78700 REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 2012 20 This volume is a product of the staff of the Development Data Group of the World Bank’s Development Economics Vice Presidency. The judgments herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Photo credit: Front cover, Curt Carnemark/World Bank. Table numbers refer to The World Development Indicators 2012 which contains source information. If you have questions or comments about this product, please contact: Development Data Group The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Room MC2-812, Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Hotline: 800 590 1906 or 202 473 7824; fax 202 522 1498 Email: data@worldbank.org Web site: data.worldbank.org Regional Highlights World Development Indicators 2012 2012 REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Contact: data@worldbank.org Web: data.worldbank.org data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators IV Regional Highlights World Development Indicators 2012 Introduction These Regional Highlights present some of the key trends in developing countries, drawn from the data presented in World Development Indicators 2012 —The World Bank’s annual compila- tion of relevant, high-quality, and internationally comparable statistics about development and the quality of people’s lives. Charts and short narratives highlight the state and progress of various development topics such as poverty, health, education, the environment, the econo- my, governance, investment, aid, trade, and capital flows. A global review of progress toward the Millennium Development Goals is presented in the introduction to the World View section of World Development Indicators 2012. The full dataset used to produce World Development Indicators contains more than 1,000 indicators for 216 economies, with many time series extending back to 1960. Highly visual, interactive, and multilingual presentations of the data are available at the popular website http://data.worldbank.org and through the DataFinder application for mobile devices. And, as a major part of the World Bank’s Open Data Initiative, the data are freely available for use and reuse under an open license. Contact: data@worldbank.org Web: data.worldbank.org data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators 1 East Asia and Pacific Pevalence  of  smoking  (%  of  adult),  2009 female male East  Asia  and  Pacific 3 52 Europe  and  Central  Asia 18 50 Latin  America  and  Caribbean 13 35 South  Asia 4 29 Middle  East  and  North  Africa 3 25 Sub-­�Saharan  Africa 3 16 Every other man smokes in East Asia and Pacific High  income 21 34 Pevalence  of  smoking,  2009   female   male   Fifty two percent of adult men smoke in East Asia and Pacific, the (percent  of  adults)   60   highest rate of smoking in the world. In contrast, only 3 percent of East Asian women smoke, one of the lowest. The highest male preva- lence rates in the region are found in Kiribati (71 percent), Indonesia 40   (61 percent) and Samoa (58 percent), while the lowest are in Fiji female male (18 percent). More men smoke than women in all countries, but the FJI 3 18 EAP 20   FSM 18 30 EAP gap is the smallest in two Latin America and Caribbean countries, MHL 7 36 EAP Dominican Republic (17 percent for men and 13 percent for women) PLW 9 37 EAP MMR 0   8 40 EAP and Chile (38 percent for men and 33 percent for women). KHM 3 42 EAP East  Asia  and   Europe  and   La]n  America   South  Asia   Middle  East   Sub-­�Saharan   High  income   VUT Paci�c   Central  Asia   and  Caribbean   8 43 EAP and  North   Africa   TON 13 44 EAP Africa   THA Source  :  Table  2.22   3 45 EAP SLB 19 46 EAP EAP_1: East AsiaÕ s rising emissions 10 PHL 47 EAP MNG 6 48 EAP VNM 2 48 EAP MYS Share  of  carbon  dioxide  emissions 2 50 EAP TUV 20 1990 51 EAP 2008 CHN East Asia & Pacific                              51          2   EAP      13.0                          25.7 LAO Europe & Central Asia                              51          4   EAP      17.4                              9.8 PNG South Asia                                    58    31 EAP 3.5                                          6.1 WSM Latin America & Caribbean                                    58    23 EAP 4.4                                          4.9 IDN Middle East & North Africa                              61          5 EAP 2.6                                          3.8 KIR Sub-Saharan Africa                                    71    43 EAP 2.1                                          2.1                                                51.9                          41.4 Alternative energy use doubles, but greenhouse gas emissions rise High income                                                94.9                          94.0 DOM Source  WDI  2012,  table  3.9 13 17 LAC 4 CHL 33 38 LAC 4 Share  of  global  carbon  dioxide  emissions   1990   2008   The high income economies are the largest emitters of carbon di- (percent)   oxide, but East Asia and the Pacific produces the largest share of  51.9     global carbon dioxide emissions among developing regions—more  50     than a quarter of total global emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions  41.4     increased by 185 percent from 1990 to 2008. China was the world’s  40     largest contributor, releasing 7 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide  30     in 2008. However, the region has also increased the use of cleaner  25.7     energy sources. The regional share of alternative and nuclear energy  20      17.4     more than doubled between 1990 and 2009, the largest increase  13.0      9.8     among developing regions and the high income economies.  10      6.1      3.5      4.4      4.9      3.8      2.6      2.1      2.1      -­�     East  Asia  &   Europe  &   South  Asia   LaHn  America   Middle  East  &   Sub-­�Saharan   High  income   Paci�c   Central  Asia   &  Caribbean   North  Africa   Africa   Source:  Table  3.9   Gross  capital  formation  (%  of  GDP) 2005 2006 2007 East  Asia  &  Pacific 37 37 37 Europe  &  Central  Asia 22 23 25 Latin  America  &  Caribbean 20 22 22 Middle  East  &  North  Africa 25 26 28 East Asia invests more South  Asia 32 33 35 Sub-­�Saharan  Africa 19 20 21 Gross  capital  formaLon   Public and private investment continues to rise in East Asia and the (percent  of  GDP)   Pacific. In many countries of the region gross capital formation (in- 40   East  Asia  &  Paci�c   vestment) exceeds 20 percent of GDP. At 48 percent of GDP, China South  Asia   is the leading investor, followed by Mongolia (41 percent), Vietnam 30   Middle  East  &  North  Africa   Europe  &  Central  Asia   (39 percent) and Indonesia (32 percent). Gross capital formation pro- vides the basis for growth of an economy. Much of the capital forma- 20   Sub-­�Saharan  Africa   tion is in the form of infrastructure, roads, railways, communication LaLn  America  &   Caribbean   networks, and airports. 10   0   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   Source:  Table  4.8   2 WDI  2012  PRESS  LAUNCH-­�-­�STATES  &  MARKETS Regional Highlights World Development Indicators 2012 R&D  Expenditures  %  of  GDP 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 East  Asia  &  Pacific 0.739 0.81 0.926 1.021 1.123 Europe  &  Central  Asia 0.712 0.828 0.854 0.846 0.805 East Asia and the Pacific leads in R&D expenditures Latin  America  &  Caribbean South  Asia 0.593 0.666 0.577 0.671 0.573 0.672 0.56 0.729 0.563 0.728 R&D  expenditure   Cheap and easy access to new digital technologies such as broad- (%  of  GDP)   band, the internet, and mobile phones, combined with rapidly grow- 1.5   East  Asia  &  Paci�c   ing economies, has accelerated the diffusion of technologies and 1.25   increased spending on training scientists and on research and devel- 1   South  Asia   opment. China’s computing power has risen rapidly in recent years: Europe  &  Central  Asia   according to TOP500.org, it now possesses 41 of the fastest 500 0.75   supercomputers in the world. China leads the developing economies La]n  America  and  Caribbean   0.5   of East Asia and the Pacific in research and development spending, 0.25   reaching about 1.75 percent of GDP in 2010. 0   2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   David  Cieslikowski Source:    Table  5.13   3/8/12 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 China 0.9 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 WDI  2012  PRESS  LAUNCH-­�-­�STATES  &  MARKETS NB.  2010,  2011,  and  2020  estimate  from  China  2030  report,  p.  176 Air  freight  (million   ton-­�km 2010 East  Asia  &  Pacific                                          24,716 Europe  &  Central  Asia                                              6,725 Latin  America  &  Caribbean                                              5,967 Middle  East  &  North  Africa                                                      668 Air transport takes off in East Asia and the Pacific South  Asia Sub-­�Saharan  Africa                                              2,453                                              2,432 Air  freight     As the global economy becomes more integrated, air transport is in- (million  ton-­�km)    24,716     creasingly important for delivering not only perishable goods such as flowers, but also highly specialized component parts used in transna-  20,000     tional production networks. Competitive companies rely on air trans-  15,000     port to move goods quickly, reliably, and at reasonable cost. East  10,000      6,725      5,967     Asia and the Pacific outpaces other developing regions in several  5,000      2,453      2,432     measures of air transport: registered carrier departures worldwide,  668      -­�         passengers carried, and air freight. China accounts for about 70 per- East  Asia  &   Europe  &   LaVn  America  &   Middle  East  &   South  Asia   Sub-­�Saharan   Paci�c   Central  Asia   Caribbean   North  Africa   Africa   cent of air freight in East Asia and the Pacific, increasing fourfold Source:  Table  5.10     from 2000 to 2010. Overall, East Asia and the Pacific hauls more freight by air than all other developing regions combined. David  Cieslikowski 14-­�Mar-­�12 To high income economies To developing dconomies East Asia & Pacific 4.4 10.8 444.80 1,077.74 Latin America & Caribbean 2.0 3.6 196.98 360.63 Europe & Central Asia 1.8 2.9 178.01 289.93 Middle East & North Africa 0.8 1.4 77.89 136.87 South Asia 0.6 1.2 61.88 115.25 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.9 1.1 88.49 106.15 region Growing trade within the East Asia and the Pacific leads trade to developing and high income economies in 2010 Merchandise  exports,  2010   To  developing  dconomies   To  high  income  economies   East Asia and the Pacific is the leading trader among developing (percent  of  world  trade)   regions. As a share of world trade in 2010, 4.4 percent of East Asia  10.8     and the Pacific’s merchandise exports went to developing economies 10   and 10.8 percent went to high income economies. Latin America 8   exported the second most with 2.0 percent to developing econo- mies and 3.6 percent to high income economies. Nearly 43 percent 6    4.4     of East Asia and the Pacific’s merchandise exports to developing  3.6     4    2.9     economies went to countries within the region. China was the leading  2.0      1.8      1.4      1.2     2    0.8      0.9      1.1     exporter for the region, exporting $410 billion to developing econo-  0.6     mies and $1.2 trillion to high income economies. 0   East  Asia  &   La6n  America  &   Europe  &   Middle  East  &   South  Asia   Sub-­�Saharan   Paci�c   Caribbean   Central  Asia   North  Africa   Africa   Source:  Table  6.2   Contact: data@worldbank.org Web: data.worldbank.org data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators 3 Europe and Central Asia Prevalence  of  underweight,  weight  for  age  (%  of  children  ages  under  5) Europe  &  Central  Asia 1990 8 2010 2 Latin  America  &  Caribbean 7 3 East  Asia  &  Pacific 20 6 Middle  East  &  North  Africa 12 8 Sub-­�Saharan  Africa 29 22 Child malnutrition low and improving South  Asia 52 33 Prevalence  of  underweight,  weight  for  age     1990   2010   The prevalence of underweight children in Europe and Central Asia is (percent  of  children  ages  under  5)   the lowest of all developing regions, but there are large differences 60   between countries. In Tajikistan 15 percent of all children under five are underweight, a strong indication of malnutrition. Other countries in 40   the region are doing much better. Only 1 percent of the children in Be- larus, Georgia, and Ukraine are underweight. There are also large dis- parities within some countries. In Azerbaijan and Tajikistan poor chil- 20   dren are more than twice as likely to be underweight as rich children. ECA_1_1: Éb ut per capita emissions remain highest among developing regions 0   Europe  &  Central   LaNn  America  &   East  Asia  &   Middle  East  &   Sub-­�Saharan   South  Asia   Asia   Caribbean   Paci�c   North  Africa   Africa   Carbon dioxide emission Per capita Source:  Table  2.20   1990 2008 Europe & Central Asia 9.8 7.8 East Asia & Pacific 1.8 4.3 Middle East & North Africa 2.6 3.8 Latin America & Caribbean 2.3 2.8 South Asia 0.7 1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.9 0.8 World 4.2 4.8 Carbon dioxide emission ( billions of metric tons) Carbon dioxide emissions decrease but output per person remains high Source  WDI  2012,  tables  3.9 Carbon  dioxide  emissions       1990   2008   Carbon dioxide emissions, largely a by-product of energy produc- (metric  tons  per  capita)   9.8   tion and use, account for the largest share of greenhouse gasses 10   and resulting environmental damage. In 2008 the world released 7.8   8   32 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, an increase of 44 percent 6   between 1990 and 2008. In Europe and Central Asia, carbon diox- 4.3   3.8   ide emissions per capita fell by 20 percent over the same period, 4   2.6   2.8   but emissions per person remain highest among developing regions. 2.3   2   1.8   1.2   Methane and nitrous oxide emissions also fell in the region. The Rus- 0.7   0.9   0.8   sian Federation was the fourth largest emitter of carbon dioxide in 0   Europe  &  Central   East  Asia  &   Middle  East  &   LaDn  America  &   South  Asia   Sub-­�Saharan   the world, behind China, the United States, and India, and the third Asia   Paci�c   North  Africa   Caribbean   Africa   largest contributor of methane emissions after China and India. Source:  table  3.9   ECA_2: Changes in land area under cereal production have been uneven among the regions 1990-­�2010,    %  change Europe & Central Asia -26 Middle East & North Africa -11 South Asia -2 Latin America & Caribbean 3 East Asia & Pacific 6 33 Producing more food with less land and fewer people Sub-Saharan Africa Source  WDI  2012,  tables  3.2 Change  in  land  under  cereal  producCon,  1990-­�2010   Agriculture is a declining industry in Europe and Central Asia. The (percent)   share of agriculture in regional GDP fell from 19 percent to 7 percent 33   30   over the last two decades. Land under cereal production decreased by 26 percent. And agricultural employment fell by 30 percent. Still, 20   food production in the region was 7 percent higher than its 1990 10   3   6   level. Cereal yields rose by 9 percent. And agricultural productivity 0   (output per worker) increased by 43 percent. For developing coun- -­�2   -­�10   tries in Europe and Central Asia the challenge will be to reform and -­�11   -­�20   invest so that food production and exports continue to expand with- out encroaching on forests and protected areas. -­�30   -­�26   Europe  &  Central   Middle  East  &   South  Asia   LaCn  America  &   East  Asia  &   Sub-­�Saharan   Asia   North  Africa   Caribbean   Paci�c   Africa   Source:  Table  3.2   4 Commerical   Automated   bank  branches teller  machines Regional Highlights World Development Indicators 2012 Europe  &  Central  Asia 18 45 Latin  America  &  Caribbean 16 45 East  Asia  &  Pacific 7 14 Middle  East  &  N.  Africa 11 7 South  Asia 8 2 Better access to financial institutions Sub-­�Saharan  Africa 3 Access  per  100,000    adults   People in the developing economies of Europe and Central Asia have 45   45   greater access to commercial bank branches and automated teller 40   machines than people in other developing regions—about 18 com- mercial bank branches and 45 ATMs per 100,000 adults. The region 30   also scores well on access to commercial deposit and loan accounts. Financial exclusion is a barrier to economic development. Access to 20   18   16   basic financial services such as savings, payments, and credit can 14   11   make an important difference in poor people’s lives. For firms, lack 10   7   7   8   of access to finance is often the main obstacle to growth. Financial 2   3   access is generally greater in countries with higher incomes, better 0   infrastructure, and a well functioning legal environment Europe  &  Central   LaRn  America  &   East  Asia  &   Middle  East  &  N.   South  Asia   Sub-­�Saharan   Asia   Caribbean   Paci�c   Africa   Africa   Commerical  bank  branches   Automated  teller  machines   David  Cieslikowski Source:  Table  5.5   13-­�Mar-­�12 External External Debt External Debt Stocks to debt Stocks to Exports stocks GNI (%) (%) Europe & Central Asia 1,273 43.0 121.5 Latin America & Caribbean 1,039 21.7 102.1 East Asia & Pacific 1,014 13.5 37.0 Europe and Central Asia remains the most indebted region South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 401 206 19.2 20.0 94.3 54.0 Middle East & North Africa 144 14.1 42.5 External  debt  stocks,  2010     The external debt stock of Europe and Central Asia reached $1.27 ($  billions)   1,273   trillion in 2010, of which 78 percent was in long-term obligations. 1,200   Long-term disbursements from private creditors were 13 percent 1,039   1,014   higher in 2010, while the financing from official creditors slowed by 1,000   30 percent from 2009. The primary factor was the reduction in pur- 800   chases from the IMF by Romania and Ukraine which totaled $9.1 bil- 600   lion in 2010 compared to $15.6 billion in 2009. Gross disbursement 401   by other multilateral creditors fell by 8 percent in 2010, although 400   206   disbursements from the World Bank rose 8 percent to $5.4 billion, of 200   144   which Turkey received just over half. 0   Although total debt increased, the ratio of external debt to gross Europe  &   La