2021/116 Supported by K NKONW A A WELDEGDEG E OL N ONTOET E S ESREI R E ISE S F OFRO R P R&A C T HTEH E NEENREGRYG Y ETX ITCREA C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E THE BOTTOM LINE Stationary Energy Storage to Transform Power Systems Versatility, ease of deployment, modular design, and falling costs in Developing Countries make stationary energy storage systems appealing for integrating renewable electricity into grids. Why do the World Bank’s clients need energy storage? and regulatory frameworks make it impossible to integrate more VRE capacity and take full advantage of its falling costs. Their most common uses are in Greater use of renewable energy is key to increasing But under the right enabling conditions, energy storage can hybrid power plants at utility scale; access to electricity in developing countries—and strengthen power systems by making them more flexible. And as a replacement for diesel-fueled backup generators; as a source of energy storage is key to raising the share of flexible power systems can accommodate larger shares of renew- renewables in power systems able energy. ancillary services for main grids; For stable operation, power systems must be flexible enough and as a component in mini- and Energy storage is essential to integrating variable renewable energy to match electricity supply and demand at all times. Conventional off-grid systems deployed to expand (VRE)—such as wind and solar photovoltaics—into power systems power systems are designed and operated to accommodate daily access to electricity. But challenges (de Sisternes, Jenkins, and Botterud 2016), especially in areas where and seasonal changes in demand. However, adding wind and solar remain to scale up energy storage grids are weak, electricity supply is unreliable or intermittent, and power to the generation mix increases the complexity of operating sustainably in developing countries. other sources of power system flexibility are unavailable. Storage has the system because wind and sun are variable resources: they The World Bank’s new Energy also transformed international efforts to achieve universal access to impose variability in supply. The output of a solar photovoltaic (PV) Storage Partnership is addressing electricity in an environmentally responsible way. The result? Half a plant can change in seconds as a cloud passes by; that of a wind those challenges. billion people living in remote and rural locations have gained access plant can vary instantaneously and from season to season. Solar and to electricity (ESMAP 2019). Energy storage can also make grids more wind energy and distributed PV also bring additional variability in Chandrasekar Govindarajalu is a lead resilient as disasters and extreme climate events intensify. In this demand, requiring even more flexibility. energy specialist in the context, accelerating the development and deployment of reliable, There are many ways to increase system flexibility on both sides Energy Sector Management safe, and affordable energy storage can be a game changer for the of the equation. These include improvements in system operation, Assistance Program power sector in developing countries. curtailment of renewable generation, flexible conventional gener- (ESMAP) of the Energy and Extractives One-quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions are asso- ation, demand response, grid modernization, and expanded trans- Global Practice at the World Bank. ciated with the generation of electricity and heat. The clean energy mission networks (including cross-border interconnections), all of Fernando De Sisternes transition that is needed to minimize climate change and its effects which have long been part of the repertoire of sophisticated system is a senior energy is well underway in the power sector, where renewables are rapidly operators. To this toolbox, energy storage has now been added. In specialist with ESMAP. displacing fossil fuels—particularly in the industrialized world. The fact, for smaller developing countries and those with weak power pace of transformation is much slower in the least-developed coun- systems, energy storage (particularly batteries1) offer an opportunity Sandra Chavez is tries, where inadequacies in grid infrastructure, limited power system to bypass other flexibility options that may be too difficult or too director of partnerships flexibility, low technical capacity, and the lack of sound institutional at Powerhouse and a 1 This Live Wire is focused on stationary energy storage. It does not cover mobile energy renewable energy storage, such as the batteries used in electric vehicles. consultant with ESMAP . 2 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es costly to deploy. Building new transmission capacity, for example, frequency response and power reserves. It can also help manage could take decades. Access to flexible generation, such as hydro- network congestion by shifting the time at which load and black-start power or natural gas, may not exist. Demand-side management capabilities are activated. may be difficult to implement. Storage offers a partial solution, as Energy storage technologies can be selected and adapted to we shall see. meet operational requirements, including discharge hours, discharge Accelerating the Stable grid operation also requires “firm resources”—that is, current, depth of discharge, number of daily cycles, number of days development and generation resources sufficient to guarantee that demand can be of operation per year, and so on. The selection and adaptation will met at all times. Historically, those resources are provided by a com- be determined by the specific technical needs of a power system, its deployment of reliable, bination of backup generators or, where available, easily regulated institutional setup, and its policy, market, and regulatory framework. safe, and affordable energy hydropower plants. But in recent years the pool of firm resources Some common applications of various energy storage technologies storage can be a game has expanded: Geothermal energy, bioenergy, and renewables are illustrated in figure 1. Some require short periods of storage changer for the power in combination with long-lived forms of storage (such as hydro and discharge, varying from milliseconds to days, while others reservoirs and green hydrogen storage) are examples of low-carbon require longer periods. For a given application, storage size (MW) sector in developing firm resources that can be operated as a flexible base resource and and discharge time must obviously be compatible with the storage countries. Energy storage capacity required (MWh). provide a steady supply of reliable, sustainable, and adjustable power can make power systems output through the year. Globally, total storage capacity stood at just under 200 GWh in more flexible. And flexible But our focus here is the rapidly evolving field of energy storage. 2019 (IEA 2020a). The major types of storage are mechanical (chiefly pumped hydro), electrochemical (batteries), and thermal. power systems can Pumped hydro, wherein water is pumped and stored upstream accommodate larger What are the key characteristics of energy of a hydroelectric generator for release when needed, accounted for shares of renewable storage systems? 91 percent of global installed capacity in 2019. Batteries accounted energy. Storage systems vary in their power capacities, the for 5 percent and thermal technologies for 3 percent. Several other technologies—notably hydrogen, compressed air, and gravitational— duration of storage, and where they can be installed are on the rise but for the time being remain at a much smaller scale. Energy storage systems are available in power capacities ranging Pumped hydro has been used in electrical grids for decades. In from kilowatts to gigawatts, with storage durations ranging from 2019, it accounted for between 153 and 158 GW of the 183 GW of seconds to weeks or longer. Some systems are versatile in terms installed storage capacity (REN21 2020; IEA 2020a). Of course, this of where they can be installed: at the end user’s site (“behind the technology is useful only in locations where hydro resources are meter”), at various points in a transmission and distribution grid, or at available—both presently and in the future, as climate change exerts the renewable energy generation site. Mini-grid systems can include its effects. battery storage to help ensure high-quality, reliable electricity and Thermal storage is most efficient—and holds the greatest minimize the use of diesel generators. promise for reducing emissions—in situations where the end use Some 1.5 billion of the world’s people live day-to-day with is thermal energy, as for heating or cooling buildings, or when the faulty electricity grids, experiencing blackouts for hundreds and energy supply is a thermal source. The potential for thermal storage sometimes thousands of hours a year (IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World to curtail the use of fossil fuels is vast, particularly in Europe and Bank, WHO 2020). Energy storage deployed at the grid level can help Central Asia. Currently, it is most widely deployed in utility-scale remedy this problem by providing ancillary services such as fast concentrating solar power plants, but it could also be used in smaller 3 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es Figure 1. Energy storage technologies and applications Technologies Applications Thermal storage Hydrogen Seasonal Days Backup power/ balancing Electrochemical batteries micro-grid High-energy Pumped hydro are the fastest-growing supercapacitors islanding Black start Long CAES form of energy storage Hours T & D deferral Generation time shift duration Discharge time today. The market for flywheels Load following Batteries stationary electrochemical Other reserve services Minutes batteries is still a very High-power small part of the global flywheels Seconds Frequency support primary reserve battery market, which is High-power dominated by batteries supercapacitors SMES Voltage control for electric vehicles, Milliseconds 10 kW 1 MW 1 GW 10 kW 1 MW 1 GW consumer electronics, Storage size Storage size and appliances. But Source: Original compilation by World Bank Energy Storage Partnership. stationary batteries have a Note: CAES = compressed air energy storage; SMES = superconducting magnetic energy system. particularly significant role in integrating VRE into grids and thereby accelerating distributed systems to power factories, hospitals, and other facilities. What are the opportunities and challenges of battery Electro-thermal energy storage is also being explored to provide decarbonization in storage in developing countries? long-duration storage in locations with low-cost variable renewables. developing countries. Electrochemical batteries are the fastest-growing form of energy Battery storage systems are an appealing solution Battery-based solutions are storage today. The market for stationary electrochemical batteries for developing countries because of their versatility, modular, easy to deploy, is still a very small part of the global battery market, which is wide range of durations, modular design, and falling dominated by batteries for electric vehicles, consumer electronics, quick to respond, and costs—but challenges remain and appliances. But stationary batteries have a particularly signif- falling in cost. icant role in integrating VRE into grids and thereby accelerating The costs of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, in particular, are plummet- decarbonization in developing countries. Battery-based solutions are ing. Since 2010, the cost of a Li-ion battery pack fell by 87 percent modular, easy to deploy, quick to respond, and falling in cost. Under to $156/kWh. The cost is expected to fall to close to $100/kWh by the Sustainable Development Scenario in IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2024 (BNEF 2019). Drivers for the decline include economies of 2020, battery storage capacity could reach 550 GW by 2040, up from scale (larger order sizes), growth in electric vehicle sales, technology 6 GW in 2019 (IEA 2020b). improvements, new pack designs, and falling manufacturing costs. Stationary electrochemical batteries will be the focus of the rest Other electrochemical storage technologies not based on Li-ion of this brief. chemistry could bring distinct benefits; these, too, are falling in cost. They include flow batteries (long duration), compressed air 4 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es Figure 2. Projected reductions in installed costs of battery storage systems, 2018–25 1,000 2018 total project cost ($/kWh) 900 2025 total project cost ($/kWh) Under the Sustainable 800 700 Development Scenario in 600 $/kWh IEA’s World Energy Outlook 500 2020, battery storage 400 capacity could reach 550 300 GW by 2040, up from 6 GW 200 in 2019. 100 0 Li-Ion Lead acid Zinc-hybrid Redox flow Sodium sulfur Sodium metal cathode halide Source: Authors, based on PNNL 2019 data (https://energystorage.pnnl.gov/pdf/PNNL-28866.pdf). energy storage (long duration), and flywheels (fast response). The Republic to develop solar-plus-storage hybrid projects with a view to International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA 2019) estimates that eventually building utility-scale plants. Nigeria issued a tender for a by 2030 the total installed cost of flow batteries (still very much in 15 MW solar project with a 5 MW battery storage system consisting development) could drop by two-thirds; high-temperature batteries of a battery pack, inverter, switch gear, energy management system, by 56–60 percent; flywheels by 35 percent; and compressed air and software (Bellini 2019). In India, the World Bank is supporting an energy storage by 17 percent (figure 2). Such cost declines, if real- innovative wind-solar hybrid system with battery storage to address ized, combined with expected performance improvements, would grid-management challenges posed by higher shares of VRE. make these new battery storage systems cost-competitive for more Behind-the-meter systems are also benefiting from cost reduc- applications, particularly ones involving longer discharge periods. Of tions and have become cost-competitive with diesel generators. course, cost per kWh is not the only factor in the economic eval- A BNEF study found that hybrids combining solar, batteries, and a uation of a given technology in a given place. Other parameters— genset can replace diesel generators with a savings of 28–36 percent roundtrip efficiency, minimum state of charge, and asset life—can (per kWh)—a boon for countries where grid failures are frequent and have an impact on the total system cost and on the value the storage prolonged (Faraday Institution 2019). The same study estimated that technology can bring to the power system. A detailed discussion of the global installed capacity of forms of stationary energy storage how these technical parameters can affect the economic evaluation other than pumped hydro was 9 GW/17 GWh in 2018. By 2040, that of energy storage can be found in World Bank (2020). figure is expected to reach 1,095 GW/2,850 GWh (BNEF 2019).2 In the wake of cost reductions, projects combining solar generation with storage are spreading quickly all over the globe. In 2 In the same year (2018), the World Bank found roughly 4.5 GWh of cumulative installed Africa, the World Bank is helping The Gambia and the Central African battery capacity, mainly in mini-grids and island applications. 5 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es But after almost a decade of growth, annual installations of new Figure 3. Combined utility-scale and behind-the-meter energy storage actually fell in 2019. Utility-scale storage installations deployment of stationary batteries in selected countries, 2013–18 dropped 20 percent, while behind-the-meter storage held steady, adding 1.8 GW as in 2018. The dip indicates that storage remains GW in the early stages of deployment and is still heavily dependent on 3.5 Korea In the developing world, policy support (IEA 2020). China the most common current Globally, the largest battery storage deployments are in the 3.0 Republic of Korea, the United States, Europe, and China (figure 3), United States uses for stationary Germany chiefly to provide fast-response ancillary services. Although the battery storage are as 2.5 battery storage market is still nascent in developing countries and Other a component of hybrid limited largely to pilot projects in middle-income countries (including China, India, and South Africa), the market is poised to grow substan- 2.0 power plants powered tially as more VRE is added to power systems. by VRE; as a replacement In the developing world, the most common current uses for 1.5 for diesel-fueled backup stationary battery storage are as a component of hybrid power generators; as a provider plants powered by VRE; as a replacement for diesel-fueled backup 1.0 of ancillary services to generators; as a provider of ancillary services to support main grids; and as a component in mini-grids deployed to expand access to 0.5 support main grids; and as electricity. a component in mini-grids • Renewables-fueled power plants coupled with storage can offer 0 deployed to expand access a clean, affordable, and sustainable alternative to fossil-based 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 to electricity. generation. Solar-plus-storage hybrid plants can be cost competi- tive with newly built gas plants in nonbaseload applications. Source: IEA 2020a. • For energy consumers large and small, batteries are a quickly deployable and affordable alternative to diesel generators to provide backup power in the event of grid failures or interrup- tions in VRE supply. Yet the challenges of scaling up battery storage in developing • For grid operators, battery storage solutions can serve as grid countries are not insignificant. Among them are poor regulatory, assets, providing services such as frequency control, voltage legal, and policy environments, which discourage investment; the control, and black-start capability—all of which improve grid difficulty of valuing the benefits that storage can bring to the power reliability, stability, and power quality. They are also a competitive system; and the paucity of readily available commercial solutions way to meet peak demand. As the penetration of VRE increases, suited to developing country contexts (de Sisternes et al. 2019). long-duration storage—such as flow batteries—will be needed to The regulatory, legal, and policy environment is critical. Energy guarantee that power is available at all times. storage systems are capital intensive and require a regulatory • In areas where mini-grids and off-grid systems are deployed to framework that guarantees cost-recovery. Most new projects are provide access to electricity, batteries can be added to ensure developed in well-functioning ancillary services markets, where it that power is always available. Batteries build redundancy in the is possible to stack revenue from different energy services. With power system, reducing the risks of interruptions in the supply the right regulatory framework and enabling environment in place, of electricity. They also diversify the energy mix away from fossil energy storage projects can be successfully remunerated under any fuels, protecting against disruptions in the fuel-supply chain. power sector market structure—vertically integrated, single-buyer, 6 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es or fully liberalized. Even so, energy storage poses an enormous 10 percent. India’s Central Electricity Authority suggests an optimal challenge even for the most progressive regulators, as projects can system uptake of 34 GW/136 GWh of battery storage through 2030 offer a variety of services and constitute distinct grid elements in (Government of India 2019). This recommendation underestimates their own right. This, in combination with issues of asset classification the value of storage, since it does not take into account the role and licensing, explains why the regulatory framework for battery of batteries in allowing transmission upgrades to be deferred. The Advanced modeling tools projects remains underdeveloped in most developing countries. Central Electricity Authority assumes that India will reach targets for are needed to accurately Another challenge is to design contracts compatible with environ- 300 GW of solar power and 140 GW of wind power by 2030, driving mental and operational needs. Provisions must address ownership further investment in storage. assess the value of energy and operation, risk allocation, performance guarantees, standards for To sustainably scale up battery storage in developing countries, storage at the project safe operation, and sustainable end-of-life management. the following attributes need to be prioritized in commercial solu- and system levels and to Another obstacle to the large-scale uptake of batteries is the tions: duration, robustness, operability, safety, recyclability, and low compare flexibility options difficulty of valuing the benefits they bring to the power system. toxicity. For example, batteries used to firm up renewable power Although batteries provide a range of services, their value cannot be to meet peak demand will need to exhibit output of long-duration; for the power system. The captured easily, owing to limited data and the complexity of evalu- batteries deployed in high-temperature environments will need to be World Bank has developed ation, which often requires detailed modeling. Advanced modeling safe, stable, and robust under demanding conditions; and batteries guidelines for conducting tools are needed to accurately assess the value of energy storage deployed in low-capacity environments will need to demonstrate economic analysis of at the project and system levels and to compare flexibility options steady operability and require maintenance only at long intervals. for the power system. The World Bank has developed guidelines for Long-duration storage, in particular, will become increasingly battery storage systems as conducting economic analysis of battery storage systems as a step used over time as applications aimed at fully replacing fossil a step in project appraisal in project appraisal (World Bank 2020). fuel–based generation become economically attractive. Examples of Planning is crucial for the growth of energy storage. Because such applications in developing country contexts include backup for battery storage is a new addition to power systems (and because critical infrastructure such as healthcare facilities and data centers, of the daunting technical challenge of linking flexibility needs with which currently rely on diesel backup. investment decisions in planning models) many grid planners and Zinc-based, flow, and high-temperature battery technologies are operators still do not give adequate weight to storage in their planning emerging as candidates for a larger share of the future market. These and investment operations. Some system planners, however, are technologies can provide long-duration storage at relatively low cost. slowly incorporating battery storage in planning studies, with the The trade-offs are their limited track record and production capacity, long-term objective of integrating more VRE and reducing emissions. both of which are much less than that of Li-ion batteries. The relative India is one example. In a recent internal analysis commissioned performance attributes of the three technologies are summarized in by the World Bank, ICF Consulting used an integrated planning model figure 4. to assess the potential implications of introducing battery storage • In zinc batteries, zinc-based anodes are coupled with low-cost in the country’s electricity market (World Bank 2018). The finding is cathodes (such as air) to create an inexpensive battery. Future significant: Although battery storage reduces the cost of producing zinc-batteries could use solid-state electrolytes. and delivering electricity by just 1 percent, it substantially changes • Flow batteries use externally stored fluids to generate energy as the composition of generation capacity. Adding storage could make they flow past each other. Some can compete and win against it possible to add 240 GW of new renewable energy capacity by 2041. Li-ion batteries in use cases where long duration is essential. Storage enables renewables to displace 130 GW of new coal-pow- • Liquid-metal high-temperature batteries could provide low-cost, ered capacity, thereby reducing national CO2 emissions by 16 percent long-duration grid balancing based on their safety, long life, and (before carbon pricing) and local air pollutants by more than suitability for active cycling, similar to traditional generators. 7 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es Figure 4. Attributes of zinc, flow, and high-temperature batteries Zinc Flow High temperature Safety Safety Safety In 2018, the World Bank launched Accelerating Battery Storage for Cycle life Cost Cycle life Cost Cycle life Cost Development, an investment program that will mobilize $5 billion in financing to support Specific energy Energy density Specific energy Energy density Specific energy Energy density developing countries seeking to deploy batteries Current Future at scale while creating Source: Tyson and Bloch 2019. enabling conditions for private sector investment in energy storage. How is the World Bank helping to scale up energy role of locally produced renewable electricity. In both projects, the storage in developing countries? proposed financial structure combines a mix of concessional loans to support grid upgrades and reinforcements, financial guarantees to The Bank’s Energy Storage Partnership seeks reduce off-taker risk and protect investors against country-specific to remove obstacles to energy storage in the risks, and grants for technical assistance. The concessionality of the developing world loans is essential to leverage commercial capital for innovative bat- tery solutions in situations where the resulting electricity price could In 2018, the World Bank launched Accelerating Battery Storage for be prohibitive if the underlying finance came at commercial rates. Development, an investment program that will mobilize $5 billion in These World Bank investments in battery storage will enable financing to support developing countries seeking to deploy bat- quick harvesting and dissemination of project lessons related to teries at scale while creating enabling conditions for private sector investment in energy storage. The program aims to finance 17.5 GWh technological innovation. Quick lessons are essential, given the need of storage to catalyze 200–400 GWh of additional generation in to ensure the sustainable scale-up of battery storage projects. To developing countries by 2025. It has already mobilized $400 million comply with this important requirement, the Bank has convened through the Climate Investment Fund’s Clean Technology Fund and research labs, academic organizations, private sector companies, other sources of concessional climate finance. and industry associations around a set of goals and deliverables for Since its launch, the program has provided support for utili- a global initiative known as the Energy Storage Partnership. ty-scale, renewables-based mini-grid projects in island locations such Through the Partnership, the Bank is working with 36 organiza- as Zanzibar and the Maldives, where storage will enhance system tions to develop and adapt storage solutions tailored to the needs resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and increasing the of developing countries. The goal is to redirect some of the ongoing 8 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es global research and development in storage to address deployment Flexible sector coupling. Storage facilities consist almost challenges in growing developing-country markets (de Sisternes et al. entirely of capital expenditure, in contrast to some thermal gen- 2019). The partnership’s work is characterized by its technology neu- eration technologies, where operating expenses dominate the trality vis-à-vis storage solutions (including innovative technologies), investment equation. Maximizing the use of these assets is therefore provided those solutions meet the duty cycles for typical applications critical to ensure bankability. Flexible sector coupling offers the possi- Partnering with the Global in developing countries and comply with the Bank’s environmental bility of using storage simultaneously in multiple sectors, thereby Women’s Network for and social guidelines and standards. increasing utilization. The working group is exploring opportunities in The Energy Storage Partnership is organized into seven working developing countries, identifying use cases and devising strategies the Energy Transition, the groups addressing the barriers that limit the scale-up of energy around them. Energy Storage Partnership storage in developing countries. Each working group is described Decentralized energy storage solutions. Selecting the has launched a first-of-its- briefly below. optimal storage technology and system size for mini-grid projects is kind mentoring program Power systems. This group has produced updated guidelines not a simple matter. The working group is developing an open-source for safe storage in power systems, reflecting conditions found in model to support these decisions and to take stock of the current to empower women from developing countries. It has recently offered guidance and good prac- market for mini-grids in developing countries. The World Bank’s developing countries in the tices for tailoring warranties for power system applications (notably Energy Sector Management Assistance Program has developed energy storage sector. battery energy storage systems) in developing countries, with an an online tool (https://storagesizing.energydata.info) to support emphasis on flexibility of operation, clarity and ease of implemen- the sizing of solar-plus-storage hybrid plants to meet a predefined tation of warranties, and correct operation and maintenance of the demand profile. storage system to keep the warranty valid (ESMAP 2020a). Enabling policies and procurement frameworks. Most Testbeds and testing protocols. How storage technologies developing countries still lack polices, regulations, and procurement behave under the challenging conditions of some developing frameworks to support the adequate remuneration of energy storage countries is not well understood, and local capacity to design and investments. The working group has identified policy and regulatory operate storage projects is typically lacking. By deploying testbeds practices to ensure successful storage projects, including stan- to monitor battery performance, host countries with difficult climatic dardized power purchase agreements and service agreements to conditions can contribute to global knowledge while also developing foster technology neutrality and project sustainability. A new report local capacity to design and operate storage projects. India, Morocco, from the Partnership provides guidance on determining the value of and South Africa are exploring opportunities for hosting testbeds. storage solutions from a system perspective and on policy, market Mentoring and capacity building. The Energy Storage and regulatory considerations to facilitate storage deployment, Partnership strives to harness talent to accelerate the deployment particularly in countries that still lack regulatory frameworks capable of energy storage in developing countries. Women have tradi- of unlocking the benefits of energy storage (ESMAP 2020b). tionally been underrepresented in the energy sector, accounting Recycling systems and standards. Recycling procedures and for only 32 percent of the renewable energy workforce (IRENA standards for battery technologies must be developed to ensure the 2019). Partnering with the Global Women’s Network for the Energy sustainability of battery projects in developing countries. The working Transition, the Partnership has launched a first-of-its-kind mentoring group has identified best practices for recycling major battery types program to empower women from developing countries in the and for extracting rare metals (ESMAP 2020c). energy storage sector.3 The program combines a training program with networking in Partnership events, webinars, and study tours. • • • 3 https://www.globalwomennet.org/announcing-the-participants-of-the-women-in-ener- gy-storage-mentoring-programme/. 9 S t a t i o n a r y E n e r g y S t o r a g e t o T r a n s f o r m P o we r S y ste m s i n D eve l o p i n g C o u n t r i es MAKE FURTHER As a last word, energy storage has a particularly important role ———. 2020b. “Deploying storage for power systems in developing CONNECTIONS in fighting the COVID-19 crisis, providing clean solutions to power countries: Policy and regulatory considerations. World Bank, healthcare facilities and the cold chain needed for the distribution of Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34400 Live Wire 2014/17. “Incorporating Energy from Renewable Resources into Power vaccines. The World Bank helped to develop the HOMER Powering ———. 2020c. Reuse and recycling: Environmental sustainability System Planning,” by Marcellino Madrigal Health Tool, which simplifies the process of sizing hybrid renewable of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems.” World Bank, and Rhonda Lenai Jordan. generation systems to meet the firm power needs of hospitals and Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34446 Live Wire 2014/26. “Doubling the Share of clinics. The tool calculates least-cost combinations of batteries, dis- Faraday Institution. 2019. “Rapid market assessment of energy Renewable Energy in the Global Energy tributed solar PV, and diesel generator sets (https://poweringhealth. storage in weak and off-grid contexts of developing coun- Mix,” by Gabriela Elizondo Azuela and homerenergy.com). tries.” Report prepared for the Faraday Institution by Vivid Irina Bushueva. Economics, Ltd., London. https://faraday.ac.uk/wp-content/ Live Wire 2015/38. “Integrating Variable The authors thank Phillip Hannam for providing the India planning tool and uploads/2019/10/191025_Rapid_market_assessment_of_stor- Renewable Energy into Power System Alan David Lee for the powering health tool. This Live Wire was peer-reviewed age_in_developing_countries.pdf. Operations,” by Thomas Nikolakakis and by Thomas Flochel, Claire Nicholas, and Ashish Shrestha. Debabrata Chattopadhyay. Government of India. 2019. “Draft report on optimal generation capacity mix for 2029–30.” Central Electricity Authority, Ministry Live Wire 2015/43. “Integrating Climate References of Power. https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/ Model Data into Power System Planning,” by Debabrata Chattopadhyay and Rhonda Bellini, Emiliano. 2019. “Tender for 15MW/5MWh Solar-Plus-Storage Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf L. Jordan. Project Released in Nigeria.” PV Magazine, January 16. https:// IEA (International Energy Agency). 2020a. “Energy storage.” Paris. www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/16/tender-for-15-mw-5mwh- https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-storage. Live Wire 2015/45. “Permitting and Licensing Regimes for Renewable Energy solar-plus-storage-project-released-in-nigeria/. ———. 2020b. World Energy Outlook 2020. Paris. https://www.iea. Projects,” by Elen Merle-Beral and BNEF (Bloomberg NEF). 2019. “Battery pack prices fall as market org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020 Katherine Gassner. ramps up with market average at $156/kWh in 2019.” https:// IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, WHO. 2020. Tracking SDG 7: The Live Wire 2016/67. “Managing the Grids about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-fall-as-market-ramps- Energy Progress Report. World Bank, Washington DC. https:// of the Future in Developing Countries: up-with-market-average-at-156-kwh-in-2019/. trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/track- Recent World Bank Support for SCADA/ de Sisternes, Fernando, Jesse Jenkins, and Audun Botterud. 2016. ing_sdg_7_2020-full_report_-_web_0.pdf. EMS and SCADA/DMS Systems,” by Varun “The Value of Energy Storage in Decarbonizing the Electricity IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). 2019. “Innovation Nangia, Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu Gaba. Sector.” Applied Energy 175 (August): 368–79. https://www. landscape brief: Utility-scale batteries.” Abu Dhabi. https://www. Live Wire 2019/97. “Investing in sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261916305967. irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/ Mini-Grids Now, Integrating with the de Sisternes, Fernando, Heather Worley, Simon Mueller, and IRENA_Utility-scale-batteries_2019.pdf Main Grid Later: A Menu of Good Policy and Regulatory Options,” by the Global Thomas Jenkin. 2019. “Scaling-up Sustainable Energy Storage in REN21. 2020. Renewables 2020: Global Status Report. Paris. Facility on Mini Grids. Developing Countries.” Journal of Sustainability Research 2(1). https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20200002 gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf Live Wire 2019/98. “Ensuring that Regulations Evolve as Mini-Grids Mature,” ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). 2019. Mini Tyson, Madeline, and Charlie Bloch. 2019. “Breakthrough Batteries: by Global Facility on Mini Grids. Grids for Half a Billion People: Market Outlook and Handbook for Powering the Era of Clean Electrification.” Rocky Mountain Decision Makers. ESMAP Technical Report 014/19. Washington, Institute. http://www.rmi.org/breakthrough-batteries Live Wire 2020/105. “Attracting Private Participation and Financing in the DC: World Bank http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31926 World Bank. 2018. “Framework for Deployment of Hybrid Energy Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: ———. 2020a. “Warranties for battery energy storage systems in Storage Solutions in India. Final Study Report.” Internal report Findings from a Survey of Investors and developing countries.” World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl. prepared by ICF Consulting and NREL. Unpublished. Financiers,” by Benedict Probst, Richard Holcroft, Joern Huenteler, Ani Balabanyan, handle.net/10986/34493 ———. 2020. Economic Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems. Andrew Tipping, and Peter Robinson. Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33971. Find these and the entire Live Wire archive at www.worldbank.org/energy/ livewire. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wire briefs are The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes, an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and designed for easy reading Extractives Global Practice, offers rich insights from project and analytical work done by the World on the screen and for Bank Group. The series is edited by Jonathan Davidar (jdavidar@worldbankgroup.org). downloading and self-printing “Live Wire is designed in color or black and white. Every day, Bank Group experts apply their knowledge and expertise to solve practical problems in for practitioners, policy client countries. Live Wire captures the rich insights gained in the field, allowing authors to share For World Bank Group their findings with other practitioners, policy makers, and planners. employees: Professional makers, and planners printing can be done on a inside and outside the Shouldn’t you be connected to Live Wire? customized basis for meetings and events by contacting World Bank Group. Since 2014, the briefs in the series, now numbering more than a hundred, have dealt with vital GSDPM Customer Service It is a resource to topics such as energy demand and supply; renewable energy; energy efficiency; energy policy; Center at (202) 458-7479, or economic growth; environmental protection; climate change mitigation; power systems; rural share with clients, sending a written request to and urban development; access to energy; infrastructure economics; private sector participation; cgsdpm@worldbank.org. colleagues, and access to finance; and regulation. counterparts.” • Topic briefs offer technical knowledge on key energy issues. • Case studies highlight lessons from experience in implementation, often with insights from private sector engagement. • Briefs on global trends provide analytical overviews of key energy data and developments. • Bank views portray the Bank Group’s energy and extractives sector activities. The format is accessible, rigorous, and concise enough to be easily shared. The 6–12 pages of each brief make ample use of graphics. Briefs are peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners within the World Bank Group and professionally edited and produced. While their main channel of dissemination is online, Live Wires are available in print-ready files for specific client needs. Please visit the World Bank Group’s Open Knowledge Repository to browse the Live Wire collection and download the issues important to you: www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire An invitation to World Bank Group staff Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire but have an idea for a topic or case we should cover, let us know! We welcome your ideas through any of the following channels: Do you have something to say? Via the Communities of Practice Say it in Live Wire! in which you are active By participating in the Energy Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies and Extractives Global Practice’s have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but may annual Live Wire series review not have the time to write for publication. meeting Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make it easier to share their knowledge: By communicating directly with Jonathan Davidar, executive • Staff from the Energy and Extractives Global Practice are available to assist operations staff in editor of the Live Wire series drafting Live Wire stories. (jdavidar@worldbankgroup.org) • User-friendly guidelines help authors mold their contribution to the expectations of the Live Wire audience. • A professional editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great— a feather in your cap! Since 2014 the Energy and Extractives Global Practice has produced more than a hundred Live Wire briefs under the bylines of 300 staff authors. Live Wire briefs have been downloaded thousands of times from the World Bank’s Open Knowledge Repository and circu- lated in printed form for countless Your Name Here Become a Live Wire meetings and events. and contribute to author , your practice and career Live Wire aims to raise the profile while mo del ing goo d of operational staff with practical “knowledge citizenship” knowledge to share—wherever they by sharing your insights ers. and experience with oth are based.