AFRICA CLIMATE RESILIENT INVESTMENT FACILITY Synthesis of Implementation Results and Lessons Learned from Component  I  Project-Level Technical Assistance © 2025 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Synthesis of Implementation Results and Lessons Learned from Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance. © World Bank.” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover design: Alejandro Espinosa Mejia Contents Acknowledgments 4 1. Background 5 2. Synthesis Approach and Justification 7 3. Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area 8 3.1. Food Security and Rural Economy 8 3.2. Ecosystem Stability/Natural Resource Management/Water Security 15 3.3. Urban and Transport Resilience 17 3.4. Resilient Energy and Energy Infrastructure 22 3.5. Risk Governance/Climate Shocks 25 3.6. Human Dimensions (Social Protection, Health, and Education) 27 4. Areas of Special Focus 33 5. Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects 35 Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) 3 Acknowledgments This report synthesizes the implementation results and lessons learned from Component I of the Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES), which provided project-level technical assistance to World Bank operations to integrate climate resilience from the initial design stage of projects, with the objective of addressing and mitigating climate risks. AFRI-RES has been jointly implemented by the World Bank and the United Nations Economic Commis- sion for Africa. Component I was fully implemented by the World Bank. AFRI-RES was established in 2017 with a grant from the Nordic Development Fund. AFRI-RES was implemented under the direction of Iain Shuker (Former Manager East Africa Environment Department), Aage Jørgensen (Former Head of Portfolio Origination & Management and Program Manager Nordic Development Fund), and Martina Jägerhorn (Program Manager Nordic Development Fund). The technical assistance provided through AFRI-RES Component I was led by Kanta Kumari Rigaud (Lead Climate Change Specialist West Africa Environment Department). The report was prepared by Marco Alcaraz (Senior Climate Change Specialist Consultant) under the guidance of Yurani Arias-Granada (Environmental Economist East Africa Environment Depart- ment). Comments were provided by Diji Chandrasekharan Behr (Lead Environmental Economist East Africa Environment Department). This work was conducted under the general direction of Paul Martin (Practice Manager East Africa Environment Department). Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 4 1. © 2019 Riccardo Mayer/Shutterstock Background T he Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) was established in 2017 with a €5 million grant from the Nordic Development Fund. AFRI-RES aims to strengthen the capacity of African institutions and the private sector to plan, design, and implement investments in selected sectors to increase their climate resilience. A partnership with the African Union, it is jointly implemented by the World Bank and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. This initiative fosters collaboration among three key stakeholders that have an interest in integrating climate considerations into the devel- opment process: project developers, project financiers, and the climate science community. AFRI-RES is divided into four components: (1) project-level technical assistance (TA); (2) outreach, dissemination, and training; (3) guidelines, standards, and good practice notes; (4) climate knowledge and data portal. The program also included strategic dialogue, outreach, and management. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 5 Background Component I: Under this component, AFRI-RES aimed to integrate climate resilience from the initial design stage of projects to effectively address and mitigate climate risks. Through a competitive process, AFRI- RES provided catalytic grants to World Bank projects through two separate funding rounds, amounting to €2.2 million.1 These grants were allocated to 36 projects (15 in round 1 and 21 in round 2) across 10 World Bank Global Practices, spanning 23 countries in the Africa region. The catalytic grants played a pivotal role in informing and influencing consideration of climate resilience in the design of the investment support portfolio by AFRI-RES—with World Bank lending up to US$10.6 billion. This represents the total lending amount across all investments (see table 1 with a list of all the investments). Of the 36 projects, 7 were supported with grants but were dropped from the preparation cycle; 1 grant supported the preparation of an analytical study (Monitoring COVID-19 Impacts in Eastern and Southern Africa [AFE] under Eastern Africa Regional Statistics Program-for-Results); and 1 project (Enhance Resilience in HoA [Horn of Africa] Rises Project under Horn of Africa Regional Integration for Sustainable Energy Supply) utilized only about 10 percent of the allocated funding. 8 Number of Projects by Main Sector 7 6 6 4 3 1 1 Food Energy Urban Human Natural Transport Locally-led Poverty Security and DRM Dimensions Resource Climate and statistics and Rural (Social Management Adaptation Economy Protection, and Water (Social) Health, and Education) Teams used the funding to implement a range of methods, models, and tools to enhance the ability of assets, communities, sectors, and systems to operate effectively in the face of shocks and stresses.2 No two projects used the funding in the same way and often looked to address more than one shock, a finding which emphasizes the context-specificity of resilience building along with its multidimensionality. Teams also frequently followed a participatory approach that engaged stakeholders in some format (that is, workshops, walk-arounds, and consultation meetings) to gather additional information, validate results, or both. Stakeholder groups included private sector entities, nongovernmental organizations, academia, and local communities. Details of the funding usage and lessons learned are provided in this synthesis note. 1 On average, projects received between US$33,000 and US$100,000 as part of the project preparation stage to inform the design and embed climate resilience. 2 The funding was used in different ways: (a) to characterize the associated climate impacts/risks in project countries and sectors; (b) to ensure that specific assets were climate resilient by conducting specific assessments; (c) to hire specialists who provided advice on the topic and to draft terms of reference to ensure that climate variability and change were considered; and (d) to undertake capacity-building and awareness-raising activities. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 6 2. Synthesis Approach and Justification T his synthesis was performed to showcase what the projects did with the AFRI-RES grant funding and how climate resilience was incorporated into their design. To do so, the grant requests and outputs from the 36 projects that received the funding were reviewed and classified per overarching themes, generally following the classification of the Next Generation Africa Climate Business Plan (NGACBP) into strategic directions, with some adjustments to reflect that AFRI-RES grants cover climate resilience specifically, while the NGACBP includes all climate actions, including climate mitigation/low-carbon development. Additionally, the AFRI-RES included the targeted area of human development, which the NGACBP did not treat as a separate subject. The rationale behind this classification is that the themes covered represent distinct areas where interventions addressing climate resilience require specialized knowledge and expertise specific to the subject area. At the same time, many of these projects address more than one thematic area, so they are classified according to their main or lead area of focus and are highly interconnected, requiring integrated, multisectoral approaches that consider the synergies and trade-offs across time scales. When the information was available and for projects that completed all the analyses and deliverables at the time of review, relevant results and lessons learned are highlighted. For projects under implementation, data from the projects’ latest Implementation Status and Results Reports and climate co-benefits (adaptation) are used to showcase the impacts of the AFRI-RES–supported proj- ects to date. For projects that did not share the detailed deliverables and final outputs lessons learned were not able to be provided. The synthesis review also highlights, where existing, work done with the grants on women, gender equality, inclusion, capacity building, and strengthening of local institutions and beneficiaries on climate adaptation and resilience. Where relevant, the review also notes where additional indicators for measuring climate resilience have been considered for the projects. Finally, it provides lessons learned and recommenda- tions on how to better incorporate climate resilience into project design and preparation and suggests improvements for a potential second phase of AFRI-RES. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 7 3. © 2021 Riccardo Mayer/Shutterstock Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area 3.1. Food Security and Rural Economy This theme focuses on supporting the development of resilient agriculture (livestock and crops), the most important source of livelihoods for Africa’s rural populations. While the share of gross domestic product (GDP) contribution by agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa has shrunk to less than one-third, the sector still employs 54 percent of the work force (NGACBP first progress report 2022). Climate change will adversely affect crop yields, and crop and livestock viabilities, while disrupting food systems. These impacts also disproportionately affect the livelihoods of the rural poor, who are a large share of the region’s overall population and a significant part of its economy -with agricultural labor shares representing more Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 8 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area than half of the total. AFRI-RES grants supported 10 projects under this theme. The key areas included support for sustainable and climate-resilient land management practices in croplands and pastoral lands, for providing resilience to the communities that depend on agriculture; for the integration of climate-re- silient practices along the agricultural value chain, including for integrating private sector initiatives in agricultural production, distribution, and commercialization; and for integrating climate information for decision-making, including through digital services, insurance products, and early warning systems. The results and lessons learned from some representative projects are examined in the following paragraphs. The West Africa Resilient Food Systems Program (P172769) is the initial stage in the preparation of a continentwide Food Security under Climate Change Program, with West Africa as the first mover region. The AFRI-RES grant supported the development of accompanying Advisory Services and Analytics, which will support clients in identifying and designing a set of high-impact regional flagship initiatives. Two main activities were supported by the grant: ▶ Preparation of context review chapters of a blueprint report summarizing food system and climate resilience issues in West Africa to inform a follow-up workshop’s technical and plenary discussions. The blueprint lays out current trends in food insecurity in the region and summarizes issues of regional food insecurity hotspots and drivers of climate risk, along with highlighting knowledge gaps. ▶ One-week-long strategic stakeholder workshop to identify regional priority investments and opportunities for collaboration. Through technical discussions, the workshop deployed applicable climate resilience attributes as a lens to generate new insights on the regional and national elements of building climate resilience through investments in three thematic areas that have been identified for investment by the operation. These areas are (a) risk manage- ment, (b) staple food trade, and (c) sustainability of the productive base. Results The blueprint report, supported by the grant, identified three priority intervention areas: (a) strengthening the sustainability of the food system’s productive base—climate-smart agriculture at the farm and land- scape levels, (b) promoting an enabling environment for intraregional value chain development and trade facilitation, and (c) improving regional risk management architecture and farmer decision support tools. The report also identifies (a) knowledge gaps that require further analytical work and (b) opportunities for effective key programs. Lessons Learned ▶ New digital extension tools have the potential to enable widespread access to information, including climate information. Given the recent breakthroughs in information technology and increasing penetration of mobile phones in West Africa, it has become possible to disseminate agronomic, climate, and market information to a greater number of farmers than ever before. The follow-up Food System Resilience Program (FSRP) will aim to (a) harness disruptive tech- nologies with the objective of boosting agricultural productivity while improving nutritional outcomes and resilience to climate change and (b) provide data analytics and agriculture intelligence solutions to enable data-driven decision-making and high-performing early warning systems.  Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 9 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Using an integrated landscape approach would foster a spatial, ecological, and socioeco- nomic method to manage natural resources in a comprehensive and sustainable manner. Current approaches often lack an integrated development vision capable of considering all components of local ecosystems, leading to economic and political marginalization of rural populations and continued land degradation. Applying lessons from the blueprint report supported by AFRI-RES, the follow-up FSRP will support the adoption of the integrated land- scape approach to manage natural resources in a coherent, comprehensive, and sustainable manner. These landscapes play a crucial role in regulating the climate, by producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide, and they provide a wide range of valuable ecosystem services— such as regulating local water cycles, protecting land against floods and soil erosion and siltation, and providing habitats for wildlife—that work synergistically with cropping systems.  ▶ Weak institutional coordination hinders effective data generation, information service deliv- ery, and easy access to information necessary for timely decision-making on food security and climate-related issues. The links and coordination between national and regional meteo- rological and hydrological agencies are weak, leading to inefficiencies. There is a strong need to (a) streamline the chain of information across regional, national, and subnational levels to provide demand-driven information services by leveraging state-of-the-art technologies and new business models and by revamping the communication and knowledge exchange format; (b) prioritize services; and (c) improve delivery. As an entry point, the FSRP will aim to reorganize and structure the system in a modular way through public-private engagement. The upgraded and digitized system would use a modern database management application to consolidate agro-climatic and food security information and thus incentivize innovative and sustainable delivery models.  The Gambia Inclusive and Resilient Agricultural Value Chain Development Project (P173070) aims to promote the development of inclusive, resilient, and competitive agricultural value chains, focusing on smallholder farmers and agribusinesses in project target areas. The AFRI-RES support was focused on conducting a study that provides technical specifications to improve water control through well-de- signed irrigation for women-led agribusiness firms leading to an efficient use of water, land, labor, and clean energy.3 This, in turn, is expected to mitigate and improve female producers’ resilience to climate change related to irregular and insufficient rainfall and drought, giving them the opportunity to conduct horticultural production year-round without any dependency on rainfall. Results The detailed assessment of the irrigation system in women-led agribusiness firms and identification of proposals to address the water shortages revealed the following:  ▶ Access to modern, water-efficient, and labor-saving irrigation systems, such as solar pump- ing technology equipped with a drip irrigation system, can change the livelihoods of women farmers, saving them half a day in irrigation.  3 The original funding request called for the AFRI-RES grant to support three different areas of action, of which two were dropped. The two dropped activities were (a) a feasibility study of rice irrigated perimeters to be rehabilitated or developed using solar technology as clean energy—this was dropped because of a change of focus in the parent project—and (b) a diagnostic aiming to provide solutions to improve laboratories to enable climate-smart agricultural research and food safety control, which was dropped because the project managers deemed the AFRI-RES funding would be insufficient to cover the activity. It should also be noted that the whole project was originally designed to include climate-resilient measures along the agricultural value chain and in agribusiness, for which the AFRI-RES funding addressed a very specific area under one component. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 10 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Access to modern, water-efficient, and labor-saving irrigation systems is the best way to build farmers’ resilience to climate change overall and to implement climate- smart agriculture. ▶ It is critical to have appropriate design and implementation of an irrigation system with strict observance of the necessary dimensions of pumping capac- ity and solar pumping systems to make it work sustainably.  ▶ Capacity building in operating, manag- ing, and maintaining modern irrigation Aifa Fatimata Niane/World Bank systems is critical to build sustainability.  The Ghana Cocoa Value Chain Project (P172850) aimed to sustainably improve cocoa productivity and increase the diversification of incomes of smallholder farmers in Ghana. AFRI-RES funding was requested to support the inclusion of climate resilience into several aspects of its programming. These aspects included (a) commissioning a study to analyze technical barriers to adopting cocoa agroforestry (shade grown, and therefore protected from drought), which included assessing the presence of an adequate supply of shade tree seedlings; (b) defining the type of training needed, and so on; and (c) an analysis providing a full under- standing of the types of policies and institutions in place and those needed to create an enabling environment to support the adoption of cocoa agroforestry by replanting cocoa trees. A separate analysis would have been conducted to provide an understanding of the opportunities and tools available for digital solutions that can drive resilience and improve adaptation in cocoa agro-farms. An additional study would have allowed better understanding of the experience, models, and options for improving land and tree tenure for the cocoa sector in Ghana. Overall, it would have constituted a holistic model for addressing climate resilience along an agricultural value chain. Unfortunately, this was one of the AFRI-RES projects that was dropped. Similar projects that have received support from AFRI-RES include: The Guinea Climate-Smart Agribusiness Development Project (P164184) supported climate adap- tation by reducing farmers’ vulnerabilities to climate change through the development of feasibility studies on irrigation perimeters and (a) by fostering the adoption of adapted crop varieties, (b) by implementing a more efficient input supply system and training services, and (c) by supporting the integration of climate risks into the rehabilitation of rural roads aimed at connecting production areas to distribution systems. However, no adaptation assessments or feasibility studies were provided by the implementation team. The Nigeria Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes Project (ACRESAL) (P175237) seeks to increase the adoption of climate-resilient landscape management practices in targeted arid/semiarid watersheds in northern Nigeria. The AFRI-RES grant supported analytics, TA, and consultancies aimed at exploring the potential of solar-powered groundwater irrigation to sustainably increase agricultural productivity and enhance climate resilience in northern Nigeria. Specifically, the TA helped the project conduct the necessary assessments to estimate the feasibility of groundwater irrigation in northern Nigeria and appropriate financing for solar irrigation during project appraisal. The results of those assessments informed the design of farmer-led irrigation development as a subcomponent of the project. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 11 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area Results The feasibility study supported by the AFRI-RES grant assessed the economic-biophysical specifications of groundwater irrigation for different cropping patterns and farm sizes, which helped identify profitable areas and crops for solar-based groundwater irrigation. The grant also funded a survey of solar irrigation kit vendors in Nigeria to understand barriers to expansion of solar irrigation technologies and services in central and northern Nigeria. Additionally, the grant supported an online survey to identify barriers that farmers encounter in expanding solar-based groundwater irrigation. To address these barriers, the project adopted a three-pronged approach to stimulate private sector and farmer investments in solar-based groundwater irrigation. This approach involved linking farmer demand to supply chains through awareness campaigns, demonstration sites, multistakeholder dialogues, and digital platforms. Lessons Learned ▶ There is potential for small-scale groundwater irrigation, which, if properly harnessed and sustainably managed, could increase agricultural productivity and climate resilience in farming communities.4 ▶ Solar-based groundwater irrigation is more environmentally sustainable and financially viable than diesel-based irrigation, especially for high-value cropping patterns.  A cost-benefit analysis produced by the project concluded that although the initial investment to implement solar-based groundwater irrigation would be higher, over the long run there will be cost savings compared to diesel-based irrigation, if run sustainably.5 ▶ Identification of the most suitable value chain investment options for irrigated crops requires more granular assessments of water resources, cropping systems, and climate-smart technologies in countries or regions with high potential for groundwater irrigation. Examples of parameters that require more specific assessments include the energy demand (the major costing consideration) of irrigation from water pumping or water lifting which in turn depends on volume of pumped irrigation water and total dynamic head, which includes aspects such as the rest depth of the groundwater table and aquifer transmissivity and storage capacity; the volume of irrigation water in turn varies with crop type.6 ▶ Supportive polices on water governance and solar technology innovation are critical for creating a strong enabling environment that catalyzes farmers to adopt small-scale solar irrigation systems. For example, supportive legislation and investment are needed for explora- tion, exploitation, management and monitoring of the groundwater resources of the country. Policies providing subsidies to fossil fuels while placing high tariffs on imports of solar tech- nology equipment also result in discouraging adoption of solar irrigation.7 4 The project produced a Solar Irrigation Policy Note which includes a map of groundwater irrigation suitability for Nigeria by the International Water Management Institute. 5 International Food Policy Research Institute. 2021. Evaluating cost-benefit of solar irrigation in northern Nigeria- with a comparison to diesel irrigation. Draft report. 6 International Food Policy Research Institute. 2021. Evaluating cost-benefit of solar irrigation in northern Nigeria- with a comparison to diesel irrigation. Draft report. 7 Xie, Hue et al. 2022. Unlocking the potential of farmer-led irrigation development in central and northern Nigeria: What does it take? Estimates from a combined biophysical-socioeconomic analysis. IFPRI. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 12 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area Similar projects that have received support from AFRI-RES include: The Uganda Irrigation Development and Climate Resilience (P163836) aimed to provide farmers in the project areas with access to irrigation and drainage services, and to establish Operation and Mainte- nance arrangements for irrigation and drainage service delivery. The AFRI-RES fund was used to engage a consultant to support the client (Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industries and Fisheries) to develop the approach to component 2 of the project, which aimed to support farmers with access to irrigation services in accessing production and value addition knowledge and skills; and in developing sustainable market access. Other actions supported by AFRI-RES included helping build the government’s capacity in the development and implementation of farmer-led micro-scale irrigation. The Nigeria Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support Project (P160865) aimed to improve produc- tivity, resilience, and commercialization of producers and processors in selected livestock value chains. The AFRI-RES grant financed a study that provided a qualitative assessment of the vulnerability of Nigeria’s livestock sector to the impacts of climate change, as well as the policy and institutional framework for addressing these impacts. Results Some of the basic climate vulnerabilities identified by the assessment include (a) vulnerability of feeds to severe droughts, with impacts on pasture and forest fodder, leading to a decrease in livestock population, which has further affected the production of milk, milk products, meat, and other value chain products such as hides and skin; (b) impacts on water supplies from rivers, lakes, and rainfall due to droughts, which reduces water availability for livestock; (c) impacts from heat on milk production; and (d) impacts on livestock from increases in vector-borne diseases. The gaps in policies supporting sustainable livestock management were also identified. Lessons Learned ▶ Providing a one-time subsidy for agricultural inputs, such as improved, climate-resilient livestock breeds and pastures, may encourage farmers to adopt more resilient practices and technologies. Additional studies are needed to assess farmers’ willingness to pay and adopt these evolving technologies after the short-term subsidy is over. ▶ Providing financial services that include weather index-based insurance schemes, subsi- dies, and reduction in interest rates to single digits on loans will encourage farmers to take up more agricultural value chain activities, diversify their production systems, and engage in risk sharing. ▶ Strengthening agricultural policies and widening consultations with stakeholders encour- ages ownership of these policies for sustained implementation toward agricultural develop- ment. The current land use act, for example, does not include provisions for grazing reserves; therefore, some policies need to be revisited and amended to accommodate inclusiveness as a resilience measure. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 13 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Ensuring the implementation of targeted policies that have been put in place is essential to support sustainable and resilient pastoral activities, including policies for better agricultural water management, subsidies for motorized pumps (especially for women farmers), financing for leasing irrigation equipment, community loans for watershed management, establishment of youth-led irrigation service providers, and subsidies for alternative energy in rural areas to allow the powering of motorized pumps. The Ethiopia Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project (P164336) aims to improve the livelihood resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia. The project had already incorporated measures to increase the climate resilience of the pastoral lowlands of Ethiopia. Among other activities, the project commissioned a study that determined that the vulnerability to poverty in the drought-prone lowlands and pastoral areas is the highest among all agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia, with approximately 66 percent of the population either poor or at risk of becoming poor in the event of a climate shock in the future. This study concluded that alleviating vulnerability, rather than poverty per se, should be the primary aim of policy in the pastoral lowlands. Achieving this requires encouraging the continued development of pastoralism rather than promoting rainfed farming as an alternative, as the most effective way of using variable lowland natural resources. But it is important to recognize that many individuals in the lowest wealth strata will require alternative income-generating opportunities to make ends meet, and that consideration should be given to extending government safety nets to these areas. AFRI-RES would therefore focus on supporting additional efforts to increase the climate resilience of pastoral communities while maximizing climate mitigation benefits in the Ethiopia pastoral lowlands, including the following: ▶ Conducting a feasibility study on commercial viability and trade-offs involved in including elements of resilience building and emission reductions in livelihood promotion activities. ▶ Engaging in consultations with communities (agro-pastoral, pastoral and nonfarm/off-farm livelihoods) to better understand their vulnerabilities to climate change, its impact, and potential interventions to build resilience and reduce emissions. ▶ Conducting a feasibility study to identify disruptive technologies and innovations (big data analytics, block chain, internet-based agricultural consultation/research, remote sensing) that could be delivered through cell phones to enhance livelihood resilience. ▶ Identifying and analyzing natural resource management (NRM) activities specifically rele- vant to the context of Ethiopian lowlands with a focus on increasing resilience to climate change. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 14 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area © Julianna Corbett/Shutterstock 3.2. Ecosystem Stability/Natural Resource Management/ Water Security This theme addresses the sustainable and climate-resilient management of the natural resources upon which forestry, fisheries, and agriculture depend—together, these sectors contribute to 16 percent of Africa’s GDP. Climate change is harming these resources and placing stress on water resources and their availability, including the potential for hydropower and water intended for urban use. The 62 percent of the population living in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa—and the growing population in expanding and new cities—will demand stable and secure water supply and continued ecosystems services. The basic unit of geographic management is the watershed/basin, which can, in some instances, be based on a body of water such as a lake or estuary. AFRI-RES supported four projects under this thematic area, but only two were eventually implemented. The Ghana Landscape Restoration and Small-Scale Mining Project (P171933) aimed to improve food security in rural areas by bringing back degraded cocoa and other crops into production and strengthening resilience of the sub-basins against drought and other climate shocks that can adversely affect agricul- tural productivity. The sustainable practices supported by the project enhance the livelihood resilience of beneficiary households by helping them adopt improved practices and diversify or intensify their current production systems, or both. This project was supported by AFRI-RES through (a) development of an inter- active dashboard, which would provide access to historical and real-time data to help create sub-basin profiles, climate scenarios, and so on to help develop integrated climate-resilient sub-basin plans and (b) enabling of a rapid climate vulnerability analysis, which would support the prioritization of investments in sub-basins in Ghana based on the impacts of climate change on land and forest degradation. The analysis report would include synthesized results on annual available water resources, irrigation water requirements, and soil loss. In addition to these, the AFRI-RES grant supported training of personnel to use digital tools that enable the analysis of environmental conditions such as water, soil, and climate variables. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 15 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area The Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project (P174385) aims to improve climate resilience, land productivity, and carbon storage and increase access to diversified livelihood activities in selected rural watersheds in Ethiopia. AFRI-RES supported a climate vulnerability analysis for selected watersheds in Ethiopia based on the impacts of climate change on soil erosion, thus addressing the nexus between land degradation and climate resilience. It also uniquely supported the development of a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for the operation that included baseline and targets for resilience and green growth indicators, including (a) reduced emissions from land use and land use change, (b) number of beneficiaries from the adoption of climate-resilient livelihood options, and (c) land area reforested/afforested. Finally, AFRI-RES financed an economic analysis supporting the rationale of public financing, considering the following benefit streams: direct net benefits to crop and livestock producers, direct net benefits to forests and other non-croplands, direct benefits from the new Community Storage Receipts Program, and the global value of impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Results On a national scale, the results of the assessment study on the impacts of climate change on soil erosion in Ethiopia have reiterated the high continued potential for soil erosion and landscape degradation, especially in areas where rainfall rates are high and slopes are steep. The study has also demonstrated that climate change is likely to increase the rates of erosion over the country; areas that are likely to see increases in erosion due to changes in precipitation patterns have significant overlap with areas that already have high rates of erosion. This observation demonstrates the importance of the relationship between climate change and soil erosion, land degradation, and all the follow-on incumbent problems (loss of agricultural productivity, food insecurity, increased poverty, increased water demand, reduced water quality, and sedimentation of water infrastructure). The results from the other project components were incorporated into the project’s logical framework, in the case of the climate resilience indicators (and are captured in table 1 at the end of this synthesis), and in the Project Implementation Manual. The Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) Phase Three (P165352) is an example of a project integrating climate resilience measures in a cross-sectoral manner at the lake basin level and would have included interventions in sustainable agriculture, forestry, water security, fisheries, and rangeland areas. Before AFRI-RES support, the project had, over two phases, focused on generation of the necessary information, establishment of cooperative mechanisms, identification and demonstration of remedies, and institutional capacity building while increasing investment in NRM practices, particularly watershed management and livelihood support in selected subcatchments, and wastewater treatment in pollution hot spots at the local and national levels. The AFRI-RES grant supported a third phase of the LVEMP, which sought to integrate climate resilience into its continuing activities from the previous phases by (a) providing an assessment of the key climate- and weather-related disaster risks in Lake Victoria Basin and (b) conduct- ing an institutional gaps and needs analysis for the Lake Victoria Basin, with a focus on Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The analysis would have taken stock of and evaluated ongoing, pertinent climate resiliency-related activities; conducted a scientific and technical literature review; and performed an institutional and policy analysis of the environment and natural resources, water (including wastewater treatment and stormwa- ter management), agriculture, and disaster risk management sectors, and their strategies for dealing with climate risks. This project, along with a similar one focused on Lake Tanganyika, was dropped; therefore, no lessons learned were available from this sub thematic area (Climate Resilient Lake Basin Management). Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 16 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area © 2019 MehmetO/Shutterstock 3.3. Urban and Transport Resilience African cities are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of their insufficient infra- structure, with large populations in informal settlements—often in risky areas—particularly exposed. Cities are affected by hazards, with floods, droughts, and heat waves being the most common. Such events damage infrastructure, disrupt the lives of people and communities, and pose significant health threats. Urban poor populations are highly exposed to extreme events and the slow onset of climate change, with poor urban households in Africa more exposed to floods on average. Heat waves also particularly affect urban poor populations who live in informal settlements and are likely to work outdoors. Urban areas have comparatively higher risks during hot periods due to the heat island effect caused by the built environment. Finally, droughts place stress on water supplies, other essential urban services, and energy in places dependent on hydropower. For both cities and roads, ensuring the resilience of infrastructure and services is critical. Infrastructure systems are the front lines of defense against the physical impacts of climate variability and change, such as increased flooding, storm surges, coastal erosion, tropical storm winds, and other disasters. Climate-re- silient infrastructure—planned, designed, built, and operated in a way that anticipates, prepares for, and adapts to changing climate conditions—protects urban populations, assets, and livelihoods from those impacts. To further reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to climate change, populations, especially Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 17 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area vulnerable ones, need adequate access to basic services, such as water, sanitation, and hygiene; storm and wastewater drains; and solid waste management. Meanwhile, investments in resilient mobility offer a dual gain: helping manage risks to the infrastructure and reinforcing overall resilience to shocks (because mobility is a foundational component of societal resilience). Mobility also meets urgent security needs, particularly in fragility, conflict, and violence countries or subnational regions. Effective road maintenance practices are also critical to minimize and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Road maintenance is the first and most economical line of defense against climate change. Precip- itation caused by climate change is expected to lead to road rehabilitation costs that are 10 times higher than historical conditions, and stress imposed by flooding will lead to a 17-fold increase in costs. AFRI-RES has provided support to increase resilience for both urban and transport projects in Africa, financing TA for five projects on urban resilience (two of which were dropped) and four in transport, including one for urban transport. The Senegal Stormwater and Climate Change Adaptation II Project (P175830) aimed to reduce flood risks in peri-urban areas of Dakar and improve the capacity to plan integrated urban flood risks management for selected cities in Senegal. The project included activities to build the climate resilience of vulnerable communities to disaster risks, as well as health and social issues. Location-specific research such as hydrogeological studies, hazard mapping, and risk assessment supported the project design to ensure optimal climate-resilience solutions, which included structural investments (for example, stormwater drainage and flood management solutions including nature-based solutions) and nonstructural measures (for example, climate-based and sustainable urban planning, preparedness, and early warning systems). The AFRI-RES grant was used to (a) produce a detailed analysis of vulnerable areas to climate extremes with on-the-ground data collection; (b) contribute to capacity building at the institutional and community levels on resilient urban planning needs; and (c) support complementary training and knowledge-sharing workshops to develop an integrated early warning system. Results The activities supported by AFRI-RES greatly informed the overall approach to reducing flood risk in the greater Dakar area, notably by highlighting the importance and complexity of combining both pluvial flooding risks with rising levels of the groundwater table. This broadened the scope of previous studies that focused on pluvial or pluvial and fluvial flooding, and added an extra dimension of groundwater. Further, activities related to the knowledge exchange activities emphasized the importance of a coordinated and integrated institutional approach to flood risk reduction. Lessons learned The knowledge exchange activities ensured engagement of Senegalese urban development counterparts involved in the project, raising their awareness of climate resilience aspects and possible adaptation measures. It is expected that this will result in additional engagements to include these elements in future projects. Continuous efforts are needed to ensure that the results of the study funded by AFRI-RES continue to be used in this project and future projects in Senegal and, more broadly, in the urban sector of African countries facing similar challenges with stormwater management. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 18 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area The Ghana Secondary Cities Support Program (P164451) was a Program for Results (PforR) operation, which aimed to improve urban governance and basic urban services. The program consisted of three windows: (a) a local grant window (US$90 million), through which participating municipalities would receive funds for urban infrastructure and service delivery and for improving their performance on urban management; (b) a regional window (US$2 million), through which the 10 Regional Coordinating Councils would be provided with funds to backstop, mentor, and monitor municipalities within their respective regional jurisdictions; and (c) a national window (US$8 million), through which a range of national-level institutions and agencies would access funding to strengthen their policy, support, and monitoring func- tions with respect to urban governance and development, including annual performance assessments of eligible municipalities. The AFRI-RES grant was first applied during the project’s preparation stage, when it financed an assess- ment that informed the project design on rapid urban resilience analysis. The analysis included a proposed investment menu and performance measures that were reassessed through consultations with the selected participating municipal assemblies, ascertaining the current level of urban resilience and the potential to improve. From there, subproject designs and choice of technologies would consider climate adaptation and mitigation measures identified by the assessment. During project implementation, the capacity-building grants were to provide the resources necessary to mainstream the assessment, planning, and diagnostic tools developed under AFRI-RES by the participating municipalities. Results The assessment that was produced is considered a practical tool for the World Bank task teams to moni- tor the resilience of infrastructure investments. The infrastructure assessment included (a) stormwater drainage (urban drainage systems and flood control systems), (b) solid waste management, and (c) urban markets (site planning and surface water management). Lessons learned ▶ There is limited understanding of urban resilience in municipal authorities (MAs) and there- fore a lack of appreciation of the potential benefits of more resilient infrastructure systems. Consequently, clarity on which activities should be undertaken to plan, design, construct, and operate more resilient infrastructure is needed in MAs. ▶ It is recommended that each municipality undertakes a multi hazard risk assessment to inform land-use plans, masterplans, and mitigation measures. This information may be applied at different scales, from building level to regional or national level. ▶ Key capacity limitations were observed in this study in planning and design of strategies for stormwater and solid waste management, asset management, and operation and mainte- nance procedures. Training courses to improve capacity and sharing of best practices could help fill gaps. ▶ As access to data is limited, there is a good opportunity to start an initiative that would assess the current data available for each type of urban infrastructure system and determine how the data can be accessed. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 19 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Improvements can frequently be made to help integrate planning and infrastructure. Given the interdependencies of urban systems, it is essential that departments within MAs are well coordinated. ▶ The team also aimed to develop an approach for effectively calculating climate co-benefits that could serve as an example for other PforR operations.  Other urban resilience projects supported by AFRI-RES that took similar actions toward climate-resilient flood risk management are as follows: ▶ The Mali Bamako Urban Resilience Project (P171658) focused on the use of digital and web-based solutions toward identifying flooding hazards to urban infrastructure. ▶ The Ghana Greater Accra Climate Resilient and Integrated Development Project (P164330) project focused on providing sensitivity analysis of different flood protection models under climate change–projected futures, including associated costs of implementation. The Cameroon Douala Urban Mobility Project (Projet de Mobilite Urbain de Douala, PMUD) (P167795) aims to improve urban mobility and support inclusive economic development along selected bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors and its feeder lines in Douala. The PMUD will finance the construction and opera- tionalization of the first BRT system in Cameroon, accompanied by transit-oriented development measures, institutional reform, and regulatory strengthening. AFRI-RES support was aimed to be directed toward three actions: (a) producing hazard and flood maps of Douala; (b) supporting the systematic integration of climate and disaster risk in BRT infrastructure design and feeder roads infrastructure design and urban planning; and (c) providing TA to strengthen local and national capacity to understand and use climate and risk information for urban infrastructure planning. Lessons learned Douala can become a role model for cleaner, affordable, and convenient mass transit solutions in the region, and lessons learned can be shared with other cities to facilitate leveraging of additional financing for comparable projects in the future. Moreover, successful implementation of mass transit corridors as part of a comprehensive urban development strategy has strong potential to promote best practices in integrated land use and transport planning design in other cities. Knowledge spillovers are expected to be significant regarding the capacity to prepare and implement lower-carbon urban transport solutions and best practices to integrate land use and transport planning in fragile environments that are dominated by informality. The Tanzania Roads to Inclusion and Socioeconomic Opportunities (RISE) Project (P164920) and the Tanzania Development Corridors Transport Project (DCTP) (P165660) aim to improve transport acces- sibility and connectivity in selected national development corridors and rural areas and build institutional capacity for enhanced management of efficient, resilient, and safe transport systems. The AFRI-RES grant supported the preparation of studies and training that would benefit both RISE and DCTP simultaneously in terms of including climate-resilient design in the transport development activities of both projects, through the following actions: Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 20 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Analytical work and TA to inform risk factors and vulnerabilities of regional and rural district roads in the RISE Project areas and to propose approaches to be applied systematically in rural road design, construction, and operation. ▶ Development of project designs, data systems, engineering solutions, maintenance models, and road safety solutions that are sensitive to climate change and also contribute to the reviewing and updating of design, construction, and maintenance standards with a resiliency focus, while informing the development of protocols and systems for climate change, resil- iency, and emergency response. The outputs from these activities will inform the preparation of RISE Project components. ▶ Recommendations to develop a training on road resiliency for the Tanzania Roads Ministry (TANROADS) and Tanzania Rural Development Ministry (TARURA). Lessons learned ▶ Criticality of integrating climate resilience into national policy and action plans. To have a policy-level directive on climate resilience is critical; therefore, the RISE Project will fund the drafting of climate resilience transport or road policy and its action plan. ▶ Need for practical guidance. Substantial research on climate resilience is available. However, project engineers and supervisors need practical “toolboxes” or guidance that they can apply easily in the field – for example, “tools or action sheets” to give practicality to achieving climate resilience within road asset management through specific engineering technical adaptations or road maintenance practices ▶ Need to strengthen the coordination among ministries and agencies to effectively address climate resilience and emergency response. ▶ Need to adopt both new and old technologies. RISE has explored the use of new technologies and apps to facilitate the work of implementing agencies. While the program will continue exploring the use of those technologies, one notable success was the development of a “strip map” of the roads, which incorporates aspects related to climate resilience such as land use, slopes, materials, types of vegetation, and so on. This strip map helps project engineers focus on the road’s problematic areas when reviewing the designs. ▶ Need to obtain feedback. The communities are on the front lines, informing and acting when climate and other types of hazards occur. Currently, only informal channels of communication are being used, if any. The RISE Project will pilot a community feedback system to improve the performance of implementing agencies in responding to emergencies and engaging with the community. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 21 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area © 2019 Warren Parker/Shutterstock 3.4. Resilient Energy and Energy Infrastructure The AFRI-RES funding in this thematic area has been devoted to preparing assessments of the vulnera- bility of countries’ planned energy systems to climate and natural disasters, providing recommendations on how to best mitigate the potential impacts identified and building the capacity of local institutions on approaches to increase resilience of their energy systems. Seven projects were supported by AFRI-RES under this theme. The Benin Electricity Access Scale-up (BEAS) Project (P173749) aimed to increase access to electricity for households, enterprises, and selected public facilities in Benin. The AFRI-RES grant allowed the project to develop a detailed climate change and disaster risk and vulnerability assessment that would strengthen the resilience of the BEAS energy infrastructure investments and recommend remedial measures. The proposed activity had two components: (a) a Climate Change and Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assess- ment for the BEAS Project, the results of which will be incorporated in the project design, including the detailed engineering design, location, and environmental management plan, and (2) a Climate Change and Disaster Risk Readiness Assessment for the power system infrastructure, which would include an assessment of the state of disaster management, preparedness, and readiness in the energy sector; iden- tification of how well systems have worked along with threats and opportunities to enhance resilience of the sector; and recommendations of strategic actions to increase the capacity for and quality of disaster preparedness and management at the central, regional, and community levels and outline the roles of various agencies in achieving the recommended actions. Results The climate vulnerability assessment concluded that, based on the historical trends, historical vulnerability statistics, coarse-scale hazard maps, and future climate change projections, floods, wildfires, extreme heat, and water scarcity are and will remain important hazards. Among these hazards, floods, wildfires, and Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 22 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area extreme heat pose the largest threats to the physical components of the BEAS Project. The flood hazard levels due to fluvial and pluvial flooding increase from upstream to downstream along rivers. The hazard levels along and near rivers are higher; coastal flooding hazards are relatively low. Along the coastline, with a few exceptions, the flood hazard levels are relatively low. The AFRI-RES grant also supported recommendations for the BEAS Project on solutions to address the identified climate vulnerabilities. These included solutions for system planning, project development, main- tenance, and post-event management to enhance the resilience of the energy system to climate impacts Lessons learned Before the BEAS Project’s climate vulnerability and risk assessment, the specifics of what level of risk and where they are most likely to occur were unknown. The assessment identified the risks that are most likely to affect BEAS infrastructure, where they are more likely to occur geographically, and solutions that make the infrastructure more adaptable and resilient. This allows the exploration of new and improved ways to help address climate vulnerability and develop more resilient power systems.  Similar projects that received AFRI-RES support included: ▶ The DRC Access Governance and Reform for the Electricity and Water Sectors Project (P173506) aims to expand access to renewable-based electricity and drinking water services in selected urban and peri-urban areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The AFRI-RES grant funded consultancy services and TA to conduct a high-level climate risk and vulnera- bility analysis for the project sites (covering both solar photovoltaic plants and health care facilities and battery storage and mini-grids) to further inform the project design and imple- mentation. Results. The assessment identified that the most critical threats in the Democratic Republic of Congo against which the energy assets are vulnerable are floods and wildfires. It concluded that extreme heat does not pose a direct threat to the distribution grid or water infrastructure, which would justify increased resiliency measures. The TA also supported the institutional capacity and knowledge building on how climate resilience aspects could be integrated overall in the energy sector and more specifically in the project. It provided clear guidance to be integrated into project design and infrastructure specification. The TA also contributed to build capacity at the central institutional level to increase the resilience of the existing and upcoming renewable energy infrastructure and raise awareness of the importance of climate resilience in the power sector. ▶ Horn of Africa Regional Energy Integration (P174175) project under preparation, no results available yet. ▶ Cabo Verde Renewable Energy project (P170236)—project under preparation, no results available yet. ▶ Access to Distributed Electricity and Lightning in Ethiopia (ADELE) Project—no results available at the time of writing this report. ▶ Ghana Energy Sector PforR (P173258)—requested to reorient the AFRI-RES funding toward supporting an emergency preparedness plan for climate and hazards, complementing a Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) grant. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 23 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area The Mpatamanga Hydropower Project (P174226) aimed to address climate vulnerability issues associ- ated with the varying water flows of Lake Malawi and the resulting impacts on hydroelectric generation, water supply, and irrigation in the neighboring regions of Malawi, corresponding to Lake Malawi’s drainage basin. The AFRI-RES grant supported a project-driven Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) of the Mpatamanga Hydropower Plant (HPP), to define the magnitude of climate-related risks and vulnerabilities to the Mpatamanga HPP project viability under several climate scenarios. This assessment was informed by the Hydropower Sector Climate Resilience Guide of the International Hydropower Association. The study followed the guide’s recommended phased approach, by which phase one assesses the hydro- power project’s sensitivity to climate and, if the project is deemed vulnerable, phase two compares the potential relevance or magnitude of the climate impacts assessed relative to other risks, phase three uses climatological models and data to determine the probabilities and levels of climate risk to the project and whether risk management measures need to be taken, and phase four determines which measures need to be taken or if the project needs to be redesigned because climate risks cannot be mitigated under the current design. Results Temperature change has been found to play a more significant role in Mpatamanga HPP’s hydropower generation than precipitation change, indicating that temperature should receive particular focus in the M&E framework. Similarly, given that Lake Malawi outflow levels have been found to be a more import- ant determinant of Mpatamanga’s hydropower generation than incremental catchment flows into the Shire River that feeds the lake, lake outflows may merit special attention in the M&E framework. Other climate-associated risks were also evaluated, including flooding risk, which would also bring additional sedimentation and floating debris risks to operation of the power plant. However, in the case of flooding, it was difficult to determine the exact risk level; therefore, risk management actions were designed to address uncertainty. In the case of sedimentation, it was determined that deforestation and other unsustainable land management practices were probably larger risk factors than climate, and so the conclusion was that wider basin-level management plans were needed to address this risk and reduce the additional risk of climate change. In the fourth phase of the methodological approach, the study engaged with stakehold- ers to calibrate risk tolerance thresholds and use their inputs and responses as a barometer to evaluate potential risk management approaches. Lessons learned Climate risk is not enough on its own to justify not investing in the Hydropower Project - but only when including mitigation measures and appropriate planning. It is possible to manage or mitigate some of the identified risks while capitalizing on opportunities. The project concluded with the creation (and, thereafter, recommended constant use and periodic updating of) a monitoring, evaluation, and reporting plan that captures the M&E framework agreed on. This plan includes timelines for M&E; articulates the resources needed for M&E; clearly identifies responsibilities of different actors involved with the Mpatamanga HPP who would undertake or contribute to M&E; and outlines how lessons and insights gained will be captured, communicated, and internalized. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 24 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area This project helps demonstrate that the high uncertainty in future climate change scenarios8, even regarding key climatic parameters (such as precipitation, in this instance), need not be an impediment to decision-making. Decisions related to shorter time scales (such as the financial structuring of credit and loan repayment periods) may require a different approach, with different risk tolerance thresholds, compared to decisions concerning longer time scales (such as power generation levels), as uncertain- ties are likely to increase the further one examines climate projections. Going forward, it is important to enhance hydrometeorological monitoring and reporting systems and strengthen the technical and operational capacity of climate services, both in Malawi and other African countries. 3.5. Risk Governance/Climate Shocks This is a cross-sectoral thematic area that focuses on systemic actions that can increase the resilience to climate shocks at the country, community, and household levels. It includes support for projects addressing areas such as adaptive social safety nets to protect the most vulnerable people from climate impacts; early warning systems; and improved institutional, risk financing, and macro-fiscal policies to prepare for climate shocks. The Kenya Financing Locally Led Climate Action Program (P173065) aims to strengthen county and national governments’ capacity to deliver locally led climate change resilience actions, through a hybrid PforR/investment project financing (IPF). The PforR component will support two types of grants to all 47 county governments in Kenya. The first type is the Readiness and Institutional Support Grants, focusing on capacity to absorb and manage climate finance and co-develop climate risk assessments and action plans in partnership with communities, including adoption of county-level legislation; community education and awareness raising; business and information centers; development of bankable projects; development of climate information services and early warning systems for communities and other local stakeholders; and the establishment of M&E systems for actions and a measurement, reporting, and verification system for mitigation. The second type of grant, County Climate Resilience Investment Grants, will finance prior- itized climate change adaptation and mitigation actions to reduce climate and disaster risk in counties and help communities respond to future climate scenarios and other hazards. The IPF component will support coordination and capacity building at the national government level in support of local climate action delivery. This will include (a) building the operational and technical capacity of key stakeholders to improve service delivery to counties in terms of carrying out county-level climate change actions, (b) supporting the functions of the Climate Change Technical Committee to facilitate cross-sectoral coordi- nation between key climate action stakeholders, and (c) improving the operational and technical capacity of national information hubs to serve as state-of-the-art pioneer centers for sharing climate knowledge. The AFRI-RES grant supported the PforR county-level component by financing an assessment of the participatory risks faced by county governments and by preparing guidelines and standards to directly inform the government of Kenya on how to carry out climate risk assessments in the 47 counties at the beginning of the program. The assessments looked at social, infrastructural, and environmental 8 Plausible future climate conditions were obtained from a weather generator to produce numerous stochastic time series that preserved the variability and seasonal and spatial correlations of the historical climate record. A stress test of precipitation and temperature changes was performed on the incremental catchment and the sensitivity of hydropower generation on climate changes was evaluated. This stress test revealed that the impact of climate change on the incremental catchment has a minimal impact on hydropower production at Mpatamanga, even during extreme events (i.e. 7oC warming and +50% precipitation). The results also indicated that sensitivity to precipitation is greater than sensitivity to temperature in these areas. For the mid-century climate conditions considered, energy generation decreases from the design capacity of 1400 GWh per year to as low as about just above 1100 GWh per year (15-20% less precipitation and about 3 ⁰C warming), or about 15% less generation than the baseline. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 25 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area vulnerability of communities because of climate change exposure (increase in frequency and severity of droughts and floods and a rise in temperature); other hazards, such as conflict, COVID-19, and locust infestations); and how communities respond to a changing risk landscape. The assessments in turn helped inform communities and counties about prioritized local climate resilience investments and supported resource allocation that is proportional to the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of counties. The AFRI-RES grant supported the national-level investment (IPF) component by financing consultations to help identify capacity gaps of key national stakeholders that hinder cross-sectoral coordination and service delivery to counties on climate change actions—this in turn informs capacity-building work planning and budgeting. Results Under the county-level component, the AFRI-RES grant financed the production of an Effective Locally Led Climate Action Assessment (ELLCAA) Tool. This participatory self-assessment framework helps coun- ties identify their strengths and areas for improvement in relation to effective locally led climate action. The ELLCAA Tool is divided into six sections, which refer to the building blocks for effective locally led climate action: Policy and Legislative Framework; Institutions; Climate Resilience Planning; Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning; Budgeting and Finance; and County Climate Change Fund Mechanism. Each section contains a small set of components/elements critical for locally led climate action and are broken down into a set of questions that seek to better explain whether these elements/components have been developed or implemented in such a way that each county is aligned with the cross-cutting principles for locally led climate action. Under this component, a 10-step participatory planning approach was also produced to enable a standard and coherent method for participatory locally led climate action planning, aligned with and strengthening existing planning and budget frameworks at the county level to promote the integration of climate change actions into wider development planning and avoid the introduction of parallel processes. Under the national-level investment component, the ELLCAA Tool and the participatory planning approach were presented to key national-level stakeholders, including representatives from the Project Implement- ing Unit team; National Treasury; Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, and Cooperatives; Ministry of Devolution and Arid and Semi-arid Lands; National Environment Management Authority; Climate Change Directorate; Council of Governors; and Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. The feedback received was positive. Ongoing stakeholder engagement is planned as the program is rolled out. Lessons learned The ELLCAA Tool was pilot tested in eight counties, and several revisions were needed to better support counties’ monitoring and reporting requirements for their climate actions, as well as for their environmental and social safeguards. Similarly, the participatory planning approach requires more detailed guidelines to be co-developed with key national and county stakeholders. However, the overall feedback on the meth- odology and approach was positive, and designing a pilot testing phase was key to assess its feasibility and identify necessary adjustments to fully implement the approach across all counties. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 26 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area © Dominic Chavez/World Bank 3.6. Human Dimensions (Social Protection, Health, and Education) Poverty, exacerbation of health risks, and deprivation of essential needs—nutrition, health care, safe housing, education, and basic services—are major factors contributing to the vulnerability of African popu- lations to climate change. Climate change, in turn, can sink people deeper into poverty—slowly, as rising temperatures and unreliable rains reduce crop yields, or abruptly, when a storm, flood, or landslide wreaks havoc. For this reason, African countries urgently need to strengthen their social protection and public health programs to shield households from extreme poverty, hunger, and disease—and, more broadly, they need to invest in protecting and building their human capital. The AFRI-RES program supported five projects in this thematic area, with four of them focusing on human health and climate assessments and one aimed at improving adaptive social protection programs. One project aimed at integrating climate resilience into the agriculture curricula in higher education was dropped. Climate change and social protection are closely interconnected in three ways. Social protection plays a critical role in buffering the negative impacts of climate change. Additionally, climate change can nega- tively affect social protection interventions and programs, reducing or even canceling out their positive effects. Any increase in the frequency of floods and drought could, for example, erode assets or lead to outbreaks of crop pests and therefore put more people at risk of sliding into poverty. Finally, social protection interventions can help households adapt to climate change. Social protection interventions Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 27 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area have the capacity to not only buffer the impacts of climate-related disasters on households but also to act as a vehicle of long-term change and development by enhancing the adaptive capacity of households. Social protection systems that are capable of quickly responding to climate change and other hazards are known as adaptive social protection. One project supported by AFRI-RES aimed to improve its adaptive social protection safety net. The Tanzania Productive Social Safety Nets (PSSN) Project’s (P169165) objective is to improve access to income-earning opportunities for targeted households below the poverty line while protecting the human capital of their children. The project will achieve its objectives through the implementation of combined and integrated interventions. It is envisaged that the combination of the proposed livelihood enhancement activities and cash transfers will increase household income by building household-level assets, enhancing risk management, and facilitating a shift to more productive types of employment. Public works (PW) will create productive assets at the community level and provide temporary employ- ment opportunities to beneficiary households, further contributing to household income to mitigate food shortages during the lean season. Cash transfers will build the human capital of children to ensure that they become productive members of society over time and that beneficiary households can meet their consumption needs during the livelihood strengthening process. AFRI-RES supported the following: ▶ Assessing the planning and implementation modality of the current PSSN Public Works Program (PWP) and identifying areas to be further strengthened to enhance climate resilience considerations, including a focus on community-based planning, and the devel- opment and application of climate-smart, integrated watershed development design approaches, through PW activities for reforestation, land management, and soil improve- ments, which will strengthen adaptation and in the long run will also help mitigate climate change. ▶ Conducting assessments and consultations to identify appropriate livelihood enhancement opportunities by identifying additional climate-resilient livelihood possibilities or enhancing those already in existence. ▶ Assessing and identifying design options that will enable the capacity to scale up responses to climate-induced shocks, guided by village- and district-level risk management plans.  Results An assessment report was produced focusing on the effectiveness of the PSSN’s public works and enhanced livelihoods programs in fostering climate resilience among the PSSN’s beneficiaries. It identified two areas that could be addressed in the short term through technical interventions that will not impose a substantial additional financial burden on Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), the government agency implementing the PSSN Project. It should be noted that deeper modifications to the national safety net program (such as setting up institutional coordination mechanisms with national disaster and climate change/environmental agencies and modifying targeting mechanisms to include populations vulnera- ble to climate impacts outside the current beneficiaries covered by the program) would be ideal to fully mainstream climate and disaster resilience. However, these actions would have entailed deeper financial commitments that the program did not wish to embark on at the time. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 28 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area Lessons learned On the Public Works Program ▶ Ensure that community members/beneficiaries are as well informed as possible before subproject selection and implementation of subprojects and that they know the reasoning behind the projects’ proposition, including climate considerations (that is, the impacts of climate in their village/economic activities). This will allow community members to provide better inputs for the selection of subprojects and to fully understand how these address climate change issues. ▶ Ensure that adequate training is provided regarding monitoring and upkeep of built PW assets. In some communities, operation and maintenance plans were not adhered to—that is, water boreholes were left unfenced and hence were broken and filled with sand. ▶ Review training materials to ensure they are addressing climate issues appropriately and clearly. Training materials are already produced on several subjects regarding the develop- ment of subprojects and on technical aspects on building and maintaining assets, but opin- ions from beneficiaries suggest that they do not feel sufficiently informed regarding climate change and its potential impacts. On the Enhanced Livelihoods Program ▶ As with the PWP, review training materials to ensure that they appropriately address climate issues in terms of developing sustainable livelihoods—in this case, particularly with regard to climate-smart agricultural and forestry techniques and climate-resilient logistical inputs for developing sustainable businesses and livelihoods. ▶ Ensure that training is provided to help community members make the best use of liveli- hood opportunities, including providing an understanding of market opportunities for locally produced commodities, their reliability, and the way that the climate affects the viability of some commodities and provides an opportunity to market others. ▶ Provide further training on financial aspects, including how to access funding beyond the TASAF/community. Funding is a topic that must be clearly discussed with community lead- ers and involve nongovernmental organizations and other organizations that specialize in financial training for livelihood development. ▶ Establish “centers of excellence” through demonstration workshops and visits to sites where TASAF’s PWP has successfully implemented climate-resilient subprojects that have led to sustainable livelihoods. Doing so will help replicate the experiences regionally or even nationwide, where applicable. ▶ Develop some pilot initiatives in coastal areas that make use of the particular resources available there—for instance, using coastal lagoons for fish and seafood production. In areas where fish farming is being developed, ensure that adequate training in the logistical and business aspects of fish farming is introduced. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 29 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area On New Urban Climate-Resilient PW Linked to Enhanced Livelihoods ▶ Implement pilot programs that showcase climate-resilient urban PW. Examples of these could include cleaning up informal trash dumps along waterways and canals or coastlines. Cleaning up litter among trees lining urban rivers is recommended to aid in erosion and flooding control. ▶ Look into urban greening initiatives as part of flood control and reducing the urban heat island effect. Explore tools that have been developed to track and monitor the planting and caretaking of trees and mangroves. ▶ Explore the option of training and supporting the development of livelihoods from litter cleanups, including the recycling market potential for plastics. ▶ Explore the option of training and supporting the development of livelihoods from urban greening efforts, including the management of greenhouses and tree caretaking. On the health theme, projected climatic changes in the region affect the health of resident populations by increasing their vulnerability to heat-related morbidities from rising temperatures and climate-related diseases and injuries (both physical and mental) from extreme weather events as well as impeding access to health care. In particular, women and children are more exposed to the adverse effects of climate change, putting this group at greater risk of poor health outcomes and susceptibility to disease. These impacts of climate change on health considerations need to be fully integrated into the health sector in most African countries, both in terms of increasing the capacity for assessing, detecting, and monitoring the increased risk of specific health vulnerabilities due to climate change and in building the health system’s capacity to address this increased vulnerability risk. The Ethiopia Health Sustainable Development Goals Project (P175167) aimed to improve the delivery and use of a comprehensive package of maternal and child health services. This hybrid program includes a PforR instrument focusing on improving maternal and child health results and strengthening fiduciary, environmental, and social safeguards as well as accountability elements of the country’s health system. The IPF component includes three subcomponents: (a) Support to Civil Registration and Vital Statistics System; (b) Technical Assistance and Capacity Building to Support National Nutrition Program II, and (c) TA and capacity building to complement implementation of the PforR. The AFRI-RES grant supported an assessment that provides information on human health risks with current and projected climate change in Ethiopia. It also detailed progress made and implementation challenges of the National Health Adaptation Plan (NHAP 2015–2020) to inform the preparation of the next NHAP (2021/22–2024/25). Recommendations provided will be incorporated into the project design, specifically as part of the Program Action Plan to ensure effective implementation of the NHAP. The grant also supported the development of guidelines, which will help in the preparation of training manuals and M&E frameworks to guide health care facilities to assess climate change risks, address existing gaps, and introduce innovative ideas for climate-resilient health care and service delivery. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 30 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area Lessons learned and Recommendations coming out of the Climate Risk Health Assessment ▶ Leadership and governance. Integrate health into national- and subnational-level climate adaptation planning, with priorities being the finalization of the National Health Adaptation Plan (HNAP), next iteration of the National Adaptation Plan, and the next round of Nation- ally Determined Contributions. The plans should include detailed descriptions of priority climate change–related risks, health sector adaptation options, and opportunities to link with non-health sectors. ▶ Strengthen the health workforce. Develop educational and awareness-raising materials and implement training programs for health care workers to enhance their understanding of the health impacts of climate change. ▶ Strengthen vulnerability, capacity, and adaptation assessments. Use modeling techniques, including climate, disease, and economic scenarios, to guide future vulnerability adaptation assessments. ▶ Strengthen integrated risk monitoring and early warning systems. Support expanded, enhanced, and electronic coverage of health surveillance for climate-sensitive diseases—for example, in terms of geographic, population, and seasonal aspects. This action would include establishing links with environmental/meteorological monitoring structures to develop climate-informed early warning systems and response mechanisms. This recommendation could build on efforts to develop a climate-informed early warning system for malaria.  ▶ Strengthen climate and health research. Support research initiatives for specific climate-re- lated health risks, including studies on climate-resilient and nutritious crops; assessments of extreme heat impacts among workers and interventions to improve occupational health; analysis of water demands under different climate scenarios; and assessments of the influ- ence of frequency, timing, and magnitude of rainfall on vector-borne diseases, as well as the concomitant role between vector-borne diseases and undernutrition in vulnerable popula- tions given the high rates of food insecurity.  ▶ Strengthen health technologies and infrastructure. Develop and implement national building codes/permits for health care facilities, including retrofitting, refurbishing, and maintaining existing health infrastructure. Importantly, this should include the incorporation of climate risk projections into codes and permits, such as siting and construction, functioning and operation, energy and water supplies, storm drains and sewers, and sanitation services of health care facilities. ▶ Strengthen climate-informed health programs. Strengthen primary health care and existing programs through actions to ensure that these systems have improved adaptive capacity, including knowledge and resources to manage current and future climate change–related risks. Activities may include revising public health program standard operating procedures to incorporate responses to climate risks and delivery of interventions, as well as mainstreaming of climate change risks into relevant policies and operational plans for vector-borne diseases, water-related diseases, and nutrition programs. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 31 Implementation of AFRI-RES Component I Project-Level Technical Assistance by Thematic Area ▶ Strengthen emergency preparedness and management for climate change–related disas- ters. Establish seasonal and sub seasonal climate outlooks (Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Meteorological Institute) to inform disease control and prevention programs ahead of potential extreme weather events and to facilitate multisectoral engagement with first responders, disaster management authorities, and community-based groups to conduct outreach and raise awareness regarding climate-sensitive diseases. ▶ Strengthen climate and health financing. Ensure strategic purchasing (for example, increas- ing equitable distribution of resources) to include climate considerations. This task should be tailored to include climate considerations across the national and subnational levels. The impact of climate on utilization of resources needs to be factored into provincial and district health investment plans to build climate resilience at subnational levels and to support continued investment in poverty reduction, health equity promotion, and increased access to essential services. Other projects with a similar focus are as follows: The Malawi Human Capital Project (P175899), the Sierra Leone Quality R-MNCAH-N Services and Systems Support Project (P172102), and the Tanzania Reproductive Maternal and Neonatal Child and Adolescent Health Support Project (P170435) also produced Climate Health and Vulnerability Assess- ments (CHVAs) with support from AFRI-RES, with many recommendations from these assessments similar to those outlined for the Ethiopia Health project. The Malawi CHVA also included the following recommendations for community outreach/integration on increasing climate health resilience: ▶ Support community-led efforts to improve sanitation practices and controls to prevent water and foodborne illnesses and diseases, as well as communicate the potential climate change–related health risks.  ▶ Engage medical colleges and the Ministry of Education and integrate with district-level community groups to support dialogue, awareness, and development of prospective climate and health programs, such as health promotion programs focused on climate-related health risks.  ▶ Strengthen communication networks between the Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services and communities at risk for extreme weather events. Finally, on the education theme, two major areas support the integration of climate resilience. The first theme focuses on increasing the resilience of educational institutions, either through infrastructural improvements or behavioral/calendar/locational considerations (such as moving the school calendar so that it does not coincide with the rain and flooding season, or placing new schools in areas that are not prone to flooding or other climate/induced disasters). The second important area is the integration of climate change awareness into basic education curricula to contribute to society’s increased resilience and the incorporation of more technical training on specific skills into higher education curricula. This area of support aims to equip future professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to enhance climate resilience in various sectors. As previously mentioned, the only education project supported by AFRI-RES was dropped during preparation; therefore, no lessons learned are available for this thematic area. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 32 4. © 2020 Lucian Coman/Shutterstock Areas of Special Focus Gender. Two projects explicitly mentioned specific support for women in building climate resilience. Ethiopia – Eastern and Southern Africa Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results (P123531) aimed to identify the impact of climate change on the nutrition outcomes of women and adolescent girls to develop context-specific solutions. The Guinea Agribusiness Development Project (P164184) supported an assessment of the potential for resilient irrigation systems for women-led agribusinesses—the justification for this focus was that access to modern, water-efficient, and labor-saving irrigation systems such as solar pumping technology equipped with drip systems can change the livelihoods of women farmers, saving them half a day in irrigation. However, it remains unclear whether only women cultivate the crops in need of irrigation in the project area, raising questions about this gender focus. Overall, it could be expected that some thematic areas would be more conducive to specific actions targeting women with gender-specific vulnerability to climate—health, social protection, and rural livelihoods—where traditionally women cultivate gardens for domestic consumption or local sales. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 33 Areas of Special Focus Social inclusion. In this phase of AFRI-RES funding, only the PSSN project targeted house- holds below the poverty line, but not specific indigenous groups, gender, or immigrants. Not other projects or specific examples were found where groups particularly excluded from the socioeconomic mainstream (such as some indigenous groups, immigrants, etc.) were targeted for climate resilience actions. These excluded groups can be especially vulnerable to climate impacts. For instance, immigrants living in slums or other urban areas with inadequate infrastructure are at heightened risk. Their lack of access to the same rights, employment opportunities, and social services as local populations exacerbates their vulnerability to climate impacts. Capacity building of local institutions and beneficiaries. Several projects supported by AFRI-RES grants and across a diversity of themes included capacity building of institutions and beneficiaries at the local level to increase resilience. One project, the Kenya Financing Locally Led Climate Action Program (P173765), specifically targeted increasing the climate resilience of local governments and institutions as its main objective. The four health projects supported by AFRI-RES included specific community outreach and local health institutions capacity building toward responding to health emergencies associated with climate change. The social protection project supported the Tanzania Productive Social Safety Net Project II (P169165) provided capacity building for its beneficiaries toward developing self-sustaining climate-resilient livelihoods. The Ghana Secondary Cities Support Program (P164451) included a local grant window (US$90 million), through which participating municipalities received funds for urban infrastructure and service delivery and for improving their performance on resilient urban management. Training courses for filling gaps in capacity for implementing these funds were also included. The Guinea Climate-Smart Agribusiness Development Project (P164184) supported reducing farmers’ vulnerabilities to climate change by fostering the adoption of adapted crop varieties through the implementation of a more efficient input supply system and training services. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 34 5. © 2018 mbrand85/Shutterstock Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects Climate co-benefits. Only five projects reported an expected increase in climate co-benefits accruing from the incorporation of climate resilience measures. A few projects mentioned that they would be able to estimate the increase in co-benefits only once the assessments were concluded and climate resilience actions were incorporated into project activities. Of those reporting an increase in co-benefits, improvements were quite significant, varying between 15 and 30 percent increase in estimated co-benefits compared with the original project framework before AFRI-RES’s support (see table 1).9 Indicators of impact. Most projects included at least one, and in many cases several, indicators of increased climate resilience (see table 1). Most of these were process indi- cators, which measure the completion of planned actions aimed at increasing resilience. Measuring actual increases in resilience due to project implementation is complex and 9 https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/6f438059fcd67d697592f0dd3e2ed151-0090012021/original/1-Reference-Guide-on-Adaptation-Co-Benefits.pdf Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 35 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects typically outside the scope of a project’s timeline. The challenge is that measurement depends on long-term effects or on assessing the reduced impact of short-term events that may or may not occur during the project’s lifetime, particularly after the implementation of climate-resilient measures. A measure of success for AFRI-RES Component I could be the integration of climate-resilient indicators and targets into project designs, informed by the assessments and studies financed by AFRI-RES. This was the case for two projects Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project (P174385) and the Kenya Financing Locally Led Climate Action Program (P173065), which identified climate resilience indicators using the TA financed by AFRI-RES. Box 1. Estimating Adaptation Climate Co-benefits for Projects at the World Bank A project’s climate change adaptation co-benefits are determined by counting the financing dedi- cated to components, sub-components, prior actions (PAs), or disbursement-linked indicators (DLIs) that address, or are designed as adaptation measures to, climate change risks, and that increase the overall climate resilience of the project, project sector, and/or project beneficiaries. For a project to be considered as one that contributes to adaptation, the project document must clearly provide three steps specific to its location and context: 1. Vulnerability Context; 2. Intent to Address Vulnerability; and 3. Clear Link to Project Activities. It must also satisfy the granularity requisite: climate adaptation finance, as defined by the meth- odology, is not intended to capture the value of the entire project or investment that may increase resilience because of specific adaptation activities within the project. Only the incremental cost or proportion of the project component that addresses climate change vulnerability can be counted toward adaptation co-benefits. Finally, a conservatism principle must be applied: when an estimate of the incremental cost for adaptation is not available, co-benefits will be assigned by taking a conservative percentage of the total financing for a component/activity. For more detailed informa- tion on how adaptation co-benefits are estimated at the World Bank, please consult the World Bank’s Climate Change Group’s Reference Guide on Adaptation Co-Benefits (reference in footnote below). Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 36 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects Table 1. AFRI-RES-supported Projects, Adaptation Co-benefits, and Climate Resilience Indicators P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P164451 Ghana Secondary Cities 261.0 46.750 30% Metropolitan areas (MAs) that implement by December Support Program (from 0%) 2025 climate/disaster urban resilience checklist at planning, designing, construction, and operation and maintenance stages P165660 Corridors Transport 647.1 121.070 1. Procedures and manuals for incorporation of Project, Tanzania climate resilience in design of road projects are operationalized 2. Length of road upgraded with climate resilience measures (Kilometers, Custom) 3. Airports with runway, apron, and taxiway constructed to paved standard with climate-resilient measures (Number, Custom) P163836 Uganda Irrigation 190.1 155.390 1. Area provided with new/improved irrigation or drain- Development and age services (Hectares) Climate Resilience 2. Forest area brought under management plans (Hectares) 3. Area in new public irrigation schemes equipped with on-farm irrigation equipment (Percentage) P166072 Cameroon Valorization of 261.0 91.070 1. Area provided with new/improved irrigation or drain- Investments in the Valley age services (Hectares) of the Benué 2. Number of hydromet stations installed and function- ing (Number) 3. Linear corridor flood alert system (Kilometers) P164920 Tanzania Roads 350.0 135.170 1. Kilometers of regional roads improved with to Inclusion and climate-resilient approaches (Kilometers) Socioeconomic 2. Kilometers of rural district roads improved with Opportunities (RISE) climate-resilient approaches (Kilometers) Program 3. Emergency Management Protocol operationalized by TARURA and TANROADS (Yes/No) P165352 Lake Victoria DROPPED Environmental Management Project Phase Three P169165 Tanzania Productive 633.8 100.700 20% Proportion of PW subprojects with direct positive Social Safety Net II (from 6.1%) contribution for climate change adaptation and/or mitigation (Percentage) 10 As reported by the project TTLs, following the methodology described in the World Bank’s Climate Change Group’s Reference Guide on Adaptation Co-Benefits. Please see Box 1 in Section 5 for more detail on how adaptation co-benefits are calculated. 11 Two projects the Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project (P174385) and the Kenya Financing Locally Led Climate Action Program (P173065) had climate resilient indicators developed specifically from AFRI-RES funding support. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 37 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P160865 Nigeria Livestock 500.0 124.445 1. Farmers adopting climate-smart technologies Productivity and 2. Number of animals vaccinated against key diseases Resilience Support (Number) Project 3. Slaughter facilities renovated and made climate smart (Number) 4. Livestock infrastructure rehabilitated with climate- and disaster-resilient standards (Number) 5. Terrestrial and aquatic areas under enhanced conservation and management (Hectare) 6. Number of water points constructed or rehabilitated in grazing areas or stock routes (Number) 7. Grazing area under sustainable land management practices (Hectares) P164342 Participatory Forest and DROPPED Energy Management Regional Project P164184 Guinea Agribusiness 107.0 50.520 Number of private investments supported by the DFF Development Project with climate-resilient investments (Number) P164330 Greater Accra Resilient 200.0 163.870 1. Capacity of Primary Odaw channel to carry floodwa- and Integrated ters (Cubic meter) Development Project 2. Upstream flood water detention capacity (Cubic meter) 3. Flood forecast system (Accra model) in place to predict flood and at-risk communities (Yes/No) 4. Odaw primary channel/tributaries dredged (Cubic meter) 5. Volume of solid waste from underserved low-income communities collected and disposed in sanitary landfills (Cubic meter) 6. Flood detention ponds built (Number) 7. Areas with reduced flooding (Percentage) P164702 Strengthening DROPPED Agricultural Higher Education in Africa P164336 Ethiopia Lowlands 326.0 166.000 70% 1. Project area with increased NDVI/Biomass Index Livelihood Resilience (from 20%) corrected for weather variability (Percentage, Project Custom) 2. Rangeland Management and Investment Plans under implementation (Number, Custom) 3. Farmers adopting improved agricultural technology (Number, Corporate) P165749 Lake Tanganyika DROPPED Environmental Management Project Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 38 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P174226 Malawi Mpatamanga 1,590.0 0.000 Pipeline—No logical framework table available yet. Hydropower Project P172769 Enhancing food system 379.0 128.940 1. Food system actors accessing hydro and agromete- resilience to climate orological advisory services (by number and gender) change in Africa, West (Number) Africa Food System 2. Producers adopting climate-smart agricultural tech- Resilience Program nologies and services (Number) 3. Percentage of reduction of food-insecure people in program targeted areas (Percentage) 4. Land area under sustainable landscape manage- ment practices (Hectares) 5. Percentage of satisfaction of farmers who have access to usable weather, climate, and ag-advisory services (Percentage) 6. Improved access to local climate information services with digital information platforms (Yes/No) 7. Number of agreements involving co-production of agro-hydro-meteorological services between the public and private sectors 8. Percentage of subprojects selected from the integrated landscape management plans with climate-resilient measures implemented (Percentage) 9. Spatial information system established and opera- tional for designing and planning climate-resilient land management practices (Yes/No) P174385 RLLP II (P174385) BE 178.2 128.940 1. Land area under sustainable landscape manage- Grant (ACRIF) Ethiopia ment practices (Hectares) 2. Land area restored or reforested/afforested (Hectares) 3. Project area showing an increase in NDVI correcting for climate effects (Percentage) 4. Project area showing an increase in LSWI correcting for climate effects (Percentage) 5. Number of males and females made aware of climate threats and related appropriate responses (Number) 6. Area under sustainable forest management (Hectares) 7. Key habitats protected (Number) P174175 Enhance Resilience in Under preparation and utilized only about 10% of the allocated AFRI-RES funding. HoA Rises Project Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 39 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P173765 Kenya Financing Locally 251.4 115.400 1. Number of rural wards benefiting from program- Led Climate Action funded functioning resilience investments in the Program agriculture, environment, water, or other prioritized sectors (Number, Custom) 2. Participating counties where at least 60% of the utilized CCRI Grant budget is spent on climate-re- silient actions relevant to agriculture, environment, and/or water sectors (Percentage, Custom) 3. Participating counties that meet the minimum access conditions for the County Climate and Insti- tutional Support Grant (Number, Custom) 4. Number of county climate change entities whose capacity is strengthened to address climate change risks (Number, Custom) 5. Participating counties with an operational Climate Information and Knowledge Management System (Percentage, Custom) 6. Participating counties with County Climate Change Action Plans developed through participatory meth- odologies and approved (Number, Custom) 7. Average community satisfaction with the program’s climate resilience actions (Percentage, Custom) 8. Citizens with increased awareness of climate risks and resilience actions (Percentage, Custom) 9. An annual County Delivery Support Plan for climate action executed (Text, Custom) P167795 Cameroon Douala Urban 540.0 24.040 1. BRT infrastructure constructed to climate resilience Mobility Project standards (Percentage) 2. Feeder roads rehabilitated to climate resilience stan- dards (Percentage) 3. Pedestrian and cycle paths rehabilitated to climate resilience standards (Percentage) P171658 Bamako: Green and 250.0 104.800 1. Area protected from a flooding event with a 10-year Resilient Infrastructure, return period (Hectares) Bamako Urban 2. Water storage capacity constructed under the proj- Resilience Project ect (Cubic meter) P173749 Benin Climate Change 200.0 44.640 32.36% 1. MV distribution networks constructed and/or rein- and Flooding Disaster (from 22.4%) forced under the project are resilient to flooding Risk and Vulnerability (Percentage, Custom supplement) Assessment for BEAS 2. LV distribution networks constructed and/or rein- Project forced under the project are resilient to seasonal flooding (Percentage, Custom supplement) 3. Road map related to the mitigation of climate impacts on SBEE’s Operation and Maintenance of distribution network adopted (Yes/No, Custom) Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 40 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P171933 Building Climate 103.4 8.190 1. Land area under sustainable landscape manage- Resilience in GLRSSMP, ment practices (Hectares) Ghana Landscape 2. Area under collaborative, integrated and innovative Restoration Project management and with improved climate resilience (climate indicator) (Hectares) 3. Forested land area under sustainable forest management practices (climate indicator) (Hectares) 4. Area under plantations and re-/afforestation—refor- estation in FRs and buffer zones (Hectares) P175830 Senegal Stormwater 172.4 123.410 1. Area in peri-urban Dakar protected against recurrent Management and flooding through drainage works (Hectares, Custom) Climate Change 2. Integrated urban planning and management Adaptation 2-AFRI-RES accounting for climate risk and sustainability AFW (Number) 3. Urban policies related to urban resilience and sustainability including climate change validated (Text, Custom) 4. A stakeholder digital knowledge sharing platform on data related to integrated flood risk management is designed and operational (Text, Custom) 5. Key stakeholders trained in integrated urban flood risk management, climate change resilience, and territorial planning (Number, Custom) 6. People reached by information, education, and communication strategy in flood risk management and resilience (of which 50 percent are women) (Number, Custom) P172850 The Africa Climate DROPPED Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES)— Ghana Cocoa Project P174759 Senegal Climate Resilient DROPPED Urbanization P123531 AFRI-RES TF: Support 172.4 0.000 25% No relevant climate indicators were found. for Climate Resilience (from 0%) Considerations in the Design of the 2nd AF for Ethiopia Health SDGs PforR P175899 Investing in Climate- DROPPED Resilient Measures in Malawi, Malawi Human Capital Project Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 41 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P172102 Investing in Climate- 60.0 2.027 No relevant climate indicators were found. Resilient Measures in Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone—Quality Essential Health Services and Systems Support Project P173506 Building Climate- 939.0 78.320 No relevant climate indicators were found. Resilient Electricity and Water Infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of Congo P173258 Ghana Energy Sector 1,230.0 0.000 No relevant climate indicators were found. Recovery Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment P170435 Investing in Climate- 275.0 4.613 No relevant climate resilience indicators were found. Resilient Measures in Tanzania, Tanzania Maternal and Child Health Investment Program P170236 Climate Resilience in 51.5 0.438 No relevant climate resilience indicators were found. Cabo Verde Sustainable Electricity Service Project P175237 AFRI-RES Agro-Climatic 700.0 514.270 1. Area under improved catchment management Resilience in Semi-arid (Hectares, Custom breakdown) Landscapes in Nigeria 2. Area provided with new/improved irrigation or drain- (ACReSAL) age services (Hectares, Custom breakdown) 3. Area under improved rainwater harvesting (Hect- ares, Custom breakdown) 4. Increase in NDVI in targeted areas, correcting for natural variability. (Percentage, Custom) 5. Total water storage capacity added or restored through project interventions (Cubic meter), Custom) 6. Area benefitting from improved information and extension services contributing to improved climate- smart sustainable agriculture systems (Hectares, Custom) 7. Community-based organizations with increased capacity (Number, Custom) 8. Integrated micro-watershed management plans completed with community participants (Number, Custom) 9. Farmers reached with agricultural assets or services (Number, Corporate) Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 42 Other Impacts of AFRI-RES-Supported Projects P-code Project name Total project Adaptation Additional Relevant climate resilience targets and indicators amount (World climate co-benefits included in the results framework11 Bank funds, co-benefits through that is, IDA/ (IDA/IBRD in AFRI-RES10 IBRD in US$, US$, millions) millions) P173070 Gambia Inclusive and 47.9 12.440 1. Farmers using/adopting climate-smart technolo- Resilient Agricultural gies (number, disaggregated by women and youth) Value Chain (Number, Custom) Development Project 2. People provided with access to improved water (GIRAV) sources (Number, Corporate) 3. Agribusiness firms fully equipped with modern irriga- tion equipment (Hectares, Custom) 4. Improved climate-smart varieties of certified seed produced (Metric ton, Custom) 5. Area provided with new/improved irrigation tech- nologies through the matching grant (Hectares, Custom) 6. Productive Investment Sub-Projects financed through the matching grant mechanism using climate-smart technologies (at least 50%) (Number, Custom) 7. Irrigated surface developed with the central bore- hole connection (Hectares, Custom) 8. New/rehabilitated water production centers with high capacity for water supply (Number, Custom) P176371 Monitoring COVID-19 Analytical outputs (support to high frequency surveys to monitor COVID-19 impacts and preparation of Impacts in AFE under: reports and briefs). Eastern Africa Regional Statistics Source: World Bank operations portal and latest project implementation status and results reports (ISRs). Note: BRT = bus rapid transit; DFF = Dedicated Financing Facility; CCRI = County Climate Resilience Investment (Grant); FRs = Forest Reserve; HoA = Horn of Africa; IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IDA = International Development Association; LSWI = Land Surface Water Index; LV = Lake Victoria MV = Medium voltage; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; PW = public works; SBEE = La Société Béninoise d’Énergie Électrique; TARURA = Tanzania Rural Development Ministry; TANROADS = Tanzania Roads Ministry. Africa Climate Resilient Investment Facility (AFRI-RES) Table of contents 43