55835 v2 AN EVALUATION OF WORLD BANK SUPPORT, 1997­2007 Water and Development Volume 2 IEG Study Series The World Bank Group WORKING FOR A WORLD FREE OF POVERTY T he World Bank Group consists of five institutions-- the International Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for the Settlement of Invest- ment Disputes (ICSID). Its mission is to fight poverty for lasting results and to help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowl- edge, building capacity, and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors. The Independent Evaluation Group IMPROVING DEVELOPMENT RESULTS THROUGH EXCELLENCE IN EVALUATION T he Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) is an indepen- dent, three-part unit within the World Bank Group. IEG-World Bank is charged with evaluating the activities of the IBRD (The World Bank) and IDA, IEG-IFC focuses on assessment of IFC's work toward private sector develop- ment, and IEG-MIGA evaluates the contributions of MIGA guarantee projects and services. IEG reports directly to the Bank's Board of Directors through the Director-General, Evaluation. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank Group's work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank Group work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings. AN EVALUATION OF WORLD BANK SUPPORT, 1997­2007 Wate r a n d D e ve l o p m e nt Volume 2: Appendixes 2010 The World Bank Washington, D.C. ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Execu- tive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. This volume does not support any general inferences beyond the scope of the evaluation, including any inferences about the World Bank Group's past, current, or prospective overall performance. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: The Bund, Shanghai, China. Two children along the Bund admire the Shanghai skyline. Photo courtesy of Jody Cobb/Getty Images. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8393-3 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8394-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8393-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data have been applied for. World Bank InfoShop Independent Evaluation Group E-mail: pic@worldbank.org Communications, Learning, and Strategy Telephone: 202-458-5454 E-mail: ieg@worldbank.org Facsimile: 202-522-1500 Telephone: 202-458-4497 Facsimile: 202-522-3125 Printed on Recycled Paper ii | Gender and Development Table of Contents Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv Appendixes A: Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B: Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C: Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 D: Taxonomy of Water Activities in the Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 E: Highly Satisfactory and Highly Unsatisfactory Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 F: Water in Country Assistance Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 G: Environmental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 H: Dams and Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 I: Experience with Private Sector Involvement in the WSS Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 J: Supplemental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Appendix A: Evaluation Methodology | iii Abbreviations BOT Build-operate-transfer OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance CAS Country Assistance Strategy PPAR Project Performance Assessment Report CDD Community-driven development PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility COM Nile Basin Council of Ministers PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper CRED Center for Research on Envi- PSP Private sector participation ronmental Decisions RBO River basin organization EA Environmental assessment RWSS Rural water supply and sanitation EFA Environmental Flow Assessment SA Social Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment SDN Sustainable Development Network FAO Food and Agricultural Organiza- SIA Social impact analysis tion of the United Nations TA Technical assistance GEF Global Environment Facility TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis GIS Global Information System TEA Transboundary Environmental Analysis IBRD International Bank for Recon- UfW Unaccounted-for water struction and Development UN United Nations ICR Implementation Completion Report UNDP United Nations Development Program IDA International Development Association UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund IEG Independent Evaluation Group WHO World Health Organization IFC International Finance Corporation WPI Water Poverty Index IMF International Monetary Fund WQM Water quality management IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management WRM Water resources management lcd Liters per capita per day WSP Water and Sanitation Program MARPOL International Convention for the Pre- WSS Water supply and sanitation vention of Pollution from Ships WSSS Water supply, sanitation, and sewerage MDG Millennium Development Goal WUA Water-user association NBI Nile Basin Initiative WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature NGO Nongovernmental organization WWT Wastewater treatment O&M Operation and maintenance WWTP Wastewater treatment plant iv | Water and Development Appendix A: Glossary Term Definition Aquaculture Farming with aquatic plants or animals--for example, fish farming or algal cultures . Aquatic weed A plant dependent on an aquatic habitat, with emergent, submerged, or floating leaves, that causes harm or is a nuisance to the natural environment or to people and their environment; that is, an undesirable aquatic plant, usually introduced and invasive . Aquifers Porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock able to store groundwater . Basin Drainage area of a stream, river, or lake . Biological diversity The variability within species, between species, and of ecosystems . Borehole A hole drilled vertically or at an inclination into the ground and usually fitted with a mechanical or motorized pump to draw water from the ground . Catchment area An area that receives or "catches" the rain that flows into a particular river . Cost recovery Fee structures that cover the cost of providing the service . Cost recovery is indicated by annual operating revenue as a percentage of annual operating costs . Decentralization A process of transferring responsibility, authority, and accountability for specific or broad management functions to lower levels within an organization, system, or program . Deforestation The permanent clearing of forestland for all agricultural uses and for settlements . It does not include other alterations, such as selective logging . Demand-side management Any attempt to encourage water users to reduce their water use . Pricing water at or near its true delivery cost can help to conserve water and encourage use of the resource in a manner commensurate with its scarcity . Another aspect of demand-side management is simply increasing the efficiency of current users (such as the promotion of water-efficient toilets) . Desertification Land degradation processes occurring in dry sub-humid areas as a result of various factors, including climatic variations and human activities . Drainage basin Area with a common outlet for its surface runoff . Drip irrigation A method of irrigation that applies water not to the land but to the plants in the root zone, in small but frequent quantities, in such a way as to maintain the most active part of the soil at a quasi-optimum moisture . Effluent Liquid waste material that is a byproduct of human activities, such as liquid industrial discharge or sewage . Environmental degradation Depletion or destruction of potentially renewable resources such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife by using them at a faster rate than they are naturally replenished . Environmental flow The process of determining water that should purposefully be left in a river or released from an assessment impoundment to maintain a river in desired condition . Environmental flow The water that is deliberately left in the river or released from a reservoir to maintain the structure and requirements function of aquatic ecosystems downstream . Environmental Impact Critical appraisal of the likely ecological effects of a proposed project, activity, or policy, both positive and Assessment negative . Eutrophication Process of over-fertilization of a body of water by nutrients that produce more organic matter than the self-purification reactions can overcome . Evapotranspiration The loss of water to the atmosphere from an area through a combination of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants . Freshwater Water containing less than 1 milligram per liter of dissolved solids of any type . Groundwater recharge Replenishment of groundwater supply in the zone of saturation, or addition of water to the groundwater storage by natural processes or artificial methods for subsequent withdrawal for beneficial use or to check saltwater intrusion in coastal areas . Hydrology Science dealing with the properties of water and its occurrence in space and time . Hygiene education An element of hygiene promotion concerned with teaching people about how diseases spread; for example, through the unsafe disposal of excreta or by not washing hands with soap after defecation . Although this type of awareness-raising may be part of a larger hygiene promotion program, it should not be the sole focus of the program . Integrated Coastal Zone A dynamic, multidisciplinary, and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones . Management Appendix A | 1 Term Definition Integrated Water Land and water management activities as well as issues of quantity and quality need to be integrated within Resources Management basins or watersheds so that upstream and downstream linkages are recognized and activities in one part of the river basin take into account their impact on other parts . International watercourse A river, stream, or canal that is shared by two or more countries . Non-point-source Source of pollution in which pollutants originate from over a wide area or from a number of small inputs rather than from distinct, identifiable sources . Non-revenue water The difference between water supplied and water sold expressed as a percentage of net water supplied . It represents the water that has been produced but is lost before it reaches the customer . Point-source A pollution source that is distinct and identifiable; for example, smokestacks and outflow pipes from industrial plants and municipal sewage treatment plants . Pollution The contamination of land, air, or water with any substance that reduces their ability to support life . Private sector participation A private company or investor that bears a share of the project's operating risk . Investors may range from private water supply and sanitation utilities, to operators, to street vendors selling water . Protected area An area set aside by law for the preservation of given aspects of cultural and natural heritage . Ramsar Convention The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources . Reservoir A large natural or artificial collection of water forming a small lake used as a source of water supply . Riparian Of or on a river bank; sharing a river basin . Sanitation Improvement of environmental conditions in households that affect human health by means of drainage and disposal of sewage and refuse . Sedimentation Deposition of river-borne sediments in a lake or dam . Sewage Liquid waste that contains some solids produced by humans . It typically consists of washing water, feces, urine, laundry waste, and other material that goes down drains and toilets of households and industry . Sewerage A system of sewer pipes, manholes, pumps, and the like for the transport of sewage . Siltation The deposition of sediments by water in a river channel or reservoir . Soil degradation Declining productivity of soils resulting from a combination of physical factors such as drought, management factors such as cultivation, and socioeconomic factors such as inequitable distribution of land . Swamp Area of waterlogged ground and the plants that grow on it . Turbidity The degree to which water is opaque or muddy . Unaccounted-for water The difference between the volume of water delivered to a supply system and the volume of water accounted for by legitimate consumption, whether metered or not . Upstream The direction opposite to the flow of a river, toward the source . Wastewater Spent or used water from homes, communities, farms, or industries that contains dissolved or suspended matter . Wastewater treatment plant Process to render wastewater fit to meet applicable environmental standards or other quality norms for recycling or reuse . Water resource WRM includes the development of surface and groundwater resources for urban, rural, agriculture, energy, management (WRM) mining, and industrial uses, as well as the protection of surface and groundwater sources, pollution control, watershed management, control of water weeds, and restoration of degraded ecosystems such as lakes and wetlands . Water users association An association of water users combining both governance and management functions (they are not the owners of the infrastructure) . Waterlogging Natural flooding and over-irrigation that brings groundwater levels to the surface, displacing the air in the soil, with corresponding changes in soil processes and an accumulation of toxic substances that impede plant growth . Watershed An area from which all surface runoff flows through a common point . Wetland Land that has the water table at, near, or above the land surface . Sources: Human Development Reports: Glossary. Retrieved on October 9, 2009 from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/glossary/. FAO: Glossary of Land and Water Terms. Retrieved on October 9, 2009 from: http://www.fao.org/landandwater/glossary/lwglos .jsp?keyword1=&subject=Wr&term_e=%25&search=Display. Waterwiki: Glossary. Retrieved on October 9, 2009 from: http://waterwiki.net/index.php/Glossary. UNESCO, Hydrology: Glossary. Retrieved on October 9, 2009 from: http://hydrologie.org/glu/aglo.htm. SARDC, Defining and Mainstreaming Environmental Sustainability in Water Resources Management in South Africa. Retrieved on October 9, 2009 from: http://databases.sardc.net/books/MainWB/view.php?id=98. 2 | Water and Development Appendix B: Methodology This evaluation uses the IEG­World Bank objectives-based for inclusion: AZ (general agriculture, fishing, and forestry), evaluation methodology, evaluating performance by mea- 52 (natural disaster management), 81 (climate change), and suring the Bank's progress toward its stated objectives. In 84 (pollution management). Projects were added from the a broad sense these objectives include the Bank's Mission Water Anchor portfolio and previous IEG studies on agricul- Statement as well as the relevant strategies governing the tural water management, natural disasters, an existing China water sector (see appendix C). In a more restricted sense, case study, and health. Projects on the GEF Web site were it concerns how well water-related projects attain project- also reviewed and included as appropriate. Research for the level objectives. The evaluation draws heavily on completed individual issue studies added further projects through spe- and ongoing independent and self-evaluations, especially cific searches for relevant projects. IEG Project Performance Assessment Reports (PPARs). Project documents and files were also reviewed, as was the The evaluation did not conduct a comprehensive review of data collected for recent and ongoing IEG evaluations (see the Bank's analytic and advisory activities. The Water Sector the meta-evaluation section below for a list). Team mem- Board has conducted a self-evaluation of its economic and bers also extracted relevant material from the Bank's in- sector work in parallel with this evaluation. IEG did exam- ternal electronic resources, including the project database, ine all available environmental flow assessments as part of ImageBank, and the Web site for the Water Anchor, among its evaluation, and selected analytic and advisory activities others. were examined in individual issue and case studies. The amount of World Bank financing that has gone solely Evaluative Methods and Instruments to water activities was calculated as follows. The evaluation examined the Bank's experience from sev- The whole evaluation portfolio of 1,864 projects was sorted eral angles. The basic approach taken was to avoid sampling into four categories: by identifying a full universe of projects. Where the evalu- 1. For projects totally focused on water, the actual loan ation examined particular themes or activity types, it used amount was used. all the relevant projects in the analysis. The evaluation used the following instruments. 2. In projects where at least half of the project objectives were focused on water, half the total loan amount was Review of the Portfolio used. The evaluation conducted an issues-based portfolio review 3. For projects with water components for which project that started with identification of all projects from July 1, documents give a dollar value for the component, the 1996 (the start of fiscal year 1997), to December 31, 2007. actual amounts were used. IEG identified 1,864 projects approved or completed over the 11.5-year period (including those of the Global Environ- 4. Amounts for projects with water components for which ment Facility, or GEF) with at least one water-related activ- the actual water activity amounts were not found in ity. The portfolio includes projects with Bank interventions documents or through the Bank's database were cal- involving water supply, sanitation, sewerage, coastal areas, culated using the average component amount from #3 rivers, floods and tropical storms, fisheries, water pollution, above for each relevant component. aquatic biodiversity, watersheds, irrigation and drainage, hy- The amounts for each of these categories are totaled (in mil- dropower, drought and water scarcity, and groundwater. It lions of U.S. dollars) in table B.1. also includes projects that affect water quality, watersheds, rivers, coastal waters, and water supply. Projects were re- Interactive Project Database trieved from the Bank's project database using the following The evaluation developed a Microsoft Access database that codes: AI (irrigation and drainage), TP (ports, waterways, drew on all the available quantitative and qualitative infor- and shipping), WD (flood protection), WA (sanitation), WS mation for water-related projects. The database was capable (sewerage), WC (water supply), WZ (general water, sanita- of responding to queries regarding the results of all complet- tion, and flood protection), and 85 (water resources manage- ed projects and comparing those results with project charac- ment). Projects with the following codes were also reviewed teristics. It was used to determine the degree to which objec- Appendix B | 3 Table b.1 World bank Financing in the Water Sector Category amount (US$ millions) 1 . Projects focused on water 26,517 .30 2 . Projects with at least half objectives, half of total lending 7,348 .77 3 . Projects with actual component amounts 6,651 .16 4 . Projects with estimated component amountsa 13,771 .62 Total estimate 54,288 .85 a. Averages of those with actual component amounts were extrapolated to estimate this number. tives were attained, identify factors associated with success vice for All: An OED Review of the World Bank's Assistance and failure, and compare highly successful and highly unsuc- to Water Supply and Sanitation (IEG 2003), and Water Man- cessful projects to assess whether the strategic approaches agement in Agriculture: Ten Years of World Bank Assistance, taken are different in discernable ways. For ongoing projects 1994­2004 (IEG 2006). In addition, an IEG evaluation of it was used to analyze the evolution in the nature of project regional programs covers the Bank's regional approach to activities down to the component level. Water-relevant les- water management (IEG 2007). sons learned as identified by Bank self-evaluations and IEG Significant self-evaluation and policy research activities independent evaluations (PPARs) were disaggregated and have accompanied the renewed Bank commitment to water. recategorized to determine areas of strength and weakness, In recent years, the Bank produced important papers in all and whether practice needs to be modified in certain activ- water-related subsectors. In the Water Supply and Sanita- ity areas. The relationship of the active portfolio with the tion subsector, the Bank published IDA at Work: Sanitation identified success factors was also analyzed. and Water Supply (World Bank 2007d), as well as Utilities Review of Other Donors' Experience Reforms and Corruption in Developing Countries (Estache, The evaluation identified impact evaluations dealing with Goicoechea, and Trujillo 2006). In the Water for Food sub- water, including work on the health impacts of water sup- sector, the Bank published Reengaging in Agricultural Water ply and sanitation and other evaluative work in the public Management: Challenges and Options (World Bank 2006b). domain, to see if the lessons from other donors' experiences With respect to Water Resources Management, the Bank are qualitatively different from those of the Bank. The eval- published the reports Watershed Management Approaches, uation examined how far other donors have moved toward Policies and Operations: Lessons for Scaling-Up (World Bank an integrated approach to water resources management 2008e) and Comparison of Institutional Arrangements for and water services issues. And donors were asked about River Basin Management in Eight Basins (Blomquist, Dinar, their perceptions of the Bank's water-related work and its and Kemper 2005). Other studies covered topics such as sea- strategic and intellectual approach. Donor project results level rise (2007), fisheries and aquaculture (2005), water and also were reviewed to identify the ways in which more in- electricity subsidies (2005), the forest-hydrology-poverty tegrated coverage of water resource management issues en- nexus (2004), the human right to water (2004), groundwa- hance and constrain results. ter quality (2002), sanitation and hygiene (2005), economic regulation of urban services (2007), water and sanitation Individual Interviews and Surveys impact evaluations (2006), international water and sanita- Throughout the course of the evaluation, open-ended in- tion cooperation (1998), on-site sanitation (1999), World terviews were conducted within the Bank and with key in- Bank lending for large dams (1996), large-scale rural water formants on the outside. Previous surveys of water users and sanitation (1997), small-scale water supply and sanita- groups and their findings were incorporated. tion services providers in Latin America (2007), and direc- Meta-Evaluation tions in hydropower (2009), among others. This evaluation is in part a meta-evaluation that makes Issue Research and Case Studies use of previous evaluations by IEG and self-evaluations by The evaluation launched research into 35 issues that sifted World Bank Operations. through the relevant experience to answer the major the- Previous IEG studies of water-related topics have been more matic/strategic questions facing the Bank (see table B.2 for narrowly focused than this evaluation. Those evaluations a list). To ensure that the evaluation findings are relevant include Rural Water Projects (2000), Rural Water Projects: to current concerns and that the lessons identified will be Lessons from OED Evaluations (Parker and Skytta 2000), used, the issues to be analyzed were determined in consul- Bridging Troubled Waters: Assessing the Water Resources tation with the Water Anchor and shared with the Water Strategy Since 1993 (IEG 2002), Efficient, Sustainable Ser- Sector Board. All the research looked at the same universe 4 | Water and Development of 1,864 projects. In thematic areas where there is little Table b.2 In-Depth Issue Research and strategic guidance, the evaluation analyzed what was being Case Studies done to distill the institution's revealed and evolving prefer- ences. The more operationally relevant issue work will be Managing water resources made available as freestanding evaluations or shared with 1 . Watershed management sector colleagues as presentations. 2 . Groundwater 3 . Demand management / water use efficiency Seven case studies were generated by fieldwork and desk 4 . River and lake basin organizations reviews. These had a dual purpose: first, to compare work 5 . Hydrological and meteorological monitoring (both Bank-financed and conducted by other agencies) that 6 . Floods and intense rains is adequately integrated with earlier, more narrowly focused 7 . Droughts approaches. The field research looked at factors associated 8 . Dams and reservoirs with success and failure at the project level and assessed the environmental sustainability overall contribution of the totality of Bank work in light of 9 . Environmental flow assessments country needs and priorities. The second purpose of the 10 . Water quality management case studies was to "reality test" the results of the evalua- 11 . Water quality monitoring tion's desk review of nearly 1,900 projects. Rivers and lakes management 12 . Coastal zone management Case study subjects were selected using the following cri- Water use and service delivery teria: 13 . Dedicated and nondedicated water supply and sanitation · Countriesidentifiedasmajorborrowersforwaterinthe projects portfolio review 14 . World Bank support for water users associations (WUAs) in client countries · Countrieswithprojectsthatcoverinnovativeapproach- 15 . Urban water es or that deal with water issues in a particularly com- 16 . Wastewater treatment and sewerage prehensive way 17 . Subsidies for basic sanitation · Countrieswithprojectsthatcoverissuesdeemedlike- 18 . Cost recovery and water pricing in water supply and sanitation ly to be of increasing importance to borrowers. These 19 . What works in water supply and sanitation? Lessons from might include country ownership, water scarcity, trans- impact evaluations boundary issues, flood control, climate change adapta- 20 . The health benefits of water supply and sanitation projects tion, multicountry watershed treatment, public-private 21 . Hygiene education partnerships, water infrastructure, water trade, and 22 . Hydropower complementarities with transport infrastructure Water management institutions · Representationofabroadarrayofregionsandenviron- 23 . Challenges of water policy mental conditions 24 . Water in Bank strategies 25 . Coverage of water issues in CASs · Countrieswithprojectsorprogramsthatinvolvecofi- 26 . Portfolio of water-related activities nancing and coordination with other donors in global 27 . Global Program Review of the Global Water Partnership and/or regional arrangements 28 . Highly satisfactory and highly unsatisfactory projects · Ease and access during season of visit and reasonable 29 . Private sector participation in urban WSS travel time. 30 . Private sector participation in rural WSS 31 . Decentralization in the Water Sector On this basis, Brazil, Morocco, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the 32 . Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Aral Sea area were selected for evaluation. In addition to 33 . International/ transboundary water institutions these, desk cases were prepared on China and the Repub- 34 . Inland water transport lic of Yemen using data collected by 2006 IEG missions to 35 . Conflict and water those countries. Case studies 1 . Aral Sea Advisory Panel 2 . Brazil A group of external advisers was established to advise the 3 . China evaluation team during the evaluative process. The panel 4 . Morocco consisted of internationally recognized water experts and 5 . Tanzania practitioners. The panel reviewed drafts at several stages in 6 . Vietnam the process and commented on the ongoing research and 7 . Yemen, Rep . various intermediate outputs. The panel members were: Appendix B | 5 Mohamed Ait Kadi, Chair of the Global Water Program search Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Technical Committee, President of the General Council London School of Economics; and Peter Rogers, Gordon of Agricultural Development, Ministry of Agriculture, McKay Professor of Environmental Engineering in the Rural Development and Fisheries, Morocco; Mary B. An- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard derson, President of the Collaborative for Development University, Senior Adviser to the Global Water Partner- Action, Executive Director of CDA Collaborative Learn- ship, Fellow of the American Association for the Advance- ing Projects; Judith Rees, Professor of Environmental and ment of Science, Member of the Third World Academy of Resources Management, Director of the Grantham Re- Sciences. 6 | Water and Development Appendix C: Strategies Bank Strategy in the Water Sector ing, while meeting environmental and social standards" (World Bank 2003c, summary, page 3). The 1993 Water Resources Management Policy Paper (World Bank 1993) moved the institution away from infrastructure · CounteracttheBank'sreluctancetoengagewith"high- development. The paper also shifted the Bank from a sector- reward­high-risk hydraulic infrastructure, using a based investment planning process to a multisectoral ap- more effective business model." proach to planning. The paper focuses the attention of Bank · TheBankisperceivedtohaveacomparativeadvantage and borrower staff on three inputs: projects that will help in water, which has created strong demand for its ser- to develop a stock of infrastructure for multiple water uses; vices. Hence, the Bank must continue to engage if it is establishing or strengthening institutions for the manage- to remain a credible knowledge institution. ment of rivers and lake basins; and policies for the rational use of transboundary water to more effectively manage wa- · TheBank'swatersupportmustbe"tailoredtocountry ter resources. Regional water teams were created with water circumstances and be consistent with the overarching specialists and advisers, although these teams never really Country Assistance Strategies and Poverty Reduction incorporated water supply and sanitation (WSS) staff, who Strategy Papers." The Country Water Resources Assis- maintained their close relationship with urban development tance Strategy concept was developed in the strategy. and never fully took water resources management on board. Under pressure from environmental and social nongovern- The 1993 and 2003 strategy papers have helped inform is- mental organizations, the Bank backed away from major sues related to supply, institutions, economic use, the en- investments in water storage infrastructure. In addition, the vironment, and broad-based water service interventions private sector was expected to become a major financier in (aimed at improving the performance of utilities, user as- water supply and sanitation. Lending for water decreased. sociations, and irrigation departments (see box C.1). In 2003, the Bank adopted a new water resources sector The strategy says much less about water services, which are strategy (World Bank 2003c) that focuses on putting the addressed in the 2003 Infrastructure Action Plan and the 2003 1993 principles into practice. Both the 1993 and 2003 stra- WSS Business Strategy as well as in Bank strategies for energy, tegic papers documented the same three entry points as key environment, rural development, and irrigation and drain- elements for successful management of water resources. age. The Water Resources Management Sector Strategy Paper These strategies move toward an integrated approach that (World Bank 2003c) was instrumental in paving the way for focuses on both infrastructure development and manage- Bank re-engagement in infrastructure, and the process it set ment for water resources and water services. In recent years, in motion culminated in the Infrastructure Action Plan. the Bank's approach has also expanded to include regional As can be seen in table C.1, the objectives outlined in the vari- and subnational lending. ous strategic documents are highly consistent. For instance, The main messages of the 2003 strategy have a strong focus poverty alleviation and promotion of private sector participa- on large infrastructure: tion objectives are found in every one of the strategic docu- ments reviewed. Furthermore, this Bank consensus on poverty · The management and development of water resources and private sector participation resonates with the objectives are central to sustainable growth and poverty reduction. of the broader development community (notably the Dublin · Being an effective partner requires attention to both Principles--see box C.2--and the Millennium Development management and development of infrastructure--nei- Goals), and thus reflects the views of the Bank's authorizing ther alone will solve all problems. environment. Aside from the coherence in certain messages across the board, a number of documents address different · Takeapragmaticapproachtointegratedwaterresources priorities based on their main focus, and the importance of a management. given theme for the Bank's more focused development agenda. · Supportcountriesindevelopingandmaintaining"ap- The matrix shows that, even though the Bank receives strate- propriate stocks of well-performing hydraulic infra- gic guidance from a number of documents, it is nevertheless structure and in mobilizing public and private financ- following broadly accepted water management goals. Appendix C | 7 box C.1 bank STRaTegy anD InTegRaTeD WaTeR ReSoURCeS ManageMenT The Bank's 2003 strategy acknowledged the central importance of water resources management to the mission of the Bank . A main message of the strategy emphasized that the Bank needed to continue its efforts toward integrated water resources management (IWRM) . IWRM calls for integration of actions that affect drinking water and sanitation supply, agriculture, irrigation, hydropower and other energy production, and maintenance of environmental water flows to protect habitats and sustain groundwater sup- plies . Under IWRM, the results of water management programs are monitored to permit ongoing adjustments to strategies and practices . IWRM leads toward the recognition that water policy is bound together with government policies on security, economic development and food production, public health, and other essential governance missions . According to the 2003 strategy, IWRM is not to be treated in a utilitarian manner: "The main management challenge is not a vision of integrated water resources management but a `pragmatic but principled' approach that respects principles of efficiency, equity and sustainability while recognizing that water resources management is intensely political and that reform requires the articulation of prioritized, sequenced, practical and patient interventions ." Hence, IWRM was to be considered not for its own sake but as an adjunct to development . Source: World Bank (2003c) . The main message from table C.1 is that there is a notable egies described and implemented through the 2003 strategy. interconnectedness among the various strategic documents They thoroughly analyze countries' economic, environmen- on nearly every subject. The review shows that many of tal, and resource constraints with regard to water. They aim the individual strategic objectives in the guiding docu- to bring the finance and planning ministries into the water ments were closely related. For instance, the 2003 Water dialogue, reveal countries' problems, and guide the Bank/ Resources Sector Strategy objective to "assist countries in borrower dialogue. Ten of these are in the Bank's systems as developing and maintaining appropriate stocks of well-per- having been approved by the Board for countries with seri- forming hydraulic infrastructure and in mobilizing public ous water problems and where there is a demand for Bank and private financing, while meeting environmental and engagement (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, social standards," is consistent not only with objectives in Pakistan, Philippines, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the Republic the development of hydraulic infrastructure, but also with of Yemen). The Country Water Resources Assistance Strate- promotion of private sector involvement and improvement gies describe how the Bank can and will help improve water of the environment. resources management in a given country, and they are linked upward to the Bank's CASs and Poverty Reduction Strategy Connections with Other Strategic Influences Papers (PRSPs),1 and downward to investment, bringing co- herence to the Bank's support for water across the resource Country Water Resource Strategies and service spectrum. They complement and help to shape The Bank has developed Country Water Resources Assistance the CASs and PRSPs. Each seeks to respond to country-spe- Strategies in selected countries. These are free-standing strat- cific challenges and priorities. box C.2 DUblIn PRInCIPleS Principle No . 1 - Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development, and the environment . Principle No . 2 - Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels . Principle No . 3 - Women play a central part in the provision, management, and safeguarding of water . Principle No . 4 - Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good . Source: International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, Ireland, on 26 to 31 January 1992 . The Dublin Statement on Water and Sus- tainable Development . 8 | Water and Development Table C.1 Coverage of Water Resources Management objectives by World bank Strategic Documents number 1992 1993 WRM 2001 2003 WR 2003 2003 WSS Water management documents Dublin Policy environment Sector Infrastructure business objective covering Principles Paper Strategy Strategy action Plan Strategy MDgs Alleviate poverty 7/7 X X X X X X X Promote private sector participation 7 X X X X X X X Encourage women to participate in water resources management 5 X X X X X Restore ecosystems (wetlands, swamps, coastal zones, marinas, estuaries) 5 X X X X X Support basin-level institutions 5 X X X X X Enhance stakeholder participation 5 X X X X X Employ demand management practices (promote incentives to water conservation and establish "polluter-pays" principle) 5 X X X X X Strengthen policies and develop economic and sector work 5 X X X X X Improve water institutions 4 X X X X Coordinate water resources activities across sectors (cross-sectoral) 4 X X X X Support for international waterways 4 X X X X Promote improved water resources management 3 X X X Commit to environmental improvements 3 X X X Create effective monitoring and evaluation units to measure results 3 X X X Protect groundwater resources 3 X X X Develop hydraulic infrastructure (dams, hydropower) 2 X X Reduce natural disaster risks 2 X X Prepare high-risk/high-reward projects 2 X X Promote decentralization 2 X X Improve low-cost technologies 2 X X Address political economy of reforms 1 X Enhance donor coordination 1 X Develop water CASs 1 X Themes covered 13/23 16 13 15 6 11 7 Country Assistance Strategies dress rehabilitation, upgrading, and expansion of existing Insofar as the CASs2 reveal the Bank's strategic approach to irrigation and drainage systems, presumably because the water activities, it is commensurate with the scale of its bor- funds still have not been gathered to cover this expense. rowers' problems. However, critical issues such as ground- In the water resources management category, improved wa- water, wetland protection, coastal zone management, and ter resources management and watershed protection were water marketing have not figured in the list of the Bank's the most common activity in recent strategic documents top priorities in recent CASs. In contrast, the review found (see table C.2). In addition, the Bank urged client countries that community participation, stakeholder involvement, to seek further assistance in preventing natural disasters and beneficiary-related activities in water management (such as floods and droughts); this activity was highlighted were mentioned more frequently in recent CASs. as a core challenge in most recent CASs. Moreover, the anal- With respect to irrigation and drainage, the older CASs fo- ysis found that the more recent strategic documents do not cused on water charges (thus covering basic operation and prioritize water quality improvement activity as often as the maintenance costs), while recent strategic documents ad- earlier CASs did. The findings from water quality monitor- Appendix C | 9 Table C.2 CaS analysis--Critical Issues Have been left behind old focus of CaSs new focus of CaSs Urban/rural WSS services Urban/rural WSS services Water charges Reduction of unaccounted-for water Water quality improvement Decentralization of WSS services Groundwater Cost recovery (utilities) Coastal zone management Improving water resources management Water marketing Watershed protection Maintenance Natural disaster mitigation Community participation Stakeholder involvement Beneficiary-related activities Maintenance Source: IEG water database. ing and river and lake management issue work (produced Water Department, helps to integrate the various practices. for this evaluation) uncovered the same pattern of practice. It supports the Regions on strategy formulation and imple- mentation and serves as the secretariat of the sector board. Few CASs (10 percent) addressed water quality improve- As part of its work program, the Water Anchor is responsi- ment, even when a country highlighted poor water quality ble for Water Sector Strategy formulation, implementation, as an issue. To address water quality, behavioral change and and coordination. environmental restoration are needed, and these are diffi- cult topics, even when such activities are clearly the only Staff with a range of infrastructure specializations were way forward. folded into the massive Sustainable Development Network (SDN) within the SDN Vice Presidency. About half of the The Bank's Organizational Structure for Water Bank's water sector staff are employees of the independent Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). 3 The Water Sector Board is responsible for all freshwater ac- tivities. The Sector Board was formed in 2007 as part of a It is worth mentioning that other donors and nongovern- major Bank-wide restructuring of staff with similar profes- mental organizations (NGOs) visited during the prepara- sional backgrounds (groupings known in the Bank as net- tion of this report had Bank water publications close at works). Before 2007, there was a WSS Sector Board as well hand and demonstrated familiarity with their contents. as a separate and more informal Water Resources Manage- Water sector professionals in partner organizations were ment Group. knowledgeable about what is on the water Web site and commented that they often used the materials. The Bank's While the sector strategy calls for one water sector manager Water Week has become an event that draws participants per Region, this has not yet happened. The membership of from all over the world. In terms of knowledge manage- the board includes managers from the Regions, as well as ment, the Water Anchor's Web site receives 270,000 page representatives from other relevant corporate units. views per year,4 and in 2008 it published 28 titles for inter- The Water Anchor, a unit within the Energy, Transport, and national distribution. 10 | Water and Development Appendix D: Taxonomy of Water Activities in the Portfolio A. WATER SUPPLY B07 Public sanitation (for schools and the like) A01 Construction of new potable water systems B08 PSP involved in manufacturing latrines A02 Reservoirs (water resource mobilization) B09 Supply-driven approach to sanitation A03 Rural water supply and sanitation B10 Low-cost sanitation facilities A04 Urban water supply and sanitation (when further B11 Sanitation only detail not available) A05 New pipes C. SEWERAGE A06 Wells C01 New sewers (sewer system) A07 Boreholes C02 Water/wastewater treatment plants A08 Installation of hand pumps C03 Wastewater treatment A09 Pumping stations C04 Sewage treatment A10 Water transmission line C05 Solid waste collection A11 Kiosks C06 Sanitary landfills constructed A12 Rehabilitation of water systems C07 Rehabilitation of sewage or sanitation systems A13 Rehab water supply (when further detail not available) C08 Rehab sewers A14 Rehab wells, boreholes, or reservoirs C09 Maintenance of sewerage systems A15 Leakage detection C10 Connecting households A16 Water conservation C11 Expansion/augmentation of existing systems A17 Reduction of unaccounted for water C12 Installation of sewage flow meters A18 Springs C13 Establish submarine outfalls to discharge treated A19 Installation of pipes and household connections wastewater A20 Construction of water treatment facilities C14 Construction of sewage collection and treatment A21 Protection of the drinking water supply facilities A22 Expansion of existing water systems C15 Replacement of sewage pipelines A23 Installation of water filters for surface water, rain C16 Rehabilitation of existing wastewater treatment plant harvesting C17 Improvements in septic tank systems A24 Dam expansion or strengthening C18 Increased access to sewerage services A25 Rehabilitation of hand pumps A26 Private sector participation (PSP) involved in D. WATER QUALITY / POLLUTION MANAGEMENT rehabilitating community water systems D01 Control or treatment of polluted water A27 PSP involvement in WSS design D02 Closing facilities that pollute A28 Continuous water services improve D03 Water quality A29 Increased access to safe, potable water D04 Pollution abatement A30 Increase potable water supply / bulk water supply D05 Industrial pollution abatement A31 Water supply only D06 Monitoring ocean/coastal/wetland pollution A32 Both water supply and sanitation D07 Preventing ocean/coastal/wetland pollution D08 Treatment ocean/coastal/wetland pollution B. SANITATION D09 International transboundary protection ocean/coastal/ B01 Construction of new sanitary systems wetland pollution B02 New sanitation (when further detail not available) D10 Restoration ocean/coastal/wetland pollution B03 Provision of in-household installations D11 Control or treatment of leachate from solid waste sites B04 Household sanitation D12 Control or treatment of industrial runoff or wastewater B05 Latrines D13 Control or treatment of agricultural drainage water or B06 Installing water or sanitation in public facilities runoff Appendix D | 11 D14 Control of the quality of water provided to croplands E21 Use of monitoring for agriculture D15 Measuring or limiting use of fertilizers F. STORM AND FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE D16 Relocation of water-borne pollutants F01 Storm and flood control D17 Cleanup of marine oil spills F02 Construction of general drainage D18 Construction of road microcatchments to prevent F03 Construction of flood control erosion F04 Flood mitigation activities D19 Improved manure management practices F05 Construction of storm water drainage D20 Promotion of aqua-friendly agriculture F06 Drought mitigation D21 Reuse of treated water (except for agriculture) F07 Dredging D22 Dewatering F08 Lining of watercourses D23 Construction of sludge treatment or disposal facility F09 Construction of retaining walls D24 Roadside soil erosion prevention F10 Construction for flood prevention dikes D25 Promotion of cleaner industrial practices F11 Rehabilitation of existing drainage systems D26 Stabilization of waste ponds containing pollutants F12 Construction of new drainage systems or components D27 Invasive species control (hyacinths) F13 Desalting basin construction/improvements D28 Planting of forests F14 Prepared for or recovered from natural disasters D29 Water recycling in agriculture F15 Early warning system D30 Water recycling other uses, domestic uses (toilets, for F16 Flood control and drainage improvement example) F17 Check dams, flood and erosion control D31 Water recycling, industrial uses D32 Chemical treatment to control water-borne diseases G. ENERGY D33 Protection of the food supply G01 Water for energy D34 Decontaminating fruits and vegetables G02 New dam construction D35 Floating plants as indicator of water quality G03 Rehabilitate dams D36 Non-chemical alternatives for pest management G04 Dam safety D37 Prevent seawater intrusion into aquifer by constructing G05 Sediment control/removal from rivers a water barrier G06 Oil distribution/equipment acquisition D38 Salinity/waterlogging prevention and mitigation G07 Monitoring hydrocarbons in water D29 Eutrophication G08 Construction of combined heat and power generation/ D30 Reduce groundwater contamination steam facilities G09 Oil distribution/equipment acquisition E. IRRIGATION G10 Monitoring hydrocarbons in water E01 Water resource mobilization G11 Construction of combined heat and power generation/ E02 Irrigation steam facilities E03 Drainage for irrigation G12 Built or rehabilitated energy infrastructure E04 Water for agriculture G13 Large dam E05 Promotion of irrigation efficiency G14 Dam raising E06 Rehabilitation of irrigation schemes G15 New hydro E07 Use of tube wells to extract groundwater G16 Small hydro E08 Reuse of treated water for irrigation G17 Hydro rehabilitation/upgrade E09 Microcatchment system development /management G18 Run of river E10 Construction of small irrigation schemes G19 Expand existing hydro E11 Conversion of irrigation schemes, pump to gravity G20 Multipurpose dam E12 Hill dams construction for irrigation E13 Construction of pressurized irrigation H. LOCATION E14 Pumping station rehabilitation/expansion H01 Urban E15 Promotion of improved techniques for rain-fed farming H02 Rural E16 Built or rehabilitated irrigation infrastructure H03 Small town E17 Groundwater use for irrigation H04 Peri-urban areas E18 Improve efficiency of groundwater use for irrigation H05 Health centers E19 Dam / reservoir for irrigation H06 Schools E20 Supply and installation of sprinkler and drip irrigation H07 Coastal areas systems H08 River 12 | Water and Development H09 Catchment area J23 Hydrological assessment H10 Flood plains J24 Ecological flow assessment H11 Local J25 River basin study H12 Regional J26 Environmental flows discussed H13 National J27 Groundwater recharge H14 Transboundary J28 Reduce pressure on groundwater H15 Ministries J29 Informal environmental flow assessment H16 Local government J30 Environmental flow component H17 Basin J31 Environmental mitigation J32 Environmental protection assessment and I. BIODIVERSITY monitoring I01 Fisheries rehabilitation J33 Use of monitoring for water resources I02 Protection of coastal spawning grounds management I03 Promotion of dry land biodiversity to protect wetlands J34 Reversing natural resources degradation or water J35 Water transfers I04 Marine protected areas (MPAs) J36 Soil conservation research I05 Rehabilitation and management of coral reefs J37 Groundwater management I06 Protection of sea turtles J38 Runoff control I07 Rehabilitation and protection of mangroves J39 Improving the management of international I08 Management of coastal wetlands (Ramsar sites) waters I09 Biodiversity conservation and species protection J40 Basin modeling I10 Wetland restauration I11 Wetland protection K. PLANS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS I12 Fish studies K01 Development of plans, policies, and regulations I13 Nature reserve K02 Enforcement I14 Marshland management K03 Plans K04 Policy J. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (IWRM) K05 Water use rights J01 Watershed protection and management K06 Support for scientific and economic research/ studies J02 Environmental management for project preparation or to develop policies J03 Land use K07 Support for professional education J04 Erosion reduction or prevention K08 Master plan development J05 Natural resources management K09 Development of standards and methodologies J06 Water management technology K10 Definition of procedures and standards J07 Integrated water resources management (IWRM) K11 Development of monitoring methods J08 Water resources management K12 Hygiene education strategy of plan J09 Climate change K13 Law J10 Forest management/reforestation K14 Land registration J11 Rangeland K15 Land development and improvement J12 Nurseries K16 Water rights J13 Vegetative cover restoration J14 Agricultural pollution management mechanisms with L. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (REFORM, TECHNICAL manure, improved practices to prevent nitrates going ASSISTANCE, AND CAPACITY BUILDING) into waters L01 Private sector participation J15 Transboundary cooperation L02 Regional cooperation J16 Small earth dams construction L03 Institutional strengthening/capacity building J17 Improved soil management practices to prevent loss in L04 New institutions (+ oversight for private sector grasslands and biodiversity participation) J18 Coastal zone management L05 Studies J19 Management of catchment area L07 Equipment purchase J20 Environmental assessment L08 Operation and maintenance (O&M) J21 Environmental impact assessment L09 Decentralization of services J22 Environmental flow assessment (EFA) L10 Institutional reform Appendix D | 13 L11 Demand management M11 Imposition/planning of tariffs, fees, funds, cost L12 TA ­ Technical assistance and training recovery strategies, improved billing collection, L13 Project management and coordination financial management, financial planning, creation of L14 For project preparation (experts, best practices) revolving funds consulting services M12 Fees collected L15 For project management (monitoring equipment)/ M13 Risk to manage studies, to set up labs M14 Water marketing L16 Capacity building, training for government officials M15 Wastewater treatment and sewerage technology L17 Exploring possibilities for more private sector financed participation (PSP) in the future M16 Ex ante sensitivity analysis undertaken for wastewater L18 Local government has oversight role with PSP treatment plants (WWTPs) L19 Private sector development M17 Ex ante economic internal rate of return calculated for L20 PSP capacity building WWTPs L21 Preparing contracts and management models for PSP M18 Ex ante cost-benefit analysis undertaken for WWTPs L22 PSP provision of O&M M19 Ex ante financial rate of return for WWTPs calculated L23 Studies undertaken on PSP M20 Ex post sensitivity analysis undertaken for WWTPs L24 Local government involved PSP M21 Ex post economic internal rate of return calculated for L25 Central government involved in PSP WWTPs L26 Studies to evaluate health impact M22 Ex post cost-benefit analysis undertaken for WWTPs L27 Assessment of baseline hygiene behavior M23 Ex post financial rate of return for WWTPs calculated L28 Training of trainers M24 Sewerage tariff was increased to continue operation L29 International operator for urban water supply and M25 Water utility savings sanitation M25 Financial and policy incentives to promote conservation L30 Local operator for urban water supply and sanitation M26 Carbon finance L31 Number of staff in public utilities to be reduced M27 Land management incentives L32 Bidding documents prepared for PSP M28 Farm credits L33 Reformed water utility M29 Water tariffs increased L34 Created regional management process M30 Improved billing efficiency L35 Created or developed institutions, government and M31 Improved service increased beneficiaries' willingness non-government to pay L36 Decentralization M32 Stakeholder responsibilities for cost recovery L37 Transboundary diagnostic analysis (TDA) established L38 Transboundary environmental analysis M33 Full cost recovery (O&M and infrastructure) L39 Institutional development for groundwater M34 Cost recovery for O&M (infrastructure subsidized) L40 Institutional development for hydro M35 Cost recovery for infrastructure (O&M subsidized) L41 O&M for dams M36 Increase tariffs or charges L42 Technical assistance for dams M37 Establish tariffs or charges where there have been none L43 Dam studies before L43 Surveys M38 Reduce non-revenue water L44 Feasibility studies for sanitation subsidies M39 Cost recovery for irrigation L45 Interagency coordination M40 Payments for environmental services M. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT N. PUBLIC AWARENESS M01 Financial capacity building N01 Public awareness M02 Cost recovery N02 Hygiene education and training M03 Procurement N03 Educational campaigns M04 Water tariffs, pricing N04 Dissemination M05 Water meters N05 Health M06 (Financing) River basin agencies N06 Schools, education, environmental-related curriculum M07 Increase efficiency in water delivery N07 PSP in hygiene promotion M08 Financial reform N08 PSP in information dissemination M09 Subsidies N09 Safe water practices M10 Local credits/grants N10 Handwashing with soap 14 | Water and Development N11 Hygiene messages (communication strategy) P05 Poverty-targeted intervention prepared P06 Water user associations (farmers' groups) N12 Hygiene training materials prepared P07 Demand-driven approach to water development N13 Integrated approach (WSS plus hygiene in one project) P08 Employment creation N14 Behavior changes with respect to hygiene expected P09 Communities responsible for O&M N15 Safe excreata disposal P10 Community organizations responsible for WSS delivery N16 Health outcomes expected to improve P11 Created community-based infrastructure management N17 Mass media used for hygiene promotion process N18 Public consultations for PSP P12 Enhanced welfare of the local people N19 Environmental improvement through sanitation and P13 Social impact assessment, social assessment WWT P14 Demand-driven approach to sanitation N20 Public awareness regarding quality and quantity P15 Delegate O&M roles to beneficiaries O. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING Q. OTHER O01 Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Q01 Commercial development of water-related business O02 Information management Q02 Fisheries and aquaculture O03 Data collection Q03 Budget support O04 Management information system Q04 Ports rehabilitation O05 Groundwater monitoring quality of aquifer water Q05 Donor coordination / other donors involved O06 Groundwater monitoring aquifer depth Q06 NGOs / community-based organizations O07 Groundwater monitoring, preventing or studying Q07 Desalinization salinity Q08 International waters O08 Groundwater monitoring transboundary aquifers Q09 Support for fishermen O09 Geographic information systems, database (design, Q10 Commercialization (fish and seafood) data-entry, and use), environmental monitoring Q11 Support for disadvantaged stakeholders O10 Laboratory data/monitoring Q12 Roads and highways construction / rehabilitation O11 Other (monitoring specific activities) Q13 Rural roads/small-scale road construction/ O12 The project was supposed to monitor water quality improvements O13 Water quality data was collected Q14 River / water transportation O14 Data/parameters appropriate given nature Q15 PSP for spare-part distribution of objectives Q16 Public-private infrastructure facility involved O15 The project improved water quality Q17 PSP provision of goods and services O16 Monitoring continued (at least) until project closing Q18 Small and medium enterprise development O17 Monitoring sampling and analysis methods Q19 Social marketing used for hygiene promotion O10 PSP involved in monitoring Q20 Berth facilities O11 Monitoring for behavioral change with hygiene Q21 Improve navigation O12 Monitoring of marine species and coastal zone Q22 Improve land access to the port management Q23 Coastal/marine tourism O13 Water quality monitoring Q24 Bridge construction O14 Gauging stations Q25 Making water available for industrial uses O15 Environmental monitoring Q26 Transport Q27 Resettlement P. BENEFICIARY PARTICIPATION Q28 Develop beneficiaries' productive capacity P01 Participation by beneficiaries Q29 Improve living conditions P02 Community-driven development Q30 Fish marketing P03 Community or beneficiary participation Q32 Increased agricultural production and incomes P04 Gender (activities specific to women) Q33 Agricultural extension services Appendix D | 15 Appendix E: Highly Satisfactory and Highly Unsatisfactory Projects Of the 1,042 completed projects in the IEG water evalua- therefore encourage more widespread buy-in. Highly sat- tion database, 44 were rated highly satisfactory for outcome isfactory project design was completely fleshed out and (4.2 percent), and 17 were rated highly unsatisfactory (1.6 detailed by the time projects commenced disbursement, percent). and it was geared to create the correct environment for success and clear communications. Works to be execut- While highly satisfactory projects focused on the "software," ed first included those with high demonstration value to including institutional development, the environment, and sway opinions and garner support from the start. Project social issues, the highly unsatisfactory projects focused design often included long-term planning. primarily on what has generally been the Bank's strength-- building the "hardware," or infrastructure. In contrast, lessons from highly unsatisfactory projects indicate that those projects should have had things run- The projects were then analyzed to determine what success ning well before the project started--but did not. Many of factors and broad lessons they shared. While activities and these projects were behind from the beginning or ran into processes can vary greatly from project to project, some serious issues along the way. They should have been reap- overarching approaches that were common to the highly praised, but were not (8). Several suffered from a security satisfactory projects and lacking in the highly unsatisfac- collapse and conflict issues, which hampered supervision tory projects emerged. (5). A pilot could have helped to avoid the failure of one of Highly satisfactory projects emphasized getting things the projects, and another emphasized that the project team right at the start--41 lessons pointed to this. Project de- should have put effort into making things run smoothly be- fore project start. sign was obviously integral to this approach. It was im- portant to design a project that could speak for itself, and In 35 instances, highly satisfactory projects reported the gure 2.1 FIgURe e.1 activities in Highly Satisfactory Projects Software (ID approaches) 35 Hardware (Building Infrastructure) 22 Broad activity category Sustainability related 16 Community related 13 Technical assistance 5 Policy 5 Extending credit 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Percentage of activities in highly satisfactory projects Source: IEG water database. Note: ID = institutional development. 16 | Water and Development gure 2.1 FIgURe e.2 activities in Highly Unsatisfactory Projects Hardware 57 Software 22 Broad activity categories Technical assistance 14 Extending credit 5 Policy 1 Sustainability related 1 Community related 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage of activities in unsatisfactory projects Source: IEG water database. importance of involving stakeholders. This involvement nuity, and quick correction were missing. Projects lacked was broken down into several types of participation. For in- government and donor commitment before project start stance, stakeholder participation and community involve- (5), and communication among the various actors was in- ment were important enough to the success of the project sufficient (3). Making matters worse, staff did not act fast to be singled out in 17 cases. Two projects mentioned that enough to correct issues, respond to new circumstances, or it was important to offer participation training where skills mitigate the effects of external shocks (5).1 These difficul- were taught. Active local government and private sector ties were aggravated by a staffing discontinuity issue in two participation were also noted as important. Participation, projects and lack of incentives for straightforward supervi- as it relates to ownership, was critical to the success of the sion reporting (1). highly satisfactory projects. The participation of an interna- Looking at highly satisfactory projects from the Regional tional panel of experts was mentioned in three projects as perspective, the East Asia and Pacific Region had the high- having a significant effect. est percentage of its projects performing at this level. Elev- Highly satisfactory projects possessed a high degree of en of those projects were in China, a top performer. The clarity--clear objectives, clear communication, clear de- Middle East and North Africa Region projects had an inter- sign, and clear procurement procedures (10). Clear ob- esting performance profile, with both the second-highest jectives were used to continually focus implementation percentage of highly satisfactory projects and the highest efforts. Excellent communication among participants and percentage of highly unsatisfactory projects. The Latin clearly defined roles resulted in faster implementation. The America and Caribbean and South Asia Regions shared the continuity of staff members working on these projects was status of having the lowest percentages of highly satisfac- important to their success (5 projects). Responding rapidly tory projects. to problems as they arose was credited for project success After the Middle East and North Africa, the Region with the in 7 of the projects. Other factors included flexibility (3); second-largest percentage of highly unsatisfactory projects simple procurement (1); and effective, decentralized, su- was South Asia. The Region with the lowest percentage of pervision (1). highly unsatisfactory projects was Europe and Central Asia. In 18 instances the lessons from highly unsatisfactory proj- Among countries, China had the highest number of highly ects indicated that commitment, communication, conti- satisfactory water projects, and Brazil the second highest. Appendix E | 17 gure 2.1 FIgURe e.3 Regional Distribution of Highly Satisfactory and Highly Unsatisfactory Projects 8 7 6 5 Percent of rated projects 4 3 2 1 0 East Asia Middle East Europe & Africa Latin America South & Pacific & North Central Asia & the Asia Africa Caribbean Region Percent highly satisfactory Percent highly unsatisfactory Source: IEG water database. This is to be expected, given the overall strong performance factory projects (hydropower and dams) and no highly un- of those two countries in the Bank portfolio as a whole. satisfactory projects. Four WSS projects were rated highly More surprising, however, is that Senegal and The Republic satisfactory. of Yemen are listed next. The Rural and the WSS Sector Boards oversaw the largest The Rural Sector Board oversaw the largest number of the number of the highly unsatisfactory projects, WSS stands highly satisfactory projects (13). These are primarily irriga- out as one of the two sector boards with the most highly tion and drainage projects. The Energy and Mining Sector unsatisfactory projects, and as having fewer highly satisfac- Board recorded the next-highest total, with 7 highly satis- tory projects than four of the other sector boards. 18 | Water and Development Appendix F: Water in Country Assistance Strategies To obtain this information, the study reviewed all avail- Table F.1 The Three Main Water Priorities of able country strategy documents approved by the Board Country assistance Strategies between fiscal years 1997 and 2009. This universe consists of 294 Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) or Country number of CaSs/CPSs that discuss Partnership Strategies (CPSs) from 122 countries. For the Priority this activity purpose of this report, only the CASs for 40 countries (98 Water supply and sanitation 55 documents) were analyzed in detail to get an overall sense Irrigation and drainage 29 of activities. The selection criteria were as follows: Of the 40 Comprehensive water management 36 countries reviewed, 20 countries were selected from a list Source: World Bank country strategy documents. of "highly water-stressed" countries (representing the top 20 highly water-stressed countries), and the remaining 20 countries were chosen from a list of "least water-stressed" This is at least partly because countries are concerned with countries (representing the least water-stressed countries, achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), FAO AQUASTAT ). Some countries had only one CAS dur- which set targets for water supply and sanitation (WSS). ing the period studied, some had two, a few had three, and The next most commonly occurring activity was compre- two had four. hensive water resources management, found in 36 CASs. The review cataloged the water-related activities the coun- This likely reflects the 2003 World Bank Water Resources try strategy papers committed the Bank to pursue.1 The Strategy, which calls for countries to adopt an integrated activities fell under three broad headings: (1) water supply water resources management approach. Twenty-nine stra- and sanitation, (2) irrigation and drainage, and (3) compre- tegic documents call for the improvement of irrigation and hensive water resources management. The analysis found drainage infrastructure. that of the 98 CASs from 40 countries, 55 assigned top pri- Figure F.1 compares the activities called for in the ear- ority to water supply and sanitation services (see table F.1). liest and the latest CASs. In the 20 highly water-stressed gure 2.1 FIgURe F.1 WSS in Highly Water-Stressed Countries Increase urban/rural WSS services Improve utilities' cost recovery Improve system maintenance Promote PSP in WSS sector Policy and regulatory framework Improve wastewater treatment plants Reduce unaccounted-for water Decentralization of WSS services 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number of initial CASs Number of latest CASs Number of initial CASs Number of latest CASs Source: World Bank country assistance strategy documents. Appendix F | 19 countries, under the WSS heading, 8 countries prioritize In addition, reducing the level of unaccounted-for water increasing the coverage of urban/rural WSS services in through installation and expansion of water metering systems their earliest CAS. The most recent CAS documents, how- is often mentioned in the recent CASs, along with decentral- ever, show a 50 percent increase in the pursuit of this goal. ization of WSS services. Although these two activities were Twelve countries discussed the lack of basic services and mentioned in the earlier documents, they did not appear as planned to address this issue in the work guided by the stra- often, and thus were not prioritized as highly. Table F.2 com- tegic documents. pares the highest priority activities in the subject CASs. Table F.2 The 2003 Strategy Focuses on Class 2 Challenges Strategy does not focus on Class 1 Challenges Instead, it focuses on Class 2 Challenges Water quality Water resources management and development Major interventions--dams, interbasin transfers Improvement of catchment quality Improvement of utility performance Poverty-targeted water services Water conservation Management and infrastructure, combined Groundwater management IWRM and political constraints Efficiency, equity, and sustainability Watershed management Respond to climate change--build dams, canals, dikes, and interbasin transfer schemes that meet environmental and social standards Institutional reform Build dams/hydropower Use a more effective business model Tailor to country circumstances Be consistent with the CAS 20 | Water and Development Appendix G: Environmental Health Environmental health risks include hazards related to pov- With respect to environmental health improvements, sew- erty and lack of infrastructure, such as water-related dis- erage projects are often not meeting appraisal expectations. eases caused by inadequate water supply and sanitation and Most projects intend to achieve critically important envi- respiratory diseases caused by poor indoor air quality. But ronmental impacts, which makes it striking that ex post they also include modern hazards, such as urban air pollu- evaluations too often report suboptimal results: tion and exposure to agro-industrial chemicals and waste. · Theamountofinfrastructurebuiltorrepairediscom- About 80 percent of illnesses in developing countries are monly less than what was planned at appraisal. water-related. Millions are blinded, disabled, or malnour- ished because of water-borne illness or pollutants. Cholera, · The numbers of beneficiaries served have consistently typhoid, Guinea-worm disease, dengue fever, river blind- been less than promised. ness, polio, malaria, and diarrhea are all directly or indi- · Andmostsewerageprojectsdidnotdelivertheintend- rectly associated with water, and often affect the poor dis- ed service to the targeted population, and wastewater proportionately. treatment often did not improve downstream water Recognition of the potential contribution of water supply quality. and sanitation (WSS) to health outcomes in the Bank's WSS sector dates back to the 1993 strategy for water resources, Hygiene Education although the concept appeared in project documents much The MDGs aim to cut in half the number of households earlier. The strategy emphasized the potential health benefits without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation of clean water supply and better hygiene, with an emphasis and to reduce child mortality by two-thirds. These two on their role in reducing the incidence of diarrheal diseases. goals are interrelated: clean water and access to sanitation It also advocated public health education, particularly on are critical to containing the spread of infectious diseases the safe handling of water, to change hygiene behaviors and (Jalan and Ravallion 2003, among others). For instance, improve health outcomes, particularly among the poor. diarrhea (see box G.1) is a water-borne disease with huge The 2003 sector strategy included health objectives and pri- impacts on children. orities similar to those of the water strategy issued 10 years With respect to the relationship between better sanitation earlier. The strategy acknowledged the critical relationship and hygiene and improved health outcomes, a 2008 IEG between better sanitation and hygiene and improved health background paper (IEG 2008d) that reviewed the evidence outcomes, noting that gaining health benefits from WSS in- from impact evaluations on water and health found over- vestments depends on a "three-pronged strategy: (i) access whelming evidence that hand washing, sanitation, and to sufficient quantities of water; (ii) sanitary disposal of ex- household and point-of-use water treatment can improve creta; and (iii) sound hygiene practices." Improving health health outcomes. In the current IEG water evaluation, 26 outcomes is recognized as one of five "cross-cutting opera- projects focused on hand washing with soap. In addition tional, policy, and institutional priorities," requiring both to national hand washing campaigns, programs focused on investment in WSS infrastructure and behavior change. schools, health centers, and individual households. As with The creation of the Sanitation, Hygiene, and Wastewater other hygiene practices, ensuring that hand washing facili- Advisory Service (SWAT) in 2004 and the hiring of a health ties and soap are available at an affordable price is a precon- specialist for the WSS program in 2005 are evidence of the dition for hand washing campaigns to be effective. heightened commitment to improving health outcomes in Few impact evaluations reviewed by the IEG 2008 discussion the 2003 strategy (Overbey 2008). paper focused on sanitation interventions. But of the seven IEG identified health-relevant projects--largely water sup- that did, six (86 percent) show positive impact on health ply, sanitation, and sewerage projects--and looked at the outcomes, and the Fewtrell and others (2005) meta-study activities that were actually carried out, including training (based on two cases) shows that an overall positive effect and outreach, and what could be learned about the results is created by installing latrines. Three studies--Walker and and effectiveness of that work. others (1999), Root (2001), and Moraes and others(2003)-- Appendix G | 21 box g.1 DIaRRHea, a MajoR kIlleR Diarrhea claims the lives of 1 .8 million children under the age of five each year (UNDP 2006) . Diarrheal diseases remain among the top five preventable killers of children under five in developing countries; in many, it is one of the top two (Keutsch and others 2006) . According to the World Health Organization, poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and inadequate hygiene account for approximately 90 percent of childhood diarrhea (WHO 2004) . The incidence of diarrhea is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and among children below the age of five, with incidence rates peaking in infants between 6 and 11 months . There is, however, a strong correlation between the unhygienic conditions of poor households and communities and the fre- quency and severity of diarrheal episodes . Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructure and behavior change activities have been shown to improve health outcomes, particularly the incidence of diarrheal and other water-related dis- eases in developing countries (WHO 2004) . Sources: Keutsch and others (2006); WHO (2004) . find reductions in diarrhea incidence of over 60 percent in sanitation, hygiene, and health became more common after areas that have built sanitation systems. 2000, following the World Water Forum and the adoption of the MDGs. The positive impacts of sanitation interventions are greater when spillover effects--that is, their environmental health About 15 percent of the 637 water supply projects in the benefits--are considered. One impact evaluation that does water portfolio were found to include hygiene education. so is Root's (2001) analysis of latrines in Zimbabwe. House- Sanitation projects, in contrast, do a much better job of rou- holds without latrines had lower diarrhea rates if their tinely promoting hygiene--41 percent of the 181 projects neighbors had a latrine than if they did not. with sanitation activities included hygiene education. To integrate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education, Recent estimates suggest that easily achievable improve- projects have to break down institutional silos and bring ments in water, sanitation, and hygiene could reduce the together staff from different disciplines. In addition, water total burden of disease in Africa and Southeast Asia by 4­5 professionals need to team up with health educators and percent.1 Still, the health benefits of the World Bank's WSS those involved in social marketing. With the establishment investments remain obscure. While half of the 117 WSS of a single sector board, some staff claim that their links to projects evaluated for the 2009 IEG health evaluation cited other sectors such as health, nutrition, and population and potential health benefits and 89 percent financed infrastruc- human development have suffered. ture that plausibly could have improved health, only 1 in 10 had an objective to improve health. Projects approved more Looking at what worked in hygiene education reveals that, recently (fiscal 2002­06) are even less likely to have been jus- first, hygiene education has to be coordinated with the pro- tified by health benefits, to have explicit health objectives, or vision of physical infrastructure to be effective. Training to plan to collect health indicators. And only 14 water proj- and awareness activities have little impact when water is ects included health benefits in their economic analysis. provided at a later date. The evaluation team analyzed 132 hygiene projects and found that roughly half (63 projects) Hygiene education is important, since providing safe water implemented water supply, sanitation, and hygiene activi- and sanitation alone is never enough to ensure health ben- ties together in one project. efits. Unless beneficiaries understand health and hygiene With respect to what worked and what did not in hygiene behavior they will not reap the health benefits of having education, conducting ex-ante assessments to determine cleaner water in their environment. In addition, there is no preproject hygiene behaviors and social and cultural norms point in constructing sanitation facilities that will not be is critical to increasing the effectiveness of hygiene educa- used (the evaluation found ample instances of such cases): tion messages (see box G.2). Targeting women and children beneficiaries need to change their behavior and actually use proved to be particularly effective in promoting better hy- the facilities. giene practices. Finally, in more recent projects, the use of Looking specifically at hygiene education in the context mass media, such as radio, television programs, and street of water projects and water-related behavior reveals that, theater, allowed hygiene messages to reach a large audience at the beginning of the period studied, Bank projects did and reinforced messages over time, an approach that may little about it (IEG 2002). Initiatives specifically related to hold promise for the future. 22 | Water and Development box g.2 SUCCeSS FaCToRS In HygIene eDUCaTIon: SoMe PRojeCT exaMPleS In the Ghana Community Water and Sanitation Project, completed in 2001, hygiene education was front-loaded into the pro- cess of mobilizing and training communities to manage their water supply and sanitation facilities to ensure that the health aspects of water and sanitation were captured as fully as possible . The 2002 Second Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in India is being implemented as a social marketing program by developing and disseminating information, education, and communication materials . The materials will be of two types: interpersonal, such as brochures, flip charts, manuals, stickers, and the like, and mass media materials . The latter will be in three categories: folk program campaigns, wall paintings/posters, audio cassettes disseminated chiefly through radio and audio/video spots/movies, to be disseminated chiefly through television . Source: IEG water database . When project activities required the coordination of min- work so that the necessary coordination among different istries (notably those responsible for water, health, and ministries actually favors the effective implementation of education), it proved a major challenge (see table G.1). For hygiene education along with the installation of water and that reason, in complex projects, providing technical as- sanitation facilities. In this respect, sustainability is par- sistance to the ministries dealing with hygiene education ticularly dependent on the involvement of the ministry (be they water, health, or education) may help to encour- of health, which is the only grouping with a mandate to age lasting institutional reform. Special attention needs to continue to support hygiene activities once the civil works be given to projects with a complex institutional frame- are completed. Table g.1 Communities Receiving Hygiene education beneficiaries Completed projects ongoing projects Hygiene promotion addresses women and children 18 17 Hygiene promotion addresses schools 17 16 Hygiene promotion addresses the poorest households 1 11 Health centers addressed 1 5 Source: IEG water database. Note: Total number of projects in the hygiene portfolio: 132. Total number of projects for which communities were identified: 27 for completed projects and 29 for ongoing projects. Table g.2 activities in Hygiene education Projects activity Completed projects ongoing projects Hygiene education and training provided 58 42 Hygiene messages and communication strategies developed 12 17 Hygiene training materials developed 10 15 Hand washing with soap promoted 13 13 Equipment for hygiene promotion purchased 2 0 Mass media involved for dissemination 1 17 Hygiene promotion undertaken 0 32 Strategic hygiene campaign organized 0 17 Source: IEG water database. Note: Total number of projects: 132. Appendix G | 23 Table g.3 Partners Providing Hygiene education actors Completed projects ongoing projects Communities participate in hygiene promotion 23 17 NGOs involved in hygiene promotion 8 12 Other donors involved in hygiene promotion 7 7 PSP promotes hygiene practices 3 13 WUAs involved in hygiene promotion 0 9 Source: IEG water database. Note: Total number of projects: 132. Table g.4 Difficulties with Coordinating Hygiene education activities Project ID Country Project year approval fiscal year P000297 Burkina Faso BF-Urb Env (fiscal 1995) 1995 P049924 Ecuador EC Rural Water Supply & Sanitation 2001 P010369 India Maharashtra Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation 1991 P040566 Morocco Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project 1998 P041303 Morocco Emergency Drought Recovery 1996 P010478 Pakistan NWFP- Community Infrastructure Project 1996 P010366 Pakistan Rural Water Project 1991 P004561 Philippines First Water Supply, Sewerage & Sanitation Sector Project 1990 P008867 Turkmenistan Water Supply & Sanitation Project 1997 P002981 Uganda Northern Uganda Social Action Fund 1992 24 | Water and Development Coordinating hygiene education activities Regarding the school sanitation component, the hygiene education component to be financed by the European Union did not materialize and this hampered the consolidation of the outcomes in schools . Insufficient attention was given by water boards and users to water quality . In many systems, proper disinfection procedure was not followed, resulting in insufficient chlorine residuals in the network . In a few cases, a poor choice of surface water source (prone to contamination or high in turbidity) results in high costs of disinfection . There was no assessment of water sources, or planning/budgeting for protection of water sources in the majority of projects assessed . The project could not deliver fully satisfactory development results because of institutional and financial shortcomings . In retrospect, two main shortcomings were identified in project's design . First, the project did not include any formal coordination mechanism and/or specific budget allocation to enable the Ministry of Health (MOH) to carry out the activities under its responsibilities (control of water quality and sanitary conditions of water points, and hygiene education) . Second, the fact that the sanitation component was entirely financed by beneficiaries and rural communes made monitoring difficult . Coordination between the water utility ONEP and the Ministry of Health was missing . Due to the emergency nature of the project, sensitization and hygiene education of the beneficiaries was cut short and could affect the sustainability of public fountains . Difficulties with coordinating sanitation and hygiene education . Sanitation was limited to health and hygiene education . Neither the "incentives for on-plot sanitation" nor pretreatment ponds, envisioned in the Staff Appraisal Report, were implemented due to change in government policy of providing household grants . Sanitation and hygiene education components were cancelled because of a lack of coordination between the Public Health Engineering Department and social organizers . Educational materials were distributed to support the sanitary and hygienic use of latrines . Many of these materials, although fully distributed to the Regional Departments of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) by Department of Health, were often subject to long delays in redistribution to the intended end users (primary schools), which would have diminished somewhat the benefits of the facilities, and in particular could have had some effect on the number of observed toilets that failed due to improper sanitation practices . The broad design of the project to cover both urban and rural water supply, in addition to water quality, sanitation, health and hygiene components, made it difficult to coordinate activities between the multiple institutions responsible for each of these sub-sectors in Turkmenistan . Unsatisfactory NGO performance impeded the health and hygiene education activities . While NGOs certified the completion of successful boreholes, the health and hygiene education was only partially completed . Appendix G | 25 Appendix H: Dams and Hydropower Hydropower Projects Performed Particularly Well gure 2.1 FIgURe H.1 Projects Involving Hydropower Were Rated Higher than non-Hydro Dam Projects 120 100 97 84 Percent satisfactory 80 71 73 60 57 47 Hydro projects (dedicated and non-dedicated) 40 Non-hydro projects (dedicated and non-dedicated) 20 0 IEG outcome IEG IEG sustainability institutional development Source: IEG water database. Multipurpose Hydropower Projects Address Several Water-Related Sectors Jointly The Water Sector Board sees "new" hydro as demanding The dams/hydro portfolio contains 100 hydropower projects more sophisticated integration across disciplines; water representing $11 billion in loans/grants at the project, com- uses; broader energy and water resources opportunities; ponent, and activity levels. Fifty-seven of these are multipur- stakeholders (local and international); and lending, reform, pose hydropower projects, the ratings for which are on aver- and capacity building (Saghir 2004). The "new" emphasis age better than those for the non-multipurpose hydropower involves more projects that address both water supply and projects. This seems to be the direction the sector is heading, energy security. These multipurpose hydro projects, in ad- given that the number of dedicated multipurpose hydropow- dition to delivering electric power, also serve other water er projects approved per year has been increasing (see figure resource uses such as irrigation, flood protection, or water H.3). Regardless of average outcome ratings, the choice of the supply for people or industry. best type of hydro-project is of course context specific. 26 | Water and Development gure 2.1 FIgURe H.2 Multipurpose versus non-Multipurpose Dam/Hydro Projects 25 Number of dam/hydro projects 20 15 10 5 0 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Year Sum of multipurpose Sum of non-multipurpose Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FIgURe H.3 The number of Dedicated Multipurpose Projects Has Increased over Time 12 10 Number of projects 8 6 4 2 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Dedicated multipurpose Dedicated non-multipurpose Source: IEG water database. Appendix H | 27 Table H.1 number of large Dams Completed during Study Period Project ID Country Project name approval year Project status P006036 Argentina Yacyreta II 1993 Closed P035728 Brazil State of Bahia Water Resources Management 1998 Closed P000310 Burkina Faso Engineering Credit 1993 Closed P000457 Central African Republic Energy 1989 Closed P003493 China Inland Waterways 1995 Closed P003492 China Daguangba-Hainan 1992 Closed P003506 China Ertan Hydroelectric Project 1992 Closed P003507 China Ertan II Hydroelectric Project 1996 Closed P003526 China Shuikou Hydroelectric Project II 1993 Closed P003562 China Xiaolangdi Multipurpose 1994 Closed P003596 China Yangtze Basin Water Resources 1995 Closed P003616 China CN-Tianhuangping Hydroelectric Project 1993 Closed P034081 China Xiaolangdi Multipurpose II 1997 Closed P046563 China Second Tarim Basin 1998 Closed P046564 China CN - Gansu & Inner Mongolia Poverty Red . 1999 Closed 1999 P049665 China CN-Anning Valley Agric . Development 1999 Closed 1999 P056424 China CN-Tongbai Pumped Storage 2000 Closed 1999 P056199 China CN-3rd Inland Waterways 2001 Closed 2001 P008365 Cyprus Southern Conveyor II 1988 Closed P000736 Ethiopia ET-Energy 2 (fiscal 1998) 1998 Closed P000771 Ethiopia ET-Soc Rehab & Dev Fund (fiscal 1996) 1996 Closed P009869 India Nathpa Jhakri Power Project 1989 Closed P009898 India Upper Krishna Phase 1989 Closed P003910 Indonesia Sumatera & Kalimantan Power 1994 Closed P001340 Kenya 3rd Nairobi Water Supply 1990 Closed P001396 Lesotho Highland WTR .I 1992 Closed P001409 Lesotho LS-Hiland Water IB (fiscal 1998) 1998 Closed P001642 Malawi Infrastructure I 1990 Closed P001662 Malawi MW Power V 1992 Closed P001667 Malawi MW-National Water Development (BD 1995 Closed fiscal 1995) P007609 Mexico Hydroelectric Development 1989 Closed P002428 Sierra Leone SL-Urban Water Supply 1995 Closed P002756 Tanzania TZ-Power VI 1993 Closed P009019 Turkey Berke Hydro Plant 1992 Closed P004834 Vietnam Irrigation Rehabilitation Project 1995 Closed 28 | Water and Development new dam large dam Total amount (US$ millions) Yacyreta dam . The project completed an earth dam about 65 kilometers long with a uniform elevation above sea level of 86 meters, and a maximum height of 42 meters (1996) 1 300 Ponto Novo and Pindobaçu 2 51 Ziga dam 1 4 .2 M'Bali river storage dam 1 18 Guigang dam, Dayuandu dam 2 210 A 56-meter high, 719-meter long concrete gravity dam 1 67 240 meters 1 380 244 meters 1 400 101 meters 1 100 154 meters 1 460 128-meter RCC gravity dam 1 552 72-meter, earth rockfill 1 300 154-meter rockfill dam 1 430 18 meters 1 150 Construction of a new dam 1 160 93-meter rockfill dam 1 120 68 .3-meter dam 1 320 15-meter-high dam 1 100 Kouris Dam and the Akhna dam 2 30 Rock fill dam with a maximum height of 41 meters 1 200 Tebi Dam in Amhara 1 120 60-meter gravity dam 1 485 Earth fill dam, 40 meters, plus another at 29 meters 1 325 18 .3 meters (9 meters above river bed), run of river hydro 1 261 Thika dam supplying Neirobi, 63 meters rolled earthfill 1 64 .8 182-meter-high concrete arch dam; 55-meter-high concrete gravity 1 110 arch dam, other infrastructure facilities 145-meter rockfill dam and hydro plant 1 45 Raise one 4 .5 meter sand, build one 20 meters high 1 28 .8 Kapichira dam (55 meters high) 1 55 The Zomba dam --a 47-meter-high rockfill dam 1 79 .2 The Aguamilpa Hydroelectric Project: concrete faced rock-filled dam, 1 460 187 meters high, 675 meters wide 70 meters 1 36 25 meters; referred to as 35 meters in another section of the 1 200 Staff Appraisal Report Construction of arch dam with height of 201 meters 1 270 18 .7 meters 1 100 Appendix H | 29 Table H.2 number of large Dams in ongoing Water Portfolio Project ID Country Project name approval year Project status P068049 China CN-Hubei Hydropower Dev in Poor Areas 2002 Active 2002 P068058 China CN-Yixing Pumped Storage Project 2003 Active 2003 P077137 China 4TH Inland Waterways Project of Guangxi 2004 Active P085333 China 5TH Inland Waterways 2006 Active P076445 Lao PDR LA-Nam Theun 2 Power Project 2005 Active 2005 P086801 Sierra Leone SL-Bumbuna Env . and Social SIL (fiscal 2005) 2005 Active 2005 P086903 Sierra Leone SL-Bumbuna Hydro Guarantee (GU) (fiscal 2005) 2005 Active P087154 Tanzania TZ-Water Sector Support SIL 2007 Active 2007 P089659 Uganda Private Power Generation (Bujagali) 2007 Active P064981 Yemen, Rep . RY-Sana'a Basin Water Mgmnt Project 2003 Active 2003 Source: IEG water database. Table H.3 approvals of Major Hydropower-Related Infrastructure in US$ (2003­08) from the 2009 Publication Directions in Hydropower Total amount year Region (country) Project (US$ millions) 2003 East Asia & Pacific (China) Yixing Pumped Storage 145 2004 Europe & Central Asia (Turkey) Turkey Renewable Energy Project 202 2004 East Asia & Pacific (China) Fourth Inland Waterways 91 2005 East Asia & Pacific (Lao PDR) Nam Theun 2 270 2005 Europe & Central Asia (Ukraine) Hydropower Rehabilitation 106 2006 Africa (Regional) Felou 75 2006 East Asia & Pacific (China) Fifth Inland Waterways 100 2007 Africa (Congo, Dem . Rep .) Inga Rehabilitation 297 2008 South Asia (India) Rampur 400 2008 Africa (Regional) Niger 186 2008 East Asia & Pacific (Philippines) Magat Privatization 105 Sources: World Bank data; World Bank (2009). 30 | Water and Development new dam large dam Total amount (US$ millions) 3 dams: 39-meter concrete gravity dam; a single purmose concrete gravity dam, 65- meters; multi-purpose concrete arch dam . 85 meters 1 105 75 meters, 35 meters, raise height of another 1 145 2 dams: 20 meters 1 91 18 meters 1 100 48-meter concrete gravity dam 1 42 88 -meter-high rockfill dam 1 12 .5 Yes, guarantee for 88-meter dam 1 38 Doesn't say . Over 15 meters though . 1 200 30-meter clay core rockfill dam 1 115 5 dams: 18-meter rockfill, 16- meter rockfill, 8-meter rockfill, 8-meter earthfill, and 3-meter cascade 1 24 Projects (Dedicated) gure 2.1 FIgURe H.4 Dedicated Projects Deal with a Variety of Subjects--new Hydro and new Dams are the Most Frequent (n = 69) New hydro New dams Large dams Hydro rehab Dam safety Run of the river Institutional development Dam rehab Environmental mitigation Small hydro Technical assistance Irrigation and drainage Studies Flood/erosion control Dam raising Expand existing hydro Saw/policies Operation and maintenance Water supply and sanitation 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Number of projects Source: IEG water database. Appendix H | 31 Component-Level Projects (Non-Dedicated) gure 2.1 FIgURe H.5 Projects with Dam activities only at the Component level (n = 46) New dams Dam rehab New hydro Large dams Small hydro Dam safety Run of the river Hydro rehab Institutional development Irrigation and drainage Transportation Flood/erosion control Studies Community-driven development Dam raising Technical assistance Env. mitigation Expand exist. hydro Water supply and sanitation Operation and maintenance 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Number of component-level projects Source: IEG water database. Note: Overlaps exist between categories. Building New versus Rehabilitation Figure H.6 Projects building new Dams/Hydro Many dams face gradual deterioration caused by lack of Perform better Than Those with maintenance. Moreover, many dams are shut down because Dam/Hydro Rehab of salinity, sedimentation, and other problems. Almost a third (66) of the 211 dam/hydro projects include the rehabilitation 80 Percent satisfactory, dedicated and non-dedicated of dams, hydro, or both (37, dam only; 24, hydro only; and 70 5, hydro and dam). Dam improvements can involve replace- ment of gates on outlet structures, excavation to make slopes 60 more stable at critical locations, better instrumentation, re- 50 combined (P/C) pair of slope protection, and other activities. 40 Part of the hydropower business plan includes "growing the rehabilitation side of the business (e.g., undertaking rehab 30 projects while scoping new projects)" as an area for empha- sis. However, projects building new hydro (47) or dam (77) 20 infrastructure rated higher than projects involving rehabili- 10 tation.1 Looking just at projects with dam/hydro rehab at the component or project level, 18 are closed and rated, and 0 Rehabilitation New 56 percent of these were rated satisfactory. By comparison, Source: IEG water database. 36 projects involved the building of new dams/hydro, and 75 percent were rated satisfactory. 32 | Water and Development Appendix I: Experience with Private Sector Involvement in the WSS Sector Evidence from project self-evaluation reports and IEG Proj- Figure I.1 Private Sector Involvement in Water ect Performance Assessments reveals that since 1997, 46 of by Sector board 70 projects that intended to facilitate private sector par- ticipation implemented private sector arrangements and 24 Other did not. Among the 24 projects, Turkey and República Boli- variana de Venezuela terminated the contracts prematurely. In República Bolivariana de Venezuela, political matters led Environment Water Supply to the termination. In Turkey, the contract was abbreviated Public Sector and because the operator did not reach the agreed targets for Governance Sanitation reducing unaccounted-for water. Seven countries (Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tunisia, and Uganda), Urban Development cancelled only one or two out of several contracts. In six countries (Guinea, Jordan, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Trini- dad and Tobago, and West Bank and Gaza), private com- Rural Sector panies managed water supply and/or sanitation efficiently Source: IEG water database. for several years. However, when the contract was up for renewal, the government was reluctant or contractors were not ready to continue to work in a conflict-affected region. private sector. Among them, about half (70 projects) ad- Water management reverted back to the public utility. The dress WSS (figure I.1). IEG water database contains 147 projects that involve the box I.1 FoRMS oF PRIVaTe InVolVeMenT In bank-FInanCeD PRojeCTS With the idea of making a lasting impact on water utility reform in developing countries, the Bank, in conjunction with IFC, developed a set of different forms of engagement with the private sector in the form of concession, lease, and management contracts . While more contract types are described in the Bank's 2006 toolkit,a four different contract types with varying mo- dalities of private sector involvement can be identified:b · Twenty-to30-yearconcessioncontractswheretheoperatorrunsthebusinessandfinancesinvestments,butdoesnot finance the infrastructure asset (concession contracts were prepared for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, the Do- minican Republic, Indonesia, Morocco, Paraguay, the Philippines, and Romania, with the Latin American Region being the most active, see figure) · Leasecontracts,whereaprivateoperatorrunsthebusiness,retainsrevenuefromcustomertariffs,paysaleasefeetothe contracting authority, but does not finance investments in infrastructure assets (for example, Armenia, Guinea, Madagascar, Mozambique, the Philippines, Senegal, Turkey, and the Republic of Yemen) · Performance-basedmanagementcontractsin28projects(thiscontractformwasmostcommonlyusedbytheBankandits borrowers) . Under this contract type, the operator supplies management services to the utility in return for a fee · Localcontractorsmostlyinlowpopulation-densityareasprovidinggoodsandservicestocommunitieswillingtoimprove water and sanitation in their villages (Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Malawi, the Philippines, and Rwanda) . (Box continues on the following page.) Appendix I | 33 box I.1 FoRMS oF PRIVaTe InVolVeMenT In bank-FInanCeD PRojeCTS (continued) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AFR ECA EAP MNA LAC SAR Region Concession Lease Management Small contractor Note: AFR = Africa; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; SAR = South Asia . Sources: IEG issues research: private sector participation in urban WSS . a . Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility & World Bank, 2006 . b . In practice, countries often used a combination of these types to make contract fit their specific needs . Table I.1 Concession Contracts Project ID Country name approval fiscal year P003868 Indonesia Second Jabotabek Urban Development Project 1990 P004611 Philippines Manila Second Sewerage Project 1996 P005435 Morocco Fifth Water Supply Project 1994 P059510 Dominican Republic Wastewater Disposal in Tourist Centers Projects 2000 34 | Water and Development What happens in terms of PSP Reported PSP-relevant results 30-year concession contract awarded to two Piped water supply increased from about 28 percent of the population to about international operators . 50 percent . Water production increased, reducing intermittent supply . Staff productivity roughly doubled . A tariff increase of roughly 35 percent approved on March 29, 2001, should improve the working ratios of the two operators . 25-year concession contract awarded to Total population served: 1,389,000 (East ­ Manila Water Company, Inc . (MWCI) international operator . operator: 768,000; West ­ Maynilad Water Services, Inc . (MWSI) operator: 621,000); MWCI shows strong performance, with the percentage of sewerage connections rising from 8 percent in 1997 to 15 .7 percent in 2005 . MWSI's performance was more modest in relative terms . Although the data suggest that MWSI was not able to develop its sewer/sanitation service in pace with its water service, it did increase the number of people with access to sewer/sanitation service . 30-year concession contract awarded to A total of 61,234 social connections have been constructed, to be compared with international operator . the initial target of 47,770 forecast at appraisal . A 20-year concession contract has been prepared . N/A Five international operators have been interested . However, no contract has been awarded because changes in government diminished support for PSP . (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix I | 35 Table I.1 Concession Contracts (continued) Project ID Country name approval fiscal year P005977 Argentina Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Project 1991 P007926 Paraguay Asuncion Sewerage Project 1995 P008778 Romania Bucharest Water Supply Project 1997 P008319 Bulgaria Water Companies Restructuring & 1994 Modernization Project P005945 Argentina Water Supply Project 1986 P003648 China Second Shanghai Sewerage Project 1996 P006368 Brazil Water Sector Modernization Project 1992 P006172 Bolivia Major Cities Water Supply & Sewerage 1991 Rehabilitation Project P003586 China Shanghai Environment Project 1994 Source: IEG water database. Note: N/A = not available. 36 | Water and Development Concession contract outputs and outcome Long-term (mostly 30-year) concession contracts The number of water supply connections has increased by 67 percent, from 476 to for Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Formosa, 797 connections per `000 . The number of sewerage connections increased by Misiones, and La Rioja were awarded to 58 percent, from 252 to 398 connections per `000 . By project closing, more than international and local contractors . 60 percent (nearly 70 percent, if we include cooperatives) of Argentina's urban population were being served by private operators . Concession contract was prepared, but Congress N/A suspended a law allowing private sector participation in water in 2000 . 25-year concession contract awarded to a joint Consumer complaints about water quality decreased by 20 percent from 5 .64/day venture of national and international contractors . in 1997 to 4 .52/day in 1999 . Water supply availability increased from 12 to close to 24 hours a day in most areas of the city . Unaccounted-for water decreased from 45 percent to 35 percent . Two concession contracts prepared for Shumen N/A and Varna . Neither one was completed because of the less than satisfactory quality of the relevant documents and incomplete understanding of the related risks and benefits . Long-term concession arrangement with Financial performance of the concessioned utilities in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and international operator for Buenos Aires, the Cordoba shows a significant improvement . Water tariffs were initially reduced as a province of Santa Fe, and Cordoba . consequence of privatization, while the concessionaires have increased the billing and collection rates . Concession contracts negotiated for Shanghai N/A in parallel to this project . 30-year concession contract awarded to an Implementation seemed successful, but results were not documented in Bank international contractor . Contract was prepared documents . in parallel to the project . 30-year concession contract for La Paz . Water supply coverage over the period 1988­99 increased in La Paz and Santa A cooperative arrangement for Santa Cruz Cruz, while in Cochabamba it declined . Overall, however, 416,200 people obtained whereby the cooperative is owned by its assured water supplies, while the Pampahasi-Ovejuyo pipeline created a supply customers . Contract cancellation in Cochabamba . link for another 192,000 in the southern zone of La Paz . Thus, La Paz's household water connections rose from 75 to 92 percent . Santa Cruz did even better, with household connections increasing from 70 to 94 percent . Conversely, Cochabamba's households connected to water fell from 70 to 60 percent, and only 47,520 of the 300,000 new connections planned were achieved . While water supply availability at about 4 hours a day remained unreliable in Cochabamba, the 24 hours a day service in Santa Cruz was maintained, and in La Paz availability increased from about 19 to 22 .5 hours a day . Concessions or ownership arrangements in both Implementation seemed successful, but results were not documented in World the water and wastewater sectors in Shanghai Bank documents . was developed as well as a non-state-owned Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) operation for Zhuyuan wastewater treatment . Appendix I | 37 Table I.2 lease Contracts Project ID Country name approval fiscal year P035805 Armenia Municipal Development Project 1998 P002346 Senegal Water Sector Project 1995 P001564 Madagascar Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Pilot 1998 P001075 Guinea Third Water Supply and Sanitation 1997 P001044 Guinea Water Supply Project 1989 P009093 Turkey Antalya Water Supply & Sanitation Project 1995 P039015 Mozambique National Water Development I Project 1998 P039022 Philippines Local Government Unites Urban Water 1999 & Sanitation Project Phase I P005907 Yemen, Rep . Sana'a Water Supply & Sanitation Project 1999 Source: IEG water database. Note: N/A = not available. 38 | Water and Development lease contract outputs and outcomes A four-year lease contract was awarded to a Meters were installed, fees collected, and tariffs increased . In addition, the number national private operator . In addition, an of subscribers with continuous water supply has increased from about 28 percent investment fund was established . to about 50 percent . Furthermore, water production and quality have increased . and the sewerage system was improved . 10-year lease contract was awarded to an Meters were installed, fees collected, and tariffs increased . The private operator international operator . also installed 80,896 new connections, rehabilitated 22,079 pipes, and renewed 53,331 connections . The quality and continuity of services has considerably improved, with few interruptions in the water supply . In addition, between 1996 and 2003, water production increased by 18 percent, from 264,000 m3/day to 312,000 m3/day, and unaccounted-for water decreased from 31 .5 percent in 1996 to 20 percent in 2003 . Lease contracts prepared and awarded to 18 Fees were collected, but no meters were installed . A tariff study was undertaken to private local operators for 24 small towns . assess willingness to pay . More water supply systems than originally planned were built, and about 400,000 people (compared to 280,000 targeted at appraisal) have gained access to safe water through the construction of 627 boreholes equipped with hand pumps and 320 gravity schemes . Renegotiation of the lease / afermage contract Revenue collection from private customers decreased from US$5 .8 million in 1998 for the water supply company was planned, but to US$1 .7 million in 2005 . In addition, there was a tariff freeze until 2005, and tariffs contract renegotiation failed . actually declined in real terms . However, an estimated one million people benefited from the sludge treatment facilities . More than 200,000 people are now connected to the sewerage network in the Kaloum area, the most densely populated of Conakry . 10-year lease contract was awarded to a foreign Collection efficiency from private customers rose to a peak of 75 percent in 1990 (French) investor-manager . but declined later due to the high tariff level . In addition, billing was revamped and computerized in an impressively short time span of less than six months . The number of connections in Conakry grew from 12,000 in 1988 to over 23,000 in 1996, and corresponding coverage grew from 40 percent to approximately 60 percent . A water treatment plant of 38,000 m3 was installed instead of a plant of 40,000 m3 . However, at project closing, only 11,000 of a projected 15,000 connections could be installed, partly because the network was not long enough to reach so many additional customers . 10-year operating contract with a zero lease fee All connections were metered . Collections rose from annual US$9 million in 1995 was signed . The contract was awarded to a national to US$33 million as a result of higher sales and roughly doubled tariffs . In addition, operator in a joint venture with a French operator . the total number of water customers rose by 23 percent, from 205,000 to 253,000 National operator ENKA sold its shares to between 1996 and 2003 . For water supply, the share of residential households Lyonnaise des Eaux shortly after start . connected to the public water supply rose from an estimated 95 percent at the time of appraisal to 100 percent from 1995 onward . Sewerage demand was also met at least cost . In addition, annual water production rose by 12 percent, from 64 million m3 in 1996 to 71 million m3 in 2003 . Water quality improved . Private local lease contracts for Maputo and Institutional developments have introduced new, innovative and more efficient management contracts for Beira, Quelimane, urban water service provision regimes through the engagement of the private Nampula, and Pemba . sector, which has reduced the burden on public spending while greatly improving the extent and level of services . The rural water supply component has increased sustainable access by constructing 130 water points through which 62,000 people have been served . Small piped systems using small-scale providers have increased service to 108,000 people . Design-build-lease contracts prepared . However, N/A none of the water systems actually went into commercial operation by a private sector operator . The private sector lost interest due to the risk of N/A low revenues and the uncertain policy environment . Lease contract for Sana'a Local Water Supply and Sanitation Services Corporation was prepared . Unfortunately, none of the prequalified bidders submitted an offer . Appendix I | 39 Table I.3 Performance-based Management Contract approval Project ID Country name fiscal year P004974 Algeria Water Supply & Sewerage Rehabilitation Project 1994 P070365 Kosovo Pilot Water Supply Project - TF 2001 P064008 Nigeria Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation 2000 Program Pilot Project P037006 Trinidad and Tobago Water Sector Institutional Strengthening Project 1995 P002428 Sierra Leone Urban Water Supply Project 1995 P005731 Tunisia Greater Tunis Sewerage & Reuse Project 1997 P007257 Guyana Water Supply Technical Assistance & 1994 Rehabilitation Project P008224 Venezuela, R .B . de Water & Sewerage Decentralization Project 1996 in the State of Monagas P043367 Yemen, Rep . Taiz Water Supply Pilot Project 1997 P040505 West Bank and Gaza Water & Sanitation Services Project in Gaza 1997 P006894 Colombia Santa Fe I Water Supply and Sewerage 1996 Rehabilitation Project 40 | Water and Development Performance-based management contract outputs and outcomes Performance-based management contract Meters were installed, but tariffs remained low and fee collection did not improve . awarded to an international (French) private The water and sewerage system was rehabilitated and water quality improved . operator . Leaks were detected and partially repaired . Performance-based management contract with Water meters were installed to 86 percent . A tariff increase was achieved late in the fixed management fee and with additional project . The installed meters lowered water consumption and thus revenues for performance incentive, compensation based on the private operator . Water connections remained short of targets at 69 percent . an agreed set of indicators and targets, was However, water quality and continuity improved . awarded to an international (German) contractor . An independent reviewer (IR) was used to verify the achievements of the indicators . Management contract awarded to Nigerian and Contracts were signed for 16 instead of a planned 12 small towns . Meters were international contractors ranging from local installed, fees collected, and tariffs increased . Access to water and sewerage artisans to multinational companies . increased . 3-year management contract awarded to an Efficiency increased through metering, fee collection, and a tariff increase . Water international (British) operator . connections increased by 14 percentage points from 300 to 343 per `000 . Water production increased by 30 percent, but was less continuously available . Freetown City Council has contracted out the Seven sanitary facilities were completed . Thirteen rehabilitated sanitary facilities management of public toilets, including cleaning were provided to a low-income area with high population density in addition to and collection of user fees, to the private sector, five market centers spanning Greater Freetown . These now have improved with monitoring done by the community . environmental sanitation, hygiene education, and facility management . Fee collection was modest and interrupted by the civil war . Build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts awarded At the end of 2004, the operator's total number of customers in Tunisia reached to private companies . 1 .25 million, surpassing the figure of 0 .99 million targeted for the end of 2005 . The project's sewerage component has connected 40,640 new customers in Greater Tunis . A population of about 192,000 people have thus benefited from improved level of service and reduced urban pollution in their neighborhoods . Performance-based management contract More than 170,000 people received safe water as a result of these interventions, based on international competition awarded for raising the percentage of the population with access to treated water from 36 five years in October 2002 to an international percent in 2001 to 45 percent in 2003; 3,484 new service connections were operator . implemented in 2003 . 4-year management contract . Meters were installed, the collection rate improved from 29 percent in 1996 to 48 percent in 2000, and tariffs were maintained throughout project implementation . Leakage was reduced as well as unaccounted for water, and the average number of service hours per day increased from 11 to 21 . In addition, 100 percent of water was chlorinated . Management contract was not awarded . N/A 4-year management contract was awarded 22,000 meters were repaired and 40,000 meters were installed . By the end of the to an international operator; plus an investment project, system efficiency was reported to be at 66 percent, compared to an fund was set up . The incentive fee for the private estimate of 50 percent at appraisal . The operator replaced 26,800 service operator was calculated by an independent auditor . connections, chlorinated water, and increased water production from a level of 70 liters per capita per day (lcd) in 1996 to about 100 lcd by 2000 . However, following the outbreak of renewed hostilities in October 2000, this improving trend was no longer sustainable, and at the end of the project, per capita usage declined to around 80 lcd . 20-year BOT contract with a private firm for Meters were installed, fees collected and tariffs increased . Water and sewerage rehabilitating, operating, and maintaining the services were provided to about 2 million additional inhabitants in the period Tibito system . In addition, five contracts were 1996­2003 . 100 percent of the population living in formal settlements of the city signed with three firms to improve customer was covered . 348,000 water connections were installed . In addition, 393,000 sewer services . connections were installed, covering 90 percent of the population . Water production increased, but water sales decreased because of higher costs . Water quality and continuity improved and unaccounted-for water decreased from 184 million m3 in 1996 to 167 million m3 in 2003 . (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix I | 41 Table I.3 Performance-based Management Contract (continued) approval Project ID Country name fiscal year P005680 Tunisia Water Supply & Sewerage Project 1995 P064064 Zambia Mine Township Services Project 2000 P051564 West Bank and Gaza Southern Area Water & Sanitation 1999 Improvement Project P000217 Burundi Water Supply Sector Project 1992 P066491 Albania Water Supply Urgent Rehabilitation Project 2000 P000901 Ghana Water Sector Rehabilitation Project 1989 P006540 Brazil Minas Gerais Water Quality & Pollution Control 1993 P009065 Turkey Bursa Water & Sanitation Project 1993 P006836 Colombia Water Supply & Sewerage Sector Project 1988 P004169 Korea, Rep . Kwangju & Seoul Sewerage Project 1993 P009482 Bangladesh Fourth Dhaka Water Supply 1997 P008595 Poland Bielsko-Biala Water & Wastewater Project 1996 P004830 Vietnam Water Supply Project 1997 P006646 Chile Second Valparaiso Water Supply & 1991 Sewerage Project P003637 China National Rural Water Supply Project 1997 42 | Water and Development Performance-based management contract outputs and outcomes Management contract signed . Meters were installed, fees collected, and tariffs increased . Water supply connections increased, serving 7,760,000 people . Newly installed sewerage connections cover 84,000 people . In addition, 280 kilometers of sewerage network were constructed . Water production has increased and is more continuous . Unaccounted-for water has reached 20 percent, making the operator's performance one of the best in the region . 4-year performance based management contract Some meters were installed . Billings rose by 54 percent from 2001 . The collection awarded to an international private operator (PO) . ratio increased from about 55 percent to 82 percent and, coupled with reduced costs, resulted in a substantial improvement of the agency's operating income . Water connections increased, and previously dilapidated and bypassed wastewater treatment plants were rehabilitated to full operation . Over 95 percent of solid waste is being collected and disposed of, contributing to environmental mitigation by ending direct discharge of sewerage into the rivers . Constancy of supply increased from an average of 13 .5 hours/day to about 17 hours/day, and unaccounted-for water was substantially reduced from an estimated level of 58 percent to 26 percent . Performance-based management contract was not N/A renewed because no bidders submitted bids . Security was an issue at the time . The project area was occupied by Israeli troupes . A management assistance program in partnership N/A with a professional operator was prepared, but not implemented because of a coup d'état in 1993 . Private sector involvement was prepared, but not implemented . N/A Private sector involvement was prepared, but N/A not implemented . Construction of a wastewater treatment plant N/A under a BOT arrangement was prepared, but not signed . Private operator managed the waste collection and The private operator increased efficiency with respect to meter reading, billing, landfill operation services; meter reading, billing, and invoicing . The operating ratio declined from 89 percent in 1993 to 59 percent and invoicing . in 2000 . The targets for working ratio were achieved --working ratio declined from 87 percent in 1993 to 51 percent in 2000 . In addition, the project had substantial impact on reduction in unaccounted-for water in Bursa . Management contracts were signed for the cities Implementation seemed successful, but results were not documented in World of Cartagena and Barranquilla . Bank documents . Since 1998, a private operator has managed the Implementation seemed successful, but results were not documented in World water treatment plant in Kwangju city . Bank documents . Private sector involvement in the form of N/A contracting-out billing and collection was prepared, but not implemented . Management contract signed with an All wastewater was treated . Water became continuously available and water international contractor . quality was improved . Unaccounted-for water was reduced to 47 percent . Thu Duc Build-Own-Operate (BOO) Project in Implementation seemed successful, but results were not documented in World Ho Chi Minh City and the Song Da BOO Project in Bank documents . Hanoi were prepared . A private operator engaged for the San Antonio Implementation seemed successful, but results of the private operator were not area (Litoral Sul) . documented . Private sector involvement was prepared with a N/A grant from PPIAF and many township governments are considering management contracts or leasing out O&M to a third party . Several experiments are taking place . (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix I | 43 Table I.3 Performance-based Management Contract (continued) approval Project ID Country name fiscal year P003241 Zambia Urban Restructuring & Water Supply Project 1995 P048521 Jordan Amman Water & Sanitation 1999 Source: IEG water database. Note: N/A = not available. Table I.4 local Contractors Providing goods and Services approval Project ID Country name fiscal year P004561 Philippines Water Supply, Sewerage & Sanitation Project 1990 P000924 Ghana Community Water & Sanitation Project 1994 P050616 Ghana Community Water 2000 P002222 Rwanda Community Water & Sanitation Project 1987 P001667 Malawi MW-National Water Development 1995 (BD fiscal 1995) P000764 Ethiopia ET-Water Supply Dev & Rehab 1996 (BD fiscal 1996) 44 | Water and Development Performance-based management contract outputs and outcomes Management contract for the water and sanitation Implementation seemed successful, but results of the private operator were not systems used in addition to small contractors . documented . Performance-based management contract with The private management contract operator met or exceeded 12 of 15 performance 40 indicators was signed; plus an operations targets . The hours of water service were to be increased from one 8-hour period in investment fund established . However, after a week to 36 hours, and it was actually increased to 46 hours . The target for the project completion, the government decided to number of water and sewerage network repairs was only partially met, however . have WSS managed by a public utility . The project improved management of water and sanitation services . Operating and maintenance procedures were prepared, staff productivity was improved, an energy management plan was developed and implemented, power consumption was reduced by 18 percent by 2004, a customer service and public information program developed and implemented, unaccounted-for water was reduced by 25 percentage points from 54 percent in 1999 to 29 percent in 2004 . local contractors providing goods and services outputs and outcomes Small contracts with private well drillers and A total of 7,150 shallow well hand pumps, 1,900 deep well hand pumps, and manufacturers; in addition, local competitive 100 percent of plastic toilet bowls (650,000) were locally produced . Training was bidding was used to construct school wells . provided to increase water quality . Individual contracts with local operators . 320,000 rural inhabitants have access to new water points; 120,000 residents have improved water in 29 towns; 1,288 new water points were installed; and 2,610 conversions were completed . In addition, 29 small town systems were completed . Approximately 93 percent of the rural water facilities surveyed (all of which were at least two years old) are functioning adequately . With respect to sewerage, 6,000 household latrines have been constructed, serving about 36,000 people . Private sector activity at the district level was The project provided an estimated 794,900 people (representing about 6 percent significant, and over 300 contracts were issued to of the total rural population in Ghana) in 2,000 communities with safe water supply the private sector . and sanitation facilities . Local small and medium enterprises, private N/A engineering firms, and NGOs to be contracted . However, participation of the private sector encountered difficulties and hardships because of contract cancellations, nonpayment of claims by the government, and deteriorated security conditions in the project area . Over 50 percent of the project was carried out by Water production and sales increased . Unaccounted-for water decreased from local experts, artisans, consultants, suppliers, and 32 percent in 1999/2000 to 27 percent in 2003 . Tariffs were increased . contractors . Private contractors provided goods and services Partnerships between communities, the local private sector, and districts has been and participated in the management of water and developed and piloted in 109 communities . Forty-six community water systems sanitation systems . were rehabilitated . Eight districts developed and piloted sustainable rural water supply & sanitation management systems to support communities . Four regions developed an enhanced capacity to support sustainable rural water supply & sanitation management systems . Although hygiene promotion has been carried out in eight districts, improvements in sanitation and hygiene are limited . (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix I | 45 Table I.4 local Contractors Providing goods and Services (continued) approval Project ID Country name fiscal year P000121 Benin Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project 1994 P010418 India Karnataka Rural Water Supply & 1993 Environmental Sanitation Project Source: IEG water database. Note: N/A = not available. gure 2.1 FIgURe I.2 Water Projects with Private Sector Involvement by exit year (1997­2007) 12 10 Number of projects 8 6 4 2 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FIgURe I.3 among the obstacles to Private Sector Participation are Conflicts and the lack of Regulation 70 60 Percent of total number of projects in this category 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lack of Financial Change in Conflict PS loss Natual regulation crisis government of interest disaster Concession Lease Management Source: IEG water database. 46 | Water and Development local contractors providing goods and services outputs and outcomes Local private operators and artisans provided A total of 323 rural systems were completed; 120 rural systems were partially goods and services . completed; 162 water points were also completed . 296 school latrines and 285 rainwater systems were constructed . In addition, local artisans built 809 household latrines . 99 percent of systems have water available throughout the year . With respect to cost recovery, 65 percent communities practice "pay as you fetch," 94 percent have a bank account . Local private operators and artisans provided N/A goods and services . Private Sector Participation in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation gure 2.1 FIgURe I.4 The bank Has Made a long-Term Commitment to Foster PSP in Rural WSS in Some Countries Albania1 Albania 2 Colombia 1 Colombia 2 Colombia 3 Ecuador 1 Ecuador 2 Ethiopia 1 Ethiopia 2 Ghana 1 Ghana 2 Ghana 3 Guyana 1 Guyana 2 India 1 India 2 India 4 India 3 Malawi 1 Malawi 2 Mozambique 1 Mozambique 2 Paraguay 1 Paraguay 2 Rwanda 1 Rwanda 2 Sri Lanka 1 Sri Lanka 2 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year Note: Projects are mapped by approval fiscal year. Approval years before 1997 are not reflected in this figure, meaning that a project may have started in 1988, but is only shown in its final year of 1997, as is the case for Colombia 1, for example. Appendix I | 47 Table I.5 activities Undertaken During Project Implementation to Create enabling environment for Private Sector Participation activity number of projects Policy framework for private sector participation developed 19 Private sector capacity building in rural areas undertaken 12 Studies undertaken on private sector participation 12 Contracts and management models prepared for private sector involvement 8 Note: Total number of completed projects: 34. Table I.6 activities Undertaken by the Private Sector in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects Percentage of Percentage of Private sector activity completed projectsa ongoing projectsb Involved in new construction of WS systems 41 55 Involved in the provision of O&M 35 64 Provision of goods and services 21 50 Involved in the design of RWSS 15 32 Rehabilitates community water systems 12 9 Responsible for spare part distribution 12 23 Involved in toilet manufacturing 9 5 Involved in construction supervision 9 5 Involved in hygiene promotion 9 0 Involved in monitoring and data collection of rural WSS facilities/coverage 3 14 Supports community rural WSS management systems 3 18 Involved in information dissemination 0 5 Involved in water quality monitoring 0 9 To collect user fees 0 5 a. 34 completed projects. b. 22 ongoing projects. 48 | Water and Development box I.2 CoMPaRIng RURal WaTeR SUPPly anD SanITaTIon PRojeCTS WITH PRIVaTe SeCToR PaRTICIPaTIon WITH THe WHole RURal WaTeR SUPPly anD SanITaTIon PoRTFolIo Comparing rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) projects with private sector participation (PSP) with the whole RWSS portfolio reveals that Bank financing for ongoing private sector involvement in the Middle East and North Africa and East Asia and Pacific Regions is absent (see figure A) . A lack of private sector engagement does not mean that the Bank is not financing RWSS in those Regions (see figure B) . Rather, it means that the Bank is not supporting PSP in rural areas . In both Regions, PSP is fairly recent and started with providing WSS services to urban areas . According to a 2008 OECD study (Perard 2008), Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza have outsourced WSS services to the private sector only since the late 1990s . In these countries, between 10 and 40 percent of the population is served by the private sector, mostly in urban areas . In the East Asia and Pacific Region, the private sector also focused on urban areas in Vietnam, China, and the Philippines, and on build­operate-transfer (BOT) contracts for sewerage in China, for example . A. 25 20 Number of projects 15 10 5 0 AFR LAC EAP MNA SAR ECA Region Completed projects Ongoing projects B. 60 50 Number of projects 40 30 20 10 0 AFR LAC EAP MNA SAR ECA Region Completed rural WSS projects Ongoing rural WSS projects Source: IEG water database . Note: Figure A: total number of projects: 56 (34 completed, 22 ongoing); figure B: total number of projects: 218 (115 completed, 103 ongoing) . AFR = Africa; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; SAR = South Asia; ECA = Europe and Central Asia . Appendix I | 49 box I.2 leSSonS FRoM THe ColoMbIa SelF-eValUaTIon RePoRT ReFleCT UPon HoW To beTTeR engage THe PRIVaTe SeCToR In SMall MUnICIPalITIeS The predominant difficulty encountered by involving the private sector in rural areas is the problem of economies of scale . Water and sewerage companies in large and medium-size cities are attractive for the private sector . It is in smaller cities-- remote, with no technical or managerial capacities, and where political interference is most prevalent--where the efforts to attract private participation need to be directed . A favorable environment should be developed for such cases . Lessons from a Colombia self-evaluation recommend the following: · Mergesmallneighboringutilitiestocreateregionalcompanies. · Increasecompetitionbyreducingthestringentrequirementsforpriorexperienceoftheprivatesector,andthusencourag- ing buildup of local capacity . · Provideconcessionalfinancingtermstosmallutilitiesthatincorporatetheprivatesector. · ProvidetechnicalassistanceinpreparingthePSPprocess. · Providetransparentsubsidiesfornonprofitableutilities. Source: Colombia - Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Project, closed fiscal 1997 (P006836) . 50 | Water and Development Appendix J: Supplemental Data This appendix contains supplemental charts and tabular data organized by chapter and subject. Chapter 2 Country Rankings Table J.1 Ranking of borrowing Countries, 1997­2007 Number of projects Country Water portfolio entire bank portfolio China 1 2 Brazil 2 1 India 3 3 Indonesia 4 5 Vietnam 5 7 Philippines 6 17 Tanzania 7 15 Mexico 8 6 Argentina 9 4 Uganda 10 21 Project Performance gure 2.1 FiguRe J.1 Outcome Ratings by Year 100 90 93 90 86 87 87 80 75 73 70 Percent satisfactory 60 62 63 58 50 44 40 30 20 10 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Water sector projects All study portfolio Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 51 gure 2.1 FiguRe J.2 Outcome Ratings for Water Projects Bank average Water focused by objective Water Sector Board 71 71.5 72 72.5 73 73.5 74 74.5 75 75.5 76 Percent satisfactory Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.3 Sustainability and institutional Development in Water Projects, exit Years 1997­2007 75 70 65 60 Percent 55 50 45 40 35 Sustainability Institutional development (% likely) impact (% substantial) Water sector projects Water-focused by objective Bank average Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.4 Regional Outcome Ratings for entire Water Portfolio 100 93 79 79 80 Percent satisfactory 72 70 68 60 40 20 0 Europe & East Asia Latin America Middle East South Africa Central Asia & Pacific & the & North Asia Caribbean Africa Region Source: IEG water database. 52 | Water and Development gure 2.1 FiguRe J.5 bank and borrower Performance in Water Projects, exit Years 1997­2007 100 77.8 77.6 74.6 73.2 Percent satisfactory 80 60 40 20 0 Bank performance Borrower performance All water projects Bank-wide Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.6 Ratings of Focal areas in Water-Dedicated Projects Show Significant Variability Urban water supply Urban sanitation and sewerage Rural sanitation and sewerage Wastewater treatment Watershed management Fisheries Hydropower/dams Rural water supply Rivers and lakes Irrigation Groundwater Coastal zones Floods Inland waterways, ports 60 70 80 90 100 Percent satisfactory Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 53 gure 2.1 FiguRe J.7 Outcome by Region 100 93 90 88 79 79 80 70 72 70 70 71 68 Percent satisfactory 63 60 40 20 0 Africa East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East South & Pacific Central Asia & the & North Asia Caribbean Africa Region All water portfolio Water dedicated by objective Source: IEG water database. Table J.2 Subsets of Water Projects Categorized by Focal area and Ratings Total Number rated: Percent Number rated: Percent Number of commitment all water satisfactory: water- satisfactory: Portfolio projects (uS$ millions) portfolio all water portfolio dedicated water-dedicated Water and land Irrigation 311 26,490 213 77.7 96 77.1 Groundwater 229 20,508 146 80.1 90 78.9 Hydropower/dams 211 21,800 108 73.1 60 71.7 Floods 177 15,509 104 85.6 53 88.7 Water supply and sanitation Urban water supply 229 15,522 113 70.8 80 66.3 Rural water supply 218 13,871 113 76.1 47 72.3 Wastewater treatment 312 13,460 241 76.8 110 70.1 Urban sanitation and sewerage 190 15,609 94 72.3 66 68.2 Rural sanitation and sewerage 108 5,894 40 75 26 69.2 Environment Watershed management 218 13,100 110 75.5 40 70.2 Rivers and lakes 174 14,780 90 77.8 52 76.9 Coastal zones 121 4,660 84 80.9 41 85.4 Inland waterways, ports 104 7,632 43 81.4 14 92.8 Source: IEG water database. 54 | Water and Development Subportfolio Overlaps Table J.3 Top 20 larger Portfolio Comparisons with Two Overlaps Portfolios Number of projects Percent of first portfolioa Groundwater and water quality 179 77.16 WWT and water quality 312 76.10 Rivers/lakes and WRM 115 66.47 Rivers/lakes and water quality 114 65.90 WWT and urban 266 64.88 Groundwater and WRM 149 64.22 WRM and water quality 329 60.26 WWT and WSSS 241 58.78 WSSS and water quality 302 55.72 Urban and water quality 289 53.03 Watershed management and WRM 133 51.75 WSSS and urban 274 50.55 Urban and WSSS 274 50.28 Irrigation and WRM 155 49.84 Urban and WWT 266 48.81 Groundwater and WSSS 112 48.28 Watershed management and water quality 120 46.69 Water quality and WRM 329 45.44 Irrigation and water quality 139 44.69 WSSS and WWT 241 44.46 Note: WWT = wastewater treatment; WRM = water resources management; WSSS = water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. a. Percent of first portfolio is the percent of the first-listed portfolio--for example, in the first line, it would be the percent of the groundwater portfolio that also has water quality activities. Appendix J | 55 Table J.4 Top 20 Smaller Portfolio Comparisons with Two Overlaps Portfolios Number of projects Percent of first portfolioa Hydrometeorological monitoring and WRM 39 70.91 Environmental flow and WRM 26 66.67 Hygiene education and WSSS 88 66.67 Environmental flow and water quality 24 61.54 Environmental flow and dams/hydropower 24 61.54 Coastal zones and water quality 83 60.14 Hygiene education and water quality 79 59.85 Hydrometeorological monitoring and floods 28 50.91 Dams and WRM 99 47.83 Drought and WRM 92 47.42 Floods and WRM 91 46.67 Floods and water quality 90 46.15 Fisheries and water quality 40 45.98 Dams and water quality 95 45.89 Transport and water quality 47 45.19 Coastal zones and WRM 59 42.75 Fisheries and WRM 37 42.53 Hydrometeorological monitoring and rivers and lakes 23 41.82 Drought and irrigation 81 41.75 Drought and water quality 77 39.69 Note: WRM = water resources management; WSSS = water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. a. Percent of first portfolio is the percent of the first listed portfolio--for example, in the first line, it would be the percent of the hydrometeoro- logical portfolio that also has WRM activities. Table J.5 Top 20 Portfolio Comparisons with Three Overlaps Portfolios Number of projects Percent of first portfolioa Environmental flow and WRM and water quality 20 51.28 Hygiene education and WSSS and water quality 60 45.45 Rivers/lakes and WRM and water quality 83 47.98 WWT and urban and WSSS 177 43.17 Groundwater and water quality and WSSS 95 40.95 Environmental flow and WRM and dams 14 35.90 Environmental flow and water quality and dams 14 35.90 Hydrometeorological monitoring and WRM and floods 19 34.55 Hydrometeorological monitoring and WRM and rivers/lakes 19 34.55 Coastal zones and water quality and WRM 47 34.06 Rivers/lakes and water quality and WWT 57 32.95 Hydrometeorological monitoring and WRM and water quality 18 32.73 WSSS and urban and WWT 177 32.66 Urban and WSSS and WWT 177 32.48 Groundwater and WRM and irrigation 75 32.33 WWT and water quality and WRM 132 32.20 Rural PSP and water quality and WRM 18 32.14 Watershed management and water quality and WRM 82 31.91 Dams and WRM and water quality 65 31.40 Environmental flow and WRM and rivers/lakes 12 30.77 Note: WWT = wastewater treatment; WRM = water resources management; WSSS = water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. a. Percent of first portfolio is the percent of the first listed portfolio--for example, in the first line, it would be the percent of the environmental flow portfolio that also has WRM and water quality activities. 56 | Water and Development Table J.6 Top 10 Portfolio Comparisons with Four Overlaps Portfolios Number of projects Percent of first portfolioa Environmental flow and WRM and water quality and dams 11 28.21 Environmental flow and WRM and water quality and rivers/lakes 11 28.21 Environmental flow and WRM and water quality and WSSS 11 28.21 Groundwater and water quality and WRM and WSSS 58 25.00 Rivers/lakes and water quality and WWT and urban 40 23.12 Environmental flow and WRM and water quality and groundwater 9 23.08 Groundwater and water quality and WRM and irrigation 53 22.84 Rivers/lakes and WRM and water quality and WWT 39 22.54 Rivers/lakes and water quality and WSSS and WWT 39 22.54 Water quality and urban and WSS and WWT 158 22.00 Note: WWT = wastewater treatment; WRM = water resources management; WSSS = water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. a. Percent of first portfolio is the percent of the first listed portfolio--for example, in the first line, it would be the percent of the environmental flow portfolio that also has WRM, water quality, and dam activities. Table J.7 all Portfolio Comparisons with Five Overlaps Portfolios Number of projects Percent of first portfolioa WWT and water quality and WRM and urban and WSSS 80 19.51 WRM and water quality and urban and WSSS and WWT 80 14.65 Groundwater and water quality and WRM and WSSS and urban 33 14.22 Water quality and WRM and urban and WSS and WWT 80 11.05 Groundwater and water quality and WRM and WSSS and watershed management 15 6.47 Groundwater and water quality and WRM and WSSS and irrigation 14 6.03 Rivers/lakes and water quality and WWT and urban and floods 6 3.47 Rivers/lakes and water quality and WWT and urban and dams 5 2.89 WWT and WRM and urban and WSSS and irrigation 7 1.71 WRM and urban and WSSS and WWT and irrigation 7 1.28 Note: WWT = wastewater treatment; WRM = water resources management; WSSS = water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. a. Percent of first portfolio is the percent of the first listed portfolio--for example, in the first line, it would be the percent of the WWT portfolio that also has water quality, WRM, urban, and WSSS activities. Appendix J | 57 Table J.8 Total Net iFC Commitments for Water (uS$ `000) Subportfolios 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Animal aquaculture 5,500 2,900 3,000 - 11,400 Fishing 4,505 4,505 Large hydro 30,000 1,642 5,000 23,000 94,091 29,925 139,700 323,358 Water and wastewater utilities 7,147 20,000 31,195 77,325 75,404 80,418 16,408 307,897 Water transportation 24,803 373 27,490 21,760 15,750 15,000 105,176 Total 54,803 7,142 15,047 23,000 31,567 54,995 77,325 97,164 109,841 125,342 156,108 752,335 Source: IFC data. Table J.9 Total iFC Projects for Water Subportfolios 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Animal aquaculture 1 2 1 1 5 Fishing 1 1 Large hydro 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 11 Water and wastewater utilities 1 1 3 5 2 4 3 19 Water transportation 1 1 3 2 1 1 9 Total 2 2 4 2 4 6 5 4 3 8 5 45 Source: IFC data. Table J.10 Total iFC Projects for Water, by Region europe and latin america Middle east Regional analysis africa asia Central asia and the Caribbean and North africa Total Animal aquaculture 2 1 2 5 Fishing 1 1 Large hydro 1 4 1 5 11 Water and wastewater utilities 2 7 1 9 19 Water transportation 3 2 3 1 9 Total 6 15 4 19 1 45 Source: IFC data. 58 | Water and Development gure 2.1 FiguRe J.8 Water Poverty index and World bank per Capita Financing ­ all Countries 80 200 180 70 160 60 140 50 120 WPI 40 100 US$ per capita 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 ia iti er ea uti wi in ad da di la de ali so ne ho lic os ria da p. na ue al ia p. ire an co go ya he au ar ia va ria ia ia na sia ea ica m ia we ia sh on DR al lia ea an or on ay nd ka p. ey p. ica an ico ua an lic la ia an ia ras p. ius ia na us zil lic ry es an on via ria on lic ru nd sia de ize ia ica or a ay tia ile an na iop Ha NigEritrjibo ala Ben Chwanurun ngoVer M a FaLeoesot pubmor ige gann, ReGha biqeneg bod . Re'IvoJordoroc To Kenia, TBissgascnzan ldo lgeritanamb Chi uniGuin Afr etna Ind ab menlade eroao P NepngoGuin hut lvadbanraguPola Lano, ReTurkb RemakhstMex rag kist pubemamankisteorg du ic Reuritamibenti elar Bra pub ngappinkistGabBoli lga rati pub PeailaoneR.B. Bellomba Rcuad nam gu roa Ch nist uya D M - a o A Z i a a e t i n e u i e u Eth R B Aape rkin rra L Re Co N U me zam S CamDemte d M T th Vi mb Ar g am L u Buedez Re Th Ind la, Co Cost E Pa Ur C me G C Bu Sie can Ye Mo o, Cô mb ea ad Ta M Mau So Zi Ban C N E Moew B l Sa Le Pa Sr ong , Ara J aza Nic Pan R Gua Ro Taj G Hoslam Ma N Arg B ch R HPhil Uzb C pt K ca e ue rk fri ng GaGuin M ua ,I Cz n F rg y ez Tu E gy m ini Ir an sia Ky en lA Co Pap R us V ra Do nt Ce Water-poor countries Water-rich countries Water Poverty Index Bank water commitments per capita in U.S. dollars Source: WRI and IEG. Appendix J | 59 Table J.11 Country breakdown ­ Water Stress and economic Stress Water-poor and bank commitment Share of Water- poor and bank commitment Share of gNi per capita to water water gNi per capita to water water below uS$1,095 (uS$m) portfolio (%) above uS$1,095 (uS$m) portfolio (%) Angola 353 0.30 Algeria 1,244 1.05 Armenia 473 0.40 China 18,840 15.91 Bangladesh 1,482 1.25 Jordan 312 0.26 Benin 195 0.16 Morocco 1,467 1.24 Burkina Faso 579 0.49 South Africa 38 0.03 Burundi 319 0.27 Tunisia 854 0.72 Cambodia 282 0.24 Cameroon 283 0.24 Cape Verde 22 0.02 Central African Republic 36 0.03 Chad 236 0.20 Comoros 41 0.03 Congo, Dem. Rep. 841 0.71 Côte d'Ivoire 220 0.19 Djibouti 34 0.03 Eritrea 178 0.15 Ethiopia 56 0.05 Gambia, The 48 0.04 Ghana 657 0.55 Guinea 313 0.26 Guinea-Bissau 110 0.09 Haiti 16 0.01 India 13,993 11.82 Kenya 632 0.53 Lao PDR 187 0.16 Lesotho 179 0.15 Madagascar 988 0.83 Malawi 615 0.52 Mali 250 0.21 Mauritania 291 0.25 Moldova 120 0.10 Mozambique 808 0.68 Nepal 622 0.53 Niger 294 0.25 Nigeria 2,000 1.69 Rwanda 303 0.26 Senegal 601 0.51 Sierra Leone 232 0.20 Tanzania 2,204 1.86 Togo 27 0.02 Uganda 1,954 1.65 Vietnam 2,740 2.31 Yemen, Rep. 924 0.78 Zambia 412 0.35 Zimbabwe 340 0.29 TOTAL 37,490 32.03 22,755 19.44 Sources: WRI and World Bank IDA classification. Note: Total of shares do not equal 100 percent due to rounding and other than country-specific lending (that is, Africa, Caribbean, and so on). GNI = gross national income. 60 | Water and Development Water-rich and bank commitment Share of Water-rich and bank commitment Share of gNi per capita to water water gNi per capita to water water below uS$1,095 (uS$m) portfolio (%) above uS$1,095 (uS$m) portfolio (%) Bhutan 25 0.02 Argentina 3,199 2.70 Bolivia 385 0.33 Belarus 58 0.05 Congo, Dem. Rep. 135 0.11 Belize 53 0.04 Georgia 142 0.12 Brazil 7,153 6.04 Guyana 108 0.09 Bulgaria 519 0.44 Honduras 721 0.61 Chile 211 0.18 Kyrgyz Republic 173 0.15 Colombia 2,142 1.81 Mongolia 39 0.03 Costa Rica 84 0.07 Nicaragua 489 0.41 Croatia 397 0.34 Pakistan 3,931 3.32 Czech Republic 13 0.01 Papua New Guinea 65 0.05 Dominican Republic 252 0.21 Sri Lanka 984 0.83 Ecuador 566 0.48 Tajikistan 167 0.14 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,120 0.95 Uzbekistan 283 0.24 El Salvador 80 0.07 Gabon 78 0.07 Guatemala 141 0.12 Hungary 261 0.22 Indonesia 5,637 4.76 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1,339 1.13 Jamaica 199 0.17 Kazakhstan 363 0.31 Lebanon 571 0.48 Mauritius 67 0.06 Mexico 5,556 4.69 Namibia 12 0.01 Panama 166 0.14 Paraguay 284 0.24 Peru 1,064 0.90 Philippines 1,874 1.58 Poland 21,61 1.82 Romania 847 0.72 Russian Federation 2,984 2.52 Thailand 493 0.42 Turkey 2,211 1.87 Turkmenistan 30 0.03 Uruguay 548 0.46 Venezuela, R.B. de 28 0.02 7,647 6.53 2,761 36.54 Appendix J | 61 Chapter 3 Watershed Management Table J.12 area Covered by Watershed Management activities and People Served in 31 Closed livelihood-Focused Watershed Management Projects Project iD Country area covered People served Ratings P001967 Niger 234,000 hectares 566,000 people Satisfactory P006473 Brazil 400,000 hectares 106,000 farm families Highly satisfactory P049665 China 3,014 hectares 900,000 people Satisfactory orchard development P043868 Brazil 860,000 hectares 94,300 farmers Satisfactory P056216 China 35,7000 hectares 1.9 million people Highly satisfactory P003540 China 100,411 hectares 1 million farmers Highly satisfactory P003649 China 16,107 hectares terracing; 4.1 million people Satisfactory 12,766 hectares horticulture; 1,677 hectares reforestation P003639 China 6,601 hectares terracing; 280,000 people Satisfactory 20,046 hectares soil improvement P003595 China 25,750 terracing 400,000 people Satisfactory P006858 Colombia 24,429 hectares 23,663 groups Satisfactory P039437 Ecuador 19,000 kilometers2 37,633 families Satisfactory P005153 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4,394 acres dike construction; 10,440 households Satisfactory 18,917 acres shrub plantation P009860 India 433,498 hectares in 12 watersheds 100,000 rural families Satisfactory in Gujarat, Orissa, and Rajasthan P009958 India 86,380 hectares 171,000 small landholders Satisfactory P041264 India 103,652 hectares covering 16,620 beneficiaries Satisfactory 36 subwatersheds in 835 villages P009882 India 147,501 hectares 17,000 farmer families Satisfactory P010408 India 2,000 hectares 19,540 farmers receiving training Satisfactory P003985 Indonesia 10,000 hectares 20,000 small farmers Unsatisfactory P003912 Indonesia 518 watersheds 8,000 farm families Satisfactory P001556 Madagascar 16,832 hectares 45,074 families Moderately unsatisfactory P001745 Mali 844 villages 844 villages Moderately satisfactory P005519 Morocco 16,000 hectares 14,700 people Satisfactory P007847 Panama Not available 296,434 people Satisfactory P007918 Paraguay 264,567 hectares 13,000 farm families Satisfactory P042442 Peru 415,000 hectares 31,000 farm families Satisfactory P004613 Philippines 1,035 hectares reforestation, Don't know Satisfactory 650 hectares enrichment planting,163 hectares riverbank stabilization, 360 hectares rattan plantation, and 1,227 hectares agroforestry P010513 Sri Lanka 12,000 hectares 12000 households Satisfactory P005721 Tunisia 34,000 hectares watershed 5,200 beneficiaries Moderately satisfactory treatment, 15,500 hectares pasture improvement P005733 Tunisia 53,000 hectares Don't know Satisfactory P009023 Turkey 520,000 hectares 40,000 families Satisfactory P008173 Uruguay 17,991 hectares 395 producers Moderately unsatisfactory Source: IEG water database. 62 | Water and Development bOx J.1 MOROCCO--lakhDaR WaTeRSheD MaNageMeNT PilOT PROJeCT (lOaN 4426; P005519) The community outreach effort undertaken in this project had high up-front costs for staff, staff training, staff transport, and the like. The longer the extension work could be implemented (with a concomitant increase in number of families attending), the lower the per-family cost of the operation. In other words, efficiency in staff costs depended to some degree on scaling up the pilot operation. It would not be unreasonable for an economic analysis to consider that having staff trained in participatory methods, as was done in this pilot operation, is a positive externality. Expensive staff training costs would not be incurred in any follow-on op- eration. But the up-front costs of the participatory approach to natural resources management selected for this project proved to be relatively costly in the short term: $0.8 million was spent to educate and motivate beneficiaries in natural resources management. Another $0.8 million was spent on training and equipping government officials. Although almost half the project costs were spent for social purposes, had the decision been made to scale up this effort, little of this cost would have had to be repeated. Thus, while the efficiency of this approach is suboptimal due to the abandonment of the follow-on, the project evaluation does not take this outcome into account in determining the overall project efficiency for two reasons. First, the successful demonstration that beneficiary participation can work in rural Morocco will lead to other similar work in time, and that will produce a considerable amount of additional economic benefits. And second, the aware- ness raising that has happened in the mountain communities regarding the importance of preserving and restoring natural resources borders on the priceless, and it will also yield positive economic results in the future. Source: PPAR for the Morocco - Lakhdar Watershed Management Pilot Project (Loan 4426); (P005519). Appendix J | 63 Groundwater gure 2.1 FiguRe J.9 Frequency of groundwater activities Construct groundwater supply schemes (WS) Well or borehole construction for irrigation Monitor groundwater quality Monitor groundwater level Acquire monitoring equipment Subsurface drainage Institutional support to groundwater-related institutions Studies Establish monitoring system Develop management framework, plan Rehabilitation of well network, irrigation structures Technical assistance Rehabilitate water supply schemes Participatory management (integrate WUAs) Groundwater recharge Install observation wells Establish/expand surface water system Lining of canals or watercourses for efficiency Wastewater treatment to prevent contamination O&M training, assistance Develop alternative sources (rainwater) Canal or watercourse lining for flood control Piped conveyance, water-saving pipes Groundwater mapping and modeling Groundwater exploration (WS) Pressure irrigation (bubbler, sprinkler, drip) Improve sewerage system Groundwater exploration (irrigation) Reduce infiltration of contaminated groundwater Laboratory construction/rehabilitation Awareness/outreach campaigns Onsite treatment of contaminate Treatment plants, equipment Conjunctive use (irrigation) Identify vulnerable zones Landfill site improvement, solid waste collection Desilting Pump out saline water (reduce waterlogging) Use groundwater to leach salts from soil 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.10 groundwater approvals: 5-Year averages 16 14.8 14 12.2 12 Number of projects 9.4 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992­97 1998­2002 2003­07 Source: IEG water database. 64 | Water and Development Completed and Ongoing Projects gure 2.1 FiguRe J.11 Frequency of activities in Closed and active groundwater Projects Construct groundwater supply schemes (WS) Well or borehole construction for irrigation Monitor groundwater quality Monitor groundwater level Acquire monitoring equipment Subsurface drainage Institutional support to groundwater-related institutions Studies Establish monitoring system Develop management framework, plan Rehabilitation of well network, irrigation structures Technical assistance Rehabilitate water supply schemes Participatory management (integrate WUAs) Groundwater recharge Install observation wells Establish/expand surface water system Lining of canals or watercourses for efficiency Wastewater treatment to prevent contamination O&M training, assistance Develop alternative sources (rainwater) Canal or watercourse lining for flood control Piped conveyance, water-saving pipes Groundwater mapping and modeling Groundwater exploration (WS) Pressure irrigation (bubbler, sprinkler, drip) Improve sewerage system Groundwater exploration (irrigation) Reduce infiltration of contaminated groundwater Laboratory construction/rehabilitation Awareness/outreach campaigns Onsite treatment of contaminate Treatment plants, equipment Conjunctive use (irrigation) Identify vulnerable zones Landfill site improvement, solid waste collection Desilting Pump out saline water (reduce waterlogging) Use groundwater to leach salts from soil 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Active Closed Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 65 ` Table J.13 Percentage of activity Found in Ongoing groundwater Projects Percentage of activity activity found in ongoing projects active projects Total projects Participatory management (integrate WUAs) 67 12 18 Develop management framework, plan 62 13 21 Groundwater mapping and modeling 58 7 12 Develop alternative sources (rainwater) 54 7 13 Identify vulnerable zones 50 3 6 Onsite treatment of contaminate 50 4 8 O&M training, assistance 50 7 14 Groundwater recharge 44 8 18 Institutional support to groundwater-related institutions 42 11 26 Establish/expand surface water system 41 7 17 Pressure irrigation (bubbler, sprinkler, drip) 40 4 10 Wastewater treatment to prevent contamination 40 6 15 Monitor groundwater level 38 14 37 Awareness/outreach campaigns 38 3 8 Groundwater exploration (WS) 36 4 11 Monitor groundwater quality 36 15 42 Rehabilitation of well network, irrigation structures 35 7 20 Landfill site improvement, solid waste collection 33 2 6 Piped conveyance, water-saving pipes 33 4 12 Construct groundwater supply schemes (WS) 33 26 79 Groundwater exploration (irrigation) 30 3 10 Establish monitoring system 29 6 21 Acquire monitoring equipment 28 9 32 Lining of canals or watercourses (irrigation efficiency) 27 4 15 Treatment plants, equipment 25 2 8 Canal or watercourse lining for flood control 25 3 12 Technical assistance 25 5 20 Install observation wells 24 4 17 Studies 23 5 22 Rehabilitate water supply schemes 21 4 19 Desilting 20 1 5 Subsurface drainage 19 6 31 Conjunctive use (irrigation) 14 1 7 Laboratory construction/rehabilitation 13 1 8 Well or borehole construction for irrigation 12 6 49 Reduce infiltration by contaminated surface water 11 1 9 Use groundwater to leach salts from soil 0 0 2 Pump out saline water (reduce waterlogging) 0 0 3 Improve sewerage system 0 0 10 Source: IEG water database. 66 | Water and Development River Basin Management Table J.14 National and Transboundary basin institutions Total amount Project Country/ (uS$ ieg outcome approval iD Region Project name millions) rating year building the capacity of existing institutions National Basin Institutions P006541 Brazil Water Quality and 245 Satisfactory 1992 Basin-level management units were established. Regulation for water use in the basin was decreed. Pollution Control Project However, basin organizations did not get full support from the state due to a change of government administration. Law on establishing water use charges in the basin was not approved by project closure. No information provided about different basin agencies that planned to be established under the project. P038895 Brazil Federal Water Resources 198 1998 Water resources management will support institutional development, which will cover the areas of legisla- Management Project tion, state agencies, human resources, and bulk water rights. It will also support the technical basis for (PROAGUA) National Water Resources Management System (SINGRH), including the hydrometeorological networks and information systems. P006449 Brazil Ceara Integrated Water 136 2000 To improve institutional, legal, and administrative frameworks, emphasizing participatory management Resource Management mechanisms. Project (PROGERIRH) P089929 Brazil Rio Grande do Norte 35.9 2007 To improve the state's water resource management (WRM) capabilities and develop adequate WRM Integrated Water instruments. Resources Management Project P075035 China Hai Basin Integrated 17 2004 Hai Basin Project management will support coordinated and integrated actions by the ministries/bureaus of Water and Environment environmental protection and water resources at the various levels. Management Project P010476 India Tamil Nadu Water 282.9 Satisfactory 1995 Basin water resources planning was legalized. Basin management committee of stakeholders was formed. Resources Consolidation However, government did not approve National Water Resources Act legislation, thus basin organizations Project have no legal standing. Stakeholder participation did not take place as planned. Law on establishing water use charges in the basin was not approved by project closure due to devastating, continuous natural disasters. P073370 India Madhya Pradesh Water 394 2004 To support the establishment and operationalization of the proposed planning, allocation, and regulatory Sector Restructuring institutions and instruments at the state and basin levels. Project P003954 Indonesia Java Irrigation 165.7 Unsatis- 1994 Basin water resources planning was legalized. However, basin management agencies are weak due to Improvement and Water factory limited access to financial sources and technical assistance. Lack of clear responsibility over water distribu- Resources Management tion hampered basin agencies in fulfilling their duties successfully. Law on establishing water use charges in Project the basin was not approved by project closure. P064118 Indonesia Water Resources 300 Satisfactory 1999 Basin-level management units were established. Water use rights framework was adopted in the basin. Adjustment Loan However, government did not approve National Water Resources Act legislation, thus basin organizations have no legal standing. Basin management agencies are weak due to limited access to financial sources and technical assistance. Law on establishing water use charges in the basin was not approved by project closure due to devastating, continuous natural disasters. Appendix J (Table continues on the following page.) | 67 68 | Table J.14 National and Transboundary basin institutions (continued) Total amount Project Country/ (uS$ ieg outcome approval iD Region Project name millions) rating year building the capacity of existing institutions P059931 Indonesia Water Resources & 70 2003 Basin Water Resources Management assists in establishing and/or strengthening sector governance, plan- Irrigation Sector ning, management capacity, and fiscal and cost recovery for national water agencies/institutions; supports Management Program an operational and monitoring system for hydrology, water allocation, basin water quality, and flood man- Water and Development agement as well as a program for river infrastructure management and repair and establishment of a national water quality monitoring network system. P005521 Morocco Water Resources 20 Moderately 1998 Basin-level management units were established. Various donor communities committed to strengthen Management Project satisfactory ing basin agencies. However, basin management agencies are weak due to limited access to financial sources and technical assistance. Basin agencies encounter difficulties due to lack of sufficiently skilled and motivated staff. Law on establishing water use charges in the basin was not approved by project closure. P034212 Sri Lanka Mahaweli Restructuring 57 Unsatis- 1998 Basin-level management units were established. Basin management committees of stakeholders were and Rehabilitation factory formed. However, government did not approve new National Water Resources Act legislation, thus basin Project organizations have no legal standing. Basin management agencies are weak due to limited access to finan- cial sources and technical assistance. Transboundary Basin Institutions P070073 Africa 3A-GEF Nile 8 2003 Nile Basin Council of Ministers (Nile-COM) Transboundary Environmental Action (fiscal 2003) P070252 Africa Lake Chad Basin 2.9 2003 Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) P070256 Africa Reversing Land & Water 13 2004 Niger Basin Agency Degradation Trends in the Niger River Basin P093826 Africa Senegal River Basin 110 2006 Senegal River Basin Organization (OMVS) Multi-Purpose Water Resources Development P093806 Africa Niger Basin Water 186 2007 Niger Basin Agency Resources Development and Sustainable Eco- systems Management (APL) Project P085782 Africa Lake Victoria 1 2005 The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (EAC) came into force in July 2000, and it Transboundary Project mandates the EAC to coordinate management aspects of the Lake Victoria Basin through its Committee for Lake Victoria Development (CLVD). P000306 Burkina BF-Ouaga Water 70 2001 Information-exchange mechanism established through a joint technical committee (DGH in Burkina Faso Faso Supply (fiscal 2001) and the Volta River Authority in Ghana). P053349 Central GEF 6C-Meso American 11 2001 The project fostered new mechanisms for coordination and multistakeholder representation within the America Barrier Reef System countries themselves through the National Barrier Reef Committees (NBRCs), comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors. P035783 Lithuania SIAULIAI Environment 6.2 Moderately 1996 The Lithuanian side of the Lielupe River Basin Commission was established. satisfactory P046651 Mali Regional Hydropower 17.1 Satisfactory 1997 The creation of a permanent commission on water resources (CPE) has offered a forum for representatives Development for water users, territorial communities, NGOs, and committees for decentralized management. In addition, national and local coordinating committees have been created. P046650 Mauritania Regional Hydropower 11.1 Satisfactory 1997 The creation of a permanent commission on water resources (CPE) has offered a forum for representatives Development for water users, territorial communities, NGOs, and committees for decentralized management. In addition, national and local coordinating committees have been created. P076809 Mozambique MZ-GEF TFCA & Tourism Bilateral agreement by Mozambique and Zimbabwe for the Chimanimani TFCA resulted in the enhanced Dev (fiscal 2006) 10 2006 management and protection of important transboundary water catchments. P046648 Senegal Regional Hydropower 10.5 Satisfactory 1997 The creation of a permanent commission on water resources (CPE) has offered a forum for representatives Development of water users, territorial communities, NGOs, and committees for decentralized management. In addition, national and local coordinating committees have been created. P058120 Tanzania TZ-IDF NBI (fiscal 1998) 0.25 1998 The NBI was formally launched in February 1999 by the ministers of water affairs of the 10 countries that share the Nile River: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Together, these ministers make up the Nile Basin Council of Ministers (Nile-COM). The NBI is guided by a shared vision "to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile basin water resources." P087154 Tanzania TZ-Water Sector 200 2007 The WSDP will improve access to water supply and sanitation services and strengthen sector institutions for Support SIL integrated water resources management. P090680 Tanzania Lake Victoria 3.5 2005 The project was to support the Regional Policy Steering Committee meetings for Lake Victoria. Environmental Manage- ment Project Second Supplemental Credit P084213 Tanzania TZ-GEF Marine & Coastal 10 2006 The East African Community (EAC) passed the Lake Victoria Protocol and, with its ratification by member Env Mgmt (fiscal 2006) states in November 2004, created the Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC), based in Kisumu. P046836 Uganda Lake Victoria 12.1 Moderately 1997 Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC). Environmental satisfactory Management Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 69 Table J.15 "What happened analysis" for the 11 Completed Projects with National basin Organizations Number of Number of Positive results projects Negative results projects Basin-level management units were established 6 Basin management agencies are weak due to limited access to financial sources and insufficient technical assistance 5 Basin management committee of stakeholders Law on establishing water use charges in the basin was not was formed 4 approved by project closure 5 Basin water resources planning was legalized 2 Government did not approve National Water Resources Act legislation, thus basin organizations have no legal standing 4 Basin management agencies were strengthened 2 Basin agencies encounter difficulties due to lack of sufficiently skilled and motivated staff 2 Water use rights framework was adopted in No information provided about different basin agencies that the basin 1 were planned for establishment under the project 1 Regulation for water use in the basin was decreed 1 No clear responsibility over water distribution hampered basin agencies in fulfilling their duties successfully 1 River basin management concept was adopted 1 Basin organizations did not get full support from the state due to a change of government administration 1 Various donor communities committed to Stakeholder participation did not take place as planned 1 strengthening basin agencies 1 Source: IEG water database. Managing Demand for Water gure 2.1 FiguRe J.12 after a Peak in the late 1990s, the Number of (annual approvals of) Demand-Side Management Projects Declined 45 40 35 Number of projects 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: IEG water database. 70 | Water and Development Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring Table J.16 National Monitoring Systems are Most Frequently implemented Monitoring system Closed projects active projects Total number of projects Percent of total National 15 8 23 42 Regional 8 9 17 31 Local 3 5 8 15 Transboundary 1 5 6 11 Source: IEG water database. Table J.17 The Most Frequently Pursued activities in hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring Frequency count-- ranking, highest Completed ` Ongoing to lowest activities pursued projects projects Total 1 Equipment and supplies 27 27 54 2 Institutional capacity building 23 21 44 3 Use of monitoring data for disaster prevention and mitigation 15 14 29 4 Development of monitoring-related products (maps, publications) 10 18 28 5 Participation by beneficiaries 7 7 14 6 Use of monitoring for agriculture 2 10 12 7 Use of monitoring for water resources management 5 5 10 Sources: IEG water database, completed projects 1997­2008 (n=28). Table J.18 The Most Common Results for hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring Number of Number of Positive results projects Negative results projects The equipment has been procured 16 Data collection and analysis, to the extent that data is available, are not effectively disseminated 8 Scientific equipment was installed and is 14 Equipment/facilities inadequate, obsolete, function poorly operational or not at all 7 Communications equipment and/or IT hardware Network achievements impossible to evaluate because and software were installed 13 guidelines on network performance not available 7 Training was given as planned 13 Activity cancelled or not implemented [equipment and supplies-related] 5 Improvement in methods and capacities to collect Training had no short- or long-term impact 5 and report weather information is documented 12 Monitoring information shared in timely manner Design of the system inappropriate relative to existing with intended users 10 institutional capacity and/or prevailing conditions 4 System disseminated information used Weak existing legal framework was a constraint 4 successfully for mitigation and prevention (natural disaster damage was reduced) 8 Institutional development achieved as planned 7 Installation was begun but insufficient time was allocated so that system was not set up 3 Monitoring system has been established and/or Personnel for O&M required to ensure continued effective data collection and management were initiated 6 operation have not been hired (permanently) 3 New or additional personnel were hired 6 Staff insufficiently skilled to conduct data collection and analysis 3 (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix J | 71 Table J.18 The Most Common Results for hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring (continued) Number of Number of Positive results projects Negative results projects New/revised policies and strategies 5 Limitations on hardware and software capacities are reported 3 Monitoring materials were prepared 5 Data collection and dissemination are not taking place as anticipated 3 System data used for investment planning and Mechanisms that allow participatory analysis and infrastructure construction 4 dissemination are absent 2 Facilities were constructed 4 Monitoring data and results intended for sharing were not disseminated 2 Upgrades were completed 3 Expected benefits from monitoring did not materialize 2 Monitoring equipment rehabilitated as planned 3 Institutional development achievements unknown 2 Information available from modern computer- Expected benefits from monitoring did not materialize 2 based system is accessible on a real-time basis 3 Continuous environmental monitoring and Lack of sufficient personnel or adequately qualified dissemination of information is taking place 3 personnel to install the system 1 More government agencies and stakeholders Activity cancelled or not implemented (institutional receive monitoring information than anticipated 3 capacity building) 1 Financing and monitoring continues after Stakeholder support was partial or inadequate 1 project interventions 3 New committees/ units were established to Activity cancelled or not implemented (development of manage or coordinate monitoring, or such a role monitoring-related products) 0 was given to stakeholders 3 Enforcement and compliance 2 Reservoir use 2 Activity cancelled or not implemented (use of monitoring data for disaster prevention and mitigation) 0 Groundwater issues 2 Agreements achieved 2 Monitoring programs were organized and are Activity cancelled or not implemented (use of in place 2 monitoring for disaster prevention and mitigation) 0 System benefits neighboring communities (near monitoring points) 1 Water management measures were improved in Activity cancelled or not implemented (use of agricultural decisions 1 monitoring for agriculture) 0 Transboundary water issues 1 Private sector participates in monitoring Activity cancelled or not implemented (use of activities 1 monitoring for water resources management) 0 Source: IEG water database (n=28). 72 | Water and Development Chapter 4 Disasters gure 2.1 FiguRe J.13 Number of Natural Disasters in all Countries 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 Number of disasters 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ­0 ­1 ­2 ­3 ­4 ­5 ­6 ­7 ­8 ­9 ­0 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels ­ Belgium. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.14 billions affected 2.5 2.3 People affected by disaster (in billions) 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0 1976­85 1986­95 1996­2005 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels ­ Belgium. Appendix J | 73 Flooding gure 2.1 FiguRe J.15 Flood and Wind Storm Disasters are increasing in Frequency 200 180 160 140 Number of events 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Year Flood Wind storm Earthquake Drought Slides Wildfires Volcano Pest infestation Wave/surge Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels ­ Belgium gure 2.1 FiguRe J.16 economic Cost of hydrometeorological Disasters is higher Than That of all Other Disaster Types Combined 120,000,000 100,000,000 Economic costs (in US$ ,000) 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 0 20,000,000 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 Year Hydrometeorological disasters All other natural disastersa Linear (Hydrometeorological disasters) Linear (All other natural disasters) Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels ­ Belgium. Note: this database reports large- and medium-scale disasters, not local, small-scale ones. a. This category includes earthquake, insect infestation, volcanoes, and wildfires. Hydrometeorological disasters include drought, extreme tempera- tures, floods, mudslides, wave/surges, and wind storms. 74 | Water and Development Table J.19 Top 20 activities in World bank Flood Projects Flood project activity Number of flood projects Rehabilitation of road infrastructure 55 Rehabilitation of flood control structures 50 Equipment and supplies acquisition 39 Preventive flood control activities and structures (pre-event) 31 New construction of flood control structures 31 Rehabilitation of irrigation/drainage infrastructure 25 Rehabilitation of (rural) water systems infrastructure 24 Rehabilitation of (urban) water systems infrastructure 24 Institutional development/strengthening (disaster specific) 21 Early warning/public awareness 18 Design and supervision 18 Studies and research 17 Restoration of education facilities 16 Technical assistance: engineering 15 Planning 15 Restoration of health facilities 13 Support for a Project Implementation Unit 13 Operations and maintenance 13 Rehabilitation of (urban) water/sanitation infrastructure 12 Relocation to safe area 12 Source: IEG water database. bOx J.2 iNTegRaTeD WaTeR ReSOuRCeS MaNageMeNT aND hYDROlOgiCal aND MeTeOROlOgiCal MONiTORiNg iN MexiCO In 1996, the Bank approved the Water Resources Management Project in Mexico designed to help the government face major critical challenges in water resources management. The general objectives were to promote conditions for environmentally sus- tainable, economically efficient. and equitably allocated use of water resources in Mexico; to support the integrated, comprehen- sive management of water resources; and to increase the benefits and reduce the risk related to existing hydraulic infrastructure. The project had five main components. The second component--water quantity and quality monitoring improvement and assessments--supported the improvement and upgrading of the hydrological and hydrogeological water quality and quan- tity monitoring and related climatological/meteorological networks, including telemetric networks to provide information to improve the quality of information for better and more efficient water resources management. The networks were to improve data collection, processing, and dissemination among users. Assessments of surface and groundwater bodies and hydrological and hydrogeological studies were planned. The outcomes of this component were (i) technological modernization of the various networks of the Meteorological Observa- tion System, telecommunications, and the computational base for the processing of meteorological data; (ii) improvement of the National Bank for Climatological Data; and (iii) improvement in the quality of meteorological prognostics. The project files noted a substantial increase in the quantity and opportunity of available data on the state of the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle, in particular during emergency situations such as hurricanes and droughts. Improvement of emer- gency alert capabilities was also noted, in particular within the National Civil Protection System. Prognostics at the disposal of users and the general public through a Web site recorded more than 2.2 million discrete users in 2004 on daily weather, rapid- onset emergency alerts, and drought reporting. The benefits reported include (i) improved daily decision making for social and economic activities (such as agricultural and similar activities in general, social events, and so on); (ii) minimization of damage caused by extraordinary hydrometeorological phenom- ena (protection of human lives, reduced destruction in cultivation zones, triggering of emergency evacuation, averted economic loss, and the like). For groundwater management issues, the systems helped improve the decision-making process in the adminis- tration and management of groundwater, conservation and sustainable exploitation, and transparency on aquifer status. Sources: World Bank project documents (Project P007713). Appendix J | 75 Drought gure 2.1 FiguRe J.17 Regional breakdown--Most Drought Projects are in africa 40 35 30 Total number of projects 19 25 20 19 15 11 10 13 17 5 8 7 2 7 3 1 3 0 Africa Latin America South East Asia Middle East Europe & & the Asia & Paci c & North Central Caribbean Africa Asia Region Active Closed Source: IEG water database. Table J.20 Snapshot of Drought Project Portfolio loan Commitments Total loan Percentage Total number commitments of total Drought projects portfolio Completed Ongoing of projects (uS$ billion)a commitments Projects focused on droughts with at least one drought objective 36 14 50 4.81 48 Projects with drought-related components 34 26 60 5.14 52 Total number of projects 70 40 110 9.96 100 Source: IEG water database. a. This figure represents the total size of the loans, not the specific cost of the drought-related components. 76 | Water and Development Table J.21 implementation activity Results for Drought Mitigation Total Meet or Meets 50­99% Meets less number of exceed of than 50% projects for appraisal appraisal of appraisal which data expecta- expecta- expecta- Category/activity were found tions tions tions Percentagea Agriculture Support for agricultural extension, scientific and/or economic studies and research (soils) 2 2 0 0 100 Water reuse in agriculture 1 1 0 0 100 Support the breeding of drought-resistant animals 5 4 1 0 80 Erosion prevention through reforestation 2 1 1 0 50 Construction and rehabilitation of irrigation water supply schemes (systems and related equipment) 21 6 8 7 29 Provision of animal-related essential supplies 4 1 3 0 25 Support for agricultural extension, scientific and/or economic studies and research (agriculture and irrigation related) 18 4 6 8 22 Promotion of improved soil management and conservation practices 6 0 4 2 0 Implementation of water efficiency and/or sustainable farming practices 1 0 1 0 0 Implement water conservation and efficiency measures/water harvesting 4 0 3 1 0 Control and treatment of animal diseases 2 0 2 0 0 Introduction of drought-resistant crops 3 0 1 2 0 Development of rain-fed irrigation systems 1 0 0 1 0 Environment Forest management/reforestation 5 3 0 2 60 Drinking water efficiency 2 1 1 0 50 Effluent and run-off management 2 1 0 1 50 Small earth dams construction and rehabilitation 5 2 2 1 40 Development of watershed management plans and policies 1 0 0 1 0 Social/human dimension Public awareness and education 3 3 0 0 100 Creation of new drought-related institutions 1 1 0 0 100 Monitoring equipment and supplies acquisition 1 1 0 0 100 Upgrading/modernizing/rehabilitating monitoring stations and facilities 4 3 0 1 75 Road construction/repairs 4 3 0 1 75 Technical assistance and training on monitoring 3 2 1 0 67 Installing new monitoring stations 5 3 2 0 60 Energy ­ new infrastructure/rehabilitation 7 4 3 0 57 Community drought preparedness technical assistance or training 4 2 1 1 50 Regularization of land tenure 2 1 0 1 50 Delegating O&M roles and responsibilities to beneficiaries (infrastructure schemes) 12 4 6 2 33 Community and user association financial/administrative/ management/drought preparedness technical assistance or training 6 2 0 4 33 Food security and nutrition/health training 3 1 2 0 33 Development of agricultural and water policies/reform 3 1 1 1 33 Establishing insurance policies and funds for climate risks 3 1 0 2 33 Financing income-generating activities for women and disadvantaged groups 15 4 9 2 27 Construction and rehabilitation of drinking water supply schemes 17 4 7 6 24 Institutional capacity building (drought specific) 5 1 1 3 20 New/improved agricultural practices/technologies technical assistance and training 7 1 3 3 14 Imposition/planning of cost recovery strategies, improved billing collection, financial management, for O&M of water infrastructure 7 1 2 4 14 Developing databases and information systems/data sharing and dissemination 1 0 1 0 0 Infrastructure-construction related technical assistance and training 4 0 2 2 0 Development of drought preparedness/management plans or procedures 2 0 0 2 0 Food security measures for disadvantaged groups 5 0 4 1 0 Groundwater related studies and research 1 0 0 1 0 Poverty reduction master plan development 2 0 0 2 0 Source: IEG water database. a. Percentage of projects that meet or exceed appraisal expectations to the total number of projects for which data were found. Appendix J | 77 Preserving Environmental Flows Table J.22 Projects involving environmental Flows Project number Country Region Project P001340 Kenya Africa Third Nairobi Water Supply Project P001361 Kenya Africa Second Mombasa and Coastal Water Supply Engineering and Rehabilitation Project P001396 Lesotho Africa Lesotho Highland Water Project Phase 1A P001409 Lesotho Africa Lesotho Highland Water Project Phase 1B P001662 Malawi Africa Power V Project P003492 China E. Asia & Pacific Daguangba Multipurpose Project P008037 Peru Latin America & Caribbean Irrigation Subsector Project P008821 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia Environmental Management Project P009127 Uzbekistan Europe & Central Asia Drainage, Irrigation, and Wetlands Improvement Phase I Project (Aral Sea Basin Program) P009512 Bangladesh South Asia Second Small-Scale Flood Control, Drainage, and Irrigation Project P010476 India South Asia Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project P036414 China E. Asia & Pacific Guangxi Urban Environment Project P038570 Tanzania Africa River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project P039015 Mozambique Africa National Water Development I P039281 Pakistan South Asia Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project P040185 China E. Asia & Pacific Shandong Environment Project P040610 India South Asia Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project P045864TF023406 Cambodia, E. Asia & Pacific Water Utilization Project (GEF TF number) Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam (Mekong River Commission) P046042 Kyrgyz Republic Europe & Central Asia Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (Aral Sea) P046045 Kazakhstan Europe & Central Asia Syr Darya Control and Northern Aral Sea Phase-I Project P046563 China E. Asia & Pacific Second Tarim Basin Project P046648 Mali, Mauritania, Africa Regional Hydropower Development Project & Senegal P049290 Lao PDR E. Asia & Pacific Nam Theun 2 Social and Environment Project (NTSEP) P056424 China E. Asia & Pacific Tongbai Pumped Storage Project P058067 Sri Lanka South Asia Second Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Volume 1 78 | Water and Development Project Original appraisal amount document (uS$ date million) assessment components Jul-89 64.8 Environmental Assessment (EA), Social Assessment (SA), Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) Dec-91 43.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA; quite extensive) Jul-91 110 EIA (covered this and phase 1B) EFA Dec-00 55 EA considers the issues that an EFA would consider. Does not quantify flows. More qualitative assessment. Sep-91 30 loan, 37 credit Water quality, fish impacts, afforestation Jun-96 85 Institution/law Oct-94 110 An analysis similar to an EFA, including all parts of the hydrologic cycle, such as precipitation, snow melt, overland runoff, groundwater infiltration, groundwater discharge, well pumpage, reservoir regu- lation, diversion of surface water for water supplies and industries, discharge of point sources, and evaporation. The conceptual model will include, where possible, spatial variability; seasonal variability; long-term trends; daily, seasonal, and annual loads; and the source, cause, transport, fate, and effect of contaminants in the basins; when the data do not allow quantification of source, cause, transport, fate, and effects, hypotheses will be identified to provide guidance for designing a new monitoring program. May-03 Credit 25, loan 35 EA, plus SA and CH assessment. Dec-87 81.5 Hydrological analysis May-95 282.9 Institutions/law; operational hydrology assessment May-98 72 loan, 20 credit Economic, environmental, and social assessments Jun-96 26.3 Hydrological assessment, floods and droughts studies, WRM study, rapid water resources assessment Dec-97 36 EA, river basin and groundwater studies, studies measuring flow and diversion, and prefeasibility studies including field exploration; EAs of proposals for works and changed river management rules, proposals for environmental monitoring of water resources Nov-95 350 Detailed studies and evaluations of the potential hydrological and ecological impacts of reduced flows Sep-97 95 EA 14-Apr-03 140 Institution/law Jan-00 11 EFA law Mar-98 35 EA May-01 64.5 SA, EA, preparatory study (EFA-like) Apr-98 90 (started) EIA, social impact assessment (SIA), hydrological modeling studies 150 (ended) Jun-97 38.7 (17.1 Mali, Cost benefit study, reservoir management study, and water charter (acts as living EFA) 11.1 Mauritania, 10.5 Senegal) 2005 Riparian release study, hydrology study, CIA, EA, SA Dec-99 320 EA as EFA--Important to note that EAs sometimes only show what the impacts of the project might be. They do not determine environmental flows; pp. 85-88 shows the EFA-like results. ongoing 39.8 River basin-level study (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix J | 79 Table J.22 Projects involving environmental Flows (continued) Project number Country Region Project P060474 Bolivia Latin America & Caribbean Sustainability of the National System of Protected Areas Program, Phase I P064573 Senegal Africa Senegal River Basin Water and Environmental Management Project P071170 Iran, Islamic Rep. Middle East & N. Africa Alborz Integrated Land And Water Management Project P073397 Tanzania Africa Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project P075035 China E. Asia & Pacific Hai Basin Integrated Water and Environment Management Project P076445 Lao PDR E. Asia & Pacific Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project P078220 Colombia Latin America & Caribbean Amoya River Environmental Services P080093 Ecuador Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Netherlands Clean Development Facility (NCDF) Umbrella Project P086505 China E. Asia & Pacific Ningbo Water Management Project or "Ningbo Water and Environment Project" P086903 and Sierra Leone Africa Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project P086801 Under a PPP P087964 Serbia and Europe & Central Asia Serbia Irrigation and Drainage Rehabilitation Project Montenegro P088671 Kyrgyz Republic Europe & Central Asia Water Management Improvement Project P089659 Uganda Africa Private Power Generation (Bujagali) Project P092015 Chile Latin America & Caribbean Quilleco Hydropower Project Purchase of Certified Carbon Emissions Reductions by the Netherlands Clean Development Mechanism Facility Source: IEG water database. 80 | Water and Development Project Original appraisal amount document (uS$ date million) assessment components 15 Ecosystem analysis/institution-building Oct-03 5.26 EA (TEA and TDA) Feb-05 120 Studies of river morphology, water flows, and quality comprehensive set of ecological monitoring, survey, and analytical studies May-01 6.3 EMP; task force to investigate the scope for a modified environmental flow regime; ecosystem monitoring. Mar-04 17 Studies to determine minimum ecological flows, water ecological environment monitoring systems Mar-05 20 Credit, 50 IDA EIA, SIA, fish studies Guarantee, 200 MIGA Guarantee May-04 7.5 Water cycle study to document water flows and sources, including: * Collection of river flow and rainfall data * Water cycle and water balance modeling * Formulation of scenarios incorporating anticipated local and global changes Dec-04 7.47 Ecological flow review Feb-05 130 EFA May-05 38 (partial risk EA, EIA, RAP, contractor EMPS, biodiversity studies, fish species study; an amenity or environmental guarantee) flow maintained 12.5 (grant) Jun-05 25 EA Mar-06 19 EA, EMP Mar-08 115 IDA PRG, Hydrological assessment, EA 100 IFC "A" Loan, 30 IFC "C" Loan, 115 MIGA May-06 2.4 EFA (instream flow increase methodology) Appendix J | 81 Table J.23 The Costs and benefits of eFas location Cost benefits China Hai Basin US$0.858 million (WB) Determining minimum flows and their scheduling: US$2.1million(total) · HelpsensurethattheBohaiSea,withitsgloballyimportantecological (ongoing project) resources, will continue to provide significant fishery benefits to China, Korea, Rep., and Korea, Dem. People's Rep., and Japan · Allowsminimumflowstobefactoredintotheplanningprocess · Helpsdevelopprioritiesforfollow-upactions · Helpsmaintainecologicalfunctions · Helpsreducepollutiontopreserveenvironmentalusesofwater · Helpsintheefforttocontroltoxicpollutantloads · Helpsavoidoveruseofsurfacewater · Aidsinthearrestofthedeclineanddeteriorationofwaterresources and damage to freshwater in coastal environments in the Hai Basin · SavestheBohaiecosystemandfisheryresource · Preservesthisseasonalspawningandnurserygroundforthelargerand more productive Yellow Sea Ecuador FundedbytheBank-Netherlands · TheEFAsavedthreespeciesofrareandendangeredfishfromharm.The Water Partnership Program species most affected by the water diversion is the prefiadilla (Pinielodes Figures not available cyclopum), a small fish that does not migrate significantly. The prefiadilla Ongoing project survives in turbulent high-quality waters and tends to hide in small lateral creeks under critical conditions. The flow regulations were altered accordingly · TheEFAhelpedmitigatetheimpactsoftheprojectonthenaturaldistri- bution of aquatic species, migratory events, and food web interactions within the watershed ChinaTarimBasin Figuresnotavailable · Developmentofamechanismfordefiningtherightstowater,including the in-stream environmental needs, and effective monitoring systems drives sensible investment in water-saving measures, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, water quality improvements and drainage · Analysesallowedevaluationofoverallriverbasinmanagementoptions, and sub-basin investment and operation proposals to ensure adequate water availability for downstream purposes · Developmentofamechanismfordefiningtherightstowater,including the in-stream environmental needs, and effective monitoring systems can drive sensible investment in water-saving measures, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, water quality improvements and drainage Policy and legal frameworks developed as part of the project, and institutional reforms meant that the Tarim Basin Water Resources Committee (TBWRC) was able to monitor and control water extraction and ensure minimum environ- mental flows. As a result: · Waterdeliveriestothe"GreenCorridor"recreated200squarekilometers of terminal lake systems · Watertablerosebetween3.2metersand12.6metersinthelowerriverreach · Themineralcontentofthegroundwaterhasimproveddramatically,from 4­5 grams per liter to 2­3 grams per liter · Thetrees,shrubs,andgrasslandshavebeenrevitalizedonbothsidesof the river, providing food, shelter, and water for wildlife and people · Thelowerriverhasseenareturnof25speciesofnativebirds,amphibians, reptiles, and 11 species of fish. Other wildlife, such as red deer, have also returned · Dramaticrevitalizationinthegrowthoftrees Tanzania Figuresnotavailable · Thedroughtsstudiesinformedthewater-usepolicyformulationprocessby determining, inter alia, river flow characteristics · Theimpactsofunregulatedabstractionwerelessenedbyminimumflow maintenance LowerMekong Basinmodelingand · Providea"unifyingframework"forassessingtheecosystemneedsaspartof Basin institutional knowledge the river basin management baseUS$9.9million · Helpavoidchangesinflowsandsalinityfrom,interalia,deforestation, dams, increased abstraction for irrigation · HelpprotecttheTonleSapfishery,whichprovidesjobsto1.2millionpeople · Helpavoidincreasedfloodfrequencyandpeaksintherainyseason · Helpavoidexacerbateddroughtconditionsandthereforericeproductiona a. http://www-esd.worldbank.org/bnwpp/documents/3/EnvironmentalFlowCaseStudy.pdf 82 | Water and Development Water Quality Management Table J.24 The Top 20 approaches to Water Quality Management Projects approved since 1997 activities pursued that include this activity Technical assistance and training for water quality improvement 333 Development of plans, policies, and regulations to improve water quality management 211 Construction of new potable water systems 174 Construction of new sanitary systems 153 Control or treatment of polluted water 98 Storm and flood control (drainage) 83 Irrigation 68 Public awareness campaign on the use of improved water for drinking and to avoid pollution 64 Information management 63 Transportation 41 Watershed protection and management 42 Provision of in-household installations 41 Commercial development of water-related business 40 Water for energy 33 Ocean/coastal/wetland pollution 33 Attention to aquatic biodiversity 29 Installing water or sanitation in public facilities 24 Monitoring of groundwater 15 Water recycling 6 Bacteriological control 6 Source: IEG database, n=423 (projects approved 1997­2007). Note: Activities in bold text are considered software. Table J.25 Water Quality Management--Taxonomy of activities activity Subactivity Construction of new potable water systems a. Installation of pipes and household connections b. Development of reservoirs c. Construction of water treatment facilities d. Protection of the drinking water supply e. Expansion of existing water systems f. Provision of pumps and/or other equipment, construction of gravity systems g. Installation of water filters for surface water, rain harvesting h. Dam expansion or strengthening i. Construction of wells, tube wells, and related infrastructure Construction of sanitary systems a. Construction of sewage treatment plants b. Construction of sewer systems c. Connecting households to system d. Expansion/augmentation of existing systems e. Installation of sewage flow meters Provision of in-household installations a. Provision of latrines, toilets, sinks, baths, and the like Installing water or sanitation in public facilities a. Provision/ of potable water to schools, health facilities, or public offices b. Installation of bathrooms/latrines and sinks for schools, health facilities, or public offices (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix J | 83 Table J.25 Water Quality Management--Taxonomy of activities (continued) activity Subactivity Monitoring of groundwater a. Monitoring quality of aquifer water b. Monitoring aquifer depth c. Monitoring, preventing, or studying salinity d. Monitoring transboundary aquifers Control or treatment of polluted water a. Control or treatment of leachate from solid waste sites b. Control or treatment of industrial runoff or wastewater c. Control or treatment of agricultural drainage water or runoff d. Control of the quality of water provided to croplands e. Closing facilities that pollute f. Measuring or limiting use of fertilizers g. Relocation of water-borne pollutants h. Clean up of marine oil spills i. Construction of road microcatchments to prevent erosion j. Improved manure management practices k. Promotion of aqua-friendly agriculture l. Reuse of treated water (except for agriculture) m. Dewatering n. Construction of sludge treatment or disposal facility o. Roadside soil erosion prevention p. Promotion of cleaner industrial practices q. Stabilization of waste ponds containing pollutants r. Invasive species control (hyacinths) s. Planting of forests Irrigation a. Promotion of irrigation efficiency b. Rehabilitation of irrigation schemes c. Use of tube wells to extract groundwater d. Reuse of treated water for irrigation e. Microcatchment system development f. Construction of small irrigation schemes g. Conversion of irrigation schemes pump to gravity h. Hill dams construction for irrigation i. Construction of pressurized irrigation j. Pumping station rehabilitation/expansion k. Promotion of improved techniques for rain-fed farming Storm and flood control (drainage) a. Construct storm drainage b. Construct water channels c. Dredging d. Lining of watercourses e. Construction of retaining walls f. Construction for flood prevention dikes g. Rehabilitation of existing drainage systems h. Construction of new drainage systems or components i. Desalting basin construction/improvements Attention to aquatic biodiversity a. Fisheries rehabilitation b. Protection of coastal spawning grounds c. Promotion of dryland biodiversity to protect wetlands or water Commercial development of water-related a. Support for fishermen business b. Commercialization (fish and seafood) c. Support for disadvantaged stakeholders 84 | Water and Development activity Subactivity Watershed protection and management a. Forest management /reforestation b. Rangeland c. Erosion control d. Nurseries e. Vegetative cover restoration f. Agricultural pollution management mechanisms with manure improved practices to prevent nitrates going into waters g. Transboundary cooperation h. Small earth dams construction i. Improved soil management practices to prevent loss of grasslands and biodiversity Development of plans, policies, and regulations a. Support for scientific and economic research/ studies for project preparation or to develop policies b. Support for professional education c. Master plan development d. Development of standards and methodologies e. Definition of procedures and standards f. Development of monitoring methods g. Imposition/planning of tariffs, fees, funds, cost recovery strategies, improved billing collection, financial management, financial planning, creation of revolving funds, cost recovery schemes Public awareness a. Education campaigns b. Schools, education, environmental-related curriculum c. Information dissemination in websites, other publicity Technical assistance and training a. For project preparation (experts, best practices) consulting services b. For project management (monitoring equipment)/to manage studies, to set up labs c. Capacity building, training for government officials d. Institutional-level capacity building i.e. Equipment, knowledge, improved authority and administration/ management schemes. Information management a. GIS systems, database (design, data entry, and use), environmental monitoring b. Laboratory data/monitoring c. Other Water recycling a. In agriculture b. Other uses domestic uses, such as toilets c. Industrial uses Water for energy a. Hydropower plants construction b. Rehabilitation or expansion of plants c. Oil distribution/equipment acquisition d. Monitoring hydrocarbons in water e. Construction of CHP generation/ steam facilities Transportation a. Roads and highways construction b. Rural roads/small-scale road construction/improvements Bacteriological control a. Chemical treatment to control water-borne diseases b. Protection of the food supply c. Decontaminating fruits and vegetables d. Floating plants as indicator of water quality e. Non-chemical alternatives for pest management Ocean/coastal/wetland pollution a. Monitoring b. Preventing c. Treatment d. International transboundary protection e. Restoration Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 85 Table J.26 Non-Point-Source-Related Projects are Mostly Focusing on implementing efficiency in irrigation, Reforestation, and the Construction of Drainage Systems Top-five implemented Most common implemented Total number of projects activities in non-point- strategic approach implementing this approach, source projects (top in the list) frequency count Technical assistance and training Institutional-level capacity building; that is, equipment, knowledge, improved authority, and administration/ management schemes 151 Development of policies and regulations Support for scientific and economic research and studies for project preparation or to develop policies 76 Irrigation Promotion of irrigation efficiency 54 Storm and flood control (drainage) Construct storm drainage 29 Watershed protection and management Forest management/reforestation 39 Source: IEG water database. Water Quality Monitoring Table J.27 environmental assessment Category analysis of Water Quality Monitoring Projects Compared with all Other Projects in the Water Quality Monitoring Portfolio all other projects in the water Total projects that monitored quality management portfolio water quality Total number of Total number of environmental assessment Completed Ongoing projects projects category (n=629) Completed Ongoing (n=102) Partial assessment B 216 149 365 28 22 50 Full environmental assessment A 56 73 129 16 12 28 Not required 73 19 92 13 4 17 Freestanding ENV project 8 8 3 1 4 U 2 1 3 1 1 F 1 11 12 1 1 (NA) 2 18 20 1 1 Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.18 Projects Conducting Full environmental assessments are Not implementing the Most Water Quality Monitoring Projects Environmental assessment category (NA) F U Free-standing ENV project Not required Full environmental assessment Partial assessement 0 20 40 60 80 100 Number of projects (percentage) Total WQ monitoring projects All other projects in the WQM portfolio Source: IEG water database. n=731. Water quality monitoring projects (n=102), all other projects in the WQM portfolio (n=629) 86 | Water and Development Table J.28 Snapshot of Monitoring activities at the bank Water quality management activities Total number of projects Percent All projects that intended to monitor water quality 61 100 A monitoring process was begun that continued (at least) until project closing, or a monitoring system was designed 55 90 Projects that reported collecting water quality data 48 79 Projects that used appropriate data parameters given the nature of objectives 40 66 Projects that reported improved water quality 29 48 Source: IEG water database. Note: n=61. Table J.29 Water Quality Monitoring analysis: Where is Monitoring Taking Place? all other projects Total projects Percentage of in the water quality that monitored Sum of all water management portfolio water quality projects by quality monitoring Subsector category (n=629) (n=102) subsector by subsector Petrochemical and fertilizer 4 2 6 33 Oil & gas 7 3 10 30 Mining & other extractive industries 14 5 19 26 Other industry 28 9 37 24 Forestry 19 5 24 21 Sewerage 88 21 109 19 Central government administration 223 51 274 19 Animal production 25 5 30 17 Sanitation 66 13 79 16 Agricultural extension and research 71 13 84 15 Power 40 7 47 15 Water supply 154 23 177 13 Health 42 6 48 13 Ports/water/shipping 14 2 16 13 Flood protection 48 6 54 11 Irrigation and drainage 99 11 110 10 General water/sanitation/flood sector 92 10 102 10 General agriculture/fisheries/forest sec 92 10 102 10 Agro-industry 16 1 17 6 Roads and highways 122 1 123 1 Crops 23 0 23 0 Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 87 Table J.30 Project Documents Show little about the effectiveness of Monitoring Systems Project iD Monitoring systems, sampling and analysis methods P057927 Industrial monitoring systems were established. Monitoring data is generated on industrial effluent waters. Sampling is (Bulgaria) described in project documents as "regular." There is no report of analysis methods, but the data collected are sent to the regional inspectorates. P046838 A "network of monitoring spots in the lake and rivers" was installed in three neighboring countries. A water quality analysis (Kenya) laboratory exists that is "functioning" and "operational." Multiple sample-gathering sites have been "harmonized" within the water quality monitoring network. Sampling is described as "episodic," which could be interpreted as suboptimal given that management measures for pollution reduction were identified but not developed or implemented. P034081 A "complete environmental monitoring system" was installed for the duration of the project. The documents indicate that (China) monitoring tasks were assigned to technical institutes. Sampling methods are not described in detail. Documents mention the generation of "large amounts of monitoring data" that were used to take corrective actions to resolve "environmental issues." Sampling is described as being "periodic" and "systematic." P010485 A set of "rational networks" was installed for "the first time" for surface and groundwater monitoring. Documents do not (India) describe the sampling techniques utilized but mention the use of "state-of-the-art" equipment and note that "standards for sample collection" had been developed. Hydrological information is said to be collected and banked "systematically." Other "historical data" were computerized, but agencies have only been able to "partly validate" it. P009906 A "network of air and water quality monitoring stations" was established. It is doing "routine" sample collection and per- (India) forming analysis. The monitoring tasks were assigned to certified laboratories. They are supposed to run "legal" and "random cross-testing of private lab tests" as well as "surprise testing of industries." A database is mentioned. It collects inventory data on industries, types of waste, brands of equipment, costs of controlling pollution "monitoring equipment costs, availability, and suitability." P008586 "Four mobile groundwater monitoring stations" are said to be producing "regular reliable" information on groundwater (Poland) quality for use in policy making. The sampling techniques are not described in detail, but the project was going to demon- strate "new techniques to monitor groundwater on an operational level." Computer systems were introduced to equip and modernize three new GIS "environmental laboratories." P007846 One new laboratory and the upgrade of six existing ones was done to support "ongoing water quality testing programs (Panama) that had stopped" due to a lack of funding. No further details are mentioned on the types of tests conducted or data parameters used. According to the documents, the water quality control program was supposed to conduct the monitor- ing on a "systematic basis" but it had actually done it based on an "on demand [basis] from communities." P005347 Sampling of effluent quality was going to be analyzed to ensure that it would be complying with the MARPOL 73/78 (Morocco) Convention standards. Three governments and the Bank negotiated an agreement that by a set date, and "under TOR acceptable to the Bank," a laboratory would conduct "analysis and produce a report on the findings of the analysis every three months." Governments gave assurances that this would occur but no further information was found in documents to determine the outcome of the monitoring activities. P005237 Monitoring of marine water quality is reported to be "regular." The documents do not mention the sampling methods (Jordan) used. Monitoring equipment that was purchased for the project is "functioning" and providing "monthly reports on moni- toring data" that are being sent to local authorities. A GIS division that was created was reported to have been "completed beyond expectations," which is supporting authorities in planning and decision making and "sharing the results [of aquifer monitoring] with its neighbor," which could be interpreted as a neighboring country. P005146 A "routine monitoring network for drainage water quality in the Nile Delta and Fayoum" was established. Three laboratories (Egypt, Arab were built and "two regional units were established" to monitor water quality "using a "'before' and `after' drainage Rep.) approach." "Chemical, physical and biological" analyses are being done of the collected water samples; these are mentioned as having taken place during the project. No further information is given on the frequency of these analyses or the fre- quency of other "site investigations of groundwater pollution" implemented, although it is mentioned that a publication was developed that helped local authorities to "integrate qualitative and environmental aspects in the management and development of groundwater resources." P004938 A "monitoring program for water salinity/quality" and quantity was created. The documents state that "useful data are now (Algeria) available for developing improved methodologies and strategies." Nevertheless, the information available indicates that "more analytical and preparatory work needs to be carried out for the full benefits of these studies." The Government had given assurances that it will continue drainage and groundwater quantity and quality monitoring activities which were "foreseen this year." Documents on the implementation of the project outline "limited" "usefulness" of studies given that they were not deemed to be sufficient to develop a master-plan. 88 | Water and Development Project iD Monitoring systems, sampling and analysis methods P004871 Sampling of effluent quality was going to be analyzed to ensure that it would be complying with the MARPOL 73/78 (Algeria) Convention standards. Three governments and the Bank negotiated an agreement that by a set date, and "under TOR acceptable to the Bank," a laboratory would conduct "analysis and produce a report on the findings of the analysis every three months." Governments gave assurances that this would occur, but no further information was found in documents to determine the outcome of the monitoring activities. P004799 Water quality monitoring studies done during the "pre-project phase" had helped to determine that "water quality in the (Thailand) reservoir had not measurably changed, " according to documents. These studies are mentioned will be continued "four times each year for five years." Data on parameters used is not given but it is mentioned that "six new environmental monitoring systems" had been acquired, which with the use of an "Integrated Environmental Management Information System" provided capacity to analyze data "required for environmental studies and analysis." P003632 "Automatic, transboundary water quality monitoring stations" were installed to monitor water in 20 cities in 12 provinces/ (China) regions within the central and western regions of the country. A "satellite communications system" links these stations to the local authority in charge of monitoring the water quality of nine major lakes. No further information is mentioned on the monitoring/testing methods. This system, however, is described as having assisted to "strengthen" the capacity of participating authorities, which were able to increase the number of "scientific papers" and competency to develop other "key projects." P003602 Water quality monitoring and data management equipment was procured to strengthen the capacity of the local (China) Environmental Monitoring Center, which is in "operation and responding to national and provincial demands." Methods of analysis the data are not given in documents. Nevertheless, "training" of staff in environmental management is mentioned as an "important aspect of this component." It is also mentioned that air and water quality monitoring is to be performed "regularly and reliably." P003586 A water quality monitoring laboratory with equipment to monitor water quality near a water supply intake was built. The (China) laboratory is sampling water and analyzing a "range of specific micropollutants." Monitoring data "has been enhanced by the provision of LIMS (laboratory information management systems)" and it is mentioned that a set of monitoring indica- tors were developed which are "reported regularly by SEPO." P003585 The SIWMS [water monitoring system] was built and equipped and "gradually put into use." The documents estimate that (China) the system in place can "precisely monitor 40 percent of industry wastewater from important industrial pollution sources and accurately monitor 100 percent of urban sewage waste water on a real-time basis." All gathered data are being sent to a management center "in time" and information was expected to be made available to the public. It was suggested that the system "should" support the "enforcement of regulations on water quality." P002175 The monitoring system consists of an industrial database and map that provided baseline data for industrial effluent and (Nigeria) other industrial emissions to improve the quality of water bodies in Lagos State. It is mentioned that this system facilitates "effective pollution control of industrial discharges." The use of the map helped to "enforce effluent limitation, standards, and guidelines." The government developed a monitoring program in "13 mini and major water works" and the monitoring is done "3 times weekly for physical, chemical, biochemical, microbiological" parameters. Rivers and streams are sampled " 3 times weekly. Groundwater pollution is sampled "twice weekly." Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 89 Rivers and Lakes gure 2.1 FiguRe J.19 Distribution of River and lake Objective Categories among all Completed Projects Water for economic use Water conservation Water quality River and lake activity Institutional development Flood control Ecological management TA and training Watershed management Drainage and wastewater Hydropower 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Number of closed projects (55 projects) Source: IEG water database. gure 2.1 FiguRe J.20 Distribution of River and lake Objective Categories among all active Projects Water quality Water for economic use Institutional development River and lake activity TA and training Flood control Drainage and wastewater Water conservation Ecological management Watershed management Hydropower 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Number of active projects (49 projects) Source: IEG water database. 90 | Water and Development IEG Outcome Ratings for Rivers and Lakes Projects gure 2.1 FiguRe J.21 The River and lake Portfolio Performs better than average on Outcome, Sustainability, and institutional Development impact 100 87 76 80 80 75 67 68 65 Percent satisfactory 60 45 47 40 20 0 Outcome satisfactory Sustainability likely ID Impact substantial River and Lake Water portfolio Bank-wide Source: IEG water database. IEG Outcome Ratings by Region gure 2.1 FiguRe J.22 The South asia Region Performs Significantly Worse than Other Regions in the bank When it Comes to River and lake Management, exit Fiscal 1997­2007 100 Percent satisfactory 75 50 25 0 East Asia Europe & Sub-Saharan South Latin America Middle East & Pacific Central Asia Africa Asia & the & Region Caribbean North Africa River and lake average Bank average ieg outcome River and lake projects all projects Number of projects Percent satisfactory Number of projects Percent satisfactory East Asia & Pacific 14 100 450 80 Europe & Central Asia 11 100 584 82 Africa 11 73 759 63 South Asia 8 57 290 76 Latin America & Caribbean 5 100 646 80 Middle East & N. Africa 1 100 237 73 Total 43 87 2,966 75 Source: IEG water database. Note: The relationships between the ratings of the following Regions was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level: South Asia & East Asia & Pacific; South Asia & Europe & Central Asia; East Asia & Pacific & Europe & Central Asia; East Asia & Pacific & Latin America & Caribbean; East Asia & Pacific & Middle East & N. Africa; Europe & Central Asia & Latin America & Caribbean; Europe & Central Asia & Middle East & N. Africa; Latin America & Caribbean & Middle East & N. Africa. Appendix J | 91 Table J.31 The Most Common Project Results for Rivers and lakes Number of Number of Positive results projects Negative results projects Access to water supply was improved or the No financial incentive was created for conservation amount of water available increased 14 or water pricing targets were not met 13 Riverine areas were reforested 12 Water pollution levels unchanged by project closing 12 Institutional reorganization took place 11 Weak existing legal framework slowed implementation 10 Embankment strengthening works took place 10 Agricultural production and/or irrigation rehabilitation did not meet its appraisal targets 9 Water availability was increased through upgrading Unaccounted-for water or water lost in transport physical infrastructures (need for conservation reduced) 10 increased during project implementation 9 New water quality analysis laboratories established or Technical assistance was of inadequate quality capacity expanded at existing laboratories 9 (example, infrastructure collapsed) 9 Flood monitoring and forecasting systems were WSS services not improved enough in certain project installed 8 areas to permit anticipated economic use of water 9 New power stations (hydropower plants) were Institution strengthening did not take place 9 built or existing ones upgraded 8 Water measuring devices (or gauging stations) Implementing agencies failed to coordinate 7 were installed 7 Flood risks were reduced by increasing bridge Water losses remained unchanged after project closure 5 clearances and/or roadbed height 7 Training was of good or acceptable quality 7 Infrastructure design did not respond to stakeholder priorities 5 Basin-level management institutions were established 6 Flood control structures constructed by project were destroyed by a flood 5 Water quality was improved through expansion of WTP 6 Species targeted for conservation actually declined in number 4 Erosion was eliminated in slope-lands through Afforestation appraisal target was not met 4 terracing, barrier construction, or other agricultural practices 6 Untreated runoff or dumping of solid waste stopped 6 Water quality deteriorated due to untreated domestic wastewater 3 Capacity of water treatment plants was increased 5 Treatment of non-household effluents did not take place 3 River or watercourse capacity increased or river Training target group missed, or trainees had excessively channels deepened by dredging 5 poor attendance 3 Wetlands were restored 4 Training had no impact because trainees lacked critical prerequisites 3 Flood hazards were eliminated through Research results intended for sharing were not dam construction 4 disseminated 3 Illegal fishing declined 4 No data was produced to verify water quality improvements 3 New parklands created to conserve species 4 Maintenance essential for water conservation did not take place 3 Pollution load was reduced through construction Insufficient data to confirm that flood risks were of new disposal sites or landfills 4 reduced 3 Sediment control dams were built 4 Ecological problem addressed by project remained unchanged after project closure 3 Source: IEG water database. 92 | Water and Development Coastal Zones gure 2.1 FiguRe J.23 Coastal/Marine activities in bank-Financed Projects ICZM policies, plans, and regulations Ship-based pollution abatement Institutional capacity building Land-based pollution abatement TA & EIA implementation Coral reef rehabilitation Marine protected areas establishment Sea defense construction Wastewater treatment construction Coastal/marine ecotourism Anti-erosion works Coastal wetland protection Berth facilities Submarine outfall construction GIS & remote sensing Waste disposal service creation Coastal zone management monitoring Coastal fishing development Land access to the port Mangrove management Sea turtles protection Harbor reception facilities Seawater intrusion into aquifer Navigation improvement 0 6 12 18 24 30 Percent of active projectsa Percent of completed projectsb a. 38 active projects b. 83 completed projects Appendix J | 93 Chapter 5 Water Supply, Sanitation, and Sewerage Table J.32 Top 25 activities for all Water Supply, Sanitation, and Sewerage Projects activity Number of projects Institutional strengthening/capacity buildinga 166 Rural water supply and sanitation a 149 Urban water supply and sanitation a 148 Technical assistance a 110 Environmental management 73 Studies 69 Training 69 Wastewater treatment 66 Financial capacity building 49 Equipment purchase 47 Pollution abatement 46 Operations and maintenance 44 Poverty-targeted intervention 43 Community or beneficiary participation 42 Rehab water supply a 41 Water quality improvement 40 Community-driven development (CDD) 39 New sewers 38 New pipes 37 Policy 36 Project management 36 Construction of general drainage 34 Private sector participation 33 Construction of new potable water systems 32 Privatization 30 a. Activities were put in this general category when no further detail was available in the component description to allow us to categorize it more specifically. Urban Water Services Table J.33 Subsectors in the urban Water Supply and Sanitation Portfolio Sector Number of urban water projects Percentage of urban water projects Access to urban services and housing 287 52 Pollution management and environmental health 235 42 Water supply 229 41 Municipal governance and institution building 201 36 Sewerage 149 27 Water resource management 129 23 Municipal finance 81 15 Infrastructure services for private sector development 74 13 Sanitation 72 13 Power 71 13 94 | Water and Development gure 2.1 FiguRe J.24 Outcome Ratings of Risk-addressing urban Water Projects 100 90 All-Bank water average successful IEG outcome rating Percentage of projects with 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 All urban projects Risk-addressing projects Non-risk-addressing projects Source: IEG water database. Sanitation Table J.34 Projects implementing Dry or Compost latrines Project iD Country Project name approval year Total amount (uS$ millions) P000035 Angola Lobito/Beng. Rehabilitation 1992 45.6 P006206 Bolivia Rural Water Sanitation 1996 20 P055974 Bolivia Bo El Nino Emergency 1998 25 P003509 China Changchun Water Supply & Environmental Project 1993 120 P003637 China CN-National Rural Water Supply Project 3 1997 70 P003644 China CN ­ Xiaolangdi Resettlement 1994 110 P003587 China Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1992 110 P057352 China CN-Rural Water IV 1999 46 P003602 China Hubei Urban Environment 1996 150 P095315 China CN-Western Provinces Rural Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion Project 2007 25 P039264 Eritrea Community Development Fund 1996 17.5 P007392 Honduras Nutrition and Health Project 1993 25 P010484 India Uttar Pradesh & Uttaranchal Rural Water 1996 59.6 P009890 India Hyderabad Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1990 89.9 P079675 India Karn Municipal Reform 2006 216 P059477 Indonesia Second Water & Sanitation for Low-Income Communities Project 2000 77.4 P056418 Lesotho LS-Water Sector Improvements APL (fiscal 2005) 2005 14.1 P086877 Morocco MA-Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2006 60 P001789 Mozambique Urban Rehabilitation & Employment Generation Project 1989 60 P010478 Pakistan NWFP- Community Infrastructure Project 1996 21.5 P007846 Panama Rural Health 1995 25 P100390 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka: Puttalam Housing Project 2007 32 P005906 Yemen, Rep. RY-Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project 2001 20 Source: IEG water database. Appendix J | 95 Subsidies for Basic Sanitation gure 2.1 FiguRe J.25 Sanitation Subsidies in Rural areas are the Most Common 7 6 Total number of projects 5 4 3 2 1 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Approval year Total urban Total rural Total peri-urban Source: IEG water database (n=37). Note: Ten projects were double-counted because they gave subsidies in more than one geographic area. High Uptake and Subsidy Levels Table J.35 Results for the highest Percentage of Target beneficiary uptake: The Five best Planned actual project beneficiary beneficiary beneficiaries approval subsidy Revised number number relative to iD Country year # (%) % subsidy at appraisal actual expected (%) P037709 Honduras 1996 60 No 70,000 beneficiaries 376,378 beneficiaries 538 P003990 Indonesia 1993 100 No 1.7 million people 3.1 million people 182 P000924 Ghana 1994 50 No 20,000 people, 36,000 people, 180 250 schools 140 schools P057352 China 1999 50 and 100 No N/A 53,370 people 87,760 people (estimated 164 (estimated by using by using the actual the number of latrines number of latrines built at appraisal times 5 times 5 people per people per household) household) P050616 Ghana 2000 90 No 550,000 people 794,900 people 144 Source: IEG water database (n=5). 96 | Water and Development Low Uptake and Subsidy Levels Table J.36 Results for Percentage of Target beneficiary uptake: The Five lowest appraisal % Total project beneficiary beneficiary beneficiaries approval subsidy Revised number number actual of iD Country year # (%) % subsidy at appraisal actual appraisal P009873 India 1987 80 No 356,000 beneficiaries 380,000 beneficiaries 107 P000973 Ghana 1996 50 No 200,000 beneficiaries 190,000 beneficiaries 95 P009467 Bangladesh 1988 100 No 24,000 people 22,305 people 92 P009890 India 1990 80 No 120,000 people 107,300 people (reported 89 in quarter ending December 1997), 104 settlements P006206 Bolivia 1996 70 No 346,929 beneficiaries 64,500 beneficiaries 18 Source: IEG water database (n=5). Projects with Number of Village and Town Attainment Targets Table J.37 Results for the Percentage of Target Town/Village beneficiary attainment appraisal % Total project beneficiary beneficiary beneficiaries approval subsidy Revised number number actual of iD Country year # (%) % subsidy at appraisal actual appraisal P064008 Nigeria 2000 30 No 16 towns, 13 towns 81 325,000 people (5 partially finished) P010418 India 1993 33-69 Yes 1,200 villages 918 villages 77 P010484 India 1996 80 Yes 1,550 villages 1,000 villages 65 P003587 China 1992 70 and 100 No 150 demonstration 84 demonstration villages 56 villages P010369 India 1991 100 No 2,100 villages 560 villages 1100,000 27 people Source: IEG water database (n=5). Appendix J | 97 Wastewater Treatment gure 2.1 FiguRe J.26 Rehabilitation of existing Sewerage Systems Was the Preferred Strategic approach in the Past-- Currently More attention goes to Wastewater Treatment Plants Rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems Increase WWTP capacity Provision of alternative sewage collection Installation of latrines and public toilets Training, and/or studies Privatization of WSS systems Operation of a WWTP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Number of active projects Number of closed projects Source: IEG water documents review. Table J.38 "What happened analysis" for the 191 Completed Wastewater Treatment Projects Number of Number of Positive achievements projects Negative results projects Existing sewerage systems were rehabilitated 49 Planned sewerage construction works did not take place or incomplete by project closing 24 New sewerage networks were constructed 48 Existing sewerage systems were not rehabilitated 22 Existing WWTP was rehabilitated 25 WWTP was not constructed or the construction incomplete by project completion 10 WWTP capacity was increased as anticipated 25 O&M was not improved as anticipated. Financial institutional capacity did not occur 9 Sewerage system capacity was increased 14 Planned WWTP rehabilitation works did not take place 9 Public toilets and latrines were installed as planned 13 Alternative sewage collection facility was not carried out 8 Training and/or studies carried out 12 Intended privatization of WSS systems did not carried out 6 Envisioned WWTP construction work took place 11 Septic tank systems were not installed and/or improved as planned 6 Alternative sewage collection facilities were provided 10 Wastewater effluent quality remained poor 5 WSS systems were privatized 5 WWTP capacity was not increased 4 O&M was improved for WWTP and sewerage 4 Studies and/or capacity building programs did not take place 4 Septic tanks were built 1 Leakage from sewer pipes remained after project closure 3 Planned latrines and/or communal toilets were not installed 2 98 | Water and Development Economic Analysis for Water, Sanitation, Sewerage, and Wastewater Treatment Projects gure 2.1 FiguRe J.27 Project economic/Financial analysis for Water Treatment and Sewage Projects 100 91 90 Economic rate of return (ERR) analysis before and after 80 70 No justification provided at appraisal Number of projects or no information at completion 60 50 43 Benefits are not quantifiable, lack of 37 data to quantify benefits 40 30 Financial rate of return (FRR) analysis 20 15 M&E was not designed to monitor 10 5 impacts 0 Completed fiscal 1997­2007 Source: World Bank project documents, n=191 Note: Only 26 projects (out of 312 analyzed) supported improvement of sanitation services through the installation of latrines and public toilets. Of the 26 projects, 16 were completed and 10 were yet to close. Among the completed projects, 5 projects planned to quantify economic ben- efits but only 3 did so by completion. The majority of sanitation-related projects claimed that economic benefits were too difficult to quantify. Chapter 6 Decentralization gure 2.1 FiguRe J.28 activities of Completed Decentralization Projects Capacity building, local level Construction of WS infrastructure Local resource mobilization Construction of sanitation infrastructure Promotion / support of decentralization Capacity building, central level Pollution and water quality management Water / wastewater treatment CDD investments O&M improvement Water resources management Rehabilitation of WS infrastructure Promotion of PSP Drainage infrastructure Institutional framework for decentralization Multisectoral project Reform of tariff system Rehabilitation of sanitation infrastructure Establishing of local water utilities / WUAs Participatory community model Watershed protection and management Reform of local water institution Decentralization feasibility studies / pilots Reform of tax system Assessment of the potential for PSP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent of projects undertaking activity Appendix J | 99 gure 2.1 FiguRe J.29 Positive Outcomes of Completed Decentralization Projects Infrastructure successfully installed / rehabilitated Service delivery improved Local level capacity increased Pollution reduced / water quality improved Institutional reform successful Cost recovery improved Ownership strengthened Accountability improved Productive efficiency increased Community participation successful O&M of infrastructure improved Sustainability more likely Central level capacity increased Water management successful / UfW reduced Empowerment of women or disadvantaged groups PSP successful Social cohesion strengthened NGO participation successful Allocative efficiency increased Donor participation successful 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent of projects undertaking activity gure 2.1 FiguRe J.30 Negative Outcomes of Completed Projects O&M of infrastructure did not improve Cost recovery did not improve Local level capacity did not increase Water management not successful / UfW increased Central-level capacity did not increase Sustainability problematic Decentralization process incomplete Institutional reform not successful Pollution not reduced / water quality not improved Service delivery did not improve PSP unsuccessful Regulation / monitoring did not improve Ownership or empowerment did not improve Infrastructure not successfully installed / rehabilitated 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent of projects undertaking activity 100 | Water and Development Table J.39 Ordinary least Squares (OlS) Transboundary Waters Regression for Decentralization Success Coefficient Table J.40 World bank Funding is going to the Variable (standard error) basins Shared by the highest Number Decentralization type of Riparian Countries Devolution 0.5963*** Number of (0.1360) projects in ieg water database Delegation 0.4353** Number of supporting (0.1999) basin name basin- sharing transboundary by Region countries basins Setting Africa Africa 20.1944 Congo/Zaire 13 1 (0.1448) Nile 13 18 Rural 20.0808 Niger 11 4 (0.1709) Lake Chad 9 6 Zambezi 9 2 Actors 0.1798*** Volta 6 2 (0.0596) Lake Turkana 5 Approval year 0.0325** Lotagipi Swamp 5 (0.0164) Orange 4 9 Activity Senegal 4 1 Water supply 0.2634 Limpopo 4 1 East Asia and Pacific 0.2634 Yellow Sea Sea 1 Sanitation 0.1693 Bohai Sea Sea 1 (0.1360) Mekong 6 2 Community-driven development 0.1719 Tarim 5 1 (0.1596) Amur 4 Decentralization-related activity 0.2529 Strait of Malacca 3 1 Europe and Central Asia 18 12 (0.1601) Danube 8 8 Negative influences Aral Sea 6 7 Lack of capacity 20.1176 Adrianic Sea 5 4 (0.1773) Kura-Araks 5 2 Inadequate cost recovery 20.2367* Caspian Sea 5 1 (0.1363) Oder/Odra Decentralization insufficient 20.3443* Middle East and North Africa Sea 3 Caspian Sea Sea and Gulf 1 (0.1806) Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 7 1 Observations 90 Jordan 7 R² 0.5235 Euphrate and Tigris 6 Awash 3 Note: [1] OLS regression with robust standard errors. [2] ***denotes Hari/Harirud 3 significant at the 1 percent level, **at the 5 percent level, and *at the Asi/Orontes 3 10 percent level. Gulf of Aqaba 3 1 Latin America and the Caribbean Patagonian Large Marine Marine Ecosystem Ecosystem 1 Chetumal Bay and the Gulf of Honduras Bay 1 Caribbean Sea 22 1 Amazon 9 1 La Plata 4 3 South Asia Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna 6 3 Indus 6 2 Sources: Oregon State University's database on International River Basins of the World and IEG water database. Appendix J | 101 Table J.41 Variation in Regional attention to Water Focal areas e. asia & europe & latin america Middle east South Total africa Pacific Central asia & Caribbean & N. africa asia projects (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (number) Irrigation 13 22 16 15 15 19 311 Groundwater 12 24 14 10 17 24 229 Hydropower/dams 27 22 17 15 4 15 211 Flood 16 20 14 22 10 17 177 Urban water supply 26 15 18 24 10 6 229 Rural water supply 27 17 11 17 12 16 218 Wastewater treatment 14 22 21 20 17 6 312 Urban sanitation & sewerage 17 24 19 23 12 5 190 Rural sanitation & sewerage 26 16 15 21 11 12 108 Watershed mgmt. 21 21 7 24 11 16 218 Rivers and lakes 21 20 26 18 4 11 174 Coastal zone mgmt. 19 22 20 19 11 9 121 Inland waterways & ports 33 30 6 18 6 8 104 Fisheries 31 30 7 18 3 10 87 Transboundary 41 7 37 7 6 4 123 Source: IEG water database Note: The percentage of the total number of projects that took place in each focal area was calculated. The number of projects per Region can be determined by multiplying the percentage by the focal area total. The Region with the highest percentage of projects for every focal area is represented in darker blue, and the second-highest in lighter blue. Chapter 7 Table J.42 Coverage of Water Resources Management Objectives by World bank Strategic Documents Water management objective 1993 WRM Policy Paper 2003 WR sector strategy Results Alleviate poverty 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 Promote private sector participation 3 3 1 1 Encourage women to participate in WRM 3 3 1 1 Restore ecosystems (wetlands, swamps, 3 3 1 coastal zones, marinas, estuaries) 1 2 2 1 1 1 Support basin-level Institutions 3 3 1 1 Enhance stakeholder participation 3 3 1 2 102 | Water and Development Chapter Section Paragraph Chapter 3 Watershed management 3.6 Chapter 4 Flood management 4.2­4.5 Chapter 4 Drought management 4.13 Chapter 5 Sanitation 5.17­5.18 Chapter 6 Rural PSP 6.12 Chapter 6 Urban PSP 6.2­6.7 Chapter 6 Rural PSP 6.8­6.13 Chapter 3 Watershed management 3.5 Chapter 5 Rural water services 5.16, box 17 Chapter 3 Watershed management Box 2 Chapter 3 Groundwater 3.10 and box 5 Chapter 4 Mangroves 4.39 Chapter 4 Wetlands 4.37­4.39 Chapter 4 Rivers and lakes 4.25­4.30 Chapter 4 Coastal zones 4.31­4.36 Chapter 6 Transboundary waterways 6.33­6.35, box 24 Chapter 3 RBM 3.15­3.20 Chapter 6 Transboundary waters 6.29­6.35 Chapter 3 Watershed management 3.3 Chapter 5 WUAs 5.5­5.7 (Table continues on the following page.) Appendix J | 103 Table J.42 Coverage of Water Resources Management Objectives (continued) Water management objective 1993 WRM Policy Paper 2003 WR sector strategy Results Employ demand management 3 3 2 practices (promote incentives to 2 water conservation and establish 1 "polluter-pays" principle) 2 1 2 2 1 1 Strengthen policies and develop 3 3 1 economic and sector work Improve water institutions 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 Coordinate WR activities 3 1 across sectors (cross-sectoral) 2 Support for international waterways 3 3 1 2 Promote improved WRM 3 3 1 1 Commit to environmental 1 improvements 2 1 1 2 Create effective M&E (units) to 2 measure results 2 1/2 2 2 1 Protect groundwater resources 3 3 1/2 Develop hydraulic infrastructure 3 2 (dams, hydropower) 1 Reduce natural disaster risks 1 Prepare "high-risk/high-reward" projects 3 1 1 Promote decentralization 3 1 Improve low-cost technologies 3 1 2 Address political economy of reforms 3 1 Enhance donor coordination 3 1 1 1 Develop water CASs 3 1 Note: One activity can have mixed outcomes, therefore the use of + and - for the same activity. 104 | Water and Development Chapter Section Paragraph Chapter 3 Watershed management 3.4, box 2 Chapter 3 Groundwater 3.10, 3.12 Chapter 3 Demand management 3.26­3.31 Chapter 3 Cost recovery 3.34­3.37 Chapter 3 Economic analysis 3.32­3.33 Chapter 4 Drought management 4.13 Chapter 4 Rivers and lakes 4.28, 4.29 Chapter 6 Decentralization 6.15 Chapter 6 IWRM 6.20­6.24 Chapter 2 Economic and sector work 2.6 Chapter 2 Portfolio 2.25 Chapter 3 H&MM 3.21­3.25 Chapter 3 River basin organizations 3.15­3.20 Chapter 5 WSS 5.12 Chapter 5 Sanitation 5.17­5.18 Chapter 5 WWT 5.23­5.28 Chapter 6 Decentralization 6.16 Chapter 6 IWRM 6.24 Chapter 6 Transboundary waters 6.29 Chapter 2 Portfolio 2.21­2.27 Chapter 6 Inland waterways 6.38­6.39 Chapter 3 River basin organizations 3.15­3.20 Chapter 6 Transboundary waters 6.25­6.39 Chapter 3 River basin organizations 3.15­3.20 Chapter 6 IWRM 6.21­6.22, box 21 Chapter 3 Watershed management Box 2 Chapter 4 Flood management 4.2­4.5 Chapter 4 Environmental flows 4.16­4.18 Chapter 4 Water quality management 4.19­4.21 Chapter 4 Rivers and lakes 4.28­4.29 Chapter 3 Watershed management 3.7 Chapter 3 Groundwater 3.14 Chapter 3 H&MM 3.21­3.25 Chapter 4 Water quality monitoring 4.22 Chapter 5 WWT 5.29 Chapter 6 Transboundary waters 6.37 Chapter 3 Groundwater 3.10, box 5, 3.12 Chapter 4 Drought management 4.14 Chapter 4 Dams 5.30­5.35 Chapter 4 Floods and droughts 4.2­4.14 Chapter 5 Dams and hydro 4.14 Chapter 6 Inter-basin transfers 6.32 Chapter 7 Decentralization 6.14­6.19 Chapter 3 Groundwater recharging 3.12, box 5 Chapter 4 Sanitation 5.17, 5.18 Chapter 7 Urban PSP 6.2­6.7 Chapter 4 Water quality management 4.21 Chapter 4 Water quality monitoring 4.22 Chapter 6 IWRM 6.20 Appendix F Water CASs Appendix J | 105 Endnotes Appendix C Appendix F 1. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) describe 1. Under each heading, the relevant subcategories were a country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies identified and then the earliest CAS for each country and programs to promote growth and reduce poverty, as well (during the period studied) was compared to the most as associated external financing needs. PRSPs are prepared recent. This was done to determine the evolution in the by governments through a participatory process involving nature of activities over time. No more than two CASs for civil society and development partners, including the World each country were used: for those countries that had more Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). than two, the interim documents were excluded from the 2. The objective of a CAS is to synthesize the country analysis. The 20 highly water-stressed countries and the situation, government priorities, Bank Group strategy, and 20 least water-stressed countries were compared and con- Bank partner activities into a coherent program for future trasted. work together. 3. The WSP is one of the World Bank's longest standing Appendix G external partnership programs. The program follows the 1. Cairncross and Valmanis (2006), p. 789. Bank's management and administrative processes, and it "The proportion of the total disease burden attributable functions as an independent unit within the Department to water, sanitation, and hygiene is greatest in the high- of Energy and Water in the SDN Vice Presidency. Its staff mortality countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region, report to various donors that supply the funding for the ac- reaching 6 to 7 percent of the total. They are followed by tivities they are engaged in. the high-mortality countries of Southeast Asia and Africa, 4. Based on data provided by the sector board for the pe- where the water and sanitation complex accounts for 4 to 5 riod October 2008 to September 2009. percent of the total. Globally, improvements in water sup- ply, sanitation, and hygiene could eliminate 3 to 4 percent Appendix E of the global burden of disease." 1. The Indonesia Surabaya Urban Development Project (SUDP P003998) notes: "In support of the ICR recommenda- Appendix H tion, Bank supervision should include constant and continu- 1. This includes rehabilitation, dam raising, expansion, ous monitoring of the relevance and scope of project objec- and upgrades. tives and call for a radical redesign when a project is clearly no longer consistent with a borrower's sector strategy." 106 | Water and Development Bibliography Relevant World Bank Policies Other Publications OP 4.07--Water Resources Management - February 2000 ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2004. 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Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan. http://www U.K.: Greenleaf Publishing. .dams.org//docs/report/wcdreport.pdf. 112 | Water and Development IEG Publications Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2009: Achieving Sustainable Development Addressing the Challenges of Globalization: An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank's Approach to Global Programs Assessing World Bank Support for Trade, 1987­2004: An IEG Evaluation Books, Building, and Learning Outcomes: An Impact Evaluation of World Bank Support to Basic Education in Ghana Bridging Troubled Waters: Assessing the World Bank Water Resources Strategy Climate Change and the World Bank Group--Phase I: An Evaluation of World Bank Win-Win energy Policy Reforms Debt Relief for the Poorest: An Evaluation Update of the HIPC Initiative A Decade of Action in Transport: An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance to the Transport Sector, 1995­2005 The Development Potential of Regional Programs: An Evaluation of World Bank Support of Multicountry Operations Development Results in Middle-Income Countries: An Evaluation of World Bank Support Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation--Taking the Measure of the World Bank­IFC Doing Business Indicators Egypt: Positive Results from Knowledge Sharing and Modest Lending--An IEG Country Assistance Evaluation 1999¬­2007 Engaging with Fragile States: An IEG Review of World Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress Environmental Sustainability: An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support Evaluation of World Bank Assistance to Pacific Member Countries, 1992­2002 Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development: An Evaluation of World Bank Group Experience Financial Sector Assessment Program: IEG Review of the Joint World Bank and IMF Initiative From Schooling Access to Learning Outcomes: An Unfinished Agenda--An Evaluation of World Bank Support to Primary Education Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development: An IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters How to Build M&E Systems to Support Better Government IEG Review of World Bank Assistance for Financial Sector Reform An Impact Evaluation of India's Second and Third Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Projects: A Case of Poverty Reduction with Low Economic Returns Improving Effectiveness and Outcomes for the Poor in Health, Nutrition, and Population Improving the Lives of the Poor through Investment in Cities Improving Municipal Management for Cities to Succeed: An IEG Special Study Improving the World Bank's Development Assistance: What Does Evaluation Show: Maintaining Momentum to 2015: An Impact Evaluation of Interventions to Improve Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Outcomes in Bangladesh New Renewable Energy: A Review of the World Bank's Assistance Pakistan: An Evaluation of the World Bank's Assistance Pension Reform and the Development of Pension Systems: An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank's Support Through 2003 The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: Findings from 10 Country Case Studies of World Bank and IMF Support Power for Development: A Review of the World Bank Group's Experience with Private Participation in the Electricity Sector Public Sector Reform: What Works and Why? An IEG Evaluation of World Bank Support Small States: Making the Most of Development Assistance--A Synthesis of World Bank Findings Social Funds: Assessing Effectiveness Sourcebook for Evaluating Global and Regional Partnership Programs Using Knowledge to Improve Development Effectiveness: An Evaluation of World Bank Economic and Sector Work and Technical Assistance, 2000­2006 Using Training to Build Capacity for Development: An Evaluation of the World Bank's Project-Based and WBI Training The Welfare Impact of Rural Electrification: A Reassessment of the Costs and Benefits--An IEG Impact Evaluation World Bank Assistance to Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: An IEG Review World Bank Assistance to the Financial Sector: A Synthesis of IEG Evaluations World Bank Group Guarantee Instruments 1990­2007: An Independent Evaluation The World Bank in Turkey: 1993­2004--An IEG Country Assistance Evaluation World Bank Engagement at the State Level: The Cases of Brazil, India, Nigeria, and Russia All IEG evaluations are available, in whole or in part, in languages other than English. For our multilingual section, please visit http://www.worldbank.org/ieg. ISBN 978-0-8213-8393-3 SKU 18393