific Thailand THA 2006-2010 2008-2012 2008-2013 2009-2013 2009-2013 2010-2015 2014-2018 2015-2019 2014-2019 East Asia and Pacific Vietnam VNM 2004-2010 2004-2010 2010-2014 2010-2014 2010-2014 2010-2016 2012-2018 2014-2018 2014-2018 Europe and Central Asia Albania ALB 2008-2012 2008-2012 2008-2012 2008-2012 2008-2012 2014-2017 2014-2017 2014-2017 Europe and Central Asia Armenia ARM 2006-2011 2008-2013 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2013-2018 2013-2018 Europe and Central Asia Belarus BLR 2006-2011 2006-2011 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria BGR 2007-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2015-2018 2015-2019 Europe and Central Asia Croatia HRV 2004-2010 2009-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Czech Republic CZE 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Estonia EST 2005-2010 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Georgia GEO 2007-2012 2008-2013 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Europe and Central Asia Greece GRC 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Hungary HUN 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Kazakhstan KAZ 2006-2010 2009-2013 2008-2013 2010-2015 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2013-2018 Europe and Central Asia Kosovo XKX 2012-2015 2012-2015 2012-2015 2012-2017 2012-2017 2012-2017 Europe and Central Asia Kyrgyz Republic KGZ 2006-2011 2008-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Europe and Central Asia Latvia LVA 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Lithuania LTU 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Moldova MDA 2006-2011 2008-2013 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Montenegro MNE 2006-2011 2008-2013 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2012-2015 2012-2016 2013-2018 Europe and Central Asia North Macedonia MKD 2009-2013 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2012-2017 2013-2018 2013-2018 Europe and Central Asia Poland POL 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2013-2018 Europe and Central Asia Romania ROU 2006-2011 2008-2013 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation RUS 2004-2009 2007-2012 2007-2012 2010-2015 2010-2015 2010-2015 2013-2018 2013-2018 2015-2020 Europe and Central Asia Serbia SRB 2007-2010 2007-2010 2008-2013 2012-2014 2012-2015 2012-2015 2013-2017 2013-2017 2013-2017 Europe and Central Asia Slovak Republic SVK 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Slovenia SVN 2006-2011 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Tajikistan TJK 2004-2009 2009-2015 2009-2015 2009-2015 Europe and Central Asia Turkey TUR 2006-2011 2007-2012 2008-2013 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Europe and Central Asia Ukraine UKR 2005-2010 2008-2013 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina ARG 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2016-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Bolivia BOL 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Brazil BRA 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Latin America and the Caribbean Chile CHL 2006-2011 2006-2011 2009-2013 2009-2015 2009-2015 2009-2015 2013-2017 2013-2017 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Colombia COL 2008-2011 2008-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Costa Rica CRI 2004-2009 2010-2013 2010-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Dominican Republic DOM 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2013 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2011-2016 2011-2016 Latin America and the Caribbean Ecuador ECU 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean El Salvador SLV 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 14 Latin America and the Caribbean Honduras HND 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Latin America and the Caribbean Mexico MEX 2006-2010 2008-2012 2010-2014 2010-2014 2010-2014 2010-2014 2016-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Nicaragua NIC 2005-2009 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 Latin America and the Caribbean Panama PAN 2008-2011 2008-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Latin America and the Caribbean Paraguay PRY 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Peru PER 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2015-2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Uruguay URY 2006-2011 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 2014-2019 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Republic of EGY 2010-2012 2010-2012 2010-2012 2012-2017 2012-2017 2012-2017 Middle East and North Africa Iran, Islamic Republic of IRN 2009-2013 2009-2013 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2014-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Middle East and North Africa Iraq IRQ 2006-2012 2006-2012 2006-2012 2006-2012 Middle East and North Africa Jordan JOR 2006-2010 2006-2010 2008-2010 2008-2010 Middle East and North Africa Tunisia TUN 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010-2015 Middle East and North Africa West Bank and Gaza PSE 2004-2009 2009-2011 2009-2011 2011-2016 2011-2016 2011-2016 Rest of the World Australia AUS 2003-2010 2014-2018 Rest of the World Austria AUT 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Belgium BEL 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Canada CAN 2004-2010 2010-2013 2012-2017 2012-2017 Rest of the World Cyprus CYP 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Denmark DNK 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Finland FIN 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World France FRA 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2013-2018 Rest of the World Germany DEU 2006-2011 2006-2011 2007-2011 2007-2011 2010-2015 2011-2016 2011-2016 2013-2018 Rest of the World Iceland ISL 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 2010-2015 2012-2017 2012-2017 Rest of the World Ireland IRL 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2010-2015 2011-2016 2012-2017 2013-2018 Rest of the World Israel ISR 2005-2010 2010-2016 2012-2016 2013-2018 Rest of the World Italy ITA 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2010-2015 2012-2017 2012-2017 2013-2018 Rest of the World Korea, Rep. KOR 2012-2016 Rest of the World Luxembourg LUX 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2009-2014 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Malta MLT 2009-2014 2009-2014 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Netherlands NLD 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Norway NOR 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Portugal PRT 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Spain ESP 2007-2012 2007-2012 2008-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Sweden SWE 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2014-2019 Rest of the World Switzerland CHE 2007-2012 2007-2012 2008-2013 2009-2014 2010-2015 2012-2017 2013-2018 2013-2018 Rest of the World United Arab Emirates ARE 2013-2018 2013-2018 Rest of the World United Kingdom GBR 2007-2012 2007-2012 2009-2014 2010-2015 2010-2015 2011-2016 2012-2017 2012-2017 Rest of the World United States USA 2007-2013 2007-2013 2007-2013 2010-2016 2010-2016 2010-2016 2013-2018 2014-2019 South Asia Bangladesh BGD 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010-2016 2010-2016 2010-2016 2010-2016 South Asia Bhutan BTN 2007-2012 2007-2012 2007-2012 2007-2012 2012-2017 2012-2017 2012-2017 2012-2017 South Asia India IND 2004-2011 2004-2011 2004-2011 2015 -2019 South Asia Nepal NPL 2003-2010 2003-2010 South Asia Pakistan PAK 2005-2010 2004-2010 2007-2013 2007-2013 2007-2013 2010-2015 2010-2015 2013-2018 2013-2018 South Asia Sri Lanka LKA 2006-2009 2006-2012 2006-2012 2009-2012 2012-2016 2012-2016 2012-2016 2012-2016 Sub-Saharan Africa Benin BEN 2011-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana BWA 2002-2009 2009-2015 15 Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso BFA 2009-2014 2009-2014 2009-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Cameroon CMR 2007-2014 2007-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Congo, Democratic Republic of COD 2004-2012 2004-2012 Sub-Saharan Africa Congo, Republic of COG 2005-2011 2005-2011 2005-2011 Sub-Saharan Africa Cote d'Ivoire CIV 2008-2015 2008-2015 2008-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Eswatini SWZ 2009-2016 Sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia ETH 2004-2010 2004-2010 2010-2015 2010-2015 2010-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Gambia GMB 2010-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana GHA 2012-2016 2012-2016 Sub-Saharan Africa Guinea GIN 2007-2012 Sub-Saharan Africa Madagascar MDG 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010-2012 2010-2012 Sub-Saharan Africa Malawi MWI 2004-2010 2004-2010 2010-2016 2010-2016 2016-2019 Sub-Saharan Africa Mali MLI 2006-2009 2006-2009 Sub-Saharan Africa Mauritania MRT 2008-2014 2008-2014 2008-2014 2008-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Mauritius MUS 2006-2012 2006-2012 2006-2012 2006-2012 2012-2017 2012-2017 2012-2017 Sub-Saharan Africa Mozambique MOZ 2002-2008 2008-2014 2008-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Namibia NAM 2003-2009 2009-2015 2009-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Niger NER 2007-2014 2011-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria NGA 2003-2009 2003-2009 Sub-Saharan Africa Rwanda RWA 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010-2013 2010-2013 2010-2013 2010-2013 2013-2016 2013-2016 Sub-Saharan Africa Senegal SEN 2005-2011 2005-2011 2005-2011 Sub-Saharan Africa Seychelles SYC 2013-2018 2013-2018 Sub-Saharan Africa Sierra Leone SLE 2011-2018 2011-2018 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa ZAF 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010-2014 2010-2014 2010-2014 Sub-Saharan Africa Tanzania TZA 2007-2011 2007-2011 2007-2011 2007-2011 2012-2018 2012-2018 2012-2018 Sub-Saharan Africa Togo TGO 2006-2011 2006-2011 2011-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 2011-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda UGA 2005-2012 2009-2012 2009-2012 2009-2012 2009-2012 2012-2016 2012-2016 2012-2016 2016-2019 Sub-Saharan Africa Zambia ZMB 2010-2015 2010-2015 2010-2015 2010-2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Zimbabwe ZWE 2011-2017 2011-2017 16