SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE     JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Blue Social Protection Series: HIGHLIGHT Protecting People, Fish and Food Fishery stocks are declining all over the world, threatening not only the livelihoods Integrating Social of fisheries households and communities, Protection with Fisheries but also food and nutrition security of a broader society. However, many Management for countries face challenges in reforming fisheries policies and implement fisheries- Sutainability: Overview of management measures which tend to Country Case Studies incur socioeconomic costs to fisheries actors in the short to medium term. Given its mission in managing risks – protecting Yuko Okamura, Annabelle Bladon, people from poverty and shocks as well Gunilla Tegelskär Greig, and as promoting better opportunities – Social Gianluigi Nico1 Protection and Jobs (SPJ) measures can play a greater role in facilitating these difficult reforms and regulations in the fisheries sector for a sustainable future for people, fish, and food and nutrition security. This note provides an overview of five inspiring countries – Costa Rica, Kenya, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam – where inter-sectoral efforts are underway 1 The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable inputs and comments from country case study teams and to integrate SPJ with fisheries for a more Stefan Thorarinsson. The note was peer reviewed by integrated approach. Luz Rodriguez and Xavier F.P. Vincent, and edited by Aldo Morri. Contact: yokamura@worldbank.org. SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 1. Introduction (the replenishment of fishery stocks). Unless fishing communities are supported to better manage their The global increase in fishing effort over the fisheries, fisheries workers can be pressured into last few decades is harming the productivity this vicious cycle to meet their daily needs, putting of fish stocks and fisheries, threatening the future of the sector at risk, along with the not only households and communities who nutrition and livelihoods it provides to the society. depend on fisheries for their livelihoods2, but also wider food and nutrition security. Policies for managing risks and promoting Fish is an important source of nutrition for many, sustainability in fisheries are limited and, providing 3.3 billion people worldwide with at where they exist and are implemented, least 20 percent of their average animal-protein they often impose substantial and what intake3, yet fishing has expanded to the point can be considered unfair costs on fisheries that it is also the main driver of change in marine workers and communities. Currently, ecosystems (IPBES 2019). More than one third of investment to promote sustainable fisheries is marine fishery stocks assessed are “overfished”— limited. Government spending on fisheries often that is, fished at biologically unsustainable levels— favor short-term profit over long-term benefits; with another 57 percent fished at the maximum it has been estimated that about two-thirds of level of biological sustainability (FAO 2022). global marine fisheries subsidies are allocated to activities that promote overexploitation, and that Climate change is increasing risks to fisheries, those activities would be unprofitable without challenging the ability of fishing communities the subsidies (Sumaila et al. 2019). Furthermore, to manage them sustainably. Fisheries despite the long-term benefits that policy reforms households and communities are vulnerable for sustainable production create, fisheries workers to shocks and stresses, and are experiencing and their communities often bear substantial increasing, multiple, and concomitant risks. These social and/or economic costs, at least in the short include risks linked to overfishing and climate to medium term. This makes it difficult to reach change that further drive pressure on fishing and political consensus on reforms, and it remains potentially more overfishing. In a vicious cycle, this difficult to implement them even once consensus exacerbates the declines in fisheries’ productivity has been established. 2 Including those commercially employed in both small- and large-scale fisheries, subsistence workers in small-scale fisheries, and their dependents, it is estimated that approximately 515 million livelihoods depend at least partially on fisheries, of whom 491 million on small-scale fisheries. (FAO, Duke University and WorldFish. 2023) 3 50 percent or more in some low-income countries and SIDS (FAO 2022). 2 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ) programs to address the specific needs of any one sector, and elements could facilitate fisheries including fisheries. Similarly, fisheries-management policy reform and associated fisheries- measures typically do not deliberately incorporate management measures. In addition to reducing SPJ measures or any other risk-management overall vulnerability and protecting households mechanisms. While there are some good practices during shocks, thereby preventing them from of providing compensation mechanisms alongside falling into (deeper) poverty, SPJ can enable fisheries regulations, the number of such examples and incentivize certain behavior changes that is limited. support fisheries sustainability. For example, social-protection interventions—such as transfers World Bank Efforts for “Blue Social and public works—can mitigate some negative Protection and Jobs” to Support Client short- to medium-term repercussions of forgone Countries income that communities experience as a result of compliance with fishing regulations such as “Blue Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ)” outlines closed seasons or minimum sizes of landed fish. In concrete pathways for strengthening the addition, livelihoods support can enable fisheries connections between fisheries and SPJ. The workers to reduce their income dependence on the aim is to enhance the understanding of how SPJ fisheries sector in situations where it is necessary policies, systems, programs, and mechanisms can to reduce the total numbers of people dependent support fisheries workers and their communities on these resources. to prevent or reduce overexploitation and enhance the sustainability of fisheries and livelihoods. While there are opportunities, there are also challenges in adapting social protection to This work started with a rapid review of the fisheries context. SPJ coverage is generally international best practices. First, a literature limited, leaving half of the global population outside review was conducted to take stock of global of any risk-management mechanisms. Limited SPJ practices around SPJ interventions in the fisheries coverage also applies to the small-scale-fisheries sector. Subsequently, the development of a broad sector,4 where workers are often poor, vulnerable, conceptual framework (Bladon et al 2022) identified and work under informal arrangements. National several pathways for how SPJ can be better and and mainstream SPJ policies and programs typically further leveraged to support fisheries-management target broader populations and are not designed objectives. This activity highlighted that various 4 Fisheries workers include all men and women employed formally or informally (whether full- or part-time, and including for subsistence) along the fisheries value chain, including in pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest activities. Fishers are those harvesting, whereas fish workers are involved in other parts of the value chain. 3 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 instruments—such as cash transfers, public of their scope and focus. Section 2 introduces the works, economic inclusion, and social insurance— key questions that have guided the case studies can reduce the short- to medium-term costs of across countries. Section 3 offers a brief overview transitioning to more sustainable fisheries practices, of the five case studies, given that each country thereby incentivizing behavior change. Where total has specific contexts and somewhat different numbers of fishers or their level of fishing activity approaches and methods. This Section also need to be more permanently reduced, economic serves as a compass to practitioners as to which inclusion and active labor-market programs can case study is most relevant to their needs. Lastly, play a critical role in facilitating fisheries workers’ drawing on these case studies, Section 4 provides partly or wholly transitioning to other sectors, some key concluding takeaways, while Section  5 while pension schemes can facilitate their early looks forward to next steps for advancing the retirement. fisheries and SPJ agenda. To illustrate this conceptual framework, the World Bank team conducted in-depth Key Questions to 2.  case studies in five countries. In 2022, the Address Unknowns World Bank team identified Costa Rica, Kenya, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam for case How can fisheries management and SPJ studies, based on the World Bank portfolio and jointly realize sustainability objectives: that engagement to support government fisheries- is, to effectively manage the exploitation of management efforts, integrating accompanying fish resources while sustaining/improving measures related to social assistance and livelihood the livelihoods of fisheries-dependent support. Based on the various activities and populations? To facilitate such an inter-sectoral, analyses carried out from mid-2022, Country Notes frontier, complex dialogue, information in a have been prepared to distill main findings for number of key areas needs to be obtained. While practitioners working in or with these government acknowledging data limitations, the following administrations, particularly with ministries in provides an overview of the key questions that charge of fisheries, social affairs, and labor. need to be asked to address existing knowledge gaps. The questions can be classified into three This Note provides an overview of the five broad categories—policies, data/information, and country case studies. The case studies share programs— which guided the design of the case some similarities but also have differences in terms studies across the five countries. 4 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Question 1. What is the policy and and related issues vary between and within institutional context? countries, meaning that different strategies need to be customized for each context. Also, Typically, fisheries management and SPJ the profile of fisheries workers is not uniform; for fall under the jurisdiction of different instance, not all of the people involved in small-scale ministries with distinct mandates. As a result, fisheries and informal workers in large-scale coordination between these two sectors and fisheries are poor. People dependent on fishing their associated institutions does not necessarily have different needs and face different types and occur automatically, including for development levels of risks5 depending on their characteristics and implementation of integrated fisheries and fisheries-related activities - for example: boat management and SPJ programs. Understanding owners/skippers versus crew, fishing under open the policy context and key objectives in both access6 versus with permits/licenses, fishing for the fisheries and SPJ sectors, along with the sale versus for own consumption, fishers versus governance framework and political economy, those involved in other parts of the value chain, provides important background and a starting and geographic location. How their activities point for connecting the two sectors and affect fishery resources vary significantly in terms ministries. Therefore, all case studies start with of negative environmental impact or harm to a brief description of such broader sectorial fish-stock productivity. contexts in each country. In addition, where the information is available, the country context was explained using key standard statistics, such as on The case studies use both quantitative and SPJ spending and coverage, and fisheries subsidies. qualitative information. To better understand the profile and socioeconomic characteristics and Question 2. What is the socioeconomic and vulnerabilities of fisheries actors, the case studies demographic profile of fisheries workers and use various sources of data. This analysis—unique in their communities. And what are the main terms of having a specific focus on the fisheries and social-ecological risks they face? SPJ intersection—acknowledges the limitations of The productivity of fisheries as well as the the data and its statistical significance, depending profiles of people who depend on them on the sampling framework. 5 Risk is defined as a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Vulnerability, in turn, is a function of sensitivity minus adaptation capacity, whereby sensitivity indicates the intrinsic degree to which an entity or community depends on something – fisheries in this instance. 6 When there are no measures to limit the numbers of fishers or vessels that enter a fishery, then the fishery is referred to as an open-access fishery. 5 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Question 3. What are the relevant existing key-informant interviews with government systems and programs—both in fisheries and officials served as the primary approach for such SPJ sectors—that can be leveraged? reviews. Where possible, quantitative analysis complemented this to assess the level of access While there are some good examples of and coverage of relevant programs. All five adapting SPJ programs, generally they do not country case studies uncovered inspiring cases deliberately integrate objectives of fisheries of how SPJ and fisheries-management programs management, and vice versa. However, in can work synergistically to reduce vulnerabilities many countries, both sectors have systems or in fishing communities and improve conservation programs that can serve as an important basis to and sustainable exploitation of fish resources. start a dialogue - although the level and scope of these systems and programs can vary significantly by country. Some forms of fisheries-management measures are usually in place, which ideally are based Overview of Five Case 3.  on assessments of fish stocks and their productivity, Study Countries supported by monitoring and enforcement. For the SPJ side, some countries have fairly established We applied the questions discussed for the national, mainstream SPJ programs, such as cash countries listed here for case studies. These transfers. However, some countries only have countries were chosen because relevant dialogue SPJ or risk-management mechanisms integrated had been initiated to strengthen synergies into other programs—such as community or and coordination between SPJ and fisheries rural-development programs, disaster response, management. Based on consultations in 2021, the payment for ecosystem services—or informal or five countries identified were: Costa Rica from semi-informal mechanisms, such as those provided America and the Caribbean, Kenya from Africa, by cooperatives, NGOs, or relatives. Solomon Islands from the Pacific, Sri Lanka from South Asia, and Viet Nam from East Asia. To identify which systems/programs to best adapt to fisheries actors or communities, The short overview of the country case studies the case studies review countries’ fisheries here provides brief information on the focus, and SPJ sectors and map existing programs context, methods, and general findings and mechanisms. Document reviews and of each case study. Mindful of the constraints 6 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 with the available data and information7, all case challenges resulting from government studies aimed to interpret results obtained and measures to protect the marine ecosystem carefully present the findings, putting them into and improve fishing sustainability. the respective contexts, while identifying next steps to address existing gaps and challenges. • To profile small-scale fisheries communities, the World Bank, relevant Costa Rica: “Exploring alternatives for economic ministries, and local academia8 inclusion of low-income artisanal fisher collaborated to develop a pilot communities”. questionnaire9 and conduct household interviews and semi-structured • The Costa Rica case study aimed to: interviews with business and other potential (i)  understand the socioeconomic and employers in the two municipalities to livelihoods conditions of low-income, artisanal diagnose current and future labor demand, fishing and mollusk-gathering communities, including potential job opportunities for low- and (ii) identify avenues to improve their social income fisheries workers. The case study also and economic inclusion in activities linked to, built upon a pilot in two regions with different or outside of, fishing. characteristics: a rural coastal community and a coastal tourist resort. • The country’s economic growth has not been shared with many fisheries • The study shows how SPJ programs can communities which face a variety of help support marginalized fisheries- challenges. Although Costa Rica has reached sector actors as they attempt to leave their upper middle-income country status and has livelihoods in dwindling, overexploited enjoyed sustained economic growth over the fisheries for other jobs. There is a clear need past decade, fishing communities have been to support low-income, small-scale (artisanal) left behind. These communities also face fisheries households, especially when they increasing climate risks, as well as short-term do not qualify for social assistance, but the 7 All case studies are based on the limited data and information on the fisheries sector or population available, reflecting the frontier nature of this task. For example, sources for quantitative data varied from official and nationally representative household surveys, as in Kenya and Vietnam, to other surveys (for example, National Agricultural Survey), as with Solomon Islands, and small-scale primary data collection, as in Costa Rica and Sri Lanka. Even when using household surveys, the most rigorous data source, the sampling framework is not always stratified by sector of employment, resulting in a small sample of fisheries households. 8 The work was also informed by previous work undertaken by the line ministry in charge of fisheries with support from local academic institutions. 9 The questionnaire took input from the pilot “Fishing and Aquaculture Registry”, the social registry (SINIRUBE), and the official household surveys (ENAHO). 7 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 country’s social-protection system is not well this case study was because of GoK initiatives coordinated with the fisheries sector; the to conserve aquatic living resources and tackle ministry in charge of fisheries does not use climate change, with World Bank engagement the country’s main social registry to inform its supporting both sectors. policies or beneficiary targeting, for instance. The activity informed potential actions to • The case study examines the socio- promote economic inclusion of low-income economic and labor-market status of fisheries workers and their communities. fishing and aquaculture workers. Analysis is based on the country’s official statistics, namely Kenya: “Supporting sustainability in Kenya’s the 2019 Kenya Continuous Household Survey fisheries through social protection and labor-market (KCHS) and the 2015/16 Kenya Integrated interventions”. Household Budget Survey (KIHBS). • The Kenya case study analyzed fishing • The case study highlights how combining and aquaculture households to identify SPJ and fisheries-management programs opportunities for creating new and better can help support lagging communities, jobs for the country’s fisheries sector. especially the poorest and most vulnerable fishing households, to cope with short-term • Despite robust economic growth during income threats resulting from government the 2010s, Kenya’s progress has slowed measures to improve fisheries management. due to recent global upheaval, and The case study includes an exploration of coastal areas continue to stand out as the how to improve social-protection systems least developed in the country. Although and leverage active labor-market programs endowed with valuable coastal and freshwater to create new and better jobs, while assisting resources, over 62 percent of Kenyans in coastal fisheries households to comply with fisheries- counties live below the poverty line, and fishing management regulations. communities in marine coastal areas have fallen into poverty during a period of economic Solomon Islands: “Opportunities for linking growth. In response, the Government of Kenya fisheries management and social protection” (GoK) prioritized the “Blue Economy” as a key component of its Vision 2030 development • The case study delves into the potential of agenda, identifying fisheries among the key leveraging community-based resource sectors that can contribute to achieving the management (CBRM) to integrate SPJ-related vision. A key reason for choosing Kenya for interventions into fisheries management. 8 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 • Coastal resources sustain a large share of conservation traditions and community rights. the Solomon Island population, but the The study focuses on how fisheries-management country faces the second-highest risks decentralization through “bottom-up” initiatives of disasters in the world and has limited can help local indigenous fishing communities capacity to cope. Solomon Islands, a small lead fisheries management in coastal areas. Pacific Island country (PIC)—one of the world’s Potential measures to integrate SPJ into CRBM least developed—is also home to one of the include interventions related to financial world’s most diverse coastal ecosystems. Coastal inclusion, climate-change adaptation, disaster- resources provide both nutrition and income to risk management, and other complementary a wide swath of the population, with about 60 services to reduce vulnerability and expand SPJ percent of Solomon Islanders involved in fishing coverage. activities, for own consumption or for sale. Sri Lanka: “Integrating social protection • The analysis approach entailed a literature and economic inclusion with costal fisheries review, three surveys10, key-informant management”. interviews, and stakeholder workshops, in partnership with two Consultative Group • The Sri Lanka case study aims to explore how on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) SPJ policies and programs could help rebuild centers—WorldFish and the International and maintain sustainable coastal fisheries, with Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). a focus on the high-export-value spiny lobster species. • The study presents opportunities for combining CBRM and SPJ interventions • Sri Lanka is currently experiencing to improve sustainability of renewable an economic crisis, with fisheries natural-resource use and livelihoods. households among those most under Formal social-protection mechanisms to help threat for food insecurity. Even before the people manage risks are almost non-existent in global economic crisis, fish-stock productivity the country, and the Government has focused in Sri Lanka—a lower-middle-income island on CBRM as its primary strategy for coastal country in the Indian Ocean—had been fisheries management, building on indigenous declining, failing to meet domestic demand 10 (i) National Agricultural Survey 2017 covering 4,224 households; (ii) High-Frequency Phone Surveys conducted in 2020, 2021, and 2022 covering 8,055 households; and (iii) World Fish panel survey from 2016 and 2018 to understand coastal livelihood in relation to CBRM (1 village, n=285 respondents). Recent World Bank analysis of the Solomon Islands 2019 Population and Housing Census has also been incorporated into the case study brief. 9 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 despite coastal fisheries being a critical source Viet Nam: “Connecting social protection, of livelihood. Efforts are underway to carry labor-market interventions, and fisheries out stock assessments and develop fisheries- management”. management plans (FMPs), but these will impose costs on fisheries workers. • The case assesses socioeconomic vulnerability to determine how to leverage and adapt SPJ • The case study consists of two key parts. interventions to support sustainable fishing One is a literature review, and the other is a along with household resilience to poverty and descriptive, comparative multivariate statistical climate risks. analysis of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and aspirations of coastal • Fish-stock productivity in lower middle- households, using the data collected from 500 income Viet Nam—a top-producer and households (non-representative)11. The study the third largest exporter of fish products also draws information from other sources, globally (FAO 2022)—is in decline. including a stock assessment of spiny-lobster Ineffective management of both small-scale resources, an institutional and regulatory inshore and larger-scale offshore fisheries assessment, a value-chain analysis, and semi- has led to a large increase in fishing, leading structured consultations with coastal fishers and to overexploitation. fishery inspectors. • The case study creates a socioeconomic • The case study highlights the potential to and demographic profile of the country’s strengthen coastal fisheries management fisheries sector and assesses the social if accompanying interventions are and economic vulnerability of fisheries designed and delivered strategically to households and workers. It uses nationally- complement monitoring and enforcement representative data from the 2020 Viet Nam of fisheries regulations. This comes at a Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) time when reforms are under way to make and the 2020 Labor Force Survey (LFS). the country’s extensive but fragmented SPJ systems more adaptive and coherent with other sectors, including fisheries. 11 This survey was conducted to inform a bioeconomic modeling and local economy-wide impact evaluation (Bio-LEWIE) model, which was used to examine long-term biophysical and economic outcomes under various fisheries-management scenarios (World Bank, forthcoming). No official or other existing survey data was available to provide a profile of Sri Lanka’s coastal fishing households: the Household Income and Expenditure survey is representative at the district level, but the number of households whose main income source is fisheries is too small to allow statistical analysis. 10 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 • The case study shows how SPJ can play nutrition security for a broad population. Shifting a crucial role in supporting government thinking to comprehend the need for more efforts to address fish-stock decline, investment in fisheries management represents a including planned decommissioning of starting point to initiate dialogue for the creation thousands of vessels. Viet Nam’s SPJ systems of more coherent and coordinated approaches to have evolved since the 1990s, but programs strengthen fisheries for sustainability. remain small and fragmented, even compared with peer countries. Several SPJ programs Social protection and jobs (SPJ) can support specifically for the fisheries sector focus on fisheries policy and subsidy reforms for increasing productive capacity, but not on sustainable fisheries management. Fisheries- fisheries management and mitigating harm management measures—such as regulations to from natural disasters, and implementation close fishing during specific periods, for example— of these programs remains limited due to exist to promote long-term productivity of fishery challenges with initial registration processes. stocks and fisheries. While many of these rules would benefit these communities, and beyond, in the longer-term, complying with them may cause 4. Key points significant short-term harm to fisheries workers and communities, which makes it difficult for them After presenting the potential yet concrete to comply. Well-designed and -implemented SPJ opportunities to connect SPJ with fisheries programs and mechanisms can promote equity management for a more integrated approach, each and compensate for regulatorily-incurred costs case study concludes with key messages, some of or support alternative livelihood opportunities, which are summarized below for illustrative purposes. helping countries to overcome these obstacles to long-term fisheries sustainability. Increasing vulnerabilities and risks in the fisheries sector affect both fisheries To design management measures for communities and wider society. Coastal sustainable fisheries, risks to the fisheries nations are the immediate beneficiaries and the sector and specific groups need to be ultimate custodian of their marine resources, but understood in context. Different contexts— not managing fisheries stock productivity with fish-stock status and trends and the people a long-term vision threatens not only fisheries dependent on the fisheries, for example— households and communities but also entire require different approaches. Depending on countries and, eventually, affecting food and policy objectives, interventions need to target 11 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 different groups.12 A community approach might currently have limited population coverage and be preferable to selecting certain segments of information, can be expanded and integrated to the population, for instance. Perhaps small-scale complement each other. Carrying out tailored fishers are poor, but sometimes this is not the case. intake and/or outreach to register additional At times, those who are engaged in unsustainable fisheries workers through local fisheries associations fishing activities may not necessarily be the poorest. could be undertaken. Furthermore, adjustments Men tend to dominate the fishing industry, while are needed to align benefits with regulations—for more women are engaged in activities before and example, through providing public works during a after fishing to support the value chain. These closed season—and cross-subsidy social-insurance considerations must be carefully evaluated before mechanisms can be implemented to accommodate designing the interventions. low and irregular income of fisheries actors. While data to fill information and knowledge Current resources for managing fisheries for gaps are limited, existing data is good sustainability are inadequate, but there are enough to start dialogue and initial efforts in underexplored financing opportunities. The understanding risks and needs in the fisheries majority of existing fisheries subsidies are regressive sector. For example, national surveys such as living- and harmful, but also represent an opportunity to standard measurement surveys and labor-force create fiscal space to repurpose public investment surveys usually include questions related to fishing to achieve more sustainable fisheries. In addition, activities. Even if the scope of the analysis is limited innovative financing mechanisms such as Payment due to sample frameworks and questions, these for Ecosystem Services (PES) can attract private data are sufficient to conduct preliminary analysis capital. Eventually, under appropriate fisheries on fisheries workers and households. management, the harvesting of marine resources should be able to fund fisheries-management Similarly, existing SPJ and fisheries systems, programs—such as stock assessments, control, measures, and programs represent starting monitoring and surveillance operations, among points, even though investments are needed others—as well as contribute to financing social- for deliberate and specific adjustments. For protection programs, such as retirement and example, social and fisheries registries, which may job-inclusion programs. 12 In some instances, a fishery is accessed by fishers coming from further afield, adding additional complexities to targeting. 12 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Advancing the fisheries 5.  the specific needs of the fisheries sector; one and SPJ agenda proposed possible next step includes the design of economic-inclusion interventions to be piloted in Building upon the findings and lessons selected fisheries communities. Also, new adapted learned from these case studies, the next household surveys are underway in some countries steps focus on continuing the dialogue to to more rigorously understand fisheries actors and continuously and progressively advance their communities. The surveys will focus more on this agenda in the respective countries. To the poor and on women to inform the design of move forward the discussion on findings and SPJ interventions to support populations relying on recommendations from the case studies, a series living aquatic resources. of consultations are planned with key country ministries—both from the fisheries and SPJ sides— In parallel with continued support to as well as with relevant stakeholders, including the case-study countries, the World Bank team is private sector, with the objective of agreeing on developing a concise “handbook” to share key priority actions. basic knowledge and practical information. The handbook, due for release in summer 2024, Some concrete steps are already being will focus on how country practitioners working taken in some countries. For example, an in, or with, ministries in charge of fisheries and SPJ in-depth discussion in one country focuses on can start integrating SPJ and fisheries management how to adapt identified SPJ programs to address to promote sustainable fisheries sectors. 13 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 References Arin, Tijen; Subasinghe, Shalika; and Bladon, Annabelle. (2024). Integrating social protection and economic inclusion with management of Sri Lanka’s coastal fisheries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, June 2024. Bladon, Annabelle; Tegelskär Greig, Gunilla Desiree; Okamura, Yuko. (2022). Connecting Social Protection and Fisheries Management for Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, May 2022. FAO. (2022) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2022). Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en FAO, Duke University and WorldFish. (2023). Illuminating Hidden Harvests – The contributions of small-scale fisheries to sustainable development. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4576en IBPES. (2019) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” Bonn: IPBES Secretariat. Kendrick, Anita; Vinci, Vincenzo; Vincent, Xavier F.P.; Howell, Fiona; and Hoai Nguyen, Son. (2024). Opportunities for linking Fisheries Management and Social Protection in the Solomon Islands. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, June 2024. Pela, Kevwe; De Martino, Samantha; Ricaldi, Federica; and Japp, David. (2024). Supporting sustainability in Kenya’s fisheries through social protection and labor market interventions. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, June 2024. Sanchez Galvis, Martha and Rodriguez-Novoa, Luz. (2023). Exploring alternatives for the economic inclusion of low-income artisanal fisher communities in Costa Rica : Case study of artisanal mollusk gathering communities in Puerto Cortés and Golfo Dulce in Costa Rica. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, June 2024. Sumaila, U.R., Ebrahim, N., Schuhbauer, A., Skerritt, D., Li, Y., Kim, H.S., Mallory, T.G., Lam, V.W.L., and D. Pauly. (2019). Updated Estimates and Analysis of Global Fisheries Subsidies. Marine Policy 109: 103695. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103695 Thi Nguyen, Nga; Nico, Gianluigi; Hai Nguyen, Thanh; Bladon, Annabelle; and Ducros, Anna. (2024). Connecting social protection, labor market interventions and fisheries management in Viet Nam. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Social Protection & Jobs Policy & Technical Note, June 2024. 14 SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS | POLICY & TECHNICAL NOTE    JUNE 2024 | No. 36 Blue Social Protection Series: Protecting People, Fish and Food Integrating Social Protection and Jobs with Fisheries Management • Conceptual Framework (May 2022) Country Case Studies (June 2024) • Overview of Country Case Studies • Costa Rica: Exploring alternatives for the economic inclusion of low-income, artisanal fisher communities • Kenya: Supporting sustainability in Kenya’s fisheries through social protection and labor market interventions • Solomon Islands: Opportunities for linking fisheries management and social protection • Sri Lanka: Integrating social protection and economic inclusion with management of Sri Lanka’s coastal fisheries • Viet Nam: Connecting social protection, labor market interventions and fisheries management © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1 (202) 473 1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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