Greening Public Human Development Buildings in Croatia Support for the Implementation of the European Green Deal in the Croatian Health and Education Sectors Edited by Adrien Dozol, Diego Ambasz, and Tigran Shmis A report by the World Bank April 2023 Greening Public Human Development Buildings in Croatia Support for the Implementation of the European Green Deal in the Croatian Health and Education Sectors Edited by Adrien Dozol, Diego Ambasz, and Tigran Shmis A report by the World Bank April 2023 GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. Telephone: 202–473–1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Adrien Dozol, Diego Ambasz, Tigran Shmis, Ana-Maria Boromisa, Lucia Brajkovic, Jure Kotnik, Danijel Marasović, Danica Ramljak, and Maria Ustinova. 2023. “Greening Public Human Development Buildings in Croatia: Support for the Implementation of the European Green Deal in the Croatian Health and Education Sectors.” Washington, DC: World Bank Group. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. 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All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202–522–2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover image: stock.adobe.com. iv Contents Contents Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Executive summary...............................................................................................................1 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................9 2. The education sector and infrastructure in Croatia ........................................................15 3. The health sector and infrastructure in Croatia...............................................................17 4. Ownership of buildings and relevant stakeholders for the implementation of the EUGD ...........................................................................................................................20 5. National policies and legislation related to the implementation of the EUGD...............23 6. Performance of HD buildings in education and health sectors in Croatia ......................26 7. Best practices and international examples of HD green buildings .................................30 Health sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Education sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8. Mitigation and adaptation measures beyond energy savings and resource efficiency....... 37 9. Development of green and technical skills for a more sustainable economy..................39 10. Conclusions....................................................................................................................41 Key recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References...........................................................................................................................46 Appendixes.........................................................................................................................50 Appendix 1. Calculation of the energy consumption and potential savings of HD buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Appendix 2. Examples—Ownership of the hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Appendix 3.  Best International Practice Green Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Appendix 4. Levels of renovation and standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Appendix 5. Best International Practice Green Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Appendix 6. Investments and reforms in the NRRP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Appendix 7. EUGD legal framework and initiatives for energy efficiency and energy performance of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Appendix 8. Green Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 v  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Boxes 1.  Good school architecture vs. sustainable schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.  City of Zagreb—Example of good practice of EUGD implementation at a regional level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.  Green hospitals 4.  School Campus Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.  Elementary School Butze Wolfurt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.  Elementary School Brezovica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.  Vibenge Primary School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A3.1.  Klaus Elementary School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 A3.2.  Edlach Elementary School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 A3.3.  Secondary school in Neumarkt (renovation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 A3.4.  Waldorf School Ljubljana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 A3.5.  Kuhmo Elementary & Middle School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 A3.6.  Diedorf Gymnasium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 A3.7.  Kindergarten Baumanweg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 A5.1.  Ospedale Dell’angelo Mestre—Angel Hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 A5.2.  The Meyer Children’s Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 A5.3.  Deventer Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 A5.4.  Klinikum Klagenfurt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 A5.5.  Day Hospital/One-Day Surgery Ward, General Hospital Varaždin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 A5.6.  The Croatian pediatric respiratory hospital in Zagreb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 A7.1.  Evolution of key EPBD requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 A7.2.  Evolution of key Energy Efficiency Directive requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Figures 1.  Visuals of the Ospedale dell’angelo-Mestre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 A8.1.  Green building value chain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Tables 1.  Prioritization of policy actions in Croatia HD sector greening buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.  Potential benefits of greening buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.  Potential positive effects of greening the HD buildings on outcome in the education and health sectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.  Overview of education facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.  An overview of healthcare service providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.  EU and Croatian policies relevant for greening HD buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.  Current and estimated energy needs after renovation of hospitals and education buildings in Croatia . . . . 26 8.  Distribution of buildings according to the energy rating, by categories of buildings, %. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 9.  2020 earthquakes: Damages and losses to the health and education sector, EUR million . . . . . . . . . . . 27 10.  Prioritization of policy actions in Croatia HD sector greening buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A1.2.  Specific energy needs (energy for heating, cooling, DHW generation and lighting, kWh/ m2a, depending on the purpose and climate zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A1.1.  Public buildings by purpose and climate zone, 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A1.3.  Estimated current energy needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 A1.4.  Estimated energy needs after renovation and savings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 A2.1.  Examples—Ownership of the hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 A6.1.  Reforms and investments covered by health component of the NRRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 A6.2.  Reforms and investments covered by education component of the NRRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 A6.3.  Reforms and investments covered by building renovation initiative within the NRRP. . . . . . . . . . . . 71 A8.1.  Key skills for HD building specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 vi Contents Abbreviations ASA Advisory Services and Analytics ISGE Information system for energy APN Agencija za promet nekretnina (Agency management for Legal Transactions and Real Estate LTRS Long term buildings renovation Management) strategy BAC building automation and control Mill million DHW domestic hot water MoH Ministry of Health EED Energy Efficiency Directive MSE Ministry of Science and Education EE1st energy efficiency first MPPCSA Ministry of Physical Planning, EIB European Investment Bank Construction and State Assets EPEEF Environmental Protection and Energy NCD noncommunicable disease Efficiency Fund (Croatia) NCEP National Climate and Energy Plan ERDF European Regional Development Fund NDS National Development Strategy ESCO Energy service company model NGO nongovernmental organization EU European Union nZEB nearly zero energy building EUGD European Green Deal NRRP National Recovery and Resilience Plan EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings SECAP Sustainable Energy and Climate Directive Action Plan GHG Greenhouse gases ZEB Zero energy building HD human development WDS Whole day school IEQ indoor environmental quality vii  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Acknowledgments T his report was prepared and edited by The World Bank team thanks the staff of the Cro- Adrien Dozol (Senior Health Specialist), atian Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and Tigran Shmis (Senior Education Special- Education, the Ministry of Physical Planning, Con- ist), and Diego Ambasz (Senior Education struction and State Assets, City of Zagreb, Split-Dal- Specialist) with the support of a core team compris- matia County and the European Investment Bank ing Ana-Maria Boromisa (Consultant), Lucia Bra- (EIB), for providing inputs and support in prepara- jkovic (ET Consultant), Jure Kotnik (Consultant), tion of this report. Thanks also to Richard Crabbe for Danijel Marasović (Consultant), Danica Ramljak (Se- providing editorial services. nior Consultant), and Maria Ustinova (Consultant). This note is produced by the World Bank Human The feedback of peer reviewers: Olena Doros- Development Practice Group. The note represents a henko (Senior Economist, Health), Stephen Geoffrey building block of the larger analytical and advisory Dorey (Senior Environment and Health Specialist) service work on the implementation of the European and Enrique Alasino (Senior Education Specialist), Green Deal (EUGD). the support of Zuzana Stanton-Geddes (Senior Di- The note was produced to provide advisory sup- saster Risk Management Specialist), Anna Koziel port and identify how Human Development (HD) (Senior Health Specialist), Predrag Djukic (Health investments can be critical in meeting the ambitious Specialist), Yoshini Naomi Rupasinghe (Health Spe- goals of the European Green Deal (EUGD). It does cialist), Ana Šimundža (Research Analyst), Lalaina not necessarily represent the views of the Croatian Noelinirina Rasoloharison (Program Assistant), Government nor the views of the Executive Direc- Javier Sanchez-Reaza (Senior Economist) and other tors of the World Bank or the respective govern- World Bank Group staff and managers, as well as of ments they represent. Michael Alwan provided de- the Advisory Group for Human Transition in the sign and typesetting services. European Green Deal is gratefully acknowledged. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA T he public sector plays an essential role in school buildings and healthcare facilities, they be- implementing the “beyond just energy come more economically viable and provide better efficiency” initiative of the European conditions for users. Union; quality and “green” public build- The goal of this policy note is twofold: first, to ings1 in the health and education sectors will have identify and propose how to address some of the a positive impact on Human Development (HD) key regulatory and implementation hurdles that outcomes. The European Commission (EC) has de- Croatia and potentially other EU Member States veloped the European Green Deal (EUGD) as the are facing in greening their HD infrastructure key platform to support the reduction in CO2 emis- while improving HD outcomes; and second, to sion, to implement environmental directives, and to compile best practices and examples in green de- develop the green skills necessary to create green sign, construction, and renovation of public HD jobs important for the economic recovery. European buildings. The Note will also provide guidance and Union (EU) policy documents identify the need for encourage dialogue among relevant policy makers greening public buildings as a way to tackle the twin at national, regional, and local levels, and with tar- challenges of decarbonization and economic recov- geted clients. Furthermore, the recommendations ery under EUGD. Within the framework of existing would address the importance of green skills devel- EU financial instruments to support EUGD, the EU opment and other related topics relevant to the im- provides grants, subsidies, loans, and financial in- plementation of EUGD. Overall, the analysis results struments that facilitate retrofitting and new con- and the recommendations on these issues could also struction of public Human Development (HD) be useful for World Bank experts and other external buildings. stakeholders focused on the green economy and hu- HD buildings—for example, kindergartens, man development. schools, university buildings, hospitals, rehabili- Croatia’s regulatory framework is aligned with tation centers—account for 54 percent of public key EU requirements for buildings to a certain ex- buildings, which represents five percent of the to- tent, but to successfully implement the EUGD fur- tal building stock in Croatia, and investing in rede- ther harmonization is needed. Croatia has initiated signing them presents an opportunity to progress various EUGD-related activities, but has not yet towards carbon neutrality and higher human capi- fully aligned its national policies with the European tal outcomes. HD buildings can be renovated, refur- Climate Law; the EU decarbonization targets will bished, and retrofitted to save energy consumption need to be included into national documents. Rele- and related costs, leading to reduction in emissions. vant national strategies, however, currently do not Such an effort requires an approach that goes be- identify the goal of climate neutrality nor are fully yond energy savings and resource efficiency. Rede- aligned with the “Fit for 55 package.”2 Significant signing has to consider human use-cases because it efforts remain to be carried out for decarbonization may impact final users including children, teachers, and improvement of building stock, focusing on hospital staff, doctors, nurses, patients, or the gen- public buildings in the education and health sectors, eral public. Evidence shows that well-designed, the latter being significant contributors to GHG safe, and environmentally friendly buildings can emissions (World Bank 2017; Healthcare without boost employee productivity and welfare. Thus, ap- Harm 2019). plying a “Human Development lens” to the con- To finance renovation, modernization, and de- struction and renovation of public buildings, espe- carbonization of the public buildings stock, as cially in the health and education sectors, provides well as studies and technical assistance on energy an opportunity to identify synergies between efficiency, Croatia can use a diverse set of financial achieving the EUGD goals while improving human instruments developed by EU and international capital outcomes. donors. First, the EU Member States can receive var- Efficient building design combined with the ious grants and subsidies through the European Re- energy efficient technology also leads to higher ef- gional Development Fund (ERDF), Cohesion Fund ficiency in economic terms. Energy efficient build- (CF), and Modernisation Fund to support infrastruc- ings and new approaches to the HD building design ture and climate adaptation projects. Second, a spe- allow for efficiency gains through smaller building cial Sustainable Infrastructure window of the Invest footprints, more compact buildings with less façade EU fund (EUR 334 billion) supports initiatives on surfaces, and more sustainable technology. When energy efficiency. Additionally, the large amount of energy and design efficiency are implemented in funds dedicated to climate adaptation and green 2 Executive summary Croatia’s regulatory framework is aligned with key EU requirements for buildings to a certain extent, but to successfully implement the EUGD further harmonization is needed policies are included into the EU post-COVID-19 Re- successful implementation. The stakeholder map- covery Plan—Next Generation EU (EUR 806.9 bil- ping shows that the Ministry of Physical Planning, lion), which also covers the energy efficiency topic.3 Construction and State Assets (MPPCSA) is the key Also the public-private partnerships or networks of stakeholder at national level for renovation of exist- the main industrial stakeholders (including SMEs), ing public buildings. The MoH and MSE, as well as authorities and EU institutions can receive state aid other ministries, must follow national policies estab- from EU countries for green thematic projects. To lished by the MPPCSA related to infrastructure and support investments in HD building infrastructure construction of new buildings in their respective development, the Member States may also benefit sectors. from various tailored financial instruments pro- With regard to energy performance, HD build- vided by different financial institutions including ings in Croatia currently require roughly 2 percent the World Bank. of total primary energy supply (2181 GWh/year), Ownership and governance regarding HD but they can be renovated, refurbished and retro- buildings in education and health are decentral- fitted to save energy, related costs and reduce emis- ized to regional and local level. At regional level, 21 sions. Climate proofing and interventions beyond counties carry out matters related to education, energy savings and resource efficiency may mitigate health care, physical and town planning, and the risks related to extreme weather, enable healthier planning and development of the educational and and more comfortable environment, impact users— health care networks. The local governance level children, teachers, hospital staff, nurses, and pa- comprises of 428 municipalities and 128 cities. Cities tients—and contribute to improved human capital and municipalities administer matters of local sig- outcomes. Schools cover 6.4 mil m2 (67 percent of the nificance, including childcare, welfare, primary HD buildings area) and use about 1,221GWh/year health care, preschool, and elementary school edu- (56 percent of energy required for HD buildings). cation. For the education sector, the central govern- Hospitals cover 33 percent of the HD area and use ment through the Ministry of Science and Education roughly 961 GWh/year (44 percent of energy). (MSE) is directly responsible for higher education, The Human Development sector in Croatia is fac- regional governments are responsible for elemen- ing additional challenges as two major earthquakes tary and secondary schools, while local government struck the country as the same time as the COVID-19 at city level oversees kindergartens. For the health pandemic. In 2020, Croatia was struck by two strong sector, central government through the Ministry of earthquakes, causing causalities and severe material Health (MoH) oversees large clinical centers, while damage to hospitals and educational facilities, espe- counties and cities are owners of clinical hospitals, cially in capital City of Zagreb. It is estimated at 2.1 health care centers, general and special hospitals, billion euros, which also added to the complexity of health resorts, and other health care institutions the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. such as primary care and specialized centers. Implementation of the HD building renovation There is no established national coordinating plans (including post-earthquake) so far has been body in Croatia to facilitate the implementation of limited by several challenges: the EUGD requirements at national, regional, or • Financing challenges relate to the lack of suffi- local level and this was identified as a risk for the cient funding and capacity of key agencies to ab- 3  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA sorb and use financial resources efficiently and infrastructure plan that would help to make in- effectively in a prioritized and scalable manner. formed decisions about the stock of HD buildings in the country. Some levels of education, like • Capacity challenges relate to knowledge and Technical and Vocational Education and Training skills gaps in health and education sectors re- (TVET) and Higher Education, have limited or no garding EUGD and its goals, and general invest- information on EUGD implementation. Howev- ment issues, such as procurement, design (in- er, the MSE is aiming to develop an integrated cluding sizing of facilities and network database of education buildings in need of reno- optimization), building codes, and application of vation in order to enhance and streamline the the “do no significant harm” criteria.4 Additional- renovation planning. ly, there exist lack of people-centric approaches and participatory planning of HD buildings. Renovation of buildings can also contribute to post-COVID-19 economic recovery. Renovation of • Coordination challenges include the fragmenta- buildings creates new jobs, primarily in the con- tion of governance, dispersed competence among struction sector, which is labor intensive and largely various regional and municipal agencies, a lack dominated by local businesses. On average, for ev- of coherence, and confusion about common ery million euros invested in energy renovations, 18 goals. (World Bank 2019c). In Croatia, both health new jobs are created in the EU. In the Republic of and education sectors have a complex gover- Croatia this number is 29, out of which 11.5 are di- nance structure, and this represents a challenge rect, 9.5 indirect and 8 induced (BPIE 2020).5 for the EUGD implementation from national to Development of green skills is a prerequisite regional and local levels. Kindergartens are fi- for green transition, including HD buildings sec- nanced at local level (cities); primary and second- tor. Croatia has adopted a strategic document on ary schools at regional, and higher education at green skills development and has a professional as- national level (MSE). Hospitals can be owned by sociation which promotes trainings in the construc- central government, county, or city, and funded tion sector professional on “green buildings.” The by central government, the Croatian Health Insur- transition to a more “green” and environmentally ance Fund (CHIF) and local governments. In some sustainable economy will require skills develop- regions, the city offices lack special units to coordi- ment for both high-skilled and low-skilled profes- nate the complex renovation of HD buildings. sionals, especially in building design, construction • Data gaps and lack of evidence-based support and maintenance sectors in Croatia. There are al- for decision-making. Various statistical databas- ready some efforts to create awareness about newer es and information on hospital and school infra- construction technologies among architects and en- structure are available, but they require align- gineers in the country, and the Ministry of Energy ment and coordination in order to better map the and Sustainable Development launched preparation stock of existing HD facilities and its renovation/ of climate change education programs. However, greening needs. This quantitative data is not sup- the government should support additional educa- ported by the needs assessments of end-users tional opportunities and information awareness such patients of hospitals or pupils of schools. As programs to educate buildings professionals, HD of today, there is no universal database and no buildings clients, and end-users of educational and There is no established national coordinating body in Croatia to facilitate the implementation of the EUGD requirements at national, regional, or local level 4 Executive summary Croatia’s capital City of Zagreb is at the forefront of the implementation of the EUGD medical facilities on “green technologies” planning, • Maintain the research on green buildings in HD, implementation and application in daily practice. identifying the gaps and developing the plan and Croatia’s capital city is at the forefront of the efficient solutions to address them. implementation of the EUGD. The City of Zagreb • Provide training to increase capacity of relevant enacted its own Sustainable Energy and Climate Ac- ministries for strategic and operational planning tion Plan (SECAP) in June 2019, the same year the of HD buildings. EUGD was adopted. When the European Commis- • Promote the importance of the EUGD for Croa- sion’s Communication and Impact Assessments tia’s economic recovery, new jobs, and better were released in September 2020, the city drafted its quality of life through national and regional in- own policy review and revisions—which were suc- formation campaigns. cessfully completed in December 2021. An in-depth • Raise awareness of the general public on the impor- energy model for all major sectors in the city has tance of EUGD with a communication campaign. been developed, covering the energy balance—in- cluding supply and demand—with reasonable pro- 3. Support capacity building and inter-agency co- jections for 2030, and even up to 2050. operation to facilitate HD buildings development in line with EUGD objectives: • Provide continuous training and capacity build- Key recommendations ing for ministry staff and other employees who are involved in EUGD implementation and EU To align the development of educational and health funding absorption. facilities (HD buildings) with EUGD objectives • Establish functional and continuous cooperation across the country and to improve the human devel- between relevant ministries, including the MP- opment outcomes, this Note offers the following PCSA, MoH and MSE, on HD buildings develop- recommendations. ment in line with EUGD objectives. • Establish cooperation with other EU Member 1. Harmonize national regulatory framework with States that are more advanced in green building the EUGD objectives: activities in health and education sectors. • Adopt climate neutrality goals and align all na- • Develop and start implementing sector-specific tional policy documents with the EUGD require- building renovation strategies/campaigns and ments. trainings for key decision makers at national, re- • Revise standards for space planning in educa- gional, and local levels, including information on tional and medical facilities. non-energy benefits from building renovation. • Adopt the new regulations to promote energy-ef- • Use data from energy certificates and other infor- ficient appliances and building materials for HD mation available from ISGE to design sustainable buildings. energy projects. • Develop guidelines for HD building design pro- • Expand support to research to cover knowledge curement and standardize requirements regard- gaps in the EUGD agenda to drive informed de- ing materials used, sizing of buildings, post-earth- cision making in Croatia. quake resilience, and lifecycle costing. 4. Support local and regional authorities in HD build- 2. Enhance central government policy coordination ings development in line with EUGD objectives: for HD buildings development in line with EUGD: • Align regional and local policies with the nation- • Develop a strategic approach to greening of the al policies regarding EUGD implementation. HD buildings. 5  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA • Develop yearly assessments and plans to up- • Develop and support information/education pro- grade and construct education and medical facil- grams for education and health sector on ities, which are owned by regions/municipalities, post-earthquake resilience of buildings in line in line with EUGD targets. with EUGD objectives. • Disseminate HD buildings design guidelines to the authorities responsible for capital invest- 8. Support green skills development for HD build- ments at national, regional, and local levels. ings sector: • Use City of Zagreb’s new policies and best prac- • Continuously analyze job market needs and tices as potential models to be adopted by other green skills requirements for construction, health cities and regions. and education sectors. • City of Zagreb, regional counties, and all larger cit- • Develop forecast plan for sector-specific green ies should consider establishing a central adminis- and technical skills needs for HD buildings. trative office to better coordinate and provide ca- • Coordinate development of education programs pacity building for the implementation of the for green skills human development for both EUGD, in particular in building renovation and public and private sector at TVET and higher ed- new constructions in education and health sectors. ucation level with involvement of relevant minis- tries and agencies—for example, MSE; Ministry 5. Stimulate development and application of finan- of Labor, Pension Systems, Family and Socials cial instruments for HD buildings development to Policy; and Ministry of Economy and Sustainable cover the existing financing gap in this sector: Development. • Develop a strategic approach to accumulate and • Offer incentives for universities and TVET use existing EU funds, EIB financial instruments, schools to develop training programs on green and World Bank technical and financial assistance skills, especially for HD buildings sector. for HD buildings upgrade and development. • Support professional associations important for • Approve establishment of a Financing Facility for greening of buildings in their activities towards building retrofits to support implementation of green initiatives. the Long-term Renovation Strategy (2020) and • Engage professional associations to support program plans for buildings. trainings and the EUGD implementation. • Start operations of the Financing Facility via the • Embed curriculum on climate change and green Environmental Protection and Energy efficiency topics in elementary and secondary schools in Fund. Croatia. • Develop national co-funding instruments for HD buildings retrofitting and construction (develop- 9. Support the education and health sectors in HD ment). buildings planning and optimization: • Assess the existing school network and develop 6. Consider prioritization of policy actions for con- measures for optimal usage of educational facili- struction of new HD buildings, as well as renova- ties in line with EUGD objectives. tion of existing facilities according to “green” stan- • Assess the existing hospital networks and devel- dards (see Table 1): op measures for the implementation of the EUGD during construction of new hospital buildings or 7. Enhance synergies between reducing carbon renovations of existing ones. footprint of HD buildings and improving its • Stimulate studies on pre- and post-occupancy of post-earthquake resilience: medical and educational facilities to understand • Develop HD sector-specific measures on improv- the impact of “green technologies” and support ing resilience of educational and medical facilities. evidence-based planning of HD buildings. 6 Executive summary Table 1.  Prioritization of policy actions in Croatia HD sector greening buildings Construction of new HD buildings Renovation of existing HD buildings Prepare TOR’s for designers including mandatory green Conduct efficiency assessment (energy efficiency, occupancy technical specifications of future facility use and needs of users, etc.) of current building and prepare TOR for renovation, including mandatory green technology upgrades and technical specifications Focus on careful planning, promoting good use of spaces, Focus on improving space use, adding or expanding functions reducing redundant spaces, making them multifunctional and of a building and thus improving learning or health services flexible Plan the usage of energy efficient materials and technology Conduct energy performance calculations Plan renewable energy resources such as solar power and use Add solar power, heatpumps, efficient technology efficient technology Plan landscaping carefully, increase green areas where possible Redesign of existing landscaping by introducing more green areas where possible Design proper insulation Improve insulation Introduce EE windows and doors Consider changing windows and doors Introduce shading windows (natural, shades) Add shading if needed (natural, shades) Plan active roofs—solar panels, greening Consider a flat roof redesign/reuse by adding greenery, solar panels Consider LED light and energy efficient technology use Switch to LED lights Apply local and regional material usage where possible[1] Apply local and regional material usage where possible Purchase safer and more sustainable products and materials[2] Purchase safer and more sustainable products and materials Use water saving technology Add water saving technologies Monitor the usage of a facility and take actions for improvement Monitor the usage of a facility and take actions for improvement Provide lifecycle costing calculations comparing with traditional Provide lifecycle costing calculations comparing with traditional alternatives alternatives [1] Usage of local materials reduce transportation and carbon footprint [2] More applicable for hospitals, that are purchasing a broader diversity of materials produced all around the world 7  1 INTRODUCTION GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA T he European Green Deal (EUGD) intro- introduction of green technologies also allows to sig- duced in 2019 provides a roadmap for nificantly reduce the energy, water and solid waste transforming the European Union into a use throughout the life-cycle of the buildings (see climate-neutral economy by year 2050. Table 2). The European Climate Law (Regulation 2021/1119) Investing in redesigning HD buildings pres- translates the overall EUGD goal of climate neutral- ents an opportunity to progress towards carbon ity into the legally binding targets: climate neutrality neutrality and higher human capital outcomes. HD by 2050 for EU countries as a whole, and an interme- buildings—kindergartens, schools, university build- diate target of reduction of GHG emissions by 55 per- ings, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc.—account cent by 2030 compared to 1990. The EUGD platform for 54 percent of public buildings which represents covers nearly all aspects of European life, including five percent of the total building stock in Croatia. health, jobs and upskilling. Specific emphasis is on a They can be renovated, refurbished, and retrofitted “just transition to a zero-carbon building stock.” to save energy consumption and related costs lead- Greening of public buildings is essential for en- ing to reduction in emissions. Such an effort requires vironmental goals and for improving quality of an approach that goes beyond energy savings and life. Buildings contribute close to 40 percent of the resource efficiency. Redesigning has to consider EU’s energy consumption and 36 percent of green- people/beneficiary centric design, where such rede- house gas (GHG) emissions. Green buildings can signing may impact final users including children, reduce emissions, enhance quality of life for people teachers, hospital staff, doctors, nurses and patients, living in and using buildings, and foster economic and the general public. Evidence shows that well-de- growth by creating “green” jobs in the construction signed, safe, and environmentally friendly buildings sector.6 It can also be an opportunity to improve can boost employee productivity and welfare. Table safety and quality of building stock, in line with 3 presents the expected benefits in the health and modern building codes, including requirements for education sector of greening buildings actions, such indoor environmental quality (IEQ), fire protection, as better lightning, ventilation, insolation, providing and earthquake resistance. Reducing greenhouse outside views, using natural materials. Thus, apply- gas emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030 requires ing a “Human Development lens” to construction lowering the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of and renovation of public buildings in general, espe- buildings by 60 percent, their final energy con- cially in the health and education sectors, provides sumption by 14 percent, and energy consumption an opportunity to identify synergies between achiev- for heating and cooling by 18 percent compared to ing the EUGD goals while improving human capital 2015 levels (European Commission 2020a). The outcomes. Investing in redesigning HD buildings presents an opportunity to progress towards carbon neutrality and higher human capital outcomes Table 2.  Potential benefits of greening buildings Energy use CO2 Emissions Water use Solid waste Greening impact— −24% to −50% −33% to −39% − 40% −70% reduction in percentage Source: Hussin, Jamilus & Abdul Rahman, Ismail & Memon, Aftab. (2013) 10 1. Introduction Table 3.  Potential positive effects of greening the HD buildings on outcome in the education and health sectors Education sector Hospital sector • 10–25% better mental function and memory • 8.5% reduction in hospital stays • 5–14% higher test scores • 15% faster recovery rates • 22% reduction in need for pain medication • 11% reduction in secondary infections [1] • Patients feel more calm, more at ease and comfortable[2] Source: https://ny.curbed.com/2013/5/7/10246368/an-introduction-to-the-cost-benefits-of-green-buildings Note: Greening buildings actions are better lightning, ventilation, insulation, providing outside views, using natural materials [1] https://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/why-use-green-star/why-design-or-build-a-green-hospital/ [2] https://ny.curbed.com/2013/5/7/10246368/an-introduction-to-the-cost-benefits-of-green-buildings This Note aims at supporting the efforts of Croatian Government to align HD buildings with EUGD objectives and to improve Human Development outcomes The World Bank has launched a green, resilient As a part of a larger World Bank initiative, this and inclusive development (GRID) initiative as Note aims at supporting the efforts of Croatian part of its human capital project in 2021. This initia- Government to align HD buildings with EUGD tive responds to the human part of the green transi- objectives and to improve Human Development tion, that is believed to serve people and being im- (HD) outcomes, focusing on the education and plemented by people. Green transition is the health sectors. This document is one of the four fundamental reform that transforms economies and country guidance notes under the “Advancing the social relationships. It also requires reestablishing of Human Development Agenda within the EU’s the social contract, developing new skills, and in- Green Deal” Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) forming people’s behaviors. Through supporting of the World Bank. The objective of the initiative is to the green transition initiatives, the World Bank generate knowledge to inform and advise EU Mem- Group has accumulated and continues to build the ber States and other stakeholders on opportunities expertise in systemic reforms helping countries to and options to enhance HD policies while imple- introduce inclusive reforms. The implementation of menting the EUGD. The project includes two out- the European Green Deal is the ideal opportunity for puts: a Regional Report and four guidance notes. the EU countries to ensure smooth people centered The Regional Report establishes and promotes the and inclusive green transition. As the Bank imple- key message that the green transition is primarily a ments similar analysis and supports policy reforms, human transition and presents the linkages between there are tasks that require deeper understanding of human capital and carbon emissions. The guidance the HD aspects of green transition. Greening HD notes focus on the four key opportunities, high- buildings is only one subset of tasks related to green lighted in the EUGD and the World Bank Group Cli- transition and human development, including be- mate Change Action Plan, for HD to contribute to havior change. the EUGD and have a thematic focus. They are 11  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA centered on specific countries: (1) the principle of a the renovation rate from the current 1 percent to 2 Just Transition in Bulgaria; (2) the research/innova- percent of the building stock annually, EU Member tion agenda in Poland; (3) the new skills/behavioral States could renovate 35 million buildings in the change agenda in Slovakia; and (iv) Greening HD coming decade. This would require 275 billion euros buildings in Croatia. Country-level case studies fo- of additional investment every year compared to 127 cus on the aspects of human transition that can con- billion euros annually between 2012 and 2016 (BPIE trast regional trends to local institutional and poli- 2021). cy-implementation contexts. Renovation of buildings can also contribute to The goal of this Note is twofold: first, to iden- post-COVID-19 economic recovery. Renovation of tify and propose how to address some of the key buildings creates new jobs, primarily in the con- regulatory and implementation hurdles that Croa- struction sector, which is labor intensive and largely tia and potentially other EU Member States are fac- dominated by local businesses. On average, for ev- ing in greening their HD infrastructure while im- ery million euros invested in energy renovations, 18 proving HD outcomes; and second, to compile best new jobs are created in the EU. In the Republic of practices and examples in green design, construc- Croatia this number is 29, out of which 11.5 are di- tion, and renovation of public HD buildings. The rect, 9.5 indirect, and 8 induced (BPIE 2020).10 Note will also provide guidance and encourage dia- To finance renovation, modernization and de- logue among relevant policy makers at national, re- carbonization of the public buildings stock, as gional, and local levels and with targeted clients. well as studies and technical assistance on energy Furthermore, the recommendations would address efficiency, the European Commission introduced a the importance of green skills development and diverse set of financial instruments for the EU other related topics important for the implementa- Member States. First, Member States can receive tion of EUGD. Overall, the analysis results and the support through the European Regional Develop- recommendations on these issues could also be use- ment Fund (ERDF), which provides assistance to all ful for the World Bank experts and other external regions and Member States, and from the Cohesion stakeholders focused on green economy and human Fund (CF), which covers environment and transport development. in the less developed EU countries.11 Second, a spe- Greening of public buildings and renovation cial Sustainable Infrastructure window of the Inves- are essential factors in achieving EUGD goals and tEU Fund (EUR 334 billion) supports initiatives on fostering economic recovery. To achieve EUGD energy efficiency. Additionally, there are funds ded- goals, the EU Member States should significantly in- icated to climate adaptation and green policies are crease the building renovation rate and depth. Ren- included in the EU post-COVID-19 Recovery Plan— ovating existing buildings can reduce the EU’s total Next Generation EU (EUR 806.9 billion), which also energy consumption by 5–6 percent and lower car- covers the energy efficiency theme.12 The regions can bon dioxide emissions by about five percent (Euro- receive the grants and loans under this program pean Commission 2020e). It is estimated that 97 per- through the Recovery and Resilience Facility (EUR cent of buildings in Europe are not energy efficient.7 672.5 billion of grant and loan resources). To support Only 11 percent of the existing building stock under- Member States affected by the energy policy transi- goes some level of renovation each year, and annual tion, the European Union also established the Just energy-renovation rate is only 1 percent.8 Across the Transition Mechanism, with €100 billion in invest- EU, “deep” renovations9 are carried out in just 0.2 ments planned over the period 2021–2027.13 It in- percent of the building stock annually. By doubling cludes three pillars: (1) the Just Transition Fund, to Greening of public buildings and renovation are essential factors in achieving EUGD goals and fostering economic recovery 12 1. Introduction Connecting existing data on the energy performance of public buildings with existing database on HD infrastructure and possibly outcomes could inform further infrastructure planning provide resources to affected regions; (2) a mecha- the MoU, EIB will provide financial and technical nism under InvestEU to stimulate private invest- assistance to the country’s projects arising from Cro- ments; and (3) a public sector loan facility with the atia’s National Energy and Climate Plan to support European Investment Bank (EIB 2020). Ten lower-in- the implementation of the EUGD. Additionally in come EU Member States, including Croatia, can re- the HD sector, the WB support the Government of ceive support for energy efficiency and energy sys- Croatia with a EUR 190 million loan to support the tems upgrade through the Modernisation Fund.14 recovery from the earthquakes and the COVID-19 Additionally, the public-private partnerships or net- pandemic, particularly with the resilient reconstruc- works of the main industrial stakeholders, including tion of health and education infrastructure. small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), au- Croatia started preparation for implementing thorities, and EU institutions can receive state aid the EUGD, but is facing additional challenges from EU countries for “green” thematic projects.15 compared to other Member States. Croatia was af- For example, there is a Construction 2050 Alliance fected by several shocks in the last few years in ad- which represents a network of 46 EU organizations dition to the COVID-19 pandemic; it was also struck working on development of building sector and by strong earthquakes in March and December 2020, supporting EUGD priorities.16 causing causalities and severe material damage, in- Croatia can access additional financing from cluding to hospitals and educational facilities. The several sources to support investments in HD estimated damage to the HD infrastructure in was buildings infrastructure development, such EIB 2.1 billion euros: 965 million euros in the health sec- with financial instruments that can complement tor and 1,156 million euros in the education sector. EU grants, and other financial institution such as This natural disaster complicated the response to the the World Bank. National public and private enti- pandemic and negatively affected economic growth. ties could benefit from EIB financial support (i) Pub- Renovation of public HD buildings in Croatia is thus lic sector lending—loans to the sovereign, as well as necessary for the recovery of the economy and sub-sovereign lending, including blended with EU post-earthquake recovery, improving educational and grants and other sources of public funding—such as health outcomes, and increasing infrastructure resil- green loans and intermediate climate action lending ience to climate events and possible disasters, while windows; (ii) Tailored financial instruments, techni- strengthening the human development process. cal assistance, and possibly mortgage-based lending Connecting existing data on the energy perfor- through the European Initiative for Building Reno- mance of public buildings with existing database vation, an initiative to increase the renovation rates on HD infrastructure and possibly outcomes could of buildings with energy-efficiency focus.17 For the inform further infrastructure planning. The MSE 2021–2027 programming period, EIB has adopted a manages and publicly provides some statistical data new strategic framework to support EUGD imple- on all schools in Croatia, such as number of schools, mentation.18 In January 2021, the EIB signed a Mem- founders, types of programs, number of students, orandum of Understanding with Croatia’s Ministry students’ success rates, and results of final exams.19 of Economy and Sustainable Development. Under The Agencija za promet nekretnina (APN, Agency 13  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA for Legal Transactions and Real Estate Management) energy audits are not sufficiently used to enable pri- manages the Information System for Energy Man- oritization and developing a sustainable energy agement (ISGE) in the public sector, including edu- investment20. cation and health. ISGE collects data on energy and In summary, this Note is an attempt to under- water use and enables benchmarking; it also con- stand the new area of greening HD buildings de- tains information on general performance of build- fined by the European Green Deal (EUGD), using ings—age, construction and energy characteristics, an example of one EU Member State. The team is including results of energy audits and information conscious of the EUGD’s impact on human develop- from energy certificates. In cases of significant ment and its potential implications on HD sector changes in energy use, the system alerts building and HD outcomes. At the same time, the implemen- owners/users. While the results of the energy audits tation of greening and energy-efficient interventions are publicly presented in the buildings, the team did at scale in many countries is a unique experience. not have access to the database nor could find evi- The team appreciates that the proposed report rep- dence that prioritization of sector investments are resents forward-looking research that is pushing the planned based on the combined information build- frontier of knowledge, thus some data is not avail- ing characteristics, including its energy perfor- able at the moment. This study also intends to iden- mance, the volume and quality of the services pro- tify knowledge gaps and areas for future research vided, and population needs. The results of the and interventions. 14 2. The education sector and infrastructure in Croatia 2. The education sector and infrastructure in Croatia T he financing of the Croatian education sys- longer school days will ensure sufficient instruc- tem is on par with the EU average. Croa- tional time for students in grades 1–8 to fully benefit tia’s education sector consists of preschool, from the recently introduced curricular reform. But primary (grades 1–8), secondary (includ- in order to be able to increase the number of teaching ing general and vocational education and training), hours, schools in Croatia will need to transition from and higher education. Scientific research is con- the current double-shift model to one-shift school- ducted at higher education institutions (universities ing. Nearly 60 percent of all Croatia’s basic educa- and polytechnics) and at 25 public research insti- tion students are enrolled in schools that operate in tutes. In 2019, Croatia spent 4.8 percent of its GDP on two shifts, making it very hard to increase the num- education; the EU-27 average is 4.7 percent (Eurostat ber of hours taught. On the other hand, Croatia has 2021). The share of total general government expen- an oversized school network, with too many schools diture (10.2 percent) was also slightly above the EU- in rural areas, too many classes, and lots of empty 27 average of 10.0 percent. From 2017 to 2019, public classrooms. Addressing this necessitates a custom- spending on education rose by 10.8 percent, reflect- ized approach, tailored to local circumstances. In ing a rise in compensation for employees in the edu- order to support the implementation of this complex cation sector. Local government bodies mainly fi- large-scale reform of basic education, the World nance preschool education. National government is Bank is helping the government to leverage EUR 600 the main provider of education services for all other million from various EU funds to facilitate infra- levels. As presented in Table 4, the vast majority structure investments that would enable transition (97.3 percent) of primary and secondary schools are to one-shift schooling nationwide. state-owned through regional governments; a simi- The World Bank project is also helping Croatia lar situation exists for the higher education institu- to achieve targets and milestones related to green tions such as universities and polytechnics (80.3 per- transition under the EUGD by reviewing existing cent). The share of private education providers is legislation, preparing guidelines on how to build significant at preschool level (43.3 percent). more efficient school buildings, and suggesting As part of planned education reforms, the gov- better design choices not only in terms of peda- ernment is introducing the Whole Day School gogy, but also in terms of building performance (WDS) reform with the support of the World Bank, and protecting the environment. Quality planning, which aims to improve student learning outcomes especially with compact buildings and related infra- through increased instructional hours and large in- structure (playgrounds, sports fields) would not vestments in school infrastructure. Introducing only reduce total surface and thus impact directly on Table 4.  Overview of education facilities No of pupils/students Level of No. of education M F Total employees Private Public Total Pre-school 61,588 57,277 118,865 19,796 272 356 628 Primary & 235,063 225,972 461,035 70,850 70 2,487 2,557 secondary Higher 71,207 97,233 168,440 18,167 26 106 132 Source: Government of Croatia (2021). 15  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box 1.  Good school architecture vs. sustainable schools In the last 10 years, several schools built in Croatia received national and international awards for good quality architecture. The best practices include Veli Vrh Pula, Žnjan-Pazigrad Split, Vrbani Zagreb, or American Inter- national School Zagreb. While characterized by sound architectural qualities, they are costly, and their main- tenance is high. For instance, new schools are built above the state standards that dedicate 7–9 m2 per pupil, while all of the facilities above have between 10.5–17.5 m2 per pupil. Sustainable schools are good practice in terms of materials, use of space, construction costs, and good indoor environmental quality. Sizing of schools is based on number of pupils, and construction standards are comparable within the EU. Relevant examples of sustainable schools include passive house standards, low (1,250 EUR/m2), reasonable investment, maintenance costs, and a clear concept. Please see Appendix 3 for these examples: Elementary school Butze Wolfurt (Germany), Klaus Elementary School (Austria), Edlach Ele- mentary School (Austria), or the secondary school in Neumarkt (renovation). available land, but also would require less material, operating inefficiently from both a cost and quality less transport, less overall pollution, also later less perspective; it is expensive to maintain half-empty construction and maintenance costs. The analysis buildings and classrooms with very low stu- shows that vast majority of recently-built schools in dent-teacher ratio. Attracting talented teachers and Croatia exceeds the current spatial standards by principals to very small schools is also challenging, 20–100 percent (Box 1). Optimization of building especially in remote areas. Therefore, governments sizes requires accurate demographic projections and have to develop policies in response to the shrinking adequate design guidelines. Instead of generaliza- numbers in such schools—common for countries tion in current regulations, such as the addition of 65 that urbanize and are aging—and provide the net- percent of net areas for multiuse spaces, communica- work with supporting measures to guarantee qual- tions, toilets, and walls, design guidelines can indi- ity of education and cost-effective maintenance of cate the optimal sizing of the spaces and best practices the buildings—for example, community needs anal- regarding space use for both formal and informal ysis, buildings upgrade, possible optimizations, and learning in 21st Century skills school. support for teachers and principals. According to the international research, school Green and efficient school buildings contribute size is a key parameter of school infrastructure that to budget savings. There are several studies that can positively or negatively affect children’s learn- support this claim. One study summarizes the im- ing outcomes. The small school can be built cost-ef- pacts of green buildings on maintenance, reduced fectively; its size enables creating a comfortable en- utility expenses, and reduced absenteeism. 21 An- vironment with a strong sense of community other study shows the impact of compact design and between teachers and children, and it can contribute energy efficient systems on kindergartens (Shmis et to students’ achievements, graduation rates, and al. 2019). The latter study shows that high-quality higher attendance. There is evidence that large energy-efficient buildings are economically viable schools have certain disadvantages: higher transpor- even with low energy prices in oil and gas mining tation costs, higher administrative overheads, lower regions. These examples indicate that the costs asso- graduation rates, higher absenteeism, higher rates of ciated with an energy efficient HD building might vandalism, and lower satisfaction among teachers be at the same level with a traditional structure, but (Barrett et al. 2019). On the other hand, the existing feature better workplace, healthier air and tempera- network of small schools have to deal with ture, and lower long-term maintenance costs. 16 3. The health sector and infrastructure in Croatia 3. The health sector and infrastructure in Croatia T he central government holds the steward- centers providing tertiary care. The counties and cit- ship role of the health system and is the ies own and operate primary and secondary public main source of funding. The MoH is re- health care facilities including specialized hospitals, sponsible for overall health policies, in- clinics, health centers, and health resorts; City of Za- cluding the planning and the regulation of capital greb owns the largest number of hospitals and clin- investments for publicly-owned health care provid- ics. Operating expenditures are covered by contracts ers. The Croatian Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) is with CHIF. MoH is the main source of funds for cap- the sole insurer. The MoH defines the National ital investments. Local authorities are responsible Health Care Network of health care centers, hospi- for building maintenance, and increasingly for capi- tals, and outpatient practices. For hospitals, the tal investments (Džakula et al. 2021). However, the CHIF purchases health services by contracting indi- MoH provides support with capital investment, es- vidual institutions for the provision of the health pecially in cofinancing for the EU-funded support. services within the scope of mandatory health insur- For example, Children’s hospital Srebrnjak is owned ance. CHIF uses a mix of financing models. Inpatient by the City of Zagreb, but its new translational cen- care is financed mostly by the global budget, with ter is cofinanced by EU funds, the central govern- only 10 percent based on services provided using ment, and the City of Zagreb as owner. diagnosis-related group (DRGS). Outpatients are Croatia has a large network of public hospitals treated based on fee-for-services. but challenges in access and efficiency remain. Local governments have an important role in Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of provision of secondary care. The ownership of hos- beds had been decreasing but at a slower pace than pitals varies according to level of care. Service deliv- in other Member States. Croatia had 5.7 beds per ery is organized across three levels: primary, sec- 1,000 population in 2019 compared to 5.3 per 1,000 in ondary, and tertiary care, summarized below in the EU overall (OECD 2021). However, the distribu- Table 5. The MoH is responsible for large clinical tion of health workers and facilities, including PHC Croatia has a large network of public hospitals but challenges in access and efficiency remain Table 5.  An overview of healthcare service providers Primary Secondary Tertiary 49 health centers with 61 22 general hospitals 5 clinical hospital centers branches across the country 18 specialist hospitals 3 clinical hospitals 6 psychiatric hospitals 5 clinics 3 health resorts Source: Government of Croatia (2020a). 17  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA varies considerably with a larger offering in central of impact on quality was not possible as quality Croatia compared to remote areas. Croatians are management systems were only starting in hospi- more likely to report an unmet need due to distance tals. (Džakula et al. 2021). Further reforms of the than the other EU countries—0.7 percent in 2019, hospital sector are expected to improve access to compared to an EU average of 0.1 percent (Džakula quality hospital care and financial sustainability. et al, 2021). At the same time, some hospitals that are Investment in renovation and greener new hos- geographically very close to each other are offering pitals can improve patients’ outcome, staff produc- similar services to the population. The MoH man- tivity and generate saving. Due to low energy effi- ages a comprehensive list of all institutions in the ciency and overall low green performance of the healthcare sector, with all key information available built hospitals there is a large potential in their ren- on Ministry’s web site. The Agency for Quality and ovation towards a more sustainable and energy-effi- Accreditation (now subsumed under the MoH) pub- cient future, being more friendly both to the users lished the results of an audit of 28 hospitals. Cur- and the environment. This means additional invest- rently, there is no public data on quality of care in ments in materials (adding insulation, changing hospitals. However, the MoH has started the process windows, light to LED lights) and improved tech- to institute the Health System Performance Assess- nology (smart devices, devices with better energy ment (HSPA) which will provide a platform for the efficiency, solar panels etc.). All of these improve- establishment of quality indicators. ments would be possible without changes in the The Government of Croatia has embarked on landscape location. Investing both in renovation and reforms of the hospital network in the last decade, better performing green new buildings can result in but they have not been fully implemented or eval- significant economic savings by improving em- uated. The National Hospital Development Plan ployee productivity, increasing benefits from im- was adopted in September 2018. One of the key prin- provements in health and safety, and providing sav- ciples of the rationalization of the hospital network ings from energy, maintenance, and operational was functional integration that envisions the reorga- costs. (Smit et al. 2015). nization within five regions, with horizontal integra- The National Health Sector Development Plan tion. The aims were to shift acute care from inpatient 2021–2027 (Vlada RH 2021) aims to enhance finan- outpatients and increase capacity to treat chronic cial sustainability of the health system, but it does patient and provide long term care and palliative not address the EUGD implementation. According care (Džakula et al. 2021). However, the implemen- to the Plan the share of hospitals able to cover their tation of functional integration remained limited in annual cost should reach 8 percent by 2025 and 40 scope with only six pairs of hospitals initially (Euro- percent by 2030 up from the current 1 percent. The pean Commission, 2020). The hospital payment goals include modernization of the health infra- model was reformed in 2015. Hospitals received part structure by construction of new or renovation of of their budget up front (all of it since 2020) and need existing capacities. It is accompanied by the Action to provide invoices to demonstrate the services de- Plan for implementation of the National Health Sector livered based on episode of care. The model in- Development Plan for the Period until 2025 (Vlada RH cluded monitoring of quality and efficiency indica- 2021a). The Action Plan does not specify how finan- tors. Positive trends in efficiency gain, such as cial sustainability will be achieved and does not in- reduction of length of stay and increase of day care clude infrastructure investments which might lead and day surgeries were observed, but the evaluation to reduction of operational costs and improving Investment in renovation and greener new hospitals can improve patients’ outcome, staff productivity and generate saving 18 3. The health sector and infrastructure in Croatia Since the adoption of the EUGD in year 2019, only few hospitals in the EU Member States are fully constructed and operational according to “green” requirements. working and living conditions within health facili- countries including England and Germany are tak- ties.22 The National Portfolio of investments in health ing significant steps in greening healthcare sector and long-term care identifies investment needs but and building human capital with appropriate green does not quantify them. Only EU sources of financ- skills for construction, healthcare, and other import- ing are planned: National Recovery and Resilience ant sectors. Plan, the European Regional Development Fund The Center of Competence for Translational (ERDF), and the European Social Fund. Despite Cro- Medicine (CCTM), under construction, is the only atia’s commitment to the EUGD and the fact that hospital in Croatia with the highest norms related hospitals are large contributors towards CO2 emis- to EUGD requirements. The only hospital in Croa- sion and other environmental issues, the MoH does tia that has fulfilled some of the outlined green re- not currently have any policy or plans to address the quirements is the new building (currently under implementation of EUGD in the renovation of hospi- construction) of the Children’s Hospital Srebrnjak in tals nor building of new medical facilities. Zagreb, a pediatric hospital which in 2019 received Since the adoption of the EUGD in year 2019, EUR 60 million from the EU structural funds. This only few hospitals in the EU Member States are represents one of few infrastructure projects in Cro- fully constructed and operational according to atian healthcare sector which underwent a compre- “green” requirements. Probably the closest qualifi- hensive review process including compliance with cation to this are the green buildings certifications— the green certifications by European Commission LEED, BREAM, EDGE, etc. These certifications take experts. Requirements for the “green” construction into account how green a hospital is overall and of the CCTM project are described in the Feasibility could be a good proxy for all the considerations in- Study approved by the European Commission and cluded in the Green Deal. However, some European are presented in Annex 5. 19  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA 4. Ownership of buildings and relevant stakeholders for the implementation of the EUGD P olicies for greening public HD buildings planning, and the planning and development of the involve multiple sectors and stakehold- educational and health care networks. The local gov- ers, but complex and fragmented gover- ernance level comprises 428 municipalities and 128 nance structure in both the health and cities. Cities and municipalities administer matters education sectors represents a challenge to the im- of local significance, including childcare, welfare, plementation of the EUGD. Some of the relevant primary health care, preschool, and elementary national policies include the Low Carbon Develop- school education. For the education sector, the cen- ment Strategy, which is primarily under the over- tral government through the MSE is directly respon- sight of the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable sible for higher education, regional governments are Development. The Long-Term Buildings Renova- responsible for elementary and secondary schools, tion Strategy, and the “program of energy renova- and local government at city level oversees kinder- tion of public buildings until 2030” are the responsi- gartens. City of Zagreb owns its schools and kinder- bility of the Ministry of Physical Planning, gartens. For the health sector, central government Construction, and State Assets (MPPCSA); and the through the MoH oversees large clinical centers, and “program for renovating buildings of cultural heri- counties and cities are owners of clinical hospitals, tage” is under the Ministry of Culture and Media. As health care centers, general and special hospitals, a result, the renovation of a public hospital that is health resorts, and other health care institutions cultural heritage would require the joint involve- such as primary care, and specialized centers. ment of the MPPCSA, Ministry of Culture, and The health sector is more complex than educa- MoH. It is not clear who would initiate the process tion in terms of ownership and sources of financ- and how it would be coordinated. This hampering ing for operations and investments in buildings. issue requires resolution at the national level. Fur- For the education sector, the school network, includ- thermore, an additional layer of complexity might ing number of schools and all their facilities, are de- arise if the hospital is owned by the regional govern- fined at central national level by the Ministry, while ment, and then regional and local conditions and local and regional governments are school owners policies might play a role as well. providing funding. In the health sector, the regional Ownership and governance regarding HD and local governments—for example, counties— buildings in the education and healthcare sectors and the City of Zagreb are owners of some hospitals are decentralized to regional and local levels. At the and clinics. The financing of buildings, maintenance, regional level, 21 counties carry out matters related and equipment is provided by the owners. The cen- to: education, health care, physical and town tral government through the Croatian National Ownership and governance regarding HD buildings in the education and healthcare sectors are decentralized to regional and local levels 20 4. Ownership of buildings and relevant stakeholders for the implementation of the EUGD Insurance Fund provides funding for service costs • The MoH manages health care legislation. The that include treatment of patients and salaries of ministry prepares and implements health care hospital staff. In some cases, the central government reforms, and performs tasks related to healthcare provides cofinancing for capital investment projects. infrastructure (investment in infrastructure) and An example of this complex funding mix is the Trans- establishment of health institutions and private lational Center at the Children Hospital Srebrnjak in practice. Zagreb, that was recently financed by EU sources, • The MSE performs tasks related to preschool, el- City of Zagreb, and Central Government. For renova- ementary, secondary and higher education; in- tion of public buildings, regional authorities and City troduces regulations, standards and other re- of Zagreb as hospital owners can seek additional quirements regarding educational work; funding through EU funds or Central Government. establishes higher education institutions; and There is no established national coordinating provides funding for the sector. body in Croatia to facilitate the implementation of the EUGD requirements at national, regional, or • The Ministry of Regional Development and EU local level and this was identified as a risk for suc- Funds coordinates priorities and multiannual cessful implementation. The stakeholder mapping and annual strategic and operational documents shows that MPPCSA is the key stakeholder at na- for the use of European Union funds and other tional level for renovation of existing buildings. The international sources of funding for regional de- MoH, MSE and other ministries must follow na- velopment; proposes and coordinates the imple- tional policies established by the MPPCSA related to mentation of state incentive measures, regional infrastructure and construction of new buildings in development programs, and projects, monitors their respective sectors. At the central government their implementation, and evaluates their effects. level, institutions responsible for some of the aspects • The Ministry of Economy and Sustainable De- of greening HD infrastructure are presented below. velopment defines strategic directions, develops • The Ministry of Physical Planning, Construc- sustainable development programs and plans tion, and State Assets develops the policy frame- based on the principles of green and circular work for greening the infrastructure, defines cri- economy, and fosters just transition towards re- teria for design and construction of facilities, and source efficient, competitive, and climate neutral performs activities related to energy efficiency in economy. It performs as the national coordinat- buildings, building and use permits, use, mainte- ing body for energy efficiency, develops and im- nance and removal of buildings. It also defines plements energy efficiency programs, and man- energy efficiency, affordability, and sustainabili- ages the system for management and verification ty criteria. The ministry prepares the long-term of energy savings (SMiV). The ministry harmo- building renovation strategy, and the majority of nizes and collaborates in the implementation of the energy renovation programs (the Energy ren- energy policy measures within sectoral policies ovation program for public buildings for 2021– (environment and nature protection, construc- 2030) which are adopted by the Croatian Govern- tion, education, etc.); plans, coordinates and im- ment. These documents also cover the earthquake plements energy efficiency policy; ensures sys- recovery. There is no established national coordinating body in Croatia to facilitate the implementation of the EUGD requirements at national, regional, or local level and this was identified as a risk for successful implementation 21  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA tematic planning to improve energy efficiency; ovation for the central government and other performs the role of the national coordinating public buildings based on the energy services body for energy efficiency; and coordinates activ- company ESCO model in line with the program ities related to energy management. for energy refurbishment of public buildings. APN also manages the Information System for • The Ministry of Culture and Media is responsi- Energy Management (ISGE), which enables mon- ble for the renovation of buildings that are part of itoring and analysis of water and energy con- cultural heritage, including hospitals and schools. sumption in public sector. • The Ministry of Labor, Pension System, Family • The Environmental Protection and Energy Effi- and Social Policy carries out tasks related to em- ciency Fund (EPEEF) co-finances implementa- ployment policy to improve skills, and a work tion of energy efficiency measures at the national retraining and employability enhancement pro- level, and energy management at the local level. gram, including those relevant for green skills. The Fund finances energy renovation projects and Recently, this ministry has developed special projects for the use of renewable energy sources. programs to foster “green” employment. Beneficiaries of the Fund may be local and re- • The Agency for Legal Transactions and Real Es- gional self-government units, institutions, com- tate Management (APN) is a national state agen- panies, civil society organizations and citizens. cy responsible for implementation of energy ren- Box 2.  City of Zagreb—Example of good practice of EUGD implementation at a regional level Croatia’s capital city is at the forefront of the implementation of the EUGD. The City of Zagreb enacted its own Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) in June 2019, the same year the EUGD was adopted. When the Commission’s Communication and Impact Assessments were released in September 2020, the City drafted its own policy review and revisions, which were successfully completed in December 2021. An in-depth energy model of the City for all major sectors has been developed, covering the energy balance—including supply and demand—with projections for 2030, and even up to 2050. The City of Zagreb is in the process of finalizing its Green Infrastructure Strategy following the adoption of the Programme for Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas for the period 2021–2030 by the Govern- ment of Croatia on 30 December 2021. This is proposed to be accomplished through three key components: (i) preservation, improvement, and sustainable management of natural areas (Green City); (ii) development of green infrastructure to foster sustainable growth and development and ensuring a better quality of living (Sus- tainable City); and (iii) green infrastructure for climate change adaptation (Healthy City). The City is also updat- ing its key spatial planning documents (the Spatial Plan and the General Urban Plan) which will contain several energy and climate-related policies embedded in the plan, to ensure the development of green infrastructure within the city and the nearby education and health facilities. Education and health buildings have been included in the ongoing City programs for energy refurbish- ment since year 2017. Fifty-seven buildings in the education sector (kindergartens, elementary and high schools) have been renovated since 2017, in addition to seven buildings from the health sector. With the build- ing sector being the largest (36.2 percent) in terms of final energy consumption (FEC) during the first half of 2022, the City of Zagreb administration initiated the process of complete overhaul of public building construc- tion, reconstruction, expansion, and energy renovation. This process is expected to be finalized by June 2022. A set of (re)construction standards that are fully aligned with the overall Green Deal and representing a higher standard than the current national legislation—internally called the “Green Deal Construction Standard”— have been developed. Through the implementation of the upcoming program for public buildings, those stan- dards will be embedded in all (re)construction processes. Schools and hospitals owned by the City or located in Zagreb metropolitan area are included in this process. 22 5. National policies and legislation related to the implementation of the EUGD 5. National policies and legislation related to the implementation of the EUGD C urrent decarbonization targets for recently adopted the National Plan for Healthcare buildings in Croatia are less ambitious development for the period 2021–2027 without ad- than required by the EUGD and strate- dressing EUGD. The list of EU and Croatian policies gic documents not fully aligned. Indeed, relevant for greening HD buildings are presented they are aligned with country development strate- below in Table 6. gies which have not formally adopted the goal of Emissions from buildings have to be signifi- climate neutrality. The Croatian National Develop- cantly reduced to achieve the EU’s overall tar- ment Strategy (NDS) sets the goal of 35 percent re- get—55 percent reduction of GHG by 2030. These duction of GHG by 2030 compared to 1990, whereas requirements are included in the revisions of key the goal of the EUGD is 55 percent. The Low Carbon directives: the Energy Performance of Buildings Di- Development Strategy estimates that Croatia can rective (EPBD, Directive 2010/31/EU) and the En- achieve up to 44.8 percent GHG reductions by ergy Efficiency Directive (EED, Directive 2010/31/ 2030. Achieving the goal of 35 percent reduction of EU) within the EU fit for 55 package. EED defines GHG will require investments worth EUR 13.8 bil- regulatory framework for building efficiency. Scal- lion. To achieve 55 percent GHG emissions reduc- ing up decarbonization efforts is included in the pro- tion, additional investments of EUR 20 billion are posal on the Energy Performance of Buildings Direc- necessary (Sabor 2021). Despite the fact that the tive (recast) (European Commission 2021c). This health sector buildings are amongst the worst per- makes a step forward from the current NZEB to ze- forming, the Croatian Ministry of Health has ro-emission building (ZEB).23 Table 6.  EU and Croatian policies relevant for greening HD buildings Area EU Croatia General European Green Deal • National Development Strategy (until 2030). • National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021–2026. • National Climate and Energy Plan 2021–2030. • Low Carbon Development Strategy (until 2030 with view until 2050). • Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (until 2040 with a view to extend until 2070). Buildings The Renovation Wave • Long Term Building Renovation Strategy until 2050. Strategy • Program for energy refurbishment of public buildings 2021–2030. • Program for energy refurbishment of cultural heritage buildings. • Program for development of green urban infrastructure. • Program for circular management of space and buildings. • Architectural policies of the Republic of Croatia- Apolitika. Health European Health Union • National Health Development Plan 2021–2027. Preparedness and • Action plan for implementation of the National health development plan 2021–2025. resilience • National portfolio for investments in health and long-term care. Education European Skills Agenda • National plan for development of the Education system 2021–2027 (planned). • Strategic plan of the Ministry of Education and Science 2020–2022. 23  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Croatia responded to EED with the Energy Effi- Other national laws and regulations relevant ciency Law (OG 127/14, 116/18, 25/20, 41/21), and for HD buildings include general regulations (ap- the requirements of the EPBD are included in the plicable for all buildings) and specific rules for Construction Law (OG 153/13, 20/17, 39/19 and energy management in the public sector and con- 125/2019, art.20–47). The main requirements regard- tracting energy services. 24 After the 2020 earth- ing buildings have been addressed as follows. quakes, a special law on reconstruction was adopted, • A Long Term Building Renovation Strategy first for the Zagreb region, and after the Petrinja (LTRS), together with implementation plans was earthquake, the scope of the law was extended to in- adopted. Croatia’s LTRS has set the 4 percent an- clude areas affected by the December 2020 earth- nual renovation target for the period 2041–2050 quakes. It is still not the general law covering (from current 0.7 percent), and the following post-disaster recovery. goals for 2050: The MoH and MSE have not yet developed pol- – All buildings are nZEB buildings or highly en- icies or instructions for their sector stakeholders ergy efficient; all users are aware of the bene- on how to implement EUGD requirements in con- fits ensured by the integral energy renovation struction of schools and hospitals. Specific require- of buildings. ments for space and equipment in education and the – The program of energy renovation of public health care sector are defined by the ordinances buildings until 2030 plans a progressive in- taken by line ministries. The ordinance on norms crease of the renovation rate, from 0.7 percent and standards for performing health care activities annually during the 2014–2020 period to 1 (OG 52/2020) determines the minimum norms and percent annually in 2021 and 2022, 1.5 percent standards regarding space—for example, minimal annually in 2023 and 2024, 2 percent annually areas for infirmaries, waiting rooms, maximum in 2025 and 2026, and rising gradually to 3 per- number of beds in patients’ rooms, and lighting. cent by 2030. Similarly, minimal space requirements are defined • The 3 percent target of renovation of the public by the Minister of Education in line with state peda- buildings floor area owned or used by the central gogical standards.25 There are separate standards for government was achieved for the period 2014– elementary and secondary schools.26 However, there 2018 (European Commission 2020a). are no guidelines on integrating sector-specific rules • Minimal criteria for energy renovation of build- with EUGD. ings are defined by the “Technical regulation on Unrealistic planning and capacity constraints rational use of energy and heat retention in build- are major obstacles for building renovation. In the ings” (OG 128/15, 70/18, 73/18-correction). The period 2015–2019, about 5.7 mil m2 of floor area of criteria depends on building type and climate existing buildings were renovated, against the plan zone. to renovate 3.5 percent of the entire building stock • A special ordinance defines energy efficiency for floor area annually, or 6.7 mil m.2 In other words, public procurements (Ordinance on energy effi- after five years, the target equivalent of one year was ciency requirements for energy-related products not yet achieved. The lack of capacity and appropri- in public procurement procedures ). ate skills, as well as other hampering issues such as MoH and MSE have yet to develop policies or instructions for their sector stakeholders on how to implement EUGD requirements in construction of schools and hospitals 24 5. National policies and legislation related to the implementation of the EUGD Smart urban planning and improved coordination among the line ministries representing HD could result in significant positive effects on green transformation the lack of clear instructions from the line ministries, that more buildings or spaces are constructed (like unsolved ownership of some of the school buildings, sports facilities, libraries, etc.) that are costly and and problems connected with a lack of alignment have large carbon footprint. Smart urban planning between cadastral register and land registry, present may help create facilities for shared use and increase obstacles for efficient building renovation in line efficiency of HD system making them greener. In with EU, national, and sectoral policies. Other obsta- some countries, such collaborations help to create cles include poor knowledge and management of amenities like, for example, kindergartens with el- design and permitting processes, and a slow pro- derly care facilities.27 The University of California— curement process in need of improvement. Berkley prepared the guidelines for planning of Smart urban planning and improved coordina- shared use of school facilities where it discusses dif- tion among the line ministries representing HD ferent ways of renovating, designing, and operating could result in significant positive effects on green the buildings for improved shared use .28 Therefore, transformation. At the municipal level, the educa- municipal planning may help avoid duplications tion, health, and social protection sectors usually and generate green benefits by decreasing the foot- duplicate functions in their buildings. This means print of unnecessary buildings. 25  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA 6. Performance of HD buildings in education and health sectors in Croatia H D buildings in Croatia currently re- estimates of the health sector climate footprint in quire approximately 2181 GWh/year (2 Croatia is very low for the level of spending Croatia percent of total primary energy sup- allocates for health: 0.8 t MtCO2 eq corresponds to ply), but they can be renovated, refur- 0.19t CO2 t eq per capita and 3.2 percent of total na- bished, and retrofitted to save energy and related tional emissions (ARUP, 2019). It puts it in the costs and reduce emissions. Climate proofing and “lower than average emitters“ category. Consider- interventions beyond energy savings and resource ing that energy use in buildings is very inefficient, efficiency have potential to mitigate risks related to there is significant opportunities for further im- extreme weather, enable healthier and more com- provement. Schools cover 6.4 mil m2 (67 percent of fortable environment, impact users—children, the HD buildings area) and use about 1,221GWh/ teachers, hospital staff, nurses, and patients—and year (56 percent of energy required for HD build- contribute to improved human capital outcomes. ings). Hospitals cover 33 percent of the HD area and Global estimates of the health sector carbon foot- use roughly 961 GWh/year (44 percent energy). En- print29 show that more than half of the health sec- ergy needs of the current HD infrastructure and po- tor’s footprint is attributable to energy use, primar- tential savings, in line with Long-Term Renovation ily consumption of electricity, gas, steam and air Strategy, which forecast that at all buildings are conditioning supply combined with health sector nZEB by 2050, are presented in Table 7, with addi- operational emissions (NoHarm, 2019). Available tional details on calculation in Appendix 1. Table 7.  Current and estimated energy needs after renovation of hospitals and education buildings in Croatia Current annual Annual energy needs Area energy needs after renovation Annual savings Savings (m2) (GWh) (GWh) (GWh) (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2)—(3) (5) = (4)*100/(2) Education 6,423,758 1,220.8 419.0 801.7 66% Continental 4,411,799 886.8 326.5 560.3 63% Coastal 2,011,959 334.0 92.6 241.4 72% Hospitals 3,109,659 960.6 200.3 760.3 79% Continental 2,326,097 749.0 174.5 574.5 77% Coastal 783,562 211.6 25.9 185.7 88% HD buildings continental 6,737,896 1,635.8 500.9 1,134.8 69% HD buildings coastal 2,795,521 545.5 118.4 427.1 78% Total HD buildings 9,533,417 2,181.3 619.3 1,562.0 72% Sources: LTRS (2020) for areas; MPPCSA (2022) for E prim kWh/m ; Eprim GWh is calculated by multiplying area by Eprim kWh/m . Details in Appendix 1. 2 2 26 6. Performance of HD buildings in education and health sectors in Croatia Table 8.  Distribution of buildings according to the energy rating, by categories of buildings, % Energy rating A+ A B C D E F G Hospitals 0.07 0.42 9.99 31.35 24.07 6.8 9.71 17.59 Continental 0 0 6.49 32.02 12.52 9.77 12.28 26.93 Coastal 0.19 1.21 16.52 30.11 45.58 1.26 4.92 0.21 Educational buildings 6.93 10.71 29.53 29.48 14.62 6.51 1.85 0.36 Continental 2.41 6.98 32.92 29.09 17.31 8.36 2.44 0.47 Coastal 21.10 22.39 18.9 30.69 6.2 0.72 0.00 0.00 All categories of buildings 5.94 16.18 26.3 22.83 15.07 7.56 3.47 2.65 Source: LTRS (2020). The estimated potential energy savings of HD buildings according to their energy rating—categories buildings in Croatia is 1,561 GWh/year, represent- D and below in continental Croatia, and C or below ing 72 percent of current energy needs. Hospitals in coastal Croatia). On the contrary, educational are the worst performing, and schools are among buildings are among the best performing buildings the best preforming public buildings in Croatia. with more than 40 percent of buildings rated A+, A, Savings potential ranges from 63 percent for educa- or B. tional buildings in the continental part of Croatia In 2020, two significant earthquakes, with mag- (compared to current energy needs) to 88 percent for nitude 5.5. and 6.2, respectively, on the Richter hospitals in coastal part in Croatia.30 The level of po- scale, caused severe damages including in the pub- tential savings is comparable in education and lic health and education sectors. The value of the health sectors in absolute terms—802 GWh/year and damages and losses are presented in Table 9 below. 760 GWh/year, respectively, as shown above in Considering the size of education and health sector Table 7—but significantly higher per m2 in hospitals. (Table 7), relative damages (per m2) were signifi- This is in line with the energy ratings of HD build- cantly higher in the health sector. It could be ex- ings, as detailed below in Table 8. Sixty percent of hos- plained partially by the current building stock in this pitals are classified as worst performing public sector. Hospitals are among the worst performing Table 9.  2020 earthquakes: Damages and losses to the health and education sector, EUR million Damage Loss Total     Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total (1) (2) (3)=(1)+(2) (4) (5) (6)=(4)+(5) (7)=(1)+(4) (8)=(2)+(5) (9)=(7)+(8) Health 842.15 1.83 825.98 61.21 0.01 61.25 903.36 1.84 905.20 March 2020 Education 1,002.56 67.97 1,070.54 8.46 0.51 8.98 1,011.02 68.48 1,079.50 Health 123 2 125 42 0.05 21 165 2 167 Dec 2020  Education 153 1 154 20 0.1 20 173 1 174 Health 965.15 3.83 950.98 103.21 0.06 82.25 1,068.36 3.84 1,072.2 Total  Education 1,155.56 68.97 1,224.54 28.46 0.61 28.98 1,184.02 69.48 1,253.5 Total health and education 2,121.71 72.80 2,175.52 131.67 0.67 111.23 2,252.38 73.32 2,3525.7 Data sources: Government of Croatia (2020a), Government of Croatia (2021). Authors’ aggregation of March and December earthquake data. Note: Damage is estimated in terms of the replacement value of both public- and private-domain physical assets damaged or destroyed; losses are estimated based on the changes in economic flows resulting from the temporary absence of the damaged assets or disruption to access to goods and services in terms of reduced revenue; higher operational costs; and actions taken to reduce risk. 27  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA The estimated potential energy savings of HD buildings in Croatia is 1,561 GWh/year, representing 72 percent of current energy needs buildings; there is a strong negative correlation be- Zagreb and Banovina region and to recover from the tween the age of hospitals and their performance. recent pandemic in 2020, the World Bank has provided Old buildings often have poor structural properties a EUR 190 million loan to the Croatian Government. in terms of mechanical resistance and stability, fire The large investments planned in HD buildings safety, or health protection. Such buildings are also with EU fundings will be focusing more on the ed- poorly adapted to deal with extreme weather ucation sector and might face limited absorption events—floods, windstorms, heat waves—or natu- capacity. The investment needs significantly exceed ral disasters such as earthquakes, and do not meet available funding, planned under the EU Solidarity the minimum requirements of modern design codes. Fund, the National Recovery and Resilience Plan The earthquake damages to Croatia’s public (NRRP), ERDF, and loans provided by the World health infrastructure were estimated at EUR 965 Bank and EIB. Renovations worth EUR 24.8 million million, and at EUR 1,156 million for education (8.7 percent of available funding) were contracted in sector, exceeding the amount of support already the health sector. According to Ministry of Educa- provided by the EU and the World Bank. The EC tion data, value of contracted renovations reached provided assistance to Croatia under the EU Solidar- EUR 304 million (6.7 percent exceeding available EU ity Fund after the March 2020 Zagreb earthquake in funding).31 The NRRP includes EUR 792 million for amount of EUR 684 million, and additional EUR 319 building renovation, EUR 596 million to improve million for the recovery from series of earthquakes learning spaces (construction of new and renovation in Sisak-Moslavina, Karlovac, and Zagreb Counties of existing buildings), and about EUR 57 million for (European Commission 2021e). The funds were to be construction/renovation of hospitals (Government used within 18 months (by June 2022), but the clos- 2021a). Major reforms of the education sector are in ing date was extended to June 2023. Out of this preparation and the sector has received much more amount, EUR 141 million is allocated to the health attention in the NRRP than the health sector (total sector and EUR 285 million to education sector, leav- EUR 1 billion and EUR 0.34 billion euros, respec- ing a significant financing gap. To help with recov- tively). The World Bank is also supporting the SEE ery of schools and hospitals damaged by strong Education project with a EUR 25 million loan. The earthquakes located mostly in the capital city of availability of the financial support requires special The large investments planned in HD buildings with EU fundings will be focusing more on the education sector and might face limited absorption capacity 28 6. Performance of HD buildings in education and health sectors in Croatia While improving absorption capacity, the government needs to mobilize finances for specific interventions in HD building upgrades and to enhance infrastructure plans on education and health facilities with long-term vision capacity from the country institutions not only to will be gender informed, including adequate consid- allocate, but to use the funds as well. For example, as erations for personal safety and hygiene, and will of the end of 2021, less than 1 percent of the total support those with disabilities to ensure universal available funds under EU Solidarity Fund had been accessibility, in response to feedback from public spent. As an example, the MoH has demonstrated consultations. Energy efficiency measures, such as limited capacity to absorb the additional funding. proper insulation, energy efficient windows, LED The contracted renovation works reached value of lights, white roofs, and solar panels, will help to re- EUR 306.7 million (HRK 2.3 billion), half of which is duce the climate footprint of health and education to be covered from EU solidarity fund. However, un- facilities and reduce operating costs for the govern- til the end May 2022 requests for payments reached ment. Project interventions will also include equip- only EUR 730.000 (less than 0.5%) and only EUR ment replacement and upgrades as necessary. 253.000 was approved (less than 0.2%) (HINA, 2022). Lack of adequate skills to absorb the available The line ministries can learn lessons from the funding is slowing down renovation. While im- current reconstruction effort supported by the WB proving absorption capacity, the government through fundings and technical recommendations. needs to mobilize finances for specific interven- As part of implementation support, the World Bank tions in HD building upgrades and to enhance in- provides technical recommendations and shares frastructure plans on education and health facili- good practice on resilient rehabilitation and recon- ties with long-term vision. International research struction. Rehabilitation/reconstruction considers suggests that public funding will remain dominant “building back better” principles, including with in financing social infrastructure.32 The European Eurocode 8 requirements for new construction and, structural and investment funds provide the coun- for rehabilitation works, with safety provisions un- try with different types of support. It is therefore der the Law on Reconstruction of Damaged Build- important to channel this funding strategically and ings in Zagreb, Sisak Moslavina county, and the sur- to identify key priorities of the HD buildings sector rounding areas. Applied together, these standards in consultation with health, education and construc- will enhance the current functional safety perfor- tion experts, as well as policy makers and private mance of these buildings. The works will be comple- sector. Such a strategic approach will require inter- mented by functional upgrades and climate-resilient national and EU best practices, integration of efforts designs, including improved insulation to cope with from all HD sectors, and clear steps to achieve the extreme temperature, and energy efficiency to also EUDG goals. address climate-related risks. Functional upgrades 29  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA 7. Best practices and international examples of HD green buildings C Improved IEQ in hospitals can lead to better Health sector health outcomes and lower cost. The quantified roatia can learn from other countries benefits of improved IEQ in hospitals include stay in about good practices in the health sec- hospitals reduced by 11 percent, reduced medica- tor, but needs to take into account the tion costs by up to 21 percent, reduced mortality by role and size of the hospital sector up to 19 percent, and reduced employee turnover by within the healthcare system and country vulnera- up to 20 percent, potentially saving the European bilities. The number of facilities, their size, and type health sector 42 billion euro annually (BPIE 2018). of services offered vary significantly across coun- The appropriate temperature, lighting, and acoustic tries. For example, Germany has 800 hospital beds conditions for the different types of wards and per 100,000 inhabitants while Denmark has 243.33 rooms enable staff to carry out their tasks more ef- Two of the best examples of the green hospitals are fectively. A good quality ventilation system is essen- Klinikum Klagenfurt, which provides excellent tech- tial for reducing the risk of cross-infection. Patients nical and medical solutions, balanced landscaping, will recuperate more quickly with access to daylight and lots of light; and Healthcare Center Graz. Both and an attractive view, while reducing noise levels are in Austria. (Box 3). has positive effects on heart rate, pulse, respiration, Improved performances of green hospital and sleep. buildings lead to better indoor environmental Renovation of healthcare buildings can lead to quality (IEQ) and enhance quality of life for em- optimal IEQ and facilitate healing. Ospedale ployees and patients using the buildings. IEQ has dell’angelo Mestre—Angel Hospital in Venice– four dimensions: thermal comfort—suitably heated Mestre (Figure 1 below) is one of the international and cooled buildings, indoor air quality, lighting, best practice examples. IEQ is ensured by reducing and noise. Achieving optimal thermal comfort, the noise coming from the nearby railway line, heat which varies with the local climate and weather con- sensors enable optimizing temperature and ventila- dition, helps people to stay focused and perform tion. Adjustable openings at the base and apex of the better. Good indoor air quality consists of an ade- roof itself, connected to temperature sensors, make quate fresh air supply, low levels of pollutants such it possible to exploit natural ventilation to the ut- as CO2, particulate matter and volatile organic com- most, while maintaining the required hygrothermal pounds, and an absence of odors. This reduces the comfort inside this special “winter garden,” without risk of “sick building syndrome” symptoms such as having to resort to the usual heavy use of mechani- coughing and headaches. Optimal lighting, which cal climate control in systems. maximizes daylight and tailors electric lighting to The international examples presented highlight the tasks being performed improves people’s mood, the design features for higher energy performance and facilitates the alertness and ability to carry out but requires higher investment in time during the daily tasks. Noise attenuation through renovation design and construction phases. International ex- and appropriate use of insulation can almost fully amples of a new health facilities demonstrate the shut out external noise and improve internal acous- importance of carefully chosen locations; plot size tics, enabling occupants to focus better and avoid and shape can easily accommodate hospital’s pro- stress (BPIE 2018b). gram where buildings are surrounded with nature. 30 7. Best practices and international examples of HD green buildings Box 3.  Green hospitals Klinikum Klagenfurt, Austria Architects: ARGE Architektur LKH Klagenfurt Neu Area: 71.000 m2 Year: 2010 The Klinikum Klagenfurt, designed as an “EU Green Building”, offers an airy and welcoming space to 4,000 hospital staff, 300,000 yearly outpatients and 80,000 inpatients. The project was awarded the Austrian Clients Award in 2011, and nominated for the internationally renowned Mies van der Rohe Award. https://www.ac.co.at/projekte/klinikum-klagenfurt. Healthcare Center Graz, Austria Architects: Dietger Wissounig Architecten Area: 13.500 m² Year: 2019 The greening enhances the microclimate in the immediate vicinity (cools the ambient air in the summer, binds fine particles and pollutants), provides improved sound insulation, and extends the life of the roof cladding. The roof insulation in rock wool (better sound insulation, non-flammable) and waterproofing as a bituminous sheeting (natural building material, easy to recycle) are planned as an optimal and sensible ecological building addition. The load-bearing structure, the joining of components such as window elements, wall elements, doors, and the deliberate choice of natural CO2-neutral materials, whenever possible, are seen as contributions to the achievement of the lowest possible primary energy consumption. https://www.archdaily.com/924253/health-care-facility-josefhof-dietger-wissounig-architekten. Improved performances of green hospital buildings lead to better indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and enhance quality of life for employees and patients using the buildings 31  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Figure 1.  Visuals of the Ospedale dell’angelo-Mestre The Meyer Children’s Hospital in Florence Children’s is an example of design that minimizes energy losses and reduces summer overheat- ing—see Annex 8 for details. In comparison, Croatian hospitals are mostly lo- sustainable buildings. Listed key green elements re- cated in urban, areas. Building layouts, facades and quire longer project preparation and designing time, roofs are planned in correlation with the landscape; and higher construction costs. At the same time, when appropriately done, this easily provides mi- budgets allocated for hospital construction in Croa- croclimate conditions and orientation benefits, utili- tia are limited, not likely to meet expected energy zation of water, rainwater, or prevailing winds. Us- performances. Subsidies for energy-efficient public age of alternative renewable energy sources like heat construction have been implemented by several pumps, radiant panels, heat recovery techniques, Member States, such as Slovenia with the Ecofund combined with expensive and high-tech façade sys- (Ekosklad) or Spain with IDEA (Instituto para la Di- tems, green roofs enable green, carbon-low and versificación y Ahorro de la Energía). These subsidies 32 7. Best practices and international examples of HD green buildings Similar to the healthcare sector, quality and greening of buildings in the education sector is linked to outcomes (using state budget or EU funds) nearly cover the means that the same educational attainment can be cost of the higher investment in sustainable design achieved in around 10 fewer days annually. Shorten- (green technologies, timber constructions, extensive ing the school year might allow using two weeks for insulation etc.), while making maintenance/running additional teaching, extra-curricular activities or cost lower. They are therefore attractive for public longer holidays (BPIE 2018; 2018c). investors. Several EU countries have similar pro- Some of the best international examples in- grams or agencies supporting the improvement in clude schools and kindergartens constructed in energy efficiency, renewable energy, and other low Austria, Germany, Scandinavian countries, and carbon technologies and are doing so by communi- Slovenia. The examples of good practice are selected cation campaigns, dissemination and training, tech- based on space use and costs, use of natural con- nical assistance, program development, and funding struction materials (mostly timber), extensive insu- of specific projects in building construction, indus- lation, quality windows, advanced heating, ventila- try, services, transport, etc. tion, and air conditioning (HVAC) technology and monitoring, LED lights, and use of renewable en- ergy (solar panels etc.). Each of the examples has at Education sector least one significant feature—such as advanced ven- tilation system combined with extensive use of day- Similar to the healthcare sector, quality and green- light (School Campus Rot, Box 4); cost-optimal level ing of buildings in the education sector is linked to of investment (Elementary school Butze Wolfurt, outcomes. In schools, poor IEQ can affect students’ Austria, Box 5); thermal comfort by excellent insula- health, attendance, concentration, and learning per- tion and flexible shades (Elementary School formance. Improved IEQ can accelerate educational Brezovica, Slovenia, Box 6); and extensive use of performance of students by 4–7 percent. Children daylight (Vibenge Primary School Haslev, Denmark, are more vulnerable to the environment than adults, Box 7). Annex 3 has more examples. highlighting the importance that schools ought to be Policy approaches, such as increased decarbon- designed and refurbished with the aim of maximiz- ization targets, integrated approach for urban green ing all dimensions of IEQ. If children spend less time infrastructure, and specific programs of cities and off school sick, it is also beneficial for their parents municipalities in Germany can also serve as a model and their employers. Research shows that improv- and facilitate implementation (See Annex 3 for more ing IEQ has enhances learning ability and facilitates details). improved learning performance. Quantified, it Some of the best international examples include schools and kindergartens constructed in Austria, Germany, Scandinavian countries, and Slovenia 33  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box 4.  School Campus Rot Name of the School Campus Rot  project  450 pupils, approximately 30 classes.  Cost: approximately 20 mln euro.  Location/Year  Stuttgart, Germany, 2017.  Key green • Energy plus house.  elements  • Use of daylight and sun protection systems for natural light exposure  • LED lighting concept dependent on daylight.  • Shutters with redirection of daylight.  • Façade insulation for energy efficiency.  • Geothermal energy - 52 geothermal probes with a depth of 90m.  • Photovoltaic modules with 220 kWp (180 MWh/a) to generate power.  • Distribution of heat via capillary tube, ceiling and wall heating.  • Hybrid ventilation with de-central ventilation systems with heat recovery.  Key The energy concept’s generation and the project’s scientific guidance have been provided advantages  by the Office of Environmental Protection of the State Capital Stuttgart and by the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Saint-Gobain, and Bosch Thermotechnik. The project was supported in the framework of energy research by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). This project is one of three recently realized plus- energy schools in Germany.  Through the modernization, heat loss via the building envelope was reduced by 80%.  Project visuals   Additional info  https://www.zukunftsraum-schule.de/pdf/kongress-2017/Broschuere_Plusenergieschule_ Stuttgart_2017_Phas_web_4mb.pdf  https://www.eneff-schule.de/index.php/demonstrationsobjekte/plusenergieschulen/ stuttgart-rot.htm.  34 7. Best practices and international examples of HD green buildings Box 5.  Elementary School Butze Wolfurt Name of the Elementary School Butze Wolfurt project Location/Year Wolfurt, Austria, 2019 Key green Passive house standard (extensive insulation, quality HVAC, and monitoring, proper elements building orientation, timber construction, and facade—reducing tons of CO2 Key Low construction cost at highest environmental standards 1250€/m2. advantages Project visuals Additional info https://www.schenkersalviweber.com/volksschule-butze-wolfurt/. Box 6.  Elementary School Brezovica Name of the Elementary School Brezovica project Location/Year Brezovica, Slovenia, 2010. Key green Recycling: From the demolished building they reused bricks, concrete, glass, soil, deck- elements ing and wooden brackets for the new building. Excellent thermal insulation, flexible exte- rior shades, and exploitation of solar energy provide thermal comfort at an extremely low power consumption (7.37 W/m3). Key Despite new ventilation, it consumes half the energy and, by installing rainwater tanks, advantages water consumption is reduced by two-thirds. Project visuals Additional info https://www.openhouseslovenia.org/objekt/osnovna-sola-brezovica/. 35  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box 7.  Vibenge Primary School Name of the Vibenge Primary School project Location/Year Haslev, Denmark, 2014 Key green • Partially prefabricated timber facade elements • Hybrid ventilation (mechanical and natural), preheating of intake air in ground ducts to avoid freezing of heat exchanger; sinks only have cold water to minimize water consump- tion and standby energy consumption. • Extensive use of daylight, for example, via skylights, LED lighting, natural gas, and PV. Key Low-energy school building with the primary energy consumption of 41 kWh/m2. advantages Passive measures save 56% primary energy compared to Danish Building Code target at the start of the project. The installed PV system reduces it further to zero-energy con- sumption. The total energy consumption of the school is measured and presented to pupils on the screen located centrally in the school. Project visuals 36 8. Mitigation and adaptation measures beyond energy savings and resource efficiency 8. Mitigation and adaptation measures beyond energy savings and resource efficiency I nterventions beyond energy savings and re- • Trees and plants in the external areas of the build- source efficiency may mitigate risks related to ing to provide shadow, increase air flow and re- extreme weather, enable healthier and more duce the impact of solar radiation and the heat-is- comfortable environment, impact positively land effect. users of buildings (students, teachers, patients, • White and green roofs to reduce the heat-island nurses, doctors) and contribute to the improved effect by naturally keeping building surfaces cool human capital outcomes. The adaptation measures through reflection of solar radiation and evapora- can be considered at all project stages (planning, de- tive cooling by water and vegetation.  sign, procure/build, and operate), based on the risk • Measures specifically aimed at preventing urban assessment, evaluation of exposure and vulnerabil- run-off and flooding which can be implemented ity and sensitivity analyses. This requires profes- at the building scale, in particular those increas- sional due diligence for certain location, which is ing surface permeability and capacity for rainwa- time consuming and costly. Budget constraints and ter storage. tight schedules combined with lack of professional skills represent significant barriers. • Properly dimensioned systems for rainwater col- Adaptation options include: lection and reuse, e.g. for irrigation, urban farm- ing or toilet flushing (Adriadapt 2022). • Low-tech adaptation measures traditionally used in Mediterranean cities and towns, e.g. proper ex- Mainstreaming climate consideration is neces- posure of building surfaces to maximize disper- sary for investments funded by the EU. As Croatia sion and minimize solar radiation, proper orien- heavily relies on funding from the Recovery and Re- tation of buildings to limit solar radiation and silience Facility (RRF) and other EU financial instru- benefit from wind circulation, use of architectonic ments, using the available guidelines will be neces- elements for shadowing, use of thick external walls. sary. This relates to: • Hi-tech solutions, such as sensors to monitor ther- • The Commission’s Notice: Technical guidance on mal conditions and to optimize air conditioning the climate proofing of infrastructure in the peri- and ventilation, sensors for the optimal orientation od 2021-2027, which is aligned with a greenhouse of shading panels or hi-tech materials (with high gas emission reduction pathway of 55 percent net thermal resistance) to optimize heat dispersion emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050; reducing thickness/dimensions of elements. follows the “energy efficiency first” and “do no Mainstreaming climate consideration is necessary for investments funded by the EU 37  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA The Long-Term Buildings Renovation Strategy provides for decarbonization of the building stock, and increased resilience significant harm” principles; and fulfils require- Changes in spatial plan, such as requirements ments set out in the legislation for several EU for green parking spaces and green areas, can in- funds such as InvestEU, Connecting Europe Fa- crease resilience to extreme weather events (heat cility (CEF), European Regional Development waves, urban floods) and improve the well-being Fund (ERDF), Cohesion Fund (CF) and the Just of building users. Green parking lots incorporate Transition Fund (JTF). permeable or semi-permeable paving and porous • Technical guidance on the application of “do no design techniques to reduce stormwater runoff vol- significant harm” under the Recovery and Resil- ume; they also reduce heat waves. The number of ience Facility Regulation (2021/C 58/01). parking spots should be planned according to urban plan requirements and other regulations, while also • Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) …/...of considering the need for green landscape areas that 6.7.2021 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 can be used by patients, visitors, and staff. of the European Parliament and of the Council by The Long-Term Buildings Renovation Strategy specifying the content and presentation of infor- provides for decarbonization of the building stock, mation to be disclosed by undertakings subject to and increased resilience. The worst performing Articles 19a or 29a of Directive 2013/34/EU con- buildings often have poor structural properties and cerning environmentally sustainable economic do not meet the minimum requirements in terms of activities, and specifying the methodology to mechanical stability, fire safety, or health protection. comply with that disclosure obligation. They are also poorly adapted to deal with extreme • Commission recommendation on building reno- weather events (floods, windstorms, heat waves) or vation (EU) 2019/786. disasters (earthquakes). Adverse climate impacts • Commission recommendation on building mod- can further be exacerbated by power and water sup- ernization (EU) 2019/1019. ply failures and might lead to disruption of services, • A set of standards and accompanying technical and loss of drugs and equipment (UNFCC 2022). reports, including the energy performance of build- Increased renovation rate thus also contributes to ings standards (EPB standards), managed by the mitigation and adaptation efforts. European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). 38 9. Development of green and technical skills for a more sustainable economy 9. Development of green and technical skills for a more sustainable economy T he transition to a more sustainable econ- including property developers as well as business omy will require development of “green” and individual end-users. The entire value chain for and technical skills for both high-skilled construction sector is presented in Annex 8. and low-skilled professionals, especially Croatia has adopted a strategic document on in building design, construction and maintenance green skills development and has a professional sector.34 There will be the need for architects, con- association, which promotes trainings on “green struction engineers, environmental protection engi- buildings” for construction sector professionals. neers, and designers who are familiar with ”energy The recently adopted Croatian National Develop- efficiency” and ”green infrastructure” technologies. ment Strategy 2030 has a pillar focusing on digital The renewable energy sector requires engineers and and green skills development.35 Croatia has also es- technicians with special knowledge. In general, the tablished the Green Construction Council (GBC) as design and maintenance of “green” buildings will a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization (NGO), require a technological transformation, which in- which became a member of the World Green Build- volves development, adaptation and application of ing Council (76 countries worldwide with over new technologies. At the same time, the retrofitting/ 36,000 members) and the European Regional Green construction of buildings will most likely require Building Council Network.36 The GBC acts as a plat- new knowledge from low-to-medium skilled work- form to promote the positive impacts of sustainable ers. They would need some retraining to adapt their buildings and organizes educational trainings re- skills to the new processes. Some of those workers garding the promotion and implementation of green might be locally available and some might not, buildings for professionals and the general public. which would trigger migration. In the past ten years, GBC has successfully orga- Under the European Skills Agenda, the Euro- nized conferences, symposia, and trainings attended pean Commission has launched the Pact for Skills, by more than 10,000 participants. which also help individuals and businesses to de- Croatia has launched various initiatives to pro- velop “green skills.” It aims to (1) strengthen sus- mote “green” skills for construction sector profes- tainable competitiveness; (2) ensure equal access to sionals, although there are no specific actions re- education; and (3) build resilience to crisis (Euro- garding specialists on health and educational pean Commission 2020c). Initial priorities include facilities. Croatia’s Employment Service (under the health, primarily related to digital skills, and con- Ministry of Labor) has introduced measures encour- struction related to green skills. The green skills gap aging “green” jobs37 and self-employment in “green” in the construction sector is visible in design, con- and digital skills.38 Croatian workers and experts can struction technologies, and construction materials upgrade their skills on energy efficiency, sustainable development. However, the HD building sector construction, and information technology applica- forms only one part of the value chain that produces tions for design through the activities of Croskills,39 “green” buildings. Other key parts of the value chain Fit-to-NZEB, Green Building Pro, and BuildUp. include businesses engaged in the production and The NZEB Roadshow project coordinated by the distribution of building products and materials, Faculty of Construction in Zagreb University tar- those delivering professional services such as archi- gets the dissemination of NZEB know-how among tecture and engineering consultancy, and the clients, professionals, public administration, producers, 39  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Croatia has adopted a strategic document on green skills development and has a professional association, which promotes trainings on “green buildings” for construction sector professionals investors, workers, students. The government has regulation necessary for climate proofing of infra- plans to creation a Centre of Excellence on energy structure in the period 2021–2027. efficient buildings and trainings on nZEB standards Several additional projects have been imple- in building renovation.40 mented to increase awareness and develop skills The Ministry of Energy and Sustainable Devel- necessary for behavior change. Implementing opment launched preparation of climate change agencies included CROSKILLS, Green Building Pro, education programs. Two main target groups are Build up, and Fit-to-NZEB. For example, a Croskills decision makers in regional and local authorities project developed training modules for EQF level 4 and development agencies; and employees of re- life-long learning in occupations where lack of qual- gional and local authorities, development agencies, ified workforce is identified related to works on the and APN. The education program will focus on im- external building envelope—namely bricklayer, plementing technical guidelines and delegated plasterer, painter-decorator, carpenter, roofer, and dry construction fitter. 40 10. Conclusions 10. Conclusions T he public sector plays an essential role in After harmonizing the national regulatory implementing the beyond just energy ef- framework for construction with EU requirements ficiency initiative captured in the Euro- and translating it sectoral strategies and policies, pean Union’s Green Deal; quality and the education and health sectors should have the “green” public buildings in the health and educa- opportunity to build back better. The earthquakes tion sectors will have a positive impact on Human that hit Zagreb and Banovina region in 2020, cou- Development (HD) outcomes. The European Com- pled with the COVID-19 pandemic slowed down mission (EC) has developed the EUGD as the key reforms in the health and education sectors. But re- platform to support the reduction in CO2 emission, construction and renovation now present the oppor- to implement environmental directives, and to de- tunity to build back better and implement the EUGD velop the green skills necessary to create green jobs for greener hospitals and schools and better HD out- important for economic recovery. The EU policy comes. Cognizant that that the building stock is old, documents identify the need for greening public vulnerable, and does not meet functionality require- buildings as a way to tackle twin challenges of de- ments, the necessary renovation and post-earth- carbonization and economic recovery under EUGD. quake reconstruction present opportunities to create Within the framework of existing EU financial in- jobs in this area and improve educational and health struments to support EUGD, the EU provides grants, outcomes. Therefore, the implementation of the subsidies, loans and financial instruments that facil- EUGD should engage the serious attention of the itate retrofitting and new construction of public HD central, regional, and local governments, and clearly buildings. define and prominently feature in their short- and Croatia’s regulatory framework is aligned with medium-term goals. key EU requirements for buildings to a certain ex- Development of green skills is a prerequisite tent, but to successfully implement the EUGD, fur- for green transition, including for the HD build- ther harmonization is needed. Croatia initiated var- ings sector. Croatia has adopted a strategic docu- ious EUGD-related activities but has not yet fully ment on green skills development and has a profes- aligned its national policies with the European Cli- sional association which promotes trainings for mate Law; the EU decarbonization targets will need construction sector professionals on “green build- to be included into national documents. Relevant ings.” But the country needs to develop more educa- national strategies currently do not identify the goal tion programs to develop sufficient human capital of climate neutrality nor are fully aligned with the with the necessary skills to ensure transition to the Fit for 55 package. Significant efforts remain to be green and circular economy, as prerequisites for carried out for decarbonization and improvement of country’s recovery and resilience. The transition to a building stock, especially focusing on public build- more “green” and environmentally sustainable ings including health and education sectors. economy will require skills development for both Croatia’s regulatory framework is aligned with key EU requirements for buildings to a certain extent, but to successfully implement the EUGD, further harmonization is needed 41  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA high-skilled and low-skilled professionals, espe- regarding the EUDG, and its impact on building cially in the building design, construction, and renovation and new constructions. Renovation of maintenance sectors in Croatia. There are already buildings is planned and organized by the MPPCSA efforts to create awareness about newer construction while the management of education and health facil- technologies among architects and engineers in the ities is the responsibility of the MSE, MoH, as well as country, and the Ministry of Energy and Sustainable counties, municipalities and cities. Currently, there Development has launched preparation of climate is neither sufficient exchange of information nor change education programs. clear and coordinated policies among the key stake- Reform of the education sector is among priori- holders. Fragmentation of governance results in silo ties of the Croatian National Development Strat- effects and lack of coherence. Creating an inter-minis- egy and the NRRP, and new guidelines for school terial interlocking body reporting to Central Govern- infrastructure as well as for school network opti- ment can improve this situation at the policy level. mization are under development. The analysis re- The poor absorption capacity must be addressed veals that the vast majority of recently built schools in addition to bridging the financial gap between in Croatia exceeds the spatial standards by 20–100 investment needs and available funding. Available percent which increases investment, operational funding is not efficiently used due to difficulties in costs, and carbon footprint. On the other hand, there project preparation, complex public procurement, is no evidence on schools that go beyond minimal and lack of skilled labor. Recent price increases and requirements in terms of energy efficiency and IEQ. disruption of value chains have further complicated Tackling problems related to school networks offers the situation. Additionally, Government’s inability possibilities for its optimization, which will impact to prioritize and develop scalable framework and a the investment cost of infrastructure as well as oper- coherent program for reconstruction with simplified ational costs. processes/templates and dedicated capacity build- Hospitals represent the main source of expendi- ing is also hampering the renovation and recon- tures for the health sector and have poor energy struction efforts. Newly developed support instru- performance. The hospitals absorb a large share of ments and recently established cooperation between available/allocable funding and are a main source of the Croatian Government and EIB are expected to financial liabilities in the healthcare sector in Croa- mitigate these issues to some extent. tia. In addition, hospitals are the worst performing Addressing identified challenges requires reg- public buildings, and the ongoing national reforms ulatory measures, capacity building, and establish- are not tackling this issue in a sufficient manner. The ment of functional cooperation structures among Government of Croatia has embarked on the reform stakeholders at national, regional, and local level. of the hospital network in the last decade, but the Regulatory measures should introduce formal obli- reform has not been fully implemented or evaluated. gations for building renovation and regular mainte- The National Health Sector Development Plan 2021– nance practices. Capacity building should include 2027 aims to enhance the financial sustainability of information sharing, education, and training; provi- the health system, but it does not address the EUGD sion of grants and financial instruments; and devel- implementation. opment of financial models and incentives that mo- The Ministry of Physical Planning, Construc- bilize investors on the demand side, and the tion and State Assets (MPPCSA) is the key institu- construction industry on the supply side. Informa- tion responsible for building renovation, and tion sharing, education, and training are necessary should enhance cooperation with the Ministry of for all phases of building renovation, including proj- Health and the Ministry of Science and Education ect scoping, preparation, budgeting, procurement, Reform of the education sector is among priorities of the Croatian National Development Strategy and the NRRP 42 10. Conclusions contracting, implementing, and operating. In each • Provide training to increase capacity of relevant phase, greening potential should be considered. ministries for strategic and operational planning Croatia could also benefit from the best international of HD buildings. practice in construction of “green” buildings in both • Promote the importance of the EUGD for Croa- health and education sectors. tia’s economic recovery, new jobs, and better Croatia’s capital city is at the forefront of the quality of life through national and regional in- implementation of the EUGD and it could repre- formation campaigns. sent a good model for other cities and regions. City • Raise awareness of the general public on the im- of Zagreb enacted its own Sustainable Energy and portance of EUGD with a communication cam- Climate Action Plan (SECAP) and is in the process of paign. finalizing a Green Infrastructure Strategy. At the be- ginning of 2022, the City of Zagreb administration Support capacity building and inter-agency initiated the process of a complete overhaul of pub- cooperation to facilitate HD buildings lic building construction, reconstruction, expansion, development in line with EUGD objectives: and energy renovation expected to finish by June • Provide continuous training and capacity build- 2022, following standards that are aligned with the ing for ministry staff and other employees who overall EUGD. Most buildings involved in this pro- are involved in EUGD implementation and EU cess are schools and hospitals. funding absorption. • Establish functional and continuous cooperation Key recommendations between relevant ministries, including the MP- PCSA, MoH and MSE, on HD buildings develop- To align the development of educational and health ment in line with EUGD objectives. facilities (HD buildings) with EUGD objectives • Establish cooperation with other EU Member across the country and to improve the human devel- States that are more advanced in green building opment outcomes, the note offers the following activities in health and education sectors. recommendations: • Develop and start implementing sector-specific building renovation strategies/campaigns and Harmonize national regulatory framework trainings for key decision makers at national, re- with the EUGD objectives: gional, and local levels, including information on non-energy benefits from building renovation. • Adopt climate neutrality goals and align all na- • Use data from energy certificates and other infor- tional policy documents with the EUGD require- mation available from ISGE to design sustainable ments. energy projects • Revise standards for space planning in educa- • Expand support to research to cover knowledge tional and medical facilities. gaps in the EUGD agenda to drive informed de- • Adopt the new regulations to promote energy-ef- cision making in Croatia. ficient appliances and building materials for HD buildings. Support local and regional authorities in HD • Develop guidelines for HD building design pro- buildings development in line with EUGD curement and standardize requirements regard- objectives: ing materials used, sizing of buildings, post-earth- quake resilience. • Align regional and local policies with the nation- al policies regarding EUGD implementation. Enhance central government policy • Develop yearly assessments and plans to up- coordination for HD buildings development grade and construct education and medical facil- in line with EUGD: ities, which are owned by regions/municipalities, in line with EUGD targets. • Develop a strategic approach to greening of the • Disseminate HD buildings design guidelines to HD buildings. the authorities responsible for capital invest- • Maintain the research on green buildings in HD, ments at national, regional, and local levels. identifying the gaps and developing the plan and • Use City of Zagreb’s new policies and best prac- efficient solutions to address them. tices as potential models to be adopted by other cities and regions. 43  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Hospitals represent the main source of expenditures for the health sector and have poor energy performance • City of Zagreb, regional counties, and all larger Support green skills development for HD cities should consider establishing a central ad- buildings sector: ministrative office to better coordinate and pro- • Continuously analyze job market needs and vide capacity building for the implementation of green skills requirements for construction, health the EUGD, in particular in building renovation and and education sectors. new constructions in education and health sectors. • Develop forecast plan for sector-specific green and technical skills needs for HD buildings. Stimulate development and application • Coordinate development of education programs of financial instruments for HD buildings for green skills human development for both development to cover the existing financing public and private sector at TVET and higher ed- gap in this sector: ucation level with involvement of relevant minis- • Develop a strategic approach to accumulate and tries and agencies—for example, MSE; Ministry use existing EU funds and EIB financial instruments of Labor, Pension Systems, Family and Socials for HD buildings upgrade and development. Policy; and Ministry of Economy and Sustainable • Approve establishment of a Financing Facility for Development. building retrofits to support implementation of • Offer incentives for universities and TVET the Long-term Renovation Strategy (2020) and schools to develop training programs on green program plans for buildings. skills, especially for HD buildings sector. • Start operations of the Financing Facility via the • Support professional associations important for Environmental Protection and Energy efficiency greening of buildings in their activities towards Fund. green initiatives. • Develop national co-funding instruments for HD • Engage professional associations to support buildings retrofitting and construction (develop- trainings and the EUGD implementation. ment). • Embed curriculum on climate change and green topics in elementary and secondary schools in Consider prioritization of policy actions for Croatia. construction of new HD buildings, as well as renovation of existing facilities according to Support the education and health sectors in “green” standards (see Table 10): HD buildings planning and optimization: • Assess the existing school network and develop Enhance synergies between reducing carbon measures for optimal usage of educational facili- footprint of HD buildings and improving its ties in line with EUGD objectives. post-earthquake resilience: • Assess the existing hospital networks and devel- op measures for the implementation of the EUGD • Develop HD sector-specific measures on improv- during construction of new hospital buildings or ing resilience of educational and medical facilities. renovations of existing ones. • Develop and support information/education pro- • Stimulate studies on pre- and post-occupancy of grams for education and health sector on medical and educational facilities to understand post-earthquake resilience of buildings in line the impact of “green technologies” and support with EUGD objectives. evidence-based planning of HD buildings. 44 10. Conclusions Table 10.  Prioritization of policy actions in Croatia HD sector greening buildings Construction of new HD buildings Renovation of existing HD buildings Prepare TOR’s for designers including mandatory green Conduct efficiency assessment (energy efficiency, occupancy technical specifications of future facility use and needs of users, etc.) of current building and prepare TOR for renovation, including mandatory green technology upgrades and technical specifications Focus on careful planning, promoting good use of spaces, Focus on improving space use, adding or expanding functions reducing redundant spaces, making them multifunctional and of a building and thus improving learning or health services flexible Plan the usage of energy efficient materials and technology Conduct energy performance calculations Plan renewable energy resources such as solar power and use Add solar power, heatpumps, efficient technology efficient technology Plan landscaping carefully, increase green areas where possible Redesign of existing landscaping by introducing more green areas where possible Design proper insulation Improve insulation Introduce EE windows and doors Consider changing windows and doors Introduce shading windows (natural, shades) Add shading if needed (natural, shades) Plan active roofs—solar panels, greening Consider a flat roof redesign/reuse by adding greenery, solar panels Consider LED light and energy efficient technology use Switch to LED lights Apply local and regional material usage where possible[1] Apply local and regional material usage where possible Purchase safer and more sustainable products and materials[2] Purchase safer and more sustainable products and materials Use water saving technology Add water saving technologies Monitor the usage of a facility and take actions for improvement Monitor the usage of a facility and take actions for improvement Provide lifecycle costing calculations comparing with traditional Provide lifecycle costing calculations comparing with traditional alternatives alternatives [1] Usage of local materials reduce transportation and carbon footprint [2] More applicable for hospitals, that are purchasing a broader diversity of materials produced all around the world 45  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA References Adriadapt. 2022. “Climate proofing of building ———. 2018c. “Building 4 People. 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Calculation of the Table A1.1.  Public buildings by purpose energy consumption and and climate zone, 2018 potential savings of HD Purpose/climate zone Area, m2 buildings Residential 4,395,638 The long term strategy for national building stock Multi-apartment 1,762,118 renovation by 2050 provides overview of the na- Continental 1,179,075 tional building stock by purpose and climate zone Coastal 583,043 (LTRS, 2020, p. 27). This data is presented in table A1.1 below. Office 4,824,819 The program for the energy renovation of public Continental 3,008,414 buildings for the period until 2030 includes esti- Coastal 1,477,531 mated energy needs for public buildings, per m2 of Education 5,912,968 heated area, depending on their purpose, and loca- Continental 4,411,799 tion (Adriatic or continental) (MPPCSA, 2022, p. 22). This data is presented in table A1.2 below. Coastal 2,011,959 Primary energy needs for hospitals and schools Hospitals 3,109,659 were calculated by multiplying their area (table Continental 2,326,097 A1.3) with specific primary energy needs (table Coastal 783,562 A1.2). The calculation is presented in table A1.3. Savings potential is estimated based on energy Sport halls 438,808 needs estimates after renovation. The Program of Continental 93,708 the energy renovation of public buildings for the pe- Coastal 145,101 riod until 2030 includes estimated energy needs for Other 1,297,005 public buildings, per m2 of heated area, depending on their purpose, and location (Adriatic or continen- Continental 1,009,657 tal) after renovation (MPGI, 2022, pp. 23-24). The Coastal 287,349 calculations are presented in Table A1.3. Source: LTRS (2020), p. 27 (table 2-11). Table A1.2.  Specific energy needs (energy for heating, cooling, DHW generation and lighting, kWh/m2a, depending on the purpose and climate zone Continental Croatia Coastal Croatia Specific Specific necessary heat necessary heat Edel for heating, for heating, Edel for heating, for heating, cooling, DHW cooling, DHW cooling, DHW Eprim cooling, DHW and lighting Eprim kWh/m²a and lighting/m²a kWh/m²a kWh/m²a Wh/m²a kWh/m²a SZ1 Family houses 185 242 318 135 185 254 SZ2 Multi-apartment 145 196 251 145 205 275 buildings NSZ1 Offices 192 170 234 209 142 204 NSZ2 Education 183 148 201 180 117 166 NSZ3 Hospitals 335 239 322 329 189 270 NSZ4 Hotels and 287 228 310 296 185 263 restaurants NSZ5 Other non- 203 171 226 234 142 196 residential NSZ6 Sport halls 205 216 280 219 168 226 NSZ7 Shops 287 168 232 321 142 210 Source: MPPCSA (2022), pp. 22 -23 (Table 3-6). 51  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Table A1.3.  Estimated current energy needs Share of total Share of total Eprim HD buildings HD buildings area kWh/m² Eprim Eprim Eprim Area m2 % current kWh GWh % (1) (2) (3) (4)= (1)*(3) (5)=(4)/106 (6) Education 6.423.758 67%   1.220.756.793 1220,8 56% Continental 4.411.799 46% 201 886.771.599 886,8 41% Coastal 2.011.959 21% 166 333.985.194 334,0 15% Hospitals 3.109.659 33% 960.564.974 960,6 44% Continental 2.326.097 24% 322 749.003.234 749,0 34% Coastal 783.562 8% 270 211.561.740 211,6 10% HD buildings 6.737.896 71%   1.635.774.833 1635,8 75% continental HD buildings 2.795.521 29%   545.546.934 545,5 25% coastal Total HD 9.533.417 100%   2.181.321.767 2181,3 100% buildings Source: Authors’ calculation based on LTRS (2020) and MPPCSA (2022) data. E prim after renovation (column 1 of table A1.4) Savings are calculated as difference between current is calculated as Eprim kWh/m2 * area (m2), where energy needs (table A1.3 column (5)) and energy area (m2) is provided in column (1) of table A1.3. needs after renovation (table A1.4 column (2)). Table A1.4.  Estimated energy needs after renovation and savings Savings Eprim Eprim Eprim kWh/m² kWh % kWh % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Education 419,023,240 68% 801,733,553 66% Continental 74 326,473,126 53% 560,298,473 63% Coastal 46 92,550,114 15% 241,435,080 72% Hospitals 200,314,821 32% 760,250,153 79% Continental 75 174,457,275 28% 574,545,959 77% Coastal 33 25,857,546 4% 185,704,194 88% HD buildings continental 500,930,401 81% 1,134,844,432 69% HD buildings coastal 118,407,660 19% 427,139,274 78% Total HD buildings 619,338,061 100% 1,561,983,706 72% Source: authors’ calculation based on LTRS (2020) data on area and MPPCSA (2022) data on E prim after renovation. 52 Appendixes Appendix 2. Examples—Ownership of the hospital Table A2.1.  Examples—Ownership of the hospital Structure of the management council Hospitals Owner (rights and obligations of the owner) Source KB Dubrava Republic of Croatia Management council: 5 members, representatives Statute, http://www.kbd.hr/fileadmin/ of the founder, proposal of the MoH and 2 Arhiva/Dokumenti/Statut-i-opci-akti/ representatives of employees Statut-KBD-2020.pdf KB Sveti Duh Zagreb City Representatives of the founder: President and 3 Statute, https://www.kbsd.hr/ members media/2021/10/Statut-KBSD-2019_ Representative of the Republic of Croatia: one dopune.pdf member Employees: two members. Srebrenjak City of Zagreb Supervising council/board 53  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Appendix 3.  Best International Practice Green Schools Box A3.1.  Klaus Elementary School Name of the Klaus Elementary School project Location/Year Klaus, Austria, 2003. Key green Extensive insulation, proper shading—mechanical and natural shade, HVAC monitoring, timber elements construction and timber facade reducing carbon footprint, LED lights. Awards: Passive house standard National Award for Architecture and Sustainability; Timber Con- struction Award Vorarlberg; Energy Globe Vorarlberg. Key Compact form, energy efficient project, showcasing simple and efficient investment in educa- advantages tional infrastructure. Project visuals Additional info https://www.dietrich.untertrifaller.com/en/projects/hauptschule-und-mehrzweckhalle-klaus- at/?filter=543. Box A3.2.  Edlach Elementary School Name of the Edlach Elementary School project Location/Year Dornbirn, Austria, 2016. Key green Ecology: lowest energy standard, 17 kWh/m2/year, timber construction and timber facade, LED elements lights, HVAC monitoring, extensive insulation, quality windows etc. Award 2017 National Award for Architecture and Sustainability. Key Efficient space use wiht 12.5 m2/pupil. advantages Project visuals Additional info https://www.dietrich.untertrifaller.com/en/projects/volksschule-edlach-dornbirn-at/?filter=543. 54 Appendixes Box A3.3.  Secondary school in Neumarkt (renovation) Name of the Secondary school in Neumarkt (renovation) project Location/Year Neumarkt, Styria, Austria, 2011. Key green Passive standard 12 kWh/m²a, timber construction used for renovation of brick/concrete existing elements building Key It is one of the best examples of energy efficient renovation with extension and relevant due to advantages high number of schools eligible for renovation/extension in Croatia, good space ratio 12,7m2/ pupil. Project visuals Additional info http://www.archmore.cc/cms/projekte/bildung-kultur-und-kommunal/idart_70-content.html. Box A3.4.  Waldorf School Ljubljana Name of the Waldorf School Ljubljana project Location/Year Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2012 Key green The above-ground portion is made entirely of wood and natural materials. elements Three glazed windows, extensive insulation, LED lights, rainwater collection. Key Space efficient, cost efficient 1,350€/m2. advantages Project visuals Additional info https://www.openhouseslovenia.org/objekt/prizidek-z-dvorano-waldorfska-sola-ljubljana/. 55  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A3.5.  Kuhmo Elementary & Middle School Name of the Kuhmo Elementary & Middle School project Location/Year Kuhmo, Finland, 2018. Key green Being a massive wood construction, the building removes over 2,700 tons of carbon off the elements atmosphere. LED lightning, low energy building. Ecology, sustainability and locality. Key There are no actual corridors in the building—all the passages are functional, furnished spaces advantages for informal studying. Project visuals Additional info https://www.archdaily.com/904178/timber-school-in-kuhmo-alt-architects-plus-architecture- office-karsikas. Box A3.6.  Diedorf Gymnasium Name of the Diedorf Gymnasium project Location/Year Diedorf, Germany, 2015. Key green Timber construction and facade, LED lightning, extensive insulation. elements Plus energy building—using energy of the sun: PV capacity, Plant 440 kWp Specific primary energy 62.9 kWh/m²a; CO2 emissions 199.0 t/a. Key It achieves the goals of sustainability and an optimal teaching environment through its architec- advantages ture: versatile rooms offer space for independent learning, and the open structure of the timber skeleton allows for flexibility that will respond to changes in teaching styles of the future. As a plus energy building, the Gymnasium generates more energy than it takes to operate. Project visuals Additional info https://www.hkarchitekten.at/de/projekt/schmuttertal-gymnasium-diedorf/. 56 Appendixes Revision of buildings standards. The federal gov- Green infrastructure development— ernment also conducts research projects to identify the case of Germany technical regulations that may be affected by climate change and update relevant building standards Policy priorities and national guidelines (e.g., DIN-Standards). On the federal level, climate adaptation and the cre- ation of green infrastructure are becoming increas- Plus energy buildings—the case of ingly important in relation to urban development Stuttgart  and residential and non-residential building The example of Stuttgart presents how the munici- construction. pal level implements a climate change adaptation Increased decarbonization targets. In 2021 the fed- measure in the context of improving buildings’ en- eral government revised the Climate Protection Act ergy efficiency. The city promotes the construction and imposed a higher target for lower CO2 emis- of plus-energy buildings and renovation of existing sions up to 65 percent. Decarbonization impacts the buildings to plus-energy standards. The building following critical sectors in the country: energy, pro- sector plays a significant role in achieving the city’s duction, transport, building construction, and agri- climate protection goals. It is crucial in the case of culture. Different national policy programs focus on educational facilities. For example, schools make up renewable energy development, water management approximately 40 percent of all Stuttgart buildings and disaster risk protection (especially against and spend 20 percent of the operating costs on en- flooding), and climate adaptation strategies in re- ergy needs. gional and urban planning. Plus-energy program. The program aims to increase Funding. In 2020, the federal government adopted climate change adaptation and help the city become the “Adaptation Action Plan III” (APA III). It fi- climate-neutral as quickly as possible. In addition to nances social institutions, which implement initia- reducing energy consumption, the best possible use tives on climate change adaptation, and outlines of the local potential for renewable energies is neces- more than 180 measures for it. The inclusion of cli- sary. The program supports the new construction of mate change adaptation measures is becoming a plus-energy buildings and the implementation of prerequisite for funding transferred from the federal measures (systems technology and building refur- level to regions and municipalities. bishment) in existing buildings that lead to achiev- Implementation. The central actors, who design and ing the energy-plus level.  implement different programs on climate change ad- Plus-energy standard. A building achieves an ener- aptation, are the regions and municipalities. They ini- gy-plus level when it generates more energy from tiate and enforce a variety of projects related to urban, renewable sources over the year than the building green, water, and energy efficiency planning. itself consumes. The facility must therefore achieve Urban green infrastructure. Since 2017, the defini- positive primary energy and CO2 balance. tion “green infrastructure” has been used primarily Funding. The program provides a subsidy of 50 eu- to develop green spaces in the cities. In 2017, the ros per m² of net floor space for residential and government established the green infrastructure non-residential buildings. A maximum of EUR concept, which raised the importance of nature and 200,000 can be subsidized per application. The fund- ecological sustainability. It also issued a white paper ing can be combined with other funding from the on urban green infrastructure (Weißbuches Stadt- city, state, and federal governments so that the total grün), which promoted urban green projects that funding can increase significantly. The funds were ensure the quality of life in cities and protect the cli- provided by the climate protection action program mate with more green spaces. It focuses on greening “Global climate in need - Stuttgart is acting”. A total residential districts and public spaces, introducing of two million euros have been available for the plus the green elements (e.g., green roofs, green transport energy program for 2020 to 2023.  routes, rainwater and drainage systems) in urban design, supporting natural green areas, vegetation, and preserving biological diversity.  57  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A3.7.  Kindergarten Baumanweg Name of the Kindergarten Baumanweg  project  4-group (50 kids, 0-6 years old) day-care center for the children of hospital employees  Cost: 4.6 mln euro.  Location/Year  Stuttgart, Germany, 2021. Key green Energy plus house. elements  Geothermal energy is used for heating in winter and cooling in summer.  Photovoltaic system. Green roof. Key Windows between the group room and the dining area to ensure transparency, a modern color advantages  concept offers orientation. The group rooms, designed with relaxation corners and an inclusion room, convey a feeling of belonging. Project visuals Additional info  https://www.coastoffice.de/en/projects/cH/00dd975f006b4b0a55831df901c4445d/controller/ Project/show/49/. ht tps://w w w.klinikum-s tut tgar t.de/ak tuell-im- klinikum/pres se/pres seinfor mation/ plusenergiegebaeude-fuer-neue-betriebskita-des-klinikums-stuttgart. 58 Appendixes Appendix 4. Levels of Standards renovation and standards Passive house refers to a standard on energy effi- ciency of a building, which allows it to conserve en- ergy, reduce the footprint of a building on the sur- Levels of renovations rounding environment, and use minimum energy for cooling and heating. 1. Implementation of individual energy renova- tion measures with the aim of achieving staged deep renovation. Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) 2. Integral energy renovation includes a combina- A zero emission building (ZEB) is defined as a tion of several energy renovation measures, with building with a very high energy performance, with building envelope measures being obligatory, the very low amount of energy still required fully 3. Deep renovation comprises energy efficiency covered by energy from renewable sources and measures for the envelope and technical systems without on-site carbon emissions from fossil fuels. and reducing the annual consumption of heating ZEB definition further includes the calculation of (QH,nd) and primary energy (Eprim) [kWh/ life-cycle Global Warming Potential (GWP) and its (m2a)] by at least 50 percent compared to pre-ren- disclosure through the energy performance certifi- ovation energy consumption, cate of the building. The ZEB requirement should apply as of 1 January 2030 to all new buildings, and 4. Comprehensive renovation involves optimal as of 1 January 2027 to all new buildings occupied or measures for improving the existing conditions owned by public authorities. of buildings as well as building energy renova- The terms Zero Energy Building (ZEB), a Net tion measures and other measures, such as for Zero Energy (NZE) building, or a Zero Net Energy increasing safety in the case of fire, ensuring (ZNE) building are used interchangeably for a build- healthy indoor climate conditions, and improv- ing with net zero energy consumption. This means ing mechanical resistance and stability of build- that the total amount of energy used by the building ings—particularly to reduce risks related to on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renew- earthquake loads. Comprehensive renovation of able energy created on the site or, according to some a building may also include other measures to definitions, by renewable energy sources offsite, us- improve the basic requirements for buildings. ing technology such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels. They do sometimes consume non-renewable energy and pro- duce greenhouse gases, but their own production balances the usage. 59  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Appendix 5. Best International Practice Green Hospitals Best International Green Hospital Practice Box A5.1.  Ospedale Dell’angelo Mestre—Angel Hospital Name of the Ospedale Dell’Angelo Mestre—Angel Hospital project Location/Year Via Paccagnella, 11, 30174, Venice-Mestre, Italy; 2008 Key green Using the “double skin” façade system with a mechanically ventilated air gap makes it possible elements to achieve high levels of sound insulation and reduce heat dispersion during the winter, and also the heat load from the sun in summer, with consequent diminished use of mechanical systems. The façade satisfies the following requirements: • Average insulation of façade_”U” = 1.1 W/(m² °K). • Max light transmission through the glass _60% ± 5% without Venetian blinds. • Light reflection_14% ± 2%. • Energy transmission 15% (blind blade inclination at 60°). • Standardized sound insulation of façade D2m,nT,w at least 45 dB, as required by Italian standards. Key • Considered the most technologically advanced health facility in Italy, and at the forefront of advantages healthcare in Europe. • It has made it possible to verify the patients’ environmental well-being and comfort, in terms of the orientation and layout of the building, and to understand how to manage and dimen- sion the interior climate parameters correctly. • The vast glass roof lies along the whole length and height of the building above ground: it has been designed to improve the environmental comfort of the hospital, particularly reducing the noise coming from the nearby railway line. In addition, the presence of adjustable openings at the base and apex of the roof itself, which are connected to temperature sensors, makes it possible to exploit natural ventilation to the utmost, while maintaining the required hygrother- mal comfort inside this special “winter garden,” without having to resort to the usual heavy use of mechanical climate control systems. Project visuals (continued next page) 60 Appendixes Box A5.1. (continued) Additional info https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/venice-mestre-hospital-ospedale-dellangelo-mestre- angel-hospital/. Source: https://www.e-architect.com/italy/new-mestre-hospital. https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/venice-mestre-hospital-ospedale-dellangelo-mestre- angel-hospital/. 61  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A5.2.  The Meyer Children’s Hospital Name of the The Meyer Children’s Hospital project Location/Year Florence, Italy; 2007. Key green Envelope insulation - adequate U-value that is low enough to energy losses. elements Windows and shading—wooden frames, shading—overhanging structure externally covered with copper plates. Heating - heat pumps are used to generate heating and cooling; radiant panels and high-effi- ciency boilers are used for the heating system - a decent level of thermal comfort is achieved at low energy cost. Greenhouse - structure with southern exposure and unobstructed solar access to the main solar glazing of the greenhouse to maximize winter sunshine, a pleasant and “socializing” space that could be used for semi-outdoor activities throughout most of the year with no extra energy space. Energy performance - the performance criterion was to achieve a 40 % reduction in consumed energy. Key External façades and roofs have an adequate U-value (0.32 W/m2 K for external walls and 0.26 advantages W/m2 K for the roof) that is low enough to reduce energy losses as much as possible; they also have an adequate thermal mass (thermal lag is approximately 10h) to reduce summer overheat- ing on exposed surfaces (southern, western, and eastern exposure). Project visuals Source: https://archello.com/project/the-meyer-childrens-hospital-in-florence. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/energy-saving-solutions-for-five-hospitals-in- europe/11923446. 62 Appendixes Box A5.3.  Deventer Hospital Name of the Deventer Hospital project Location/Year Overijssel, The Netherlands / Between 2000 and 2008, DHA realized the Deventer Hospital Key green The three energy principles of the hospital are: elements 1. Good insulation and natural ventilation. 2. Heat recovery techniques like energy wheels, which recover heat, cold, and latent energy. 3. Alternative renewable energy sources, heat–cool storage, and heat pumps and heat recovery applications in exhaust ventilation. Key features: • The roofs are partly covered with vegetation. • Window frames are made of hard wood. • Heat and cold storage is applied using a heat pump and concrete core activation for low-tem- perature heating. Heat is also recovered from ventilation air. • Outside, rainwater is transported more slowly to open-surface water using cascades. Key The energy savings in the hospital are 47 % on heating and 13 % on electricity compared to advantages a standard hospital. This reduction in energy use is equal to 1299 tons of CO2 per year and is accompanied by an important reduction in related emissions like SOx and NOx. The project design focuses on energy efficiency, with energy-efficiency measures that result in annual emis- sion reductions of 1.943 tons of CO2, 8.71 tons of SOx, and 3.35 tons NOx. This is a reduction of 69 % compared with the average Dutch hospital. Project visuals Additional info https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/energy-saving-solutions-for-five-hospitals-in- europe/11923446. Source: https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/energy-saving-solutions-for-five-hospitals-in- europe/11923446. 63  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A5.4.  Klinikum Klagenfurt Name of the Klinikum Klagenfurt project Location/Year Austria, 2010. Key green Half of the facade is covered in glass with the window beginning at seat height so that patients elements may enjoy an unobstructed view outside while still in bed. Hospitals are usually very high in energy demand, but both the heating and cooling demand was noticeably decreased amounting to a total savings of 4 gigawatt hours of electricity every year—similar to reducing the energy production from two hydroelectric plants. Key advantages The Klinikum Klagenfurt, designed as an “EU Green Building,” offers an airy and welcoming space to 4,000 hospital staff, and 300,000 outpatients and 80,000 inpatients annually. The project was awarded the Austrian Clients Award in 2011, and nominated for the internationally renowned Mies van der Rohe Award. Project visuals Additional info https://www.ac.co.at/projekte/klinikum-klagenfurt. Source: https://www.ac.co.at/en/projects/klinikum-klagenfurt. https://inhabitat.com/klinikum-klagenfurt-is-the-first-certified-eu-green-building-in-austria/. 64 Appendixes Best Local Green Hospital Practice Box A5.5.  Day Hospital/One-Day Surgery Ward, General Hospital Varaždin Name of the Day Hospital/One-Day Surgery Ward, General Hospital Varaždin project 2K Arhitektonski Ured, doo; Davor Katušić - main architect; design 2019. Location/ Varaždin, Croatia Year 2021- ; Under construction. Key green All enclosed spaces of the building will be heated and cooled to an average temperature of at elements least θi = +20 to 22/°C, via system connected to the external devices of the air heat pump (exter- nal devices in a separate outdoor area with air-water system). In the basic thermal zone of the building, in which continuous mechanical ventilation with recu- peration is planned as a decentralized system (several fan chambers), the installation of sensors for occupying space is planned, which reduces the average continuous maximum mode of oper- ation and air exchange through air chambers to an average of 60% of the nominal value. Key According to the Technical regulation on rational use of energy and thermal protection in build- advantages ings, a requirement is set for meeting the G0EZ criteria - the building is in the A+ energy class according to primary energy and has a share of renewable energy sources at the primary energy level of 30%. Box A5.6.  The Croatian pediatric respiratory hospital in Zagreb As the closest example of the green hospital in Croatia, the new CCTM building is being constructed in accor- dance with highest standards of safety and energy efficiency. Considering the activities performed in the different sections of the new building, appropriate materials for instrumental have been selected. The main parameters for choosing materials were durability, insulation, hygiene, easy maintenance, and fireproof charac- teristics. A fire protection system was selected bearing in mind specific requirements of use, such as maximum protection of people and automatization. Foreseen heating and cooling systems will contribute to energetic efficiency of the building by using minimum of energy, while at the same time providing optimal comfort for patients and staff. In total, the new building will consist of 7 floors, each to be equipped with heating and cool- ing installations. The main designs of the thermo-energy system propose modern technical solutions in line with the Euro- pean Green Building program and European energy policy (3 x 20 Protocol). Conceptually, it means that the new facilities will be constructed with respect to current energy-efficiency norms and environmental consider- ations such as: • Energy savings; • Reduction of pollution—emission of damaging substances, primarily GHG; • Reduced need for electrical power from thermal and nuclear energy plants; • Global protection of climate and environment. In order to achieve these conceptual goals, the following technical solutions were recommended by draft design and later determined by the main architectural design: • Use of construction materials with a high level of insulation efficiency. • Installment of natural gas-powered condensing boilers with 98% efficiency and steam boilers with over 90% efficiency. • Heat recovery ventilation with above 80% of recuperated heat. • Integrated thermo-energy system operated through central automatic unit whose algorithms assure the highest energy efficiency with lowest operation costs and energy use. (continued next page) 65  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A5.6 (continued) The architectural design was made to ensure energy efficiency of the new CCTM building. By applying ther- mal insulation on outer parts as well as isolated windows, the new building will fulfil requirements for class B of energy efficiency, while construction of foreseen heating, cooling and ventilation system with heat recovery will ensure class A, which means that necessary heat energy will not exceed 25kWh/m2 of useful surface. A Central system for operation and supervision will the control entire energy supply system of CCTM, ensur- ing the highest standards of comfort and safety, but also rational consumption of energy throughout the whole year. Architectural design was made in compliance with norms of air and ground water protection, noise level, and greenery preservation. Heating and cooling Heating and cooling are very important in the context of energetic efficiency. Installed systems and materials can significantly lower energy consumption and negative environmental impacts. In project design phase has been taken into account energetic efficiency needs and benefits and therefore in construction will be used materials which have good insulation characteristics, from which there will be benefits in summer (decreased heat gain) and in winter (decreased heat loss). Calculations for these parameters were made according to ASHRAE and EN 12831 methodology. Materials such as window glass will have protection against direct sun- light, which will save energy spent on cooling during summer. The primary source of energy for heating will be natural gas, which was chosen as the favorable solution regarding moderate energy consumption and low pollution emission. The boiler room is placed under the outer playground. In the boiler room are situated three condensing boilers, with power of 450kW each (one of them is backup) and two steam boilers with steam capacity of 1400 kg/h. This system ensures heating, thermo-ventilation and fulfils needs for hot water consumption. Peak level of natural gas consumption is estimated to 370 m3/h. CCTM will be equipped with geothermal heat pumps, part of conditioning chambers, all electrical and auto- matic regulation cabinets, distribution boards and expansion modules. In the summer period, the building will be cooled with electricity, while the water condensate will be used for heating purposes. Electricity Low voltage connection will be done through new substation 2 x 1000 kVA which will be built in southern part of the plot. Peak level of electrical energy consumption is calculated to 1350 kW. Potential savings in electricity consumption are estimated at 40% in comparison to less-energy efficient buildings. Water supply and sewage CCTM building will be connected to existing public water supply network. Total required quantity of water is 22.9 liters/s. The building will be connected to an internal sewage system, which is connected to public one. Water which will flow into sewage system will not contain dangerous or harmful substances. Total load capacity of sewage waters is estimated as 65.9 liters/s. Potential savings in water consumption has been estimated at 50%. Fire detection and protection In the case of fire emergency, people and equipment must be maximally protected. The system for fire detec- tion consists of sensors, manual switches, alarms, and integrated automatic system for determination of fire location. In case of emergency, the system ensures fast and precise detection of fire, which will enable fast reaction of hospital staff and public fire fighter units. The designed infrastructure for fire emergency includes outer and inner network of fire hydrants, wall-mounted fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems. Accessibility Access to the CTTM building is enabled by an access road which leads from the main entrance with maximum pitch of 12.5% and minimum width of 2.7 meters. All levels are connected by stair ways and elevators, while small elevation gaps will be resolved with ramps. The width of doors and passages in main design are calcu- lated to enable use of wheelchairs. Disabled persons will have 10 designated vehicle parking spaces. (continued next page) 66 Appendixes Box A5.6 (continued) Noise protection Noise protection will be done in such manner to prevent disturbance of building users and noise pollution of surrounding area. Emission of noise from the building will be on a reasonable level, which will provide favorable conditions for work and without influence on health. Also, level of noise at night will not have negative impact inside or outside of the building. Waste management Waste management and collection will be executed in a way that excludes possibility of land, groundwater, or environment pollution. The waste area will be enclosed and with restricted access for unauthorized personnel. Waste will be sorted by type and placed in suitable containers. Within the waste management area will be situ- ated secured storage for dangerous waste and storage for infective waste with proper ventilation, temperature (15ºC), and protection against leakage. Benefits from saving in GHG emissions The CBA methodology requires calculation of the economic costs of GHG emission and integration of these costs in the CBA. In line with JASPERS consultant’s recommendation, the savings in GHG emissions have been included in the CBA as benefits. Assumptions used in calculation of GHG emissions and corresponding eco- nomic costs are presented in the table below. The calculation is based on the EIB Carbon Footprint Methodol- ogy (EIB, 2013), using the following formula: CO2e per year (in g) = Electric Energy Use (kWh per year) * Country Electricity Grid Emission Factor (g CO2/kWh) + Heat Energy Use (kWh per year)* project specific heat emission factor (gCO2/kWh) Assumptions for GHG emission costs calculation Average electricity consumption at CHS kWh 389.890 Average consumption kWh/m 2 104 Estimated savings in electricity consumption at CCTM % 30,00% Estimated energy consumption at CCTM kWh 1.053.130 Croatia Low Voltage Electricity Grid Emission Factor g CO2/kWh 327 Estimated consumption of natural gas for heating kWh 285.497 Estimated consumption of natural gas for heating kWh/m 2 20 Project - specific heat emission factor g CO2/kWh 236 Annual electricity consumption at CCTM has been calculated based on current consumption at CHS per m2, decreased by 30%, which is the estimated decrease of electricity consumption which is expected due to innovative building design and implementation of green building approaches in project design. Consumption of natural gas and project-specific heat emission factor are based on the energy savings calculations developed as a part of the Main Design. Voltage electricity grid emission factor for Croatia has been taken from the EIB Carbon Footprint Methodology for low voltage grids. Based on the above assumptions and formula used, it has been estimated that CCTM will produce 412 tons of CO2 equivalents annually, compared to the scenario where no new building is constructed. On the other hand, comparison of the baseline scenario and absolute (project) scenario (carbon footprint exercise, section 7.1.3) has showed that the implementation of the project as envisaged by the main design will result in decrease of about 194 tons of CO2 equivalents annually. Therefore, the project is expected to result in savings of GHG emissions, compared to the project implemented in line with maximum national requirements set by the rele- vant regulation for the main designs of the buildings submitted for issuing the building permits in 2015. (continued next page) 67  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A5.6 (continued) Unit cost of carbon has been defined as within the EC guide “Climate Change and Major Projects” for the period 2021-2040. Expected GHG emissions have been multiplied with the unit cost of carbon for every year of CCTM operations and included in the economic analysis of the project. Project visuals Additional info 68 Appendixes Appendix 6. Investments and reforms in the NRRP Table A6.1.  Reforms and investments covered by health component of the NRRP C5 .1. Strengthening the resilience of the health care system Reforms C5 .1. R1 Improving the efficiency, quality and accessibility of the health care system. 822 mil kn C5 .1. R2 Introduction of a new model of care for key health challenges. 72 mil kn C5 .1. R3 Introduction of a system of strategic human resource management in health care. 610 mil kn C5 .1. R4 Ensuring financial sustainability of the health care system. 254 mil kn C5 .1. R5 e-Health 158 mil kn Investments C5 .1. R1-I1 Introduction of mobile pharmacy services in primary health care. 16 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I2 Mobile ambulances. 43.8 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I3 Construction and equipping of clinical isolation units (3, 4 and 1./5 buildings) of the clinic for 100 mil kn infectious diseases Fran Mihaljevic. C5 .1. R1-I4 Digital imaging Diagnostics KBC Split. 20 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I5 Construction and equipping of the central operating block of the OB Varazdin. 324 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I6 Digital imaging Diagnostics KBC Dubrava. 40 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I7 Equipping of newly built structures of emergency care, daily hospital and daily surgery, KBC 123 mil kn Sestre milosrdnice. C5 .1. R1-I8 Treatment and pre-surgical preparation of epilepsy patients, KB Dubrava. 4.8 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I9 KBC Zagreb- III phase- equipping with medical and non-medical equipment. 150 mil kn C5 .1. R1-I1 Procurement of equipment for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. 640 mil kn C5 .1. R2-I2 Procurement and implementation of equipment for the establishment of the National 80 mil kn oncological Network and the National oncological Database. C5 .1. R3-I1 Central financing of specializations. 510 mil kn C5 .1. R3-I2 Specialist training of nurses and technicians in emergency medicine activities. 100 mil kn C5 .1. R4-I1 Central preparation of all parenteral preparations in 8 Croatian hospitals. 62 mil kn C5 .1. R4-I2 Introduction of a unit therapy distribution system in 40 Croatian hospitals. 130 mil kn C5 .1. R4-I3 Digitalization of drug route through health care institutions at secondary and tertiary level of 18.9 mil kn health care. C5 .1. R4-I4 Development of a system for monitoring and prevention of shortages of medicinal products in 10.7 mil kn the Republic of Croatia. C5 .1. R4-I5 Introduction of a system for monitoring outcomes of treatment of outpatient patients with 4.3 mil kn emphasis on chronic patients in public pharmacies. C5 .1. R4-I6 Waste disposal in Zagreb’s KBC. 27.7 mil kn C5 .1. R5-I1 Digitization integration of operating halls and robotic surgery in KBC Split. 60 mil kn C5 .1. R5-I2 TELECORDIS 4.2 mil kn C5 .1. R5-I3 Teletransfusion 12 mil kn C5 .1. R5-I4 Digitalization and integration of surgery unis equipped with robotic surgery KBC Split. 57.4 mil kn C5.1.R5-I% Digitalization and equipping diagnosis units in KB MErkur. 244. mil Total 2.564mil kn investment 5% of NRRP Source: NRRP, Government (2020). 69  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA NRRP also includes measures in education, most higher education, which are expected to improve notably increasing participation in early childhood education outcomes. The European Commission education and care through investment in infra- has assessed that the education reform program is structure, enabling one-shift schooling and increas- the strongest element of the Croatian National Re- ing the mandatory teaching hours in primary covery and Resilience Plan and a high-priority schools, reviewing the curricula, and modernizing investment. Table A6.2.  Reforms and investments covered by education component of the NRRP C3.1. Reform of the education system Reforms C3.1. R1 Structural reform of the education system. 5100 mil kn C3.1. R2 Modernization of higher education. 633 mil kn Investments C3.1. R1-I1 Construction, upgrading, reconstruction and equipping of preschool institutions. 1620 mil kn C3.1. R1-I2 Construction, upgrading, reconstruction and equipping of primary schools for the purpose of 2280 mil kn one-purpose work and whole-day school. C3.1. R1-I3 Construction, upgrading, reconstruction and equipping of secondary schools and pupils’ 567 mil kn homes. C3.1. R2-I1 Digital transformation of higher education. 633 mil kn C3.2. Raising research and innovation capacity Reforms C3.2. R1 Reform and capacity building for public science and research sector innovations. 920 mil kn C3.2. R2 Creating a framework for attracting students and researchers in STEM and ICT areas. 930 mil kn C3.2. R3 Improving the efficiency of public investments in research and innovation. 550 mil kn Investments C3.2. R1-I1 Developing a system of program agreements for financing universities and research institutes 450 mil kn aimed at innovation, research and development. C3.2. R1-I2 Strengthening the institutional capacity of universities and research institutes for innovation. 470 mil kn C3.2. R2-I1 Development of an incentive model for career advancement for researchers. 389 mil kn C3.2. R2-I2 Enabling conditions for strengthening students and researchers’ skills and conducting top 542 mil kn scientific research in STEM and ICT areas. C3.2. R3-I1 Introducing a more functional program framework for project financing for research, 550 mil kn development and innovation. Source: NRRP, Government (2020). 70 Appendixes Building renovation initiative within NRRP has 5. Reduce administrative burden for citizens in following general objectives: the renovation process after earthquake. 6. Increase resilience of Croatia related to seis- 1. Contribute to the recovery of the economy mic activities. from the COVID epidemic and increase its re- 7. Increase integration of the concepts of green silience and competitiveness through the infrastructure and circular management of green and digital transition. buildings and spaces. 2. Reduce the environmental footprint of energy consumption, reduce air pollution in cities The NRRP defines reform directions and invest- and achieve the climate objectives (reducing ment areas in order to achieve the objectives of eco- CO2 emissions from 40% to 55%). nomic and social recovery and strengthen the resil- 3. Support after-earthquake renovation and in- ience. It is complementary to the National crease energy efficiency of buildings. Development Strategy and supports implementation 4. Increase knowledge and skills in the context of of the priorities of existing strategic documents, con- green jobs related to renovation after sidering specific challenges. Thus, current situation earthquake. and main challenges relevant for health, education and building sector in Croatia are presented below. Table A6.3.  Reforms and investments covered by building renovation initiative within the NRRP Reforms and investments covered by the component Reforms C6.1. R1 Decarbonization of buildings. 5756 million kn C6.1. R2. Development of frameworks for ensuring skills in the context of green jobs necessary for building 40 mill kn renovation (after earthquake). C6.1. R3 Increasing efficiency of renovation process, reduction of the administrative burden, digitalization of the 30 mil kn process of renovation. C6.1. R4 Modernization and integration of seismic data for the renovation process and planning construction, 87 mil kn monitoring of public infrastructure. C6.1. R5 Introducing new model of the green urban renovation and implementation of the pilot projects of 20 mil kn development of green urban infrastructure and circular management of space and buildings. C6.1. R6 Implementing pilot project of the establishment and implementation of the energy management 12 mil kn system, development of the new financing model. Investments C6 .1. R1-I1 Energy renovation of buildings. 1000 mil kn (700 mil kn for public buildings, including use of renewables, 300 mil kn for multi- apartment buildings). C6 .1. R1-I2 Reconstruction of buildings damaged by 4456 mil kn earthquake, combined with energy recovery. C6 .1. R1-I3 Energy renovation of buildings with cultural 300 mil kn property status. C6.1.R4:I1 Development of the seismic data network. 82 mil kn Source: NRRP (Government 2020). 71  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA renewable sources and without on-site carbon emis- Appendix 7. EUGD legal sions from fossil fuels. ZEB definition further in- framework and initiatives for cludes the calculation of life-cycle Global Warming energy efficiency and energy Potential (GWP) and its disclosure through the en- performance of buildings ergy performance certificate of the building. The ZEB requirement should apply as of 1 January 2030 The EU framework for buildings efficiency, EU to all new buildings, and as of 1 January 2027 to all flagship initiative Renovation Wave, and Recovery new buildings occupied or owned by public author- and Resilience Facility are the key EU programs ities. EPBD II recast also supports modernization of guiding the building renovation to achieve multi- the building stock, improvement of air quality, the ple benefits: climate neutrality, economic recovery digitalization of energy systems for buildings, the and improved HD outcomes. EU flagship initiative roll-out of infrastructure for sustainable mobility “A Renovation Wave for Europe—Greening our and facilitates more targeted financing to invest- buildings, creating jobs, improving lives” aims to at ments in the building sector (Box A7.1). least double the annual energy renovation rate of The public sector can set an example for wider buildings by year 2030 and to foster deep renova- society in turning to energy saving measures. The tion. Renovation Wave includes proposals of en- public sector represents 510 percent of the EU’s final abling regulatory, financing, and other measures to energy consumption and it is very important to fo- achieve 2030 climate targets. To mitigate the eco- cus on renovation of old and construction of new nomic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic buildings according to the EUDG. EED identifies and to make European economies and societies exemplary role of buildings used by public bodies more sustainable, resilient and better prepared for and requires that 3 percent of the total floor area of the challenges and opportunities of the green and buildings owned and occupied by the Government digital transitions, the EU developed the Recovery should be renovated each year. The EED recast di- and Resilience Facility (RRF).41 RRF is temporary re- rective introduces specific energy saving measures covery instrument which provides funding to help for the public sector. These include the new obliga- Member States implement reforms and investments tion for the public sector to reduce annual energy that are in line with the EU’s priorities. consumption by 1.7 percent every year, the extended Emissions from buildings have to be significantly scope of the obligation for renovation of 3 percent of reduced to achieve EU’s overall target—55 percent public building floor area, to all public bodies at all reduction of GHG by 2030. These requirements are administration levels and in all sectors of public included into the revisions of key directives, Energy bodies’ activities, including healthcare and educa- Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, Directive tion, where the buildings are owned (and not neces- 2010/31/EU) and the Energy Efficiency Directive sarily occupied) by public bodies. Renovations (EED, Directive 2010/31/EU) within EU fit for 55 pack- should enable meeting the Near Zero Energy Build- age. EED defines regulatory framework for building ings (NZEB) standard as an enhanced cost effective efficiency. Scaling up decarbonization efforts is in- standard for renovations. cluded in the proposal on the Energy Performance of As part of the exemplary role of the public sector, Buildings Directive (recast) (European Commission, the contracting authorities may require that tenders 2021c). This makes a step forward from current disclose a Global Warming Potential of new build- NZEB to zero-emission building (ZEB).42 ings (numeric indicator in kgCO2e/m² (of useful in- ZEB is the energy performance requirement for ternal floor area) for each life cycle stage averaged new buildings towards the longer-term climate for one year of a reference study period of 50 years), neutrality goal, “energy efficiency first” principle in particular for new buildings above 2000 square and requirements to improve indoor environmen- meters. (European Commission, 2021d). There is tal quality (IEQ). Energy Performance of Buildings also the requirement to include more systematically Directive (EPBD) II recast sets out the pathway to energy efficiency requirements in public procure- achieve a zero-emission and fully decarbonized ment procedures.43 The recast EED would require building stock by 2050 and requires at least 60 per- Member States to almost double their annual energy cent emission reductions by 2030 in the building sec- savings obligations, leading the way by means of ac- tor in comparison to year 2015. A zero emission tion throughout the public sector and other mea- building is defined as a building with a very high sures to help to deliver 9 percent more energy savings energy performance, with the very low amount of than envisaged by the existing EED and in the 2021- energy still required, fully covered by energy from 2030 national energy and climate plans (Box A7.2). 72 Appendixes Box A7.1.  Evolution of key EPBD requirements Directive 2010/31/EU: EPBD recast • Broadened its focus on Nearly Zero-energy buildings. • Cost optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements. • The energy performance certificates shall be stated in the advertisements for buildings offered for sale or rent. • Inspection schemes for heating and air-conditioning systems or measures with equivalent impact should be introduced. • All new buildings shall be nearly zero energy buildings by 31 December 2020; the same applies to all new public buildings after 31 December 2018. • Minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, for buildings subject to major renovation, as well as for the replacement or retrofit of building elements should be set at national level. • Member States shall draw up lists of national financial measures and instruments to improve the energy effi- ciency of buildings. Directive 2018/844/EU, EPBD II, part of the “Clean Energy for All Europeans” • A package of measures boosting the clean energy transition in line with its commitment to cut CO2 emissions by at least 40 percent by 2030. • Introduces “energy efficiency first” principle and • Setting cost optimal minimum energy performance requirement for new buildings, for existing buildings undergo major renovation and for the replacement or retrofit of building elements like heating and cooling systems, roofs and walls. • Establishment of long-term building renovation strategies, the support to mobilize finance and a clear vision for the decarbonization of buildings by 2050, with indicative milestones for 2030, 2040 and 2050. The strategies should contribute to achieving the national energy and climate plans (NECPs) energy efficiency targets. • As of 2021, all new buildings must be nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) and since 2019, all new public build- ings should be NZEB. When a building is sold or rented, energy performance certificates must be issued and inspection schemes for heating and air conditioning systems must be established. • Introducing minimum requirements for car parks over a certain size and other minimum infrastructure for smaller buildings, supporting electro-mobility. • Introduces a “smartness indicator”—an optional European scheme for rating the smart readiness of buildings and smart technologies are promoted. • Introduced requirements on the installation of building automation and control (BAC) systems, as an alternative to physical inspections, which address health and well-being of building users, for instance through the consid- eration of air quality and ventilation. • Strengthens the links between public funding for building renovation and energy performance certificates. Proposal for EPBD II recast: fit for 55 package, European Commission (2021b) • Expanding objective, beyond energy performance, including GHG emission reduction. • The gradual introduction of EU-wide minimum energy performance standards to trigger renovation of the worst performing buildings. • A new standard for new buildings, from nZEB to zero-emission buildings (ZEB) (public buildings by 2027, all buildings by 2030). • Increased reliability, quality and digitalization of Energy Performance Certificates; with energy performance classes to be based on common criteria. • A definition of deep renovation and the introduction of building renovation passports • Replacement of LTRS with enhanced national building renovation plans. • Modernization of buildings and their systems, and better energy system integration (for heating, cooling, venti- lation, charging of electric vehicles, renewable energy). • Phase out fossil fuel at the national level by 2040. Source: Authors, based on BPIE (2022). 73  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Box A7.2.  Evolution of key Energy Efficiency Directive requirements Directive 2012/27/EU: EED • EED: set of measures to help the EU reach its 20% energy efficiency target by 2020 (compared to business- as-usual scenario). The main features are: • Setting upper limits on EU final and primary energy consumption. • Requiring all Member States to use energy more efficiently at all stages of the energy chain. • Seeking to deliver annual energy savings through obligations schemes or alternative measures. • Prioritizing energy efficiency renovations of public sector buildings; includes obligation for renovation of 3% of public building floor area owned or used by central government. • Introducing mandatory energy efficiency certificates for the sale or rental of buildings. • Promoting energy efficient products and services. • Upholding energy consumer rights, especially in terms of accurate and frequent consumption data. Directive (EU) 2018/2002: part of the “Clean Energy For All Europeans” package • Supporting the EU goal of at least 32.5% energy efficiency improvements by 2030 (compared to a business- as-usual scenario). • New limits on primary and final EU energy consumption in 2030 (lower than for 2020). • Requiring all Member States to deliver higher annual energy savings. Proposal for Energy Efficiency Directive recast: Fit for 55 package • To reduce combined final energy consumption of all public bodies by 1,7% each year. • Extends the scope related to public building renovation beyond central government to all levels of governance. • A new article to grant a legal basis to the energy efficiency first (EE1st) principle and support its application. • Energy efficiency solutions are to be considered in planning, policy and investment decisions both in energy and non-energy sectors. • The multiple benefits of energy efficiency should be considered (in cost benefit analysis). • An entity that supervises the application of the EE1st principle should be appointed. Source: Authors, Based on Wilson (2021); Eisle (2021); and Coalition for Energy Savings, nd. 74 Appendixes end-users (e.g. patients, children, etc.). The entire Appendix 8. Green Skills value chain for the construction sector is presented The HD building sector forms only one part of the in A8.1. Therefore, different specialists and HD value chain that produces “green” buildings. Other building end-users will need to update their skills key parts of the value chain include businesses en- and professional knowledge in order to plan, con- gaged in the production and distribution of building struct and operate such buildings. products and materials (especially for medical and The skills formation system needed for special- educational facilities), those delivering professional ists, who design, construct and operate green hospi- services such as architecture and engineering con- tals and schools could be built around the value sultancy, and finally the clients, who include prop- chain. The key skills and possible retraining options erty developers/owners as well as medical/educa- for HD building specialists, clients and end-users tional team leaders, team members and individual are presented below in Table A8.1. Figure A8.1.  Figure 1. Green Green building building value value chain chain Policy making Education and research Green building controls Conceiving and planning Construction, Green building installation clients Financing and maintenance Production and distribution of products and materials Source: Research Brief of the International Labour Office and European Union: “Greening of the building sector is held back by skills shortages. Skills-led strategies can drive green building forward” (2011). 75  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA Table A8.1.  Key skills for HD building specialists Type of HD specialists Skills response HD Architects/Engineers skills • Higher Education/Vocational education courses, especially on energy In order to design/construct sustainable and efficiency, buildings code and energy certification. energy efficient buildings architects/engineers • Continuous professional development courses. need to know about the specifics/requirements • Thematic educational seminar in cooperation with local chamber of for “green buildings” and how to achieve them. architects. • Online sources/Tutorial/Guidelines on energy efficiency, “green” buildings. • Professional certification on energy-efficiency, “green” buildings. • Industry association trainings. HD building materials and equipment • Continuous professional development courses. manufacturers • Certification on energy-efficiency and sustainability. HD building client skills • Courses in green procurement. It is important for the client to know what can • Information campaigns. be expected and requested from the designers • Higher Education/Trainings in energy management and sustainability. as well as from the end users. • Knowledge and capability for HD “green” building TOR development: It is vital that TOR for design clearly requests principles of sustainability, energy efficiency and other green buildings principles, and it should be among the criteria for the selection. The clients should understand these requirements. • Guideline for green building TOR development. • Trainings for policy makers and finance professionals. HD building end-users’ skills • Trainings for medical, teaching staff, children, students, patients. It is important for end-users to understand how • Trainings for housekeepers and administrative staff. green how the building and the technology • Certification/Trainings for buildings operators. behind works in order to use it and maintain in optimal way Sources: Authors’ compilation; Research Brief of the International Labour Office and European Union: “Greening of the building sector is held back by skills shortages. Skills-led strategies can drive green building forward” (2011). 76 Appendixes 11. Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 of the European Parliament Endnotes and of the Council of 24 June 2021 on the European Re- gional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund. 1. In this note we use the following definition of the green URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ building provided by EPA: Green building is the prac- TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R1058. For 2021-2027 eligible tice of creating structures and using processes that are countries for CF are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Re- environmentally responsible and resource-efficient public, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Mal- throughout a building’s life-cycle from siting to design, ta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and 12. https://europa.eu/next-generation-eu/index_en. deconstruction. This practice expands and complements 13. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/de- the classical building design concerns of economy, utili- tail/en/qanda_20_24. ty, durability, and comfort. Green building is also known 14. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/funding-cli- as a sustainable or high-performance building (https:// mate-action/modernisation-fund_de. archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/html/about.html). 15. https://www.bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2. EU interim decarbonization target of 55% reduction of 2020/12/Bruegel_Blueprint_31_Complete_151220.pdf. emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) by 2030. 16. https://www.cece.eu/news/construction-2050- 3. https://europa.eu/next-generation-eu/index_en. alliance-officially-presented-at-commission-forum. 4. The EU’s Taxonomy regulation (Regulation (EU) 17. CBR Round II Engagement. Session 2: Sector Buildings. 2020/852) establishes a framework to facilitate sustain- URL: https://www.eib.org/attachments/events/ses- able investment. The requirements include the applica- sion-1-2-buildings.pdf. tion of the “do no significant harm principle.” This 18. EIB (2021). European Investment Bank Cohesion Orien- means that activities (reforms, investments) should not tation 2021-2027. URL: https://www.eib.org/attach- lead to significant harm to climate change adaptation, ments/publications/eib_cohesion_orientation_ mitigation, circular economy, sustainable use and pro- 2021_2027_en.pdf. tection of water resources, pollution prevention and 19. ŠeR- Školski e-rudnik, https://mzo.gov.hr/istakn- control, protection and restoration of biodiversity and ute-teme/ser-skolski-e-rudnik-3419/3419. ecosystem. For details, see Taxonomy Regulation or 20. See Sustainable energy in healthcare, guidance note, Technical guidelines on do not significant harm. World Bank, April 2022 (in print) 5. Direct jobs are positions created directly—increased 21. https://www.centerforgreenschools.org/green- number of jobs in existing or newly-created companies. schools-are-better-budgets Indirect jobs are those created as a result of the increased 22. It provides for enhancement of financial sustainability spending of companies on goods and services—for ex- of the health system, including preparation of the strate- ample, construction companies buy more concrete or gic approach for sustainable financing of the health sec- wood, which creates jobs in these industries. Induced tor, improvement of the system of public procurement jobs are created by the spending of newly employed and improving of hospital management. Using EU op- people in the region—for example, they can afford to erational programs is planned to finance these buy some more goods and services as their available in- measures. come/budget increases. 23. For nZEB and ZEB standards, see Appendix 4. The re- 6. These figures refer to use and operation of buildings, cently lauched RePowerEU program increases overall including indirect emissions in the power and heat sec- energy efficiency targets 9 to 11 % and 2030 renewable tor, not their full life cycle. The embodied carbon in con- energy targets from 40 to 50%. Achieving the ambition struction is estimated to account for about 10% of total would require faster implementation of the renovation yearly greenhouse gas emissions. plan, which is already a big challenge for Croatia. 7. In line with the level of efficiency required to meet 2050 24. Law on renewable energy sources and high efficiency decarbonization, source: Buildings Performance Insti- cogeneration (OG 138/2021); Decree on contracting and tuteEurope,2017,https://www.bpie.eu/publication/97- implementation of energy services in the public sector of-buildings-in-the-eu-need-to-be-upgraded/. (Uredba o ugovaranju i provedbi energetske usluge u 8. Navigant, Comprehensive study of building energy ren- javnom sektoru); Ordinance on the system for monitor- ovation activities and the uptake of nearly zero-energy ing, measuring and verifying energy savings (Pravilnik buildings in the EU: annex to final report, 2019, Europe- o sustavu za praćenje, mjerenje i verifikaciju ušteda en- an Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ ergije); Ordinance on the European Union Eco-label— ener/files/documents/2.annex_to_final_report.pdf. EU ECOLABEL (Pravilnik o znaku zaštite okoliša Eu- 9. Deep renovation includes energy efficiency measures ropske unije—EU ECOLABEL); Ordinance on for the envelope and technical systems and reducing the determining the requirements for ECO-DESIGN of en- annual consumption of heating and primary energy by ergy-related products (Pravilnik o utvrđivanju zahtjeva at least 50% compared to pre-renovation energy con- za EKO-DIZAJN proizvoda povezanih s energijom); sumption. For details and other levels of renovation see Ordinance on systematic energy management in the Appendix 4. public sector (Pravilnik o sustavnom gospodarenju en- 10. Direct jobs are positions created directly—increased ergijom u javnom sektoru); Ordinance on energy audit number of jobs in existing or newly-created companies. of buildings and energy certification (Pravilnik o ener- Indirect jobs are those created as a result of the increased getskom pregledu zgrade i energetskom certificiranju spending of companies on goods and services. For ex- (NN 48/14, 150/14, 133/15, 22/16). ample, construction companies buy more concrete or 25. https://www.arhitekti-hka.hr/hr/novosti/nadlezno- wood, which creates jobs in these industries. Induced jobs ministarstvo-utvrdilo-normative-prostora-i-opreme- are created by the spending of newly employed people in skola,820.html. the region. For example, they can afford to buy some more goods and services as their available budget increases. 77  GREENING PUBLIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUILDINGS IN CROATIA 26. Law on Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools 33. h t t p s : / / w w w. s t a t i s t a . c o m / c h a r t / 7 4 9 5 / (OG 87/08, 86/09, 92/10, 105/10, 90/11, 5/12, 16/12, germany-leads-europe-in-hospital-bed-capacity/. 86/12, 126/12, 94/13, 152/14, 07/17, 68/18, 98/19, 64/20) 34. www.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/plp_ defines rules for financing investment in schools. Crite- uploads/policy_briefs/Skills_for_the_energy_ ria for space and equipment are defined by the Minister transition_-_Policy_brief.pdf. in line with State pedagogical standard for elementary 35. https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/actions/ education (OG 63/08, art. 21-26); State pedagogical stan- national-initiatives/national-strategies/ dard for secondary schools (OG 63/08 art 19-42); and croatia-national-development-strategy-2030. School network (OG 70/2011, 62/2017 i 86/2018). 36. https://gbccroatia.org/en/building-green. 27. https://ge-inproject.eu/?p=3932. 37. https://mjere.hr/savjeti-i-radionice/kriteriji-zelene- 28. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED573796.pdf djelatnosti-radna-mjesta./ 29. Carbon footprint includes emissions that are owned or 38. h t t p s : / / m j e re . h r / k a t a l o g - m j e r a / p o t p o r a - z a - controlled by a facility, and also emissions that are a samozaposljavanje-zeleno-digitalno/. consequence of the activities of the facility but occur 39. https://www.interregeurope.eu/good-practices/ from sources not owned or controlled by it, thus goes croskills-strengthening-ee-skills-and-certification- beyond energy use. schemes-for-construcion-workers-in-croatia. 30. Based on data in LTRS (2020) and MSCA (2022). Details 40. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/default/files/swd- of calculations are provided in Appendix 1. on-national-long-term-renovation-strategies.pdf. 31. https://mzo.gov.hr/istaknute-teme/eu-fondovi/fond- 41. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/ solidarnosti-europske-unije/popis-ugovorenih- recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en. projekata/4441. 42. For nZEB and ZEB standards, see Annex 4. 32. Inderst, Georg, Social Infrastructure Finance and 43. https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/commission-proposes- Institutional Investors. A Global Perspective (September new-energy-efficiency-directive-2021-jul-14_en. 18, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/ abstract=3556473 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3556473. 78