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Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan A STATUS REVIEW OF THE BUILDING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 4 // // 5 Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Purpose and Scope of the Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Key Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Influences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Comprehensiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.1 The Importance of Building Regulatory Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.2 Introducing the Concept of Building Regulatory Frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.2.1 The components of a building regulatory framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.2.2 Administration of building regulatory frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.2.3 Building regulatory frameworks as powerful synergistic tools for resilience . . . . . . 34 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2. The Sub-Saharan Africa Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.1 The Evolution of Building Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2 The Risk Profile of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.1 Hazard context of Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.2 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.2.3 Vulnerability to adverse natural events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.2.4 Understanding systemic risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.1 Building Regulatory Frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.1.1 Components of existing building regulatory frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.1.2 Administration of building regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.1.3 Organization of building design regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.1.4 Public availability of regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1.5 Types of construction covered by building regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.1.6 Technical aspects of design and construction covered in building regulations . . . . 60 3.2 Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.2.1 Development/planning permission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.2 Building permits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.3 Site inspections during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.4 Occupancy permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.5 Permits and inspections for alterations to existing buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.6 Roles and responsibilities in the permit review and approval process. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.7 Qualifications of the staff who enforce regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2.8 Mandatory regulation compliance strategies and enforcement bodies. . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3 Dispute Resolution Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4. Improving Building Regulatory Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.1 Sub-Saharan African Regulations under Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.2 The Development of Risk-Informed Building Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5. Conclusions and Way Forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.1 Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.3 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Appendix A. Country Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Table of contents // 7 Figures Figure ES.1 Types of Compliance Mechanisms for Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . 24 Figure B1.1.1 Building Sector Emissions and Resilience Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 1.1 The Core Components of Building Regulatory Frameworks Analyzed in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 1.2 Selected Building Control Processes during Design, Construction, and Operation  . . . . . . . 34 Figure 1.3 Regulatory Agencies and Their Roles in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.1 Examples of Colonial-Era Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.2 The Dynamics Driving Disaster Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.3 Sub-Saharan Africa Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 2.4 City Sizes in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 2.5 Urban and Rural Population Growth Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure B2.1.1 Examples of Typical Construction Typologies in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 3.1 Latest Year of Revision for Building Design Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure B3.1.1 Typical Examples of Non-Engineered Construction in Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 3.2 Types of Building Construction and Rehabilitation Requirements Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 3.3 Core Technical Standards Covered in Building Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 3.4 Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Provisions Related to Structural Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure B3.2.1 Building Collapse in Lagos, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 3.5 Types of Structural Systems Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 3.6 Provisions to Address Risk from Strong Winds, Earthquakes, Landslides, and Flooding in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 3.7 Type of Technical Requirements Covered for Fire Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure B3.3.1 Fire Disaster in Imizamo Yethu Informal Settlement, Cape Town, South Africa, 2017 . . . . . 69 Figure 3.8 Examples of Universal Accessibility Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Figure 3.9 Types of Technical Requirements Covered in Regulations for Universal Accessibility in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 3.10 Types of Technical Requirements for Building Services in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 3.11 Types of Technical Requirements for Green Buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 3.12 Types of Permits Mandated in Regulations and Conducted in Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Figure 3.13 Examples of the Building Permitting Process in Kenya and Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Figure 3.14 Building Control Authorities in Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Figure 3.15 Authorities Responsible for Building Control in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Figure 3.16 Qualifications and Requirements of Building Control Staff in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . 82 Figure B3.5.1 NSET Program of Capacity Building: Training and Retrofitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 3.17 Types of Agency in Charge of Dispute Resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 4.1 The International Code Council Model Code Development Process in the US: An Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Figure 5.1 Types of Compliance Mechanisms for Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . 101 8 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Tables Table 3.1 Main Building Regulation Documents for Uganda  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Table 3.2 Legally Adopted Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Table 3.3 Authority Responsible for Setting Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 3.4 Organization of Building Design Documents in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 3.5 Availability of Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 3.6 Types of New Construction Covered by Codes, Regulations, and Standards in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 3.7 Types of Alterations to Existing Buildings Covered by Codes, Regulations, and Standards in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 3.8 Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Classified Uses in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . 60 Table 3.9 Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Structural Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . 62 Table 3.10 Types of Structural Systems Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 3.11 Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Disaster Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . 67 Table 3.12 Fire Safety Provisions in Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 3.13 Universal Accessibility Requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 3.14 Building Services Provisions in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 3.15 Types of Technical Requirements for Green Buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 3.16 Countries That Require a Development Permit Before a Building Permit in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 3.17 Types of Mandatory Inspections in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Table 3.18 Support to the Building Sector to Enable Compliance in Sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 3.19 Dispute Resolution Entity in Sub Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 5.1 Priority Recommendations by Maturity Stage of Building Regulatory Framework . . . . . . . . . 105 Maps Map ES.1 Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Map 2.1 Earthquake and Landslide Hazards in Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Map 2.2 Cyclone and Flood Hazards in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Map 3.1 Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Map 4.1 Code Development Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Map B4.2.1 Seismic Hazard Map for Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Map 5.1 Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Table of contents // 9 Boxes Box 1.1 Building Regulatory Frameworks: Leveraging Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Box 2.1 Building Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Box 3.1 Reducing Risk in Informal and Rural Areas by Implementing Construction Guidelines for Safer Housing in Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Box 3.2 Building Collapse in Lagos, Nigeria: A Persistent Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Box 3.3 Case Study: Urban Fire Risk and Regulatory Frameworks in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Box 3.4 Recent Policy Actions on Green Building Requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examples. . . . 74 Box 3.5 Ongoing Investment in Code Implementation: The Case of Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Box 4.1 The Process of Updating Building Regulations and Legal Frameworks in Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . 93 Box 4.2 Developing Seismic Hazard Maps for Building Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 10 // // 11 Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced both rapid population growth and rapid urbanization over the last few decades. These trends are expected to continue, and by 2050, the population of the region is pre- dicted to double, reaching 2.1 billion, with two in three people in Africa living in cities. This rapid growth is leading to the construction of many new buildings, which create opportunities for Sub-Saharan African countries to make their cities safer, more resilient, green, and inclusive for future generations. In the next few decades, the impacts of climate change on the population and the buildings in which they live and work are expected to be challenging: these impacts include extreme heat, sea level rise, and the increased frequency and severity of storm and flooding. It is critical to act now to improve the safety and resilience of the built environment to counter the increased exposure to climate and disaster risk. Otherwise, the region could be locked into an inefficient and unsustainable development pathway. Worldwide, building regulations have proven to be effective tools to improve the safety and resil- ience of the built environment, and to reduce the risk from disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and storms. Well-designed buildings and effective enforcement of building regulations also reduce the risk of contained and deadly events, such as fire or spontaneous building collapse. Most people in urban areas live in informal settlements that have been constructed outside formal regulatory control; these are often overcrowded, unsafe, and lack access to basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation. Outside cities, most buildings are often constructed using traditional methods. To help enhance safety and resilience of buildings that house the majority of people in Sub- Saharan Africa, it is important to reflect country specific context in building regulations, and to con- sider the reality of who builds, how, and where they build, and what is affordable. The use of imported building materials and the adoption of construction techniques from countries outside the region are often done without adequate knowledge transfer or quality control mechanisms, contributing to low safety and resilience. This publication presents a unique dataset of building regulations that illustrates the current situation across Sub-Saharan African countries. It includes good practices to improve building regulations, which may be replicated across the region. Finally, the report presents recommendations to set up and/or strengthen building regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa, as a measure to drive green, resilient, and inclusive growth over the coming decades. . Bernice Van Bronkhorst Global Director World Bank Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land Global Practice 12 // Acknowledgments The report was led by Ana Campos Garcia (Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank) and Keiko Sakoda (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank). The analytical work for the report was led by Katherine Coates (Consultant, World Bank), based on data collected by a team led by Jayashree Srinivasan (Regulatory Specialist, World Bank) and Kamal Chakaroun (Analyst, World Bank), with support from Cristina Montoya Perez (Consultant, World Bank), Bruno Fernandes Freire de Souza (Consultant, World Bank), Theresa Abrassart (Consultant, World Bank), Angela Maria Franco Calderon (Consultant, World Bank), and Kristina Wienhoefer (Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank). Technical inputs to the risk profile were provided by Joaquin Muñoz-Diaz (Disaster Risk Management Consultant, World Bank), Rafael van der Borght (Consultant, World Bank), and Jin Rui Yap (Disaster Risk Management Consultant, World Bank) under the guidance and super- vision of Oscar A. Ishizawa (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), as well as Nicole Paul (Risk Analyst, Global Earthquake Model). Technical inputs to case studies were received from Francis Samson Nkoka (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Oluwaseun Olowoporoku (Urban Development Consultant, World Bank), and Viviana Novelli (Consultant, World Bank), Makhosazane Mangwe (Projects Engineer at Eswatini Water Services Corporation), Muzikayise Masina (Technical Services Director of the Municipal Council of Mbabane), and Bongani Simelane (Building Inspector at Technical Services of the Municipal Council of Mbabane). The World Bank would like to thank local practitioners and experts from the building design and con- struction sectors for their contributions and support to the Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa report. Special thanks also to the several hundred people who contributed to the document by provid- ing local insights and very helpful data during the process via questionnaires or online calls. We also thank our colleagues, both internal and external, who provided valuable feedback on the review of this report. These individuals include Ko Takeuchi (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Artessa Saldivar-Sali (Senior DRM/Infrastructure Specialist, World Bank), Narae Choi (Senior Urban Specialist, World Bank), Aris Molfetas-Lygkiaris (Private Sector Development Specialist - EFI-FCI-TIC-Investment Climate), Vasudevan Kadalayil (Green Building Specialist Consultant, World Bank), Hayley Gryc (Associate Director, Arup), and Rosie Goldrick (Principal & Engineering Director, MASS Design Group). We thank Hope Steele and Franklyn Ayensu for editorial assistance, Fiorella Gil and Miki Fernández for graphic design, and Erika Vargas for coordinating the production of the report. // 13 Abbreviations ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, currently known as ASTM International BCA building consent authorities (New Zealand) BCPG Building Collapse Prevention Guild (Nigeria) BEEC Building Energy Efficiency Code (Nigeria) BRCA Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment BRR Building Regulation for Resilience Program 3CP Cities and Climate Change Project CCODE Centre for Community Organization and Development (Malawi) DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DRM disaster risk management ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSA Engineering Council of South Africa GBC Green Building Council GDP gross domestic product GEM Global Earthquake Model GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GHG greenhouse gas GIS geographic information system HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning IBC International Building Code ICC International Code Council ISO International Organization for Standardization JRC Joint Research Centre (European Commission) LASBCA Lagos State Building Control Agency MBIE Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (New Zealand) MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund 14 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MEP services mechanical, electrical, and plumbing services NFPA National Fire Protection Association NGO nongovernmental organization NSET National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal PGA peak ground acceleration RECs African Union’s Regional Economic Communities SADC Southern African Development Community SDG Sustainable Development Goal SNI Indonesian National Standard SS short period spectral acceleration SSP Shared Socioeconomic Pathway TEVETA Technical Entrepreneurial and Vocational Education and Training Authority (Malawi) ToT training of trainers UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (now known as UNDRR) All dollar amounts are US dollars unless otherwise indicated. // 15 Glossary Act » a high-level measure passed through the law-making process of the legislative arm of a national government, such as Parliament. Distinct from case law created by courts. Building codes » a set of legal requirements for the design and construction of buildings, promul- gated by local or national governments, which often refer to or incorporate other standards docu- ments (for example, for design using certain building materials, or for material quality), thus making those standards legal requirements to be followed in all design and construction work that takes place in that building code’s jurisdiction. (See also the definitions of building material standards and design standards.) Building material standards » address the performance, quality, design installation, testing, and maintenance of various types of materials, systems, and products for construction. When specific standards are referenced in a building code that is adopted into law, these standards become legally enforceable. Building regulatory framework » the complex set of laws, regulatory documents, compliance mecha- nisms, education and training requirements, product testing and certification processes, professional qualifications, and licensing schemes that support a safe, sustainable, and resilient built environment. It has two core components: (1) legislation and regulations that together form building regulatory systems, including legal acts that reference the planning regulations, building design codes and stan- dards, and building control regulations; and (2) implementation mechanisms and capacity. Climate change adaptation » the process of adjusting to actual or expected changes in climate and their effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit bene- ficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to the expected climate change and its effects. Chronic risk » a risk distributed over time and space, such as the occurrence of individual building fires or spontaneous building collapses (rather than larger-scale disasters). This risk does not stem from one isolated event but arises from repeated events, where the risk accumulates over time. Climate change mitigation » actions to prevent or reduce the emission of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to slow down the rise in global average temperatures. Compliance documents » the legally binding implementation regulations of a building code. A design code may form part of a suite of compliance documents. Design standards » technical provisions that cover structural design, fire safety, universal access, moisture control, services and facilities, green building requirements, and other aspects of building design. They are often integrated as part of a building code, in close reference to other specific stan- dards or provisions such as material standards. 16 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Disaster » a serious disruption of the functioning of a system, community, or society at any scale caused by a hazardous event interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity, lead- ing to human, material, economic, and/or environmental damage and impacts. Disaster risk management » the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage their causal factors, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. Exposure » the situation of people, infrastructure, buildings, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas. Fire regulations » a set of provisions and standards intended to significantly reduce the likelihood and severity of damages caused by fire, for example, the ignition of an uncontrolled fire, or the spread and effects of a fire after it starts. Fire risk reduction provisions may be embodied in different types of regulatory documents (for example, the building code and standards, Fire Service Acts and regu- lations, and so on). Green building provisions » design requirements for buildings to be more sustainable and resource efficient throughout their life cycle—from siting, design, and construction to operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition. These include measures to improve the energy efficiency and water effi- ciency of building services and systems as well as methods to assess and reduce the environmental footprint of building materials and construction activities. Hazard » a natural or anthropogenic phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. Natural hazards relate to natural processes (such as floods, storms, droughts, earthquakes, and so on) and may be single, sequential, or combined in their origin and effects. They may differ in intensity or magnitude, scale, and frequency and are often classified by cause, such as hydrometeorological or geological. Anthropogenic hazards relate to hazards caused by human activity. Informal construction » a structure built without obtaining formal planning or construction permis- sion; and/or a semi-permanent structure that does not meet building regulations. Informal buildings are most frequently self-built, either by low-income households themselves or by landowners for rental properties. Land use regulations » any type of ordinances, laws, or rules governing the development and use of land. This includes, for example, the permitted use of land; the density or intensity of use; subdivision requirements; the maximum height and size of proposed buildings; and the provisions for reservation or dedication of land for public purposes. Regulations not only control existing buildings and uses but also guide future development. Land use maps and development plans form an essential part of land use regulations at all territorial scales. Life safety performance » a level of building performance where a building can sustain significant damage to both structural and nonstructural components, for example during a design earthquake, yet retains a margin of safety against either partial or total structural collapse. This assures a low risk of loss of life, life-threatening injuries, or entrapment. Glossary // 17 Non-engineered construction » buildings that have been designed and constructed with little or no input from architects or engineers. In some cases, modern construction materials are used, and, in some cases, construction of these buildings follows traditional building practices. The latter type is also referred to as "vernacular" construction. Performance-based design » an engineering approach to designing elements of a building based on meeting specific performance goals, such as for energy efficiency or seismic performance objectives, without prescribing a method by which to achieve these goals. Policy » a plan or course of action, typically developed by a governing body such as a government, adopted with the aim of guiding individual and societal decisions and behaviors toward certain intended rational outcomes. Resilience » the capacity of a system, building, community, or society to absorb shocks and stresses such as natural or anthropogenic hazards, and still be able to maintain function. For a social system, resilience is determined by the degree to which it is capable of learning from past or current disasters and organizing itself or installing preventive or protective measures to reduce the impact and duration of future shocks and stresses. Return period » the mean (average) time between occurrences to obtain an exceedance of a certain level of hazard (for example, a certain level of flooding at a site). It is the inverse of the annual proba- bility of exceedance. Risk » the potential loss of life, injury, and destruction or damage to assets that could occur in a sys- tem, society, or community in a specific period and can be defined through the combination of three terms: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Seismic hazard » the hazard associated with potential earthquakes in a particular geographic area. It is defined as the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity that exceeds a particular threshold. Systemic risk » the risk or probability of a major disruption in an entire system, as opposed to a breakdown in just one individual component of it. Universal accessibility » ease of independent approach, entry, evacuation, and/or use of a building and its services and facilities by all of the building’s potential users—including people of all ages and abilities—with an assurance of individual health, safety, and welfare during the course of those activities. Vernacular construction » small-scale buildings designed and built using local materials and meth- ods passed down through tradition and community knowledge. Vulnerability » the conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes that determine the level of damages from hazards suffered by an individual, a community, assets, or systems. 18 // // 19 Executive Summary 20 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Buildings should provide safe, comfortable, and healthy environments for people to live and work. They are an essential component of societies and economies, housing critical infrastructure necessary to keep governments and businesses in operation. At the same time, buildings are the first line of defense against natural hazards and climate impacts for the general population. Every year, individuals, as well as the public and private buildings and other physical assets are well-con- sector, make substantial investments in the construc- ceived, well-constructed, and well-managed in order tion of new buildings and the upgrading of existing to meet society’s expectations for a safe, secure built buildings. However, a lack of comprehensive building environment. regulations and building control processes can lead to construction on inappropriate sites, poor quality This report provides a snapshot of the status of build- during the design or construction phase, and/or a lack ing regulatory frameworks in the Sub-Saharan Africa of clarity about how buildings should be assessed and region. It aims to support policy makers, city officials, maintained once they are occupied. In the 48 coun- building industry professionals, researchers, and plan- tries1 of the Sub-Saharan Africa region, as in several ners in identifying entry points for national dialogue other regions of the Global South, building collapses to improve building regulatory frameworks and imple- are a common and tragic occurrence that can often be mentation mechanisms. The report presents findings traced back to deficiencies in the building regulatory derived from data gathered from desktop review, inter- framework. views, and questionnaires administered to public and private sector experts and a range of stakeholders in The population in Sub-Saharan Africa is predicted to projects the World Bank Group has implemented in the grow from 1.1 billion in 2021 to 2.1 billion by 2050 (UN region. The study was led by the Africa Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land team at the DESA 2022). This will lead to a demand for hundreds World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Risk of millions of new buildings. Much of this demand Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) through the Building will be driven by rapid urbanization. Improved build- Regulation for Resilience2 (BRR) team. ing regulatory frameworks can help alleviate some of the challenges faced by cities in the region through a reduction in losses from disasters, climate change mitigation and adaptation; the construction of safe PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE and affordable housing in densely populated city cen- EVALUATION ters; and the upgrading of low-quality infrastructure. This report has three main objectives: A cost-benefit analysis by the United States National Institute of Building Sciences found that adopting and 1. To establish a baseline for the current status of implementing up-to-date, risk-informed building codes building regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa, present reduces disaster risk while yielding a $11 national a comparative analysis of the regulations, and sug- benefit for every $1 invested (Multi-Hazard Mitigation gest best practices to fill the gaps in building regula- Council 2019). Governments and other actors along tory frameworks in the region. the building and construction value chain should act to 2. To help governments and development partners in ensure that, through adequate regulatory frameworks, the region identify opportunities for effective risk 1 Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Dem- ocratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania (excluding the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar), Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. 2 For more information, see GFDRR’s Building Regulation for Resilience at https://www.gfdrr.org/en/building-regulation-for-resilience. Executive Summary // 21 reduction through building regulatory reforms, such METHODOLOGY as future code improvements, enhancement of code compliance mechanisms, and increased tech- The data presented in this report were obtained through nical capacity of building professionals. a combination of desk research, surveys, and inter- 3. To raise awareness about the benefits of comprehen- views where the target population was public sector sive building regulatory frameworks and how their building regulatory and control agencies, and private effective implementation can improve the quality and sector design and construction experts in Sub-Saharan resilience of the built environment in the region. countries. Desk research included the examination of domestic laws, regulations, and administrative The scope of this report is limited to regulatory frame- requirements of all countries, as well as the review of works in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, with a focus on published studies that cover building regulations and buildings rather than on specialized construction types their implementation in the region. The survey was such as infrastructure for water, energy, transport, or conducted by administering questionnaires to govern- communications. The report focuses on the techni- ment agencies and experienced private sector experts cal aspects of the regulatory frameworks: market and (architects, engineers, construction professionals) in financial solutions fall beyond its scope. each country, asking them to characterize building reg- ulatory frameworks and their implementation in prac- Chapter 1 of the report describes the components, tice.3 In some cases, additional data were collected concepts, and desired outcomes of building regulatory through follow-up consultations with experts by phone frameworks. and in writing. Out of 556 questionnaires sent, 112 were returned (on average 2.4 per country, with a range Chapter 2 explains the evolution of the building reg- of one to four responses where questionnaires were ulation environment in Sub-Saharan Africa and the returned). No questionnaire responses were received region-specific hazards and risks that the regulatory from one country (Eritrea). environment must respond to. Data were validated primarily through a detailed read- Chapter 3 presents data on the building regulatory ing of the relevant laws and regulations, supplemented environment for each country in the region. It cov- by respondent questionnaire data on what is done ers all aspects of the building regulatory cycle: from in practice. If these documents were not available or the legally adopted building regulations that exist, to accessible online, they were collected from the respon- what they cover, to the implementation of regulations dents. Data based on in-practice experience were val- through compliance and enforcement mechanisms. idated by consulting with multiple experts, especially private sector practitioners. Data validation was more Chapter 4 offers guidance on how to improve and challenging in the few cases where the study team was update building regulatory frameworks. unable to review the regulation documents.4 Here the data were validated by ensuring that public and private Chapter 5 contains region-specific conclusions and sector experts were reporting consistent answers in recommendations for strengthening building regula- questionnaires and follow-up interviews.5 In rare cases tory frameworks as a result of the analyses carried out where it was not possible to confirm that a legally in Chapters 3 and 4. adopted building regulatory framework was in place (for example, for Eritrea), these data were recorded as Additionally, Appendix A summarizes key data for each unavailable. In sections of the report where de jure and country. de facto data are presented (for example, section 3.2: 3 Contributors were identified from previous World Bank in-country contacts, from internet searches, and through recommendations from other contributors. 4 This was sometimes the case if the documents were not accessible online and were not shared by the public or private sector experts. 5 Building control regulations are frequently subject to updates and amendments, and we encourage readers to send feedback to buildingregulationsafrica@worldbank.org if they identify any incorrect information, or if there have been updates to regulations, or if they wish to request access to the underlying data set. 22 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms), de facto contain any building design provisions, and of these, data were collected from experienced private sector 8 have very limited regulations that, for example, may practitioners, based on their practical involvement in not include provisions for structural design or basic implementation. sanitation. The next section presents key findings and recommen- There is a lack of risk-informed, up-to-date planning dations for the region. As progress is made in develop- and design regulations. Although the eastern coast of ing and strengthening building regulatory frameworks, Sub-Saharan Africa is subject to strong winds from fre- further studies will be required that address individual quent cyclones, only one country in the region (South topics or countries in greater detail. This report, by con- Africa) considers strong wind events in its design code. trast, presents a comprehensive and holistic overview Similarly, several countries in the region have moderate of the current status, highlighting regional-level com- to high levels of seismic hazard (for example, from the mon themes. East Africa rift zone), yet only four countries—Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda—have updated their seismic design provisions in the last two decades. In KEY FINDINGS addition, regulations often have inadequate coverage of design for universal accessibility and green building l  Influences requirements, including energy efficiency. For example, only seven countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Eswatini, Ghana, Sub-Saharan Africa has a legacy of colonial-era reg- Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda) have any pro- ulations. The building regulatory frameworks currently visions in key areas related to universal accessibili- in the region are heavily influenced by the legacy of the ty,7 and only four (Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Rwanda, and colonial era. In many countries, the frameworks are Uganda) have provisions in most key areas related to based on outdated regulations inherited from pre-in- green buildings.8 Refer to figure 1.1 for the key areas dependence; often these have not been adapted to considered for universal accessibility and green build- the country context in terms of planning, zoning prac- ing provisions. tices, design for local climates and hazards, or com- mon construction typologies. Because strong ties still Building design regulations often lack simplified exist to European building and construction practices, provisions for common, small-scale types of con- many countries have sought to update their regula- struction. In much of Africa, most of the building stock tions by adopting current European codes (for exam- consists of small-scale residential buildings built using ple, Eurocodes).6 Challenges remain in adapting these non-engineered or vernacular construction methods by codes and standards so they are appropriate for each local community builders. These buildings are typically country’s specific context, including the country's local designed and constructed without input from engi- hazard environment, zoning practices, design and neers or architects, and are sometimes considered to construction practices, and available expertise and be outside the scope of building regulations. Specific, resources. simplified design provisions and complementary guidelines are necessary to improve the safety, resil- l  Comprehensiveness ience, and green building aspects of such buildings. Building regulatory frameworks need improvement. l  Effectiveness Although most countries in the region have some ele- ments of a building regulatory framework, significant Building regulations need to be easily accessible and gaps in the regulations exist (see map ES.1). For exam- widely disseminated. The administration of building ple, although 45 countries have some form of legally regulations varies from country to country. Most coun- adopted building regulations related to planning and tries in the region have a centralized building regula- building control, the regulations of only 25 countries tion authority at the national level, but in some cases 6 Further information on Eurocodes can be found at https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu. 7 Access routes and means, accessibility and usability of internal facilities, and fixtures and signals. 8 Natural ventilation and insulation, green building construction materials, and energy and water-efficient design methods. Executive Summary // 23 Map ES.1 // Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E Category A: No legally adopted building regulatory framework was identified. Category B: Legally adopted planning and building control regulations, no building design provisions within the regulations. Category C: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, but lacking comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category D: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, more comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category E: All components of a legally adopted building regulatory framework in place with more comprehensive design provisions, updated since 2000. Source: Original map developed for this publication, based on World Bank data (2022) Note: The countries with more comprehensive design provisions had to satisfy two criteria: 1. At least 15 different types of design provisions are defined in their regulations (out of a total of 33 categories). Refer to figure 1.1 for how the categories of design provisions were classified. 2. Among those 15 design requirements, the following elements must be included: a. Use and occupancy classifications b. Structural design provisions for normal loading c. Provisions related to wind actions d. Fire resistance performance requirements e. Means of access and egress f. Access routes and means for people with disabilities g. Plumbing and sanitary systems h. Natural insulation and ventilation 24 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA regulations are set by district- or city-level authorities, professionals and the construction sector. In some or power is shared between national and local govern- countries, a development permit is required before ments, with different types of regulations administered applying for a building permit because of the need to at different levels. In the 25 countries where some determine whether the site location conforms to land design standards are in place, fewer than one-third of use plans and zoning requirements. Only 25 countries them have a unified document or a coordinated set of require a development permit before a building permit documents for their design provisions. In 20 of these application can be made; in 6 of these countries, haz- countries, design standards are available online and ard and risk-zoning information in the development are usually free. In 30 countries, regulations for plan- permit is mandatory. ning and building control are available online. Desktop review and interviews with in-country practitioners and All countries in the region that have some form of legally government officials made it clear that there is a need adopted building regulatory framework require a build- to improve the clarity, organization, and accessibility of ing permit for new construction. Once this is obtained building regulations. and construction starts, site inspection requirements allow building control authorities to assess whether Types of building control processes and requirements the construction is proceeding according to the permit vary in the region. A robust construction-permitting and other requirements. However, survey respondents regime requires adequate regulatory processes and from only 17 countries reported that such inspections resources to support implementation and enforcement are usually conducted in practice. In addition, any new (see figure ES.1). This includes providing adequate construction usually requires an occupancy permit capacity and capability in building control agencies, as once construction is completed; this confirms com- well as training and capacity building for private sector pliance with code requirements, proper installation of Figure ES.1 // Types of Compliance Mechanisms for Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Development/planning permission requirement 25 20 3 Building permits 45 3 Site inspections during construction 37 8 3 Occupancy permits 44 2 2 Penalties for noncompliance 42 4 2 Provisions to dispute the decision of 34 12 2 the building authority 0 10 20 30 40 50 Number of countries Yes No No data Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: Data are presented for the countries where it was verified that a legally adopted building regulatory framework is in place. Executive Summary // 25 utilities, and in some cases conditions for insurance, RECOMMENDATIONS financing, and builder liability. In the region, 41 coun- tries require the issuance of occupancy permits. In Recommendation 1 // Develop more comprehensive almost all of them, the occupancy permit is issued and up-to-date building design codes that are appro- after an inspection. However, survey respondents from priately tailored for the country context. only 17 countries reported that these inspections usu- There is a pressing need in many countries in the ally occur in practice. region for more up-to-date, comprehensive building design regulations—to reduce the risk to populations In summary, many compliance mechanisms are in from country-specific hazards; mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change; and provide safer, more place as part of regulatory frameworks, but the area accessible, energy-efficient, and comfortable buildings. of risk-informed development planning needs strength- Where design and construction skills and capacity vary, ening, and additional resources are needed to support regulations should include specific, simplified design compliance and enforcement mechanisms in general. provisions to improve the safety, resilience, universal accessibility, and green building aspects of common, Building control staff should have appropriate qual- small-scale construction types. At the same time, more ifications and competencies. Building control in the rigorous design provisions are needed for complex and region is largely in the hands of local building authori- higher-risk building types such as tall buildings, emer- ties, who are the main actors in reviewing and granting gency response facilities, hospitals, schools, and criti- permits, as well as enforcing the quality of construc- cal infrastructure. tion. Involvement of private sector actors in the review and enforcement process is very limited. Local build- Building design regulations must be tailored to the ing authorities are often stretched thin and face grow- country context. This includes the consideration of ing backlogs in planning and construction approval, local construction methods and materials, the avail- inspection, and permitting processes. And while nearly ability of resources, the capabilities of building sector all the countries require that the professional responsi- professionals, and the country-specific hazard and risk ble for enforcing compliance has at minimum a degree context. If other international or regional codes are in architecture, engineering, or other relevant field, adopted, they must be reviewed and adapted carefully fewer countries have any other requirements that are to suit the country context. more rigorous than this, such as that building control staff be licensed and registered members of profes- Building design regulations must be kept up to date sional architecture or engineering bodies with a cer- to reflect changing needs, meet the requirements of tain number of years of experience, or that they pass all users, and account for new types of construction certification exams. In general, countries require more or changes in technology and market conditions. This stringent staff qualifications for plan check and devel- creates opportunities to integrate locally adapted green opment controls than for inspections during construc- building design and construction practices, provide cli- tion or for the issuance of occupancy permits. mate mitigation and resilience, and improve accessibil- ity in order to create a more inclusive built environment Dispute resolution mechanisms need to be indepen- that meets the needs of people of all ages and abilities. dent of the building control authority. Independent, professional, and effective dispute resolution mecha- Recommendation 2 // Strengthen building regulatory nisms are a key element of an effective building reg- measures to reduce the incidence of construction on ulatory system. While 35 countries in the region have risky or inappropriate sites. some form of dispute resolution mechanism, only in As a result of rapid urbanization and population growth, 15 countries are disputes related to building control many buildings in the region are constructed on inap- resolved by an independent tribunal or board. Cost- propriate sites—for example, sites that are prone to effective, independent dispute resolution bodies with flooding or have soil conditions that are inadequate to appropriate expertise have the potential to increase support safe construction. To prevent this, countries compliance, trust, and accountability. should invest in the development of hazard maps, ensure that development plans (land use or zoning reg- ulations) are informed by these maps, and ensure that 26 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA building control authorities condition or restrict any systems can allow building control authorities to use development according to the level of exposure and their resources more efficiently, improve ease of use risk in different areas. for applicants, reduce costs, and increase transpar- ency and traceability. Furthermore, gaps in the scope of legislation and reg- ulations need to be filled so as to define clear roles Recommendation 5 // Adopt risk-based approaches and coordination mechanisms among the agencies in to building control. charge of building regulations, agencies in charge of Many countries in the region face challenges in deliv- land use and spatial planning, and other bodies that ering building control services because of financial, regulate and control the building and construction operational, and human resources constraints. These sector. pressures can be alleviated in a systematic way by ensuring that building control agencies focus on those Recommendation 3 // Ensure that building regulato- buildings with the highest risks. The level of permit- ry frameworks address the prevalence of non-engi- ting requirements and the inspections required during neered construction in the region. construction can be linked to the risk category of the Regulations and guidelines for common types of small- building. These risk categories could be assigned, for scale buildings (including vernacular construction), example, based on building usage type, level of occu- guidance materials such as construction booklets and pancy, plan area, number of stories, and/or level of con- manuals, and awareness-raising campaigns can help struction complexity. provide safe and affordable buildings for low-income people. Countries should identify types of vernacular Recommendation 6 // Invest in capacity development construction that are more resilient to disaster risks for building regulation implementation, in both the and promote their use. Development plans could des- public and private sectors. ignate certain selected areas in cities for self-build The successful implementation of building regulatory or community-build construction and support these frameworks requires continuous investment in capac- developments with infrastructure and services. This ity building—in the form of clear and accessible regu- could incentivize new settlements in lower-hazard lations; well-qualified and equipped building control areas (as identified by hazard maps). staff; continuous guidance and training in the public and private sectors; public communication campaigns Since many buildings have been developed outside for- to produce a societal demand for safety, resilience, mal regulatory control, regulations and guidance need energy efficiency, and accessibility in the built envi- to address how to upgrade and regularize existing ronment; robust professional licensing mechanisms; buildings to improve essential services—water, power, improved capacity for assuring the quality of con- sanitation, and so forth—and address safety and resil- struction materials; and improved capacity for site soil ience gaps. These regulations will need to be more testing (including test facilities and additional qualified flexible and incremental than those applicable to new professionals). Proactive support from governments is buildings. critical to create an enabling environment, particularly when new regulations, guidance, or building control Recommendation 4 // Improve the accessibility and systems are introduced. efficiency of building regulations and building con- trol processes. Further institution building is needed in the region to Regulations and building control processes for appli- increase the capability and capacity of building con- cants should be widely disseminated, easily acces- trol authorities. This will require expanding the number sible online, and available for free. Many countries in of professionally qualified staff and improving their the region have made efforts to make their building training. In addition, independent entities tasked with regulations more easily accessible. Building control resolving disputes that arise in the building regulatory processes and requirements should be simple to fol- process should be created or supported. low and omit unnecessary steps that add time, cost, and complexity for applicants and building control offi- Countries could consider increasing capacity by cials. Digitization of processes and data management involving the private sector to perform plan checks Executive Summary // 27 and inspection activities. For this to be successful, More detailed recommendations are provided in the regulatory environment must provide strict vetting Chapter 5, including good practice examples and pri- and qualification requirements for third-party inspec- ority recommendations for groups of countries in the tors, and robust oversight and quality control by public region, depending on the maturity of their building reg- authorities (World Bank 2018). ulatory frameworks. The educational sector and professional organizations also have important roles to play. Further development REFERENCES of vocational and university curricula, and more strin- Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council. 2019. Natural Hazard gent licensing requirements for design and construc- Mitigation Saves: 2019 Report. Washington, DC: National tion professionals, will be needed as the regulatory Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.nibs.org/ environment evolves. files/pdfs/NIBS_MMC_MitigationSaves_2019.pdf. Recommendation 7 // Increase knowledge sharing UN DESA (United Nations Department of Department and cross-regional collaboration. of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Some countries in the region are further along than 2022. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary others in their design and implementation of regula- of Results. New York: United Nations. https:// tory frameworks. Increased knowledge sharing across w w w. u n . o r g / d e v e l o p m e n t / d e s a / p d / c o n t e n t / the region would therefore be beneficial. This should World-Population-Prospects-2022. involve governments, academic institutions, build- World Bank. 2018. “Dealing with Construction Permits: ing professional societies, and the construction sec- Private sector participation in construction regu- tor. Regional synergies could also support ambitious lation.” Doing Business 2018 Report. Washington, coordinated solutions at scale—for example, a shared DC: World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank. process to update regulations, regional standards, org/curated/en/303541513853647106/tex- and guidance, complemented by final tailoring to spe- t/122194-WP-DB18-Construction-permits.txt. cific country needs and implementation capacity. A strategic focus at the regional level could also drive approaches to energy efficiency and sustainability using building regulatory frameworks as a tool. 28 // // 29 1. Introduction The safety and quality of the built environment are essential for the well-being of Africa’s population. Africa’s urban population, expected to increase from 588 million in 2020 to 1.5 billion by 2050 (OECD 2020; Statista n.d.), is growing at an average rate of 4.1 percent per year, with one-half of the population expected to be living in cities by 2030 (World Bank 2018). With two-thirds of urban buildings in the region expected » Green buildings. Buildings should be designed, con- to be built in the next 30 years, proactive policy choices structed, and used in ways that promote environ- are needed to drive a resilient, climate-smart, and inclu- mental sustainability in energy, materials, water use, sive urban transition. This transition must engage with and waste management. In 2018, Africa’s building the following performance goals: sector accounted for 61 percent of the continent’s total final energy consumption and 32 percent of » Safety and resilience. People expect that buildings its total CO2 emissions (GlobalABC, IEA, and UNEP will be safe and well built, and that they will provide 2019).10 Sustainable or green building policies and a certain level of protection for occupants during practices offer cost‐effective opportunities to curb extreme weather and natural hazard events.9 The the growth of energy and water demand, and would structural collapse of buildings—both under normal drive a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions. This loading and due to flooding, earthquakes, and other will be essential to achieving the targets set in the hazards—is a chronic problem in the region (refer Paris Agreement. to box 3.2). 9 Most building regulations will aim to protect the life-safety of occupants for events such as rare earthquakes or floods but will allow damage. The resulting damage may prevent the building remaining operational or even from being economical to repair after the event. In some cases, regulations have more stringent performance requirements for critical buildings to have a higher level of resilience under rare hazard events. 10 Final energy consumption covers all energy supplied to the final consumer for all energy uses. It is usually disaggregated into the final end-use sectors: industry, transport, households, services, and agriculture. See https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indi- cators/final-energy-consumption-outlook-from-iea for more details. CO2 emissions here exclude emissions from the manufacture of building materials. 30 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA » Social inclusion and wellness. Access to safe, » Regulations need to reflect societal expectations decent, and affordable housing for low-income about health and safety, risk reduction, and system- groups remains a challenge in many African coun- wide coordination in the construction sector. Thus, tries, and 54 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s urban there is a role for government to set standards for population currently live in informally constructed the performance of the construction sector. settlements. The built environment should be inclu- » Building regulations protect consumers because sive, affordable, and accessible to all, and should construction industry service providers often have promote the occupants’ health, physical indepen- much more detailed information than individual dence, and well-being, as well as the preservation of consumers about how to ensure quality and what social and cultural values. cost-benefit tradeoffs to make. Effective building regulatory frameworks help to An efficient and transparent building regulatory pro- ensure that these goals are achieved. Thus, regula- cess incentivizes investment in the construction tory frameworks that drive sustainable and safe prac- sector. It reduces the cost of compliance by providing tices are an essential step toward creating functional, a clear set of design and construction requirements, livable cities, improving the safety and health of people quality standards, and performance expectations, and and the environment in surrounding areas, and reduc- by promoting investor confidence in the value and ing the effects of poverty. To unlock the potential of safety of physical assets. Clear regulations that are the built environment in Sub-Saharan Africa, clear and well adapted to the country context reduce confusion ambitious policy actions on regulatory frameworks among both builders and building control authorities must address technical challenges, socioeconomic as well as unnecessary delays, disputes, and uncer- imbalances, and existing market failures, and encour- tainty in the investment environment. The construc- age economies of scale. tion sector, of which the building industry is a part, is one of the key drivers of growth in Sub-Saharan Africa’s economy. Although data on the sector in the 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING region are limited, according to Kirchberger (2020), REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS the value added in the construction sector in the region grew from 3.4 percent in 1995 to 6.0 percent in Building regulatory frameworks are cost-effective 2015, which was just above the global average of 5.8 mechanisms for reducing disaster risk. A cost-benefit percent at the time. analysis undertaken in a US context found that every $1 invested in a comprehensive building code framework Building regulations can be leveraged to support the yielded $11 in reduced losses, and every $1 invested integration of other social and environmental objec- in risk-informed rehabilitation of existing buildings tives into the design and construction of the built yielded $4 in reduced losses (Multi-Hazard Mitigation environment. These include universal accessibility, Council 2019). Government-enforced building regula- affordability and green building provisions as part of tions are an effective tool for raising the performance a climate change adaptation and mitigation agenda of the building sector, for the following reasons:11 (refer to box 1.1). Investing in comprehensive and locally appropriate regulations is a cost-effective way » A well-regulated building sector delivers benefits to mitigate risks and an opportunity to consolidate both to the population and to the environment. Good long-term frameworks that support safer, more sus- building regulatory frameworks can help protect the tainable, and more inclusive urbanization processes. public from poor building practices and environ- mental risks by reducing errors during design and construction and mandating safe practices. 11 The building sector is made up of the institutions and markets involved in the building, construction, and maintenance of commer- cial and residential properties. It covers (i) direct service providers, such as designers, architects, engineers, builders, and product suppliers; (ii) financial institutions, such as banks and insurance companies; (iii) research agencies and universities; (iv) quality as- surance and compliance organizations, such as local authorities, building consent authorities, and conformity assessment bodies; (v) residential and commercial building owners and developers; and (vi) building users. Introduction // 31 Box 1.1 // Building Regulatory Frameworks: Leveraging Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals E ffective regulations, in addition to providing clear In a broader sense, they also contribute to Goal 15 of standards for resilient, sustainable buildings by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), life on land promoting green and inclusive growth, provide (World Green Building Council 2021). benefits beyond safety and efficiency. People bene- fit from sustainable building standards because they Climate change effects are making it harder and more encourage safer processes during construction and expensive to construct comfortable, fit-for-purpose healthier lifestyles for occupants. buildings. More frequent extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and the degradation of land and coastal sys- Sustainable buildings help to protect scarce water tems can lead to increased wind loading, precipitation, resources, lower local pollution levels, and promote and flooding in areas where such events were previously clean, affordable energy. Reshaping building regula- rare or nonexistent. Moreover, climate change conse- tions has the potential to create jobs and opportuni- quences are altering global thermal patterns, making ties to reskill and upskill workers. Moreover, one of the it harder to adequately heat and cool buildings and to concepts underlying sustainable construction is that manage overall energy demands. Such climate change such buildings encourage responsible production and impacts result in higher levels of mortality, injury, illness, consumption, in line with a circular economy. Thus, sus- relocation, and displacement for occupants, as well as tainable buildings have the potential to lower inequality economic downturns that can have grave financial con- and are a key part of the actions against climate change. sequences (UNEP 2021). Figure B1.1.1 // Building Sector Emissions and Resilience Cycle CLIMATE CHANGE 40% of global more frequent & greenhouse gas more severe emissionsa CLIMATE HAZARDS BUILDINGS GREEN RESILIENT Source: Figure adapted from an original World Bank figure Note: a. Emissions including embodied carbon. 32 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.2 INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT A building regulatory framework is composed of OF BUILDING REGULATORY two core components: (i) legislation and regulations FRAMEWORKS that work together as the building regulatory system, including legislative acts that reference the planning Laws and regulations related to the design, con- regulations, building design codes and standards, and struction, and maintenance of buildings have been building control regulations; and (ii) implementation developed by societies since as early as the Code mechanisms and capacity. of Hammurabi (1750 BCE) in Babylon,12 which dic- tated punishments for those who constructed unsafe There are three main types of building regulations: buildings. China in the twelfth century had standards for public buildings to ensure architectural confor- » Planning regulations and related land use maps and mity as well as adequate performance to resist strong development plans: these prescribe where develop- winds and earthquakes (Glahn 1981). Other examples ment is permitted, and for which types of buildings are found in the basic design provisions set in reaction and building usages. These plans and maps should to events such as fires, earthquakes, or epidemics in be risk-informed to prevent development on higher the nineteenth century in the United States and Europe. risk sites or require site mitigations as a condition Over time, design requirements and building control of development. practices have become more comprehensive, detailed, » Building design regulations: these set minimum lev- and well-coordinated. Some countries have adopted els of building performance covering such areas as sophisticated approaches in their design codes, such structural stability, fire safety, heating, lighting, ven- as performance-based design;13 others have devel- tilation, plumbing, sanitary facilities, indoor air qual- oped streamlined, digital platforms for building control ity, green building requirements including energy process, such as e-permitting systems. efficiency, and universal accessibility requirements. » Building control regulations: these establish require- 1.2.1 The components of a building regulatory ments and processes for checks during the con- framework struction process, such as building permits and site inspections. They also define the roles and A building regulatory framework establishes the pro- responsibilities of building control authorities and visions for building design and functional require- construction sector professionals. ments, as well as construction practices. More broadly, it refers to the complex set of laws, regulatory Building regulations should work together and be documents, compliance mechanisms, education and coordinated; they can be set in one main document, training requirements, product testing and certification, a coordinated group of documents, or separate legal professional qualifications, and licensing schemes that documents.14 Figure 1.1 presents the core components support a safe, sustainable, and resilient built environ- of building regulatory frameworks analyzed in this study; ment. Building regulatory frameworks also rely on an figure 1.2 illustrates typical building control processes ecosystem of supporting institutions and system-level for each stage of design, construction, and operation. elements such as mortgage finance systems, frame- works for secure land tenure, property and tax regimes, Regulations also cover other activities and functions professional societies, and training institutions for the for construction sector professionals and the wider labor force. construction sector. These rules can include minimum 12 The Code of Hammurabi, translated by L. W. King, is available from the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, at https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp. 13 Rather than taking a prescriptive approach to design provisions, performance-based design reverses the design process by defining the end goal as the starting point. Optimal solutions to multiple, and sometimes competing, objectives are identified and tested through analysis and simulation to verify that performance goals and objectives have been achieved. 14 In some countries, such as Australia, there is a division between building codes and regulations, where building codes relate to technical building provisions or construction requirements (see ABCB, Standards and Protocols. n.d. available at https://www.abcb. gov.au/resources/filter/standards-and-protocols) and regulations concentrating on administrative processes such as building and planning permits (for example, the New South Wales Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979). Figure 1.1 // The Core Components of Building Regulatory Frameworks Analyzed in Sub-Saharan Africa* Core Components of Building Regulatory Framework PLANNING BUILDING DESIGN BUILDING CONTROL REGULATIONS PROVISIONS Development Permit Classified Structural Disaster Fire Universal Services and Green uses stability risk safety accessibility facilities buildings Building permit Use and Structural design Wind actions Fire resistance Access routes Plumbing Site inspection Natural insulation occupancy and verification performance and means and sanitary and ventilation during classifications requirements for requirements systems construction normal and Seismic actions expected loading/ Accessibility Green building Height and area Fire prevention and usability Electrical construction hazard conditions Flood mitigation Occupancy limitations based and protection of internal systems material and protection systems Permit on type of facilities Geotechnical systems construction design Elevators, Energy and water requirements Means of Fixtures and efficient design Landslides escalators, Special access and signals methods Permit for and lifts considerations egress changes to for specific Material existing buildings requirements Heating, Carbon smart/ building types Fire service ventilation and neutral access construction Retrofit air conditioning Assigned roles requirements (HVAC) for building control staff Qualification Performance requirements for Goals Safety and Resilience Social Inclusion and Wellness Sustainability building control staff Type of buildings covered by the regulations Penalties for noncompliance New/existing buildings Private buildings Public buildings Vernacular buildings Dispute resolution mechanisms Introduction // 33 Source: Original figure developed for this publication Note: A detailed focus on planning regulatory requirements was not part of the scope of this study. 34 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 1.2 // Selected Building Control Processes during Design, Construction, and Operation   Stage in Construction Pre-Design Design Construction Post-Construction Process • Planning approvals • Technical review of • Requirements for • Occupancy permits • Development design documents health and safety • Requirements for approvals and approvals during construction assessment of Building • Environmental • Design permits • Construction existing buildings Control assessments monitoring • Building control Processes • Requirements for • Material testing requirements related site investigation • Issuing of to rehabilitation documentation to and/or building show building alterations or change regulations have in usage been met • Regulations related to building demolition Source: Original figure developed for this publication qualifications and/or permitted roles and responsi- quality control, strict qualification requirements and bilities for licensed building practitioners, surveyors, robust performance-monitoring mechanisms must be electrical workers, plumbers, gasfitters and drainlay- in place for private sector actors. ers, registered architects, chartered professional engi- neers, and building owners. The effective administration of building control reg- ulations requires clear roles and responsibilities, 1.2.2 Administration of building regulatory along with adequate capacity and resources. Robust frameworks recordkeeping and information management systems are essential. In addition to organizing, sharing, and Building regulatory frameworks can be administered archiving documents and other data, these systems at a national level, regional/state level, or munic- can increase the overall efficiency of processes by ipal/local level. Different countries adopt different improving communication among parties involved in approaches and institutional arrangements depend- building control processes. They also increase trans- ing on their type of government, definition of roles and parency and traceability. In recent years, many coun- responsibilities, and country-specific context. Refer to tries have digitized their information management figure 1.3 for an example. A building regulatory frame- systems—for example, using web-based, one-stop work set at the national level has certain major advan- shops or other types of e-permitting systems (World tages such as uniformity in delivery, certainty in the Bank 2019). National level Local level market (for designers, suppliers, contractors), and con- *This procedure takes place simultaneously with previous procedure sumer confidence. In countries where a diverse range 1.2.3 Building regulatory frameworks as powerful of hazards and climatic conditions need to be consid- synergistic tools for resilience ered, building regulatory frameworks set at the regional or city level are advantageous because they allow the In a well-designed building regulatory framework, authorities to implement only those provisions that are the synergies between planning controls and build- locally pertinent. ing regulations can be very powerful in reducing disaster risk and the impacts of climate change. Typically, local governments play the fundamental While a deep analysis of planning and risk-sensitive role of building control authorities: issuing building land use planning practices lies beyond the scope of permits, undertaking inspections during construc- this report, it is important to highlight the difference tion, and issuing building occupancy certificates. In between planning regulations and building regulations some cases, building control authorities engage the and how they work together. The purpose of planning private sector to perform certain activities—site inspec- regulations is to shape overall patterns of development tions during construction, for example. To ensure and construction; building regulations set provisions Introduction // 35 Figure 1.3 // Regulatory Agencies and Their Roles in New Zealand MBIE Councils/BCAs Professionals & Registration Tradespeople Boards Ministry for the Environment— Steward & regulator Regulator Service provision Supervision of Regulator professionals • System leadership and • Day-to-day • Expert advice and oversight decision-maker who consumer services, e.g.: • Licensed building Administers the Resource Management • Policy advice determines whether practitioners building plans and - Architects Act, which is relevant • Setting performance building work comply - Designers • Electrical workers to the building system requirements in the because it regulates Building Code with the building code - Engineers • Plumbers, gasfitters, and land use, including • Producing guidance on • Performance monitoring drainlayers where building work - Builders ways to comply with the • Advice and guidance on can be done and the • Registered architects Building Code systems and processes - Manufacturers & provision of suppliers • Chartered professional • Performance monitoring • Recordkeeper infrastructure for the engineers built environment • Determinations • Provision of property - NZ Fire Service • Training and education information • Engineering associates • Licensing of some professions Building owners—pay building levies, use the regulatory system New Zealand public—use the building stock Source: Based on MBIE n.d. Note: Most territorial authorities are BCAs. BCA = building consent authority; MBIE = Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment. for the design and construction of the building itself For example, incentives and financial instruments for and its immediate site. The synergies between these development control can discourage development in aspects are particularly important in the areas of risk higher-risk areas or promote desirable practices that reduction—where land use planning, development come with added costs (for example, support green controls, and urban redevelopment provide opportu- building practices or design to a level above the code nities for reducing disaster risk, and climate change minimum in order to increase resilience). mitigation—where synergies between land use plan- ning and green building regulations function as a resource multiplier in addressing some of the region’s REFERENCES most pressing challenges. ABCB (Australian Building Codes Board). n.d. Standards and Protocols. https://www.abcb.gov.au/resources/ For example, zoning is the legal backbone of land filter/standards-and-protocols. use planning and the most powerful tool to regulate the form of a city and the use of its buildings (com- Glahn, E. 1981. “Chinese Building Standards in the 12th mercial versus residential, for instance), and to set Century.” Scientific American 244 (5): 162–73. requirements for building plan areas and/or the overall size, general dimensions, and density of development. GlobalABC, IEA, and UNEP (Global Alliance for Buildings In addition, zoning and other development planning and Construction, International Energy Agency, and the requirements can define set-back measures to protect United Nations Environment Programme). 2019. 2019 coastal areas and direct development away from inun- Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: dation-prone floodplains in order to reduce risks from Towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient sea-level rise and flooding. Incentive programs such as Buildings and Construction Sector. UNEP. https://iea. tax advantages or other benefits (for example, density blob.core.windows.net/assets/3da9daf9-ef75-4a37- bonuses) are another type of instrument that can be b3da-a09224e299dc/2019_Global_Status_Report_for_ used to encourage specific urban planning outcomes. Buildings_and_Construction.pdf. 36 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Kirchberger, M. 2020. “The Construction Sector in UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). Developing Countries: Some Key Issues.” In Mining 2021. A Practical Guide to Climate-Resilient Buildings for Change: Natural Resources and Industry in Africa, and Communities. Nairobi: UNEP. https://wedocs.unep. edited by J. Page and F. Tarp, 51–73. Oxford, UK: org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36405/ Oxford University Press. Adapbuild.pdf. MBIE (Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment, World Bank. 2018. “Urban population growth (annual Government of New Zealand). n.d. “Building regulatory %), based on the United Nations Population Division’s system.” Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment. World Urbanization Prospects: 2021 Revision.” World Last updated June 28, 2021. https://www.mbie.govt.nz/ Bank databank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ cross-government-functions/regulatory-stewardship/ SP.URB.GROW. regulatory-systems/building-regulatory-system. World Bank. 2019. “Dealing with Construction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council. 2019. Natural Hazard Permits, Good Practices.” Doing Business 2019 Mitigation Saves: 2019 Report. Washington, DC: National Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://sub- Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.nibs.org/ national.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/ files/pdfs/NIBS_MMC_MitigationSaves_2019.pdf. dealing-with-construction-permits/good-practices. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and World Green Building Council. 2021. “How Sustainable Development). 2020. Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics Buildings Are #BuildingResilience and Driving the 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography. Sustainable Development Goals.” Thought Leadership. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/publications/africa-s-ur- https://worldgbc.org/article/how-sustainable-build- banisation-dynamics-2020-b6bccb81-en.htm. ings-are-buildingresilience-and-driving-the-sustain- able-development-goals/. Statista. n.d. Number of people living in urban areas in Africa from 2000 to 2026. https://www. statista.com/statistics/1267863/number-of-people- living-in-urban-areas-in-africa/. // 37 38 // 2. The Sub-Saharan Africa Context If they are to be effective, regulatory frameworks must be tailored to each set of country-specific and local contexts in terms of building typologies and construction methods, shocks and stresses from natural and climate hazards, social and health vulnerabilities, and the country’s institutional structure and available resources. In addition, these frameworks must account for the transition. During the precolonial period, governance in differences in application in the urban and rural con- the region often took the form of centralized authori- texts, as well as differences between engineered ties of large territories or medium-sized city-states with buildings and small traditional buildings with limited links to neighboring allies, trading partners, and widely engineering knowledge applied, either using traditional dispersed populations governed collectively at the vil- materials (vernacular buildings) or more modern mate- lage and town levels (Sesay 2014). Settlement patterns rials (non-engineered buildings). This chapter explores were predominantly rural and agrarian, but they also how building regulations have evolved in Sub-Saharan included both nomadic peoples and established urban Africa and looks at the risk profile of the region—includ- societies. Towns and cities often formed as centers of ing hazards, the characteristics of risk exposure in trade or of spiritual or political authority; sometimes the region, and common construction typologies and they formed in response to external threats (Hull 1976). vulnerabilities. African urbanism in the precolonial period was distin- guished by spatial layouts linked to social organiza- 2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF BUILDING tion, as well as a strong connection to agrarian living. REGULATIONS For example, buildings were seldom more than one In many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, the regula- story and were often spatially arranged to reflect kin- tory environment has been influenced and informed ship ties and/or in concentric rings around the seat of by regulations that were first used during periods a central authority. Although urban centers could have of colonization. It is therefore important to under- inhabitants numbering in the thousands, they did not stand the precolonial state of governance, settlement lose their ties to agrarian life: space was left between patterns, and construction environment, as well as buildings, with room for trees and plots for growing how the current regulatory challenges relate to this food and keeping animals. Precolonial construction The Sub-Saharan Africa Context // 39 typologies reflected locally available materials: some system of formal land ownership was often restricted societies constructed in stone, fired brick, or with to the colonial cities and towns, with communal land larger timbers in forested areas, but most buildings tenure practices continuing outside those urban cen- were made with some combination of earth, poles, and ters (Njoh 2007). other forms of vegetative materials. These construc- tion types were typically limited in height and needed In addition to vernacular forms of construction frequent maintenance or renewal (Hull 1976). designed using local materials and with methods passed down through tradition and community Colonial influence in the period from the late 1800s knowledge, buildings began to be designed using through the 1930s brought European-style town imported materials and construction methods and planning, regulatory structures, and new types of in conformity with imported regulations (refer to fig- construction to the region. During this period, most ure 2.1).15 Imported colonial construction typologies colonial towns had segregated zoning patterns based ranged from defensive forts and utilitarian administra- on administrative functions, commercial activities, and tive buildings to buildings in neoclassical styles con- separate residential districts for colonial settlers and structed in stone and brick masonry (Micots 2015) and native populations. In some African cities and towns, other common forms of European architecture. Often, this settlement pattern is still visible today. Colonial construction included the use of imported building powers also imported regulatory frameworks from materials. For example, the “Cape Dutch” style in South Europe for city planning, building regulations, and pub- Africa imitated gabled buildings in the Netherlands lic health laws. but was constructed with a combination of brick and timber (Shellekens 1997). These typologies were not Colonial powers also introduced new concepts of necessarily appropriate for the local climate or local land ownership. Before the colonial authorities arrived, hazard environment. Over time, adaptations began to the African land tenure system was based on commu- blend European styles with vernacular forms—using nal stewardship, and land ownership was an alien con- local materials such as sun-dried mud brick in place cept. In the customary system, the value of land was of stone if stone was not available—and began to be determined by the use to which its temporary custodi- better adapted to local climatic conditions (such as ans put it. The sale of land was forbidden. In practice, a the addition of a veranda to a classical German-style Figure 2.1 // Examples of Colonial-Era Buildings a. French Colonial Building, Saint Louis, Senegal, Africa b. Colonial-Era Building in Simon’s Town, South Africa Source: Panel a: ©Pierre Laborde | shutterstock.com; Panel b: ©Jeremy Richards | istock.com 15 This transition went hand in hand with imported legal systems from colonial powers that either overrode or coexisted with custom- ary law. Customary laws can be defined as “locally recognized principles, and more specific norms or rules, which are orally held and transmitted, and applied by community institutions to internally govern or guide all aspects of life” (Research Planning Workshop 2005). Typically, construction is not formally regulated under this system and is carried out by community builders. 40 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA building to provide shade from the heat) (Weigend and other hazards. This section therefore describes the 1985). risk profile for the Sub-Saharan Africa region and its implications for the building regulatory environment. From the 1930s to the present, the legacy of colonial- era regulations has persisted in many Sub-Saharan Africa’s demographic shift, development trends, and African countries. For example, Sierra Leone’s Freetown climate change are altering the continent’s disaster Improvement Act (1960) is based on colonial-era reg- risk profile. Rapid urbanization is changing the disas- ulations: it links planning requirements for building ter risk profiles of Sub-Saharan African countries from setbacks to colonial-era wards and restricts construc- predominantly rural, with drought and food security tion methods masonry or reinforced concrete walls.16 challenges, to predominantly urban, with heightened Kenya’s Building Code, based on old British Standards, impacts from climate hazards, other natural haz- dates to 1968 and lacks country-specific hazard-in- ards, fire, and structural collapse. The climate haz- formed design criteria such as seismic hazards or wind ards include extreme weather events such as floods, maps.17 Regulations based on the European model of heatwaves, and storms, as well as slow-onset events strict zoning and single-family housing units often do such as droughts and sea-level rise—all of which are not consider flexibility in usage, such as allowing small expected to worsen in the next decades because of businesses to be operated in residential districts or climate change. Other natural hazards include geo- multigenerational housing arrangements in design physical hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, requirements. Since independence, countries in the and coastal erosion. Urban land footprints in Africa region have sometimes adopted codes and standards are predicted to increase by 500 percent versus the from other countries uncritically, without fully adapting expected urban population growth of 120 percent them for their specific country’s climate and natural between 2000 and 2030 (Seto, Güneralp, and Hutyra hazard context, societal needs, or available resources. 2012). The unprecedented impacts of climate change in the region are becoming an urgent threat to the phys- In addition, most building regulations in the region ical, social, and economic life of the people. In addition, lack simplified rules or guidelines for smaller-scale, urbanization is driving an increase in greenhouse gas common construction types or vernacular construc- (GHG) emissions, in addition to increased vulnerability tion. Instead, in the last few decades, incentivized by to physical climate risks. Without climate-informed pol- free-market reforms, there has been a rapid transition icies and investments, by 2030, 43 million people could to imported building materials and construction meth- fall further into climate-induced poverty (Hallegatte, ods yet without adequate technology and knowledge Rentschler, and Rozenberg 2019). Because much of transfer to support this radical transition. Overall, the the urban infrastructure in Africa is yet to be built, this legacy of alien regulations, combined with the rapid presents an opportunity to support governments and transition to imported materials and construction cities in their efforts to integrate green, resilient, and methods, has increased the vulnerability of building inclusive measures into planning and building develop- stock and is a major driver of risk in the region. ment for sustainable growth. In Sub-Saharan Africa, disaster risk is rapidly evolv- 2.2 THE RISK PROFILE OF THE ing. This has three major drivers: (i) natural hazards, REGION in particular hydrometeorological hazards, which are expected to become more frequent and intense under Understanding risks at national and local scales is the effects of climate change such as floods, strong essential to ensuring that building regulations are winds from cyclones or hurricanes, heatwaves, and tailored appropriately for each country. Building regu- droughts, as well as slow-onset events such as sea- lations must respond to the country’s risk environment level rise; (ii) rapid population growth, coupled with to have appropriate building design provisions for wind, inadequately planned urban expansion, along with the flooding, seismic hazard, extreme temperature events, region’s overall increase in exposure to natural and 16 Sierra Leone’s Freetown Improvement Act of 1960 can be found at https://www.slurc.org/uploads/1/6/9/1/16915440/freetown-im- provement-act-1960.pdf. 17 Kenya’s Building Code can be found at https://eregulations.invest.go.ke/media/BUILDING%20CODE.pdf. The Sub-Saharan Africa Context // 41 climate hazards, with heightened climate impacts from Africa, followed by droughts and tropical storms/high extreme weather events; and (iii) poorly developed wind events. Earthquakes, landslides, wildfires, heat- building regulations and a lack of enforcement mech- waves, volcanic activity, and tsunamis were less fre- anisms, poverty, environmental degradation, and other quent. Drought caused by far the highest loss of life, as socioeconomic factors that can further compound vul- these events often lead to famines and water scarcity. nerability conditions (see figure 2.2). Earthquakes, although rare in the region, resulted in a similar number of deaths to floods. The disasters that 2.2.1 Hazard context of Sub-Saharan Africa caused the most economic damage in the region were storms/high wind events, followed by floods, droughts, Sub-Saharan Africa is exposed to a range of natu- and earthquakes, respectively (Guha-Sapir, Below, and ral hazards and related losses. Of these, rapid-onset Hoyois n.d.). events typically cause the most damage to buildings and infrastructure; see figure 2.3, panels a. and b. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered by many experts These include geophysical hazards such as earth- to be the region in the world most vulnerable to the quakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, and events negative impacts of climate change. Specifically, it is influenced by climate change such as cyclones and projected that this region will suffer from an increasing floods.18 From 1970 to 2021, floods were the most number and severity of heatwaves, droughts, storms, common type of natural disaster in Sub-Saharan and flooding from heavy rainfall events. These shocks Figure 2.2 // The Dynamics Driving Disaster Risk Poverty and environmental degradation Vulnerability Disaster Risk Natural Hazard Exposure Climate change Poorly planned development Source: Adapted from World Bank 2013 and IPCC 2012 18 Floods here include those of a pluvial, fluvial, or coastal nature. Note that events such as droughts and extreme temperatures, through the phenomenon of shrinkage-swelling of clays, can also damage buildings. 42 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 2.3 // Sub-Saharan Africa Disasters  a. Proportion of Natural Disasters by Type b. Contribution of Different Disaster Types to Deaths, Injuries, People Affected, and Economic Damage, 1970–2021 Percent of contribution of disaster type to risk metric 100 Flood 59% 80 Drought 17% 60 Storm 16% 40 Other 6% 20 Earthquake 2% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 Deaths Number affected Economic Percent (0.75M) (584M) damage (35B US$) Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other Source: Guha-Sapir, Below, and Hoyois. n.d.; data from Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), available at https://www.emdat.be Notes: 1. The category Other includes landslides, wildfires, extreme temperature events, tsunamis, and volcanic activity. 2. The category Storm includes cyclones. 3. Economic damage is reported in billion US$, adjusted to 2020 values. and stresses affect health, food security, and the integ- during an earthquake. Protecting against such events rity and safety of physical infrastructure (Sono, Wei, requires understanding the soil and terrain characteris- and Jin 2021). tics where buildings are sited, and implementing appro- priate, risk-informed, land use regulations. Geophysical hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides Strong winds: hurricanes, cyclones, and storms In Sub-Saharan Africa, earthquakes and volcanism Hurricanes and cyclones that affect Sub-Saharan are hazards primarily localized in the eastern part Africa occur mainly in the North and South of the continent, along the East African Rift System. Indian Ocean basins. Countries such as Comoros, See map 2.1, panel a. This large system, which extends Madagascar, Mauritius, and Mozambique are among over 3,000 kilometers from the southern end of the Red the most affected.19 West Africa is also a hotspot for Sea to Mozambique, is composed of several active rift the formation of so-called Cabo Verde hurricanes, zones that pose a threat to the population and physical which form near that country before heading west. infrastructure. Other parts of the region exhibit varying While these are the regions that suffer the most from levels of seismic and magmatic activity, highlighting strong windstorms, the continent also suffers from the heterogeneity of hazards throughout Africa. convective storms that bring in heavy rains and strong winds; see map 2.2, panel a. Earthquake- and rainfall-triggered landslides have been reported throughout the continent. See map 2.1, Flooding panel b. These events may occur because of the localized failure of steep slopes, or the lateral spreading and loss Extreme rainfall and flooding are among the most prev- of stability of flat sediment plains due to soil liquefaction alent natural hazards affecting the Sub-Saharan Africa 19 The only difference between a hurricane and a cyclone is that they occur in different geographical locations. A tropical system with maximum sustained surface winds of 74 mph or greater is called a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean and a cyclone in the Indian Ocean. The Sub-Saharan Africa Context // 43 Map 2.1 // Earthquake and Landslide Hazards in Africa a. 2475-Year Earthquake Ground Shaking b. Landslide Hazard Source: Panel a: Paul, Silva, and Amo-Oduro 2022, adapted from Pagani et al. 2020; panel b: Paul, Silva, and Amo-Oduro 2022, adapted from Arup 2020 Note: Arup is an engineering consulting company. GEM = Global Earthquake Model; PGA = peak ground acceleration. Map 2.2 // Cyclone and Flood Hazards in Africa a. Hazard Map for 500-Year Cyclone Wind Speeds b. Hazard Map for 200-Year Flood Depths Source: Panel a: Paul, Silva, and Amo-Oduro 2022, adapted from UNDRR 2016; panel b: Paul, Silva, and Amo-Oduro 2022, adapted from Dottori et al. 2016 Note: JRC = European Commission’s Joint Research Centre; UNISDR = United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 44 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA region. See map 2.2, panel b. From a climate standpoint, (UN DESA 2019). In addition to population growth, these events are linked to the Intertropical Convergence rapid urbanization in the region increases the level of Zone and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomena, exposure to hazards—particularly from rapid-onset which drive rainfall patterns on the continent.20 Three events. Cities with more than 1 million inhabitants are types of flooding affect the region: fluvial, pluvial, and increasing in number and growing in population size, coastal. Fluvial flooding occurs when heavy rainfall or population density, and built-up areas: see figure 2.4. snowmelt causes rivers to overflow, affecting rural and This growth is reflected in the steady increase in the urban populations living close to rivers and water bod- proportion of the urban population in the region—from ies. Pluvial flooding occurs when surface water accumu- 11 percent in 1950 to 41 percent in 2020 (UN DESA lates and cannot be absorbed by the soil; this is a threat 2019). Over this period, the urban population growth throughout the region—especially with extreme rainfall in rate remained twice that of the rural population growth urban areas where impervious soil prevails and with inad- rate: see figure 2.5. equate drainage systems. Coastal flooding is caused by extreme sea levels due to waves, storm surges, and high Urban population and built-up area growth will con- tides in coastal areas. Around 60 percent of natural disas- tinue, and this increase in exposure constitutes a ters in the region over the last 50 years have been floods. major driver of future risk. Although the future is inher- ently uncertain, estimates based on different scenarios 2.2.2 Exposure show that by 2100, built-up areas could increase in size between three times (under the Sustainability Shared Sub-Saharan Africa’s population is predicted to Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1) and five times (under grow from 1.1 billion in 2021 to 2.2 billion by 2050 the Inequality SSP4 or the Fossil-fueled SSP5) (Chen Figure 2.4 // City Sizes in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2015 160 140 120 Number of cities 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 2000 2015 Year 50K–100K 100K–500K 500K–1M Above 1M Source: Florczyk et al. 2019, using GHS Urban Centre Database 2015 data 20 The Intertropical Convergence Zone is a global scale area of convergence between dry air masses. The interface of the warm air with dry stable air forms clouds and rains, which occur as major seasonal features and intense localized thunderstorms. El Niño— Southern Oscillation is a quasi-periodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean on average every five years. It is characterized by warming or cooling of temperature known as El Niño and La Niña, respectively (World Bank Group 2016). The Sub-Saharan Africa Context // 45 Figure 2.5 // Urban and Rural Population Growth Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa 7 Percent of annual average population growth rate 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1950–1960 1960–1970 1970–1980 1980–1990 1990–2000 2000–2010 Period Rural Urban Source: UN DESA 2018 data et al. 2020).21 On the other hand, populations will con- groups, such as people with disabilities, women, and tinue increasing, although population growth rates are children, are more vulnerable to shocks and stresses. projected to slightly decrease from the current rate of Because more than 90 percent of the population in the around 4.00 percent per year to around 3.75 percent region rely on burning biomass for domestic cooking per year by 2035 (UN DESA 2019). and heating (Njenga et al. 2019), the resulting high level of indoor air pollution worsens many health problems 2.2.3 Vulnerability to adverse natural events and increases the population’s disability rate and over- all vulnerability. Overcrowded housing and a lack of Vulnerability is a key characteristic that influences ventilation also contribute to the spread of communi- the level of damage suffered from adverse natural cable disease, as was observed worldwide during the events. Communities are less vulnerable to natural haz- COVID-19 pandemic. ards if they have more resilient physical assets (good building design), social capital (community structures, Vulnerability is also affected by the types of buildings trust, and family networks), and political support (abil- commonly found in the region (refer also to box 2.1). ity to get government help and affect policies and deci- Vulnerability, in the context of risk to physical assets sions) (World Bank and United Nations 2010). such as buildings, can be understood as the relation- ship between the intensity of a given hazard (for exam- Social and health factors influence the vulnerabil- ple, ground shaking for earthquakes, wind speed for ity of the Sub-Saharan Africa region. High levels of tropical cyclones, and so on) and the possible damage poverty and a lack of basic services such as clean to an asset. In terms of buildings, the relationships water, electricity, and affordable transport, combined between intensity and possible damage will vary by with limited institutional capacity, have increased the the type of peril and the characteristics of each asset. impact of, and losses from, shocks and stresses (Van For example, vernacular construction types using light- Niekerk and Nemakonde 2017). In addition, certain weight vegetative materials typically perform well under 21 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are five scenarios of projected socioeconomic global changes: Sustainability (SSP1), Middle of the Road (SSP2), Regional Rivalry (SSP3), Inequality (SSP4), and Fossil-Fueled Development (SSP5) (Chen et al. 2020). 46 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Box 2.1 // Building Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa F igure B2.1.1 shows typical construction typologies using straw/vegetative materials and informal con- in Sub-Saharan Africa. The most common types struction—often using a combination of light sheet of construction in the region include unreinforced metal, timber, and other salvaged materials (Paul, Silva, masonry (using fired bricks, concrete blocks, or stone); and Amo-Oduro 2022). In major urban centers, a small earth block masonry or rammed earth, wattle, and proportion of building stock consists of mid- to high- daub; cast-in-place concrete frame with masonry infill; rise construction, often with reinforced concrete as the confined masonry; vernacular forms of construction main material. Figure B2.1.1 // Examples of Typical Construction Typologies in Sub-Saharan Africa a. Unreinforced Masonry House in Malawi b. Earth Block House in Malawi c. Wattle and Daub House in Botswana Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Seismic: High; non-ductile system. Seismic: High; weak, non-ductile system. Seismic: Low; light-weight, flexible system. Flood: Moderate; depends on quality of walls Flood: High; severe erosion and damage from Flood: High; severe erosion and damage from and erosion and damage from flood waters. flood waters. flood waters. Strong winds: Moderate; lack of tying and roof Strong winds: High; lack of tying and integrity Strong winds: High; lack of tying and integrity detailing to resist wind. in roof to resist wind. in roof to resist wind, large overhangs. Source: ©Viviana Novelli | SAFER PREPARE Source: ©tschuma417 | istock.com Source: ©andyKRAKOVSKI | istock.com d. Cast-in-Place Concrete Frame with e. Straw/Vegetative House in Ethiopia f. Informal Construction in Cape Town, Masonry Infill in Uganda South Africa Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Seismic: Low to moderate; depends on material Seismic: Low; light weight, flexible system. Seismic: Moderate to high; fragile but quality and detailing as seismically confined Flood: High; severe erosion and damage from sometimes lightweight systems, lack of tying, masonry. flood waters. lack of adequate foundations. Flood: Moderate: depends on quality of walls, Strong winds: High; lack of tying and integrity Flood: High; lack of structural integrity makes erosion, and damage from flood waters. in roof to resist wind, large overhangs. severe damage or collapse likely. Strong winds: Low to moderate: depends on Source: ©narvikk | istock.com Strong winds: High; lack of wall integrity, lack tying to walls and roof detailing to resist wind. of tying and roof detailing to resist wind. Source: ©UgandAid Source: ©NLink | istock.com g. Mid- to High-Rise Construction Typologies in Urban City Centers: City Center, Lagos, Nigeria Vulnerability/damage characteristics: Mid- to high-rise buildings form a small proportion of overall building stock in the region. These buildings are more likely to conform to formal building regulations and/or other international standards. These types of buildings have been constructed since the 1960s in major urban centers in the region. Typical structural systems include cast-in-place concrete frames with infill walls (similar to the typology shown in panel d), cast-in-place concrete frames, and concrete shear walls. Steel construction is relatively rare in the region and is mostly used for longer span industrial structures and very occasionally in high-rise design. Source: ©peeterv | istock.com The Sub-Saharan Africa Context // 47 earthquake loads and pose a lower risk to occupants construction defects, and/or a lack of maintenance. than imported masonry construction types, which can Refer to box 3.2. fail in a brittle and sudden manner. In addition to the structural components that influence vulnerability, non- 2.2.4 Understanding systemic risk structural components must be considered in terms of their influence on building performance under hazards. In addition to considering individual risks, it is impor- For example, improperly designed nonstructural infill tant to recognize the potential for cascading risks walls can negatively affect building performance during that can damage systems that society depends on, an earthquake, whereas during a flood event, the layout such as health, food, energy and water supply, and and accessibility of electrical services can determine transport. This is often referred to as systemic risk, the level of damage and disruption. Different kinds of that is, “the risk or probability of breakdowns in an entire buildings can be classified in typologies according to system, as opposed to the breakdowns in individual the characteristics that define their vulnerability, which parts or components” (Kaufman and Scott 2003). For helps in identifying the most vulnerable structures and example, in Sub-Saharan Africa’s urban context, the targets for interventions or policy actions. aggregation of exposure in cities leads to more com- plex systems and risk concentrations: a disaster such In Sub-Saharan Africa, a significant amount of con- as a flood could disrupt transport and communications struction takes place outside the formal regulatory networks as well as create unsafe living conditions and environment. In 2020, 56 percent of existing urban lead to outbreaks of waterborne disease, hampering development in Sub-Saharan Africa was estimated recovery. to have been constructed informally, which hampers the ability to gain a robust understanding of building vulnerability at regional levels (UN-Habitat 2020). For REFERENCES construction carried out within the formal regulatory environment, regulations display highly differentiated Arup. 2020. The Global Landslide Hazard Map: Final levels of coverage and completeness from country Project Report. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/ to country (see Chapter 3 for a detailed assessment). search/dataset/0037584. Gaps also exist in the ability to enforce the regulations that are in place. For example, this study found that Chen, G., X. Li, X. Liu, Y. Chen, X. Liang, J. Leng, X. Xu, only 25 countries in the region have regulations that et al. 2020. “Global Projections of Future Urban Land include some design provisions for buildings, a key ele- Expansion under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.” ment to ensuring building safety. Refer to section 3.2.1 Nature Communications 11: 537. https://doi. for more details. org/10.1038/s41467-020-14386-x. In many of Sub-Saharan Africa’s cities, the pace of Dottori, F., L. Alfieri, P. Salamon, A. Bianchi, L. Feyen, and construction has not matched population growth, F. Hirpa. 2016. Flood Hazard Map of the World: 200-Year which can lead to factors that raise building vulnera- Return Period. European Commission, Joint Research bility. An increased demand for places to live and work Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/ can lead to construction on risky sites, as well as more jrc-floods-floodmapgl_rp200y-tif. wear and tear on existing buildings. 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The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1 BUILDING REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS This section examines building regulation framework components, administration, organization, and accessibility, as well as types of construction and technical aspects covered by these regulations. 3.1.1 Components of existing building regulatory An efficient and transparent building regulations pro- frameworks cess can also incentivize economic investment in the construction sector by providing the market with a clear The building regulatory frameworks in many countries set of design and construction requirements, quality in the region lack essential components. standards, and competency expectations (World Bank Group 2019). To facilitate the construction of safe and resilient buildings, comprehensive and effective building reg- Forty-five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (94 per- ulatory frameworks are needed. Such frameworks cent) have some components of a legally adopted provide a cost-effective mechanism for optimizing risk building regulatory framework in place. These com- reduction and can also support a range of other socie- ponents typically include land use and planning regu- tal objectives. Those objectives include (i) accessibility lations, building design provisions, and building control and usability for people of all ages and abilities, (ii) cli- regulations related to the issuing of permits and inspec- mate change mitigation through energy-efficient build- tions. Table 3.1, for example, presents the primary regu- ings, (iii) climate change adaptation and risk reduction lation documents for Uganda. Three of the 48 countries through promoting buildings that are resilient to natural reviewed—Eritrea, Somalia, and South Sudan—had hazards, and (iv) the preservation of historic buildings. no legally adopted regulations.22 For regulations to be 22 For South Sudan and Somalia, some in-country respondents reported elements of a building regulatory framework, but we were un- able to verify that these regulations had been legally adopted. For example, it was reported that building authorities in South Sudan use an internal building design regulation, but this is not publicly available and no legal basis for it was found. For Eritrea, no data could be collected. 52 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.1 // Main Building Regulation Documents for Uganda   Regulations (date) Purpose Physical Planning Act (2010) Defines the main rules for the land use and urban planning.  (revised in 2020)  Defines the building authorities and their competences and establishes the legal basis for the Building Control Act (2013)  main regulations on permits and building controls.  National Building Code (2019)  Defines the standards and technical requirements for buildings, including design provisions.  Sets out requirements for professionals participating in construction; establishes procedures Building Control Regulations (2020)  related to building design and permits, controls, and inspections; and provides processes for appealing the decisions of building control authorities. Source: Original table developed for this publication Note: In addition, in 2020, the government of Uganda published an Implementation Guide for the Building Control Act; this guide sets out all laws and regulations as part of the framework and the roles and responsibilities for implementation, sample checklists for building control officers, and overall guidance for how to comply with the regulations. legally adopted and for the jurisdiction to legally enforce essential components of building regulatory frame- their provisions and procedures, they need to be tied to works, and are needed to ensure building safety. Of a legislative act or to a set of laws. the countries with design standards, 16 (one-third) have limited design provisions: Botswana, Cabo Verde, Although most countries have some components of a Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea- regulatory framework, only 25 countries (52 percent) have Bissau, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, São Tomé and frameworks that include legally adopted building design Príncipe, Senegal, the Seychelles, Sudan, Tanzania, and standards. Refer to table 3.2 and map 3.1 for details. Zimbabwe.23 These provisions are often based on out- of-date regulations inherited from the colonial era. Of Many of the design standards that do exist are not the 9 countries with more comprehensive design pro- comprehensive or up to date. Comprehensive, legally visions, only 5 have updated their building codes since enforced building design and material standards are 2000. Refer to figure 3.1. Table 3.2 // Legally Adopted Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Lesotho Ethiopia Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Legally adopted building design regulations x   x     x       x     x     x x   x x   x x           x   x x x x x x x x     x   x x   x   x Legally adopted planning, permitting, and building control regulations x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x   x x x x x x No legal building regulatory framework   x     x x   Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. 23 The countries with more comprehensive design provisions were selected using two criteria. First, the country must have at least 15 different types of design provisions defined in their regulations. Second, among the 15, the following design requirements must be included: use and occupancy classifications; structural design provisions for normal loading; provisions related to wind actions; fire resistance performance requirements; means of access and egress; access routes and means for people with disabilities; plumbing and sanitary systems; and natural insulation and ventilation. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 53 Map 3.1 // Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E Category A: No legally adopted building regulatory framework was identified. Category B: Legally adopted planning and building control regulations, no building design provisions within the regulations. Category C: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, but lacking comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category D: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, more comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category E: All components of a legally adopted building regulatory framework in place with more comprehensive design provisions, updated since 2000. Source: Original map developed for this publication, based on World Bank data (2022) Note: The countries with more comprehensive design provisions had to satisfy two criteria: 1. At least 15 different types of design provisions are defined in their regulations (out of a total of 33 categories). Refer to figure 1.1 for how the categories of design provisions were classified. 2. Among those 15 design requirements, the following elements must be included: a. Use and occupancy classifications b. Structural design provisions for normal loading c. Provisions related to wind actions d. Fire resistance performance requirements e. Means of access and egress f. Access routes and means for people with disabilities g. Plumbing and sanitary systems h. Natural insulation and ventilation 54 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 3.1 // Latest Year of Revision for Building Design Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa (2019) Rwanda (2019) Uganda (2019) Countries with more comprehesive Eswatini (1969) Namibia (1977) Nigeria (2006) Angola (2007) Ghana (2018) building design provisons Kenya (1968) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year of revision Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: For the definition of more comprehesive design provisions, refer to Map 3.1. 3.1.2 Administration of building regulations governments.24 In other countries, the local and national governments share the responsibilities (see Countries in the region take different approaches to table 3.3). For example, such sharing may occur where administering their building regulatory frameworks. major cities or local government jurisdictions over- see the administration of the regulations based on a In two-thirds of Sub-Saharan countries, building national-level framework, or where some regulations, policy is centralized and the national government is responsible for setting building regulations. By such as protected areas and/or planning laws, are set contrast, in federal republics such as Nigeria, build- at the national level but building control processes are ing regulations are predominantly set by the state administered at the local level. Table 3.3 // Authority Responsible for Setting Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali National goverment x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x   x x x x x x Local government             x     x x   x     x x     x     x   x   x       x x   x                             Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. 24 Nigeria’s national-level building code, adopted in 2006, is mandated for federal buildings only. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 55 3.1.3 Organization of building design regulations of building code standards (as in Eswatini and South Africa). Refer to table 3.4. Few countries in the region organize building design regulations in a single document or in a single coordi- The situation in Kenya illustrates the importance nated set of documents. of having a clear, coordinated, comprehensive, and widely disseminated set of building design regula- Easily accessible, coordinated, and harmonized tions. Kenya’s most recent, legally adopted building building design documents are critical. When these code—Local Government Building Order (1968)—cov- documents are hard to find, are uncoordinated, or ers design for normal structural loads but does not contain conflicting requirements, it can be challeng- cover hazard-related aspects of building design, such ing for building professionals to achieve compliance. as seismic design provisions. For seismic design, a sep- It can also be challenging for building controllers to arate document—The Code of Practice for the Design keep track of fragmented regulations that they need & Construction of Buildings and Other Structures in to implement, for example, if they have undergone fre- Relation to Earthquakes (1973)—is officially used. In quent amendments. Building design regulations can be addition to being out of date, this document is hard to organized in different ways: as a single comprehensive access. The result is that, in practice, seismic design document, often in the form of a building design code; is in many cases not considered in Kenya. The situa- as a coordinated set of documents that address dif- tion is further complicated by the existence of a draft ferent technical aspects of construction, such as a set Kenya Building Code (2009) that is sometimes used in of standards; or as separate documents for different practice but has yet to be legally adopted and is still types of buildings, jurisdictions, or technical topics. lacking in seismic design provisions. At present, Kenya is in the process of developing a new Kenya Building Of the countries in the region with building design Code (2020), which has yet to be finalized. provisions, in only eight are the design provisions contained in one unified document or a coordinated 3.1.4 Public availability of regulations set of documents. The organization of documents for these eight countries mainly falls into three cate- Regulatory documents are publicly available for free in gories: (i) there are some limited design provisions most countries in the region. contained within a wide-ranging building regulation based on colonial-era regulations (as in São Tomé and Another key aspect of the regulatory framework is Príncipe); (ii) the country has developed a comprehen- publicly available regulatory documents. Regulations sive, stand-alone building code document (as in Ghana must be easy to access and free of charge. If the public and Rwanda); or (iii) the country has a coordinated set cannot access the regulations, compliance is unlikely. Table 3.4 // Organization of Building Design Documents in Sub-Saharan Africa São Tomé and Príncipe Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Gambia, The Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Botswana Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Rwanda Senegal Uganda Nigeria Angola Ghana Sudan Kenya Niger One document x   x x Set of documents x x x x   x Separated documents x x x x x   x x x x x x x x   x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) 56 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.5 // Availability of Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Availability of building design regulations x   x     x             x     x x     x     x           x   x x x x x   x x     x   x x   x     Availability of planning and permitting regulations x x x x x x x   x     x x x   x x x   x x   x x   x   x x x x x x x x   x x x   x   x x x x x   Availability of information on building control processes for applicants x x x x x x x       x x x     x x x   x x   x x       x   x x x x x x     x     x   x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. Similarly, it is important that the processes for obtain- designers, builders, and developers to comply with the ing a building permit and other building control require- requirements of the regulatory framework. ments be publicly available. 3.1.5 Types of construction covered by building In the 25 countries with design provisions in their regulations regulations, 20 have documents available. South Africa is the only country that charges a fee for obtain- Building regulations primarily apply to new construction ing the design code.25 but, in some cases, they apply to certain types of alter- ations to existing buildings or for building demolition. In 30 of the countries (62 percent), information on the In Sub-Saharan Africa, most countries have regu- planning, development controls, construction permit- lations that apply to all new private or public build- ting, and verification process is clearly stated and pub- ings, but there are some exceptions—see table 3.6. licly available—either on a website or in pamphlets or In Botswana and Ghana, for example, certain govern- brochures available at the permitting authority offices. ment buildings, such as defense-related buildings, are Refer to table 3.5. For example, in the case of Mauritius, exempt from adhering to building regulations.26 In the all relevant information related to building control is eas- Central African Republic, only new private buildings ily available on the website of the City Council of Port with a floor area of more than 70.0 square meters must Louis. The website also has the Building and Land Use comply with building regulations; and in the Seychelles, Permit Guide, a detailed document that offers step-by- dwellings with a plan area of less than 92.9 square step guidance on the permitting process. meters are exempt from building regulations.27 In countries where regulations are not publicly available, In the region, the regulations of 26 countries include this lack of accessibility creates significant barriers for basic provisions for the construction of vernacular 25 In some countries, such as Rwanda, although the building design regulations are publicly available at no cost, access to the techni- cal standards requires a fee. 26 In the case of Botswana, exemptions such as temporary structures or buildings constructed by the ministry are listed under section 5 of part II of the country’s Building Control Regulations, available at https://www.botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/subsid- iary-legislation/building-control-subsidiary-legislation. 27 The exemption holds unless the Chief Planning Officer considers the building to be dangerous. In that case, the officer can require actions from the owner or occupant. See the Town and Country Planning (Building) Regulations, section 32, articles 1.2 and 77–81, available at https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/sey117061.pdf. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 57 buildings or designate them as exempt from adhering using traditional materials and methods by local com- to regulations. See box 3.1. Vernacular buildings, which munities without the input of an engineer or architect. are often referred to as traditional buildings in the regu- In Côte d’Ivoire, on the other hand, these buildings are lations, are typically small-scale buildings constructed allowed only in rural areas and only on the condition Box 3.1 // Reducing Risk in Informal and Rural Areas by Implementing Construction Guidelines for Safer Housing in Malawi T he government of Malawi is developing a new awere updated in 2021. The revised guidelines further building code, but it has yet to be finalized and promote local practices, affordable solutions that use officially adopted. At present, much of the con- vernacular construction techniques, and strategies for struction industry in Malawi operates outside of a reg- multi-hazard risk reduction. They also introduce slight ulated building framework. The majority of small-scale variations in local technologies, where appropriate, to buildings, including an estimated 76 percent of build- strengthen construction and prolong the design life of ings in the capital Lilongwe, were constructed without buildings. the input of qualified building professionals. In informal and rural areas, construction is done mainly by commu- Training and Ways Forward nity members with limited technical skills (see figure B3.1.1). With World Bank support, the government of Malawi ini- tiated a training-focused technical assistance program Following a series of damaging earthquakes in Karonga to promote disaster resilience through the guidelines.a and some areas of Chitipa Districts in December 2009, To raise awareness and disseminate this information the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development locally, the assistance provided: 1) training of trainers; initiated the development of Safer House Construction 2) training of 60 district technical officers for 15 districts Guidelines through a participatory process involving chosen according to their vulnerability to natural haz- hundreds of stakeholders engaged in the construction ards; and 3) awareness-raising training of local leaders. industry, public administration, and local nongovern- Going forward, Malawi should continue efforts to make mental organizations (NGOs), including other govern- the guidelines more accessible to different stakeholders ment departments, the Malawi Institute of Engineers, by translating them and their supporting materials into and development partners such as the World Bank. local languages. Increased training efforts and wider An extensive, country-wide field survey helped define dissemination will increase the impact and reach of the country-specific hazards, good practices, and local guidelines, ensuring safer construction measures and construction techniques to inform the guidelines, which practices. Figure B3.1.1 // Typical Examples of Non-Engineered Construction in Malawi a. Unreinforced Brick Masonry with Roof b. Unreinforced Brick Masonry with c. Unreinforced Brick Masonry with Made of Vegetative Materials Galvanized Metal Sheet Roofing Reinforced Concrete Source: ©Viviana Novelli | SAFER PREPARE (2022) Note: a. This support fell under the Malawi Floods Emergency Recovery Project (P154803) and the Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Financing, with a Deferred Drawdown Option for Catastrophe Risk (P165056). 58 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.6 // Types of New Construction Covered by Codes, Regulations, and Standards in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Private buildings (engineered) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Public buildings x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Vernacular buildings x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. that their construction complies with the safety rules and unsafe buildings therefore requires an incremen- and characteristics of the building materials.28 tal approach that reduces risk over a longer period at a feasible cost, and that can minimize disruption to nor- In addition to ensuring basic safety when making alter- mal building operations (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, ations to existing buildings, rehabilitation and retrofit29 79). Some jurisdictions require existing buildings to be regulations can help improve the resilience of existing assessed and upgraded periodically, whereas in others building stock to natural disasters and other shocks this is voluntary. A first and relatively cost-effective step and stresses. For this reason, it is necessary to deter- to managing existing building risk is to ensure that build- mine whether building regulations have specific provi- ing regulation provisions cover modifications to existing sions for the following: (i) minor alterations and repairs; buildings. (ii) rehabilitation or retrofit; (iii) building extensions; (iv) change of use; and (v) special considerations for cultur- Although most countries in the region have moderate ally or historically important buildings (GFDRR and World to good coverage of regulations for modifications to Bank 2017, 23, 59) (refer to table 3.7). A critical challenge existing buildings (see figure 3.2), this coverage does for policy makers is that the cost of disaster-resilient not necessarily include design provisions related to design is much less for new buildings (5 to 10 percent of assessment and the retrofitting of existing buildings. the building’s value) than the disaster-resilient retrofit of It is typically more focused on permitting requirements existing vulnerable buildings (where the cost can range for change of use or modifications to existing buildings. from 10 to 50 percent of the building’s value). Indeed, in For example, the Rwanda Building Code of 2019, in some cases, it can be uneconomic to retrofit an exist- addressing this topic,30 stipulates that a new certificate ing building to meet the code level for new buildings. of occupancy shall be required when a change of occu- Removing, replacing, and retrofitting existing unregulated pancy involves the change of building classification by 28 See the Côte d’Ivoire Building Code, articles 352 and 353 (Code de la Construction et de l’Habitat - Loi n°2019‐576 du 26 juin 2019). There are some exceptions concerning the construction of traditional buildings in urban areas. 29 Improvements to existing buildings can include (i) minor alterations and repairs, which are generally nonstructural changes to selected elements; (ii) rehabilitation, which aims to restore the building to its original level of performance (both structural and nonstructural elements); and (iii) retrofit, which aims to improve the building’s performance level (both structural and nonstructural elements). In some cases, regulatory documents allow modifications to existing buildings to meet a more relaxed standard than the requirements for a new design. 30 Rwanda Building Code of 2019, chapter 5 (Construction Safety, Inspection, Maintenance and Disaster Risk Management), part 13 on Existing Structures, available at http://197.243.22.137/rhanew/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/General_documents/Laws_And_ Regulations/rwanda_building_code_2019.pdf. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 59 Table 3.7 // Types of Alterations to Existing Buildings Covered by Codes, Regulations, and Standards in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Retrofit (includes structural changes) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Alterations and repairs (non-structural change) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Change of occupancy x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x Additional floors or spaces x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x Retrofit of historic buildings x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x   Are permits for changes to existing buildings required? x x x x x x x x x x x x     x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x   x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. Figure 3.2 // Types of Building Construction and Rehabilitation Requirements Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa 100 90 90% 88% 85% 80 81% 79% Percent of countries 70 60 67% 63% 50 54% 40 30 33% 20 10 0 New private New public New Are permits for Alterations Retrofit Additional floors Change of Retrofit of buildings buildings vernacular changes to and repairs (includes or spaces occupancy historic (engineered) buildings existing (nonstructural structural buildings buildings changes) changes) required? Source: World Bank Group data (2022) 60 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA type of use and occupancy, as provided in part 4, sec- Defining a building classification system within the tion 2 of the code. regulations—typically based on building use, occu- pancy, type of construction, and/or risk level—con- 3.1.6 Technical aspects of design and construc- tributes to building safety and provides clarity to tion covered in building regulations builders. In Sub-Saharan Africa, just under 50 percent of the countries (23) have a building use and occu- Basic design provisions for classified uses, sanitation, pancy classification in their regulatory documents, and structural stability under gravity loads, natural ventila- around 42 percent (20) have special considerations tion, and fire safety are generally included in the regu- for higher-risk or higher-importance building types (for lations of 25 countries in the region. In these countries, example, hospitals, schools, public buildings, and build- however, provisions for resilience to disaster risk, uni- ings containing hazardous materials). Only 25 percent versal accessibility, and green buildings are limited. of them have any standards on building height and area limitations based on type of construction (refer to A set of minimum building performance standards is table 3.8). needed to ensure occupant safety and the provision of building services, universal accessibility, and green Provisions for structural stability building practices, as well as resilience to disasters. Left solely to the market, there could be significant The lack of comprehensive design provisions for com- variation in the perceived minimum acceptable level mon structural systems is a major weakness of build- of building performance across different communities ing regulations in the region. and building uses. Figure 3.3 gives technical areas typ- ically covered by a comprehensive building regulation. The coverage of structural design provisions to ensure If a robust building regulation is not in place, the quality stability is at the core of good building regulatory prac- of buildings and the performance they deliver can be tice. The availability of structural design and verification questionable, and additional investment will be required requirements for normal and expected loading/hazard to address the gap (GFDRR and World Bank 2017). conditions (for example, dead loads, live loads, wind, earthquake, and so on), geotechnical design require- Building classification ments, and material requirements (for example, soil strength, testing, quality) serve as minimum standards Where countries have building design provisions in for the design, construction, maintenance, and renova- place, most include a building classification system tion of buildings. These provisions set the acceptable tied to these provisions. level of risk and offer a shared platform of understand- ing for building professionals, owners, and regulators. Table 3.8 // Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Classified Uses in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Use and occupancy classifications x x   x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x Height and area limitations based on type of construction   x x x x x x x x x x x x Special considerations for specific building types x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 61 Figure 3.3 // Core Technical Standards Covered in Building Regulations Classified uses Structural stability Disaster risk » Use and occupancy » Structural design and » Wind actions classifications verification requirements » Seismic actions » Height and area limitations for normal and expected » Flood mitigation and based on type of loading/hazard conditions protection systems construction » Geotechnical design » Landslides » Special considerations for requirements specific building types » Material requirements Fire safety Universal accessibility Service and facilities » Fire resistance » Access routes and means » Plumbing and sanitary performance requirements » Accessibility and usability systems » Fire prevention and of internal facilities » Electrical systems protection systems » Fixtures and signals » Elevators, escalators, and » Means of access and lifts egress » Heating, ventilation, and air » Fire service access conditioning (HVAC) Green buildings » Natural insulation and ventilation » Green building construction material » Energy and water efficient design methods » Carbon smart/neutral construction Source: Original figure developed for this publication Basic structural design provisions are often missing covered in their building regulations, and again, fewer in the building regulations in the region or are very than one-half (21) have design provisions for material limited in scope. Fewer than one-half of the coun- requirements (refer to figure 3.4 and table 3.9). Fewer tries in the region (22) have structural design aspects than one-third (14) have elements of geotechnical 62 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 3.4 // Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Provisions Related to Structural Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa Structural design 46% Material requirements 44% Geotechnical design 29% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Table 3.9 // Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Structural Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Structural design x x   x   x x x x x x   x   x x x x x x   x x x x x x Geotechnical design     x x x x x     x x x x x   x x x x Material requirements x x   x   x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. design requirements. Some countries have very limited Types of structural systems covered structural design provisions, typically carried over from colonial-era regulations, such as in the case of Angola, Provisions for the design of steel, reinforced concrete, and Cabo Verde, The Gambia, and Mauritania. The build- masonry structures are covered in about one-half of the ing regulations of Ghana, Rwanda, and South Africa countries. The region can improve in its coverage of local are good examples of more comprehensive structural, construction types, and simplified provisions, and rules of geotechnical, and material requirements, including cov- thumb for common types of small-scale buildings. erage of new construction techniques and materials. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 63 To ensure compliance, building regulations must cover compliance, the regulations would benefit from including commonly used building typologies and construction simplified provisions and/or rules of thumb for common materials. The region has inherited a legacy of colo- types of regular, small-scale buildings. nial-era building regulations that were typically based on regulations in European countries and tailored for Gaps still exist in the design provisions for imported European construction typologies. Furthermore, many structural types, such as masonry, concrete, and regulations contain limited provisions. The lack of com- steel systems, and few countries address common prehensive structural provisions contributes to chronic local construction types, such as construction using problems such as spontaneous collapse (refer to box earthen materials (adobe, earth block, or rammed 3.2). To make regulations more accessible and encourage earth). Refer to figure 3.5. Box 3.2 // Building Collapse in Lagos, Nigeria: A Persistent Problem I n Lagos, the capital of Nigeria, building collapses due sites for construction. In addition, site-specific risk to substandard design and construction have been a information is not readily available. As a result, chronic problem over the last several decades. Lagos many building collapses occur during the rainy is the most populous city in Africa and has one of the season because of construction on inappropriate fastest urban growth rates in the world; the city’s urban sites and/or flood damage to the structures and footprint increased in area by a factor of 2.5 from 1990 foundations. to 2021 (Koko et al. 2021). A recent study established » Unqualified professionals involved in the design that 167 structural collapses occurred in Lagos between and construction of buildings. It was reported 2000 and 2021, of which more than 75 percent were res- in stakeholder consultations that unqualified idential buildings, 13 percent commercial buildings, and individuals often assume technical roles in design the rest special purpose buildings (schools, health facili- and construction, resulting in a lack of quality ties, and other public buildings) (Okunlola 2022). In addi- control and contributing to building failures. tion to the tragic loss of lives, injuries, and lasting trauma » Gaps and loopholes in the permitting process. caused by building collapses, a lack of trust in the safety During stakeholder consultations, it was reported of construction operations discourages investment and that only about 10 percent of sites obtain building can impact wider economic growth in the affected cit- permits, and even where permits are in fact ies. The persistent problem of building collapse in Lagos obtained, final construction can still deviate from has been recognized as a serious risk by the govern- the permit requirements. ment, building professionals, and the public, and efforts » Lack of human and financial resources for are being made to understand the root causes and take construction monitoring and site inspections. The policy actions to reduce the risk. building control authority is under-resourced and lacks adequate transportation and equipment to Based on past studies and consultations with the gov- carry out effective site monitoring and inspection. ernment and key stakeholders, the main drivers for » Lack of systems to ensure the quality of building collapses in Lagos are: construction materials. Materials in the marketplace often do not meet the Nigerian national » The absence of a legally adopted building standards, which include minimum material design code in Lagos State.a This contributes to standards, certification mechanisms, and testing poor quality design and construction, increasing requirements. In addition, material testing facilities vulnerability and reducing building design life. in Lagos have limited capacity. » Limited land available for development, combined with a lack of risk-informed site selection. To address these factors, the government has insti- As land in Lagos is scarce, some builders, tuted several measures. For instance, the Lagos State particularly the poor, are forced to choose risky Building Control Agency (LASBCA) has increased their Note: a. Although Nigeria has a national building code, it has not yet been legally adopted by Lagos State. Lagos State has legally adopted building regulations, but they do not contain building design provisions. 64 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Box 3.2 (continued) Figure B3.2.1 // Building Collapse in Lagos, 2021 Source: ©REUTERS/Alamy Stock Photo Note: In November 2021, a 21-story building collapsed at Gerrard Road, Ikoyi District, Lagos, while under construction. number of staff and implemented a tracked and mobile- land can be seized by the government. In 2011, private friendly approvals process, with the target of processing sector design and construction professionals in Lagos approvals in 10 days. An anonymous whistle-blowing formed the Building Collapse Prevention Guild (BCPG) line has been set up where anyone can alert the agency to raise public awareness about the issue of structural about suspected unsafe buildings or construction sites. collapse, provide the government with technical exper- This line is widely used; each government building con- tise, and voluntarily monitor at-risk construction sites trol office receives around 250 calls per week. and buildings. In addition, the government has organized temporary The experience of Lagos in tackling the issue of struc- camps to house people evacuated from unsafe resi- tural collapse can be considered as an example for the dential buildings, carry out assessments of at-risk build- wider region. It is recognized that this is a complex issue ings, and publish a list of distressed buildings in local that requires the cooperation of the government and pri- newspapers. Where a developer is found culpable of vate sector stakeholders, as well as bottom-up efforts to irregularities related to a collapse, formal inquiries are engage and inform communities about the risks linked undertaken, financial penalties can be applied, and the to low-quality design and construction. Just 20 Sub-Saharan African countries cover the use of construction exists for 42 percent, 23 percent, and 13 reinforced masonry in construction in their building reg- percent of countries, respectively. The data reveal that, ulations, and just under one-half of the countries have in the case of 52 percent (24) of the countries, the test- regulations that include design provisions for unrein- ing of construction materials is mandatory (refer to forced masonry, steel, and cast-in-place concrete sys- table 3.10). tems. Coverage of timber, pre-cast concrete, and earth The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 65 Figure 3.5 // Types of Structural Systems Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Steel 46% Reinforced concrete (cast in place) 46% Masonry (reinforced) 44% Timber 42% Masonry (unreinforced) 42% Reinforced concrete (pre-cast) 23% Other 19% Adobe or rammed earth 13% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Table 3.10 // Types of Structural Systems Covered by Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Masonry (unreinforced) x x   x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Masonry (reinforced) x x   x   x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x Reinforced concrete (cast in place) x x   x   x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x Reinforced concrete (Pre-cast)   x       x x   x   x x x   x x   x Steel x x   x   x x x x x x   x   x x x x x x x x x x x Adobe or rammed earth     x x x     x x x Timber x   x   x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x Other x     x x x x x x x x Mandated material testing x x   x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. 66 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Provisions to mitigate risk from natural hazards provisions at all relating to wind, and many do not have provisions that develop country-specific design wind Few countries in the region have risk-informed regu- loading. Even though East Africa’s coast, and islands lations to reduce development on hazardous sites, or such as Comoros, are at significant risk from extreme building design provisions to limit damage and losses wind events such as cyclones, only South Africa was from country-specific hazards. found to have included separate design criteria for such events in their design wind maps. One-fourth of Without effective adherence to land use and building countries have some seismic design provisions, but regulations, urban development inevitably leads to only four—Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda— hazardous sites and the construction of unsafe, vul- have somewhat more comprehensive provisions31 nerable settlements. Risk-informed, land use planning that have been updated in the last two decades. Even and the implementation and enforcement of building fewer countries have any regulations related to floods codes are typically the weakest part of building regula- or landslides. In some cases, these hazards are men- tory systems because of a lack of human and financial tioned as a consideration in planning regulations, but resources allocated to these functions (Wason 2001). no specific guidance is provided on how to reduce flood or landslide risk, and no reference is given on Building regulatory frameworks to enable risk-in- how to find risk-informed, land use maps. For exam- formed development have not been widely priori- ple, Rwanda’s regulations mention landslides but give tized in the region. The rapid pace of climate change, no specific landslide-related provisions (see figure 3.6 coupled with the use of codes with inappropriate geo- and table 3.11). graphical and hazard contexts and limited availability of hazard data, means that building regulations lag Provisions for fire safety years if not decades behind the reality of current and future hazards. Provisions to reduce fire risk are essential for the Sub- Saharan Africa region, where rapid urbanization, the Design and planning regulations that reduce the use of fires for indoor heating and cooking, the prev- impact of disaster risk are limited in the region. alence of informal development, and climate change Nearly three-fourths of the countries have no design impacts have combined to increase the incidence of Figure 3.6 // Provisions to Address Risk from Strong Winds, Earthquakes, Landslides, and Flooding in Sub-Saharan Africa Wind actions 29% Seismic actions 25% Flood mitigation 17% Landslides 6% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) 31 Even for the countries with more comprehensive seismic provisions, gaps still exist. For example, the Ghanaian code does not spec- ify complete seismic hazard design criteria. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 67 Table 3.11 // Technical Aspects of Design and Construction: Disaster Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Wind actions x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Seismic actions x x x x x x   x x x x x x Flood mitigation x x x     x x x x x Landslides x     x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. fires and related losses. Inadequate urban planning, walls and floors, fire resistance, the provision of exits substandard infrastructure, and improper construc- and requirements for them, access to buildings for tion practices related to fire prevention and mitigation fire-fighting purposes, the provision of fire mains, and can significantly increase the potential for fire ignition occupant capacity. and fire spread. Reducing fire risk requires improved urban planning; improved infrastructure; better build- Provisions for universal accessibility ing design, construction, and materials; fire suppres- sion capability; and education and training. Proven Building regulatory frameworks can ensure acces- approaches to fire risk reduction include appropriate sibility and usability for people of all ages and abil- enabling legislation, well-designed and implemented ities. This guarantees everyone the ability to use the building and fire regulations, and adequate capacity facilities and provides appropriate evacuation strate- to undertake the review of building fire safety plans gies in case of emergencies (refer to figure 3.8 for a and construction inspections (GFDRR and World Bank best-practice example from New Zealand). The World 2000). Bank estimates that 15 percent of the world’s popula- tion have some kind of disability, 80 percent of them In 50 percent of the countries in the region, building in developing countries. Effective implementation of regulatory documents include some fire resistance building and urban development standards for univer- performance requirements, and 25 countries (52 sal accessibility and protection of persons with disabil- percent) have some provisions that cover fire pre- ities requires policies and principles to be translated vention. Refer to box 3.3. Slightly less than 50 percent into actual change in the configuration of the built envi- of the countries have provisions regarding material fire ronment (GFDRR and World Bank 2017, 9). Provisions resistance, and 19 countries (40 percent) have provi- in regulations should include the design of accessible sions that include aspects of access to and egress routes within buildings and for egress, including aux- from buildings and necessary access for fire services iliary stairs for evacuation as well as considerations (refer to figure 3.7 and table 3.12). in the design of nonstructural elements such as fix- tures, fittings, and signage. Furthermore, it is crucial to In Botswana, CAP65:02: Building Control—Subsidiary guarantee accessibility, safety, and an efficient evac- Legislation, Part VI on Structural Fire Precautions uation process during rare events, such as fires and includes provisions and requirements for compartment earthquakes. 68 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.12 // Fire Safety Provisions in Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Fire resistance performance requirements x x   x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x Fire prevention x x   x x x x x x x x x   x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x Means of access and egress x x   x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x Fire service access x   x x x x x   x   x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. Figure 3.7 // Type of Technical Requirements Covered for Fire Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa Fire prevention 52% Fire resistance 50% performance requirements Means of access and egress 40% Fire service access 33% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 69 Box 3.3 // Case Study: Urban Fire Risk and Regulatory Frameworks in South Africa C ompared to most other Sub-Saharan African Codes and standards are important for regulating fire countries, South Africa has a well-established safety, but some countries have found that international building regulatory framework and technical engi- standards can complicate the design process or require neering capabilities. However, fire safety competency resource levels beyond the reach of average commu- in South Africa often lags other technical fields. The nities. Thus, the issue of urban fire safety remains an reasons include the fact that professional engineering ongoing concern in low- and middle-income countries. qualifications for fire safety have been developed only in recent years. The Engineering Council of South Africa South Africa has made considerable progress in improv- is implementing a framework and certification system ing fire safety, both in high-end or industrial projects and specifically for consulting fire engineers, but full adop- in some municipalities. For example, through a pub- tion and implementation will take several years. lic-private partnership, the Municipality of Kouga piloted an initiative to inspect all the fire hydrants in the munici- As part of these advancements, South Africa has pality, in close coordination with Fire Services and Water adopted a performance-baseda code for fire risk, which Services Departments (Kouga Local Municipality 2020). requires high technical expertise to leverage. Considering The growing availability of industry-standard technology the country’s diverse built environment, from high-rise and fire safety products has also allowed developers in buildings to small-scale buildings, South Africa can be some sectors to adhere to international standards, grad- considered to have a dual system of more complex per- ually raising the baseline toward a broader adoption of formance-based and simplified prescriptive provisions fire regulations. for building designers to choose from, according to their knowledge and capability. Figure B3.3.1 // Fire Disaster in Imizamo Yethu Informal Settlement, Cape Town, South Africa, 2017 Source: ©Aletta Harrison | GroundUp Source: Information is based on Appendix F “Fire Safety Environment and Regulatory Systems in Developing Countries: A Case Study on South Africa” of the World Bank’s Urban FRAME Diagnostic (World Bank 2020a). The original case study was developed by Professor Richard Walls from the Engineering Research Unit of Stellenbosch University (FireSUN), South Africa. Note: a. Regulations can be functional, performance-based, or prescriptive. (i) Functional requirements define the main objectives but there is no determination method, performance level, or reference to solutions or materials. (ii) Performance-based requirements express the level of performance in quantitative terms and define the determination method. (iii) Prescriptive requirements lay down a specific design. 70 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 3.8 // Examples of Universal Accessibility Requirements ACCESS: BUILDING FOR EVERYONE: DESIGNING FOR ACCES AND USABILITY » Building user activity » Surrounding area and transport » Pedestrian circulation » Vehicle circulation and parking » Building entrances and exits » Internal circulation » Interior space » Fixtures and fittings » Buidling types » Means of escape » Building management Source: Adapted from MBIE n.d. Regulations in the region often lack adequate provi- Provisions for building services sions related to the universal accessibility of build- ings and facilities that can accommodate people of Building services are a core area of building regula- all ages and abilities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, only 21 tion standards. They include provisions for plumbing, countries (44 percent) include provisions on access sanitation, mechanical and electrical systems, and ele- routes and means for persons with disabilities, and vators and escalators.33 Only one-third of the countries only 18 include provisions on accessibility and usabil- analyzed have coverage of key aspects of building ser- ity features within buildings (for example, toilets, ele- vices design in their regulations. Fewer than one-half vators, and so on). Even fewer countries (9) include (21) have some provisions related to heating, ventilation, provisions in their regulations on accessibility features and air conditioning (HVAC) and only 20 countries (42 such as fixtures (for example, sanitary fittings, seating), percent) have standards related to plumbing and sani- and signals. tary systems. About one-third have standards related to electrical systems and special provisions regarding ele- One example of a code with more comprehensive vators and escalators (see figure 3.10 and table 3.14). coverage is the Rwanda Building Code (2019).32 It con- tains provisions for initial access to buildings, parking, Examples of countries that cover most aspects of ser- ramps, dropped curbs, and lifts for persons with dis- vices design include Rwanda and Nigeria. The Rwanda abilities, as well as adequate spacing design require- Building Code 2019, chapter 4, part 11—Building ments for doors, corridors and lobbies; toilet cubicles Services—provides technical standards on Electrical and the provision of handrails; wheelchair spaces in Installations (section 3), Lifts and Elevators (section 7), public areas of buildings; and the protection of open- and Plumbing and Drainage (section 10). The Nigeria ings with a barrier to prevent falls. See figure 3.9 and Building Code 2006,34 section 9 has Services Design table 3.13. Requirements that include mechanical, electrical, and 32 See the Rwanda Building Code, 2019, part 5 (Development Planning and General Requirements), section 12—Planning for persons with disability, available at http://197.243.22.137/rhanew/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/General_documents/Laws_And_Regu- lations/rwanda_building_code_2019.pdf. 33 Building services are also referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) or mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) services. 34 This code has been set at the national level, but currently is legally required only for public buildings. The government has encour- aged local administrations to consider adopting the national code. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 71 Figure 3.9 // Types of Technical Requirements Covered in Regulations for Universal Accessibility in Sub-Saharan Africa Access routes and means 44% Accessibility and usability 38% of internal facilities Fixtures and signals 19% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Table 3.13 // Universal Accessibility Requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Access routes and means x x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Accessibility and usability of internal facilities x x   x x x x x   x   x x x x x x x x x x Fixtures and signals   x x x x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found plumbing (MEP) design provisions and provisions that consumption and 40 percent of all global GHG emis- cover elevators and escalators. sions (Weigert 2018). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) projects that an additional 230 Provisions for green buildings billion square meters of buildings will need to be built to accommodate the world population by 2060. Sub- Regulations that support increased energy and water Saharan Africa alone will need to build 88 billion square efficiency and other green building strategies are an meters to accommodate its estimated population essential tool for fighting climate change. Globally, growth by 2060 (Weigert 2018). buildings account for 33 percent of total final energy 72 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Figure 3.10 // Types of Technical Requirements for Building Services in Sub-Saharan Africa Heating, ventilating, 44% and air conditioning (HVAC) Plumbing and sanitary systems 42% Elevators, escalators and lifts 38% Electrical systems 35% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Table 3.14 // Building Services Provisions in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Plumbing and sanitary systems x x   x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x Electrical systems x   x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x Elevators, escalators, and lifts x   x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning x x   x x x     x x x x x x         x x x x x x x   x     x   x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. The development of regulations, codes, and stan- building regulatory documents, only Côte d’Ivoire, dards for green buildings is still in a nascent stage Ghana, Rwanda, and South Africa (8 percent of the total in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although just under one- countries) have standards on green building materials half of countries in the region have some elements to reduce the embodied carbon footprint of construc- of natural insulation and ventilation included in their tion (refer to box 3.4). Just nine countries in the region The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 73 have standards on energy and water-efficient design where the carbon footprint of the entire construction methods, and only Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana have reg- cycle is considered, including the operation of the build- ulations on carbon-smart/carbon-neutral construction ing over its lifetime. Refer to figure 3.11 and table 3.15. Figure 3.11 // Types of Technical Requirements for Green Buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa Natural insulation and ventilation 46% Energy and water-efficient 19% design methods Green building construction material 8% Carbon smart/neutral construction 4% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Percent of countries Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Table 3.15 // Types of Technical Requirements for Green Buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Natural insulation and ventilation x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x x x x x Green building construction material x x x x Energy and water efficient design methods x x x   x x x x x x Carbon smart/neutral construction x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. 74 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Box 3.4 // Recent Policy Actions on Green Building Requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examples South Africa Ghana South Africa’s National Building Regulation has many The Ghana Building Code GS1207 of 2018d has a chap- standards (such as SANS 10400-X and SANS 10400-XA) ter dedicated to energy efficiency (part 14). It presents that cover requirements for environmental sustainabil- requirements applicable to private buildings throughout ity and energy usage.a Energy usage requirements are Ghana that exceed 5,000 square meters in total gross prescribed under the standards for the building enve- floor area, and public buildings located in all three regional lope and hot water supply. The design requirements capitals—Accra, Kumasi, and Takoradi—with total gross for energy efficiency in buildings, which address build- floor area above 500 square meters. The energy efficiency ing orientation, building design, building sealing, ser- requirements include passive design strategies such as vices, and mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, natural ventilation, passive cooling, and daylighting. are provided under the South Africa National Building Standards 204:2011.b Nigeria The Building Energy Efficiency Code (BEEC), launched in Rwanda 2017, sets minimum standards for the energy efficiency The Rwanda Building Code was amended in 2019 to of new residential and office buildings.e Under the BEEC, add the Green Building Minimum Compliance system two compliance methods are possible: prescriptive and as an annex.c This is a points-based system that aims to performance. For the prescriptive option, projects must help developers and building owners choose indicators adhere to all the requirements as a checklist. The perfor- based on the applicability to their construction project. mance option involves energy calculations and energy A total of 29 green building indicators are included in simulation software. As an incentive for building owners five modules: energy efficiency, water efficiency, envi- and developers to comply with the BEEC, a comparative ronmental protection, indoor environmental quality, and building label has been developed that rates a building other green features. depending on how many of the BEEC initiatives have been implemented. Notes: a. An example is the National Building Regulations Part X: Environmental sustainability Part XA: Energy usage in buildings (SANS 10400- XA:2021), available at https://www.sans10400.co.za/energy-usage. b. The South African Bureau of Standards 2011 Energy Efficiency in Buildings (SANS 204:2011) is available for a fee at https://store.sabs.co.za/ catalog/product/view/id/203544/s/sans-204-2011-ed-1-00. c. The Rwanda Building Code is available at http://197.243.22.137/rhanew/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/General_documents/Laws_And_ Regulations/rwanda_building_code_2019.pdf. d. The Ghana Building Code of 2018 is available at https://ghis.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BUILDING-CODE-GS-1207_2018-Complete- Complementary-Copy.pdf. e. The BEEC is available at https://rise.esmap.org/data/files/library/nigeria/Energy%20Efficiency/Supporting%20Documentation/Nigeria_BEEC- National%20Building%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Code.pdf. 3.2 COMPLIANCE AND designers and builders tend to bypass the regulatory ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS system altogether (Moullier 2009). Refer to figure 1.2 for an explanation of common types of building control Most building regulatory frameworks in the region have processes. Because the construction permitting pro- basic mechanisms for compliance and enforcement cess typically involves fulfilling the licensing require- in place, but the resources to ensure adequate compli- ments of several different agencies, those seeking ance in practice are often lacking. permits must interact with several different bureaucra- cies, which can create greater opportunities for corrup- It is essential to have adequate regulatory processes tion and rent-seeking behavior. and resources to support the implementation and enforcement of building regulations. This includes If mobile phone and internet services are widely adequate capacity at building control agencies, as well accessible, digitizing the building control and permit- as continuous training and capacity building for pro- ting process can improve efficiency, transparency, fessionals and others in the construction sector. If pro- and traceability, for example, by implementing an cedures are too complicated or costly to implement, e-permitting system. For these systems, records are The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 75 automatically created and stored, and direct payments sometimes simply incorporated into the building per- can be made electronically. Figure 3.12 shows com- mit process. mon types of building control activities in the region and how often they are conducted in practice, based In Sub-Saharan Africa, requirements for construc- on respondent survey data. tion permits differ from country to country; only 6 countries in the region integrate hazard information 3.2.1 Development/planning permission into their development planning. Only 25 countries mandate the issuance of a development permit before Most countries in the region lack risk-informed devel- the request of a building permit. Furthermore, among opment permit requirements. those 25 countries, only in 6 does the development/ planning permission process take account of hazards Requiring development or planning permission prior and risks; in the other cases development permit per- to construction is important to protect the public from mission is simply based on, for example, the types of natural and environmental hazards, and to ensure building usage permissible in each zone. Many coun- that development is compliant with land use plans. tries in the region have development plans that define This ensures that building development complies with the zones where buildings can be constructed, as well land-planning requirements, thus avoiding zones for as which types of construction are allowed for different restricted development and ensuring conformity to the types of site conditions (refer to table 3.16). types of building or activity that are allowed. As part of this process, public authorities need to have consistent, 3.2.2 Building permits up-to-date, risk-informed land use and development planning maps (GFDRR and World Bank 2017, 40). If All countries in the region with some form of legally such maps are available, the decision to issue a devel- adopted building regulatory framework include a opment/planning permit is generally straightforward building permit requirement ahead of construction and the development/planning permitting process is for a new building, as well as processes for reviewing Figure 3.12 // Types of Permits Mandated in Regulations and Conducted in Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa 52% Development permit 44% 94% Building permits 90% 92% Occupancy permits 54% Permits for changes to 85% existing buildings 63% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent of countries where permits are mandated by law Percent of countries where permits are conducted in practice Source: World Bank Group data from respondant surveys (2022) Note: The in-practice data were based solely on questionnaire data from country respondents and were not verified by desktop research. 76 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.16 // Countries That Require a Development Permit Before a Building Permit in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Yes x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x No x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Hazard information taken into account x x x x x x Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. and obtaining such permits.35 Refer to figure 3.13 for » Review process. The building official, or an accred- examples. ited third-party plan reviewer, determines the proj- ect’s compliance. This includes evaluating whether The main purpose of a building permit requirement it adheres to local planning and land use require- is to ensure that the building is safe. By presenting ments and design and construction codes, as well to the competent authorities a comprehensive dossier, as other requirements set by public agencies. The including the address, required construction plans, and reviewing authority or accredited agent is expected building characteristics, builders enable the authorities to have the basic technical capacity to carry out to assess whether the planned construction is safe compliance checks at the design stage. and feasible in the determined location. Moreover, a » Issuance of the building permit. When compliance well-regulated building permit issuance system pro- with codes, zoning, and other applicable regulations vides transparency and traceability—important ele- has been confirmed, the building control authority, ments for the site and occupancy inspections. Usually typically at the local government level, approves the after development and planning permission have been application and issues the permit. A fee is usually granted, building permit processes are divided into collected to cover municipal costs associated with three steps: submission of a building application to the the time building officials spent in the application relevant authority, review by the authority, and issuance process, the technical review of plans, and the vari- of the permit. To summarize the three steps: ous site inspections (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 65). » Submission of a building application. This process usually requires the applicant to submit to the build- 3.2.3 Site inspections during construction ing control authority information about who will perform the work, what work will be done, where Almost all countries in the region require site inspec- the building will be located, and how it will be built. tions during construction, but in practice, the inspec- Architectural and engineering building drawings, tions may not always occur. proof of land rights, geotechnical reports, and any other relevant documentation of the proposed work Carrying out inspections during the construction must be submitted for review. phase allows building control authorities to assess 35 The only countries in the region where the existence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework could not be verified are Eritrea, Somalia, and South Sudan. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 77 Figure 3.13 // Examples of the Building Permitting Process in Kenya and Namibia Building permitting process in Kenya Apply and received the Obtain a Obtain Submit and Project Registration survey plan approval of the obtain approval Certificate from the from Survey environmental of the structural National Construction Kenya impact study plans Authority (NCA) STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 STEP 7 Obtain a project Submit and Obtain stamps report from an obtain approval on architectural environmental of the and structural expert architectural plans from the plans  city or county Building permitting process in Namibia Verify with the Request and Obtain clearance Town Planning obtain a from the Department Department if the topographic of Infrastructure, land is in the survey of the Water and appropriate land plot Wastewater zoning area Management STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 Request and Obtain clearance Request a building obtain results of from the electrical permit from the geotechnical department Building Control study Division of the City Council National level Local level Private agency Source: World Bank (2020c); World Bank (2020d) Note: This procedure takes place simultaneously with the previous procedure. whether the building is being constructed in accor- complies with the building permit, the approved build- dance with the building permit and other legal ing plans, and the relevant laws, codes, regulations, requirements. Each major phase of a construction and standards. The decision to conduct an inspection can be inspected by qualified building control authority by the building control authorities can be determined architects, engineers, or technicians, or by their private through a risk-based category system that includes accredited agents, to guarantee that the work done criteria such as the characteristics of the location, the 78 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA type of construction, the materials, the track record of countries (58 percent), and inspections by phase the builder, and other factors relevant to a risk assess- of construction, applicable in 22 countries (46 ment (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 65). This risk- percent). Types of technical inspections commonly based inspection approach can be helpful in prioritizing include electrical, mechanical, and fire safety inspec- the selective use of building authority resources where tions. Inspections for accessibility, or to review green they are scarce. building provisions, are rarely required. See table 3.17. Types of inspections during construction Although inspections are mandated by law, there is The most common types of inspection required in a clear problem of enforcement in the region. In all the region are random inspections, applicable in 28 countries with a legally adopted building regulatory Table 3.17 // Types of Mandatory Inspections in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Random inspections x x x     x   x x x   x       x x x x     x x x x x   x x         x   x x x x   x   x   x   x   Phased inspections for foundation/plinth/floors   x   x     x     x x x x     x x   x x   x         x x   x   x     x     x     x     x   x   x Inspection before pouring concrete       x                 x     x x   x x x x x                 x   x x     x     x     x   x   x Risk-based inspections                                 x     x x   x           x           x     x                     Inspection of construction materials     x                   x     x x     x   x           x x   x         x   x           x         Electrical inspections             x                   x   x x x x x                   x         x     x         x     Mechanical inspections                                 x   x   x   x                   x                         x     Plumbing inspections             x                 x x   x x   x                   x           x     x     x   x   x Fire safety inspection       x     x                   x     x x   x             x     x   x     x     x   x   x       Health and safety                                 x   x x x   x             x         x     x         x   x     x Accessibility                                 x                         x               x                     Energy performance audits/assessments                                       x                                                         Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 79 framework in place, except Burundi,36 regulations man- Building regulations typically apply only to new con- date site inspections during construction. Survey data struction, unless major alterations are made to an indicate, however, that in practice these occur in just 17 existing building. A robust building regulatory frame- countries. Respondents reported that this is mainly due work will identify what types of alterations require the to a lack of financial and staffing resources at building upgrading of some or all buildings to meet current control agencies. Similarly, the laws in 41 countries requirements. Historically or culturally protected build- mandate a final inspection before occupancy but, in ings may have exemptions from some regulations practice, in only 17 of these countries are these inspec- (GFDRR and World Bank 2017, 38). Provisions typically tions normally carried out. Almost 50 percent of the are linked to the following classification of work on countries analyzed (25) have regulations that require existing buildings: minor alterations and repairs, ren- material testing at construction sites, but according ovations, structural retrofit, extensions, and change of to the survey data, in 14 countries the required tests use (GFDRR and World Bank 2017, 38). are not usually performed. Refer to table 3.17 for coun- try-specific data.37. Of the 45 countries in the region that mandate build- ing permits for new buildings, 41 also require build- 3.2.4 Occupancy permits ing permits for changes in existing buildings. (The exceptions are Comoros, Malawi, Niger, and Sudan.) In Almost all countries require occupancy permits but this practice, however, this is typically enforced in only 30 of may not be enforced in practice. the 41 countries. All countries in the region with legally adopted build- 3.2.6 Roles and responsibilities in the permit ing regulations require the issuance of occupancy review and approval process permits, except the Central African Republic and Sierra Leone.38 An occupancy permit confirms that the The bodies responsible for construction monitoring building complies with code requirements, conditions and building compliance vary from country to country. for insurance and financing, and builder liability condi- tions.39 These permits are usually issued by local build- One of the greatest challenges faced by planning ing authorities, sometimes in consultation with other and building code enforcement agencies in low- and public agencies (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 65). In middle-income countries is carrying out their man- almost all cases, the occupancy certificate is issued dates with extremely scarce resources. These agen- after an inspection—the exceptions are Equatorial cies face severe and growing backlogs in planning and Guinea, Madagascar, and Zambia. Almost all countries construction approval, inspection, and permitting pro- in the region have legislation that requires that an occu- cesses, and have responsibilities in ever-growing and pancy permit must be obtained before the building is ever-riskier cities. Given the better pay structure and occupied, but in practice, this is usually enforced in only career prospects of the private sector, they also strug- 17 countries. gle to attract and retain well-trained, capable engineers and other technical staff. 3.2.5 Permits and inspections for alterations to existing buildings Reforming countries have seen the limitations of rely- ing solely on public resources in building code enforce- Most countries in the region have some building control ment. Over the past decades, therefore, they have requirements related to work on alterations to existing explored different forms of collaboration with private buildings. building professionals to pursue code compliance 36 No legally adopted building regulatory frameworks or evidence of mandatory inspections could be confirmed for Eritrea, Somalia, or South Sudan. 37 The data are based on the experience of respondents from the private and public sectors and typically reflect their understanding of what happens in practice in the capital or in the most populated city of each country. 38 In Eritrea no data were found, and for Somalia and South Sudan we were unable to verify the existence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework. 39 Some regulations refer to an occupancy permit as a certificate of occupancy. 80 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA strategies, such as contracting out some control func- countries—Benin, Chad, the Democratic Republic of tions and establishing peer-review mechanisms. Refer Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, to figure 3.14 for an example. However, most develop- South Sudan, and Togo—the responsibility is shared ing countries have not yet taken this path. They have not between the local authority and another authority. tapped into the resources of skilled private engineers and building technicians that could be productively The bodies responsible for construction monitoring associated with more innovative code implementation and building compliance certificates vary from coun- systems (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 52). For this try to country. In the Democratic Republic of Congo to be successful, however, the regulatory environment and Côte d’Ivoire, the responsibility is delegated to a must create a process of strict vetting and qualifica- private sector third party, whereas Madagascar and tion requirements for third-party inspectors, along with Zimbabwe rely on self-certification by the project archi- robust oversight and quality control (World Bank 2018). tect or engineer, without requiring any other verifica- tion. Even though Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, In Sub-Saharan Africa, local building authorities are South Africa, and Sudan also rely on self-certification the main actors in reviewing and issuing permits and by the project architect or engineer, the public author- in verifying compliance. In most cases, the various per- ities there, in most cases, are still required by law to mits related to construction activities are reviewed only conduct inspections. by local building control and/or other government author- ities. Refer to figure 3.15. In some cases, building control The building control authority is typically responsible authorities third-party party actors (private sector partic- for verifying compliance with the applicable regula- ipation) to ensure compliance with building regulations. tions before issuing the occupation permit. Only in For example, in Senegal, a private third party must approve the case of Chad is self-certification by an architect or the permit application before it is submitted to the pub- engineer accepted without requiring any other verifica- lic sector building control authority for final approval. In tion. In Côte d’Ivoire, a third-party private inspector is in Ethiopia, the regulations allow the local authority to hire a charge of verifying the occupancy permit. registered professional to review the plans. The scenario is similar for the authorities in charge of In the 43 countries, the review and issuing of building approving changes to existing buildings (when such permits are exclusive responsibilities of the public sec- regulation is mandated, which is not always the case). tor. In 28 of these countries, a local authority is the sole Only in Burundi and Chad is self-certification by the responsible actor. In 4 countries—Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, project architect or engineer accepted without any São Tomé and Príncipe, and the Seychelles—another other requirements, and there is no third-party verifica- type of authority is responsible, and in the other 11 tion in any country in the region. Figure 3.14 // Building Control Authorities in Côte d’Ivoire Agency or third party Area of responsibility National government: Urban Ministry through the One-Stop Shop for building permit (Guichet Unique du Building control authority until permit issuance permits de construire) Third party: Building Supervisor (Contrôleur des Building control authority during construction constructions) Third party: Building Supervisor (Contrôleur des Building control authority for issuance of occupancy constructions) permit National government or local government: urban Building control authority for approving changes to ministry or municipality existing buildings Source: Original figure developed for this publication The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 81 Figure 3.15 // Authorities Responsible for Building Control in Sub-Saharan Africa Building control authority until permit issuance 28 4 11 3 Building control authority during construction 19 4 10 8 2 2 Building control authority for issuance of occupancy permit 30 5 5 4 1 Building control authority for approving changes to existing buildings 27 5 9 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Number of countries Local building control authority Other public authority Local building control authority + other public authority Local building control authority/other public authority + third party/architect/engineer self-certification Third party (private) Architect/Engineer self-certification Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: No data were available for Eritrea and Somalia. For Mauritania, no data were available for the Building control authority during construction category. For Liberia, no data were available for the Building control authority for issuance of occupancy permit category. For Malawi, Mali, and Mauritania, no data were available for the Building control authority for approving changes to existing buildings category. 3.2.7 Qualifications of the staff who enforce in construction from public building authorities regulations toward private practitioners. This has some advan- tages because it reduces delays and bottlenecks faced Most countries in the region could benefit from having by capacity-constrained local building authorities. The more rigorous qualification requirements for building result, however, is greater reliance on the expertise of pri- control staff. vate sector designers and engineers. The competency of professionals involved in building control activities Building design and construction rely heavily on the is therefore a key aspect of building regulatory systems expertise of designers and contractors, especially for and requires a robust system of qualification and licens- more complex and higher-risk buildings. Where heavy ing for those professionals. Regulations also often deter- reliance is placed on professional designers, they must mine the required qualifications of professionals who be qualified in building design, building science, and review plans prior to issuing building permits, as well as relevant building codes and standards. Similarly, where those of the professionals conducting site inspections. heavy reliance is placed on the building contractor, the contractor must be able to read plans and specifica- All countries with building regulatory frameworks in tions and understand the construction materials, meth- the region have set minimum requirements for pro- ods, and monitoring required during construction. fessionals responsible for enforcement and com- pliance, but only about 23 percent have rigorous Over the past two decades, reforming countries have requirements for building control staff.40 In Comoros, been shifting the responsibility for quality assurance Madagascar, and the Seychelles, only a university 40 The phrase rigorous requirements is defined as having at least four requirements, for example, a university degree, a minimum num- ber of years of experience, a professional license, and successfully passing a certification exam. 82 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA degree is required. In 28 countries, at least one other Effective building regulation compliance strategies qualification is required in addition to a university are based on a balanced approach between pro- degree in engineering, architecture, or other relevant cedural legitimacy and punitive enforcement. The field. Only 11 countries—Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, objective of building regulation is to diminish health Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, and safety risks. However, public authorities some- and Zimbabwe—require that, in addition to holding a times draft and adopt regulations without proper con- relevant university degree, the professionals in charge sideration of how likely or feasible compliance will be. before and during the building permit process pass Punishment and sanctions are drivers of compliance, a certification exam, are registered members of the but not decisive ones, because top-down dissuasion national professional body of architects or engineers, attempts do not always lead to the desired outcomes and have a certain number of years of experience. (Blanc, Macrae, and Ottimofiore 2015). Exclusive reli- ance on aggressive enforcement may even discour- Countries in the region tend to have more stringent age compliance with regulations, “especially when qualification requirements for their staff for plan enforcement involves abusive arbitrary discretion, lack check/development control than for inspections of transparency, disrespectful treatment, excessive during construction, or for the issuance of occupancy bureaucracy, and refusal to consider appeals” (GFDRR permits. Refer to figure 3.16. and World Bank 2015, 77). On the other hand, “research has consistently shown that the degree to which regu- 3.2.8 Mandatory regulation compliance strate- lated subjects find authorities and rules legitimate is gies and enforcement bodies one of the strongest drivers of compliance” (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 77). The majority of countries in the region (41) issue fines for noncompliance, but more resources are needed for Penalties for noncompliance building control authorities to carry out enforcement activities and to provide broader implementation sup- An effective building control strategy must include fair port across the public and private sectors. and reasonable regulations but also noncompliance Figure 3.16 // Qualifications and Requirements of Building Control Staff in Sub-Saharan Africa 90 85% 79% 80 71% 71% 70 65% Percent of Countries 60 50% 50% 48% 50 44% 40 35% 35% 33% 30 20 10 0 Qualification requirements Qualification requirements Qualification requirements of the building control staff prior/ of the building control staff of the building control staff during permitting during construction resposible for occupancy certificate issuance University degree Registration as a member of the national order of architects/engineers Minimum number of years of experience Standardized national qualification/certification exam Source: Data are based on a desk review of regulatory documents and other building control agency sources. Where more recent data were not found, data were taken from the World Bank’s Doing Business 2020 Report (World Bank 2020b) The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 83 enforcement measures. In 41 countries, the building Seychelles, and South Africa have open and transpar- regulations mandate fines or other penalties in the ent public consultation processes to address sugges- case of noncompliance. The exceptions among coun- tions and concerns from practitioners. Eleven countries tries with regulatory frameworks are Liberia, Nigeria, (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe.41 In most cases, specified Namibia, Rwanda, the Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, penalties are in the form of fines, but they can also Tanzania, and Zimbabwe) offer consultation services include stop-work and demolition notices. to improve the readiness of documents before devel- opment or building permit applications are submitted. Support for the building sector to improve compliance Botswana offers one-on-one consultations during the design phase. As an example of building code imple- To improve building safety and compliance with reg- mentation support, the efforts made by Nepal (see ulations, proactive support is crucial to address gaps box 3.5)—a country with many of the same constraints in capacity by providing guidance and training for as some Sub-Saharan Africa countries—illustrate the both the public and private sectors. The responsible importance of continuous investment in this area. ministries as well as the local building authorities must be proactive in supporting the capacity of actors in the construction sector to comply with building code provi- 3.3 DISPUTE RESOLUTION sions (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 86). Support can MECHANISMS include easily accessible regulatory documents; guid- Most countries in the region include dispute resolution ance documents on regulations; training for building mechanisms in their building regulatory framework. control departments; training for building design pro- fessionals, contractors, and self-builders; and educat- The absence of independent, professional, or effec- ing the public about the importance of complying with tive dispute resolution mechanisms can discourage regulations. Professional organizations also have an building permit applicants and builders from com- important role to play by offering licensing schemes, pliance with legally required building regulations. holding their members to a code of conduct, and Building sector practitioners can arrive at interpreta- requiring members to keep up to date with training and tions of regulations that sometimes differ from those of other professional development activities. Support and permitting agencies and inspectors, leading to delays capacity building for implementation are continuous and uncertainty during construction. A lack of dispute processes that require ongoing investment. resolution mechanisms can lead to lengthy disputes, bottlenecks in permit issuance, and inadequate build- In 30 countries, some form of implementation support ing safety guarantees (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, is provided (refer to table 3.18). Of this group, 16 offer 54). Therefore, an effective mechanism for dispute more than one kind of support. The most common kind resolution is essential for enhancing compliance, pro- of support offered in 22 countries is easy access to all cedural fairness, transparency, and the timely issuing regulatory documents and information about regula- of approvals. Moreover, the existence of an effective, tory requirements and processes (either free or for a professional dispute resolution mechanism increases modest fee). accountability (GFDRR and World Bank 2015, 79). It is essential, too, that dispute resolution bodies have the For example, in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, technical expertise required to resolve construction Nigeria, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, code commentary disputes. (and/or guidelines) is available to provide guidance on how to use the codes. Also, in nine countries (Burkina In the region, 35 countries (73 percent) have some Faso, Cameroon, the Central Africa Republic, Comoros, form of dispute resolution mechanism in place. Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Senegal) the Figure 3.17 gives the percentage of countries with dif- authorities offer workshops and training. Cabo Verde, ferent types of bodies in charge of settling disputes: Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, the the building control authority, an independent tribunal 41 For Niger and Malawi, data were not available on the topic of noncompliance enforcement measures. 84 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Box 3.5 // Ongoing Investment in Code Implementation: The Case of Nepal N epal has a varied and challenging geography Over the last few decades, the government, in part- and natural hazard environment. The Himalayan nership with the National Society for Earthquake mountains run along its length, transitioning Technology Nepal (NSET), has supported the implemen- into foothills, valleys, and then plains bordering India tation of this updated building code with an ongoing pro- to the southwest. These mountains are formed by the gram of capacity building (refer to figure B3.5.1). With world’s largest active continental mega-thrust fault, support from international donors, their implementation which produces a significant seismic hazard for most approach combines community awareness exercises; of the country. Many communities are rural and remote, trainings for engineers, architects, and builders; moni- with the main urban areas concentrated in and around toring construction practice across districts; promoting Kathmandu, the capital. The Nepal Building Code was knowledge sharing among stakeholders; and gauging developed in 1994 and legally adopted in the 1998 Nepal risk perception among political leaders. Building Act to address the country’s hazard environment as well as locally prevalent construction types, including The devastating impact of the 2015 earthquakes that non-engineered vernacular structures. Most buildings in killed more than 9,000 people and destroyed thousands Nepal are built by owner-builders or local tradesmen. of buildings in and around Kathmandu Valley provided an early test of Nepal’s innovative approach to building Based on the level of expertise of building regulatory code implementation. These events demonstrated that authorities and practitioners, the team charged with improvement in building and construction standards developing the code chose to set realistic objectives for and safety requires ongoing commitment, continuous the design of technical standards and guidance mate- effort, and sustained resources. After the earthquakes, rials. For simple, small-scale construction, the code a new seismic hazard study was performed, and the proposed technical guidance as “rules of thumb” on the national code was updated to improve structural design assumption that simple but essential structural details standards and increase the required seismic resistance could be checked by the non-specialist staff of munici- levels for all building types. pal building departments. Figure B3.5.1 // NSET Program of Capacity Building: Training and Retrofitting a. Masons Receiving Hands-On Training on Retrofitting b. Representatives from a Rural Municipality Observing the Ongoing Retrofitting of a Typical Rural Stone Masonry Building Source: ©NSET Note: NSET = National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal; see https://www.nset.org.np/nset2012/. Sources: 1. GFDRR and World Bank (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and World Bank). 2015. Building Regulation for Resilience: Managing Risks for Safer Cities. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/building-regulation-resilience-0. 2. ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2022. Nepal Earthquake Rehabilitation Builds Back Better Infrastructure. https://www.adb.org/results/ nepal-earthquake-rehabilitation-builds-back-better-infrastructure. 3. Dhungel, R. et al. 2020. "Efforts and Impacts of Socio-Technical Assistance for Retrofitting in Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in Nepal." 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sendai, Japan. The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 85 Figure 3.17 // Types of Agency in Charge of Dispute Resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa 35 33% 30 31% 25 Percent of countries 23% 20 15 10 5 4% 0 An independent Building control authority/ Civil court Other tribunal or board permitting authority Source: World Bank Group data (2022) or board, a civil court, or other government body.42 Ideally, the dispute resolution body should address Refer to table 3.18. the full cycle of the building regulatory process and ensure that resources are focused on the most com- Even where appeal mechanisms are formally in place, mon types of disputes. Countries that are setting up they may not be sufficiently established to offer dispute resolution mechanisms should start by includ- effective dispute resolution (GFDRR and World Bank ing the most common types of disputes that arise, 2015, 54). In the 11 countries where regulations allow such as the issuance of building and occupancy per- the appeal of decisions from permitting or building mits. Then, as they gather data on other concerns, the authorities through the court system, there is no guar- bodies can gradually increase the scope of issues they antee that the courts have the expertise necessary to address, alleviating the workload of the courts and, at resolve disputes on construction and building permit the same time, bringing more expertise to the resolu- issues. Moreover, costly and procedurally rigid sys- tion process. tems can make dispute resolution through the regular courts impractical. The existence of an independent body specializing in resolving these types of disputes is preferred. 42 In The Gambia, appeals can be directed to the State Minister for Lands, for example. 86 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 3.18 // Support to the Building Sector to Enable Compliance in Sub-Saharan Africa Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Sudanb. Mozambique Burkina Faso Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Somaliab. Comoros Tanzania Eswatini Namibia Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Burundi Uganda Zambia Eritreaa. Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Liberia Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Benin Niger Chad Togo Mali Accessibility of all required information for code compliance x   x   x x x x                 x x   x x   x x   x       x x x x   x                 x   x x x Availability of code commentary       x     x                   x                                 x                       x   x Training and workshops       x     x x   x                   x     x                     x x   x                       Open and transparent public consultation process           x x                         x     x x               x   x       x     x               Consultation services to improve readiness of documents             x         x         x     x       x             x x     x       x         x     x   One-on-one consultations     x                                                                                           Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Note: a. No data available. b. No evidence of a legally adopted building regulatory framework has been found. Table 3.19 // Dispute Resolution Entity in Sub Saharan Africa Congo, Dem. Rep. Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Gambia, The Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire South Africa Congo, Rep. Cabo Verde Mauritania Seychelles Zimbabwe Cameroon Botswana Mauritius Tanzania Ethiopia Lesotho Rwanda Senegal Uganda Zambia Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Gabon Ghana Sudan Kenya Niger Chad Togo An independent tribunal or Board x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Building Control Authority/Permitting Authority x x x x x x x x x x x   x x x   x Civil Court x x x   x x x x x   x x x Other x   x   Source: World Bank Group data (2022) The Status of Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa // 87 REFERENCES MBIE (Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment, New Zealand). n.d. “About this guide: Designing build- ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2022. Case ings for access and usability.” Building Performance. 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The Reduction and Recovery and World Bank). 2017. application of the National Building Regulations Part Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment: Level  2 – X: Environmental sustainability Part XA: Energy usage Detailed Exploration. Building Regulation for Resilience in buildings (SANS 10400-XA:2021). Available for a Program. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www. fee at https://store.sabs.co.za/catalog/product/view/ gfdrr.org/en/publication/building-regulatory-capaci- id/2143705/s/sans-10400-xa-ed-2-00. ty-assessment-level-2-detailed-exploration. Wason, A. 2001. Status of Building Codes in the GFDRR and World Bank (Global Facility for Disaster Caribbean (as of August 2001). OAS. http://www.oas. Reduction and Recovery and World Bank). 2020. org/pgdm/document/codemtrx.htm#:~:text=The%20 Urban FRAME: Urban Fire Regulatory Assessment Caribbean%20Uniform%20Building%20Code,the%20 and Mitigation Evaluation Diagnostic. Washington, introduction%20of%20national%20codes. DC: World Bank. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publi- cation/urban-frame-urban-fire-regulatory-assess- Weigert, K. 2018. “Building Urban Futures: City Carbon ment-and-mitigation-evaluation-diagnostic. Actions Anchored in Building Codes and Standards.” Chicago Council for Global Affairs. https://www. Koko, A. F., W. Yue, G. A. Abubakar, R. Hamed, and A. thechicagocouncil.org/research/report/building-ur- A. Alabsi. 2021. “Analyzing Urban Growth and Land ban-futures-city-carbon-actions-anchored-building- Cover Change Scenarios in Lagos, Nigeria Using Multi- codes-and-standards. Temporal Remote Sensing Data and GIS to Mitigate Flooding.” Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 12 (1): World Bank. 2018. “Dealing with Construction 631–52. Permits: Private sector participation in construction regulation.” Doing Business 2018 Report. https://doi. Kouga Local Municipality. 2020. Partnership to org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1146-3_Case2. Improve Fire Safety. https://www.kouga.gov.za/article/ partnership-to-improve-fire-safety. 88 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA World Bank Group. 2019. Managing Risks for a Safer World Bank. 2020b. Doing Business 2020 Built Environment in Kenya: Building Regulatory Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:// Capacity Assessment. Building Regulation for openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/han- Resilience Program. Washington, DC: World Bank dle/10986/32436/9781464814402.pdf. Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/982831550848603568/pdf/Managing-Risks-for-a- World Bank. 2020c. “Ease of Doing Business in Safer-Built-Environment-in-Kenya-Building-Regulatory- Kenya.” Doing Business 2020 Report. https://archive. Capacity-Assessment.pdf. doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/ kenya#DB_dwcp. World Bank. 2020a. Urban FRAME: Urban Fire Regulatory Assessment and Mitigation Evaluation Diagnostic. World Bank. 2020d. “Ease of Doing Business in Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge. Namibia.” Doing Business 2020 Report. https://archive. worldbank.org/handle/10986/34671. doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/ namibia#DB_dwcp. // 89 90 // 4. Improving Building Regulatory Frameworks This chapter gives the status of the development of building regulations for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa during the study period, as well as guidance on the steps and resources involved in developing risk-informed building regulations. In addition, it summarizes key areas for improving building regulatory frameworks in the region based on data gathered through interviews with practitioners in the region. 4.1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN an updated, comprehensive Rwanda Building Code REGULATIONS UNDER (2019),44 is in the process of updating its regulations to DEVELOPMENT include more stringent energy efficiency requirements to achieve a more sustainable built environment as Around one-half the countries in the region are in the well as cost savings for building operation. process of updating or developing building regulations. Updating building regulations requires planning, Building regulatory frameworks evolve and are coordination among a diverse group of stakehold- updated periodically to incorporate improvements ers, adequate resources, and long-term commitment based on user feedback and in response to new tech- from governments. Some countries include, within nologies and construction trends, as well as to adapt their building regulatory framework, requirements and building requirements to the changing hazard envi- resource allocations for the periodic updating of regu- ronment. For example, the recently updated Ghana latory documents. The process is a long-term commit- Building Code (2018) now addresses the challenge of ment because it requires technical work as part of a more frequent, intense heatwaves and flooding due deliberative process with a wider group of stakehold- to climate change;43 Rwanda, in addition to adopting ers. Often, working groups and/or steering committees 43 See several provisions of the Ghana Building Code (2018), including articles 1.4.10.1, 1.12.3.3, and 1.12.3.11.1, available at https:// ghis.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BUILDING-CODE-GS-1207_2018-Complete-Complementary-Copy.pdf. 44 The Rwanda Building Code is available at https://rwandalii.africanlii.org/sites/default/files/gazette/OG%2Bno%2BSpe- cial%2Bof%2B16%2B04%2B2019.pdf. Improving Building Regulatory Frameworks // 91 are formed to lead the development of regulatory docu- recognized and tested set of design provisions, care ments. Indeed, it is not uncommon for a building design needs to be taken to review and adapt these codes code update to take several years to complete. The so they can be successfully applied in the context of phases involved in the development and updating of the adopting country. For example, international codes regulations are numerous. They include initial planning, may not cover common construction types and mate- a consultation phase, technical preparation of a draft rials in the country, and may assume different levels of that engages further feedback from key stakeholders material quality control. Additionally, most international and public consultations, drafting of updated regula- design codes require a high level of professional exper- tory documents from the legal point of view, further tise in order for design and construction professionals consultation, preparation of a regulatory impact study to be able to comply with the code. This creates a chal- for lawmakers to consider, verification by stakeholders, lenge for countries where a large proportion of build- and legislative approval. As an example, the process by ings are constructed with little input from architects the International Code Council (ICC) to update model or engineers, and simplified provisions and/or rules of building codes in the United States is presented in fig- thumb are needed for common types of small-scale ure 4.1. In addition, box 4.1 presents a case study for construction. In addition, country-specific design crite- Eswatini, and section 4.2 gives general guidance on ria for hazards and risks need to be developed as part of developing risk-informed building regulations. adopting an international code.45 In some cases, coun- tries pick and choose provisions from a mix of differ- When countries adopt international codes, consider- ent international codes. This is generally discouraged able effort is needed to tailor the code to the specific because different codes use different assumptions as context of that country. Rather than develop or update a basis for their design provisions. These assumptions a building design code from scratch, many countries can be mutually incompatible and therefore lead to choose to adopt codes or selected provisions from unsafe designs. already existing international codes, such as the EU’s Eurocodes or the International Building Code (IBC) As the scope and sophistication of building regula- and related referenced US design standards. Although tions grow, professional qualifications need to grow this offers the advantage of using an internationally alongside them. This requires curriculum development Figure 4.1 // The International Code Council Model Code Development Process in the US: An Example Stage in ICC Code Changes Committee Action Public Comments Public Online Model Code New Edition Development Proposed & Hearing & Submitted Comment Governmental Published Process Agenda Posted Results Posted and Posted Hearing Consensus Vote • Design and • ICC staff review • Anyone can • Open to all and • Final voting on • The Code construction comments comment transparent proposed changes Correlation professionals • Code Correlation • Documentation • No cost to attend by ICC-appointed Committee • State and local Committee and cost • Voting on government resolves final Stakeholders government selects changes implications for committee action representatives correlation & Processes • Technical experts to be included for comment to be hearing changes • Results of voting issues ahead • Members of the consideration provided without public by government of publication public • Based on majority • Comments comments officials are of new edition • Comments vote—approval as submitted via • Individual votes combined with submitted via submitted, online system on public results from online system approval as • ICC staff review comment public hearing modified or public comments proposed vote to determine disapproval changes the final results Source: Original figure developed for this publication Note: ICC = International Code Council. 45 An example would be country-specific annexes containing seismic hazard design parameters and so on if Eurocodes were to be adopted. 92 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA in vocational colleges and universities, and continuous Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe), where the draft training for construction professionals and building code is awaiting final approval; and in another 6 coun- control officers. The minimum qualification standards tries (Benin, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, and for roles and responsibilities set out in legislation or in Uganda), the finalized draft code is awaiting legislative the building regulations may also need updating over clearance. In Botswana, obtaining approvals has been a time. prolonged process—note, for example, that the new code was originally drafted in 2007. Refer to map 4.1. At the time of data collection for this study, survey respondents reported that 23 countries in the region were in the process of either developing a new build- ing code or regulations, or updating the existing ones. 4.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF Eight countries (Burkina Faso, Eswatini, Guinea-Bissau, RISK-INFORMED BUILDING Malawi, Mauritius, Senegal, the Seychelles, and Togo) REGULATIONS were in the consultation and preparation of draft code phase. In Togo, for example, an update of the 1967 code The development of regulations requires a combina- is intended to regroup urban laws, decrees, and bylaws. tion of technical input, consultations, and cooperation The updating process is in a more advanced stage in with diverse stakeholders and an understanding of the 5 countries (the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, country’s context. Map 4.1 // Code Development Status No data Planning phase for new and updated code Preparation of draft code and consultations Draft code development awaiting final approval Draft code is finalized, waiting for legislative approval Other code development activities Source: World Bank Group data (2022) Improving Building Regulatory Frameworks // 93 Box 4.1 // The Process of Updating Building Regulations and Legal Frameworks in Eswatini E swatini is a small, landlocked country bordering The way forward South Africa and Mozambique, with a population Currently, the proposed legislation has been delivered of about 1.1 million. Approximately three-fourths by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development of the population lived in rural areas in 2020 (World Bank to the Attorney General’s Office of Eswatini. After the 2018).a The capital, Mbabane, has fewer than 100,000 Attorney General completes the review, the draft will be residents. In 2017 Eswatini initiated a reform of the reviewed by other ministries before being submitted for Eswatini Building Regulations, jointly led by the Ministry legislative approval. The new Building Act is expected of Housing and Urban Development and the Mbabane to be approved in 2023. If there is a change in govern- Department of Technical Services. The current regula- ment leadership in the 2023 elections for the House of tions are based on Building Act 34 of 1968, the Standard Assembly, there is a risk of a lack of sustained support Building Regulations of 1969, Article 37, and associated to finalize the regulations. bylaws. Improvements and challenges expected by the The need for new regulations reformers The government has recognized that the existing regula- The new building regulations are expected to bring more tions are cumbersome, do not reflect current design and clarity and agility to private sector projects. They will construction practices, have out-of-date penalty fines, set clear guidelines and define minimum qualifications and refer to old codes such as the superseded South for the roles, responsibilities, and activities of building African Standard Building Regulations.b Although offi- sector professionals and increase the penalties for cially the existing regulations apply to the entire country, noncompliance. They are also expected to improve the in practice they have been consistently implemented safety, resilience, and sustainability of new construction. only in urban areas. Representatives of Mbabane Municipal Council have also raised the need to clarify Despite these progressive steps, further efforts will be the roles to be played by each category of professionals needed to successfully adapt and implement the build- who are involved in design and construction (engineers, ing regulations in rural areas. The updated design reg- architects, and technicians). ulations should include specific provisions and related guidance for vernacular building types, such as con- Developing the new regulations and integrating green struction with vegetative and earthen materials. Some building concepts provisions already exist for earthen construction in local The new regulations will be comprised of a primary bylaws that could be adopted and adapted as part of Building Act as well as bylaws to be approved by local this. Another remaining challenge relates to implemen- constituencies at a later stage. To build on the current tation: according to public officials in Mbabane, although regulations related to green building requirements, such the building regulations apply to the entire country, due as specifications for natural lighting and ventilation to the lack of capacity for inspection and control in rural for new buildings, the updated regulations will group areas, most buildings there are constructed without first and expand the green building provisions under a new obtaining building permits. chapter. Note: a. Data are from the World Bank Databank, Urban population (% of total population) – Eswatini, based on the United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revisions, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=SZ&name_desc=false. b. For example, articles 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32 of the Standard Building Regulations base Eswatini regulations for loads, foundations, and materials on outdated South African Standard Building Regulations. To improve safety for people and the built environ- indoor air pollution. Risk-informed land use planning ment, building regulations must address the key and development permissions reduce the incidence risks that exist at national and local levels. These can of construction on unsafe sites, and thus reduce the range from natural hazards such as severe storms and risks from flooding, landslides, earthquake-induced earthquakes to more chronic problems such as peri- ground failures, and environmental hazards. Building odic flooding, urban fire risk, and health impacts from regulations can ensure that buildings themselves are 94 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA designed for context-specific hazards—for instance, to For design provisions, it is important to ensure that ensure life safety performance for design-level earth- local construction types, practices, and available quake ground shaking (see box 4.2 for an example of materials are covered. Simplified provisions or rules developing seismic risk hazard maps), to ensure that of thumb for non-engineered and vernacular forms no damage is sustained under expected wind loads, or of construction should be included in the regulations to require materials and design layouts that minimize or guidance documents to enhance compliance with flood damage. basic safety requirements and to strengthen the resil- ience and sustainability of common forms of con- Building regulations must also address projected struction. Local practices such as the incremental changes in climate conditions over the expected construction of buildings should be addressed in the design life of buildings,46 rather than relying on histor- provisions (Payne and Majale 2004). ical data. Changes in climate conditions are increasing the frequency and intensity of storm and flood events. Regulations should be accessible, clear, and under- This underscores the importance of undertaking regu- standable for building officials and design and con- lar, risk-informed updates to building regulations. struction practitioners. If international standards are fully or partially adopted, they must be adapted for the Care must be taken to ensure that the building reg- local context, and locally appropriate design param- ulatory ecosystem operates as a coherent whole. eters and criteria must be set. If other standards are Building regulations operate within a broader regu- referenced, they must be easily obtainable by users latory environment that includes urban planning and at low or no cost. In many countries, especially those environmental protection. This ecosystem requires with rapidly growing urban centers, unregulated infor- proper assessment of the potential impacts of existing mal development is a challenge. A separate set of laws on proposed building regulation changes and vice standards for upgrading informal areas with relaxed versa, and therefore must consider the views of vari- requirements could be considered in order to achieve ous stakeholders (World Bank 2015). incremental progress in risk reduction and in improving safety and the quality of services in those areas. In addition to inputs from technical experts for code development, key issues should be identified through Continuous investment in a program of capacity an open, participatory process that involves govern- building and training for users of building regulations ment stakeholders, local communities, and building and building control officials is essential for compli- practitioners. In addition to setting acceptable levels of ance. As part of the capacity-building program, feed- risk, depending on the level of importance for various back can be gathered from building practitioners and asset categories, the standards set need to be afford- other stakeholders about how to improve the regula- able and consistent with national investment capacity tions for future updates. A timescale, resources, and and local income levels and resources. In some cases, assigned roles and responsibilities should be set out as it can be better to focus on essential requirements that part of the periodic updating of the regulations. These are possible to meet rather than more ambitious pro- updates should reflect any incremental progress made visions that may be unachievable in the local context. in related areas, such as skills development, new tech- Provisions in building regulations to reduce risk should nologies and building materials, emerging risks, and also be consistent with local skills and capabilities evolving income levels. (Payne and Majale 2004). 46 The design life of buildings is typically assumed to be 50 years in many building codes. In practice, however, buildings are expected by their owners, facility managers, and the public to have a much longer design life. Improving Building Regulatory Frameworks // 95 Box 4.2 // Developing Seismic Hazard Maps for Building Regulations B uilding regulations must address hazards that are 1. Develop a seismic catalogue of past earthquake specific to the jurisdiction they cover. For seismic events design, one key component of the design crite- 2. Define the structural map (geology and tectonics); ria is specifying the level of seismic hazard at the site. in some cases, fieldwork will be required to define Seismic hazard is the hazard associated with potential fault sources and to characterize tectonics earthquakes in a particular geographic area. It is defined 3. Define a seismogenic zones and fault sources as the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given 4. Assess recurrence relations (magnitude-frequency area, within a given window of time, and with ground of earthquake events for each zone or fault source) motion intensity that exceeds a particular threshold. 5. Choose relevant ground motion prediction This is then combined with methods laid out in the code equations (attenuation laws) for use in the country to account for the influence of site soil effects, near- 6. Carry out a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by source effects, and other factors to determine seismic 6.1 Defining a seismic hazard logic tree hazard at a specific site. Typically, building codes and 6.2 Evaluating probabilistic seismic hazard in rock regulations specify seismic hazard using a seismic haz- 6.3 Developing hazard curves and uniform hazard ard map: see Map B4.2.1 for an example. spectra 7. Compare to other studies/validation Developing or updating a countrywide seismic hazard 8. Evaluate seismic hazard maps and spectral values map requires adequate resources; close collaboration for building code (translating hazard information among technical experts, government agencies, and con- into the building code parameters including struction professionals; and a realistic schedule. It is not acceptable risk levels) unrealistic to expect that the process could take as long 9. Approve and implement code (McGuire 2004). as one to three years. The steps involved typically include these: Map B4.2.1 // Seismic Hazard Map for Indonesia Source: SNI 1726, Earthquake Resistant Design for Building and Non-Building Structures Note: The map shows the short period spectral acceleration (SS) for MCE earthquake (2 percent in 50 years return period) per SNI 1726-2019. MCE = Maximum Considered Earthquake, which is an earthquake with a 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years (a 2,475-year return period); SNI = Indonesian National Standard; SS = short period spectral acceleration. 96 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REFERENCES World Bank. 2018. “Urban population (% of total population) – Eswatini.” World Bank databank, McGuire, R. K. 2004. Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis. based on the United Nations Population Division, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision, Monograph. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL. IN.ZS?locations=SZ&name_desc=false. Payne, G., and M. Majale. 2004. The Urban Housing Manual: Making Regulatory Frameworks Work for the Poor. London: Earthscan. World Bank. 2015. Building Regulation for Resilience: Managing Risks for Safer Cities. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/ building-regulation-resilience-0. // 97 98 // 5. Conclusions and Way Forward This report presents the first comprehensive review and comparative analysis of building regulatory frameworks for Sub-Saharan African countries. The report aims to help governments and development partners in the region identify opportunities for effective risk reduction through building regulatory reforms, such as future code improvements, enhancement of code compliance mechanisms, capacity building for building professionals, and other technical assistance opportunities. In addition, this report can assist design and construction professionals in both the public and private sectors to better understand building regulatory requirements for each country in the region. Effective building regulatory frameworks are an essen- frameworks, further studies will be required that treat tial tool to improve the safety, comfort, sustainability, individual topics or countries in greater detail. This and accessibility of the built environment. They also report, by contrast, presents a comprehensive and form a key component of strategies to reduce disas- holistic overview of the current status, highlighting a ter risk and promote measures to mitigate the nega- number of common themes at the regional scale. tive impacts of climate change. Such frameworks are especially important to reduce the vulnerability of the built environment in Sub-Saharan Africa, given the ris- 5.1 KEY FINDINGS ing risk in the region. This increase in risk is driven by Sub-Saharan Africa has a legacy of colonial-era reg- several ongoing trends, particularly rapid urbanization ulations. The building regulatory frameworks currently and population growth, combined with an increase in in the region are heavily influenced by the legacy of natural hazards due to climate change. the colonial era. In many countries, the frameworks are based on outdated regulations inherited from Below are key findings and recommendations for pre-independence; often these have not been adapted the region. As Sub-Saharan Africa makes progress in to the country context in terms of planning, zoning developing and strengthening its building regulatory practices, design for local climates and hazards, or Conclusions and Way Forward // 99 common construction typologies. Because strong non-engineered or vernacular construction methods by ties still exist to European building and construction local community builders. These buildings are typically practice, many countries have sought to update their designed and constructed without input from engi- regulations by adopting current European codes (for neers or architects, and are sometimes considered to example, Eurocodes).47 Challenges remain in adapting be outside the scope of building regulations. Specific, these codes and standards so that they are appropri- simplified design provisions and complementary ate for each country’s specific context, including its guidelines are necessary to improve the safety, resil- local hazard environment, zoning practices, design and ience, and green building aspects of such buildings. construction practices, and available expertise and resources. Building regulations need to be easily accessible and widely disseminated. The administration of building Building regulatory frameworks need improvement. regulations varies from country to country. Most coun- Although most countries in the region have some ele- tries in the region have a centralized building regula- ments of a building regulatory framework, significant tion authority at the national level, but in some cases gaps in the regulations exist (see map 5.1). For exam- regulations are set by district- or city-level authorities, ple, although 45 countries have some form of legally adopted building regulations related to planning and or power is shared between national and local govern- building control, the regulations of only 25 countries ments, with different types of regulation administered contain any building design provisions, and of these, at different levels. In the 25 countries where some 8 have very limited regulations that, for example, may design standards are in place, fewer than one-third of not include provisions for structural design or basic them have a unified document or a coordinated set of sanitation. documents for their design provisions. In 20 of these countries, design standards are available online and There is a lack of risk-informed, up-to-date planning are usually free. In 30 countries, regulations for plan- and design regulations. Although the eastern coast of ning and building control are available online. Desktop Sub-Saharan Africa is subject to strong winds from fre- review and interviews with in-country practitioners and quent cyclones, only one country in the region (South government officials made it clear that there is a need Africa) considers strong wind events in its design code. to improve the clarity, organization, and accessibility of Similarly, several countries in the region have moderate building regulations. to high levels of seismic hazard (for example, from the East Africa rift zone), yet only four countries—Ghana, Types of building control processes and require- Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda—have updated their ments vary in the region. A robust construction-per- seismic design provisions in the last two decades. In mitting regime requires adequate regulatory processes addition, regulations often have inadequate coverage and resources to support implementation and enforce- of design for universal accessibility and green build- ment (see figure 5.1). This includes providing adequate ing requirements, including energy efficiency. For capacity and capability in building control agencies, as example, only seven countries—Côte d’Ivoire, Eswatini, well as training and capacity building for private sec- Ghana, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal and Uganda—have any tor professionals and the construction sector. In some provisions in key areas related to universal accessibil- ity48 and only four—Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Rwanda, and countries, a development permit is required before Uganda—have provisions in most key areas related to applying for a building permit because of the need to green buildings.49 determine whether the site location conforms to land use plans and zoning requirements. Only 25 countries Building design regulations often lack simplified require a development permit before a building permit provisions for common, small-scale types of con- application can be made; in 6 of these countries, haz- struction. In much of Africa, most of the building stock ard and risk-zoning information in the development consists of small-scale residential buildings built using permit is mandatory. 47 Further information on Eurocodes can be found at https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu. 48 Access routes and means, accessibility and usability of internal facilities, and fixtures and signals. 49 Natural ventilation and insulation, green building construction materials, and energy and water-efficient design methods. 100 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Map 5.1 // Coverage of Building Regulatory Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E Category A: No legally adopted building regulatory framework was identified. Category B: Legally adopted planning and building control regulations, no building design provisions within the regulations. Category C: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, but lacking comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category D: Legally adopted building regulatory framework for planning, design, and building control, more comprehensive design provisions, last updated before 2000. Category E: All components of a legally adopted building regulatory framework in place with more comprehensive design provisions, updated since 2000. Source: Original map developed for this publication, based on World Bank data (2022) Note: The countries with more comprehensive design provisions had to satisfy two criteria: 1. At least 15 different types of design provisions are defined in their regulations (out of a total of 33 categories). Refer to figure 1.1 for how the categories of design provisions were classified. 2. Among those 15 design requirements, the following elements must be included: a. Use and occupancy classifications b. Structural design provisions for normal loading c. Provisions related to wind actions d. Fire resistance performance requirements e. Means of access and egress f. Access routes and means for people with disabilities g. Plumbing and sanitary systems h. Natural insulation and ventilation All countries in the region that have some form of legally and other requirements. However, survey respondents adopted building regulatory framework require a build- from only 17 countries reported that such inspections ing permit for new construction. Once this is obtained are usually conducted in practice. In addition, any new and construction starts, site inspection requirements construction usually requires an occupancy permit allow building control authorities to assess whether once construction is completed; this confirms com- the construction is proceeding according to permits pliance with code requirements, proper installation of Conclusions and Way Forward // 101 utilities, and in some cases conditions for insurance, require that the professional responsible for enforcing financing, and builder liability. In the region, 41 coun- compliance has at minimum a degree in architecture, tries require the issuance of occupancy permits. In engineering, or other relevant field, fewer countries almost all of them, the occupancy permit is issued have any other requirements that are more rigorous after an inspection. However, survey respondents from than this, such as that building control staff be licensed only 17 countries reported that these inspections usu- and registered members of professional architecture ally occur in practice. or engineering bodies with a certain number of years of experience, or that they pass certification exams. In In summary, many compliance mechanisms are in general, countries require more stringent staff qualifi- place as part of regulatory frameworks, but the area cations for plan check and development control than of risk-informed development planning needs strength- for inspections during construction or for the issuance ening, and additional resources are needed to support of occupancy permits. compliance and enforcement mechanisms in general. Dispute resolution mechanisms need to be indepen- Building control staff should have appropriate qual- dent of the building control authority. Independent, ifications and competencies. Building control in the professional, and effective dispute resolution mecha- region is largely in the hands of local building authori- nisms are a key element of an effective building reg- ties, who are the main actors in reviewing and granting ulatory system. While 35 countries in the region have permits, as well as enforcing the quality of construc- some form of dispute resolution mechanism, only in tion. Involvement of private sector actors in the review 15 countries are disputes related to building control and enforcement process is very limited. Local building resolved by an independent tribunal or board. Cost- authorities are often stretched thin and face backlogs effective, independent dispute resolution bodies with in planning and construction approval, inspection, and appropriate expertise have the potential to increase permit approvals. And while nearly all the countries compliance, trust, and accountability. Figure 5.1 // Types of Compliance Mechanisms for Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa Development/planning permission requirement 25 20 3 Building permits 45 3 Site inspections during construction 37 8 3 Occupancy permits 44 2 2 Penalties for noncompliance 42 4 2 Provisions to dispute the decision of 34 12 2 the building authority 0 10 20 30 40 50 Number of countries Yes No No data Source: World Bank Group data (2022) 102 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS such as provisions for new energy-efficient technolo- gies and green roofs to mitigate heat island effects. Based on the findings of the survey on building regu- latory frameworks and their implementation in Sub- Recommendation 2: Strengthen building regulatory Saharan Africa, the following recommendations have measures to reduce construction on risky or inap- been identified: propriate sites. As a result of rapid urbanization and population growth, Recommendation 1: Develop more comprehensive many buildings in the region are constructed on inap- and up-to-date building design codes that are appro- propriate sites—for example, sites that are prone to priately tailored for the country context. flooding or have soil conditions that are inadequate to There is a pressing need in many countries in the support safe construction. To prevent this, countries region for more up-to-date, comprehensive, building should invest in the development of hazard maps, design regulations—to reduce the risk to populations ensure that development plans (land use or zoning reg- from country-specific hazards, mitigate and adapt to ulations) are informed by these maps, and ensure that the impacts of climate change, and provide safer, more building control authorities condition or restrict any accessible, energy-efficient, and comfortable buildings. development according to the level of exposure and Where design and construction skills and capacity vary, risk in different areas. regulations should include specific, simplified design provisions to improve the safety, resilience, universal For example, in 2016 an updated land use plan was accessibility, and green building aspects of common, prepared as a pilot project in Malawi’s Karanga District small-scale construction types. At the same time, more to integrate the latest knowledge on relevant hazards rigorous design provisions are needed for complex and and risks. With input from local communities and tech- higher-risk building types such as tall buildings, emer- nical experts, risk mapping was carried out and incor- gency response facilities, hospitals, schools, and criti- porated into the new plan to reduce illegal development cal infrastructure. on floodplains and to protect areas from deforestation (UNDP 2022). Building design regulations must be tailored to the country context. This includes consideration of local construction methods and materials, the availability Furthermore, gaps in the scope of legislation and reg- of resources, the capabilities of building sector pro- ulations need to be filled so as to define clear roles fessionals, and the country-specific hazard and risk and coordination mechanisms among the agencies in context. If other international or regional codes are charge of building regulations, agencies in charge of adopted, they must be reviewed and adapted carefully land use and spatial planning, and other bodies that to suit the country context. regulate and control the building and construction sector. Building design regulations must be kept up to date to reflect changing needs, meet the requirements of Recommendation 3: Ensure that building regula- all users, and account for new types of construction tory frameworks address the prevalence of non- or changes in technology and market conditions. This engineered construction in the region. creates opportunities to integrate locally adapted Regulations and guidelines for common types of green building design and construction practices, pro- small-scale buildings (including vernacular construc- vide climate mitigation and resilience, and improve tion), guidance materials such as construction book- accessibility in order to create a more inclusive built lets and manuals, and awareness-raising campaigns environment that meets the needs of people with spe- can help to provide safe and affordable buildings for cial requirements. low-income people. For example, Malawi has devel- oped the Safer House Construction Guidelines and has For example, the recently updated Ghana Building Code a program of capacity building and training to promote (2018) gives simplified seismic analysis methods for its adoption and use by small-scale builders and com- buildings that meet regularity requirements, allows the munities (refer to box 3.1). Countries should identify use of local materials such as bamboo, and has inte- types of vernacular construction that are more resilient grated green building strategies into the building code, to disaster risks and promote their use. Development Conclusions and Way Forward // 103 plans could designate certain selected areas in cities more efficient data management and access to for self-build or community-build construction, and archived data, registration of professionals, automated support these developments with infrastructure and reporting, and the use of smartphones to capture and services. This could incentivize new settlements in low- upload building inspection data directly to the system. er-hazard areas (as identified by hazard maps). Recommendation 5: Adopt risk-based approaches to Since many buildings have been developed outside for- building control. mal regulatory control, regulations and guidance need Many countries in the region face challenges in deliv- to address how to upgrade and regularize existing ering building control services because of financial, buildings to improve essential services—water, power, operational, and human resources constraints. These sanitation, and so forth—and address safety and resil- pressures can be alleviated in a systematic way by ience gaps. These regulations will need to be more ensuring that building control agencies focus on those flexible and incremental than those applicable to new buildings with the highest risks. The level of permit- buildings. ting requirements, and the inspections required during construction, can be linked to the risk category of the For example, since 2009, South Africa has imple- building. mented a program of community-driven, incremen- tal upgrades of informal housing, including providing For example, Rwanda has embedded a risk classifica- shared or individual toilets, upgrading the fire resis- tion matrix with eight categories in its 2018 Building tance of structures, and densification with two-story Code to prioritize plan reviews and inspections. Building detached extensions (World Bank 2016). risk categories are classified by usage type, occupancy levels, and total floor plan area. Recommendation 4: Improve the accessibility and efficiency of building regulations and building con- Recommendation 6: Invest in capacity development trol processes. for building regulation implementation, in both the Regulations and building control processes for appli- public and private sectors. cants should be widely disseminated, easily accessi- Successful implementation of building regulatory ble online, and available for free. Many countries in the frameworks requires continuous investment in capac- region have made efforts to make their building regula- ity building—in the form of clear and accessible regula- tions more easily accessible. For example, in Eswatini, tions; well-qualified and equipped building control staff; guidance and regulations related to construction per- continuous guidance and training in the public and pri- mits were made available online at no cost (World Bank vate sectors; public communication campaigns to pro- 2020). duce a societal demand for safety, resilience, energy efficiency, and accessibility in the built environment; Building control processes and requirements should be robust professional licensing mechanisms; and an simple to follow and omit unnecessary steps that add improved capacity for assuring the quality of construc- time, cost, and complexity for applicants and building tion materials. Proactive support from governments is control officials. For example, Angola has made admin- critical to create an enabling environment, particularly istering construction permits easier and less time-con- when new regulations, guidance, or building control suming by improving systems for building permit systems are introduced. applications (World Bank 2018). For example, in Nigeria, the city of Lagos has begun to Digitization of processes and data management sys- address the chronic problem of building collapses by tems can allow building control authorities to use launching public awareness campaigns on the impor- their resources more efficiently, improve ease of use tance of adhering to building regulations and establish- for applicants, reduce costs, and increase transpar- ing an anonymous whistleblower line to report unsafe ency and traceability. For example, in Rwanda, the city structures (refer to box 3.2). The case of Nepal has of Kigali has implemented an online Building Permits demonstrated the importance of continuous capacity Management Information System (BPMIS) to digitize building efforts by the government and professional permitting and inspection processes. This has allowed organizations for building code compliance since the 104 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA introduction of its first building code in 1998 (refer to guidance, complemented by final tailoring to specific box 3.5). country needs and implementation capacity. For exam- ple, the East Africa Community (EAC) has developed Further institution building is needed in the region to construction material standards (EASs) for the East increase the capability and capacity of building con- Africa region that have been adopted by several mem- trol authorities. This will require expanding the number ber countries, including Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda. of professionally qualified staff and improving their training. In addition, independent entities tasked with A strategic focus at the regional level could also drive resolving disputes that arise in the building regulatory approaches to energy efficiency and sustainability process should be created or supported. In addition, using building regulatory frameworks as a tool. For the study found that there was a need to increase the example, this could be actioned by countries such as capacity of countries’ testing facilities for construction Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, materials, as well as for site soil testing. and Zambia that have Green Building Councils (GBCs) as part of the World Green Building Council’s global Countries could consider increasing capacity by network (Deloitte 2019). involving the private sector to perform plan checks and inspection activities. For this to be successful, In addition, table 5.1 presents prioritized recommenda- the regulatory environment must provide strict vet- tions for groups of countries depending on the level of ting and qualification requirements for third-party maturity of their building regulatory frameworks. inspectors, and robust oversight and quality control by public authorities (World Bank 2018). For example, in Germany, where private engineers are engaged by the 5.3 NEXT STEPS local building authorities to perform plan checks and site inspections, the engineers must be independent Sub-Saharan Africa is at a crossroads in its urbaniza- and must meet stringent qualification requirements, tion process. The regulatory decisions made now will including a minimum of 10 years’ professional expe- have a significant impact on the long-term safety, pro- rience, and a minimum of 1 year of site experience ductivity, and resilience of the built environment in both (Meijer and Visscher 2014). rural and urban areas. The educational sector and professional organizations Partnerships are needed to advance the agenda of also have important roles to play. Further development building regulatory framework reform at scale. Support of vocational and university curricula, and more strin- could come from international code development bod- gent licensing requirements for design and construc- ies, such as the European Commission (for Eurocodes) tion professionals, will be needed as the regulatory and the International Code Council (for US codes environment evolves. and standards), and from international material stan- dards bodies, such as the International Organization Recommendation 7: Increase knowledge sharing and for Standardization (ISO) and ASTM International cross-regional collaboration. (ASTM). Regional cooperation and knowledge shar- Some countries in the region are further along than ing in the area of building regulations could be facil- others in their design and implementation of regula- itated by regional organizations such as the East tory frameworks. Increased knowledge sharing across African Community (EAC), the African Union’s Regional the region would therefore be beneficial. This should Economic Communities (RECs), the Economic involve governments, academic institutions, build- Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the ing professional societies, and the construction sec- Southern African Development Community (SADC), tor. Regional synergies could also support ambitious and others.50 Increased cross-regional collaboration coordinated solutions at scale—for example, a shared among governments as well as technical and pro- process to update regulations, regional standards, and fessional bodies, can help share lessons learned and 50 More information about these regional organizations is available from the Federal Ministry of the Republic of Austria, European and International Affairs, at https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/european-foreign-policy/foreign-policy/africa-south-of-the-sahara/regional-or- ganisations/. Conclusions and Way Forward // 105 Table 5.1 // Priority Recommendations by Maturity Stage of Building Regulatory Framework Maturity Stage of Countries Priority Recommendations Framework Category A ❏ Eritrea ❏ In absence of a building design code, prioritize the development of guidelines for ❏ Somalia common forms of small-scale construction, with a focus on essential requirements No legally adopted ❏ South Sudan for safety and basic services. Carry out a complementary program of capacity building regulatory building and training to promote the use of the guidelines. framework was identified For other building types: ❏ Understand the country context that the building regulatory environment needs to respond to. Specific priorities include identification of key hazards and risks (including future projections related to climate change), and understanding of the construction environment, including common building types and local materials, market conditions, and a level of professional expertise. ❏ Review and/or develop hazard and risk studies to inform the development of up- to-date land use plans and regulations, as well as to set country-specific building design criteria. ❏ Review any existing building regulations and consider if other international and regional regulations and standards could be adapted for the country, for example, Eurocodes or examples of regional best practice. ❏ Establish working groups with both technical and nontechnical members to conceptualize and progress the development of building regulatory documents, including building design provisions. ❏ Assess the roles, responsibilities, and capacity of various institutions at national and local levels to act as building control authorities. Evaluate if this capacity could benefit from private sector support for plan checks and/or inspections. ❏ Evaluate the efficiency and accessibility of all new and/or updated building regulatory requirements and processes, for example, information made available online for free, or the digitization of processes. ❏ Assess any currently adopted material standards and quality assurance mechanisms for local and imported materials, as well as material testing facilities in the country. ❏ Conduct consultations with a wide range of stakeholders, including at community level, to understand current practice and key gaps. Category B ❏ Benin ❏ Use the recommendations from Category A to assess the status of planning and ❏ Burkina Faso building control regulations and to better tailor the overall building regulatory Legally adopted ❏ Burundi framework to the country context. planning and building ❏ Cameroon control regulations, ❏ Central African Key priorities for this group will be to: no building design Republic provisions within the ❏ Chad ❏ Prioritize the above-recommended activities that relate to the development of regulations ❏ Congo, Dem. Rep. building regulations for new design codes and standards, with a focus on risk- ❏ Congo, Rep. informed design provisions. Develop complementary guidelines for common types ❏ Equatorial Guinea of small-scale construction. ❏ Gabon ❏ Harmonize any inconsistencies in existing building regulations with each other and/ ❏ Guinea or other related laws. ❏ Lesotho ❏ When updating regulations, ensure that enough resources are available and that ❏ Liberia plans are put in place for periodic future updates. ❏ Madagascar ❏ Assess whether the efficiency and accessibility of existing planning and building ❏ Malawi control processes can be improved, for example, by simplifying and/or digitizing ❏ Mali processes. ❏ Mauritius ❏ If building control staff resources are limited, then assess whether a risk-targeted ❏ Sierra Leone approach for permitting and for inspections may be helpful. ❏ Togo ❏ To improve regulatory compliance, initiate public awareness campaigns, capacity ❏ Zambia building, and training for public and private actors in the construction sector. This includes updating and improving technical qualifications in vocational schools and university degree programs. 106 // BUILDING REGULATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Table 5.1 (continued) Maturity Stage of Countries Priority Recommendations Framework Category C ❏ Botswana ❏ Although these countries’ building regulations include some design provisions, ❏ Cabo Verde these are largely based on outdated, colonial-era regulations and are no longer fit for Legally adopted building ❏ Comoros purpose. The priorities for this group are therefore similar to those in Category B. regulatory framework ❏ Côte d’Ivoire for planning, design, ❏ Ethiopia and building control, but ❏ Gambia, The lacking comprehensive ❏ Guinea-Bissau design provisions, last ❏ Mauritania updated before 2000 ❏ Mozambique ❏ Niger ❏ São Tomé and Príncipe ❏ Senegal ❏ Seychelles ❏ Sudan ❏ Tanzania ❏ Zimbabwe Category D ❏ Angola ❏ Use the recommendations from Category A to assess the status of planning and ❏ Eswatini building control regulations and to better tailor the overall building regulatory Legally adopted building ❏ Kenya framework to the country context. regulatory framework ❏ Namibia ❏ Depending on the country, design regulations can be more advanced or less for planning, design, and advanced. building control, more ❏ Resources for regulatory development and capacity building should be targeted at comprehensive design major gaps in the regulations and their implementation for each country. provisions, last updated before 2000 Category E ❏ Ghana ❏ Where building regulatory frameworks are more mature, a close analysis of what is ❏ Nigeria working well and what requires improvement can be performed. For example, from All components of a ❏ Rwanda the findings of this study, even the most up-to-date and complete design regulations legally adopted building ❏ South Africa in the region have some gaps and inconsistencies, such as a lack of up-to-date regulatory framework ❏ Uganda design criteria for key hazards such as earthquakes and strong winds and/or a lack in place, with more of simplified provisions for common types of construction. comprehensive design ❏ Continuous investment in capacity building for regulatory compliance remains a provisions, updated priority. since 2000 ❏ Countries that have more mature building regulatory environments should take the lead on sharing their experiences and approaches with other countries in the region. Note: To develop more specific recommendations for each country, a Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment (BRCA) can be performed as a high- level, diagnostic exercise to understand the status of a country’s building regulatory framework and its implementation in practice. Refer to https:// www.gfdrr.org/en/building-regulation-for-resilience for more details. examples in the areas of regulatory development and processes and methods, some of which the BRR team implementation. offers. For example, to develop targeted and actionable recommendations for building regulatory frameworks, To promote safe, green, and inclusive built environ- an in-depth assessment following the BRR’s Building ments, the World Bank and the Global Facility for Regulatory Capacity Assessment methodology can Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) in 2016 be performed to collect baseline information about initiated a global line of work Building Regulation for a jurisdiction’s building regulatory framework and Resilience (BRR). This report is one resource among implementation capacity, benchmarked against inter- several others developed by the BRR team. Although national best practice.51 Furthermore, the BRR team its goal is not to provide country-specific advice in full works with World Bank country task teams to provide technical detail, this can be generated through other technical assistance to governments in designing, 51 For more information about the methodology, see GFDRR’s Building Regulation for Resilience at https://www.gfdrr.org/en/build- ing-regulation-for-resilience. Conclusions and Way Forward // 107 implementing, and monitoring activities that enhance Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://csp.trea- specific elements of building regulatory frameworks sury.gov.za/csp/DocumentsProjects/CSP Upgrading and implementation capacity for a safer, greener, Scaling Up Scoping Report.pdf. healthier, and more inclusive built environment. To do this, the BRR team draws on an international network UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). of experts and partners to broaden the foundation of 2022. Risk-Informed Development: A Strategy Tool global knowledge and provide targeted expertise when for Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate responding to specific country needs. Change Adaptation into Development. New York: UNDP. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/ files/2022-09/UNDP-Risk-Informed-Development- REFERENCES Strategy-Tool-for-Integrating-DRR-and-CC-Adaptation- into-Development-Annex-C_0.pdf. Deloitte. 2019. Capital projects in a digital age: Africa Construction Trends Report 2019. https:// World Bank. 2018. “Dealing with Construction Permits: www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/za/ Private sector participation in construction regu- Documents/energy-resources/za-African-Construc- lation.” Doing Business 2018 Report. Washington, tion-Trends-2019.pdf. DC: World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/303541513853647106/tex- Meijer, F., and Visscher, H. 2014. Building control: t/122194-WP-DB18-Construction-permits.txt. Private versus public responsibilities. https://repos- itory.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:ca4d365e- World Bank. 2020. “Comparing Business Regulation 9 6 4 c - 4 d a b - b d 1 b - 5 2 4 b 7 6 a 2 8 f 9 9 / d a t a s t re a m / in 190 Economies.” Doing Business 2020 Report. OBJ. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://documents1. worldbank.org/curated/en/688761571934946384/ World Bank. 2016. Scaling Up the Upgrading of Informal pdf/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business- Settlements: A Scoping Study of South African Good Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf. Practices and Innovations. Prepared for the City Support Programme, National Treasury, Government of South 108 // // 109 Appendix A.'SYRXV]4VSƼPIW %TTIRHM\%GSRXEMRW'SYRXV]4VSƼPIWHIZIPSTIHXSTVIWIRXEWYQQEV]SJOI]HEXEJSVIEGLGSYRXV] FEWIHSRXLIVIWYPXWSJXLMWWXYH])EGL'SYRXV]4VSƼPIGSRXEMRWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXGSQTSRIRXW SJXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKVIKYPEXSV]JVEQI[SVOMRTPEGIOI]FYMPHMRKVIKYPEXMSRHSGYQIRXW X]TIWSJFYMPHMRKWERHXIGLRMGEPEWTIGXWGSZIVIHF]XLIVIKYPEXMSRWF]XLIFYMPHMRKGSRXVSPTVS- GIWWIWMRTPEGIERHF]WIPIGXIHHEXESRGSQTPMERGIQIGLERMWQW'SYRXV]4VSƼPIWJSV)VMXVIE 7SQEPMEERH7SYXL7YHER[IVIRSXHIZIPSTIHFIGEYWIXLIWXYH][EWYREFPIXSZIVMJ]MJEPIKEPP] EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKVIKYPEXSV]JVEQI[SVO[EWMRTPEGI -RXLI'SYRXV]4VSƼPIWEGLIGOQEVO  MRHMGEXIWXLEXXLIFYMPHMRKVIKYPEXSV]JVEQI[SVOMRGPYHIW XLMWMXIQER  MRHMGEXIWXLEXMXMWRSXMRGPYHIH*SVXLI8IGLRMGEP%WTIGXW'SZIVIHF]XLI&YMPHMRK 6IKYPEXMSRWEGLIGOQEVO  MRHMGEXIWXLEXWSQIVIKYPEXSV]TVSZMWMSRWJSVXLIGSYRXV][IVIMHIR- XMƼIHVIPEXIHXSXLIXSTMG8LIGSQTVILIRWMZIRIWWERHUYEPMX]SJXLITVSZMWMSRWMRIEGLXSTMGEVIE LEZIRSXFIIRIZEPYEXIH%R  MRHMGEXIWXLEXRSTVSZMWMSRWVIPEXIHXSXLIXSTMG[IVIMHIRXMƼIH [MXLMRXLIVIKYPEXMSRW 110 // %RKSPE 33.9m Population 7.8m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 67.5 % of total population living in urban areas 4.5% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2Sƈ0IMHS3VHIREQIRXSHSXIVVMXSVMSIHS 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK 9VFERMWQSƉSJ.YRI (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R (IGVII2Sƈ6IKYPEQIRXS+IVEPHEW BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW )HMƼGEʡʮIW9VFEREWƉSJ*IFVYEV] REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    R (IGVII2Sƈ6IKYPEQIRXSHI0MGIRGMEQIRXS HEW3TIVEʡʮIWI0SXIEQIRXS3FVEWHI 9VFERM^EʡʝSI3FVEWHI'SRWXVYʡʝSƉSJ3GXSFIV  New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. %2+30% // 111 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  ɸ TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  ɸ Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  ɸ EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ ɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  ɸ FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ ɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  ɸ Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // &IRMR 12.5m Population 0.3m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 49.0 % of total population living in urban areas 3.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII24SVXERXVʣKPIQIRXEXMSRHY 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK TIVQMWHIGSRWXVYMVIIXHYTIVQMWHIHʣQSPMVSJ (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP  BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY R %VVʤXʣ-RXIVQMRMWXʣVMIP2Sƈ4SVXERXHIƼRMXMSR FRAMEWORK    HIWTVIWGVMTXMSRWQMRMQEPIWESFWIVZIVIR QEXMIVIHƅSTIVEXMSRWHIPSXMWWIQIRXIXHIW STIVEXMSRWJSRGMIVIWYVFEMRIWHIVIQIQFVIQIRX  IR6ITYFPMUYIHY&IRMRƉ New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. &)2-2 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS    // &SXW[ERE 2.4m Population 0.3m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 71.6 % of total population living in urban areas 3.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 8S[RERH'SYRXV]4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R &YMPHMRK'SRXVSP%GX -RGSVTSVEXMRK&YMPHMRK 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 'SRXVSP6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. &387;%2% //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS    // &YVOMRE*EWS 21.5m Population 2.5m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 31.2 % of total population living in urban areas 5.1% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2SSJ'SHIHIP YVFERMWQIIXHI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK PEGSRWXVYGXMSR BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. &96/-2%*%73 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // &YVYRHM 12.3m Population 0.9m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 14.1 % of total population living in urban areas 5.7% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S4SVXERXGSHIHIP YVFERMWQI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK HIP LEFMXEXIXHIPEGSRWXVYGXMSR  BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. &9692(- // 119 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // Cabo Verde 0.6m Population 0.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 67.1 % of total population living in urban areas 2.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII2S0IMHI&EWIWHS3VHIREQIRXSHS 8IVVMXʬVMSI4PERIEQIRXS9VFERSSJ*IFVYEV] 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK (IGVII0E[2S6IKYPEQIRXS (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 2EGMSREPHS3VHIREQIRXSHS8IVVMXʬVMSI 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 4PERIEQIRXS9VFERS BUILDING REGULATORY    R 4SVXEVMEGSRNYRXE2S'ʬHMKS8ʣGRMGSHI )HMƼGEʡESSJ.ERYEV]4SVXEVME2S FRAMEWORK 'ʬHMKSHI)ƼGMʤRGME)RIVKʣXMGEIQ)HMJʧGMSWSJ .YRI R (IGVII2S6IKYPEQIRXS+IVEPHI'SWXVYʡES HI,EFMXEʡES9VFERESJ*IFVYEV] New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. '%&3:)6() //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS    // 'EQIVSSR 27.2m Population 3.7m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 58.2 % of total population living in urban areas 3.8% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S6ʣKMWWERXP YVFERMWQIEY 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK 'EQIVSYR     BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R (IGVII41*M\ERXPIWVʢKPIW REGULATORY H YXMPMWEXMSRHYWSPIXHIPEGSRWXVYGXMSR  FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. '%1)6332 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // 8LI'IRXVEP%JVMGER6ITYFPMG 4.9m Population 0.9m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 42.7 % of total population living in urban areas 1.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0SMR{VIPEXMZIʚP YVFERMWQI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8,)')286%0%*6-'%26)49&0-' //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS    // 'LEH 16.9m Population 1.3m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 23.8 % of total population living in urban areas 3.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[46*M\ERXPIW4VMRGMTIW 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK *SRHEQIRXEY\%TTPMGEFPIWIR1EXMIVI BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP H 9VFERMWQI     6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY R 0E[460SMVIPEXMZIʚPEGSRWXVYGXMSR FRAMEWORK    (IGVII2S4SVXERXVIKPIQIRXEXMSR HIHIPMZIVERGIHIWEGXIWHYVFERMWQI New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. CHAD //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 'SQSVSW 0.9m Population 0.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 29.6 % of total population living in urban areas 2.8% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII2S466IPEXMZIʚP 9VFERMWQI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK IXʚPE'SRWXVYGXMSRIR9RMSRHIW'SQSVIWSJ (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP      6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW BUILDING REGULATORY    FRAMEWORK New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. '313637 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS    // 'ʭXIH -ZSMVI 27.1m Population 0.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 52.2 % of total population living in urban areas 3.4% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2Sſ'SHIHIPE'SRWXVYGXMSRIX 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK HIP ,EFMXEXSJ (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R (IGVII2SHY4SVXERX REGULATORY VʣKPʣQIRXEXMSRHY4IVQMWHI'SRWXVYMVISJ FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 'ʒ8)( -:3-6) //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  Green FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // 8LI(IQSGVEXMG6ITYFPMGSJ'SRKS 92.4m Population 13.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 46.2 % of total population living in urban areas 4.6% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (ʣGVIXHYNYMRWYVPƅ9VFERMWQI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R &]PE[SJ1E] %VVʤXʣHY1EM REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8,)()13'6%8-'6)49&0-'3*'32+3 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // )UYEXSVMEP+YMRIE 1.4m Population 0.3m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 73.6 % of total population living in urban areas 5.1% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S0I]HI3VHIREGMSR9VFEREHI+YMRIE 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK )GYEXSVMEPSJ2SZIQFIV BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. )59%836-%0+9-2)% //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // )W[EXMRM 1.2m Population 0.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 24.4 % of total population living in urban areas 1.6% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 8S[R4PERRMRK%GX2SSJ 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R &YMPHMRK%GX  ERH7XERHEVH&YMPHMRK REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSR  FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. )7;%8-2- //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // )XLMSTME 117.9m Population 4.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 22.2 % of total population living in urban areas 5.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 9VFER4PERRMRK4VSGPEQEXMSR2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 'SQTYPWSV])XLMSTMER7XERHEVH&YMPHMRK7TEXMEP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW (IWMKR *MVWX)HMXMSR FRAMEWORK    R )XLMSTME&YMPHMRK4VSGPEQEXMSR2S )XLMSTMER&YMPHMRK6IKYPEXMSR2S New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. )8,-34-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // +EFSR 2.3m Population 0.8m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 90.4 % of total population living in urban areas 3.6% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S4SVXERXVEXMƼGEXMSRHI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK Pƅ3VHSRRERGI2S46Ƽ\ERXPIWVʢKPIW (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP KʣRʣVEPIWVIPEXMZIWʚPƅ9VFERMWQIIR6ʣTYFPMUYI BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW +EFSREMWISJ REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. +%&32 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 8LI+EQFME 2.5m Population 0.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 63.2 % of total population living in urban areas 4.2% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEP4PERRMRKERH(IZIPSTQIRX'SRXVSP%GX 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK 2S (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R 4L]WMGEP4PERRMRKERH(IZIPSTQIRX'SRXVSP%GX BUILDING 7YFWMHMEV]PIKMWPEXMSRW (IZIPSTQIRX'SRXVSP REGULATORY    6IKYPEXMSRW'ET FRAMEWORK New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8,)+%1&-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // +LERE 31.7m Population 2.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 58.0 % of total population living in urban areas 3.5% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 0ERH9WIERH7TEXMEP40ERRMRK%GX2S (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 0SGEP+SZIVRERGI%GX2S BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R +LERE&YMPHMRK'SHI +7 SJ REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    R 2EXMSREP&YMPHMRK6IKYPEXMSRW 0- New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. +,%2% //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ ɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ ɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ ɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  Green FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // +YMRIE 13.5m Population 1.8m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 37.3 % of total population living in urban areas 3.4% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[RS4SVXERX'SHIHIP 9VFERMWQI 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK SJ BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 0E[2q0'SHIHIPEGSRWXVYGXMSRIX REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW HIP LEFMXEXMSRSJ FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. +9-2)% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // +YMRIE&MWWEY 2.0m Population 0.6m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 44.6 % of total population living in urban areas 3.5% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII2S6IKYPEQIRXS4PERS+IVEP 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK 9VFERʧWXMGSHI&MWWEYSJ3GXSFIV (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R (IGVII2S6IKYPEQIRXS+IVEPHI'SRWXVYʡES BUILDING I,EFMXEʡES9VFERESJ.YP] REGULATORY    R (IGVII2S6IKYPEQIRXSHE-RWTIGʡʝS+IVEP FRAMEWORK HI3FVEW4ʱFPMGEW'SRWXVYʡʮIWI9VFERMWQSSJ *IFVYEV] New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. +9-2)%&-77%9 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Kenya 55.0m Population 4.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 28.5 % of total population living in urban areas 4.2% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEPERH0ERH9WI4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R &YMPHMRK'SHI8LI0SGEP+SZIVRQIRX %HSTXMZI (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP &]0E[W  &YMPHMRK 3VHIVERH8LI0SGEP BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW +SZIVRQIRX %HSTXMZI&]0E[W  +VEHI-- REGULATORY &YMPHMRK 3VHIV0IKEP2SXMGI2SSJ FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. /)2=% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 0IWSXLS 2.2m Population 0.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 29.5 % of total population living in urban areas 2.3% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 8S[R'SYRXV]4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R &YMPHMRK'SRXVSP%GX2S BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 0)738,3 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Liberia 5.2m Population 1.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 52.6 % of total population living in urban areas 3.5% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R >SRMRK0E[WSJ1SRVSZMEERH'MX]3VHMRERGIW 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK  BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 0-&)6-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 1EHEKEWGEV 28.4m Population 3.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 39.2 % of total population living in urban areas 4.6% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 0E[Rq6IPEXMZIʚPƅ9VFERMWQIIXʚ (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP Pƅ,EFMXEXSJ BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 1%(%+%7'%6 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // 1EPE[M 19.6m Population 1.0m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 17.7 % of total population living in urban areas 3.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEP4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 1%0%;- //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 1EPM 20.9m Population 2.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 44.7 % of total population living in urban areas 5.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2q*M\ERXPIWVIKPIWKIRIVEPIW 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK HIPEGSRWXVYGXMSR0E[R{YTHEXIW BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 0E[2S REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R (IGVII2q4614SVXERX FRAMEWORK    VʣKPIQIRXEXMSRHIPEHʣPMZVERGIHYTIVQMWHI GSRWXVYMVISJ New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. MALI //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Mauritania 4.8m Population 1.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 56.1 % of total population living in urban areas 4.6% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[Rq4SVXERX'SHIHIPƅ9VFERMWQISJ 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK  (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP BUILDING R (IGVIIRq4SVXERXETTVSFEXMSRHY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY 6ʢKPIQIRX+ʣRʣVEPHIPE'SRWXVYGXMSRSJ FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 1%96-8%2-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Mauritius 1.3m Population 0.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 40.8 % of total population living in urban areas -0.1% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4PERRMRKERH(IZIPSTQIRX%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 8LI&YMPHMRK'SRXVSP%GX2S BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 1%96-8-97 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 1S^EQFMUYI 32.2m Population 1.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 37.6 % of total population living in urban areas 4.4% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S0IMHI3VHIREQIRXSHS8IVVMXʬVMSSJ 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK .YP] BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R 0IKMWPEXMZI(MTPSQE2S6IKYPEQIRXS REGULATORY +IVEPHEW)HMƼGEʡʮIW9VFEREWSJ1E] FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 13>%1&-59) //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 2EQMFME 2.6m Population 0.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 53.0 % of total population living in urban areas 4.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 9VFERERH6IKMSREP4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 7SYXL%JVMGE7XERHEVHW'SHI 0IKEPP]EHSTXIH  BUILDING &YMPHMRK6IKYPEXMSRWSJ;MRHLSIO+2 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 2%1-&-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 2MKIV 25.1m Population 1.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 16.8 % of total population living in urban areas 4.1% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 2MKIVMER9VFERERH6IKMSREP4PERRMRK%GX2S  4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 0E[2S*M\ERXPIWTVMRGMTIWJSRHEQIRXEY\ (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP HIPEGSRWXVYGXMSRIXHIPƅLEFMXEXMSRSJ%TVMP BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW (IGVII2S4SVXERXQSHEPMXʣW REGULATORY HƅETTPMGEXMSRHIPEPSMRqHYEZVMP FRAMEWORK    Ƽ\ERXPIWTVMRGMTIWJSRHEQIRXEY\HIPE 'SRWXVYGXMSRIXHIPƅ,EFMXEXMSSJ%TVMP New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 2-+)6 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 2MKIVME 211.4m Population 2.9m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 52.8 % of total population living in urban areas 4.4% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII2S2MKIVMER9VFERERH6IKMSREP 4PERRMRK0E[SJ(IGIQFIV 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 2EXMSREP&YMPHMRK'SHI2EXMSREP&YMPHMRK BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW )RIVK])ƾGMIRG]'SHIIHMXIHMR0EKSW REGULATORY 7XEXI9VFERERH6IKMSREP4PERRMRK0E[SJ FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 2-+)6-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 8LI6ITYFPMGSJ'SRKS 5.7m Population 2.2m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 68.3 % of total population living in urban areas 3.3% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S4SVXERXGSHIHIPƅYVFERMWQIIX 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK HIPEGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8,)6)49&0-'3*'32+3 //  9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI COVERED BY VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 6[ERHE 13.3m Population 1.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 17.6 % of total population living in urban areas 2.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[2S+SZIVRMRK9VFER4PERRMRKERH &YMPHMRKMR6[ERHESJ1E] 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 0E[2S9VFER4PERRMRKERH&YMPHMRK BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW%TVMP6[ERHE REGULATORY &YMPHMRK'SHI FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 6;%2(% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  Green FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 7ʝS8SQʣERH4VʧRGMTI 0.2m Population 0.1m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 75.1 % of total population living in urban areas 3.3% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVII0E[2S6IKYPEQIRXS+IVEPHI'SRWX I,EFMXEʡʝS9VFERESJ2SZIQFIV 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 7ʂ3831ʈ%2(46ʌ2'-4) //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 7IRIKEP 17.2m Population 3.0m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 48.6 % of total population living in urban areas 3.7% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 0E[4SVXERXGSHIHIP YVFERMWQISJ  4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 0E[Rq4SVXERXGSHIHIPEGSRWXVYGXMSR 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW TEVXMIPʣKMWPEXMZI SJ`(IGVIIRq REGULATORY 4SVXERXGSHIHIPEGSRWXVYGXMSR TEVXMI FRAMEWORK    VIKPIQIRXEMVI SJ New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 7)2)+%0 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 8LI7I]GLIPPIW 0.1m Population 0.03m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 58.0 % of total population living in urban areas 1.8% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEP4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 8S[RERH'SYRXV]4PERRMRK%GX &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 6IKYPEXMSRW 'ET REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8,)7)=',)00)7 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Sierra Leone 8.1m Population 1.14m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 43.4 % of total population living in urban areas 3.2% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R *VIIXS[R-QTVSZIQIRX%GX'ET 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 7-)66%0)32) //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 7SYXL%JVMGE 60m Population 2.4m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 67.9 % of total population living in urban areas 2.2% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEP4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 2EXMSREP&YMPHMRK6IKYPEXMSRWERH&YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP 7XERHEVW%GX2S7SYXL%JVMGE REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW Standards Code FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 7398,%*6-'% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // Sudan 44.9m Population 5.53m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 35.6 % of total population living in urban areas 3.0% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 9VFER4PERRMRKERH0ERH(MWTSWEP%GX 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING R 7YHER&YMPHMRK'SHI (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 79(%2 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS 190 // 8ER^ERME 61.5m Population 0.3m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 36.0 % of total population living in urban areas 5.2% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK R 8LI9VFER4PERRMRK%GX2S (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP R 9VFER4PERRMRK&YMPHMRK6IKYPEXMSRWSJ BUILDING 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 1EVGL   REGULATORY FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 8%2>%2-% // 191 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV  'PEWWMƼIH WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ ɸ uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL ASPECTS *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK 3GGYTERG] BUILDING HYVMRK GLERKIWXS TIVQMX TIVQMX TIVQMX CONTROL construction I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE  MECHANISMS   // 8SKS 8.5m Population 1.75m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 43.4 % of total population living in urban areas 3.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R (IGVIIRq464SVXERXVʣKPIQIRXEXMSR 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK HIPEHʣPMZVERGIHIWEGXIWHƅYVFERMWQISJ BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 83+3 //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // 9KERHE 47.1m Population 2.99m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 25.6 % of total population living in urban areas 5.9% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 4L]WMGEPERH4PERRMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING R 2EXMSREP&YMPHMRK'SHI2S (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW R &YMPHMRK'SRXVSP%GX2S&YMPHMRK FRAMEWORK 'SRXVSP6IKYPEXMSRW2S    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. 9+%2(% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  Green FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // >EQFME 18.9m Population 2.52m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 45.2 % of total population living in urban areas 4.3% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 8LI9VFERERH6IKMSREP4PERMRK%GX2S 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. >%1&-% //  7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH Structural PSEHMRK  stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ ɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW ɸ  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ ɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS  // >MQFEF[I 15.1m Population 1.52m Capital city population QUICK FACTS 32.3 % of total population living in urban areas 1.3% Average urban growth (2010–2020) Types of Regulations Key Documents R 6IKMSREP8S[RERH'SYRXV]%GX'LETXIV 4PERRMRK &YMPHMRK &YMPHMRK BUILDING R 1SHIP&YMPHMRK&]I0E[W (IZIPSTQIRX (IWMKR 'SRXVSP REGULATORY 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW 6IKYPEXMSRW FRAMEWORK    New Buildings Existing Buildings 4VMZEXIFYMPHMRKW  1MRSVEPXIVREXMSRWERHVITEMVW  TYPES OF 4YFPMGFYMPHMRKW  'LERKISJSGGYTERG]  CONSTRUCTION COVERED :IVREGYPEVFYMPHMRKW  %HHMXMSRSJƽSSVWSVI\XIRWMSRW  6IXVSƼX MRGPWXVYGXYVEPGLERKIW  The building regulatory framework includes this item  The building regulatory framework does not include this item. >-1&%&;) // 199 7TIGMEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWJSV 'PEWWMƼIH 9WIERHSGGYTERG]GPEWWMƼGEXMSRWɸ  WTIGMƼGFYMPHMRKX]TIWɸɸ  uses ,IMKLXERHEVIEPMQMXEXMSRWFEWIHSRX]TISJGSRWXVYGXMSRɸ  7XVYGXYVEPHIWMKRERHZIVMƼGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVRSVQEPERHI\TIGXIH PSEHMRK  Structural stability 1EXIVMEPVIUYMVIQIRXW IK +ISXIGLRMGEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  WXVIRKXLXIWXMRKUYEPMX]IXG  ,YVVMGERI[MRHEGXMSRW  7IMWQMGEGXMSRWɸ  (MWEWXIVVMWOɸ *PSSHQMXMKEXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQWɸ  0ERHWPMHIWɸ  TECHNICAL *MVIVIWMWXERGITIVJSVQERGI ASPECTS VIUYMVIQIRXWɸ  *MVITVIZIRXMSRɸ  COVERED BY *MVIWEJIX]ɸ BUILDING REGULATIONS 1IERWSJEGGIWWERHIKVIWW  *MVIWIVZMGIEGGIWWɸ  Inclusive %GGIWWVSYXIWERHQIERWɸ  *M\XYVIWERHWMKREPWɸ  EGGIWWMFMPMX]ɸ %GGIWWMFMPMX]ERHYWEFMPMX]SJMRXIVREPJEGMPMXMIW IKXSMPIXWIPIZEXSVWIXG ɸ  4PYQFMRKERHWERMXEV]W]WXIQWɸ  )PIZEXSVWIWGEPEXSVWERHPMJXW  Services ,IEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV )PIGXVMGEPW]WXIQWɸ  GSRHMXMSRMRK HVAC)  +VIIRFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR Green 2EXYVEPMRWYPEXMSRERHZIRXMPEXMSR  QEXIVMEPW  FYMPHMRKWɸ )RIVK]ERH[EXIVIƾGMIRXHIWMKR 'EVFSRWQEVXRIYXVEP QIXLSHWɸ  GSRWXVYGXMSRQEREKIQIRX  Indicates that the country has some regulatory provisions related to the topic. The comprehensiveness and quality of the provisions in each topic area have not been evaluated.  Indicates that no provisions related to this topic were found. Development Post- Design Construction Pre-Occupancy Planning Occupancy Site inspection 4IVQMXJSV Phases (IZIPSTQIRX &YMPHMRK HYVMRK 3GGYTERG] GLERKIWXS BUILDING TIVQMX TIVQMX construction TIVQMX I\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKW CONTROL PROCESSES      (MWTYXIVIWSPYXMSRQIGLERMWQMRTPEGI 4IREPXMIW COMPLIANCE   MECHANISMS Sub-Saharan Africa is at a crossroads: the combination of population growth and rapid urbanization in the region is predicted to lead to a demand for hundreds of millions of new buildings in the coming decades. The region is also considered to be highly vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change and natural hazards. In the face of these trends, there is a pressing need to ensure that buildings constructed provide safe, comfortable and healthy environments for people to live and work. To achieve this, building regulatory frameworks have an important role to play. Effective building regulations can reduce in losses from disasters, promote green and sustainable construction practices, provide universal access conditions, and improve the safety and affordability of the built environment. To better understand advances, gaps and opportunities, this publication provides a snapshot of the building regulatory frameworks in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. It concludes that there is a need for the region to develop more comprehensive and up-to-date building codes; that building regulatory JVEQI[SVOW QYWX FI FIXXIV XEMPSVIH JSV IEGL GSYRXV]ƅW WTIGMƼG GSRXI\X MRGPYHMRK the prevalence of non-engineered construction; and that additional investments are required for capacity enhancement for building regulation implementation. The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) is a global partnership that helps low- and lower-middle-income countries better understand and reduce their ZYPRIVEFMPMXMIWXSREXYVEPLE^EVHWERHEHETXXSGPMQEXIGLERKI+*(66TVSZMHIWKVERXƼRERGMRK XIGLRMGEP EWWMWXERGI XVEMRMRK ERH ORS[PIHKI WLEVMRK EGXMZMXMIW XS QEMRWXVIEQ HMWEWXIV ERH GPMQEXIVMWOQEREKIQIRXMRREXMSREPERHVIKMSREPTSPMGMIWWXVEXIKMIWERHMRZIWXQIRXTPERW 8LI4VSKVEQ1EREKIQIRX9RMXPSGEXIH[MXLMRXLI;SVPH&EROQEREKIWKVERXVIWSYVGIWXS carry out GFDRR’s mission.